Medicinal plants constitute an arsenal of products with different potentials to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extract from Brosimum gaudichaudii leaves and fractions against clinically important bacteria. The crude extracts and fractions from the leaves and stem bark were used against Escherichia coli, Klesbsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains. The crude extracts and the fractions were obtained by means of maceration in ethanol and chemically characterized. In the results of the phytochemical screening, the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites was verified, such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and coumarins. The extracts and their fractions showed inhibitory activity for all three bacteria tested. The inhibition halo varied from 8±0.00 to 14±0.00 mm fir K. pneumoniae, from 8±0.00 to 10±0.00 mm for P. aeruginosa and from 8±0.00 to 9±0.00 mm for S. aureus. Among the fractions tested, the ethyl acetate fraction from both the stem and the leaves presented the best inhibition potential. This indicates that the Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul vegetable extracts present antimicrobial potential. Such being the case, it is suggested to isolate the metabolites present in this fraction to delimit the main compounds responsible for the antimicrobial action.


The buoyancy-driven heat transfer performance of nanofluids in a square minienclosure has been investigated in the present numerical study. A two-dimensional two-phase mixture model has been develo...


Strengthening ideological and political education is an important measure to train builders and successors of the socialist cause. Multi-culture has brought ideological and political education to unprecedented challenges. It has comprehensively understood the profound influence of multi-culture on ideological and political education, explored the new characteristics of ideological and political education under the background of multi-culture, and became important for studying the ideological and political education of college students and improving the effectiveness of ideological and political education content. Guided by relevant theories, this paper expounds the relationship between multi-culture and college students' ideological and political education, analyzes the opportunities, challenges of university students' ideological and political education in the context of multi-culture, and proposes innovative countermeasures for college students' ideological and political education in the context of multi-culture. The reform of ideological and political teaching promotes the overall improvement of college students' ideological and political consciousness.


This is a preliminary study on cave minerals of a few limestone caves in Saudi Arabia. Despite the paucity of analyzed samples, 14 different cave minerals have been detected. Among them Palygorskite seems to be rather common in the desert caves and in one of them (B31 Cave) there is perhaps the best display of this mineral inside a natural cavity. The same cave also hosts a deposit of sideronatrite, which has been herewith reported for the first time as a cave mineral. Finally Murubbeh cave, a supposed thermal cave, hosts large calcite crystals and widespread cave rafts together with two uncommon organic compounds (wedellite and whewellite).


Organizational and methodological conditions for the introduction of physical culture and health classes with elements of basketball in preschool institutions are considered. The content, forms of implementation, tasks, general structure of the annual cycle of physical culture and health-improving classes for preschool children with the use of basketball are determined. The tasks and content of the preparatory, main and final stages of the annual basketball program are indicated. The peculiarities of the structure of the lesson with elements of basketball are highlighted. The effectiveness of programs of physical culture and health classes with elements of basketball will depend on the material and technical equipment, staffing and physical condition of preschool children. The program will help to improve the level of physical health, physical fitness, improve motor skills.


This paper conceptualizes the pedagogical practices from the professional training in Nursing, considering that this discipline is centered in the healthcare as a practice provided by one to others, mediated by the pedagogical practices performed by means of nursing undergraduate curriculum, in which the teaching and the learning processes are configured as teacher-student interaction processes. In this sense, this study performed a systematic revision in databases and theoretical references, by choosing studies performed during the last five years. Afterwards, these studies were classified into two large groups for their corresponding analysis, as follows: teaching, learning, cognitive styles and didactics processes category, and pedagogical practices, evaluative processes and academic performance category. The conclusion aroused through the exploration, presents the idea that there are diverse looks and concerns regarding the pedagogical practices in the students educational process. Aspect leading to the reflection of the way in which the education in nursing can be intervened objectively with the purpose of generating high quality teaching processes and the construction of meaning through experiences, where the student is the main actor and the teachers are facilitators of learning.


The Wigner-Ville Hough transform (WVHT) has been applied to detect and estimate the parameters of linear frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFMCW) low probability of intercept (LPI) radar waveforms. The WVHT, which is optimal for a single linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal, becomes sub-optimal when applied to LFMCW signals since the observed waveform is composed of concatenated LFM pulses. We formulate the detection and estimation problem to take into account the multiple pulses that are available in an observation interval at the intercept receiver. The new algorithm, called the periodic WVHT (PWVHT), is shown to significantly outperform the WVHT for LFMCW signals.


The present investigation examined the relationship between children's exposure to low to moderate rates of marital discord in the familial environment and their behavior in settings external to the home as assessed by adult raters and direct observations. Sixty children (36 males, 24 females) between the ages of 6 and 13 years were estudied over the course of 3 months. Results of a multi-step analysis indicated that there was a highly significant relationship among females of low SES status between exposure to marital discord at home and being the object of peer aggression during free play activity. A significant relationship was also found between exposure to marital discord at home and externalizing behavior problems (aggression towards peers) for subsamples of male children in the present study who were younger and less intelligent. The implications of these results for understanding the complex factors affecting the relationship between marital discord and childrens' behavioral disturbances are discussed.


HCV NS5A is important for the establishment of replication by adaptive mutations or localization, although its role in viral replication remains unclear. It was previously reported that NS5A interacts with NS5B via two regions of NS5A in the isolate JK-1 and modulates the activity of NS5B RdRp (Y. Shirota et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:11149–11155, 2002), but the biological significance of this interaction has not been determined. We examined the effect of this interaction on HCV RNA replication with an HCV replicon system derived from the isolate M1LE (H. Kishine et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 293:993–999, 2002). We constructed three internal deletion mutants, M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2, each encoding NS5A which cannot bind NS5B, and M1LE/5Adel-3, encoding NS5A that can bind NS5B. After transfection into Huh-7 cells, M1LE/5Adel-3 was replication competent, but both M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2 were not. By scanning with 20 alanine-substituted clustered mutants within both NS5B-binding regions, only 5 of the 20 mutants were replication competent. Subsequently, we established more efficient replicon system by introducing a point mutation, S232I, into NS5A using cured Huh-7 cells as recipient cells. In this system, only the same five mutants were replication competent. These results strongly suggest that the interaction between NS5A and NS5B is critical for HCV RNA replication in the HCV replicon system. This improved system was applied to examine whether the 5 residues of NS5B indispensable for RdRP activity in vitro


The Medical Schools Council (MSC) has commissioned research into how medical schools' selection can be widened to increase participation by students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

A report from the annual meeting of the MSC said that the council had commissioned research "to consider issues …


The paper presents the study of physicochemical processes occurring during the preparation of film-forming solutions, as well as the effect of the component composition on the stability of film-forming solutions over time. Compositions of stable film-forming solutions of TBT, TBT-TEOS, TBT-TEOS-AgNO3 suitable for the formation of thin-film coatings have been developed, and the time periods of stability of rheological properties have been determined. It was found that the addition of tetrabutoxytitanium after the establishment of chemical equilibrium in the solution increases the stability of the film-forming solutions. Optimization of the method of solutions preparation for obtaining films with reproducible physicochemical properties has been carried out.


Stroke study seeks to improve therapeutic window Afghan farmers work at a poppy fi eld in Jalalabad province, earlier this month. Opium farming has reportedly experienced a resurgence in Afghanistan recently, both because opium prices are high and because the profi ts from other crops are limited. Less than half (15) of Afghanistan's provinces are expected to be free of opium this year, according to a report by the United Nations.


Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is an extremely rare form of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by almost exclusive growth of neoplastic lymphocytes within the blood vessel lumen. IVL is morphologically characterized in most instances by large cells with B‐cell lineage. There is a paucity of literature describing the association between HIV and intravascular lymphoma.


The aim of this article is to explore potentialities and limits of paradiplomacy in the cross-border region of Brazil and Uruguay (CBRBU) vis-a-vis the relation between twin towns and systemic actors. The application of theontology of the interaction-level microstructural theory by Alexander Wendt (1999) allows one to identify that the vacuum created by the lack of regulations concerning cross-border issues and the differences between Brazilian and Uruguayan regulatory frameworks have hindered the advance of paradiplomacy in the region. Informality is also recognized as a crucial, local tool for dealing with the obliteration of systemic actors regarding the CBRBU. Key words : Paradiplomacy, Brazil-Uruguay Cross-Border Region, Twin Towns, Informality, Regulatory Discrepancy.


We compute the non-Gaussianity of the curvature perturbation generated by ekpyrotic collapse with multiple fields. The transition from the multi-field scaling solution to a single-field dominated regime converts initial isocurvature field perturbations to an almost scale invariant comoving curvature perturbation. In the specific model of two fields, ϕ1 and ϕ2, with exponential potentials, −Viexp(−ciϕi), we calculate the bispectrum of the resulting curvature perturbation. We find that the non-Gaussianity is dominated by non-linear evolution on super-Hubble scales and hence is of the local form. The non-linear parameter of the curvature perturbation is given by fNL = 5cj2/12, where cj is the exponent of the potential for the field which becomes subdominant at late times. Since cj2 must be large, in order to generate an almost scale invariant spectrum, the non-Gaussianity is inevitably large. Thus, the model is strongly constrained by observational bounds on the spectral index and non-Gaussianity.


The topography in Scandinavia features enigmatic high-elevation low-relief plateau regions dissected by deep valleys and fjords. These plateau regions have long been interpreted as relict landforms of a preglacial origin, whereas recent studies suggest they have been modified significantly by glacial and periglacial denudation. We used late Pliocene–Quaternary source-to-sink analyses to untangle this scientific conundrum. We compared glacier-derived offshore sediment volumes with estimates of erosion in onshore valleys and fjords and on the inner shelf. Our results suggest that onshore valley and fjord erosion falls 61%–66% short of the offshore sink volume. Erosion on the inner shelf cannot accommodate this mismatch, implying that the entire Scandinavian landscape and adjacent shelf have experienced significant glacial erosion.


The world, according to common sense, consists of a great many individual things and persons, each individual remaining identical through change but losing some qualities from time to time and acquiring others. This. view has obvious truth, but it easily misleads in serious ways. Consider the human species. At a given time it consists of a number of persons, each the same person from birth to death. At every moment I am Charles Hartshorne, and John Smith is John Smith. Never have I been anyone other than Charles HIartshorne, and never has John Smith been anyone other than John Smith. That each of us is always the same human individual is true: but that each of us is always simply the same thing, the same reality, is false. We are identical through life as human individuals, but we are not identical as concrete actualities. The identity is abstract, the nonidentity is concrete. Without this distinction the language of self-identity is a conceptual trap. Into this trap have fallen most philosophers. Of all the great traditions, only Buddhism has entirely escaped the error. -However, Buddhists have tended to be intuitionistic or anti-intellectual and so have failed to develop conceptual devices altogether adequate to their insight. Personal identity is a partial, not complete identity; it is an abstract aspect of life, not life in its concreteness. Concretely each of us is a numerically new reality every fraction of a second. Think of the difference between a newborn infant and an adult person; also, of that between an adult and a senile octogenarian. These differences are not slight. The infant is only potentially a "rational animal"; actually it has no rational thoughts. A senile person may also have scarcely any. Another difference is that between a person in dreamless sleep and the person dreaming; also between the dreamer and the person awake. In addition there may be aphasia, loss of any clear sense of one's past history, delirium, insanity, intoxication, weird drugged states, multiple personality. Personal "identity" must span all these differences. We say that at some moments a person is "not himself." The New Testament speaks of being


The Shadow of the Tsunami and the Growth of the Relational Mind by Philip M. Bromberg (New York: Routledge, 2011, 215 pp.) Unrepresented States and the Construction of Meaning: Clinical and Theoretical Contributions Edited by Howard B. Levine, Gail S. Reed, and Dominique Scarfone (London: Karnac, 2013, 287 pp.) The topic of trauma and dissociation, and borderline and other non-neurotic disorders in which psychic representation is missing or weak, have been one of the main, if not the leading, topics of psychoanalytic theorizing for many years now. The two books under consideration approach these topics from very different perspectives, yet find agreement in some key areas. I will begin with an exposition of some of the main ideas from each book, and will then discuss what the concepts developed by the authors can tell us about the present state of psychoanalytic theory and practice in relation to trauma, personality disorders, and their underlying causes, dynamics, and treatment.


ABSTRACT The heat and mass transfer mode of the plate-fin enthalpy exchanger is simplified as the cross-flow heat exchanger in which the fluids of two sides do not mix up. Based on the analogical principle of heat and mass transfer, the relationship of NTU − ε is computed and plotted by the numerical calculation. Compared this relationship with experimental result, it can be drawn that this relationship is accurate to meet the requirement of engineering. According to the result of numerical calculation and experiment, air face rate has more influence on sensible efficiency than latent efficiency.


A new concept is described for navigating the World Wide Web effectively. Called InfoLead, it assists users in finding their way to target information by helping them to visualize a Web document space (WDS). Each document identified by the search engine as possibly having the target information is rendered into a bitmap image and placed in a WDS, which is three-dimensional. A document is positioned in the space based on its relationships to the other identified documents. A user can easily get an overview of the entire WDS by "cruising", in which the user freely explores a wide area along a path in the WDS, and can view the contents of a particular Web document by zooming. In addition, InfoLead displays other information related to the documents, for instance, user traffic volumes, thereby improving the efficiency of navigation. The performance of InfoLead was evaluated in terms of the navigable speed factor (NSF), which is determined by the image-rendering speed and the frame-display rate. Evaluation of an experimental implementation showed that it had at least twice the NSF of a typical PC-based browsing system.


[Mn(C 44 H 28 N 4 )Cl].C 7 H 8 , M r =795.27, monoclinic, P2 1 /m, a=9.918 (2), b=15.395 (3), c=13.453 (2) A, β=103.68 (1) o , V=1995.8 (6) A 3 , Z=2, D x =1.323 g cm -3 , λ(Mo Kα)=0.71069 A, μ=3.91 cm -1 , F(000)=824, T=294 K, final R=0.034 for 3049 reflections. The manganese complex and the toluene molecule lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. The Mn atom is coordinated by a chloro ligand and a tetraphenylporphinato ligand in an approximate square-pyramidal arrangement with the latter ligand deformed to give a saddle conformation


This paper describes the design and development of an intelligent decision support system IDSS for competitive analysis of social media in the fashion industry. A web-based prototype system is designed and developed to assist in monitoring the growing Internet media, protect fashion brands and products, and provide support for social media competitive analysis in the fashion industry through social media. In this study, a social media value grid that allows managers to use social media technology in the fashion business and add value for managers is proposed. Four propositions are presented as the research agenda in examining the ability of social media technology to improve the operations management of a fashion company.


Focus is a linguistic phenomenon whereby elements in an utterance stand out of their environment. The studies about prosodic marking of information status show that there are similarities and differences across languages and, in general, they use organized syntactically words in sentences. But, what about numbers? The current study aims to analyze prosodic features of numerical utterances in Brazilian Portuguese and Dutch. Twenty speakers of both Dutch and Brazilian Portuguese read out such sequences, in which target numbers were inserted that could either represent new (firstly mentioned) or given (repeated) information. For this, we conducted a production experiment in order to select the corpus composed of numbers placed in different focus conditions within groupings with nine numbers. The results demonstrated interesting similarities and differences in the behavior of acoustic measures of duration, mean pitch and mean intensity in both languages and in all conditions and positions in which the numbers were arranged. Speakers of Dutch, for instance, more consistently marked focused information than Brazilian speakers, albeit that this depended on the structural position of a number in a sequence.


In Marine 3-D, there are many large scale, interrelated data management, processing, and Q.C. issues. These are very important to the final result of a survey, but nonetheless are often not fully analyzed in a timely fashion. A systematic approach to marine 3-D Q.C. (and survey design parameters) is clearly required; many attributes need to be considered simultaneously. Much current practice defers key Q.C. steps until somewhat late in the project: e.g., examine near trace or DMO stack volumes, and only then find bad seismic data, bad navigation, missing/poor bin coverage, etc.


: Sperm survived for a short time in undiluted semen, and semen slow cooling to a temperature of 5°C will cause the death of many spermatozoa. Thus, extender is suitable which sperm parameters preserved during cooling and freezing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of panax ginseng extract in extender on sperm motility, morphology and viability of Afshari rams. In this study, four Afshari rams with a mean of 5 ± 50 kg weight and 3 to 4 years, sperm was collected by electro ejaculation. After extraction of the medicinal plant at a concentration of 1%, 3% and 5%, each concentration was added to the sperm extender as separately and one group were considered as a control. Sperm motility, morphology and viability were evaluated at zero time (immediately post ejaculation) and 24 hours post ejaculation by CASA software, papanicolaou and Eosin-Nigrosin staining, respectively. The results of this study shows that progressive motility was significantly increased (p<0.05) in treatment groups of 3% and 1% panax ginseng extract compare to control and other treatment groups at time zero and 24 hour post ejaculation, respectively. However, normal sperm morphology was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group of 3% extract than control and other treatment groups at zero time and 24 hour post ejaculation, respectively. Percentage of live sperm was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group of 3% panax ginseng extract compare to other treatment groups at zero time and also, treatment group of 1% panax ginseng extract was significant higher viability (P<0.05) than to other treatment groups. Therefore, the addition of panax ginseng extract in extender was advisable to improve sperm parameters in afshari rams.


With this paper, we describe the driving dynamic model (DDM) as a key component of the collaborative research project TORPA (Toolbox for Optimal Railway Propulsion Architectures). As part of this project, we aim to find the optimal propulsion architecture for any given track. The newly developed DDM is key to provide a set of constraints for the optimization. This is achieved by a modular design approach, allowing the DDM to be specified for all kind of propulsion systems, consisting of electrical, combustion, and/or fuel cell engines as well as battery, supercapacitor, and/or flywheel energy storage options. In this paper, we first provide a literature background on existing DDMs. Second, we describe the overall methodology and optimization approach. The developed DDM and train mass models are shown after. We quickly introduce the track generation and finally, some preliminary results are shown, and the paper is concluded.


This paper deals with a binocular 3-D comput- er vision system based on the hierarchical matching of edge features, Frei and Chen operator is used to extract the edge. The average gradients of an image obtained by two isotropic operators are non-equal quantized and thresholded in an angle. Edge features are extracted after passing a preemphasis transfer function which can equalize the noise affection. Binary edge images are decomposed into a pyramid structure which is stored and searched using Illiffe's location method. Corresponding points are used to determine the range data using triangulation based on an improved Trivedi's formula. In calibration we set the optical axes of the two cameras parallel to simplify the calculation. A 3-rd order Householder transform is used to solve the compatible coupled equations. have mismatching and error-matching and higher computation cost. The feature-based registration in- cludes statistical, edge and structure approach. The frequency domain features are used in the statistical feature approach, edge approach utilizes the distinct parts of the gradient change as feature, the result come from 2-D pattern recognition, such as nodes, links, circuits and the relations among them consti- tutes the features of structure approach. The feature-based registration is faster and not sensitive to the photometric and geometric distortion, as well as the parameter disparity of the video cameras. The problem is neither the poles and link segments nor the star structure and circuits can efficiently describe the 3-D objects and is the high computation cost. This paper deals with an edge-based hierarchical matching approach. Frei and Chen op- erator is adapted, the angle between an image vector and its projection onto the edge subspace is used as the criteria. Non-equal quantization is applied to the convolution result of the edge operator to strengthen the weak edges. preemphasis transfer function is used to map the gradient vector into the edge subspace to raise the edges in the high gray level location but keep depressing noises in the low gray level location. Complete quad tree with Illiffe's loca- tion method is used for image compression and speeding up the addressing speeds. Hierarchical matching starts finding corresponding points at the lowest resolution level, then searches at the next higher resolution level until the highest resolution is reached. The improved Trivedi's formula is used to determine the range data. A 3-rd order Householder transform is used to .solve the compatible coupled equations.


Antagonistic interactions have been reported when glyphosate and PPO-inhibiting herbicides are applied in tank-mixture and adjuvants may be used to overcome this effect. Herbicide efficacy as well droplet size and drift potential may be impacted by tank mixtures. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted across two years using six nozzles (XR, AIXR, GA, TDXL, ULD, and TTI) and three herbicides (glyphosate, fomesafen, or lactofen) applied alone and in tank mixtures with or without adjuvants (COC, NIS, MSO, or drift retardant) to common lambsquarters, grain sorghum, kochia, and horseweed to better understand droplet-spectra distribution, drift potential, weed control, and tank-mixture interactions. The results of this research indicate that droplet size was not the major contributing factor on herbicide efficacy of PPO-inhibiting herbicides, glyphosate and tank-mixtures of the two, but it is highly affected by nozzle type, herbicide formulation, or the tank mixture. Nozzle type by spray solution interaction were observed for droplet size, but the interactions did not affect the efficacy of the solutions. In order to optimize herbicide applications, herbicide type, adjuvant type, plant species, and environmental conditions should be taken in consideration. Larger droplets could be used effectively without compromising herbicide performance at the majority of treatments reducing the drift potential. Tank-mixtures, applied with or without adjuvants, consistently antagonized common lambsquarters, grains sorghum, and horseweed and the performance of the adjuvant was herbicideand weed-specific.


In Indian Sub-Continent English was first introduced by the East India Company just as a mere medium of communication  between  some errand Indian boys and the East India Company. Then English missionaries taught English to the natives to enable them to read the Christian scripts. To meet the administrative requirements  the British government established English schools,  madrashas, colleges and universities in different parts of India to spread English among the natives for creating an English knowing class. The Indian natives became eager to pick up English  to  gain  economic  affluence and high social status both from the natives and the British government. Thus the seeds of English were sown in British India and it has   flourished   like anything and has become so deep rooted that there is no possibility of getting rid  of  it soon .the  present article is an attempt to explore all the social, economical, educational,  political, and administrative factors that have contributed to the status which English had acquired during the British period. Keywords: British India. English, British administrators, missionaries, Christianity, administrative purpose, economic gain, social status, and job


A three-dimensional model was developed to investigate the influence of various hot filaments parameters on substrate temperature fields that significantly affect the nucleation and growth of diamond films over large area by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). Numerical simulated results indicated that substrate temperature varies as a function of hot filaments number, radius, temperature, emissivity, the distance between filaments, and the distance between substrate and filaments arrangement plane. When these filaments parameters were maintained at the optimal values, the homogeneous substrate temperature region of 76 mm x 76 mm with the temperature fluctuation no more than 5% could be obtained by a 80 mm x 80 mm hot filaments arrangement plane. Furthermore, the homogeneous region could be enlarged to 100 mm x 100 mm under the condition of supplementary hot filaments with appropriate parameters. All of these calculations provided the basis for specially optimizing the hot filaments parameters to deposit uniform diamond film over large area by HFCVD.


Consider CLE$_4$ in the unit disk and let $\ell$ be the loop of the CLE$_4$ surrounding the origin. Schramm, Sheffield and Wilson determined the law of the conformal radius seen from the origin of the domain surrounded by $\ell$. We complement their result by determining the law of the extremal distance between $\ell$ and the boundary of the unit disk. More surprisingly, we also compute the joint law of these conformal radius and extremal distance. This law involves first and last hitting times of a one-dimensional Brownian motion. Similar techniques also allow us to determine joint laws of some extremal distances in a critical Brownian loop-soup cluster.


This service activity is carried out to bridge the importance of saving and sacrificial facilities for Muslim congregations from the As-Shaykh Jabir Al-Faifi Mosque, Ngasem Village, Colomadu District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. Assistance is carried out by previously holding deliberations with the Mosque Prosperity Council to prepare a design for a savings and joint sacrifice scheme which will then be disseminated to local Muslims through the Rukun Neighbor forum and studies at the mosque. The method used to explore and understand the couple's problems is an observation of related informants and documentation. Data analysis used triangulation of data sources. The results of this activity indicate that there is an increase in the enthusiasm of residents in carrying out Qurban worship after the existence of savings products and qurban joint ventures, as can be seen from the increase in the registration of Qurban participants by 60%.


Peer review has a momentous influence upon the lives of those who seek to publish, upon the credibility of an academic discipline and upon the way it develops. It is used widely within the academic community on the assumption that it encourages high standards of scholarly writing by providing an informed, fair, reasonable and professional opinion about the merits of research work. This paper reports an experiment which tested the extent to which peer review in construction management serves this function. The results indicate that the outcome of the peer review process is not significantly different from random, and that there is little consistency in the reasons advanced for rejection or revision.


In hyperspectral image fusion, a high resolution multispectral (MS) image is combined with a low resolution hyperspectral (HS) image to obtain a high resolution HS image. In this work, we propose a "plug-and-play" framework for HS-MS fusion, where the inversion step at each iteration involves the solution of a linear system, and the regularization is performed using a high-dimensional kernel denoiser. The core contribution is the design of the denoiser, which can denoise an HS-image at low complexity using clustering and convolutions. In particular, it can exploit the inter-band correlations, which cannot be done using band-by-band denoising. An important technical aspect of our denoiser is that it can be expressed as the proximal map of a proper, closed, and convex regularizer, which guarantees the convergence of the plug-and-play iterations. Preliminary results suggest that we are competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms for HS-MS fusion in terms of speed and restoration accuracy.


This text is indeed welcome to all those involved in the care of children with neoplastic disease. It also has much to recommend it to the physician who only occasionally has need for such a reference. It is extremely helpful to have a single, small (336 pages) volume devoted to this problem and encompassing more than just a pathologic description of the various tumor types seen in children. This book is a publication of the papers presented at the 12th Annual Clinical Conference on Cancer, and assembles the authoritative voices of experts in a multidisciplinary approach. The tumors encountered in children are reviewed. Results with various modes of therapy are discussed and compared with more recent multimodal treatment plans. Detailed dosage regimes for chemotherapy, albeit subject to change, serve as a useful basis of understanding the methodology of chemotherapy. The chapter dealing with infection in children with malignant disease is


Who, whom, and whose are pronouns and therefore have specific cases tha t dict te where each can be used in a sentence. When trying to determine which pronoun to use, you must first determine if the pronoun is acting as a subject, an object, or an indicator of possession. When trying to decide what role a pronoun is playing, it is often helpful to think of other pronouns that could be substituted for the one in question.


Droplet impact on a dry solid surface is investigated experimentally. A small obstacle made by layers of adhesive tape is located on the solid surface at some distance from the impact centre. The splashing of the drop starts at the tape, as a sheet of liquid shoots upwards. Angle, speed and dynamics of this liquid sheet are investigated as a function of the distance from the impact centre to the obstacle and its height. Reynolds and Weber numbers are kept constant. Volume-of-fluid simulations reproduce the experiments qualitatively. Measured sheet angles are compared with the predictions of a simple theory.


Availability of various geospatial data has increased with the recent growth of geospatial information on the web. Integrating or conflating multiple geospatial datasets have become an important aspect in modern geographic information processing as it can provide insights that are not capable to obtain from an individual dataset. However, positional inconsistencies or misalignments can occur during the conflation process as different geospatial datasets could have different accuracy levels, different geospatial data types (vector or raster), and different projections when they originate from different sources. Thus, making the conflation process a challenging task. In this paper, we present a novel alignment algorithm which uses the concept of Bézier curves to refine the positional inconsistencies that occur during the vector to imagery conflation process of road vector data. A novel evaluation model which considers the area of the polygon bordering the actual road and the vector layer is introduced. Proposed approach is evaluated against the existing Piecewise Linear Rubber Sheeting method on the Sri Lankan road vector data on test scenarios consisting of road segments with varied misalignments. Results show that the proposed bézier approach has an average misalignment reduction percentage of 75.8% compared to 68.6% from the existing piecewise linear rubber-sheeting method.


The conventional distribution grid planning process has difficulties to consider innovative operational concepts and grid users adequately. Thus, new planning methods are necessary for a future-oriented planning and operation of distribution grids. The utilisation of time series is a recommendation to take into account dependencies. In this paper, a multi-agent system is utilised, which generates time series for distribution grids, considering innovative grid users and control concepts. The arising potential by using the time series is outlined and evaluated on the basis of an exemplary test system.


Strabismus is a medical condition that affects about 4% of the world population. In severe cases, strabismus can lead to blindness. Besides affecting the vision, the aesthetic appeal of strabismus can generate sufficient public embarrassment to influence the patient's entire academic, personal and professional development. In most cases the condition can be treated. Studies relating computing and strabismus are still few, we understand that the main reason for this scarcity is the difficulty in acquiring dataset on strabismus. Motivated by this aspect, we propose in this research a generative model for the computational creation of synthetic images of the eye region of people with strabismus using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN).


Floor control in synchronous groupware is the problem of how, when, and why participants interact in a shared computing environment while working simultaneously on common tasks. This thesis contends that oor control is a broader problem in synchronous groupware than has been seen by previous approaches, which have relied on narrow interpretations of the problem, and advocates a view of oor control that takes into account the role of oor control not only in managing con icts but also in structuring a group and its communications. This view is supported by a descriptive model of oor control, referred to as G/TS/PAC (Group/Turn System/Perceive{Act{Cycle), which represents oor control as a process of communicating detailed oor control intent among participants. It is derived from a social{psychological model of turn{taking in conversation and a model of human{machine interaction, and generalizes those models in the context of synchronous groupware. G/TS/PAC represents oor control intent as signals, oor exchange (i.e., turn{ taking) as a process of negotiation carried out via signals, and interaction for other oor control purposes, such as feedback to the oorholder for pacing and direction, as back{channel communication achieved via signals. The mechanisms of threading ii and addressing are included in the model for structuring groups, and mediation for structuring human{computer interaction. Threading refers to the formation of subgroups; addressing refers to identi cation via signals for the purpose of selection or attention; and mediation refers to the use of a mediumwhich achieves communication indirectly, thus allowing participants to execute and interpret signals via interface mechanisms called cues. The G/TS/PAC model is also su ciently robust to describe the separation of communication and concurrency control concerns with respect to oor control. Particular design and implementation recommendations are provided, including a layered protocol model for communication in synchronous groupware environments that supports this broader view of oor control. The G/TS/PAC model and these recommendations are demonstrated by a prototype application called FloorBoard. iii To my mother, Juanita Jean Routt Boyd in loving memory. 1930{1993 iv Acknowledgments \Of making many books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the esh." | Ecclesiates 12:12 (NIV) I would like to thank Gary Perlman for being the kind of advisor I needed | keeping after me when I was lazy, leaving me alone when I was tired, admonishing me when I could do better, encouraging me when I thought I could do nothing at all. I would also like to thank Sandy Mamrak for being such a generous and supportive person. Thanks, Jay and Anish, for being on my committees. Thanks to the Human{Computer Systems Research Group at Bellcore in Morristown, New Jersey, especially Louis Gomez, Ralph Hill, and Tom Brinck, but also Steve Rohall, Wayne Wilner, and John Patterson. Writing this dissertation has been more of a personal emotional struggle for me than an intellectual one, so I'd like to thank those who have not been directly involved with the dissertation or my research but have helped me nish this degree in other important ways. I thank my sisters, Deborah Ann (M.D.), Melody Kay, and Juanita Marie, for their part in getting me to try again, and for the model of their own motivation and ambitions (things I have so little of), and for being my best friends. v I'd also like to thank my grandfather, Robert H. Routt, for his profound in uence on me. One of my sisters reminded me recently that he didn't want me to have to lift anything heavier than a pencil, and I can just see him now, laughing and slapping his knee: : : I've also been profoundly in uenced by Dr. J. Gilbert Ware, who was not only my favorite 6th grade teacher, but the rst in our extended family to earn a Ph.D. Thanks, Gilbert, for showing me by your example that this was possible. And of course, my mother Juanita Jean Routt Boyd and father John Alfred Boyd Sr., for love, guidance, and support throughout my life. Finally, I thank God for everything, including all of these people, the direction to arrive at this task, the strength to nish it, and all of the good ideas and insights: : : vi Vita December 17, 1953 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :Born Urbana, Ohio USA. 1976 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :A.B. Mathematics and Physics, Wittenberg University. 1979 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :M.S. Computer Science, University of Iowa. 1980{1990 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Employed by National Computer Systems, (formerly Westinghouse Learning Corp.), Iowa City, Iowa. 1990{present : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :Dept. of Computer and Information Science, The Ohio State University. Publications J. Boyd, \Structuring Synchronous Multi-User Applications" Abstract for INTERCHI'93 Doctoral Consortium, INTERCHI '93 Adjunct Proceedings, 1993. J. Boyd, \Floor Control Policies in Multi-User Applications", INTERCHI '93 Adjunct Proceedings, 1993, pp. 107{108. Mamrak, Sandra A., John Boyd, Ivan Ordonez, Sandra L. Cottingham, and Allan J. Yates, \An Information System to Support Collaborative Brain{Tumor Research," OSU-CISRC-1/96-TR01. 38 pp. vii Fields of Study Major Field: Computer and Information Science Studies in: Human-Computer Interaction Dr. Gary Perlman Operating Systems Dr. Sandra A. Mamrak Computer Architecture Dr. D. N. Jayasimha viii Table of


Additive manufacturing processes have become commercially available and are particularly interesting for the production of free-formed parts. With Selective Laser Melting (SLM), components can be produced by localized melting of successive layers of metal powder. In order to be able to describe and to understand the complex dynamics of the SLM processes more accurately, online ultrasonic measurements have been performed for the first time. In this contribution, we report on the integration of the measurement technique into the manufacturing facility and on a variety of promising monitoring results.


Was Clay Shirky being trite or profound in going back to the past to argue about journalism's future? His recent article, Newspapers and Thinking The Unthinkable has provoked a global ripple of applause from technological optimists around the world, although there have been some voices who claim that Clay is merely thinking the already thought. Others ask what his solution is.


Introduction: Sometimes repair of indirect composite restorations is preferable to replacement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different surface preparations of indirect composite resin restoration on the shear bond strength of direct composite resin to it . Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study eighty blocks of indirect composite resin were manufactured and randomly assigned to different surface treatment groups (n = 20): control group (CG), no surface preparation; group 2, sandblasting with alumina particles (SBG); group 3, acid etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HA); and group 4, acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid (PAG). The blocks were restored with direct composite resin and stored in an incubator for 24 hours after thermocycling (500 cycles at 5/55 ± 2°C). The specimens (n = 80) underwent fracture tests in an Instron instrument. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: The highest shear bond strength values with a mean of 25.93 MPa were recorded in group 3 (p value < 0.001). The lowest shear bond strength values were recorded in groups 1 and 2 with 11.00 ± 1.83 and 12.54 ± 2.47 MPa, respectively (p value = 0.097). There were significant differences between all the groups except for groups 1 and 2 (p value ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, surface treatment technique influences the shear bond strength of indirect composite resin to direct composite resin and the best technique is etching with hydrofluoric acid. Key words : Composite resins, Hydrofluoric acid, Sandblasting, Shear bond strength


With increasing societal demands for food security and environmental sustainability on land, the question arises: to what extent do synergies and trade‐offs exist between soil functions and how can they be measured across Europe? To address this challenge, we followed the functional land management approach and assessed five soil functions: primary productivity, water regulation and purification, climate regulation, soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling. Soil, management and climate data were collected from 94 sites covering 13 countries, five climatic zones and two land‐use types (arable and grassland). This dataset was analysed using the Soil Navigator, a multicriteria decision support system developed to assess the supply of the five soil functions simultaneously. Most sites scored high for two to three soil functions, demonstrating that managing for multifunctionality in soil is possible but that local constraints and trade‐offs do exist. Nutrient cycling, biodiversity and climate regulation were less frequently delivered at high capacity than the other two soil functions. Using correlation and co‐occurrence analyses, we also found that synergies and trade‐offs between soil functions vary among climatic zones and land‐use types. This study provides a new framework for monitoring soil quality at the European scale where both the supply of soil functions and their interactions are considered.


The study of mucilaginis content in radicis Althaea officinalis, collected in two cenopopulations in Predurals of Bashkortostan is carried out.


[See related article at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.191089][2]][2]

KEY POINTS
Parkinson disease is chronic and progressive in nature, decreasing the quality of life for both patients with the disease and their caregivers and placing an onerous economic burden on society.[1][2]

The first


Guidebooks in technical communication are full of suggestions regarding how to write grammatically correct sentences. What guidebooks don't contain are suggestions for how to write sentences that describe procedures in ways that help users understand how they are to move or to act on objects. This paper reports the results of a search of the psychology literature dealing with written instructions. It shows that while there are studies of people's perceptions of the locations of objects in space, there are far fewer studies of how people are to act on objects.


ABSTRACT In this work we use the repeated application of the recursion operator to establish a new hierarchy of negative-order integrable KdV equations of higher orders. The concept of the inverse recursion operator allows us to develop this new hierarchy. The complete integrability of each equation is guaranteed via the use of the recursion operator. We show that the dispersion relations of this hierarchy follow an infinite geometric series. Multiple soliton solutions for each equation of the hierarchy are obtained.


Finally, there are hospitals such as the Henderson in Sutton, Surrey, which specialize in the treatment of people with personality disorders who can be either offenders or non-offenders. The principles and philosophy of the therapeutic community obtain. The administration is permissive. Decision making is shared between staff and patients with a view to making the latter assume some responsibility for shaping the world around them. Some measure of success is claimed. The least that can be said for these hospitals is that they are prepared to go on trying. Freud, or whoever it was, claimed to be able to cure the abnormal "normal" man. Would that he had left us some clue to how to cure the normal "abnormal" man.


Renewable energy sources tidal, solar and wind particularly will play a significant role in the supply side structure of future power systems. Their intermittent nature may be smoothed partly by reserve capacity of the power system, partly by finding a special place for them in the load demand curve and partly by using secondary storage. Wind and tidal sources are expected to participate in base generation while solar sources are only suited to the intermediate zone of generation curve.


The idea behind this work sprung from the need to deepen the understanding of the preschool head teacher's professional work and point to the significance of possessing professional competences for successful governance. Since research on this topic is not abundant in the field of early and preschool education in the Republic of Croatia, the content of this work will enrich the literature and provide a more in-depth portrayal and understanding of the stated issue. Managing a preschool institution is considered a complex social and pedagogic phenomenon which requires much more than simply working as the Head. In order for this governance to be attributed with the characteristics of successful guidance, head teachers need certain competences and qualifications. In the theoretical part, through seven chapters, this work focuses on professional competences and professionalization of the head teachers and it examines this process in the Republic of Croatia. In accordance, the work continues with the review of the profession's standard in certain countries, which successfully regulated the head teacher's position into a profession; and the proposition for the occupation's standard, qualifications and licencing models, resulting from the efforts of the expert work-group appointed by the Ministry of Science and Education in 2015. In order to assess the professional role of head teachers, attention needs to be directed to some factors within the area of the institution's high-quality work, especially human relationships, which is presented in the empirical part of this work. It is of importance to point out that the organisational management of a preschool institution relates to the head teacher, but also to preschool teachers, expert associates and other concerned parties within the institution. The thriving of cooperative relationships climate depends in great measure on the head teacher's professional competences, his/her knowledge, skills, experience and motivation. Team work and supportive relationships within the institution is the key to successful professional growth and development of the institution and its workers; the head teacher, as a motivator and promoter of such atmosphere, is considered a relevant factor. The empirical part of the work utilises the Self-assessment Questionnaire measuring attitudes of the employees about the key to the preschool's work quality and their satisfaction with it, as follows: the Questionnaire for the head teacher, the Questionnaire for the preschool teachers, the Questionnaire for the members of the expert team, the Questionnaire about the head teacher's behaviour, the Questionnaire about the assessment of the relationships in preschool institutions and the Scale of the head teacher's self-assessment of competence. The research was implemented with the use of the survey method in preschool institutions (N=57) in the area of Central Croatia – the counties of Varaždin, Karlovac, SisakMoslavina and Zagreb, and the city of Zagreb, in June and July 2020. The head teachers were previously approached with the request for the research implementation, informative form with the stated goal and purpose of the research, and in such a way their consent was obtained. In the empirical part, five hypotheses were set, out of which three were confirmed (one partially), while one was not confirmed. For testing the hypotheses, univariant and multivariant quantitative approach was used, which included descriptive and inferential statistics, parametric, nonparametric and robust tests, bootstraping of the values, bayesian assessments of the statistical parameters and distributions (loglikelihood, prior and posterior). The significance of the preschool Heads' professional competences for the development of the institution's work quality was confirmed by the research results. Furthermore, the assumption was confirmed that head teachers who assess themselves as professionally competent perceive their behaviours and relationships more positively, which effects greater quality of the preschool's work, thus achieving the research goal. The conclusions derived from this work indicate the necessary (re)definition of the head teacher's role, regulating the position into a profession, and systemic and continuous provision of his/her professional development. Professionally competent head teacher is the key to success in developing the work quality of a preschool institution, because he/she has the possibility and capability of positively shaping and influencing its entire functioning. Theoretic considerations contribute to better understanding of the preschool Head's professional activity as a complex phenomenon which requires professional approach in all areas of his/her work. Conclusive considerations of the work point to its possible contribution, but also drawbacks and limitations.


Aiming to improve X-ray weld defect identification reliability and balancing detection speed and accuracy, this paper proposes an improved lightweight weld defect identification algorithm based on YOLOv5. Firstly, the algorithm designs a feature extraction module SPPSE, which integrates attention mechanisms to enhance the identification performance in complex scenarios. Secondly, the lightweight structure C3_Faster and FReLU activation function are combined to improve the computationally complex parts of the original YOLOv5s network, which is reducing the model's parameters while accelerating the runtime speed. Finally, EIOU is utilized as the bounding box loss function, and the Anchor is optimized to improve the model's detection accuracy. Experimental results show that the improved model achieves to mAP of 96.7% and fps of 90 on a custom dataset. The ablation experiments were conducted on the publicly available datasets NEU-DET and MS COCO, and their firstname.lastname@example.com was improved by 4.4% and 2.3%,in the case of a 30% reduction in parameters. The improved model effectively balances detection performance and lightweight implementation.


A computer programme (in Python language) was developed for the generation and performance assessment of predictive models, capable of combining relevant seismic attributes for reliable hydrocarbon zone prediction ahead of drilling. It attempts to resolve the problem of making accurate and efficient interpretations from a large database of derived seismic attributes. The research utilized post-stack 3D seismic volume for the delineation of structures and the generation of seismic attributes. Six faults were identified across the mapped horizons. Five seismic attributes were generated and exported from 3D seismic data as numerical values for machine learning analysis. The binary cross-entropy classification metric was used to evaluate the performance of the developed predictive models while an individual seismic attribute (Maximum Amplitude and Extract value) map was used to validate the predictive models. A correlation of well depth-to-top of selected horizons with the seismic depth slice surface was used for further model validation. The Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model results enhanced the visibility of the other five hydrocarbon prediction zones. The MLP predictive model map gave higher precision of the predicted hydrocarbon zones over the Self-Organising Map (SOM) predictive model, thus reinforcing the confidence level of the former.


III-nitride quantum dots (QD) based single photon emitters are promising for a broad range of quantum photonic applications including secure quantum communication, quantum metrology and quantum computing. III-nitride QDs exhibit wide and tunable energy bandgap, therefore suitable for high temperature operations over a wide spectral range for on demand single photon and entangled photon pairs. The III-nitride nanophotonic waveguides are also preferred due to the extremely low optical losses. An efficient coupling of the quantum dot emissions to the photonic waveguides will play a crucial role towards realizing all nitride quantum photonic integrated circuits (QPIC) allowing the integration of quantum emitters in conventional nanophotonic devices.


Objective:To investigate the relationship among insulin sensitivity index(ISI) and plasma lipid、uric acid(Ur),body mass index(BMI) in hypertensive patients(EH) and effects of lacidipine on metabolic abnormality.Methods:ISI was measured in 20 normal subjects (NS) and 45 EH patients before and after 4 weeks of lacidipine treatment (4~6mg/d,4 weeks).Results:(1)Total cholesterol,triglycerides(TG),Ur and BMI levels in EH+DSI(ISI↓) group(Ⅰ group,n=24) were significantly higher than those in EH+NSI(normal ISI) group(Ⅱ group,n=21) ( P 0 05~0 001),after lacidipine therapy ISI significantly increased( P 0 05),TG significantly decreased( P 0 05);(2)Index as above stated in Ⅱ group was no obvious difference,compared with normal controls,after therapy also no obvious difference.Conclusion:ISI↓ may aggravate abnormality of plasm lipid and Ur metabolic in patients with EH.Lacidipine can improve ISI and decrease TG level in EH patients with ISI decrease.


Abstract Winemakers in Australia may be legally required to add thiamine to their products to counter the effects of thiamine deficiency in a small proportion of drinkers. The major aim, were such legislation to be implemented, would be to prevent the neurological disorder, Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome. In this paper aspects of the Australian debate are presented and the nature of the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome and estimates of its incidence are described. Consideration is given to thiamine deficiency as an apparent cause of the syndrome, and to the thiamine status of populations. Research findings which bear on relevant issues in the debate are considered. Legislation mandating the addition of thiamine to wine could have serious implications for the export of the Australian product, and it is concluded that wine is not in any case a suitable carrier for additional thiamine.


The primary objective of the Advanced Emissions Control Development Program (AECDP) is to develop practical, cost-effective strategies for reducing the emissions of air toxics from coal-fired boilers. The project goal is to effectively control air toxic emissions through the use of conventional flue gas clean-up equipment such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), fabric filters (baghouses - BH), and wet flue gas desulfurization systems (WFGD). Development work concentrated on the capture of trace metals, fine particulate, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, with an emphasis on the control of mercury. The AECDP project is jointly funded by the US Department of Energy's Federal Energy Technology Center (DOE), the Ohio Coal Development Office within the Ohio Department of Development (OCDO), and Babcock and Wilcox, a McDermott company (B and W). This report discusses results of all three phases of the AECDP project with an emphasis on Phase III activities. Following the construction and evaluation of a representative air toxics test facility in Phase I, Phase II focused on characterization of the emissions of mercury and other air toxics and the control of these emissions for typical operating conditions of conventional flue gas clean-up equipment. Some general comments that can be made about the control of air toxics while burning a high-sulfur bituminous coal are as follows: (1) particulate control devices such as ESP's and baghouses do a good job of removing non-volatile trace metals, (2) particulate control devices (ESPs and baghouses) effectively remove the particulate-phase mercury, but the particulate-phase mercury was only a small fraction of the total for the coals tested, (3) wet scrubbing can effectively remove hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, and (4) wet scrubbers show good potential for the removal of mercury when operated under certain conditions, however, for certain applications, system enhancements can be required to achieve high removals when the scrubber is operated downstream of an ESP. Phase III (Advanced Concepts and Comparison Coals) testing was directed at the development of enhanced air toxics emissions control strategies to further reduce the emissions of mercury. Phase III results further supported the findings of previous phases and demonstrated several methods of enhancing mercury control for both unscrubbed systems and systems equipped with WFGD. Results confirmed that the addition of sorbents can be used to significantly improve the capture of mercury in downstream particulate collection equipment. In addition, Phase III testing demonstrated three methods of minimizing the potential negative impact of an ESP on downstream control of mercury in WFGD systems. These methods included decreased oxidation air flow, the addition of H{sub 2}S into the flue gas at the scrubber inlet, and the addition of EDTA into the absorber reaction tank.


The necessity of periodic 'retraining', due to the increasingly rapid change of basic labour skills, now spreads to the domain of intellectual labour; it even creates within the framework of capitalist reforms of the university, marginal tendencies towards permanent part-time study, thereby fulfilling one of Marx's prophecies. But within the limits of the capitalist mode of production, this potential tendency naturally cannot prevail. It is accompanied and stifled by a neutralizing and repressive counter-tendency to make the university and the teaching system as a whole directly 'profitable' (Mandel, 1978: 581).


Addition compounds of CuAlCl/sub 4/ and aromatics (toluene) are soluble in toluene and form stable adducts with Co, olefins and acetylenes. The development, commercial use in the preparation of pure CO, properties, chemical structure and bonding and equilibrium behavior of CuAlCl/sub 4/ toluene adducts are reviewed in this paper. The potential application of this technology to the commercial production of C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ olefins and acetylene is discussed.


Illegal logging is a scourge of truly global proportions. It accounts for a majority of timber harvest in many producer countries, particularly but not exclusively in the tropics (INTERPOL 2019). The international trade in illegal, primary wood products is estimated to account for about 15 percent of the total (IUFRO 2016),2 making it the world's third largest transnational crime after counterfeiting and drugs (Global Financial Integrity 2017).


This chapter highlights well-established practices for using 360 Feedback for individual leader development and emerging practices for its use in the collective development of leadership capacity. The practice of 360 Feedback is strongly rooted in efforts to develop leadership in organizations. Although feedback as a mechanism for improving leader performance has a long history, the practice of systematically collecting evaluations of a focal leader's behaviors and skills from the perspective of that leader's manager, peers, and direct reports is a more recent development. Organizations are increasingly making use of 360 Feedback as a regular talent process, much like annual performance evaluations or employee engagement surveys. This chapter also addresses the debate about whether 360 Feedback for leadership development should be used only for development purposes.


Health Information Systems used in the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Clinics is restricted to geographical locations and has over the years been implemented to improve the quality of service to staff and dependants of the multinational oil and gas industry. However this system has maintained a level of proficiency but has also constantly received criticisms from the users for shortfalls in certain areas. This therefore calls for an upgrade. Hence, in this paper an attempt is made at analyzing the existing medical information management system to ascertain the need for upgrade. Relative Index Importance (RII) is the statistical tool used to analyze data gotten from primary source. It was discovered that there is need to access patients' medical history (32.14%), casenote (52.22%) and capture medical detail (70.00%) on-site and off-site. Hence the argument of the research is valid and it is strongly recommended that the system be upgraded to accommodate the user requirements and expectations.


We present a new blow-up method that allows for establishing the first general formula to compute the perimeter measure with respect to the spherical Hausdorff measure in noncommutative nilpotent groups. This result leads us to an unexpected relationship between the area formula with respect to a distance and the profile of its corresponding unit ball.


Weaving is a one of the time honored crafts in the globe. The handloom industry is mainly a rural based cottage industry, where the processes are done mainly manually. Some handloom product of West Bengal like "Sari" (a traditional Indian dress worn by females in India) appreciated worldwide. It is an extensive piece of art work exclusively done manually by the weavers. The product development encompasses a wide range of tasks such as manual sorting of raw materials, dyeing, cutting, starching and adjustment of loom, arrangement of thread and spindle insertion, etc. This study was aimed at evaluating the different health problems and socio-economic conditions of the handloom weavers. Three hundred forty (340) weavers were randomly taken from different districts of West Bengal and 108 people from the same localities and similar socioeconomic background were also taken as a referent. Detailed job profile of handloom weavers was also analyzed with the help of established standard questionnaire. It was observed that all types of weavers belong to low socio-economic condition and suffered from several health problems like pain in different body parts, eye constraint, respiratory problems and many more to say.


This paper presents a practical control strategy for motion control of a pneumatic muscle actuated the system. Pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) exhibits strong nonlinear characteristics which are difficult to be modeled precisely, and these characteristics have led to low controllability and difficult to achieve high precision control performance. This paper aims to propose nominal characteristic trajectory following (NCTF) control system, which emphasizes simple design procedure without the need of exact model parameters, and yet is able to demonstrate high performance in both point-to-point and continuous motions. However, the conventional NCTF controller does not offer a promising positioning performance with the PAM mechanisms, where it exhibits large vibration in the steady state before the mechanism stopping and tends to reduce the motion accuracy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to improve the conventional NCTF controller by removing the actual velocity feedback to eliminate vibration problem, added an acceleration feedback compensator to the plant model, and a reference rate feedforward to solve low damping characteristic of the PAM mechanism simultaneously improve tracking following characteristic. The design procedure of the improved NCTF controller remains easy and straightforward. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified experimentally and compared with the conventional NCTF and classical PI controllers in the performances of positioning and continuous motion. The improved NCTF controller reduces the positioning error up to 90% and 63% as benchmarked to the PI and conventional NCTF controllers, respectively, while it reduces up to 92% (PI) and 95% (NCTF) in the tracking error.


Memristors are emerging devices that promise the efficient implementation of synapses in artificial neural networks. Memristors have permitted the processing and analysis of a large amount of data in evolutionary learning artificial systems through signals that can be assimilated to human brain‐like neurotransmitters and synapses. In this manuscript, we present a memristor‐based neural network implementing the Stochastic Belief‐Propagation‐Inspired algorithm, an efficient supervised learning algorithm (which infers a classification rule from a set of labelled examples) suited for devices with very‐low‐precision synaptic weights. Synapses are represented by memristor devices described by the Generalized Boundary Condition Memristor model. We will thus demonstrate how to implement the key features of a machine learning algorithm in real‐world circuitry. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The article analyzes the reasons of the damage of the post of support,puts forward the preventive measures of the post.


Companies work hard to differentiate from the competition and to build lasting customer loyalty through brands. We compare two existing methods for designing and analysing product family identity. As a result of the analysis, we merged the two methods and created a new method of four-dimensional design analysis. The method is used to analyse design elements used in existing product families. To investigate the actual effect that these design elements have on the perceived similarity of design, a two phase statistical analysis was performed. It was found that colour, shape, pattern, and texture all contribute significantly to the perceived similarity, but by different degree. Further, the perceived similarity can be enhanced by using more than one design element at a time.


Background:Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) can be fatal, particularly when eosinophils infiltrate vital organs and/or if extensive thrombosis develops. However there are no standard recommendations for the use of anticoagulant therapy of HES in the setting of thrombosis. Methods:We herein present a case of a 46-year-old female who presented with marked peripheral eosinophilia with symptoms of multi-organ infiltration and extensive deep venous thrombosis (DVT). In this case, evaluation was carried out before the diagnosis was established, and timely standard-dose corticosteroids combined with a new oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy were carried out. Results:These measures resulted in a rapid response and long-term disease control. Conclusion:Although there are no data to support which anticoagulant is preferred in this setting, this case indicates that the new oral anticoagulants may play an important role in the treatment of thrombosis in HES.


This article tries to highlight how narrative and an attempt writing-essay cross each other and contaminate La citta distratta (1999) by Anthonio Pascale and Qualcosa di scritto (2012) by Emanuele Trevi, sometimes with aesthetically disputable results. To focus on this interaction, the reported study looks closely at the overall structure of the two books, the narrative techniques adopted, the rhetorical choices and the possible role played by the paratextual components. On several occasions the article also uses comparisons with other works of the two considered authors. La citta distratta by Pascale can therefore be described as a narrative essay. The plot and the characters' construction are sacrificed to prove a point which consists of going through the anthropology field so as to embrace a reflective posture. Although the book cover discloses the label "novel", in Qualcosa di scritto writing style Emanuele Trevi is driven by a will to meditate, argue and write pages of criticism concerning the last Pasolini's works.


1 MS student, Department of Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh 2 Professor, Department of Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh 3 Present address: Professor, Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh 4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh 5 Principal Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Bangladesh


Construction site fatalities continue to be a significant issue in the US as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reported 937 deaths in 2015. The onus of safety management and site accident mitigation is shifting with the development of technology by incorporating Building Information Modeling (BIM) into project planning. The study aimed to identify how BIM has been integrated with project safety and implemented across a project lifecycle and identifies projects in which such strategies were effectively used. The study utilized extensive review of the literature to determine ways in which researchers have recommended integration of BIM with safety across the project lifecycle, with the aim of enhancing construction site safety during phases of construction, operation, and maintenance. In order to maintain the focus of the literature review, four topics were purposively selected for their integration and connectivity with BIM, including Prevention through Design (PtD) for Construction Worker Safety, Automated RulesBased Safety Checking, BIM visualization tools for education and safety training, wearable technology and construction site sensors.


The rapid evolution of the web has led to an exponential growth in content. Recommender systems play a crucial role in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) by tailoring content based on individual preferences. Despite their importance, challenges persist in balancing recommendation accuracy with user satisfaction, addressing biases while preserving user privacy, and solving cold-start problems in cross-domain situations. This research argues that addressing these issues is not solely the recommender systems' responsibility, and a human-centered approach is vital. We introduce the RAH Recommender system, Assistant, and Human) framework, an innovative solution with LLM-based agents such as Perceive, Learn, Act, Critic, and Reflect, emphasizing the alignment with user personalities. The framework utilizes the Learn-Act-Critic loop and a reflection mechanism for improving user alignment. Using the real-world data, our experiments demonstrate the RAH framework's efficacy in various recommendation domains, from reducing human burden to mitigating biases and enhancing user control. Notably, our contributions provide a human-centered recommendation framework that partners effectively with various recommendation models.


This collection of essays from both established and emerging scholars analyses the dynamic connections between conflict and violence in medieval Italy. Together, the contributors present a new critique of power that sustained both kingship and locally based elite networks throughout the Italian peninsula. A broad temporal range, covering the sixth to the twelfth century, allows this book to cross a number of 'traditional' fault-lines in Italian historiography – 774, 888, 962 and 1025. The essays provide wide-ranging analysis of the role of conflict in the period, the operation of power and the development of communal consciousness and collective action by protagonists and groups. It is thus essential reading for scholars, students and general readers who wish to understand the situation on the ground in the medieval Italian environment.


Drug Delivery: The Basic Concepts. Drug Delivery: Market Perspectives. Advanced Drug Delivery and Targeting: An Introduction. Rate Control in Drug Delivery and Targeting: Fundamentals and Applications to Implantable Systems. Drug targeting Systems: Fundamentals and Applications to Parenteral Drug Delivery. Oral drug Delivery. Oral Trans-Mucosal Drug Delivery. Transdermal Drug Delivery. Nasal Drug Delivery. Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Vaginal Drug Delivery. Opthalmic Drug Delivery. Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System. Plasmid Based Gene Therapy. Integrating Drug Discovery and Delivery: Creating a Mechanistic Framework for Advanced Drug Delivery. New Generation Technologies.


The article describes the prerequisites for the use of educational robotics in the school course of informatics, the history of the development of its directions and the normative basis for its use in modern school education. A typical model of an educational robotic project for the organization of research and project activities of students has been proposed. The technological chart of the lesson as an example of the implementation of a robotic project in the framework of the research activities on informatics is considered. Approaches to the organization of educational activities, teaching tools and ways of evaluation in informatics class on the theme "Information processes. Information transmission" when using the project approach are described.


The strontium isotope effect in the chemical exchange reaction of chromatography using a cryptand (2B, 2, 2) polymer as a solid phase was investigated. Isotope enrichment factors were decreased with DMSO contents in water. The enrichment factor ε84,88 for 84Sr in comparison to 88Sr in pure water system was ε84,88 = (6.33 ± 0.48) × 10−3 and that in 100% DMSO system was ε84,88 = (10.14 ± 1.08) × 10−3. In almost all systems except for 50 v% DMSO–water system, the enrichment factors were not scaled with Δm/mm′, where Δm is the mass difference for the isotopes m and m′. In these systems, the difference of nuclear size and shape, namely the field shift was found to dominate the isotope effects of strontium. In the water system, the contribution of the nuclear size and shape was 7.47 × 10−3, and that in the DMSO was −17.97 × 10−3. Those values were larger than the contribution of the mass effect.


This study is devoted to an emerging term in the spoken Arabic of Mauritania, namely tlahlih, usually meaning "gossip", or "spreading gossip".


The Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) was detected by anti‐complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) in Raji lymphoblastoid cell line, and the mechanism of the reaction explored, using Ig fractions of anti‐EBNA sera and purified components of complement. Following fractionation of serum from 13 donors, anti‐EBNA antibodies were always found to be associated with IgG, but were also detectable in the IgM fraction of four sera. Sequential addition of functionally pure complement components in the ACIF reaction showed that the classical sequence of complement activation is involved. Anti‐EBNA antibody reactions in Raji cell nuclei can also be detected by anti‐Ig immunofluorescence with a low level of sensitivity. The same pattern of granular fluorescence was observed when C3 (β1A/β1C), or C4 or IgG anti‐EBNA antibodies were revealed with the corresponding fluorescein‐conjugated reagents. Blocking of the ACIF reaction was achieved with Fab'2 anti‐EBNA antibody fragments, which therefore provided an appropriate specificity control for the detection of EBNA.


Wrinkling and fracture are main defects in sheet metal forming of aluminum alloy sheet, which can be reduced or even eliminated by manipulating a suitable blank-holder forces (BHF). But, it is difficult to attain the optimum BHF during sheet metal forming. A new optimization algorithm integrating the finite element method (FEM) and adaptive response surface method is presented to determinate the optimal BHFs in deep drawing of aluminum rectangular box. To assure convergence, the trust region modes management strategies are used to adjust the move limit of design spaces. Finally, the optimum results of rectangular box deep drawing are given. Verification experiments are performed to verify the optimal result.


Introduction: The previous researches have recorded positive associations between periodontal disease (PD) and risk of cancer at various locations. The aim of the present case–control study was to investigate the possible associations between PD indices and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development in a sample of Greek outpatients referred to a medical and dental private practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 342 individuals were interviewed and underwent an oral clinical examination, and 85 of them were suffered from CRC at various anatomic locations. The evaluation of the possible associations between CRC and PD indices was performed using a regression analysis model. Results: Clinical attachment loss (CAL) (P = 0.042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–3.11) was significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC. CRC family history (P = 0.002, OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.35–4.03) and smoking (P = 0.019, OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.45) were also significantly associated with the mentioned risk, whereas smoking was found to be nota confounder regarding the estimated association between moderate/severe CAL with the risk of developing CRC. Conclusion: CAL as an index for PD severity was statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing CRC.


In this talk I discuss the interpretation of LHC Higgs measurements within the electroweak chiral Lagrangian, paying particular attention to the role of power counting.


A balanced filtering rat-race coupler is proposed based on a quad-mode dielectric resonator (DR) in this brief. Due to the electromagnetic-field distributions of the DR, the desired balanced performance with high common-mode suppression is realized without additional circuits. Moreover, by setting the feeding probes at the proper locations, the quad-mode DR is also used to obtain the desired coupler topology with filtering responses. Accordingly, a balanced filtering rat-race coupler, integrating three circuit functions of the balanced circuit, rat-race coupler, and bandpass filter, can be designed into a single-cavity configuration, resulting in a very compact size. For verification, the proposed circuit is implemented, which shows good filtering responses, low amplitude imbalance, high common-mode suppression, and excellent phase characteristics.


A MEMS broadband microstrip patch antenna based on Minkowski fractal boundary is designed. An air layer is designed in the antenna's high resistance silicon substrate by MEMS technology and microstrip patch antenna with second degree iteration Minkowski fractal boundary is simulated. Then different p on the influence on the broadband performance of the antenna is discussed. The simulation results show that the broadband performance can be gained from microstrip patch antenna with MEMS air layer based on second iteration Minkowski fractal boundary. 23.34% relative bandwidth of the optimized antenna is achieved and the requirement of the broadband communication is satisfied.


Virtual communities constitute an online environment that offers a new form of communication whereby community members share information and interact with each other through participation in the community. Social presence, the degree to which a person is perceived as real in a mediated communication, is a key factor that may foster higher proficiency in computer-mediated communication environments such as virtual communities. Drawing on the relational view of social presence, this research incorporates social identity theory to investigate the influence of infusing social presence into virtual communities and its consequences on virtual community members' continual participation. To identify the causal relationship between social presence and continual participation of virtual community members, this research also considers sense of virtual community (SOVC) as the mediator between social relationship factors and virtual community participation. Two plausible research models are to be compared and the associated research methodology and expected contributions of this research-in-progress are also discussed.


Through the test of hydraulic squeeze-out at the driving face in No.15104 transporting crossheading in Sijiazhuang Comp.,The parameters of drilling arrangement and water injection of hydraulic squeeze-out in driving and removing outburst were discussed.The change of K1 before and after water injection was analyzed.Hydraulic squeeze-out can effectively remove the stree of exciting outburst,significantly release the gas in coal,increase the coal resistance of controlling the coal and gas outburst,play a good role in the comprehensive prevention of coal and gas outburst.


The paper introduces the application situation of optical fiber communications of our country, describes and comments its market, and prospects its future development.


The resonanee caused by capacitor compensation with series reactor in the power substation for practical projects was analyzed. The measures of prevention of the resonance were presented. The permissible harmonic current of high order for long term in the compensative capacitor and series reactor were analyzed and calculated, as well as some tables calculated for reference were given.


The embodiment of the invention discloses a method and a business for a business record in a business information management system. The method comprises the following steps: after a processing command of a user is received, collecting business records according to the condition for collecting the business records in the same type, which is set by the user; and processing all the collected business records in batch. The embodiment of the invention prevents a troublesome way and repeated workloads for processing the business records item by item by a background after the user selects the business records item by item and improves the working efficiency for processing the business records.


Dachang Antimony Orefield is mainly controlled by stratum,lithological character,basalt,structure and physiognomy of the ancient dissolved-rock.The "Dachang layer" is the major ore-bearing layer.physiognomy of the ancient dissolved-rock controls the output of the "Dachang layer".Different deposits are controlled by various Structures.Basalt has relationship with ore-form process.


The importance of the posting of workers across EU borders has grown considerably in the past decade, causing concern regarding its impact on labour standards in Europe. This article asks why posting has taken such a flight. Building on quantitative analysis and in-depth interviews set against other sources, we shed light on employer motives for deploying posted workers. We develop a typology of posting which shows that while cost minimization is a crucial motive, especially in sectors where labour cost is an important competitive concern, a much wider set of motives are at play. Skill shortages across all levels of the skills spectrum play a crucial role in every sector. In addition, companies use sub-contracting for highly specialized temporary work as well as for routine tasks. Posting is also used for career development, especially of high potentials. Based on the wide array of employer motives for the use of posting, our typology distinguishes between 'competition posting', 'specialisation posting' and 'expert posting'. The article discusses some implications for EU policy vis-a-vis posted work.


This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea using the methodology of the Z.-M. school`s phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum community group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the community level were divided into three categories; six communities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, giving a total of 22 communities. Total area for mapping was 5,544.9 ha, of which Fagus engleriana community accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea community ror 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica community for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula community for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius community for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as , pH, were positively correlated in maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and ration exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.


According to the particularity of initial mining and discharging work on plough mining face in Malan Coal Mine,this paper expounds the improvements for the techniques adopted in initial mining and discharging on the mining face.


A macroscopic graphene is thermally annealed in oxygen gas, and Raman spectroscopy shows that the number of structural defects increases after thermal annealing. The temperature dependence of resistance is studied in macroscopic graphene with different numbers of structural defects in various gas environments. The temperature dependent slope of normalized resistance is independent of the number of structural defects and is small in the gas environment of heavier molecules. Following the temperature dependent slopes of normalized resistance, one can identify the molecule mass of the environmental gas. The temperature dependence of thermal electric power is sensitive to the quantity of the structural defects.


FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: grid-controlled inverter of single-phase alternating current includes transformer having primary winding connected to supply voltage source; secondary winding made in the form of three in-series connected sections with outputs from each of them, and four chains, each of which includes pair of in-series connected controlled valves parallel connected to each other and anode inverter buses. Extreme points of chains are connected by means of those buses to in-series connected smoothing coil, generator and ballast resistor, and middle points are connected to the appropriate outputs of sections of secondary transformer winding. In order to achieve the effect, non-controlled valve - diode, which is connected through cathode to anode bus, and through anode to cathode bus of inverter, is also introduced. Use of invention allows increasing power factor in nominal mode in all control zones from 0.7 to 0.84. Besides, average value of rectified voltage of inverter increases per each half-period in control zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and thus, electric energy flow of generator to mains increases by 15%. EFFECT: improving power factor in nominal mode in control zones 2, 3, 4 owing to decreasing margin angle δ, which is specified by decrease of commutating angle of large circuit γ, at maintaining voltage regulation in those zones in wide range, and in the first zone due to decrease of margin angle δ, which is specified by decrease of commutating angle γ. 6 dwg


The presence of plasma proteins in urine is difficult to interpret quantitatively. It may be a result of impaired glomerular filtration or impaired proximal tubule (PT) reabsorption, or both. Dent1 disease (CLCN5 mutation) abolishes PT protein reabsorption leaving glomerular function intact. Using urine protein measurements from patients with Dent1 disease and normal individuals, we devised a mathematical model that incorporates two PT transport processes with distinct kinetics. This model predicts albumin, α1‐microglobulin (α1‐m), β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) and retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) urine concentrations. Our results indicate that the urinary excretion of β2‐m and RBP4 differs from that of albumin and α1‐m in their sensitivity to changes in the glomerular filtration rate, glomerular protein leak, tubular protein uptake via endocytosis and PT water reabsorption. The model predicts quantitatively how hyperfiltration and glomerular leak interact to promote albuminuria. Our model should contribute to improved understanding and interpretation of urine protein measurements in renal disease.


Aim: To investigate the personality difference between medical postgraduate and collegian. Methods:103 medical postgraduate students and 107 medical college students were examined by 16 personality factors. Results: The scores on apprehension and tension in postgraduate group were much significantly higher than that of college student group( P 0.01). The scores on emotional stability, sensitivity, abstractedness, self-reliance and perfectionism in unmarried postgraduate group were significantly higher ( P 0.05) and privateness scores were much significantly lower( P 0.01) than married postgraduate group. The scores on rule-consciousness in man postgraduate group were significantly higher ( P 0.05) , reasoning scores were significantly lower( P 0.05) and sensitivity scores were much significantly lower( P 0.01) than woman postgraduate group. Reasoning factor was not correlated with 15 factors. 15 factors except intelligent factor, had significant positively or negatively correlation that was direct and indirect.Conclusion:The creative Ability and research activity were influenced by the excessive tension and apprehension of medical postgraduate. More support during postgraduate is needed. The improvement is needed for the education system of medical postgraduate in our country.


It is known for a long time that the space time around a spinning cylindrical symmetric compact object such as the cosmic string, show un-physical behavior, i.e., they would possess closed time like curves (CTC). This controversy with Hawking's chronology protection conjecture is unpleasant but can be understood if one solves the coupled scalar-gauge field equations and the matching conditions at the core of the string. A new interior numerical solution is found of a self gravitating spinning cosmic string with a U(1) scalar gauge field and the matching on the exterior space time is revealed. It is conjectured that the experience of CTC's close to the core of the string is exceedingly unlikely. It occurs when the causality breaking boundary, $r_\mu$, approaches the boundary of the cosmic string, $r_{CS}$. Then the metric components become singular and the proper time on the core of the string stops flowing. Further, we expect that the angular momentum $J$ will decrease due to the emission of gravitational energy triggered by the scalar perturbations. When a complete loop is taken around the string, the interior time jumps by a factor $2\pi J$. The proper time it takes to make a complete loop becomes infinite and will be equal to the period that $g_{\varphi\varphi}$ remains positive. In this time interval the angular momentum will be reduced to zero by emission of wave energy. The physical situation of an observer who experience $r_{\mu}\rightarrow r_{CS}$ is very unpleasant: the energy-momentum tensor components diverge.


States to fulfill its purposes require the collection of taxes to people who are contributors to the treasury. In addition, the tribute is a tool fiscal and social policy through which the specific vision of the company is implemented by a government, such as the redistribution of wealth, economic activities are to develop and what to restrict. For the taxpayer instead taxes represent an additional cost to the production process, thereby constituting an essential element in making business decisions. This implies that the taxes that apply to a particular activity must be known in advance so they can be properly estimated by the operators. For this legal nature, taxes can only be established by law. While the state seeks to maintain or increase the tax burden, taxpayers want to optimize their tax burden, in order to eliminate, reduce or defer taxes generated in its activity. To this objective applied tax planning, in other cases consents or unconsciously make tax avoidance or evasion. Because of this conflict of interest, and the inability to regulate all economic and legal activities that people can do, limited only by the provisions of the law, there are economic transactions whose tax effects can be interpreted differently by the tax authorities and the taxpayer. This paper aims to describe the figures tax planning, avoidance and evasion taxes, through the determination of the characteristics and differences of these three legal forms in the Ecuadorian legal framework in order for the taxpayer to know your limitations when to apply, drawing in Fig fair profit tax planning, and preventing the avoidance or tax evasion, same as in the case of tax avoidance is legal and tax evasion constitute an indictable offense.