A convincing body of evidence exists supporting the reintroduction of liquids and solids within 24 hours after surgery. This practice is defined as early oral feeding and has been associated with faster recovery of gastrointestinal function, improved quality of life and reduced morbidity among various patient populations. In addition, the rapid reintroduction of nutrition after surgery is important for reducing the risk of malnutrition and its associated consequences. Hence, nutrition recommendations have been incorporated into evidence-based guidelines for postoperative care among gynaecologic, hepatic, pancreaticoduodenal, gastrectomy, colorectal, rectal and pelvic patients. Despite clear guidelines, it is well known that the adoption of research findings into clinical practice is often a slow process, with evidence taking up to two decades to be established in habitual practice. Indeed, international and national surveys have reported a gap between evidence-based recommendations and practice for initiating and progressing patients onto nutritionally adequate solid diets following surgery. Collectively, this evidence provides a strong rationale for interventions targeting improved nutrition care following surgery.
Integrated knowledge translation has emerged as an effective method for translating research findings into habitual practice across a range of healthcare settings. As such, this thesis describes how an integrated knowledge translation approach and the Knowledge to Action framework was used to guide the design a four-phased, multimethod program of research, aiming to improve nutrition practices and intakes among patients who have undergone surgery. Six studies were generated within this four-phased program of research. A programmatic approach was applied so that each phase (and study) informed the next.
Studies 1-2 were undertaken in Phase 1: 'Identify the problem'. Study 1, a systematic review including 29 articles, was conducted to identify and quantify the prevalence of delayed postoperative feeding across different healthcare settings and patient groups. Study 2, an observational investigation of 100 postsurgical patients, was conducted to precisely identify the prevalence of delayed and inadequate feeding, the contributing factors, and the patient group in greatest need of intervention. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that delayed diet prescription and delivery in conjunction with patient-related factors contributed to suboptimal feeding practices and nutritional intakes. Further, patients who had undergone lower gastrointestinal surgery were identified as the highest risk group, with the greatest disparity between recommendations and current practice. Hence, the knowledge generated
in Phase 1 suggested an intervention targeting professional, organisational and patient factors was warranted among individuals who have undergone colorectal surgery.
Studies 3-5 were undertaken in Phase 2: 'Adapting knowledge to local context and assess barriers to new knowledge use'. Study 3, a qualitative investigation involving 16 patients who had undergone colorectal surgery, was conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the issues that individuals face immediately following surgery. Studies 4 and 5 focused on exploring staffs' perceptions of nutrition among patients who have undergone colorectal surgery. Specifically, Study 4 was conducted to identify factors that multidisciplinary hospital staff (n = 18) perceived to influence timely and adequate feeding, while Study 5 was undertaken to explore the factors influencing doctors' (n = 21) decision-making regarding postoperative nutrition prescription. Study findings generated from this phase indicated that providing simple, clear and encouraging dietary-related information to patients, introducing a flexible feeding protocol, supporting doctors' knowledge around clinical nutrition and gaining buy-in from senior medical staff may be effective strategies to improve nutrition practices and dietary intakes among patients who undergo colorectal surgery.
Phase 3 involved 'selecting, tailoring and implementing an intervention' designed to improve nutrition practices and intakes among patients who undergo elective colorectal surgery. Consultation with knowledge users in the local setting and findings generated from Phases 1-2 (Studies 1-5) informed the selection and tailoring of the intervention. A multifaceted intervention including staff- and patient-related strategies was designed and implemented. Phase 4: 'Monitor and evaluate outcomes' involved evaluating the intervention through a pilot study (Study 6). This mixed methods investigation included pre- (n = 30) and post-intervention (n = 34) patients and was undertaken to evaluate a) the processes underpinning intervention implementation; and b) the outcomes of the intervention. Significant improvements in times to first diet prescription, delivery and intake; and patients' nutritional intakes for the first 2 days after surgery were observed. However, times to first solid diet prescription, delivery and intake, and the overall proportion of patients who met their nutritional requirements for at least one day while in hospital, did not significantly differ from pre- to post-intervention. These findings are likely explained by the variable uptake of intervention strategies (0-100%). Overall, this body of research has significantly contributed to existing knowledge around nutrition practices and intakes among patients who undergo surgery and provides useful insights for clinicians and researchers seeking to implement evidence-based nutrition guidelines in their own setting.


A new genus, Coniophloeus gen. n., is described for five species of South African weevils known from the Western and Eastern Cape and assigned to the tribe Embrithini Marshall, 1942: Coniophloeus squalidus (Boheman, 1842) comb. n. (type species, transferred from the genus Trachyphloeus Germar, 1817 and tribe Trachyphloeini Lacordaire, 1863), C. alternans sp. n., C. oberprieleri sp. n., C. robustus sp. n. and C. obrieni sp. n. All five species are illustrated and keyed.


Retinoic acid (RA) and cyclic AMP analogs cause the differentiation of F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells into parietal endoderm, an epithelial cell of the early mouse embryo. Laminin B1 is induced in this differentiation process, but is not transcriptionally activated until 24-48 h after RA addition and is not maximally induced until approximately 72 h. Cyclic AMP analogs enhance this transcriptional activation. Although several DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSS) were observed in the LAMB1 5′-flanking DNA, one of the sites, DHSS2, was detected only after 72 h of RA treatment. Transient transfections have demonstrated that the DHSS2 region functions as a "late-acting RA-inducible enhancer," and motifs in this enhancer contain the homeobox protein-binding site TTATTAACA. Greater binding is observed at these sites by electrophoretic mobility shift assay when cells are cultured with RA and cyclic AMP analogs versus RA alone, and no binding is seen in extracts from RA-treated F9 RAR cells which lack RAR mRNA and protein. Laminin B1 mRNA is not induced by RA in the RAR cells (Boylan, J. F., Lohnes, D., Taneja, R., Chambon, P., and Gudas, L. J.(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 9601-9605). Our data show that these DNA regulatory elements contribute to the transcriptional activation of the LAMB1 gene during the later stages of the differentiation process.


Both linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics contribute to the difficulty of a word problem. However, the role of these characteristics and the exact cognitive processes underlying arithmetic word problems are often not clear, but they might be detectable by analysing eye-movement patterns. Not much is known about how eye-movements change under different linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics in regard to the whole problem as well as to specific parts of it (numerical and textual elements). This study examined the effects of linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics on the word problem-solving ability of children aged 10-13 years while their eye-movements were monitored. We manipulated the task characteristics independently of each other, using the mathematical factor operation (addition/subtraction) and the linguistic factors consistency (consistent/inconsistent) and nominalization (verbalized/nominalized). The results showed that eye-movements generally increase with increasing linguistic (i.e., nominalization) or arithmetic (i.e., operation) difficulty. However, specific parts of the text were differentially affected based on task characteristics: In general, increasing arithmetic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards numerical elements and increasing linguistic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards textual elements. However, the increase of difficulty in the arithmetic domain can also affect processing in the linguistic domain. For instance, as textual parts of the word problem were more frequently attended to when arithmetic difficulty increased but not vice versa. This indicates that in the process of word problem-solving, text comprehension and calculation are not sequential independent processes, but partially rely on the same processing components, such as working memory resources.


Graphene has been synthesized by the modified Hummers method and used as electrosorptive electrodes for capacitive deionization. Batch-mode experiments in NaCl solutions at low voltage (≤2 V) are conducted in a continuously recycling system to investigate the electrosorption performance of graphene. The results show that the graphene exhibits a high electrosorption capacity of 1.85 mg/g. The ion sorption follows a Freundlich isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. And the electrosorption of NaCl onto graphene electrodes is driven by a physisorption process by taking into account the thermodynamic parameters.


Introduction of Canadian provenances of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
 Mir / Franco) in Serbia started with the first phase of testing their genetic
 potential by studying the effects of geographic characteristics of the
 locations from which the provenances originated (latitude, longitude and
 altitude) on the variability of the measured seedling properties. In the
 laboratory of the Institute for Forestry in Belgrade, germinability of
 Douglas-fir seeds was tested on the germination table ("Copenhagen table" or
 "Jakobson table") by the standards of ISTA. The analysis of variance and the
 regression and correlation analysis were applied in the study of the effects
 of geographic parameters of Canadian provenance locations on the variability
 of seedlings. The results show that there is a statistically significant
 effect of the provenance latitude on the length of seedlings. The effect of
 altitude is slightly smaller, while the longitude of the provenance location
 has the smallest effect on the studied property. The study of the variability
 of Douglas-fir provenances in their juvenile development, as seedlings, is
 essential for reliable planning and implementation of further tests within
 pilot projects on allochthonous sites in Serbia. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke
 Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the
 environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]


It is importent for the relation of subject developing and industry developing.New industries come into being and develop often after the emergence of subject.It is theory and technological foundation to the new industry development.That a new subject come into being promotes the the emergence of new industry.A new subject sustain the development of a new industry.A new industry supply coditions of existance and developing subject.


At Donghai Island,Zhanjiang,Guangdong,China were isolated 217 strains of bacteria from the water in 6 shrimp hatcheries,and their antibiotic resistance and susceptibility to 12 antibiotic agents was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for susceptibility testing. The results showed significant differences in bacterial resistance of the water to the 12 antibiotics( ANOVA,P 0. 05). Bacteria of the water in the 6 hatcheries showed high susceptibility to polymyxin-B,levofloxacin,and ciprofloxacin and gave high resistance to ampicillin,trimethoprim,compound sinomi and tetracycline. Bacterial strains with multiple antibiotic resistances( MAR) were found in the water from each hatchery,and about 52. 07% of strains exhibited MAR,but none of the strains showed resistance to all 12 antibiotics. Statistical analysis indicated that no significant difference in antibiotic resistance of bacteria was observed in the water among the 6 hatcheries( ANOVA,P = 0. 273 0. 05) although antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the water were higher in the hatcheries HM and XR than in the other hatcheries.


This paper presents the importance of the price-setting practices in the Bulgarian companies. According to the published research, the pricing, including that for the new products at their introduction into the market, is one of the most complex decisions in the company. When setting the price for a new product, the companies apply three price-setting practices: value-based pricing, competitionbased pricing, and cost-based pricing. Results of empirical study amongst Bulgarian companies reveal that the most important price-setting factor for the tangible products are the prices of competitors' products, and for the services – the fit between price and product parameters.


The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of the bidding strategies of leading firms on market equilibria. The analysis focuses on the Italian wholesale electricity market from 2015 to 2018. The purpose is to assess if the observed market equilibria are the results of a competitive setting or if more competitive equilibria could have occurred. We use the methodology of synthetic supply proposed by Ciarreta et al. (2010a). This way, a new set of synthetic prices and quantities is computed. The comparison between the actual and synthetic prices allows us to assess the effects of market power on the actual equilibria. Results suggest that whilst there is a significant impact on prices, quantities seem not to be affected, due to the inelastic demand. Moreover, our findings suggest that the main impacts occurred during 2017 especially during those months where above average heating and cooling were required.


Dr. Seltzer referenced at least six different individuals who, despite the scientific evidence, share his beliefthat DID is not a valid diagnostic entity. Most of these individuals profess never to have seen such a case, yet they feel qualified to comment on its prevalence and etiology based purely upon theoretical grounds. One prominent claim during the past few years is that DID is iatrogenically created through the use of hypnosis. If this is true, then how can one explain that of the 50 individuals diagnosed with DID in our initial study, only two had been hypnotized prior to the making of their diagnosis (2)? In a recent survey (8) among psychologists and psychiatrists, 80% reported believing in the diagnostic validity of DID. Thus, it appears to us that there is a small, but highly vocal, minority of clinicians who do not believe in the existence ofDIO.


With the turn of the century, BGA-type packages are now widely used in the microelectronic industry. From a passive component manufacture that uses ceramic (alumina) as its main substrate carrier, the reliability of ceramic BGA (CBGA) packages mounted to FR4 printed circuit board is still a noteworthy concern. The reliability concern is for the different thermal expansion rates of the two substrate materials and how that CTE mismatch creates added stress on the BGA solder joint when thermal cycled. The point of thermal fatigue in a solder joint is an important factor of CBGA packages and knowing how many thermal cycles can be run before failure in the solder BGA joint is a must for designing a reliable CBGA package. In this paper, we describe a reliable, quick, FEA method to accurately predict the number of thermal fatigue cycles to produce a crack failure in the CBGA solder joint.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the determinants of occupational choice of workers in the handloom industry in Assam and to examine the variables that influence the occupational choice of the workers. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data were collected from nine handloom concentrated districts in Assam. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models are used to analyse the data of three mutually exclusive occupations of workers namely owners, weavers, and reelers. Findings – The results from the tested empirical model show that annual income, education, access to modern technology, and family size are the significant variables that help in transforming the reelers to owners. Similarly, annual income, education, and access to formal credit are the important variables that help in transforming the reelers to weavers. Access to modern technology appears as the most important factor in the occupational shift from weavers to handloom owners. Research limitations/implications – Present study has some limitations. It considers only a few variables related to economic and socio-demographic issues. There is further scope of research incorporating more variables such as personal savings, healthcare facilities, availability of hank yarn, marketing facilities, etc. Limitation of data in the worker category helper is another finding constraint. Practical implications – Such studies in the handloom sector in Assam are limited and thus the present study greatly extends the understanding of the occupational choice of the workers in Assam's handloom industry. Originality/value – Previous studies on handloom industry concentrated predominantly on the economic condition of the workers using mostly multiple regression technique. The present study deviates from normal research by using multinomial and binomial logistic regressions, which analyse the likelihood of occupational shift of the workers. The findings can be generalized to other handicraft-based small industry.


Recent work suggests that upgrading in line with the Norwegian building regulations or by upgradingto the requirements of the national passive house norm, NS3700, can enable nZEB level to be achieved.The aim of this work is to explore the typical Norwegian housing typologies and some importantcharacteristics of the building envelope for these houses from different decades. The exploration involvedsurveying the typical technical qualities of Norwegian housing and how these have evolved – providingan important foundation to work addressing strategies and methods for upgrading dwellings to nZEBlevel in the next phases of the ongoing research project. The results of this work show that the buildingnorms and practices developed throughout the years have made dwellings more moisture resilient, withan increased drying-out potential through mechanical ventilation, control of the air change rate and theuse of more vapour-open wind barriers in the building envelope. Based on this, the work to follow willsuggest strategies for upgrading to nZEB level, solutions for upgrading building envelope componentsto high performance level and a methodology for risk reduction of moisture problems in the upgradeddwellings from the different decades.


National Technological University (NTU) was founded to address the wide-ranging educational needs of the employed technical professional. A state-of-the-art satellite delivery system allows nationwide coverage by participating engineering colleges. Established in 1984, NTU is now a nonprofit effort of 24 engineering colleges. The NTU network grew rapidly to its present configuration, and enrollment patterns clearly demonstrate the need and acceptance of the concept. Each member school teaches its own courses (with on-campus students enrolled) over the network and awards its own grades. Receiving sites at NTU are operated by a sponsoring organization (i.e., the employer) in accordance with NTU guidelines. Masters degrees are offered in electrical engineering, computer engineering, computer science, engineering management, and manufacturing engineering. Several certificate programs are also available. Typically, NTU telecasts 80 credit courses each term. Over 50,000 attend continuing education courses, tutorials, and research teleconferences each year. Newly acquired channels will enable further expansion.


The present invention relates to a safety guide light in a tunnel and underground passage having a display and emergency escape display means, After insertion of the internal components inside thereof to form all of the guide light body not containing the internal components of the safety guide light with no holes in circulation and an external one-piece transparent body when molded with an epoxy even considered either case into the guide light body has fine contaminants and since the water is not completely cut off penetration and the advantage of being in a long period of time it can be used without damaging the internal gear Hebrews equipment maintenance and failure to replace the convenience and cost savings possible, Furthermore, before using the LED lamp inside the guide light body is formed as a one-piece transparent body, a backward-to-use light emitting body and an upper direction-to-use by providing linking the illuminant and the backward laser bimtu use a laser pointer as a combination with additional normal times ago, the backward-to- use of a light-emitting investigation and safely guided vehicles, An emergency of fire, etc., the power supply is completely cut off, even if the same time and by the power of the battery visually clearly will tell in that the upward surface emitters and emergency blinking for a predetermined time the laser beam is irradiated toward the backward direction (exit) from a laser pointer dark because it's exactly the direction in spite of the dust and smoke escape, and certainly a benefit that induces the risk of accidents to be prevented as much as possible, of course, Further, the structure and advantages, such as each light emitting body and by specially configuring the coupled parts of the laser pointer that their assembly is simple, accurate, and robust body of the guide light. In the meantime, the invention is compromised of the "b" shaped wire protection tube configurations by which the wire drawn out when the according to would use the "b" shaped wire protection tube groove left and right rotation, so the installation of the safety guide light is easy as well as the wire It has the advantage that possible prevention. In addition the present invention by forming a separate transparent cover body which can be installed very easily fixed using a fixing bolt to guide light body outer surface appearance is very graceful as well as to be prevented from damaging the inside guide light body, demand-transparent If you only replace the cover so it can be very convenient to use because it exhibits many features such as a combination of the replacement costs significantly reduced.


ABSTRACT In this study, matured silkworm hemolymph was studied for inhibitory effect on melanin formation, tyrosinase activities.A matured silkworm hemolymph mass purification method was developed and some of suppressing melanin formationeffects were investigated, too. As a result, the advanced purification method was higher in yield rate than existing oneby 53%. A free radical scavenging activity of hemolymph was higher than sericin on the market(IC 50 , 202.9± 33.1) andlower than vitamin C(0.57± 0.02) by 6.4± 0.3 ㎍/㎖. An inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis was higher inhemolymph compared to Morus bark and arbutin by 9.15% and 11.56%, respectively. An inhibitory effect on tyrosinaseactivity was higher in hemolymph than Morus bark and lower than arbutin. Effect of hemolymph 45㎍/㎖ on sup-pressing of tyrosinase was almost 90%. Thus, these results suggest that hemolymph of matured silkworm may have ben-eficial properties as a material for cosmetics.Key words : Matured silkworm hemolymph, Antioxidant, Melanin synthesis, Tyrosinase activity


The predecessor of football Cuju in the history of our country appeared earlier, but the fine tradition of the sport did not get a good inheritance until recent years in sports movement which led to the rise of the sports industry, and Chinese football industry began to develop rapidly. This article mainly comes from the existing problems of China's football management mechanism, a brief discussion of the evolution mechanism of the evolution of football sports from the perspective of sports humanities sociology. The football sport in our country has special status, people love and hate it, because the Chinese people in modern times are keen on football time which is short, although China has big population base, but the sports talents such as football skills like look for a needle in the ocean is hard to find, because people love the sport of football itself to some high people taking advantage of his position for personal gain, resulting in China football strength has always been difficult to improve which often fall on the world stage causing the Chinese people for the "share its sorrow". It can be said that football evolutionary development, especially in the development of mechanism, our country has a close relation with society, it is also one of the reasons why social science in contemporary sports humanities and many people devoted to the study of the football industry development direction. 1. Part One Main Problems of Football Due to the wide range of football, and for the convenience of the study, this study mainly comes from the football organizations such as associations, clubs and so on. Football organizations are mainly divided into official and unofficial organizations, but also the official investment of unofficial football organization. There are still many problems to be solved in the current form of football organizations which mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1.1 Internal labor division is not clear, excessive administrative intervention Because the national passion for football and the high national football hopes, although it has experienced thousands of failures, but public patriotism has intensified, so it is the premise of official or unofficial football organization has a large number of supporters, and there are a large number of employees full of them, among whom there are organizations miscellaneous information transfer caused by low efficiency and high operation cost disadvantages. Too many employees will cause some confusion in the internal division of labor, and the formation of management issues, internal process becomes more complex. while on the other hand, the football itself is a pure sports project, some organizations focus on amateur athletes love of soccer born of passion, and the administration side played a major supporting role, but the reality of the situation is in too much administrative intervention caused by internal conflicts to the dissolution of the final example meeting the eye everywhere. These two factors have greatly influence hindering the healthy development of football. 1.2 Football management system and methods are lack of professional aspects Although China's large-scale occupation of football started late, but after years of development, the management mechanism of many football organizations still remain in the early stage and the football team itself has more than athletes, plus logistics, finance, marketing and other functional 2020 International Conference on Educational Science (ICES2020) DOI: 10.38007/Proceedings.0000417 ISBN: 978-1-80052-001-1 940 positions of the staff, and the management itself has a certain the difficulty, coupled with the time schedule arrangement, density group sorting and so on, if not a professional or management system to form a management scheme of internal and external environment, it will be difficult to meet the needs of internal organization and social events and professional requirements, and the relevant football organization if things go on like this, will only to perish the problem of time. 1.3 Football players and event settings lack of authority Due to their size restrictions or because of cost considerations, in tournaments, some organizations' team match density appear to be inconsistent, and some in the game, the referee is not considered "suspicion" and so on. This phenomenon indicates that the organization consider the issue closely enough, on the other hand,it will be in doubt the fairness, justice and openness which is likely to cause a group of discontent, conflicts, organization of professional degrees questioned at the same time, and the authority will no longer exist when the negative effect of the publicity angle will also be immeasurable. 1.4 Football majors' outlet is difficult to solve To achieve long-term development of football and the future rise, many universities in China have set up a professional football and related subjects for learning, and the way to become a major problem in Colleges and universities and youth football club now related professional students, there are mainly two main ways, one is to continue to engage in further study about the research work of football training or other related industries, and the other is the occupation as players, but no matter which road in Chinese under the current situation will not go too smoothly. For occupation sports players, not only on the physical quality of the demand is higher, the number of national team personnel have more stringent restrictions, and the study of football training or related industry requires high academic ability, while students has a gap from the general requirements. In addition to these problems, illegal soccer gambling and other notorious repute have also the problem of organization in football, both small and large problems have highlighted the many drawbacks of the management mechanism of our country in football, although in recent years as there are a kind of excellent teams, such as "Heng Da" , but it really needs a long way to go to realize the rise of football. 2. Part Two Promoting the Evolution on Related Countermeasures of Football The organic combination of football system and sports system mode is the important condition to continue the development of football, the "double track" not only can't adapt to the society and the pace of the market, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of the development of football organization, according to the situation of the football development and barriers, it must take the initiative to strengthen top-level design and removal of the traditional ideas, as soon as possible straighten out the relevant institutional mechanisms combined with the need of individuality and generality of relevant organizations to implement the state in the areas of education, and sports and other relevant policies and regulations can promote the healthy and orderly development of the football industry. 2.1 Improving the management system and operation mechanism At present, when some organizations organize football team, in order to enhance the overall combat effectiveness, even from abroad to pay big bucks to introduce famous referee and star players, one is to enhance the strength of the team, on the other hand, it does not have to borrow celebrity for their profit motive. But in fact, in order to enhance the overall strength and influence on the individual personnel replacement organization which is unable to realize, fundamentally solve the problem should also start from the management system and operating system, so that team members will not only be a tool for football as the breadwinner, and with perfect management and operation system to create a healthy environment for its development. To stimulate their real football loving and loyal to the football team and loyal to the blood. At the same time, the football


The design of metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) using deep learning (DL) models typically involves the construction of a large dataset through time-consuming full-wave simulations (FSs). In this letter, an efficient dataset shrinking method is proposed that employs both electromagnetic (EM) theory and DL theory to enhance design efficiency. The impact of each MMA on training the DL model is estimated through the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the MMA by analyzing the gradients of the MMA parameters with respect to DL model training. Impact sampling is then used to construct a smaller dataset while still maintaining DL model performance and reducing time on FS. The proposed approach is validated through the design of single- and multilayer absorbers using the inverse-DL algorithm and DL integrated into the genetic algorithm (GA). Numeric results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a much faster design than those without optimized dataset construction processes.


Tropical North Atlantic Hydrologic Cycle Variability in the Florida Straits During the Last Ice Age. (August 2012) Theodore Roland Them, II, B.S., Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Matthew W. Schmidt Abrupt, millennial-scale climate oscillations, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles, characterized the climate system during the last ice age. Proxy evidence suggests these climate oscillations resulted in global-scale reorganizations in the hydrological cycle. For this study, Mg/Ca-paleothermometry and stable isotope measurements were combined on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white variety) from Florida Straits sediment core KNR166-2 JPC26 (24°19.61'N, 83°15.14'W; 546 m depth) to reconstruct a high-resolution record of sea surface temperature and δOSW (a proxy for upper water column salinity) during Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3 from 20 – 35.45 ka BP. As additional proxies for upper water column salinity change, Ba/Ca ratios in G. ruber were also measured to determine the relative contribution of local riverine input on the δOSW record and a faunal abundance count record of the planktonic foraminifera N. dutertrei abundance was developed. These results show that rapid upper water column salinity changes occurred across D-O events in the Florida Straits, coeval with climate change in the high-latitude North Atlantic.


Commentaries are based on 20th Century West Literature Theory,synthesizing his theories and practice in literature criticism.With what-literature-is as the core of the issue,the paper discusses the formation and the significance of Eagleton's view of literature.


Space is an limited field for the application of robotics technology. As space is a harsh environment with extreme temperature, vacuum, radiation, μ-gravity, and great distances, human access is very difficult and hazardous and in therefore limited. To assist human activities in space for constructing and maintaining space modules and structures, robotic manipulators have been playing essential roles in orbital operations. Expanding the horizons of exploration beyond the areas of human access, robots that land and explore on the moon and planetary surfaces have been greatly contributing to expand the frontier of scientific knowledge and human access. So, Robotic system began the era of space exploration with series of spacecraft including Mariner, Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunokhod. Robot enables current missions on planetary surfaces, on orbit and in deep space, and is essential in all conceptions of future space exploration and operations. In this paper, explaining about the space robot, and development trends of domestic and foreign space robots are also described.


YoungMinds is a UK charity committed to improving the emotional wellbeing and mental health of children and young people and empowering their parents and carers. Hannah Smith, Senior Media and Campaigns Officer at YoungMinds, outlines the work the charity is doing to help young people with mental health problems and ensure their wellbeing. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd


The field investigation entitled "Physical properties of waterlogged Vertisols under subsurface drainage system with different drain spacings and depths" was conducted on farmer's field at village Mouje Digraj which was located 3 km away from Agricultural Research Station, Kasbe Digraj, district Sangli (Maharashtra), India during Adsali sugarcane season (16-18 months crop duration) of 2012-13 to 2013-14. In order to fulfill the objective of the study, the bulk density, particle density, total porosity and basic infiltration rate of soil were determined at initial and 18 months after drainage with respect to twelve treatment combinations consisting of four drain spacings of (10, 20, 30 and 40 m) and three drain depths (0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 m). It was found that the subsurface drainage system with drain spacing of 10 m and drain depth of 1.25 m recorded highest per cent improvements in bulk density (20.99%), particle density (6.10%), total porosity (13.74%) and basic infiltration rate of soil (13.75%) following 18 months of drainage. However, these per cent improvements in physical properties of soil under different treatment combinations of drain spacings and drain depths were followed decreasing trends from the closer to wider spaced drains under fixed drain depth i.e. 10 m > 20 m > 30 m > 40 m and from deeper to shallower drain depth under fixed drain spacing i.e. , 1.25 m > 1.0 m > 0.75 m. Further, the difference between maximum and minimum values of per cent improvement of these physical properties of soil among 12 different treatments combinations were not too large (3.05 to 8.41%) which was within the 10 per cent variation. Considering the economics of twelve different combinations of drain spacings and drain depths, the drain spacing of 40 m and drain depth of 1.25 m were found optimal for economically feasible production of sugarcane and optimum physical properties of waterlogged Vertisols of Maharashtra.


Query by image content is a method to retrieve the most important images from the image database. It is an answer for the problem of searching for digital images in large database. A large number of relevance feedback schemes have been developed to improve the performance of content based image retrieval. In this paper we propose biased discriminant Euclidean embedding that form intraclass geometry and interclass discrimination. In this method images can be grouped by their similarity. In order to achieve this, firstly the visual features of the images are found out. In addition to this we use two clustering algorithms to assemble the images into clusters using their low level visual features. Here we have to filter the images in the hierarchical clustering and then apply the clustered images to K-Means, so that we can get the most relevant images. Query image is compared directly with the images in the clusters. Therefore number of comparisons is reduced because query image is compared only with the images in the clusters instead of comparing with all images in the database.


The research achievement of monitoring techniques for steel corrosion in concrete structures is reviewed in this paper.The limitations of the traditional monitoring techniques as well as the requirement of the intelligent monitoring technique are put forward.The development of the fiber optic sensors and the wireless sensors in corrosion monitoring is discussed in particular.And directions of future research are also proposed.


I t has been shown t h a t migraine pat ients have a decreased response to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, when expressed as platelet cyclic-AMP (CAMP) production a f t e r t h e addition of isoprenaline in vi t rol . T o investigate if this decrease is related to increasing concentrat ions of catecholamine as suggested by some authors, a group of t e n migraine patiens were compared to a group of t e n sex and age matched healthy volunteers, who were tes ted at r e s t and a f t e r a moderate exercise. P la te le t aggregation was determined according to Born. ADP was added in final concentrations of 0,5, 1,0, 2,0, 4,0, 8,O and 16,O uM. The thresholdvalue was determined as t h e lowest concentrat ion of ADP which caused irreversible aggregationz. Cyclic-AMP measurements in platelets before and a f t e r st imulation with isoprenaline 10 u M was performed using a KIA method. Nor-adrenaline was measured by a double isotope derivative technique. N o al terat ion was observed regarding AL)P induced platelet aggregation comparing migraine pat ients t o healthy volunteers at res t or a f t e r exercise. The beta-adrenoceptor responce determined as CAMP production declined significantly in the migraine group, compared to controls tes ted at r e s t (x 16,84 and 31,22 % respectively). This decline, however, was not present when comparing migraine pat ients to healthy volunteers tes ted a f t e r exercise (fig. I). Plasma nor-adrenaline were significantly higher in t h e migraine group, compared to healthy controls at res t (x 2,30 f 0,21 and 1,47 2 0,15 nmol/). The controls were then exercised until1 a nor-adrenaline level, comparable t o t h a t of the


The analysis and application of the evolutionary information, as measured by means of the conservation of protein sequences, using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, has become one of the central research areas in systems biology from the last decade. It provides a promising approach for better understanding the evolution of living systems, for inferring relevant biological information about proteins, and for creating powerful protein interaction and function prediction tools. The aim of this survey is to give a general overview of the relevant literature and advances in the analysis and application of evolution in PPI networks. Due to the broad scope and vast literature on this subject, the present overview will focus on a representative selection of research directions and state-of-the-art methods to be used as a solid knowledge background for guiding the development of new hypothesis and methods aiming at the extraction and exploitation of evolutionary information in PPI networks.


Object detection is one of the most important and challenging branches of computer vision, which has been widely applied in people's life, such as monitoring security, autonomous vehicle driving and so on, with the purpose of locating instances of semantic objects of a certain class. In order to understand the main development status of object detection pipeline, thoroughly and deeply, in this survey, we first examine the existing methods of typical detection models and describe the benchmark datasets. This project describes the role of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural network for object detection. Deep learning techniques for state-of-the-art object detection systems are assessed in this project. A computer views all types of visual media as an array of numerical values. As a consequence, they require image processing algorithms to inspect contents of images. This project compares two major object detection algorithms: Single Shot Detection (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) to find the fastest and most efficient of the two. In this comparative analysis, using the COCO (Common Object in Context) dataset, the performance of these two algorithms is evaluated and their strengths and limitations are analysed based on parameters such as accuracy, precision and speed. From the analysis of results, it can be concluded that in an identical testing environment, YOLO-v3 performs better than SSD.


Due to the switch to lead-free, high packing density, extrem mix of light/heavy components manufacturers are faced with multiple new challenges. Simple processing, successful soldering for various products, high quality and user-friendliness are the basic requirements that current soldering systems have to provide. Vapor phase soldering meets these demands. However, individual systems vary greatly when looking at important details.


Key Points Question Is participation in a dyadic resiliency intervention associated with a measurable reduction in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress (PTS) compared with participation in an educational control? Findings In this pilot, single-blind, randomized clinical trial of 58 dyads of survivors of the neuroscience intensive care unit and their informal caregivers, survivors and caregivers who received the active intervention experienced a significant reduction in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTS. Meaning In this pilot randomized clinical trial, the dyadic resiliency intervention was feasible, and the findings suggest that it may prevent chronic emotional distress in survivors of acute brain injury and their caregivers.


The revival of colonial heritage is a particular feature of former British and French colonies in Pacific and Asian settings. This is exemplified by the redevelopment and rejuvenation of what were exclusive 'comfort zones' for the 'colonial classes' and is central to the consumption of colonial nostalgia via tourism. The political and semiotic implications of renewing colonial era constructions for tourism are manifold. The key argument is that this can re-politicise what was hitherto benign colonial heritages. Furthermore, this can aggravate tensions within what are already fragile ethnic landscapes. This is especially so when the setting is one where the various publics have been steeped in economic, cultural and sociopolitical changes, and where political and civil upheavals are recent occurrences. If the restoration of colonial heritage for tourism (in this case for heritage hotels) in former colonies is conducted oblivious to the legacies and meanings instilled in such heritages, the exacerbation of social and political sensitivities is likely.


To replace traditional rolling element bearings and eliminate liquid lubricants used in small gas turbine engines, a unique bearing configuration has been developed – the Hydrostatic Pivoted Pad Bearing, or HyPad . This patent-pending concept consists of several pivoting pads, through which a number of holes are placed to create a hydrostatic gas film. During operation, the gas film, supplied from a small amount of compressor bleed air, more than adequately supports normal loads, with contact between the rotor and bearing only during start/stop and high load conditions, such as maneuvers. To permit limited contact and provide wear resistance, the pads are constructed from a proprietary self-lubricating material. The combination of the hydrostatic assist with self lubricated pivoting pads offers desirable rotor dynamic properties, including high stiffness, reasonable damping, and very low cross coupling, resulting in excellent stability characteristics. The feasibility of the HyPad was demonstrated both analytically and by actual testing in a gas bearing rig, with superb performance obtained from the prototype hardware to a surface speed over 2.5 million DN, the practical limit for most rolling element bearings. Results from the analysis and testing are presented in this paper, to demonstrate the operating characteristics and potential of this unique bearing concept.


To define the application fields of the traditional cab system model and the seat–cab coupled model, this paper mainly aims to investigate the differences of the vibration characteristics of the two models. First, the two models and their motion equations were introduced. Then, based on the mechanical parameters of the seat and cab system for a truck, the transmissibility characteristics of the two models were analyzed. The results show that the traditional model can relatively accurately predict the pitch and roll vibration characteristics of the real seat–cab system. However, it overvalues the vertical vibration transmitted from the front suspensions of the cab. Third, the typical excitation conditions and the measuring points were selected. Finally, under the typical excitation conditions, the dynamic responses of the measuring points were calculated. The results show that under the vertical excitation condition, the dynamic responses of the two models have obvious differences. Under the roll excitation condition and the pitch excitation condition, the roll responses and the pitch responses of the cab between the two models show almost no obvious difference. Under the random excitation condition, the vertical acceleration responses have relatively larger deviations between the two models, however, the angular acceleration responses are almost the same. For the preliminary design of the cab system, the traditional cab system model can be used. However, for the accurate design and the optimization of the seat–cab system, the seat–cab coupled model is recommended.


This research aimed to study the use of information technology to promote elders' health. The qualitative method was used for this research to know the use of information technology for the elders' health care.The researcher initially conducted the documentary study and interviewed the officers of five agencies whose work related to the care of the elders' health in Surat Thani Province. These agencies were urban, suburban, and remote agencies. The research results showed that various agencies used different information technologies to promote the elders' health. As every agency attaches the importance and has the trend to more concretely develop the information technology for the elders care in the future, it has to use the factors of readiness for technological infrastructure,competent staff, and the elders to efficiently promote elders' health.


30 vol%Al2O3P/Al-2.26Mg-0.63Si composite was fabricated by the Pressure Infiltration Method for investigating the aging behavior of the composites with sub-micron Al2O3 particles.The corresponding matrix alloy was obtained by tailoring the Mg and Si contents of 6061Al.The aging behaviors of the composites and the corresponding matrix alloy were investigated by means of Brinell hardness test,SEM and TEM.The results show that the aging behavior of the matrix alloy of Al-2.26Mg-0.63Si is visible and the peak-aging time is put ahead with the aging temperature rise.The aging softening phenomenon appears at 190℃.The addition of sub-micron Al2O3 particles restrains strongly the precipitation process within the matrix.There are no obvious aging peaks to appear in the aging-hardening curves of the composites.TEM observation shows that a mass of MgAl2O4 spinel forms in the interfaces,and atoms cannot diffuse efficiently for little dislocations existing in the matrix alloy.Therefore,GP zone does not grow-up at over-aged course within the composites,and the aging precipitation is restrained.


This study is based on the general heat transfer between two pipe joints. Three sample tubes are used in this study. A different connection method is treated Arc welding method is used to connect pipes. Two identical pipe sections are joined together. In this study, the thermal conditions of heat transfer between the pipes are determined using Ansys software. Key Words: Welding, Pipe, Heat Transfer, Temperature...


Agricultural extension work in Ethiopia began in 1931 with the establishment of the Ambo Agricultural School which is one of the oldest institutions and the first agricultural high school offering general education with major emphasis on agriculture. In the recent development of the Ethiopian Agricultural Extension System, the participatory approach is complemented by a scaling"-up" of technologies or the establishing of best practice for technology transfer at larger scales. Agricultural extension staffs are involved in multiple activities of agriculture and rural development. In Ethiopia, for example, the goal of extension goes beyond implementing the national agricultural development goals of achieving food security, improving rural livelihoods, and Natural Resource Management (NRM). In many countries of the world, agricultural extension services had been transformed from training and dissemination of specific innovations to farmers' group formation and partnership-building with various service providers such as credit institutions. In Ethiopia, despite the massive amount of resources being put into the system by the state, the agricultural extension system faces a number of serious challenges. Improving access to agricultural inputs and technologies that assist farmers in boosting production are among opportunities of Ethiopian agricultural extension system. Agricultural extension service could be the government agency or ministry responsible for promoting the adoption and utilization of new scientific farming practices through educational procedures.


In this paper, we investigate the stability problem in the spirit of Hyers-Ulam, Rassias and G·avruta for the quadratic functional equation:f(2x + y) + f(2x i y) = 2f(x + y) + 2f(x i y) + 4f(x) i 2f(y) in 2-Banach spaces. These results extend the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability results by thequadratic functional equation in normed spaces to 2-Banach spaces.


The Arabic teaching of Ningxia was derived from the time when the JingTang education of Hui people was spread into Ningxia.It took place four hundred years ago.The Arabic teaching of Ningxia has gone through Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty and the modern times and has been developing sine the new China's establishment which has been keeping pace with times.On the one hand,it comprises the unique part of the folk foreign language teaching because the culture of Hui nationality has been spread into the variety of mosques.On the other hand,it has come under the national education and experienced the huge changes concerning the pattern of the foreign language teaching with the development of times.This paper intends to combine the history and present conditions of the Arabic teaching of Ningxia,and examines the features of the Arabic teaching in folk mosques.


The review was given on the main methods in measuring strip size distribution,that was research progress of sieving method and leaf area measurement.The physical characteristics of tobacco material,processing technology and equipment were considered to be the main influencing factors of strip particle size.And the cut tobacco size distribution was changed when the strip size was different,and the quality of tobacco changed correspondingly.The directions to the development of the field of research was application of computer and image processing technology.


This research was prepared using the event study method to analyze the Indonesian capital market reaction to a political event that can be seen from differences in abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns of shares before and after the general election event on 17 April 2019. The observation period carried out for 11 days consisted of 5 days before the event date, one-day event date, and 5 days after the event date. The population of the data used are financial sector companies listed in the period January to April 2019 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, then the sample was taken using a purposive sampling obtained as many as 73 of 91 companies. While the data amalgamation technique uses the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test because the data used doesn't meet the assumption of normality. The results showed that there were no differences in abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns of financial sector issuers between before and after the general election 17 April 2019. Therefore, the general election 17 April 2019 didn't contain important information for market participants so the market didn't overreact.


InterPro provides a one‐stop shop for protein‐sequence classification, freeing the user from having to visit multiple databases separately and rationalize the different results in varying formats. This unit describes how to submit a sequence to InterProScan via a Web server. It also provides instructions for installing and running InterProScan locally. In addition, details on browsing InterPro families and domains of interest using the InterPro Web and sequence retrieval system (SRS) are provided to show users how to get the most from the resource. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 21:2.7.1‐2.7.18. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


A multiple access/multiple user system called collision frequency shift-keying (CFSK) is investigated. Maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) provides optimal multiuser detection for the CFSK system but is too complex for practical applications so iterative detection is investigated as a suboptimal approach. The MAP-consensus decoder is given as an example of iterative detection and studied for both the synchronous and asynchronous system. A channel interleaver is introduced so that the performance of the MAP-consensus decoder is asymptotically optimal. The metric of the CFSK system has nonpolynomial complexity so suboptimal metrics with linear complexity are considered. Simulation results show that iterative detection with reduced complexity metrics achieve good performance for moderate spreading factors.


Acid mine drainage is a result of exposure of sulfide ore and minerals to water and oxygen. This environmental pollutant has been considered the second biggest environmental problem after global warming. On the other hand, permeable reactive barrier is an emerging remediation technology which can be used to treat acid mine drainage. However, the effectiveness of this proposed remediation technology greatly depends on the reactive media. Also, treatment of acid mine drainage using permeable reactive barrier is still in the infancy stage, and long-term performance is still unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to identify what have been studied, addressed and what are currently the biggest challenges and limitations on the use of permeable reactive barrier for acid mine drainage treatment. Through systematic mapping approach, the results have shown that the reactive media used in permeable reactive barrier can be categorized into five namely iron-based, organic-based, inorganic minerals-based, industrial waste-based, and combined media. The data revealed that majority of the papers which is about 40% use combined media as the reactive substrate. The future direction is toward the use of combined media as a reactive material for AMD treatment, for instance, use of geopolymer with mine tailings and silts as reactive media in combination with organic-based media


The biogeography and origins of the shallow marine fauna in the western and northern Indian Ocean are poorly known. Focusing on scleractinian corals, this study synthesizes evidence from extant biogeographical patterns, phylogenetics, plate tectonics and palaeoceanography to provide new support for a hypothesis on an Indian Ocean 'centre of origin' for shallow marine taxa.


In this research work, porous TiNi alloy was fabricated from (Ti, Ni) elemental powder mixture by powder metallurgy. The effect of cold pressing on microstructure modification, pore characteristics, mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior in PBS solution, was investigated. X-Ray diffraction and SEM/EDS analyses revealed the presence of various phases with porous microstructure, with TiNi as predominant phase. It was found that as the cold pressure increases, different morphologies of pores are observed. Electrochemical testing indicated that TiNi sample compacted at 369 MPa exhibited the best corrosion performance.


How is the government addressing Better Public Services Result 10 - New Zealanders can complete their transactions with government easily in a digital environment? Writer John O'Leary reports.


While considerable research attention has been given to co-branding (brand alliance), empirical evidence of the success drivers remains fragmented with inconclusive findings. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the existing research and provide a comprehensive and generalisable set of findings. It integrates data of 197 effect sizes from 37 independent studies reported in 27 articles. The findings reveal that the relationship between the partner brands has a significantly larger impact on the success of co-branding than the individual brand characteristics, and brand image fit is a relatively more important driver than product category fit and brand equity. Moderator analysis indicates that the relative importance of the relationship between brands is generalisable to the type of industry, business and co-branding strategy. This paper advances theoretical understanding in three ways: (a) it increases generalisability of existing studies by investigating the impact of theoretical, contextual, and method-related moderators on the effect sizes, (b) it brings a consensus to the equivocal findings on the importance of success drivers and (c) it identifies the knowledge gaps, and presents a future research agenda. In so doing, the paper guides practitioners by highlighting which factors to be considered and prioritised when forming a brand alliance.


quota limited. THE SUN NEVER SETS on the famous 'IMPERIALS' * The National Championship· of Great Britain, Royal Albert Hall, November 12, 1949, won for the third time by BLACK DYKE MILLS Band. Conductor, H. MORTIMER. * The Championship of Australia, held at Ballarat in October, 1949, won by ST. KILDA Band. Conductor, KEN SMITH. * The Cornet Championship of Australia, won by KEN SMITH, Junior, playing his


Traditional approaches to policy-making, in Australia and elsewhere, have assumed that policy-making processes are, and ought to be, centralised and hierarchical. However, policy networks have emerged as an alternative model of policy-making, particularly in Europe. Policy networks have been a regular feature of Australian policy-making, though usually under government sponsorship and on the government's terms. Recent developments suggest that governments may be encouraging a more independent and less 'top-down' approach to the use of policy networks. The Coalition Government's engagement of a 'social coalition' in welfare reform, particularly through the Reference Group on Welfare Reform, provides an interesting case study of this trend.


This is an article by student Farah Hesdin following a talk given by Samantha Asumadu at the Polis Summer School Media Diversified, founded by Samantha Asumadu, is a media initiative launched in 2013 to tackle 'the lack of diversity in UK media and the ubiquity of whiteness.' MD 'seeks to cultivate and promote skilled writers of colour by providing advice and contacts and by promoting content online through its own platform. […] [T]he initiative is already diversifying the UK's media landscape, providing important, challenging and new content which contributes to global as well as domestic discussion on issues of social justice and equality.'


The Launch Systems Testbed (LST) represents the evolution of vibroacoustics research and development work performed at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) over the last 15 years. The LST is located at the Launch Equipment Test Facility (LETF) in the KSC industrial complex. The LETF is operated by Sierra Lobo, Inc., as a member of University-Affiliated Technology Development Contract (USTDC) to KSC Spaceport and Engineering and Technology Directorate (YA), with ASRC Aerospace Corporation as a the prime contractor. Trajectory Simulation Mechanism (TSM) is a major component of the LST, developed specifically to simulate nonstationary acoustic loads on launch pad structures, vehicles, and payloads. TSM enhances the capabilities within LST for simulating launch environments of future vehicles. The scaled launch environments will be used to predict the full-scale launch environment via an appropriate scaling procedure. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has tasked NASA KSC to perform a basic technology test program in support of developing a low-cost clean pad (incorporating passive mitigation techniques) for future launch vehicles. The overall goal of the program is to develop innovative launch exhaust management systems, which effectively reduce launch acoustic environment with innovative duct designs, while eliminating traditional sound suppression water systems. Passive techniques, such as nontraditional duct geometries, resonators, and diffusers, etc., will be investigated. The overall goals are to advance innovative concepts for a clean pad while developing ideas to reduce transmitted sound via investigation and modeling of jet exhaust acoustic and flow field characteristics. The series of tests outlined in this report represent baseline tests and are geared towards defining the acoustic load environment on the TSM pad for open and closed duct configurations. This report summarizes the cold jet acoustic testing for Mach 2.5 supersonic nitrogen jet issuing from a nozzle with 1-inch exit diameter. Acoustic data, including spectral sound power and Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL), are obtained both for a free jet and with the jet flowing through a rigid-walled duct with a J-deflector. The relative performance of closed duct and open duct is evaluated. The results show that the closed duct is superior to the partially open duct, and results in about 3-decibel (dB) noise reduction (near the duct axis) relative to the free jet. The location of the nozzle exit plane (NEP) relative to the duct inlet plane (DIP) has a significant effect on the acoustic field. The results suggest that the location of NEP at 10 inches above the DIP results in reduced acoustic loads relative to 5 inches above the duct inlet and 1 inch into the duct inlet.


This paper investigates ways of identifying and predicting currency crises in world-wide markets, with special focus on 1997 and 2008 currency crises. A novel Markov switching method is proposed fo...


Thís paper develops a new heuristic approach for the capacitated single machine lot-sizing problem, incorporating more realistic features such as production and storage capacities, as well as sequence-dependent setups that consume regular production capacity in a batch production environment. Three way-analysis of variance is used to gain some insight in the performance of the algorithm for varying levels of production and storage capacity tightness and demand variation.


This paper addresses the issue of finding a high coverage minimum test set for the second generation current conveyors CCII. The circuit under test is used in active capacitance multipliers, V-I scalar circuits, Biquadratic filters and many other applications. This circuit is often used to implement voltage followers, current followers and voltage to current converters. Five faults are assumed per transistor. It is shown that, to obtain 100% fault coverage, the CCII has to be operated in voltage to current converter mode. Only two test values are required to obtain this fault coverage.


Summary: Although surgery for cerebrovascular disease is an important field for neurosurgeons, the number of operations is decreasing due to the developments of endovascular intervention (tech-niques). Recently, due to innovative training methods, novice neurosurgeons have been able to obtain necessary surgical skills by working on smaller numbers of cases. Here, we present our surgical education methods, which are designed to facilitate efficient, safe and reliable neurovascular surgery while utilizing a minimum number of actual clinical cases. Additionally, the author discloses the surgical results which occurred during his own training period. Our educational methods consisted of hands-on training, students drawing surgical illustrations, and audiovisual simulations. Hands-on education is the first step to developing basic microsurgical skills. Creating operative illustrations before surgery is the most effective way for learners to confirm microsurgical anatomy, and is vital in allowing for simulation of individual cerebrovascular surgeries. Operative illustrations are created using digital techniques that can provide surgeons with three-dimen-sional images of surgical anatomy. Our audio-visual training is derived from records of several surgical maneuvers, and allows both trainers and trainees to manipulate microsurgical instruments in order to replicate the conditions of microsurgery. These audio-visual records are synchronized and edited on the same screen, so that trainees can watch sessions repeatedly, thereby learning to emulate neurosurgical techniques efficiently. Using the educational methods described above, the author completed 28 clippings (11 cases of unruptured cerebral aneurysms; 17 cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms), and 25 cerebral vascular anastomoses (23 cases of superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery [STA - MCA] anastomoses; 2 cases of occipital artery-to-posterior inferior cerebellar artery [OA - PICA] anastomoses). These results occurred during the neurosurgical training period in the third and fourth years of his surgical residen-cy. All cases were resolved successfully. We emphasize the importance of neurosurgical education in environments where current neurosurgeons are practicing.


Weathering steels developed under the name COR-TEN steels, established themselves as a promising material to meet the demand for atmospheric corrosion resistance and eliminate the need for painting. COR-TEN steel is resistant to corrosive effect of weather such as rain, snow, ice, fog, etc. A coating of dark brown oxidation is developed over the metal surface, when it comes in contact with the environment thereby inhibiting the deeper penetration and negating the need for painting and reducing the rust-prevention cost over the years. Thus the steel is allowed to rust which forms a protective layer and slows down the rate of corrosion. The present study emphasizes the age hardening behavior of COR-TEN steel. The steel was subjected to solution treatment at 1000°C following accelerated cooling with water, oil and air. The oil quenched steel was then subjected to aging treatment at 400°C and 500°C for various times ranging from 5 min to 1500 min followed by water quenching. In order to ascertain the response to aging hardness measurement were conducted by employing a load of 20 Kgf. Metallographic examinations were also conducted to study the resulting structural transformations in various stages of investigations.


This paper presents the planar design of three-section quadrature hybrid coupler for frequency operation of 2 to 6 GHz. This coupler offers a tight coupling of 3 dB and measured return loss better than 13 dB which occupies the size of 50 mm × 20 mm excluding the 50 ? SMA ports. The proposed quadrature hybrid design is implementing the microstrip-to-slotline transition with multilayer structure. The configuration of this design consists of two substrates layers and one layer ofa ground plane in the middle of the two substrates. Where, the proposed design is formed by rectangular-shaped microstrip line at the top and bottom with rectangular slot at the common ground plane. CST Microwave Studio software is used for coupler design and optimization. Then, the simulated results are compared to the measured results for verification. The characteristics of electric field for odd and evenmode are presented via cross section analysis of the coupler design.


Numerical simulations of In 0.52Al0.48As/In0.7Ga0.3As/InP HEMTs have been carried out with a 2D/3D -hydrodynamic model. The investigation of double gate and striped-channel devices with the same layer structure results in an increase of cut -off frequencies. At a reduce of gate lengths down to 5 nm short channel effects becomes important in particular for the single gate device. Transistors with alternative gate structures can suppress these effects and improve simultaneously the RF-behavior. At a gate length LG = 5 nm transit frequencies of about 690 GHz, 790 GHz and 890 GHz can be attained with the single gate, striped-channel and double gate HEMT, respectively. Double pulse-doped devices can achieve THz transit frequencies. p p p p p p ∇


We use porosity to study differentiability of Lipschitz maps on Carnot groups. Our first result states that directional derivatives of a Lipschitz function act linearly outside a σ-porous set. The second result states that irregular points of a Lipschitz function form a σ-porous set. We use these observations to give a new proof of Pansu's theorem for Lipschitz maps from a general Carnot group to a Euclidean space.


What, for Latour, does politics mean? Or, to be more precise, what being for Latour is political – who or what is his political subject? To try and answer these questions, this article compares two strands of thinking concerned with the nature of politics and the political: Latour's Dingpolitik or object-orientated politics and post-foundational political writings on the post-political condition. Both Latour and critics of the post-political condition hold that the excluded and suppressed come back to haunt their suppressors, shattering illusions of Modernity and neoliberal, cosmopolitan ideals. In both accounts, the excluded hold the key to political change. However, while post-political discourse relies heavily on an abstract, universalized, absent human subject as the agent of emancipatory political change, for Latour the excluded that undermine Modernity's dichotomous constitution are the multiple beings and things that bring reality forth – concrete, variously entangled, translated and translating, m...


Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in leprosy and with high depressive symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and frequency of depressive symptoms and their relationship to WHO impairment grading (IG), and sociodemographic variables. Method: We applied a survey containing sociodemographic, clinical aspects and IG. The original scale of the BDI was applied to identify the frequency of depressive symptoms (21 items), as well as the cognitive subscale BDI-Short Form-BDI-SF (items 1-13), recommended to assess depressive symptoms in individuals with defined pathologies. Descriptive statistical analysis was used, with the frequency distribution to characterize the sample, and to the intersection of the variables, the Chi-square Test-corrected (Yates) was applied, considering significant results p - value < 0.05. Results: 130 patients who have or have had leprosy were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 49.64 (SD = 14.04). There was a predominance of males (64.6%), those living with family (87.7%), with incomplete primary education (66.2%), stable civil union (61.6%), which did not work (75.4%) and receive retirement or health aid (63.9%). Regarding clinical aspects, 94.5% were multibacillary, 74.6% had multidrug therapy and most have loss of protective sensation and/or deformities (31.5% IG1; 37 % IG2). Among the cases evaluated, 43.1% had depressive symptoms of moderate to severe intensity. There was no significant correlation between BDI-SF and IG (p - value = 0.950). However, the individuals without an occupation or job ("which did not work") were associated with depressive symptoms (BDI-FS; p- value < 0.05). Somatic apprehension was the most frequent symptom (80.7%), followed by difficulty with work (78.5%), irritability (68.5%), fatigue (67.7%), self-blame (62.3%) and tearfulness (60%). Conclusion: It is concluded that moderate and severe depressive symptoms assaulted 43.1% of the cases evaluated, regardless of whether or not physical disabilities (IG1 and 2). Individuals who did not work were the most affected by depressive symptoms compared to those who had some sort of occupation.


In 1999 we compared four efficient and simple methods for estimating the radiation climate in forests: hemispherical photography, horizontoscope, LAI-2000 and instantaneous measurements of percentage of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD). 64 measurements were taken 1.0 m above the ground within four gaps and under the closed canopies of two deeply shaded oldgrowth beech forests.


Recent interest in the stereochemistry of displacement reactions involving second row elements has led to rapid advances in the preparation and resolution of asymmetric phosphorus compounds. The changes in optical activity accompanying substitution at an optically active phosphorus atom, the reactivity of cyclic phosphates, and the mechanism of intramolecular decomposition reactions involving a phosphorus centre are discussed in terms of the electronic structure of possible transition states.


Diffusion studies show that benzophenone (BP), linoleic acid, and methyl linoleate partition completely into the micelles of phosphate buffer/0.10 M SDS. Water-soluble compounds 4-sulphomethylbenzo...


Guest editorial
 The performance of unconventional wells depends on variables within operator control, such as stage length and fluid volume, and outside of that control, such as rock properties, geology, and market economics. The completion design must account for all of these factors. The other challenge has been the lack of availability of low-cost data that can be collected on a large scale to properly distinguish and separate the impact of these factors on completion performance. Collection and analysis are now possible with pressure data from the treatment and offset wells. The pressure data are a low-cost option to enable measurements on every well and implement established best practices for continuous improvement.
 Complex, Multifactor Dynamic Shale resource development is a complex, multifactor dynamic with optimization, commonly performed against one or more objectives: cost, resource recovery, and utilization. For the most part, the practice has been based on a few pilot projects in appraisal or early development and applying the lessons learned formulaically to capture economies of scale. This approach, although appearing straightforward, has fundamental flaws because of the variables within and outside operator control.
 Although the data from these pilot projects are accurate, the data may not be fully representative of the conditions encountered during full-field development. These data become anecdotal instead of systematic by not fully and accurately representing the next pad or pads. If design A yields the same 90-day production at 10% lower cost in a series of wells than design B wells, is design A the better one? Without knowing the impact of rock properties and understanding whether A and B resulted in statistically separable outcomes, we do not know. Deciding to proceed with design A over B in the absence of such knowledge could lead to either understimulated or over-capitalized wells.
 One popular approach to solve for this knowledge gap is to leverage public and private completion and production data comprising several hundred to several thousand wells within a given region. The data analytics can offer insight from correlations derived from measured completion parameters, production, and cost. A shortcoming of this approach, however, is extrapolating results into yet-to-be sampled completion design parameters.
 For example, data were collected to adequately sample completion designs ranging from 5 to 12 clusters and were used to calibrate physics-based models. Should these models be used to predict the results for a new design with 16 clusters? In many cases, the model has not been calibrated and tested for 16 clusters to ascertain the accuracy and uncertainty in the model predictions, which could result in large uncertainties in future well performance. This commonly occurring situation of extrapolating results to the next wells with the inherent shortcomings can be resolved with pressure-based fracture measurements.
 Accurate Design of Experiment Pressure-based fracture measurements evaluate the separability of variables between two completion designs. These measurements can be deployed at a fraction of the cost of legacy technology, do not require a field footprint, and can be deployed at scale without affecting project economics. Operators are understanding and optimizing key completion parameters within and outside of their control to ensure an accurate design of experiment (DOE) that yields systematic insights. This approach is common to manufacturing industries.


Naturally occurring gas hydrates have the potential to store enormous volumes of both gas and water in semi-solid form in ocean-bottom sediments and then to release that gas and water when the hydrate's equilibrium conditions are disturbed. Therefore, hydrates provide a potential mechanism for transporting large volumes of sediments. Under the combined low bottom-water temperatures and moderate hydrostatic pressures that exist over most of the continental slopes and all of the continental rises and abyssal plains, hydrocarbon gases at or near saturation in the interstitial waters of the near-bottom sediments will form hydrates. The gas can either be autochthonous, microbially produced gas, or allochthonous, catagenic gas from deeper sediments. Equilibrium conditions that stabilize hydrated sediments may be disturbed, for example, by continued sedimentation or by lowering of sea level. In either case, some of the solid gas-water matrix decomposes. Released gas and water volume exceeds the volume occupied by the hydrate, so the internal pressure rises--drastically if large volumes of hydrate are decomposed. Part of the once rigid sediment is converted to a gas- and water-rich, relatively low density mud. When the internal pressure, due to the presence of the compressed gas or to buoyancy, is sufficiently high, the overlying sediment may be lifted and/or breached, and the less dense, gas-cut mud may break through. Such hydrate-related phenomena can cause mud diapirs, mud volcanos, mud slides, or turbidite flows, depending on s diment configuration and bottom topography.


The behavior of the stress and the deformation of a GaP layer grown on misoriented (001)Si was investigated for the thickness and the growth temperature. The compressive stress in the GaP layer decreased with increasing thickness up to 0.5 µm and then changed into the tensile stress. However, there was poor dependence of the tensile stress in a 1 µm-thick GaP layer on growth temperature. The tilt deformation of the GaP layer strongly depended on the growth temperature. It was found that the deformation strongly depended on the misfit strain in the GaP layer for a Si substrate at the growth temperature rather than the thermal strain, and that the tilt was under the influence of the atomic step on a Si substrate.


Sodium benzoate has been used a food preservative worldwide. The effect of sodium benzoate as a preservative in the wastewater treatment was examined from the biogas formation viewpoint. The research was conducted in batch mode reactor systems employing various ratios of activated sludge and solution of sodium benzoate volume. The MLSS of activated sludge used was 12 g/L, while the volume ratios of activated sludge and sodium benzoate ranged from 0 to 100%. The concentrations of sodium benzoate used were 50, 100, and 200 mg/L. The biogas samples were measured every two days for 60 days. The results showed that the volume ratio of activated sludge and sodium benzoate of 60% and 40% was a turning point where the existence of sodium benzoate influenced the formation of biogas. There were significant reductions of biogas formation from 200.6 mL to 66.6 mL, 159.8 mL to 66.0 mL and 130.2 mL to 54.0 mL for the initial SB concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L. The kinetic parameters of the Modified Gompertz equation exhibited the greatest degree of confidence equal to 95%.


Winding deformation in power transformers can be measured externally using a new frequency response analysis (FRA) method Field experience since 1975, on five separate transformers up to 550 MVA rating, 230kVclassindicatesthatthismethod hasadvantagesover the low voltage impulse (LVI) method as a practical maintenance tool. Results on suspect transformers indicate that benchmark reference data is not always necessary to identify certain kinds of mechanical damage.


In this paper, we extend the concept of passivity developed for deterministic systems, to stochastic systems with Markov Jump disturbances. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be passive, and discuss the relationship between positive-real systems and passive systems. The stability properties of the system and the implications of passivity on the stochastic stability of the system are also discussed.


Highlighted in this article are several areas of current concern in analysis and interpretation of safety information acquired during observational (ie, nonexperimental) studies. My position is one of enthusiasm for the careful and rational development of this embryonic science of pharmaco-epidemiology into a full-fledged and generally accepted technique for assisting doctors to fulfill their responsibilities to patients. Doctors must do as much as they can, as soon as they can, and as accurately as they can to assess the efficacy and toxicity of a new drug once it is released in the marketplace. Spontaneous reporting schemes and the new cohort studies—whether mounted ad hoc by a research group or based on existing record linkage facilities will be discussed. The case-control approach will not be covered—not because it is unimportant—far from it —but rather because it has been carefully evaluated recently and considerable experience with the technique has afforded more confidence in its use in the latter half of this decade (see Jick H, Vessey MP: Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illnesses. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107:1–7.).


The variation of the smaller size fraction of zooplankton was investigated during a two-year period in a brackish deep and anoxic coastal lake of western Greece (Aitoliko), along with the specific environmental characteristics of this ecosystem. The zooplanktonic community comprised a relatively small number of taxa and it was dominated by brackish-water calanoid copepods ( Paracartia latisetosa, Calanipeda aquaedulcis ) and in certain periods by rotifers and tintinnids. The zooplankton abundance showed an increase in the warmer period starting from late spring and reached maximum values in July. In the well oxygenated surface layer, temperature was the most important parameter influencing the seasonal cycles of all groups. In contrast, the oxygen depletion a few meters under the surface affected the vertical distribution of most of the zooplankton groups, which were found restricted in the surface layer especially from spring until autumn. Only the meroplanktonic larvae of polychaetes presented increased proportions in the deeper layers. Salinity has not significantly influenced the zooplanktonic assemblages. The results point out the degraded status of the Aitoliko basin where the hypoxic/anoxic layers resulted to a high portion of dead organic material identified as copepod carcasses, and underlines the necessity of monitoring of this ecosystem.


What is the current nature of internationalisation? Are there real or important differences between the new and the traditional forms of internationalisation of R&D and higher education, or does the lowering of the territorial borders of research and higher education represent a (re)turn to the 'natural state' of borderlessness for scientific inquiry and teaching and learning? What can the nature of internationalisation tell us about the main driving forces underlying the patterns we observe? What are the underlying tensions? What are the consequences of internationalisation on domestic higher education and research?


1. General Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear.


The claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm doing enjoys a great intuitive appeal. If in addition to this claim, we reject the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, then we should also accept the claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm allowing. Those who want to reject the conclusion of the above argument usually do so by defending the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction. In this short essay, I propose a different take on the argument in question. Instead of opting to reject its conclusion by defending the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, I argue that the argument fails due to internal inconsistency. I argue that, once we reject the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, we can no longer rely on the strong intuitive appeal of the claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm doing.


The study included the review of previous cornea research and analyzed an important technique of representing the optical properties of corneal surface and corneal-aberration.


Motion Estimate and Compensation Unit (MECU) is a key module in video codec chips, and its algorithm is very complex in computation. Modeling and verifying MECU with traditional HDL (hardware design language) costs much time. To reduce the time of verification, this paper proposed a system-level-verification procedure of MECU based on SystemC. As SystemC can specify the design at various levels of abstraction, to co-verify MECU and other modules with low abstract level, the proposed procedure emphasized the refinement of MECU interfaces. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of new verification procedure. Compared with traditional HDL, the modeling and verifying time is decreased to a great extent.


Chemist Ethaline Cortelyou, a significant figure in the emerging profession of technical communication in the 1950s, became a national mentor to women in the sciences, first leading them into the practice of technical editing and then away from it. This article presents a case study of her awakening to the true nature and cost of the patriarchal workplace and her own complicity in actively supporting sexist assumptions and the status quo. During the Sputnik crisis, Cortelyou recognized and overcame her internalized sexism, revised her advice to young women in the sciences, and became a public advocate of workplace reform.


Plastic waste is spread at an unprecedented speed due to the rapid use of domestic and industrial plastic items. The environmental pollution resulting from the continued disposal of plastic wastes in landfills has not only created land problems but has also heightened the pollution of marine resources. This paper aims to review and investigate the feasibility of utilizing plastic waste in making construction bricks. The use of plastic waste in making the sand-plastic bricks will enhance the protection of the environment from the effects of plastic waste that normally takes several millennials to degrade. Thermostatic plastic waste; that is, those polymers whose recycling may not affect the environment, including polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is found to implore lightweight, durable, cost-effective, and low thermal conductor bricks. Compressive strength (CS) and water absorption tests are found as the key test methods for measuring the effectiveness of high-volume content of plastic waste in bricks. Notably, a high percentage of plastic waste in proportion to sand is found to improve the compressive strength of the bricks besides allowing negligible water to seep through.


ABSTRACT Kinetoplastid flagellates attach a 39-nucleotide spliced leader (SL) upstream of protein-coding regions in polycistronic RNA precursors through trans splicing. SL modifications include cap 2′-O-ribose methylation of the first four nucleotides and pseudouridine (ψ) formation at uracil 28. In Trypanosoma brucei, TbMTr1 performs 2′-O-ribose methylation of the first transcribed nucleotide, or cap 1. We report the characterization of an SL RNA processing complex with TbMTr1 and the SLA1 H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particle that guides SL ψ28 formation. TbMTr1 is in a high-molecular-weight complex containing the four conserved core proteins of H/ACA snoRNPs, a kinetoplastid-specific protein designated methyltransferase-associated protein (TbMTAP), and the SLA1 snoRNA. TbMTAP-null lines are viable but have decreased SL RNA processing efficiency in cap methylation, 3′-end maturation, and ψ28 formation. TbMTAP is required for association between TbMTr1 and the SLA1 snoRNP but does not affect U1 small nuclear RNA methylation. A complex methylation profile in the mRNA population of TbMTAP-null lines indicates an additional effect on cap 4 methylations. The TbMTr1 complex specializes the SLA1 H/ACA snoRNP for efficient processing of multiple modifications on the SL RNA substrate.


The public transport-bike sharing integration in Rome Based on the success in Rome due to the launch of its bike sharing service (on June 13, 2008), ATAC (Rome Mobility Agency) designed and implemented the integration of paths that connect the 19 bike sharing collection points, located in the heart of Rome, with the public transport network. The resulting database has been included in a new version of the Journey Planner service, Infopoint, already available on the ATAC website, which gives users the opportunity to calculate an itinerary with public transport and if possible to combine the public transport with the bike sharing schedule.


This work presents the results of studies on the electrical conduction of TiO2-s and oxide phases TiOx in polithermic conditions (cooling and heating) in gas mixtures Ar-H2/H2O in the temperature range of 300-1280 K. It has been shown that during quick cooling oxide phases with frozen composition and point defects structure are obtained. Titanium oxides obtained at hydrogen pressures higher than 0.05 atm show small resistance, in the order of 0.5-1 Ω cm. The conditions of cooling and exploitation of titanium oxide phases with high electrical conductivity have been determined.


Alhagi Graecorum (AG) is an invasive plant with a massive/robust root structure that can grow up to 12 feet into the ground. The present study exploited the rich cellulosic content in this 'AG' root for the synthesis of a novel biosorbent ('MA'). This low-cost biosorbent, with high carboxyl content of 447.22 (m. eq /100 g sample) was utilised for aqueous zinc ion sequestration. The surface functional groups and textural characteristics required for an efficient heavy metal binding was identified on 'MA' using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sip isotherm emerged as the model of best fit for equilibrium studies, hence, Zn (II) ion sorption onto 'MA' is believed to occur via a hybrid blend of homogenous monolayer and heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Meanwhile, the Elovich (SNE = 1.0429), intraparticle diffusion (SNE = 1.0205) and pseudo-first-order (SNE = 1.0455) provided the best fitting for 200, 400 and 600 mg/L adsorption system, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of 188.67 mg/g was recorded at optimum adsorption conditions, with the predominance of the electrostatic and electron-donor-acceptor interaction mechanism. The abundant surface oxygenous functional groups on 'MA' positively influenced its adsorption capacity; thus, making it a promising biosorbent for aqueous Zn (II) uptake.


Medulloblastoma was first named after Bailey and Cushing in 1925 and described as an aggressive, highly malignant small cell tumor of midline cerebellum. Medulloblastoma is one of the most common primary tumors of CNS of children. Medulloblastoma is a malignant brain tumour most frequently seen in children. We report a case of a 14 year old female having chief complaints of recurrent vomiting and headache since 2 months. Medulloblastoma was diagnosed on Frozen section and was confirmed on H&E section Introduction: Medulloblastoma is one of the most common primary tumor of the CNS in children. Medulloblastoma is a malignant brain tumor seen in children. Because a medulloblastoma in adults is a rarity, there are not many studies concerning the treatment of these tumours. In children Medulloblastoma are located in midline of the cerebellum. are highly malignant tumors of primitive neuroe- ctodermal origin, representing more than 20% of childhood brain tumor and 1 % of the adult brain tumors . It is the third most com- mon central nervous system tumor to exhibit systemic metastases after glioblastoma and meningioma. Case Report: We a case of old, 2 of and recurrent and


If you wish to receive credit for this activity, please refer to the Web site: http://www.acg.gi.org/journalcme/Article Title: Meta-Analysis of Antioxidant Intake and The Risk Of Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma


Determinations of Relative Growth Ratee (RCR) and growth period of Sorhhum bicolor L. were done with seven field-grown cultivars: NK300, Mleloland, C-42Y, 69-4, G393, CE-90 and X4027. The RCR values were calculated for two 2-week and three 3-week periods approximately. They indicated that all the plant meterisl experienced important decreases
in growth rate at the third and the fourth periods. At the
fifth, however, there was a tillering-related rise in the RGR of the cultivars, CE-90 and Meloland excepted. A11 this is reflected on the size of the slopes of the regression equations relating the log of dry weights with time from sowing


ABSTRACT Part of the history of human settlements on the islands along the Pangani River at Korogwe in northeastern Tanzania has been misconstrued. Eurocentric accounts claim that the islands were inhabited during the nineteenth century and that they were refuges for the Zigua from Maasai cattle raiders. Those accounts also claim that these settlements served as staging posts for trade caravans during the nineteenth century to provide food and security to coastal traders. An historical archaeology study conducted at the four abandoned islands of Ngombezi, Old Korogwe, Kwa Sigi and Maurui necessitates a rigorous re-examination of the documented historical narratives of these settlements. Current archaeological evidence suggests that the islands have been inhabited continuously for more than five centuries. The island communities were not isolated: instead, they were part of regional systems of trade and exchange that had developed long before the nineteenth century.