Purpose: In recent years, phosphate rock (PR) for direct application has been tested in tropical acid soils as a potential alternative to conventional water-soluble P fertilizers like Single Superphosphate (SSP) and Triple Superphosphate (TSP). However, direct application of PR with low reactivity does not always give satisfactory results. Legume and cereal crops represent a strategy that can be used to solubilize P from some of these unreactive PRs. The objective of this study was to assess the availability of P from unreactive Togo Phosphate Rock (TPR) relative to TSP by six (6) crop species in two Ghanaian soils. Methodology: The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Crop Science Department, University of Ghana. Three P rates, 0mg, 50mg and 100mg P of TPR and TSP were applied to a kilogram of soil per pot in the two soil series. Randomized Complete Block Design was used to do the analyses. Results/Findings: Application of TSP resulted in higher dry matter and P uptake irrespective of the soil type. Among the legumes, cowpea gave the highest dry matter yield. Fairly, a similar trend was obtained with the application of TPR. Among the cereals, the average P uptake by sorghum from TPR was the highest, followed by maize and millet in the Nzema soil. In the Adenta series, P uptake by maize was the highest, followed by sorghum and millet. Phosphorus (P) uptake by the cereals from TPR was generally better in the Adenta than the Nzema soil. Unique contribution to theories, practice and policy: Results show increasing the rate of TPR to 100mg P/pot resulted in an increase in dry matter yield and P uptake in both soils, but was inferior to 100mg P/pot TSP application. Consequently, the rate of application of TPR should always be high if farmers want the best from their investments. Again, the low relative agronomic effectiveness of TPR for all the crops, proved the low reactivity of the material and its subsequent low performance compared with the water-soluble P. The low reactivity and the high molar mass of PO4 3/CO3 2of the TPR will always make it difficult for P to be made available from the TPR despite the acidity of the soil, the high density of the crops and the ability of the tested crops to exude organic acids, which facilitate phosphorus availability from TPR, therefore making TPR unsuitable for direct application.


Cormac McCarthy's Pulitzer prize–winning novel the road (2006) addresses the cliché that at the moment of death the endangered individual experiences a "life review" during which his life "flashes before his eyes." McCarthy's protagonist intuits that "the right dreams for a man in peril were dreams of peril and all else was the call of languor and death" (18). Thus, in the view of McCarthy's unnamed hero, during a crisis one must focus on survival, escape, sustenance, or the successful execution of a plan. However, once all possibilities of survival are exhausted, the dying person will experience either an intense acceleration of cognition due to panic or a slackening of interest due to the acceptance of death. In either of these two scenarios, Henri Bergson posits, all the memories of the individual's lifetime will rush into consciousness. The following essay by Georges Poulet analyzes the development of Bergson's thought on this issue, supplementing Bergson's notions with examples from literature, history, and philosophy.


Good morning. It is my pleasure to make the opening remarks at this conference on post-crisis regulatory reform in the banking industry. It's exciting to see such a distinguished group of researchers and supervisors in the room, all focused on developing a deeper understanding of the effects of the many significant regulatory changes that were put in place in response to the global financial crisis. I hope that the day is filled with productive discussion and debate. And, before I continue, I want to note that my comments today reflect my own views and not necessarily the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System.


Hadimopanella Gedik, 1977, KaimenelloMirss, 1988 and Milaculzz Miiller, 1973 have been established on the basis of isolated elements of unknown origin. Recently, the latter genus has been tentatively related to the Agnatha (van den Boogaard 1988). By contrast, Bendix-Almgreen & Peet (1988) assigned Hadimopanella to the chordate stock but dehnitely excluded it from vertebrates. Well-preserved wormlike organisms of Palaeoscolecida Conway Morris & Robison, 1986 are known from the Lower Cambrian to the Lower Ordovician. They have their outer surface covered with a pattern of sequin-like sclerites which evidence the systematic affiliation with the isolated sclerites mentioned above. Based on similar structures on the outer surface, Utahphospha Miiller & Miller, 1976 is considered to belong to the same grotp. E Early Palaeozbiifossils, Palaeoscolecida, isolated scleritu, phosphatization.


In the course of screening tests of Basidiomycete proteolytic enzymes, it was observed that some strains produced milk clotting enzymes with fairly weak proteolytic activities.When sucrose-polypeptone and sucrose-corn steep liquor media were used, only 6 strains out of 44 strains tested showed weak milk clotting activities. Cheddar cheese making with culture filtrates of these 6 strains revealed that the culture filtrates of 2 strains, Irpex lacteus Fr. and Fomitopsis pinicola (Fr.) Karst., were able to produce Cheddar cheese of good quality.On the other hand, when sucrose-distillers solubles media were used, a lot of strains showed high proteolytic activity in addition to high milk clotting activity. The ratio of milk clotting to proteolytic activities (MCA/PA) was assumed to be an important index for the selection of organism, and F. pinicola and Coriolus consors (Berk.) Imaz. were selected as the strain with high MCA/PA ratio.As the investigation on culture conditions of 3 strains mentioned above showe...


Based on the effects and challenges of Internet on education cases, the shortcomings existed in Chinese adult higher education have been analysed, and the strategies to fulfill network adult education,a kind of new model for Internet-based adult higher education, have also been put forward and discussed.


The interaction between genetic factors, blood glucose and hypertension plays a role in the onset of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Genetic variation of TGF-ß1 is associated with renal complication in T2DM with varying results between ethnicities. The Jambi Malay ethnic, which is the majority ethnic in Jambi Province, is an area that reports an increased prevalence of T2DM with DKD as the most frequent microvascular complications. In addition, previous study reported controlling blood glucose not associated with DKD indicating genetic may have play a role in DKD in this population. Studies related to genetic variation and decreased kidney function in T2DM patients has never been performed in this ethnic group. This study aimed to investigate the role of TGF-ß genetic variation as risk factor for decreased renal function in T2DM patients from Jambi Malay ethnicity. We conducted a cross sectional study involving 70 patients with T2DM. The inclusion criteria for renal complication based on a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73. The genotyping method used was amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) for TGF-β1 rs1800470 T/C. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to analyze phenotype and genotype association. The result of bivariate analysis showed T2DM patients with genotype CT (p:0.006; OR:0.125; 95% CI:0.027-0.575) and CC (p:0.007; OR:0.104; 95% CI:0.020-0.546) or C allele carrier (p:0.003; OR:0.117; 95% CI:0.027-0.500) had lower risk for decreased renal function than TT genotype. Multivariate analysis that included blood pressure and age variables showed the same finding for CT (p:0.007; OR:0.086; 95% CI:0.014-0.508) and CC genotype (p:0.022; OR:0.115; 95% CI:0.018-0.731). It is concluded from this study that T2DM patients with genotype CT, CC and carrier allele C have a lower risk for suffering kidney complications than genotype TT.


The article discusses the current corona-virus pandemic as a  possible 'sign of the times' in the sense of the Church's role in 'examining the signs of the time and interpreting them in the light of the gospel'. It also asks how the corona-virus pandemic can be interpreted in this context. First, it presents general criteria for reading the signs of the times. Then it gives four selected interpretations of the corona-virus pandemic which are then theologically refl ected upon using the above criteria. Based on this refl ection, it shows that not every interpretation of a pandemic can be considered a reading of the signs of the times. It thus points to the need to distinguish signs and the importance of the requirement 'to judge the Christian meaning of events with the help of the Holy Spirit and in the light of God's word'.


This bachelor work deals with the analysis and the comparison of bank products offered to the university students in 2010 by three largest banks operating in the Czech banking market, namely Ceska spořitelna, a.s., Komercni banka, a.s. and Ceskoslovenska obchodni banka, a.s.. On the basis of the observed facts is then carried out the choice of the most profitable student account.


A number of authors have recently pointed out inconsistencies of results obtained with the Huang-Yang multipolar pseudopotential for low-energy scattering [K. Huang and K. C. Yang, Phys. Rev. 105, 767 (1957); later revised by Huang, Statistical Mechanics (Wiley, New York, 1963)]. The conceptual validity of their original derivation has been questioned. Here I show that these inconsistencies are rather due to an algebraic mistake made by Huang and Yang. With the corrected error, I present the revised version of the multipolar pseudopotential.


The invention relates to a hard disk converter for connecting a first hard disk and a second hard disk, which comprises an adapter and an adapter plate, wherein the adapter comprises a first golden finger and a second golden finger which are communicated with each other; the first golden finger is connected with the first hard disk; the second golden finger is connected with the adapter plate and is connected to the second hard disk through the adapter plate; and the adapter plate is used for controlling the data transmission between the first hard disk and the second hard disk. The hard disk converter is connected with the hard disks through the golden fingers; and with high hardness, the golden finger is not easy to deform in the process of plugging, thereby facilitating the connection between the hard disk converter and the hard disks.


Following the earthquake in Karonga that left 1000 families homeless and 2900 homes displaced due to the damage to various degrees to their houses in 2009, TEVETA through the informal sector development office in collaboration with World Bank and Red Cross implemented training on safe housing construction. The instituting of this training followed a revelation from a world bank assessment which showed that damage would have been mitigated if the construction followed approved safer construction guidelines. A comparative assessment in the stated world bank showed that 60% of the schools and over 90% of the teachers residences built by the community were the ones that suffered most damage compared to schools built by organisations such as Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF), Department for International Development (DFID), European Union (EU) and International Development Agency (IDA). This however, does not demean the community participation in development neither does it suggest sidelining communities in housing construction, but propagates for enhancing the community capacity in safe housing construction. This chapter therfore introduces the project of safe housing construction (SHC)


Learning powerful feature representations for image retrieval has always been a challenging task in the field of remote sensing. Traditional methods focus on extracting low-level hand-crafted features which are not only time-consuming but also tend to achieve unsatisfactory performance due to the complexity of remote sensing images. In this paper, we investigate how to extract deep feature representations based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for high-resolution remote sensing image retrieval (HRRSIR). To this end, several effective schemes are proposed to generate powerful feature representations for HRRSIR. In the first scheme, a CNN pre-trained on a different problem is treated as a feature extractor since there are no sufficiently-sized remote sensing datasets to train a CNN from scratch. In the second scheme, we investigate learning features that are specific to our problem by first fine-tuning the pre-trained CNN on a remote sensing dataset and then proposing a novel CNN architecture based on convolutional layers and a three-layer perceptron. The novel CNN has fewer parameters than the pre-trained and fine-tuned CNNs and can learn low dimensional features from limited labelled images. The schemes are evaluated on several challenging, publicly available datasets. The results indicate that the proposed schemes, particularly the novel CNN, achieve state-of-the-art performance.


Debra Tonetti, Associate Professor, Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutical Sciences Tibor Valyi-Nagi, Associate Professor, Medicine, Pathology Lisa Tussing-Humphreys, Medicine, Section of Health Promotion Research, Assistant Professor Jaehyung Cho, Medicine, Anesthesiology and Pharmacology Xin Huang, Research Assistant Professor, Dentistry, Periodontics Jamie Chriqui, Senior Research Scientist, Public Health, Institute for Health Research and Policy


Based on the observation and comparative analysis,overall and systematic development of M.latissimum in the stages from conjugation of gamete to discharge of zoospore,on the sporophyte stage during the life history of M.latissimum is entirely expatiated in this article.Meanwhile,on the basis of the results of the experiment,we divided the sporophyte stage of M.latissimum into five periods : conjugation of gametes(gamete 7.5 μm×2.0 μm),zygocyte(4-20 μm),sporange(18-40 μm),zoospore formation(sporange 35-55 μm) and discharge of zoospore(zoospore 9.4 μm×3 μm).In this paper it may be in China to find the systemic acknowledgement on the division of the sporange stage during the life history of Monostroma as well as to the seedling cultivation in practice.


The authors introduce completion and approximation of a quasi_measure according to completion and approximation of a classic measure and the properties of T _function of a quais_measure,complement completion of a fuzzy measure that is advanced and discuss completions of a fuzzy measure that is quasiadditive,subadditive or fuzzy_addtive etc.


This paper introduces the basic principle of LSP and its use in the G.729 coding speech algorithm,and analyzes differences between LSP coefficients and LPC(Linear prediction coefficients).The simulation experiments have proved that the anti-jamming character of LSP coefficients is stronger than LPC coefficients.


Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder.The reiterative seizure onsets bring severe hurts to the body and mind of patients.If seizures can be predicted even a few minutes before their onsets,this might offer sufficient time to take preventive measures to protect the patient from sudden injury.In the research of epileptic seizure prediction,animal models can provide sufficient data so as to validate the proposed prediction algorithms and discover the rules of epilepsy.In this paper,an epileptic rat model and the data acquisition system were set up.Nonlinear measures, amplitude synehrony and second-order complexity,were utilized to predict epileptic seizures through analyzing the EEG of epileptic rats.The data set contains 12 seizure onsets.The changes of synchrony and complexity measures could be detected from EEG during pre-seizure periods-decrease or increase,and the variation trends of the two measures were always opposite.The trends all appeared several minutes before seizures,which indicated the predictability of the epileptic seizures.


This study describes the demographics, drug-using history, current prescription, current illicit drug use, injecting practice and opinion of treatment of 125 patients prescribed injectable opiates at a clinic in the North West of England. The prescribing policy at the clinic has resulted in maintenance treatment with several opiate drugs, dominated by injectable methadone and injectable diamorphine (heroin). Injectable methadone (85.6% (107/125)) was more frequently prescribed than injectable diamorphine (12.8% (16/125)). Injectable heroin was desired by many who were prescribed injectable methadone, since it was the current drug of choicefor 50.4%of the sample (61/121). The patient cohort gave a history of risky drug use in the past, both with regard to immediate physical health and blood borne viruses. Current self-reported risk behaviour for blood-borne viruses was low. Twenty-five percent (29/121) of patients continued to use street heroin, of whom only four did so on a daily basis. This patient cohor...


Lesbians reportedly use alcohol more frequently and in greater quantities than heterosexuals, conceivably placing them at greater risk for alcohol-related problems. Past theorists have suggested psychosocial variables such as stress or the centrality of the gay bar to account for these findings. Researchers have not examined lesbian drinking within its historical, social, and cultural contexts. This paper reviews findings of a qualitative interview study examining sexual identity development and alcohol use patterns of 31 self-identified lesbian social drinkers. Findings reveal the importance of multiple contexts to understanding lesbian drinking. The author proposes a correspondence between identity development and alcohol use, as both are affected by the changing social conditions of different historic eras. The normalized presence of alcohol in lesbian contexts and norms related to its use present distinctive dilemmas for alcohol problem identification and treatment with this population. These findings have several implications for practice with lesbian clients.


Targeting moneys on low-income communities to allow them to meet local needs better is a critical role of intergovernmental aid. However, the extent to which targeting has actually occurred has varied considerably during recent years. In this article we explore the incentives that various types of local governments face in their pursuit of aid and how the federal commitment to targeting affects the distribution of the benefits and costs of the application process. We then measure the effect of community income and racial characteristics on participation in federal intergovernmental aid programs. We find that between 1977 and 1982 the reduced federal commitment to targeting led to a decrease in the participation of low-income suburbs in federal aid programs.


While the 2003 tort reform legislation capped noneconomic damages that may be recovered in a health care liability claim, this cap does not apply to economic damages, such as future loss of earning capacity and future medical expenses (1). Given that expert testimony based on reasonable medical probability is needed to establish liability (a breach of the applicable standard of care) (2) and causation (that the breach of the standard of care caused injury to the patient) (3), many assume that future economic damages must also be established based on reasonable medical probability through expert testimony. That is not true. In fact, the relative ease with which future economic damages can be established may be surprising, especially in light of the high threshold required to establish the other elements of a health care liability claim.

Future medical expenses are reasonable and necessary health care expenses required for the treatment of injuries sustained as a result of the negligent care at issue (4). To recover future medical expenses, the plaintiff must show a "reasonable probability" his injuries will require him to incur medical expenses in the future (5). The plaintiff may recover future medical expenses if he shows the existence of an injury, that medical care was rendered for the treatment of that injury prior to the time of trial, the cost of that past medical care, and that he is still injured to some degree at the time of trial (5, 6). At a bare minimum, the plaintiff must show the reasonable value of his past medical treatment and the probable necessity of future medical treatment (6). While it is "preferred" that the plaintiff establish future medical expenses through expert testimony, expert testimony is not required (6). The necessary evidence can come from the plaintiff himself (7).

Courts rarely disturb an award of future medical expenses on appeal (5). This reluctance is based on the realities associated with the assessment of future damages, primarily based on the fact that the very nature of this and other future damages is uncertain (5).

Future loss of earning capacity is "the diminished capacity to earn a living after the trial" of the case (8). For the same reason that applies to future medical awards, the jury is allowed "considerable discretion" in determining the amount awarded for loss of earning capacity (8, 9). In fact, the jury is given this wide latitude on all future damage awards.

Recovery of future loss of earning capacity requires a claimant to present sufficient evidence to allow a jury to reasonably measure this loss in monetary terms (8, 9). This evidence can include "evidence of past earnings; the plaintiff's stamina, efficiency, and ability to work in light of the injury; the weaknesses and changes that will naturally result from the plaintiff's injury; and the plaintiff's work-life expectancy" (10). While the plaintiff is not required to show actual earnings, life expectancy, and prior employment, he must show that before the injury he had the capacity to work and that this capacity was impaired by the injury (8, 9). The fact that the plaintiff is unemployed does not prevent recovery if there is evidence the plaintiff's ability to earn a living was decreased by his injury (9). Expert testimony is not needed to establish loss of earning capacity (11).

"Loss of inheritance" is loss of the value of "the assets that the deceased, in reasonable probability, would have added to the estate and left at natural death" to the claimant (12). Recovery for loss of inheritance requires the plaintiff to prove that "the decedent's [future] earnings less his expenditures would have left an estate for his beneficiaries to inherit and that the beneficiaries would have outlived the decedent" (13). Loss of inheritance cannot be recovered "if the decedent would have earned no more than he and his family would have used for support" (14). To establish that the decedent would have left an estate for his beneficiaries (i.e., he would have earned more than what would have been used for support), the plaintiff must conduct this analysis using data specific to the decedent (15). Other data, such as data based on an "average person" the decedent's age at the time of death, is inadequate (16). For example, this analysis must take into account specifics such as the decedent's specific medical condition at the time of his death, his future employment, his life expectancy, and his future expenses such as medical expenses (16). Similarly, specific data and information on any beneficiaries' health and medical condition must be presented to establish that the beneficiaries would have outlived the decedent (17).

"Pecuniary loss" is defined as "the loss of the care, maintenance, support, services, advice, counsel, and reasonable contributions of a pecuniary value" that the decedent would have provided to the claimant had he lived (12). While one might intuitively question why pecuniary loss damages would not be subject to the noneconomic damages cap, given this element appears to include noneconomic damages, review of the applicable statutory provisions makes clear that this element of damages is not subject to the cap (18).

No precise legal measure of pecuniary loss exists (19). Entitlement to this element of damages is not limited to or dependent on evidence of past financial contributions or an expectation of future financial contributions (20). Evidence that the decedent was relied on for advice that affected family and work and could be counted on for counseling or a loan in a financial pinch is sufficient (20). Expert testimony is not needed to establish this element of damages (21).

This quick analysis and evaluation of the legal framework that surrounds future economic damages shows that the parameters are not very strict. The court and jury are not limited or constrained by expert testimony. In fact, the jury is given very wide latitude in determining the proper amount to award for these elements of damages. Thus, the appellate process cannot be expected or relied on to correct unreasonable awards. Defense counsel, carriers, and health care providers must recognize these damages as a potentially fertile area where astute counsel may work to increase the value of a case.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1 R) and the pit patterns of colorectal polyps,and discuss its clinical significance.Methods The totals of 47 colorectal polyps were collected from patients undergoing colonoscopy polypectomy.The pit patterns were classified according to the Kudo classification scheme.Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of IGF-1R.Spearman' s rank correlation analysis was utilized to demonstrate the relationship between the pit patterns and the expression of 1GF-1 R.Results In 47 colorectal polyps,8 polyps showed type Ⅱ pit pattern,6 polyps type Ⅲ L,30 polyps type Ⅳ,and 3 polyps type V.Most of the polyps with type Ⅱ pit pattem were negative for the expression of IGF-1R.The polyps with type Ⅳ or type V pit pattern showed up-regulated expression of IGF-1 R.The polyps with type Ⅲ L pit pattern showed moderate IGF-1 R expression.The pit pattern of polyps showed a significant correlation with the level of IGF-1 R expression (rs =0.432,P < 0.05 ).Conclusion The expression of IGF-1R may affect the proliferation and anti-apoptosis of epithelia,which causes the morphological change of colorectal mucosal crypt.This result suggests that the over-expression of IGF-1R is related with the neoplastic initiation of colorectal cancer and can be used for evaluation of the risk of carcinogenesis.

Key words:
Colorectal polyps; Pit pattern; Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; Colorectal epithelial crypt; Colorectal carcinoma


Modern sport is a unique phenomenon that has damaged itself in economic, social, cultural, political and other dimensions. Therefore, the legal change of the relations that are diverse in content, which is developing in the field of sports, is of great importance. Therefore, the article is focused on a comprehensive understanding of the peculiarities of the regulation of legal relations in the field of sports within the framework of a theoretical and legal approach.
Part of social relations in the field of sports is not covered by legal regulation. It happens that civil servants in the field of sports make unfounded decisions, or court decisions are not accepted. This, in particular, is also connected with the fact that the actual field of sports is considered a non-priority direction. That is why it is possible and desirable to change approaches to the legal regulation of social relations, to strengthen the benefits of physical culture and sports in Ukraine, and to adopt the Sports Code as a result of the codification of regulatory and legal prescriptions in this area.
The development of social relations in the field of sports is due to much larger situations when legal regulation does not reach certain sports events, and also does not always perceive their socio-political "coloring". That is why in this area there is a steady improvement of the legislation, as well as the harmonization of the legislation with the norms of international law. Part of social relations in the field of sports is not covered by legal regulation. It happens that civil servants in the field of sports make unfounded decisions, or court decisions are not accepted. This, in particular, is also connected with the fact that the actual field of sports is considered a non-priority direction. That is why it is possible and desirable to change approaches to the legal regulation of social relations, to strengthen the benefits of physical culture and sports in Ukraine, and to adopt the Sports Code as a result of the codification of regulatory and legal prescriptions in this area.


In this study, the Florida Soils Characterization Database (FSCD, http:// flsoils.ifas.ufl.edu/) was used as source of physical and chemical soil parameters for the development of a soils characteristics data set to be used for crop growth models. Because this database has missing soil parameters within the various soil horizons, a study was undertaken to fill in missing data using statistical estimation procedures. Three main objectives of this study were to: (i) develop procedures to extract soil characteristics data from available soil data sources; (ii) convert soil profile data into a format usable by simulation models; and (iii) create and evaluate multiple regression models to simulate missing soil parameters. We used the conditional distribution model to investigate empirical relationships within the available measured soil data. A multiregression model is a valuable tool that can be used to fill singular or multiple missing soil data in the incomplete list of the FSCD. Statistical indexes such as the RMSE and the RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) were used to test the behavior of a multiregression model in simulating missing soil values in the 0- to 20-cm horizon. The results showed that silt, clay, organic C, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, and sand could be predicted with a model performance that ranged from very good to satisfactory. However, pH and saturated hydraulic conductivity were not simulated with satisfactory performance levels. The approach taken in this study to simulate missing soil parameters is universal, meaning that it can be developed anywhere having available a representative source of measured soil data of the study area.


This article describes a study designed to examine the effects of an in-service program on 8 Canadian teachers' attitudes and practices regarding creative dance. The program addressed 7 areas relevant to planning and designing such programs: program content, clarification of goals, reasons for participation, students' reactions, support systems, program climate, and practical ideas and teaching methods. 8 case-study subjects, selected from those participating in a preworkshop interview, took part in 6 3-hour workshops, 2 classroom observation visits, journal writing, and a postworkshop interview. All teachers changed both their reported attitudes toward and practices regarding creative dance, and all change was in the direction of greater receptivity to creative dance. 4 months after the completion of the workshop series, all 8 teachers reported implementing creative dance in their classroom programs, and all said they planned to continue to use creative dance as an educational tool. These findings both support and extend the literature on staff development and change and contribute to knowledge of the conditions necessary for staff development to change teachers' attitudes and practices.


Quantifying the available and useable water is critical work in any water resource study and design project. However, it is challenging to provide a robust and accurate estimation of water use and distribution for better water resource management and planning. This study aims to estimate the water use by different sectors, including water supply and irrigation sectors, by adopting estimated demand and supply water quantity. The current total population of the subbasin has been estimated to be 1.21 million. Thus, in the subbasin, current water use is estimated as follows: domestic and nondomestic water use in the rural area is 3.5 Mm3/year and 0.174 Mm3/year, respectively. The domestic water use of the towns is 12.77 Mm3/year. The industrial water use of the urban areas is 21.2 Mm3/year, whereas the commercial, public, and institutional water use are 1.87 Mm3/year. The real loss for all the water supply uses is 7.8 Mm3/year. Thus, the total current water supply uses are about 47.225 Mm3/year. From the existing irrigation schemes, about 10,254.8 ha areas are irrigated by both smallholders and different investors, growing vegetables, cereals, and fruit trees. The annual irrigation water requirements of these schemes are computed to be 151.55 Mm3. Livestock water demand of the subbasin was assessed and estimated based on the population and consumption rates of the species. Currently, the subbasin has a total livestock population of 1,527,835, and the water demand of which is estimated at 5.3 Mm3 per annum. Hence, the total current water use estimate of the subbasin is 204.1 Mm3.


A novel data structure, namely Cumulative Frequency Matrix (CFM), is proposed here for maintaining cumulative frequencies used in adaptive arithmetic data compression method. Arithmetic coding is based on cumulative probability interval of symbols. It computes subintervals using cumulative frequency of a symbol while encoding and decoding. While decoding, it also needs to find subinterval in which a given value falls. Adaptive methods need to compute cumulative frequencies on fly. CFM is suggested here for efficiency of algorithms to operate on cumulative frequency at runtime. CFM is a 2-D array of 16 rows and 16 columns for order-0 model. In order-0 model, a symbol is of single byte and it has two nibbles; say L for left and R for right. In CFM, row corresponds to left nibble and column corresponds to right nibble. As each nibble is of four bits, row index and column index varies from 0 to 15. Within row L, it stores partial cumulative frequency of only those symbols whose left nibble is L. Thus matrix element (L, R) contains the partial cumulative frequency of a symbol with right nibble as R among all the symbols with left nibble as L. This paper analyses algorithm forvarious operations needed in adaptive arithmetic coding. Operations are discussed here for initializing data structure, maintainin cumulative frequencies, computing subinterval, finding subinterval. CFM data structure is compared with Heap as described by Solomon and Fenwick's Binary Indexed Tree data structure. As compared with these related data structures in use, proposed data structure CFM is much simpler and efficient as well.


As a pivotal part of a machine driven system, the health states of rolling bearings usually determine the normal operation of a whole item of equipment. Consequently, it is important to make accurate and timely judgments as to the operating conditions of rolling bearings. In this paper, a synthesized diagnosis technology, including fault pre-judgment and identification for rolling bearings is proposed. In the first section, a threshold value is defined on the basis of the sensitivity of amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE) to bearing faults. Whether the bearing has defects is judged is based on this value. If a defect exists, a feature extraction scheme combining the modified complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (MCEEMDAN) and the modified hierarchical AAPE (MHAAPE) is adopted, to fully mine the hidden state features. Firstly, the scheme uses MCEEMDAN, which benefits from a good time-frequency decomposition capability, to divide the signal of trouble into a group of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Second, the MHAAPE of each IMF component is computed to form the candidate state features. Then, multi cluster feature selection is employed to compress the high-dimensional fault features to form the low-dimensional sensitive feature vectors required for subsequent classification. Finally, the sensitive feature vectors are input into a random forest classifier for training and classification, so as to ascertain the different fault types and severity. In addition, different contrastive methods are tested based on experimental data. The experiment results indicate that, compared to contrastive methods, the proposed scheme enjoys better performance, which can effectively judge whether the bearing is healthy and accurately identify different fault states in bearings.


More than 34 old glasswork sites in the southeastern part of Sweden pose a permanent threat to human and environmental health due to the presence of toxic metals in open dumps with glass waste. The ...


Let $\Gamma$ denote a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$ and intersection numbers $a_1=0, a_2 \neq 0$, and $c_2=1$. We show a connection between the $d$-bounded property and the nonexistence of parallelograms of any length up to $d+1$. Assume further that $\Gamma$ is with classical parameters $(D, b, \alpha, \beta)$, Pan and Weng (2009) showed that $(b, \alpha, \beta)= (-2, -2, ((-2)^{D+1}-1)/3).$ Under the assumption $D \geq 4$, we exclude this class of graphs by an application of the above connection.


Bush Furniture Unveils Five New Products in my|space® Collection & Introduces StabiliBar™ at Las Vegas Market 2011 Building A, Suite A-610


Social scientists and policy-makers are exceedingly concerned with the civil society capability to influence the stability in the European Union and member states. This ability largely depends on the role of non-governmental actors, that are of civil society interests. Aiming to submit the demands that include into the stability of integrated states, non-governmental organizations need appropriate adherence to decision-making institutions. This provision is related to the general, and contentious, issue of the non-governmental organizations engagement in political representation, participation. Regarding the European Union system, some of the other variables should be taken into consideration. The level of engagement of the social parts is the peculiar indicator of the some yardstick of integration from below, and the viabilities between civil society and Government. That is to say that the differentiated structure of the interests provided by the non-governmental organizations, the community-based organizations and the groups, together with increasing demand for greater popular involvement in the civil matters, are forced on the European Union the need to develop a more effective and integrated system with the involvement of non-state actors. Non-governmental organizations, inter alia, submit interests related to development of society. In so doing, non-governmental organizations manage relationships with different sectors through thecivil dialogue. By participating in European official programs, European non-governmental organizations have promoted many initiatives on institutional stability. This became anexcellentbeginning to the increasing non-governmental organizations more active role in European Union stability.


According to Ashley Montagu, females have a more sturdy constitution than males. Edward Shorter defends another argument : prior to the medical progress of this century, woman's health, from the end of infancy to around age 45, was precarious ; added to the risks related to pregnancy and childbirth, this made her prone to early death. To throw light on the true pattem of female mortality in the past, this paper examines statistics for girls and adolescents on one hand and women of childbearing age on the other. For the latter, maternal mortality was apparently the only cause of excess female mortality. For girls and adolescents, the oldest observations suggest that excess female mortality did not always exist for these age-groups, but the fact that the medical and other progress made was initially of less benefit to girls than boys still requires explanation.


This paper is based upon a study conducted with student focus groups at Illinois State University (a large Midwestern university) in the spring of 2008 about potential interest in an LGBT/Queer Studies curriculum. These students belonged to campus organizations known to be particularly sensitive to the needs of LGBTQ students. Focus group members responded to three general questions: What were their perceptions of the environment at the university in terms of being inclusive and safe for LGBTQ students and allies?; What were they currently learning in their coursework related to LGBTQ issues and what they thought should be included in LGBT/Queer Studies curriculum content?; and What would be the advantages and disadvantages of being enrolled in a LGBT/Queer Studies academic program?


The special interleaved winding of converter transformer are introduced.The calculation method of winding longitudinal capacitance is derived and analyzed.The distribution of winding oscillation under lightning impulse is calculated.According to the comparison of the normal interleaved winding,the characteristics of special interleaved winding of UHV converter transformer are presented.


Abstract : Results of calculations are given for lateral drifting forces acting on a cylinder and a Series 60 hull derived by a new procedure involving application of the quadratic frequency response function (QFRF) and the close-fit method for flows induced by hull sections in the near field. The near field inductions are required by the QFRF in order to obtain the nonlinear (second order) interaction effects in the presence of dual waves. This method yields the mean drifting force consisting of four components of which the relative-wave-elevation term is dominant, whereas the Bernoulli quadratic term is secondary. A mathematical discontinuity of the drifting force in the neighborhood of a high frequency is investigated by applying a modified Green's function. Mean drifting forces for two forms have been calculated and the results compared with available analysis and model data. A fairly complete quadratic frequency response function for lateral drifting forces in the bi-frequency domain was computed for the Series 60 Ship C sub B = 0.6 at sixty-degree heading. The computed results are presented in a three-dimensional view accompanied by a detailed discussion of the characteristic behavior. (Author)


Objectives: The goal of this study was to explore medical students' perceptions, assess their experiences, and identify obstacles to e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to understand the factors behind its adoption and application as a learning means in the surgery module. Materials and Methods: Data were gathered from undergraduate medical students, at the University of Hail, KSA, in their surgery module using an electronic questionnaire. Subsequently, SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) has been used for analysis. Results: The study included 72 students, with a participation rate of 85.7%. Students positively perceived technology (M = 4.024 ± 0.94 and P < 0.001). Most respondents (79.5%) claimed that e-learning required less time for studying than the conventional learning technique (M = 4.14 ± 1.052 and P < 0.001). They had positive perceptions of the implications of e-learning (M = 3.92 ± 0.89 and P < 0.001). Regarding the perception toward instructors, 53.9% admitted that when instructors use computer technologies, it adequately met their needs. The mean agreeability to online quizzes was high (M = 3.8264 ± 0.910). More than half preferred the blended style of learning. A-70.9% interested in using e-learning (M = 3.83 ± 1.278 and P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference among genders (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study addresses the determinants behind the adoption and use of e-learning within the surgery module. Therefore, it will support the event of a rational approach to an effective application of e-learning and look at it as a positive initiative toward development and alteration.


Subjective speech evaluation is the gold standard to assess speech quality of head and neck cancer patients. This study investigates if conventional acoustic-phonetic and novel feature analysis contribute to the development of a multidimensional speech assessment protocol. Speech recordings of 51 patients 6 months post-treatment and of 18 control speakers were subjectively evaluated for intelligibility, nasal resonance and articulation. Selfevaluation of speech problems was assessed by the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 speech subscale. Feature analysis was performed to assess objectively nasality in vowels /a,i,u/. Results revealed that size of the vowel triangle, pressure release of /k/ and nasality in /i/ predict best intelligibility, articulation and nasal resonance and differentiated best between patients and controls. Within patients, /k/ and /x/ differentiated tumour site and tumour classification. Various objective variables were related to speech problems as reported by patients.


An approach of forklift's fault diagnostic knowledge acquisition and discrete date based on rough set theory was put forward, according to the rough set theory in fault diagnosis of fault tolerance, the use of rough set theory in fault knowledge attribute reduction and value reduction, as in incomplete fault information of forklift hydraulic system fault diagnosis provides a train of thought. The inferential strategy and process of fault diagnosis of hydraulic system for forklift were described. Examples show that the proposed approach is very effective.


DOCUMENT RESUME 1.,.....L.A 1. AV EA 002 613 Hock, Michael Dennis Considerations of Decision Theory in the Reconstruction of Logic in Urban Planning. Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Evaluation Center. [681 169p. EDRS Price MF-$0.75 HC-$8.55 Behavioral Objectives, Bibliographies, *City Planning, *Conceptual Schemes, Criteria, *Decision Making, Goal Orientation, Literature Reviews, *Logic, Models, *Planning, Problem Solving This report attempts to define and conceptualize the essential logic of the decision-making process which planners follow. The report proposes a look at decision-making theory to see if there exists some conceptualization of decision making which can be varied to fit the context in which decisions must be made. To provide for situational adjustments, a behavioral character must be graphed into a normative framework to provide for some measure of deviation from the norm that is being sought. In building this conceptual framework, two criteria were followed: (1) Throughout the model, logic and consistency must prevail; and (2) the resulting model must be useful to the problems at hand. The final conceptualization is a piecing together of current decision theory and its application to the planning situation. A literature review makes up the body of the document, followed by the proposed model and a. summary of its shortcomings and implications. (LN)


We have shown that a significant creep occurs at the concrete–fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) interface based on double shear long-term test. The primary test parameters were the shear stress to ultimate shear strength ratio, the epoxy curing time before loading as well as the epoxy thickness. The test results showed that when the epoxy curing time before loading was earlier than seven days the shear stress level significantly affected the long-term behavior of epoxy at the interfaces, and in particular the combined effect of high shear stress and thick epoxy adhesive can result in interfacial failure if subjected to high-sustained stresses. In this paper, based on the previous experimental observations, an improved rheological model was developed to simulate the long-term behavior of epoxy adhesive at the concrete–FRP interfaces. Furthermore, the newly developed rheological creep model was incorporated in finite element (FE) modeling of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened with FRP sheets. The use of rheological model in FE setting provides the opportunity to conduct a parametric investigation on the behavior of RC beams strengthened with FRP. It is demonstrated that creep of epoxy at the concrete–FRP interfaces increases the beam deflection. It is also shown that consideration of creep of epoxy is essential if part or the entire load supported by FRP is to be sustained.


The role of geomorphological research into sediment flux within modern dynamical systems and the consequent role of geomorphological research in the development of practical environmental management tools are seldom reconciled. Sediment fluxes can be estimated using instruments and numerical models, but problems arise when these results are to be interpreted to inform the environmental management debate. This paper presents one set of solutions in which we describe the work of the Humber Observatory and detail the concepts, instrumentation and software systems which have been developed to address such issues. The design and deployment of a new, automated meteorological station, new multiple sensor, radio-linked outstations and the collection of associated tidal and bathymetric data are described, together with discussion of the operational problems and data archiving and output issues. We also describe the numerical models based upon the dynamical equations which have been used to estimate water and sediment fluxes through the Humber Estuary, and we describe the design criteria for new semi-empirical models. Results from the various systems and models are presented as the basis for a regional research capability and in terms of operational delivery for environmental management.


Significance We use geolocated child nutrition data from 53 developing countries to show that minor to severe droughts as well as severe periods of extreme rainfall are related to child stunting. We then explore how various geographic factors mitigate or amplify the effect of drought on child heights. Finally, we combine global data on these factors to map where child stunting is currently vulnerable to drought, finding that arid low-income countries with poor governance and political instability are where drought could have the largest effect on child stunting. As climate change continues, it is expected to have increasingly adverse impacts on child nutrition outcomes, and these impacts will be moderated by a variety of governmental, economic, infrastructural, and environmental factors. To date, attempts to map the vulnerability of food systems to climate change and drought have focused on mapping these factors but have not incorporated observations of historic climate shocks and nutrition outcomes. We significantly improve on these approaches by using over 580,000 observations of children from 53 countries to examine how precipitation extremes since 1990 have affected nutrition outcomes. We show that precipitation extremes and drought in particular are associated with worse child nutrition. We further show that the effects of drought on child undernutrition are mitigated or amplified by a variety of factors that affect both the adaptive capacity and sensitivity of local food systems with respect to shocks. Finally, we estimate a model drawing on historical observations of drought, geographic conditions, and nutrition outcomes to make a global map of where child stunting would be expected to increase under drought based on current conditions. As climate change makes drought more commonplace and more severe, these results will aid policymakers by highlighting which areas are most vulnerable as well as which factors contribute the most to creating resilient food systems.


Rings in which all accessible subrings are ideals are called filial. A ring R is called fully filial if all its subrings are filial (that is rings in which the relation of being an ideal is transitive). The present paper is devoted to the study of fully filial torsion rings. We prove a classification theorem for semiprime fully filial torsion rings.


Chemical schemes for Si atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) are discussed using a two-step sequence of reactions: (1) surface chlorination, using a chlorosilane molecule, and (2) reduction (Cl removal), using atomic H or a silane molecule. The schemes are compared in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics, to select the most promising schemes. All of the proposed processes based on atomic H are spontaneous (thermodynamically downhill)


We study possible paramagnetic phases of antiferromagnets on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice by a gauge-theoretic analysis of fluctuations in a theory with $\mathrm{Sp}(2N)$ symmetry. In addition to the familiar dimer phase, we find a confining phase with plaquette order and a topologically ordered phase with deconfined $S=1/2$ spinons and helical spin correlations. The deconfined phase is contiguous to the dimer phase and in a regime of couplings close to those found in the insulator ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}({\mathrm{BO}}_{3}{)}_{2}.$ We suggest that a superconductor obtained by doping this insulator with mobile charge carriers will be an attractive candidate for observing the anomalous magnetic flux properties associated with topological order.


A new methodology has been defined to calculate three-dimensional loads (forces and moments) and hydraulic stability (sliding and overturning) on concrete caissons all along construction stages of their life cycle, from isolated caissons to the final operation phase. The study of wave loading on the caisson has been simulated using a coupling of two CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models: the two-dimensional model IH2VOF and the three-dimensional model IHFOAM. In order to take into account the wave climate variability and uncertainties associated with all processes involved, the Monte-Carlo statistical technique has been used with a hybrid numerical simulation methodology. This new methodology allows for numerical optimization of computational costs and provides reliable results, because of the large number of cases simulated. The application of this methodology in a real study case is shown in this paper: the main vertical breakwater of Granadilla Port (Tenerife, Spain).


The article proposes that there are three basic paradigms of nationalism: secular nationalism, ethnic nationalism, and theocratic nationalism. These paradigms form an integral part of the postcolonial state-building project. The article discusses how Malaysia selected the ethnic nationalism paradigm and how this directed the country's political development and the way it addressed the challenge of ethnic pluralism. It argues that ethnic nationalism best accounts for Malaysia's inability to achieve full democracy. The March 2008 election and the possibility of the collapse of ethnic nationalism and the transition to a more open democracy are explored.


Zarankiewicz's conjecture, that the crossing number of the completebipartite graph K,,,, is [$ rnllfr (m - 1)Jl; nj[$ (n - 1)j, was proved by Kleitman when min(rn, n) s 6, but was unsettled in all other cases. The cyclic-order graph CO, arises naturally in the study of this conjecture; it is a vertex-transitive harmonic diametrical (even) graph. In this paper the properties of cyclic-order graphs are investigated and used as the basis for computer programs that have verified Zarankiewicz's conjecture for K7,7 and K7,9; thus the smallest unsettled cases are now K7,11 and K9,9. 0 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Aiming at solving the problem of the aberrant points' presence of the history data in GM(1,1) forecasting model,depending on the grey disaster forecasting theory and using the character of linear regression adapting to the short term forecast,a new combined method was come up with. After using GM(1,1) to forecast the possible aberrant date points in the future,the prediction values of the points were made. And for other normal points,subsection linear regression functions were taken. By having applied the new method to the prediction of the country power consumption in Zhejiang province,it showed that the new method had achieved better forecasting results compared with other forecasting models,making up for some deficiencies in GM(1,1) model and linear regression in certain degree.


and blood circulation, and accelerate metabolism and recovery of body functions [11,12]. Warming acupuncture is a method of combining acupuncture with moxibustion [6], the effect is better than simple acupuncture, which has the function of warming the meridian and activating blood circulation. It is applicable to the syndrome of cold and dampness and stagnation of meridian and collaterals. Though a number of studies have indicated that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on IFP is good in human [12], there is limited report on the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis in dog [3]. This short communication describes the combination of acupuncture and moxibustion to treat IFP in a dog. seven-and-a-half-year-old We accorded to the examination by to Abstract The combination of acupuncture and moxibustion was used for treating canine idiopathic facial palsy (IFP) to explore the therapeutic method of this disease. Local acupuncture point's (ST4, ST5, ST7, GB3 and TH17) in the affected side were treated by needle warming through moxibustion, were retained needle for 30 minutes. The dog was treated 15 times of acupuncture and moxibustion in total. IFP was cured during 20 days. This result indicated that this method is effective for the treatment of IFP in this dog. Although this method has been used to cure the dog, the reliability of this method needs to be verified in more cases.


Abstract We examine nonlinear geostrophic adjustment in a rapidly rotating (small Rossby number Ro) stably neutrally stratified (SNS) fluid consisting of a stratified upper layer with $N>f$ ( $N$ is the buoyancy frequency, $f$ the Coriolis parameter) and a homogeneous lower layer, the density and other fields being continuous at the interface between the layers. The angular speed of rotation is non-parallel to gravity; the traditional and hydrostatic approximations are not used. The wave spectrum in the model consists of internal and gyroscopic waves. During the adjustment an arbitrary long-wave perturbation is split in a unique way into slow quasi-geostrophic (QG) and fast ageostrophic components with typical time scales $(Ro\, f)^{-1}$ and $f^{-1}$ , respectively. The QG flow is governed by two coupled nonlinear equations of conservation of QG potential vorticity (PV) in the layers. The fast component is a sum of internal waves and inertial oscillations (long gyroscopic waves) confined to the homogeneous layer and modulated by an amplitude depending on coordinates and slow time. On times $t\sim (\, f\, Ro)^{-1}$ the slow component is not influenced by the fast one but the inertial oscillations amplitude is coupled to the QG flow and obeys an equation practically coinciding with that in the barotropic case (Reznik, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 743, 2014, pp. 585–605). A non-stationary boundary layer with large vertical gradients of horizontal velocity develops in the stratified layer near the interface to prevent penetration of the inertial oscillations into the stratified fluid; an analogous weaker boundary layer arises near the upper rigid lid. At large times the internal waves gradually decay because of dispersion and the resulting motion consists of the slow QG component and inertial oscillations confined to the barotropic lower layer.


Ocular N‐acetyltransferase(NAT) research has been limited to probe substrate activity in specific tissues from rat or rabbit, but not for a model that represents the whole eye. The comparison of acetylation as a biotransformation pathway between preclinical species and human has not been well documented. We aimed to understand functional ocular NAT activity across rat, rabbit, and human ocular S9 fractions in comparison with liver S9 fractions for seven clinically approved anti‐glaucoma compounds. Specific probe substrates were examined in human ocular, liver, and kidney S9 fractions to asses human NAT1 and 2 activities. High resolution mass spectrometry was utilized to characterize the acetyl conjugate(s) for each anti‐glaucoma agent in ocular and liver S9 fractions. Direct acetyl conjugates were detected across all species in ocular and liver fractions for betaxolol, carteolol and levobunolol, indicating that these compounds are non‐specific NAT substrates. Oxidation and O‐acetylation of levobunolol was detected in rat and rabbit liver S9 only. Species‐ and organ‐specific metabolic differences were observed for metoprolol, metipranolol, propranolol, and timolol. Neither ocular nor liver fractions from rat or rabbit were useful to predict human ocular acetylation in vitro. Ocular and renal S9 fractions did not catalyze the acetylation of sulfamethazine, a NAT2 probe substrate, contrary to the observation in liver S9. The data suggests a strong role of NAT1 in human ocular S9 fractions. This is the first report of direct acetyl conjugates for the b‐adrenergic receptor antagonist class of anti‐glaucoma agents in rat, rabbit and human ocular S9s.


André B. Rosay This article examines psychological and physical abuse against women in Alaska who are aged 60 or older and compares these rates to national rates. In 1980, there were 9,581 women aged 60 or older in Alaska. From 1980 to 2016, the number of women aged 60 or older increased by 550 percent, up to 62,239. This is more than 7 times the percentage increase in general population over that same time period (Figure 1). In 2016, women aged 60 or older represented 17 percent of the total female population in Alaska. In the next 30 years, the number of women in Alaska aged 60 or older will continue to grow. Projections indicate that 81,566 to 111,833 women will be aged 60 or older in 2045 (Figure 2).


This research presents role of e-customs in promotion of Lorestan-Iran customs. Based on the purpose, the study is an applied research; and with respect to the nature as well as the data collection method, it is a descriptive- ex post facto research. Since the researcher studies the effects of e-customs on Lorestan customs one year after implementation of e-customs in this organization, the research is considered as an ex post facto research. The research population consists of managers, experts, exporters, importers, and people active in Lorestan customs that they have being cooperated with this organization at least for 2 years. According to the statistics obtained from Lorestan customs statistics and information department in 2013, the number of research population has been 170 people. The results showed that e-customs enhances the legal exports and imports of goods and makes the process to be performed faster and better, because it provides faster and easier access to information about the various costs and the current rules of exports and imports as well as stronger and more comprehensive communications between the relevant departments involved in customs processes. It is obvious that the e-customs users believe in positive efficacy of it, because they have experienced the beneficial results of such a technology in a complex organization like customs.


Garlic breath is one of the pertinent oral malodor caused by garlic off-flavor compounds. Deodorization techniques are needed to reduce and bind off-flavors components of garlic, such as diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl disulfide, and allyl methyl sulfide. The effect of natural compounds in the headspace of garlic was investigated using solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography. Garlic powder was blended with water (control, 10% m/v), Chlorophyll, Sodium Chlorite, Copper Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, and Zinc Chloride. The presence of compounds reduced the intensity of the off-flavor garlic compounds. The significance of this project will be useful to address the current concern in food science and human health area for malodor matter, giving additional insight to the society about the ability to solve the breath odor problems.


Objective: The research for single prognostic factor in breast cancer has often produced conflicting. Therefore, prognostic index, which has been compiled by combining several parameters could assess prognosis more accurately. Methods: A total of 1 496 women with histological proven primary invasive breast cancer who had been treated with mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection at Tianjin Cancer Hospital in Tianjin Medical University between 1989 and 1994 and had been selected for our studies had been followed up for 10 years. Their data were retrospectively reviewed. Set up overall survival prognostic index models and disease-free survival prognostic index models based on the groups of total patients. Univariate analysis(Cox model) and multivariate analysis (Cox model) were used to get prognostic indexes. Results: 1.The overall survival prognostic index model =0.4×age+0.51×skin+0.11×tumor size+0.06× number of node metastsis+0.34×histological type;The disease-free survival prognostic index model =0.54×age+0.57×skin+0.12×tumor size+0.06×number of node metastsis-0.49×histological type +0.45×extra capsular extension. 2.Rate of predictive coincidence of 10-year overall survival was 77.41% .Rate of predictive coincidence of 10-year disease-free survival was 73.99%. Conclusion: Prognostic index models based on the data from Tianjin Cancer Hospital in Tianjin Medical University were built in this study. They did well in assessing patient's prognosis with primary invasive breast cancer. They are useful to choose appropriate treatments.


In northern Florida, nitrogen (N) application recommendations for centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] range from 49 to 98 kg ha−1 yr−1. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum amount of N necessary to produce acceptable quality centipedegrass while also measuring the influence of irrigation rate on color, growth rate, and NO3–N leaching. Nitrogen was applied at rates of 18, 36, 74, and 147 kg ha−1 yr−1 split evenly into three application cycles in 2006 and again in 2007 to common centipedegrass. Acceptable turf quality and color was produced by N applied at 18 kg ha−1 yr−1 during all cycles. Turf color and quality increased with increasing N rate (NR) for yearly average and many of the cycles. Nitrate N leaching was equivalent for NRs 18 and 147 kg ha−1 yr−1. However, when NRs increased from 18 to 36 and 74 kg ha−1 yr−1, annual NO3–N leaching was reduced by ~50%. Current recommended NRs may be more than is necessary to produce acceptable quality centipedegrass; however, the rates do not pose an increased risk to NO3–N leaching. T.W. Shaddox, UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Univ. of Florida, 3205 College Ave. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314; L.E. Trenholm, Dep. of Environmental Horticulture, Univ. of Florida, PO Box 110670, Gainesville, FL 32611; J.B. Unruh, West Florida Research and Education Center, Univ. of Florida, 4235 Experiment Dr. Jay, FL 32565. Received 18 Apr. 2016. Accepted 16 Sept. 2016. Assigned to Associate Editor Mark Carroll. *Corresponding author (email@example.com). Abbreviations: EFC, early-fall cycle; LSC, late-spring cycle; NR, nitrogen rate; SC, summer cycle. Published in Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 13:86–93 (2017). doi: 10.2134/itsrj2016.04.0241 © International Turfgrass Society and ACSESS | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. Published online November 9, 2017


It has previously been reported that the accumulation of albuminoid in lenses during the process of aging is associated with an increase in the cystine content of the lens proteins due to its presence in the albuminoid.* Evidence has, furthermore, been brought forward that in rat lenses this accumulation of cystine is due at least partly to an oxidation of cysteine of soluble lens proteins, 1 and it has been pointed out that this oxidative process, which goes on during the life span of the rat, seems to be the result of a delicately balanced equilibrium of oxidative and reductive processes in the lens. This could be necessary for the integration of the albuminoid into the lenticular structure and, therefore, the maintenance of the transparency of the lens. It has long been known 2 that the formation of senile cataract in man is accompanied by an increase of the albuminoid


This paper exploits the well-known CMOS beta multiplier circuit to synthesize a voltage reference, which is well suitable for low voltage and ultra-low power bio-medical applications. The present technique uses only MOS transistors to generates PTAT and CTAT currents. Self-biasing technique has been used to minimize the temperature and power supply dependency. A prototype in 65nm CMOS has been developed, at room temperature it is generating 404mV reference voltage with 2.6mV drift over wide temperature range (from -40 to 1250C). This has been designed to operate with a power supply voltage down to 0.6V and consumes 1.4uA current from the supply. The simulated temperature coefficient is 40ppm/0C. Circuit occupies 0.0039mm2 area.


The objective of this paper is to present what is at least the authors' general assessment of the state-of-the-art of modeling and simulation in the process industries, which in this context is taken to include the chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, metals, waste and water treatment industries but excluding the manufacturing industries such as the automobile industry. Since a number of texts are available on this topic for those readers interested in a more technical treatment, this discussion will tend to be more general, emphasizing such aspects as economic justification, importance of experimental and/or plant data, etc.


PHP can not only be limited to generate the output of HTML, but also can be employed to create and operate various image files with different formats, including gif,png,jpg and wbmp etc. Moreover, PHP can directly have image streams transfered into browsers with the support of GD library in the system, namely, PHP will not work without the source code of GD compiled and some "libgd. a"and ". h"files generated which to be copied respectively into corresponding systematic directories. As the configuring process is complicated, this article tells how to install "Apache + PHP+GD"in details.


A new, simple, sensitive, selective and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for analysis of gallic acid was developed and validated for the determination of gallic acid in crude plant material, herbal extracts and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Analysis of gallic acid was performed on HPTLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber saturated with mobile phase consisting of Toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:3:0.8:0.4 v/v) at room temperature (25±2 0 C). Camag TLC scanner III was used for spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis in absorbance mode at 279 nm. The system was found to give compact spots for Gallic acid (Rf value of 0.40±0.02). The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with R 2 = 0.9902±0.0002 in the concentration range 700–1300 ng/spot with respect to peak area. According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines the method was validated for specificity, precision, recovery& linearity. The limits of detection and quantification were determined. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is reproducible and selective for the estimation of Gallic


Research purposes: Along with the rapid expansion of city scale and population growth,the metropolis and city cluster have been formed,thus a demand of perfect public transportation system is brought out. Rail transit becomes more preferred for its characters of keeping energy-efficient,punctual and convenient,regional rail transit and urban rail transit are developing quickly. However,the problem of incoordination between the rail transit and urban planning has arisen in the rail transit development in recent years. This paper mainly discusses the problems exist in rail transit and urban planning. Research conclusions:(1) The incoordination between the rail transit and urban spatial layout is affected by the following factors: unlike formulation department and term,different examination and approval department,diversity of investment main body, construction and management department, etc. Relevant departments should strengthen communication. Urban rail transit development should be coordinated with the urban spatial layout.(2) Accurate passenger flow forecast is important and difficult,thus the impact of rail transit on industry,business,science park and industrial zone along the rail transit line,even its influence on travel psychology and habit have to be considered.(3) From the research and analysis,this paper provides valuable advice on synchronous coordination of planning and construction between rail transit and urban spatial layout,which is conducive to strengthen control and management for the planning,investment,construction and management departments.


Objective:The main objective of this study was to assess the influencing factors in participants who do not use a helmet while skiing or snowboarding in the youth population. Design:Cross-sectional survey. Setting:The 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 ski seasons at the Crested Butte Mountain Resort. Participants:Children and adolescents between the ages of 6 to 17 years and their parents were enrolled in the study. Two hundred six children/adolescents participated. Independent Variables:Independent variables included age, gender, parental helmet use, ski/snowboard helmet past protection, and child/adolescent reason for wearing/not wearing helmet. Main Outcome Measures:Dependent variables included child/adolescent helmet use. Results:Fifty-one percent were male and 49% were female. One hundred seventy-one (83%) reported that they wear a ski/snowboard helmet, and 35 (17%) reported that they did not wear a ski/snowboard helmet. There was a significant relationship between parental helmet use and child helmet use (P ⩽ 0.0001). Of the 171 children/adolescents who reported wearing a helmet, 124 (72.5%) reported that wearing a helmet protected them in an accident. Of the 171 children/adolescents who reported wearing a helmet, 87.7% said that safety was the reason for wearing a helmet. The most common reason for not wearing a ski/snowboard helmet was comfort. Conclusions:Parent's helmet-wearing behavior was strongly associated with the child/adolescent's helmet-wearing behavior. The results demonstrate the overwhelming influence parental helmet use has on their child/adolescent's decision to wear a helmet.


The increasing of energy source demand in daily life is very high, especially for
fossil fuels or non-renewable energy such as oil, gas, and coal. This increase is
not also accompanied by the production of fossil fuels. The way that can we can
do to overcome this problem is utilize renewable energy such as Biopellets of
sawdust that is supported by drying technology in the treatment process. The
drying process is a very important step to produce biomass fuel with good
quality, drying is intended to reduce the water content containing in the biomass
feedstock and to improve the calorific value. The purpose of this study is to make
a prototype of unit biomass dryer with rotary system and produce a dry product
for biopellets. This research was conducted by designing the structure of the tools
that will be created and analyzed the thermal system with the variation of drying
time (30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes) at a constant temperature of 60 0C.
The results showed that drying with the longest time, the decrease of the moisture
content in the wood dust will be even greater. However, the thermal efficiency of
the drying process show is still quite low because there is a large of heat loss.
Keywords: Biomass, Biopellets, Drying, rotary, Heat loss


This paper mainly discusses the teaching pattern of mathematics in normal universities in the concept of quality-based education.It also analyzes the "Outline" and requirement of new curriculum on normal university,thus some suggestions are made from the perspectives of classroom teaching,teaching practice guidance and employment guidance.


BackgroundTransthyretin amyloid (ATTR) amyloidosis is a systemic disorder caused by amyloid deposits formed by misfolded transthyretin (TTR) monomers. Two main forms exist – wild-type and hereditar ...


The paper investigates the nexus of tourism spending (i.e. leisure and business tourism spending) with economic performance (i.e. GDP and employment) for the Eurozone countries, during the period 20002018, employing sophisticated panel data analysis techniques. The issue is salient, given that within the Eurozone economic space the abolition of border impediments has released dynamics and brought into surface a new mix of opportunities, threats and challenges that has been changing the balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces. The findings of the paper identify the long-run equilibrium and confirm the bi-directional relationships among the variables considered, thus contributing to the discussion on the relationship between tourism and economic performance.


Extra‐pair mating is widespread in birds, but its adaptive function remains unclear. It is often suggested that females obtain superior genes for their offspring as a consequence of extra‐pair mating, but the evidence is limited. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that extra‐pair mating provides females with offspring that have superior immune responses. We found that the T‐cell‐mediated immune response of extra‐pair young was stronger than that of within‐pair young in common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas). This paternity effect occurred when we compared all nestlings in the population, as well as in comparisons of both paternal and maternal half‐siblings. Paternal half‐siblings had a stronger immune response when they were produced with extra‐pair females than with the male's social mate, which suggests that the greater immune response of extra‐pair young was caused by nonadditive (compatible) genetic effects. However, these patterns were only significant in the colder of 2 years. Immune response was related positively to air temperature and nestlings had a stronger immune response in the warmer year. We suggest that such environmental variation could obscure the genetic benefits of extra‐pair mating.


A composition for the treatment of dry eye and other disorders requiring the wetting of the eye comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the formula ** ** in which: R1 is CO2R, CONR2R3 , CH2OR4, CH2NR5R6, CH2N3, CH2Hal, CH2NO2, CH2SR20, COSR21 or 2, 3, 4, 5-yl tetrazol-1-wherein: R is H or CO2R forms a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester; NR2R3 and NR5R6 are the same or different and comprise a free or functionally modified amino group; OR4 comprises a free or functionally modified hydroxy group.


Serum leptin, follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH) and estradiol(E 2) were measured by RIA in 138 perimenopausal women in order to clear the relations between them. The result showed that serum levels of all the four circulating hormones are all changed significantly in all subgroups. Compared with the women of childbearing age group, it changed with P0.05; P0.01 respectively. All the changes indicate: As a circulating hormone, leptin plays an important role in woman's normal physicology developing process along ages.


The aim of the present work was to develop a materials selection strategy for biomedical Ti alloys by combining Ashby's method with a recently published dataset. The selection process concerned mechanical properties such as yield strength, elastic modulus, deformation at rupture, and the cost of the material. Outputs of the selection process point to alloys from both Ti‐Nb and Ti‐Mo systems as viable candidates for joint replacement materials. Additionally, this work discusses the crucial role of certain alloying elements in obtaining high elastic admissible strains, i.e., a high yield strength to modulus ratio. Adding solutes such as Ta, Zr, Sn, Fe, and O is vital to stabilizing the β phase, suppressing the ω phase, and increasing mechanical strength. Considering the minimum requirements of a 400 MPa yield strength, and 10% elongation at rupture, the best alloys identified via a multi‐objective optimization approach are Ti‐4.6Mo‐3.3Sn‐1.0Fe‐0.4O, Ti‐22.1Nb‐5Zr‐1.0Fe, and Ti‐20.3Nb‐4.7Ta‐2.5Sn (at. %). These compositions present elastic moduli lower than 55 GPa, with an optimal trade‐off between a high elastic admissible strain and low cost. Updated property maps and analyses of conflicting properties are provided to support the conclusions.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Hand drawn color map of Texas showing counties, cities, roads, railroads, creeks and rivers circa 1866. Insets showing Plan of Galveston Bay and Vicinity, and Northern Part of Texas.


In this article we investigate whether it is optimal for South African pension funds to allocate the full twenty-five per cent of available assets to offshore asset classes as allowed under the revised Regulation 28. Asset allocation optimisation strategies differ with respect to the optimised objective, and we compare the results of seven commonly used asset allocation optimisation models over a 10-, 20- and 30-year investment period. The majority of optimisation models show that domestic-only funds significantly out-perform funds with a foreign allocation component over the 10-year investment horizon. Over a 30-year period only one strategy recommends a domestic-only portfolio, three strategies recommend portfolios with a twenty-five per cent foreign exposure that significantly outperform their domestic-only counterparts while the remaining three are indifferent between domestic-only or foreign-allocation portfolios. To compare the seven asset allocation optimisation strategies, the frequency of out-performing four pre-defined benchmarks was calculated for each of the portfolios over each of the three investment periods. Applying a bootstrap approach we find that the re-sampled mean-variance optimisation strategy applied using a 20-year historical data period is the superior optimisation strategy.


How far do bilingual readers identify with the 'implied readers' of the texts they read? This article explores this question through a quantitative analysis of the reading habits of a sample of 100 English secondary-school students, mainly from southern Asian backgrounds. Particular focus is given to the way a bilingual reader may or may not be able to identify with the implied reader in the particular texts to which they are exposed, and attendant implications. It was found that reading in the mother tongue played only a small part in the lives of the majority of respondents. It is argued, therefore, that the dominance of Anglo-American culture in the lives of these students (and, indeed in the lives of bilingual adolescents across many parts of the world) places pressure on the home language and culture of bilingual adolescents to compete with the experience offered to them, at a time when they are already striving to form an individual identity. Parallels are drawn between the experiences of young Welsh–English bilinguals and those of young Urdu/Punjabi–English bilinguals, and recommendations are made based on the current successes of the model of publishing children's fiction in Wales. The students in this study are of secondary school age, but the analysis and implications have a wider relevance.


Objective To study the effects of prepared basic fibroblast growth factor-polylactide sustained release nanospheres(bFGF-PLA-Ns) on proliferation,differentiation and mineralization of the cultured rabbit osteoblasts.Methods New Zealand rabbit osteoblasts were cultured and identified.bFGF-PLA-Ns and bFGF were added into the medium of the fourth generation of rabbit osteoblasts.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities were detected by ALP kit.The formation of mineral tubercula was showed by alizarin bordeaux staining.Results bFGF-PLA-Ns had biological activity.bFGF-PLA-Ns could significantly enhance the differentiation and mineralization of rabbit osteoblasts,with significantly higher effects than bFGF only and blank group.Conclusion The biological effects of prepared bFGF-PLA-Ns were significantly higher on cultured osteoblasts than that of common bFGF only and that of blank group,and bFGF-PLA-Ns have a better prospect in bone traumatic healing.


In the trend of globalisation,the cross-straits' differences of industrial structures result in cooperation and competition of industries between the mainland and Taiwan.By analysing the cross-straits' situation in industrial cooperation and competition,it can be found that the cross-straits' cooperation of industries is the mainstream and the cross-straits' competition of industries will exist forever,but will not affect on the mainstream.Besides,the cross-straits' cooperation of industries is good for the development of cross-straits' industries and the relationships of cross-straits' industries will be determined by the cross-straits' political relation and "industrial policy" in the future.


Food businesses are vital to the economy of Norfolk. We have a range of vibrant local food producers who contribute to the resident and visitor experience of Norfolk.


R obert Wallerstein traces the history of psychoanalytic institutes from their beginnings in Berlin, along with the increasing criticism directed at their training programs and the suggestions for change that began soon after. He concludes that "even if all of this wider reform agenda were to be adopted, it would . . . address only part of our educational malaise, the part . . . stemming from the authoritarian power of the training analyst. What would not be addressed at all is another grave set of issues, those deriving from the peculiar isolation of psychoanalysis, and its educational structure, from other disciplines that study human functioning. This isolation, perhaps forced on us at the beginning, has increasingly limited us over our century of growth." His refocusing of the issue is fundamental. However troubled the social psychology of the educational process might be, the organizational structure of institutes and their relationship to the outer world is a distinct and, I would add, a more essential problem. This shifts the focus from the history of independent institutes to the relationship, actual and potential, between psychoanalysis and universities. The two were almost completely separated in Freud's Europe, and then enjoyed an only partial rapprochement in psychiatry departments and medical schools, f irst in the United States and then in postwar Europe. For Wallerstein this was a first step in the right direction, but not a wholly successful one, as "formal psychoanalytic research, though proclaimed as a prime beneficiary of the embedding of psychoanalytic training in the medical school and university, ja p a


This chapter considers sources of deterioration specific to bridge substructures. At the bearings problems may be due to lack of reinforcement, leakage or seating impact in movable bridges. Foundation problems include settlement, drainage failure and scour. Repairs using dumped riprap, hand-laid riprap, bagged concrete, cofferdams, sheeting and tremie concrete are described. Standard concrete repairs for the surfaces of piers, abutments and walls above the splash zone, underwater and in the tidal zone are outlined. The repair of piles is considered including the use of concrete, fabric, fibre-reinforced and steel pile jackets and the use of epoxy resins to repair cracks. For the covering abstract of the book see IRRD 853714.


The process of researching training has a goal to develop students' capacity of establishing problems in specific topics, critical analysis, reflection on reality, focusing on social environment with solutions according to their demands and exigencies. Furthermore, internalizing values related to research; such as, discipline, perseverance, honesty, among others, which are necessary nowadays. However, scientific training of university student, as an integral process of knowledge and transformation, is only conceived theoretically, but in practice, it is a weak activity and Universidad Nacional Experimental Politecnica de la Fuerza Armada, Sucre central is not the exception of this reality. Professors should develop researching topics and impulse students to investigate and promote researching culture.


Objective To study the clinical effect of abdominal acupuncture plus tuina in treating stiff neck.Method Forty-six patients with stiff neck were randomized into a control group and a treatment group,23 in each.The treatment group was intervened by abdominal acupuncture plus tuina,and the control group was by tuina only.The pain index and integral clinical effect were observed in the two groups.Result The pain indexes dropped significantly after the first treatment in both groups(P0.01);the pain indexes after the third treatment dropped markedly compared with those after the first treatment in both groups(P0.01).The pain indexes after the first treatment and after the third treatment in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P0.01,P0.05).The clinical effect after the first treatment in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Abdominal acupuncture plus tuina is an effective approach in treating stiff neck.


Six species of spider mites common in Japan, show a close similarity in both color (red) and morphology. It is difficult to separate these species even with experience. To solve this problem, we analyzed their allozyme patterns of esterases, and tried to find morphological characters that may distinguish the species. Esterase patterns showed species-specific characteristics. Morphological characters of living adult females also provide a key to discriminate the six species.


Background:
The use of latrines in the village is still unhealthy because of the habits of the people who use pit latrines in the river. The impact of not using latrines is causing diseases, causing odor , and cause pollution.
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to to determine the relationship between education, clean water facilities, the role of health workers, the role of community leaders, knowledge of using latrines
Research Metodes:
This type of research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used simple random sampling, the sample was all household in the Sungai Terap 90 people. The analysis used the chi-square test.
Results:
There is no relationship between education and latrine use, the p-value is 0.957. There is a relationship between clean water facilities and the use of latrines, the p-value is 0.000. There is no relationship between the role of health workers and the use of latrines, the p-value is 0.189. There is a relationship between the role of community leaders and the use of latrines, the p-value is 0.000. There is a relationship between knowledge and latrine use.

Conclusion:
There is no relationship between education and the role of health workers

Keywords: latrines, education, clean water facilities, the role of health workers, the role of community leaders, knowledge


Presents projects for the reconstruction in Berlin of Postdamer Platz and Friedrichstrasse in the framework of the Hilmer & Sattler Master Plan. The architects in competition are: Murphy/Jahn, Renzo Piano, Jean Nouvel, Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners, OW Ungers.


The phosphorescent state of the 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene-naphthalene charge-transfer complex in rigid solution and in single crystal of 1:1 composition was studied in detail through measurements of the phosphorescence, phosphorescence excitation, E.S.R., and microwave-induced delayed phosphorescence spectra. From the analysis of these spectra it is concluded that there are two types of the complexes with different charge-transfer characters both in rigid solution and in crystal. The crystal was found to have three types of phosphorescent sites: Site 1, naphthalene as a shallow trap; Site 2, the complex, the phosphorescent state of which has the character of a locally (within naphthalene) excited triplet state perturbed by the charge-transfer interaction; Site 3, the complex, the phosphorescent state of which is mainly of charge-transfer triplet. Phosphorescence spectra from the individual sites were separately observed with the aid of the microwave-induced delayed phosphorescence technique. The temperatu...


Being aimed at the request of the management of the information data in area geological survey. System requirements of information system are analysed. It describes in detail the methods of the formation of information database system in area geological survey based on COM technology. The database holding the spacial data and property data has been established in SQLServer. By managing spacial and property data of the GIS in area geological survey, comprehensive management of these data is achieved. With Delphi and MapObjects the user-interface of campus geographical information system is developped. The database system, structure, function of the main module are also designed.


OBJECTIVE
To describe current clinical practice against the BSPAR/ARMA Standards of Care (SOCs) for children and young people (CYP) with incident JIA.

METHODS
Ten UK paediatric rheumatology centres (including all current centres nationally accredited for paediatric rheumatology higher specialist training) participated in a retrospective case notes review using a pretested pro forma based on the SOC. Data collected per centre included clinical service configuration and the initial clinical care for a minimum of 30 consecutive new patients seen within the previous 2 years and followed up for at least 6 months.

RESULTS
A total of 428 CYP with JIA (median age 11 years, range 1-21 years) were included, with complete data available for 73% (311/428). Against the key SOCs, 41% (175/428) were assessed ≤10 weeks from symptom onset, 60% (186/311) ≤4 weeks from referral, 26% (81/311) had eye screening at ≤6 weeks, 83% (282/341) had joint injections at ≤6 weeks, 59% (184/311) were assessed by a nurse specialist at ≤4 weeks and 45% (141/311) were assessed by a physiotherapist at ≤8 weeks. A median of 6% of patients per centre participated in clinical trials. All centres had access to eye screening and prescribed biologic therapies. All had access to a nurse specialist and physiotherapist. Most had access to an occupational therapist (8/10), psychologist (8/10), joint injection lists (general anaesthesia/inhaled analgesia) (9/10) and designated transitional care clinics (7/10).

CONCLUSION
This first description of UK clinical practice in paediatric rheumatology benchmarked against the BSPAR/ARMA SOCs demonstrates variable clinical service delivery. Considerable delay in access to specialist care is evident and this needs to be addressed in order to improve clinical outcomes.