This paper describes a new topology and implementation of a 10-Gbits/s low-voltage differential-signaling (LVDS) voltage-mode output driver designed for high-speed data-transfer applications. Using a positive-feedback technique, the driver achieves ultralow-power operation while maintaining the proper internal chip impedance required for matching the line impedance. As a result, signal reflection is minimized, and good signal integrity is achieved. The driver, which consists of a predriver and an output stage, consumes a total of 15.63-mW at-speed power. In measurements, the driver, which was a part of an equalizer chip, achieved a peak-to-peak jitter of 11 ps at 10 Gbits/s and a return-loss performance of less than -15 dB. It provides a single-ended output swing of 400 mV and a common-mode voltage of 1.25 V, which are compliant with LVDS standards. The chip is fabricated in a standard 2.5-V/1.2-V SiGe BiCMOS technology with 100-GHz peak ft and is packaged in a commercial LLP package.


. Education is a system that is bound by several components or elements. The component or element is a supporter in the continuing education process in achieving the goal. This paper discusses the Acceleration of High School Education Quality Improvement through Strengthening the Internal Quality Assurance System in the Society 5.0 Era. The education and secondary quality assurance sys-tem consists of two components, namely the Internal Quality Assurance System (SPMI) and the External Quality Assurance System (SPME). In accordance with Permendiknas number 28 of 2016 it is the basic reference for schools as educational units in implementing school guarantees to become schools with a culture of quality and always trying to implement new standards in an effort to continuously improve because the achievement of SNP by new schools is the minimum criteria for schools in Indonesia, so that Schools must try to achieve above the SNP, one of which is by implementing SPMI in schools.


Since approximately the time of the American Revolution, courts in the United States have employed a system of procedure that depends upon a neutral and passive fact finder (either judge or jury) to resolve disputes on the basis of information provided by contending parties during formal proceedings. This dispute-resolving mechanism is most frequently termed "the adversary system." Whether to continue relying upon the adversary system has become a subject of intense debate in the United States. Champions of change, from the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court to the American Bar Association Commission on Evaluation of Professional Standards (the Kutak Commission), have challenged adversarial principles and proposed an array of reforms. Chief Justice Burger has suggested that the various elements of the adversary system deny justice to litigants, impair faith in the courts, and raise the specter of a "breakdown" of the judicial machinery.' He has suggested substantial modification of the system to deal with these problems. 2 The American Bar Association Commission shares Chief Justice Burger's concerns. In its Model Rules of Professional Conduct, first presented in January 1980, it proposed revisions of the lawyer's code of ethics designed to substantially reduce the adversarial nature of attorney behavior. 3 The adversary system and its constituent parts are taken for granted in America today. The implications of reliance on an adversarial mechanism have been consid-


In this study different concentrations (10-2, 10-3, 10-4) mol./l were prepared for Rhodamine B dye in solvent water at room temperature, then the optical linear properties for example transmission and absorption spectrum were calculated by employ UV-visible Spectrophotometer to find the linear index of refraction, the linear coefficient of absorption, the coefficient of extinction, and. reflectivity, the results showed an increase in the coefficient of extinction and index of refraction. values with the increase in the concentrations. The properties of nonlinear optical of the samples for example non-linear index of refraction, and non-linear coefficient of absorbance were measured by using a new technical method called the Z-Scan technique, in two parts; The first one was a closed aperture placed ahead of the detector to calculate the index of nonlinear refractive. While the second part; the aperture ahead the detector was taken away (open manhole) to calculate the coefficient of nonlinear absorption. The two cases were performed using diode laser of a continuous wave (CW) with 650 nm wavelength and input power of 50 mW. The result shows that the samples exhibit negative refractive index (-n2) self-defocusing for all concentrations and two-photon absorption for open aperture Ž-Scan so that the laser dye at this study can be applied in nonlinear optics application and it is useful in the optical limiter applications.


Personal dangerousness,reflecting the substance of criminal policy,is the mainstay of criminal police.Both of them are closely connected.To some extent,the criminal policies of"combination of punishment with leniency"and the concrete"crackdown"measures neglect that personal dangerousness is a unity of quality and quantity and of stability and change.From the perspective of personal dangerousness,the criminal policy of tempering justice with mercy is to respect objective laws of crimes and criminals,and is a key achievement in scientific research on criminal policy,and is a change from metaphysics to dialectical unity of understanding personal dangerousness.Viewing on personal dangerousness,we can look for ways to practice the lenient and severe criminal policy by searching a scientific method to assess personal dangerousness,by sounding the criminal typology principle,by perfecting the criminal legislation and by improving the administration of justice.


The synthesis of 2,3-dichloropropronitrile by the chlorination of acrylonitrile in ionic liquid EmimCl(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) was studied,and the effects of the reaction temperature and time,the amount of the chlorine and EmimCl used,and the recycle of EmimCl on the reaction were observed.The yield of 2,3-dichloropropiontrile was up to 89.96%,and no significant loss of activity was observed after EmimCl was recycled several times.


Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithms may easily get trapped in a local optimum,when it solves complex multimodal problems,by analyzing the relationship between swarm diversity and local optima,this paper presents an improved particle swarm optimizer based on dynamic neighbor topology(DPSO for short).In DPSO,the neighbor of each particle is dynamically constructed at several iterations,which increases the swarm diversity and improves the ability to escape from local optima.In benchmark functions,the DPSO algorithm achieves better solutions than other PSO algorithms.


A community collaborative between the city, local nonprofit organizations, academicians, and local food producers developed a farmers' market in a low-income and ethnically diverse area to encourage fresh food access to all residents as well as promote local food sales. Furthermore, culturally tailored cooking demonstrations using the diffusion of innovations theory were implemented at the market. Fruit and vegetable consumption significantly increased among market attendees. Furthermore, the inclusion of cooking demonstrations at the market was positively correlated to fruit and vegetable consumption and had vendors indicated that they had positive effects on sales.


The present paper aims to introduce readers to the concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and how it may apply to the field of tennis coaching. Recent research will be reviewed that illustrates how EI, within a coaching context, may hold more consequence for career satisfaction and success in comparison to other theories of intelligence such as IQ.


Taking eleven-roll parallel roll straightening machine as a prototype,the authorsestablished a FEM of straightening system of steel bars by ANSYS/LS-DYNA;under theoretical and measured rolling reduction,the authors simulated the process for straightening steel bars of three different kinds of diameter and did kinetic analysis,as a result,the authors obtained stress and its distribution in the process of straightening and after straightening;through analyzing and comparing the change rules of elastic and plastic strain at the center node of each face and at the biggest stress point under theoretical and measured rolling reduction,the authors found a comparatively reasonable rolling schedule.The study provides certain references for mastering mechanical characteristics of straightening process and improving the quality of straightening and it has practical significance.


For quite some time in the past, we were prone to treat the western philosophy of history as the antithesis of historical materialism of orthodox Marxism, with little interest in translating and reading the classics in that field. This has somewhat prevented the historical materialism from developing further. In the last decade, however, some changes have taken place. Recently a Chinese translation of a series of classics on western philosophy of history has just been published. The translation, for which Professor Han zhen is responsible, is expected to bring us more surprise, for it provides a whole picture of the latest development in western philosophy of history and covers such topics as historical experience, historical explanation, historical narrative and historical metaphor.


Problems in this research is, Is there positive and significant relationship between
Creative Thinking With Learning Achievement? Is there a positive and significant
relationship between Achievement Motivation With Learning Achievement? As well Is there
a positive and significant relationship between Creative Thinking and Achievement
Motivation With Achievement learning Students of Department of Economic Education,
Economics Faculty, State University of Medan Force 2014?.
Research place is Economics Faculty, Department of Economic Education, State
University of Medan at Willem Iskandar Street Pasar V Medan. Population of this research is
the students of Department of Economic Education forces 2014 which amount of 330
people. The sample of this research is 82 students or 25% of pupulasi with a proportional
random sampling technique. Data collection techniques that is used in this research were
questionaries, interviews and arsips . After data is got and used SPSS application program 20,
and then the result between creative thinking and academic achievement is taccount > ttable is
7 > 1,99006 by a value significant (sig.) 0.000 at 95% or ɑ = 0.05, the value between
achievement motivation and academic achievement is is taccount > ttable is > 1,99006 by
significant (sig.) 0.000 at 95% or ɑ = 0.05. And obtained between creative thinking and
achievement motivation and academic achievement is Fhitung > Ftabel is 68,104 > 3,11 and
contribute simultaneously 63.3% and 36.7% which is influenced by other variables. It shows
that there are a positive and significant relationship between creative Thinking and
achievement motivation and Student Learning Achievement of Department of Economic
Education, Faculty of Economics, State University of Medan force 2014.


The invention relates to a method for processing workpieces by means of machining centers, numerical control to pins which tools are supplied by numerical control and a machining center for the implementation of this method. the method is characterized in that the machining of the same or different pieces no longer takes place automatically according to a rigid sequence predetermined by the CNC program for machining parts, but so flexible, according to strategies determined according to that of the tools which is available at the desired time in the central store tooling, the number of tools stored therein corresponding to simple cutting ability of tools to various parts (a single set of tools). Application for machining parts for the automotive industry.


Science and art have long recognized that perceptual experience depends on the involvement of the experiencer. In art history, this idea is captured by Ernst Gombrich's 'beholder's share'. In neuroscience, it traces to Helmholtz's concept of 'perception as inference', which is enjoying renewed prominence in the guise of 'prediction error minimization' (PEM) or the 'Bayesian brain'. The shared idea is that our perceptual experience – whether of the world, of ourselves, or of an artwork – depends on the active 'top-down' interpretation of sensory input. Perception becomes a generative act, in which perceptual, cognitive, affective, and sociocultural expectations conspire to shape the brain's 'best guess' of the causes of sensory signals. In this article, I explore the parallels between the Bayesian brain and the beholders' share, illustrated, somewhat informally, with examples from Impressionist, Expressionist, and Cubist art. By connecting phenomenological insights from these traditions with the cognitive neuroscience of predictive perception, I outline a reciprocal relationship in which art reveals phenomenological targets for neurocognitive accounts of subjectivity, while the concepts of predictive perception may in turn help make mechanistic sense of the beholder's share. This is not standard neuroaesthetics – the attempt to discover the brain basis of aesthetic experience – nor is it any kind of neuro-fangled 'theory of art'. It is instead an examination of one way in which art and brain science can be equal partners in revealing deep truths about human experience.


A book that draws equally on Richard Lee Colvin's deep acquaintance with contemporary education reform and the unique circumstances of the San Diego experience, Tilting at Windmills is a penetrating and invaluable account of Alan Bersin's contentious superintendency. Between 1998, when Alan Bersin became superintendent of the San Diego school system, and 2005, when he left that post, San Diego undertook a sustained and notably ambitious effort to reform its public school system. Bersin's efforts were controversial from the start, both within San Diego and throughout the United States. Yet everyone agreed that the San Diego story was an immensely important one - and that it was a harbinger of reform efforts to come throughout the United States. As an early and ambitious instance of the types of reforms that by now have been implemented in city schools across the nation, San Diego has received scattered attention within the scholarly and policy worlds. Yet till now there has been no comprehensive account of Bersin's tenure and the reforms he undertook during those seven stormy years. Tilting at Windmills fills that gap. A book that draws equally on Richard Lee Colvin's deep acquaintance with contemporary education reform and the unique circumstances of the San Diego experience, Tilting at Windmills is a penetrating and invaluable account of Bersin's contentious superintendency. At the heart of Colvin's research are years of interviews with Bersin, who granted Colvin unprecedented insight into his experiences and thoughts about the reforms he initiated. The result is a detailed and nuanced narrative of the reform process in San Diego and its relationship to comparable school reform efforts throughout the country. The definitive account of the San Diego story, Tilting at Windmills is also a crucial contribution to our more general understanding of the education reforms that have swept the nation during the past fifteen years.


Energetic materials are a special and important kind of substance. Impact sensitivity, which refers to the vulnerability to explosion under external stimuli, measures the safety and reliability of an energetic material and is a critical property. Various efforts have been made to rationalize the impact sensitivity of different types of energetic materials. Since a chemical explosion is a chemical reaction dominated phenomenon, a comprehensive understanding of such explosive processes requires detailed information of chemical bonding and molecular interaction. Quantum chemistry provides a modern theory of chemical bonding and computational quantum chemistry is a powerful tool to investigate chemical phenomena. Even at the very beginning of computational quantum chemistry, researchers in the field of energetic materials have begun to apply quantum chemistry to explosive properties. In this paper we review the quantum chemistry studies on impact sensitivity and examine various quantum chemistry derived parameters used to rationalize the impact sensitivity ordering of various energetic materials.


Hydroforming tools must be designed fatigue resistant because in case of tool rupture high costs for repair and production downtime occur. Available guidelines for lifetime estimation of cyclically loaded parts usually are of general nature. In order to examine their applicability to the special concerns of hydroforming tools, stress states occuring during operation were investigated by means of numerical simulation. Basing on the results, specimen geometries were developed, representing a typical stress state. The estimated durability was calculated using the "FKM‐guideline". The real durability was determined experimentally in form of Wöhler‐graphs. Eventually calculation and experiments were compared. Hence, the qualtity of the lifetime prediction was evaluated and correction factors were proposed.


Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1221 I. Immigration Marriage Fraud as a Legal Fiction ................................................... 1228 II. The Racial Problem with "Coaching" .................................................................. 1235 III. Translation as Fraudulent Speaker ...................................................................... 1239 IV. Love Letters and Whiteness ................................................................................. 1243 V. The Citizen Subject as Innocent Speaker............................................................. 1246 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 1249


Electrical brain signals (Electroencephalogram, EEG) as well as other physiological measures can be sonified with a device called POSER, a module of the brain-computer interface 'Thought Translation Device' (TTD). Orchestral sonification allows for presentation of several EEG components simultaneously in real-time, referred to as 'brainmusic'. Here, a number of applications are discussed which were realized. The results of a pilot study are presented in which 12 participants should regulate their mu-rhythm by imagination of hand movements supported by stereo feedback of the mu-rhythm. In the first session already 7/12 participants achieved significant control. As a basis for developing applications of 'brainmusic', the properties of different spectral components of the EEG are explained and appropriate sonification methods are described. Using 'brainmusic' for a live interaction with brain signals in terms of moving into the music of one's own brain requires a detailed analysis of possible artefacts in order to understand the limitation of such an approach. The role of movement artefacts and the problem of discriminating the origins of parameters responsible for a certain sound are critically discussed to give a picture of what can be expressed in a modern dance performance demonstrating an interaction with sonified physiological signals. Finally, some examples for using 'brainmusic' in performing arts are presented, namely a lecture performance, braindance, and a brain meditation concert.


This paper gives a type and high-frequency waves analysis of in-rush current cab be flowed into distribution automatic machine to be installed in distribution line in order to use minimizing operation error of failure indicator to have been issue recent with obtaining high-frequency component that can be different from fault current. The in-rush and fault current data studied in this paper is to be surveyed actually in USA distribution system, substation line of Bryan Power Company near Texas A. M. University, to be occurred high impedance fault.


A spin-valve transistor showing high sensitivity at low fields was devel- oped. A large magnetocurrent, above 500% is realized by a magnetic field change of 2 to 4 Oe at 80 K. Hot electrons are injected into the spin-valve layer through a Si—Pt Schottky diode. These hot electrons, while traversing through the spin-valve, are spin-dependently scattered. Those electrons with right energy and momentum are collected by a collector (an Au—Si Schottky diode) constituting a collector current. The relative orientation of the mag- netic layer in the spin-valve is changed by the application of a magnetic field and causes a change in collector current giving a large magnetocurrent.


Object: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. The genetic basis of lateonset AD (LOAD) is not well known. However, since 1993 the relationship with APOE gene is known, recently it has established a new relationship with the TREM2 gene. This review aims to show the implications of mutations in TREM2 gene in AD. Background: Mutations in TREM2 have been involved in Nasu-Hakola disease that causes frontotemporal dementia like (FTD-like) phenotype. Recently it has been involved in AD with an odds ratio as strong as previously reported with APOEe4. Methods and results: We review relevant papers concerning to TREM2 gene, not only its implication in neurodegenerative disease, but also those focused on Alzheimer´s Disease. Conclusion: There is an increased frequency of rare heterozygous TREM2 variations in AD and FTD, and TREM2 variants may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases in general. However, the relationship between TREM2 gene and neurodegenerative diseases is complex and ambiguous results. Surely the TREM2 variants have great interest in future research of neurodegenerative diseases.


Most countries are struggling to meet the Goal 6 targets of achieving universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS by 2010 and of halting and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. Estimates of the number of people newly infected with HIV declined from 3 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2007. The number of infected individuals is expected to continue growing slowly in sub-Saharan Africa and to remain near current levels worldwide because of the life-prolonging effect of antiretroviral treatment and sustained population growth.


Using geometrical optimization and DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G (d) level, nineteen equilibrium geometries were identified, and three transition states of dissociation reaction of C3O6 clusters were also found. The vibrational frequencies and intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) verification at the same level were computed to verify the transitions. And then we calculated the dissociation energies and analyzed the dissociation channels. The computational results show that the dissociation energies of C3O6 isomers relative to three CO2 are between 1.509 × 103 and 10.61 × 103 kJ·kg-1, and the energy barriers of the reactions are 92.857, 131.138 and 185.793 kJ·mol-1. Both the high dissociation energies and high energy barriers show that C3O6 clusters studied in this paper are stable enough to be used as high-energy-density materials.


............................................................................................... III Lists of Abbreviations................................................................................ IV Lists of tables............................................................................................ V List of figures.......................................................................................... VI Content................................................................................................. VII General Introduction 1Statement of the Problem...................................................................01 2The Aim of the Study........................................................................01 3Hypothesis ....................................................................................01 4Research Questions .........................................................................02 5Methodology of research...................................................................02 6Organisation of the research ................................................................03 Chapter One: Some basic concepts of classroom management Introduction..........................................................................................5 1Conceptual definitions of classroom management ...............................................6 1.1The importance of effective classroom management.........................8 1.2How to diffentiate classroom management from discipline.................8


Carbon dioxide injection into subsurface reservoirs appears to be a promising solution for decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Results and recommendations of a preliminary investigation of sedimentary basins suitable for carbon geostorage in Queensland designated the Surat Basin as a target area for further investigation. As a result, a comprehensive gap analysis of the Surat Basin datasets was followed by regional desktop studies, hydrodynamic analysis using petroleum well and groundwater bore data and a program of mineralogical data collection and interpretation. Allavailable open-file data (petroleum wells, department stratigraphic wells, department of the environment and resource management and Geological Survey of Queensland groundwater bores and seismic data) were reassessed, reinterpreted and/or refined. Petroseis® and GOCAD® were used for regional geological modelling of seismic horizons and fault systems, respectively. PressureQC™ was the quality control platform used for assessing petroleum well pressure data and the Geochemist's Workbench software was used for preliminary geochemical simulations of carbon dioxide impacts on groundwater and host rocks. The precompetitive studies and datasets recently released by the Carbon Geostorage Initiative address some issues, which are geostorage-specific, such as defining the supercritical boundary (800 m depth), fault plane geometry, groundwater flow vectors and the potential impact of carbon dioxide injection on the groundwater system and its mineral framework. Theprimary conclusions derived from this work are that the applicability of a given dataset must be considered prior to implementation. This is of particular importance for geological modelling studies where quality assurance processes are needed to validate the various datasets that have been used. In addition to this, the modelling methodologies themselves have been assessed in an appropriate context for geostorage investigations.


Object To explore the value of methylene blue in the management of the breast papilloma operation.Methods 28 patients with breast papilloma were preformed segmental mastectomy,their clinical data were analyzed.Results 28 cases were preformed operation.Methylene blue made the segment of breast tumor blue in 19 cases and made the part of segment blue in other 9cases.The segments of blue were dissected.The pathological examination showed no tumor issues were retained.All cases were followed-up three years.The results showed that 1 case recurred in breast pap.Conclusion Methylene blue can blue the segment of breast tumor clearly.It can help to perform the tumor segmental mastectomy.This method is safe,simple and easy to publicize.


The model of anisotropy laminated composite material with tendon is used to analyze vibration of integrity structure of end winding of large turbo-generator stator. First, according to the behavior of turbo-generator structure and virtual work principle, the basic equations of motion of conical of composite material with tendon and the control equations presented by displacement are established. Second, the fundamental wave current density expression is presented by Fourier series. Expressions of magnetic induction and electromagnetic force are derived through using method of separation of variable. Finally, natural vibration, electro-magnetic force distribution and dynamic response of end winding are calculated by numerical method. The result can provide theoretical foundation for the solution of practical problem in engineering


One hundred and twenty Spanish landraces of peas (Pisum sativum L.) collected in different micro-climatic areas, together with three commercial varieties and one breeding line, were subjected to molecular characterization using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) amplification. Landraces originated from 7 to 1427 m asl. Most accessions were collected in temperate areas with dry Mediterranean humidity regimes. ISSR markers detected high levels of variability between accessions and were useful for identification of individuals and clarification of genetic relationships between them. The 18 groups obtained with molecular data were not significantly related to 21 agro/climatic regions. Clustering based on climatic and ISSR characters differed because the data types present different aspects of genetic diversity. These results will be applied to establish a pea core collection at the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of the Spanish National Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CRF-INIA).


that sexual intercourse is the most important mode of transmission of AIDS. However, almost 50% of the students still did not mention barrier methods as their first choice method for FP notwithstanding the fact that almost 25% of the students thought that they had experienced symptoms of an STD. The lack of knowledge especially of OPDs about signs and symptoms of sexually transmitted infections is indeed striking. Just over 50% of the respondents related discharge and swollen lymph nodes to STDs. Most respondents knew about the sexual transmission route of the HIV virus. Other means of transmission were hardly known. Especially striking is the lack of knowledge about the blood and the mother-tochild transmission route in the OPD group. There was also a lack of knowledge of the risk of the transmission of the HIV virus by needles and injections when hospital staff use the same needle. While the students preferred to talk to family or friends when they suspected that they had contracted a STD, almost 80% of OPDs preferred to talk to medical personnel. This is in agreement with a recent study of the Ministry of Health in Zimbabwe, where only 3% of AIDS patients spoke about their fear of the diagnosis of AIDS to their carers, even if the carer was their own husband or wife.


Drug master file (DMF) is highly confidential information describing the aspect elements and error free information regarding API and finished dosage form. It consists of two parts. One is open part and another one is restricted part. Open part contains the information about the quality of drug product by the licence holder. Prohibited part which is Closed part which is protect the secret and unofficial information about manufacturing of product which is relived In front of respect regulatory authorities. When two or more persons involved in manufacturing of pharmaceutical. The drug master file contains overall information about product quality, maturing stability and purity of the medicaments. Drug master file gives the support to the IND (Investigational New Drug) application, ANDA (Abbreviated New Drug Application), NDA. Every country has its own drug filling format and content. The current observation is different countries drug master filing, content of drug master filing and format of the filing respect countries.


In this thesis I present an outlined concept of regional center for waste management for the area of Savinjsko-saleska region. Initial part of thesis describes strategic goals of waste management in European Union and Republic of Slovenia, as well as existent condition of waste management in state and description of existent condition of waste management in Savinjsko-saleska region. In continuation I introduce vision and medium-term plan for waste management in this region. Main part of the thesis contains comparison of data regarding quantities of waste obtained from various sources, commentary of compliance of current manners of management and critical analysis of existent plan of waste management. This part of thesis also contains more detailed description of quantities of individual types of waste and commentary of input data for planning the regional center. In conclusion, I pass my opinion and some propositions for approaching the European guidelines and making one step closer to the recycling society.


Copyright: © 2014 Valles SL. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Both oxidative damage and inflammation are elevated in brain from neurodegenerative patients [1], but their pathogenic significance remains unclear. Central nervous system has its own resident immune system, in which glial cells not only serve such as supportive and nutritive roles for neuron cells, also engage in several inflammatory processes that defend the central nervous system from pathogens and help it to recover from stress and injury [2,3]. Normal glial functions can sometimes result in a serious and chronic neuro-inflammatory cycle that promotes neurodegenerative diseases, constituent a viable target for the discovery or development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as in Alzheimer's disease protecting neurons in the mixer culture from the toxic action (Aguirre-Rueda et al., in peer review) and this point of view needs more research investigation. Astrocytes protect neurons by an increase in mitochondriogenesis thereby obtaining a better processing of oxidative stress and an efficient inflammation control (Aguirre-Rueda et al., in peer review). The importance of glial cell-propagated inflammation disorders has been seen as a bystander effect, or epiphenomenon, occurring when damaged neurons develop an activation response by glial cells. Wyss Corey and his collaborators demonstrateda phagocytosis process does it by astrocytes to eliminate and destroy Aβ peptide plates and Valles group showed antiinflammatory effects after Aβ-induction in astrocytes [2,4,5]. For us astrocytes will be the first differentiate cells to death after injury, but is difficult to kill astrocytes and these cells had been reformed by the evolution to be stronger in front of damage to protect all the cells inside our brain. That is the reason to notice astrocytes always stronger than neurons in all of the viability assays used for us and others.


A method for preventing thread hanging in a multi-thread communication program is provided by the invention. The method includes that: when a first sub-thread detects that the first TCP connection corresponding to the first sub-thread is abnormal, an exit flag bit is set in the link information of the first TCP connection and this sub-thread exits; and a master control thread periodically polls a link information table, and when the exit flag bit in the link information of the first TCP connection is detected, the master control thread closes the first TCP connection, kills all the rest sub-threads corresponding to the first TCP connection, and clears the link information of the first TCP connection. According to the method, the thread hanging is prevented from happening in the communication program to ensure the normal operation of the communication program.


A group of novel zinc complexes containing 2-hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole (BTZ) ligands were designed and synthesized, in which different substituents (OCH3, CH3, F, CF3, COOCH2CH3) were attached at the 6-position of the benzothiazole ring in the BTZ ligands. Both photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) behaviors of these zinc complexes were investigated. The emission colors of these zinc complexes were readily tuned from bluish-green to yellow by simply varying the substituent, with strong electron-withdrawing substituents being favorable for longer-wavelength fluorescence. Efficient EL was obtained when these zinc complexes were used as non-doped emitting layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Furthermore, these zinc complexes were proved to be capable of acting as triplet hosts for iridium phosphor in red phosphorescent OLEDs. A high external quantum efficiency of 17.5% was realized for the red phosphorescent OLED with the present zinc complexes as hosts and tris(2-phenylisoquinoline)iridium as doped emitter, which is greatly enhanced compared to that (12.6%) of the device with the traditional 4,4′-bis(N-carbazoly)biphenyl (CBP) as host. The present study successfully exploited novel zinc complexes as electron-transporting host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs.


Nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing hydrocarbons in a residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC)-derived diesel were characterized by a gas chromatograph equipped with a pulsed flame photometric detector and an electron impact, ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Caustic and acid extractions on RFCC diesel were performed to isolate the phenolic and basic nitrogen compounds, respectively. The fraction of RFCC diesel that contained the basic nitrogen compounds was reacted with acetic anhydride to allow for chromatographic separation of amino-aromatic compounds from the rest of the non-reactive basic nitrogen compounds. The majority of basic nitrogen compounds were anilines, as expected. Non-basic nitrogen compounds in RFCC diesel were alkyl indoles and alkyl carbazoles. Double-ring and poly-aromatic amines were identified in RFCC diesel by the acetylation reaction. The majority of sulfur compounds in RFCC diesel were alkyl benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, after being isolated by Pd2+ lig...


The aim of this project is to quantify the olfactory dysfunctions associated with Parkinson's Disease in a mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model. Parkinson's Disease, like many neurodegenerative diseases, gives rise to olfactory deficits during the early nonmotor stages of disease development. The MPTP neurotoxin model is a common method to study this early state progression due to the slow, realistic rate of neuronal degradation it causes throughout the brain. Even with the presence of such a model, a focus on the predominant motor aspects of the disease has left these smell losses inadequately explored from a neurochemical and behavioral level. Thus, the two objectives of this study are: to assess olfactory deficits in the MPTP model through discrimination/duration tests, and to correlate these behavioral results to previously observed changes of dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum. These results will help connect the behavioral progression of PD with the existing knowledge of olfactory processing networks. Beyond learning about the mechanisms themselves, the eventual hope is that such knowledge can be applied to the patient setting to develop a reliable disease marker before the onset of conventional PD symptoms. Acknowledgments: This project would not have been possible without the help from the Linster lab and our collaboration with Dr. Libert's lab. I would specifically like to thank Matt Lewis and Adam Francisco for their advice and help in planning. I would also like to thank Kayla Brooks and Brandon Sepe for helping me conduct the behavioral and immunohistochemical experiments. Abbreviations list PD: Parkinson's Disease MPTP:1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine OB: Olfactory bulb MO: Mineral Oil IHC: Immunohistochemistry DAB: 3,3'-diaminobenzidine Da: Dopamine TH: Tyrosine Hydroxylase AcH: Acetylcholine Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that leads to a gradual reduction in motor function. As a neurodegenerative disorder, these effects are caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra (Bove et al., 2005). These hallmark motor symptoms include tremors, bradykinesia, and general failures of voluntary muscle control (Bove et al., 2005). These are not the only areas and effects that PD has however. The start of many neurodegenerative diseases is marked by non-motor deficits that precede the more obvious motor symptoms by a few years. Olfactory deficits in particular have been shown to be common during this stage (R. D. S. Prediger et al., 2009). While this pathology has started to be explored in cases of Alzheimer's Disease, not much advancement has been made on similar olfaction losses found in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients (Ruan et al., 2012). Animal models of PD present a reliable method to study such deficits. A PD-like state and progression can be induced in animals via chemical lesions targeting specific neural structures or general infusions that incite a degeneration of DA neurons. In order to explore the olfactory deficits of PD, the slower pathology that the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin model offers would be most valuable for its early-state characterization (Bove et al., 2005). The chemical elicits its toxic effects as an MPP intermediate in the brain, where it is taken up by DA transporters into DA neurons and causes cell death by initiating oxidative stress pathways (Schober, 2004). MPTP is effective on rodents, primates, and humans (Bove et al., 2005). Rodent models allow for simpler behavioral and molecular testing (Bove et al., 2005; Cleland, Morse, Yue, & Linster, 2002). Depending on the species, systematic injection or intranasal infusions of the drug can be used. When considering both techniques and the standard rat and mouse models however, tests of the olfactory modality have not yielded a sensitive characterization of the drug's effects on olfactory processing. For example, the few studies that have been done all used simple testing methods such as a "cookie finding test" or simple odor bedding discrimination (Castro et al., 2012; Kurtenbach et al., 2013; R. Prediger et al., 2006; R. D. S. Prediger et al., 2009). Of the studies described here, the conclusions have not yet reached any consensus with some showing smell loss in the MPTP model, and others not showing any difference. None have used quantifiable discrimination tasks or alternate testing platforms to yield detailed results. Similarly, an understanding of the chemical mechanisms underlying possible olfactory deficits is also incomplete. Though no clear picture of this progression has been established, some associations have been found with DA and other neuromodulator levels in the OB and midbrain (Bohnen et al., 2010; Mundiñano et al., 2013; Ruan et al., 2012). Previous studies in the Linster lab have at least partially substantiated the importance of DA in regulating odor perception intensity, the primary neurotransmitter associated with Parkinsonism (Wei, Linster, & Cleland, 2006). Generating more behavioral data could help to pinpoint how these changes could be tied to PD. These thoughts led to the present experiment, which uses more specific odor discrimination and memory duration tests to determine any effects of MPTP injections in a mouse model. Unlike earlier tests, these methods used odorants with quantifiable carbon length differences that are proportional to the actual odor difference sensed by the nose (Cleland et al., 2002). Our results show that while non-associative memory formation and specificity is not affected by MPTP injections, memory duration is decreased in experimental mice.


able. 4 Cidofovir's main advantage over other treatment regimens is its dosing schedule of every 2 weeks instead of daily. This convenience comes at a cost of requiring a vigorous hydration schedule and probenecid washout to prevent renal damage. 5 Given all of the above, cidofovirisrarelyusednowforitsapproved indication. However, based onseveralpublishedseriesinadults and children, 6-10 the most recently performed national survey of the membership of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) identified cidofovir as the mostcommonlyusedadjuvanttreatment for RRP. 11


Wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry is the technique used within the Texaco laboratories for the determination of additive and trace elements in fresh oils and additive packages. The main strengths of the technique are reproducibility, accuracy and ease of operation. The test method is an extension of the ASTM D 4927 (1) test method and covers the determination of thirteen elements: Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu , Zn, MO and Ba.


This contribution presents an approach for the numerical wear calculation of rolling/sliding-contacts. The finite element method based simulation model of Winkler [1] is extended to include contacts subject to boundary lubrication in addition to contacts subject to mixed lubrication. Using the example of an axial cylindrical roller bearing and two load cases, wear-modeling results of the mixed and boundary lubrication regime are illustrated.


The exact incidence of NDE remains unknown mainly due to lack of uniform standards. We studied the extent and pattern for four yrs at this med. ctr. with third highest rate of HIV in N.Y. Dx was based on urine toxicology (UT) Maternal Hx of drug use (MHD) & neonates' Px. Included were all NICU admissions in 92 & 93 and only selective pts with high risks such as MHD. STD & lack of prenat. care, in 94 & 95. UT was evaluated for cocaine(COC), opiate & others. Results (Table) showed that the incidence increased from 92 to 93 (p<0.05) and between 94 & 95(P<0.02). The incidence in 1995 is highest ever reported from anywhere. Coc was most common, 66% to 88% but its incidence declined (P<001) in 1993. MHD was positive in about 2/3 & Px of neonate in about 4.5%. We conclude that 1) NDE may be highest in our neighborhood, 2) Coc remains the predominant drug, 3) MHD as indicator for diagnostic UT is inadequate for uncovering all cases. 4) Universal screening seems necessary at high risk medical centers.


The use of pre-alloyed Fe-Cr based powders has been steadily increasing in the automotive industry. Mechanical properties can be tailored due to phase transformations controlled by alloying elements and cooling rates. Employing silicon carbide (SiC) as a source of alloying elements has been proved to be possible. In this study, three different pre-alloyed Fe-Cr based powders, namely Astaloy CrA, Astaloy CrL, and Astaloy CrM, were alloyed with 4 wt. % SiC powder. The powders were mixed and pressed into tensile test bars. The green compacts were sintered at 1250 °C for 45 minutes under the cracked ammonia gas and slowly cooled (<0.1°C/s) to room temperature. All experimental sintered alloys manifested a common feature resembling those of full pearlitic ductile irons, i.e., the feature consisted of black nodular particles enveloped with hyper-eutectoid steel matrix (grain boundary or pro-eutectoid cementite plus pearlite). The tensile testing indicated that Alloy-3 (Astaloy CrM + 4%SiC) was observed to have better mechanical properties in comparison with Alloy-1 (Astaloy CrA + 4%SiC) and Alloy-2 (Astaloy CrL + 4%SiC), apart from slightly lower elongation than Alloy-2. Regardless of SiC addition, the presence of chromium (Cr) content was observed to substantially influence mechanical properties and microstructure. According to the investigation of fracture surfaces by SEM, mixtures of shallow dimples and cleavage fractures were examined in the sintered alloys.


Under global warming, increasing temporal variability of climatic factors at various timescales (e.g. from inter‐daily to inter‐annual) has been reported in many places of the world over the past decades. The changes of temporal variability can be characterized by more extreme climate, such as more frequent and intensive heavy precipitation, less light rain days, and longer dry spells. These changes can subsequently bring about more frequent and intensive hydrologic extremes, including floods and droughts. This study shows that increase in inter‐daily variability of precipitation and temperature not only triggers more intensive hydrologic extremes, but also causes considerable impacts on long‐term water availability. Sixteen climate scenarios are designed to separate overall changes of precipitation and temperature into two aspects: (1) change in monthly mean and (2) change in inter‐daily variability. Runoff of the Pearl River Basin (PRB) is simulated by the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model under these scenarios. The results indicate that increase in inter‐daily variability of the climate alone can lead to considerable increase in long‐term water availability with reduced actual evapotranspiration (AET). The simulations also show that the inter‐daily interaction between precipitation and temperature (i.e. lower temperature on a rain day) is important for long‐term hydrologic simulations. The changing directions of simulated AET under scenarios with this interaction are opposite to those under scenarios without the interaction.


The article proposes an increment algorithm of survey signal of differential transducer, which in industrial parameter surveys of pressure, strain, displacement and so on, may directly figure out the temperature value according to the differential transducer survey signal, without increasing the temperature survey electric circuit. The algorithm principle is according to the differential transducer two observed values, to figure out the increment of two observed values in each sensor, then to calculate the measured temperature value according to the increment. This article, taking differential motion structure SAWR as an example, introduces the increment algorithm principle and the realization method in detail.In this paper, the principal characteristics and the disadvantages of Genetic Algorithm and BP algorithm are introduced


The present invention relates to a driverless transport vehicle, which is used to transport stacks of loose documents of value to one or more value document processing devices to which drives up the driverless transport vehicle to enter the value document stack. The driverless transport vehicle comprises one or more value document container, which is arranged on the driverless transport vehicle and is designed to accommodate one or more stacks of loose documents of value. In addition, the driverless transport vehicle on a gripper for taking contained in the container security documents and for the input of the stack in an input pocket of the respective value document processing device.


If you want to sell food at a bootfair or market, you will need to fill in a food stall holder form in addition to a food registration form.


Post-war research on Belarusian dialects in Poland using linguistic geography methods was launched in the 1950s by Prof. Antonina Obrębska-Jabłońska and her associates at the Polish-Soviet Institute in Warsaw. Before long, the institute's Eastern Slavic sections were transferred to the Slavic Studies Unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where this work was continued. The main source of information on Eastern Slavic dialects between the Bug and Narew rivers, i.e. in the southern part of the area planned to be included in field studies, was Władysław  Kuraszkiewicz's article from 1939. In this work the Professor discussed the accentually determined development of Belarusian and Ukrainian diphthongs and the position-dependent depalatalization of consonants as well as mentioning preserved relics of infinitive forms of the it'`ie and peč`ye type, which in a subsequent work he explained as being a relic of the Jatzvingian (Yotvingian) language. The present paper highlights the merits of the distinguished Polish Slavic studies scholar, Professor Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, as a person, researcher and teacher.


BACKGROUNDTo investigate the clinical fe at ures, diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis.CASE REP ORT Of 5 cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis, 3 cases were treated by ureter olysis to relieve the ureteral narrowing, obstruction and hydronephrosis and re covered gradually the renal function.DISCUSSIONThe ureterol ysis is the effective method for treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Urinary tract infections should be treated actively to prevent for inducing the retroper itoneal fibrosis. The trauma of renal should be intensively observed and proper imaging examination is performed to find out the retroperitoneal hematoma and tr eated properly to prevent the occurrence of retroperitoneal fibrosis.


Four intact classes of undergraduate students (N = 276) in beginning psychology and sociology were administered the state anxiety questionnaire of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory under one of the following conditions: (a) following the presentation of a brief consent form, (b) following a longer consent form, (c) prior to the administration of a consent form, or (d) following the reading of an irrelevant passage to control for experimenter contact time. A priori comparisons indicated that groups given the short consent form and the inventory prior to consent were more anxious than other groups. These results suggest that the consent procedure may be useful as a brief anxiety reducing introduction to the experimenter.


Comet 2I/Borisov is the first true interstellar comet discovered. Here we present results from observational programs at two Indian observatories, 2 m Himalayan Chandra Telescope at the Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle (HCT) and 1.2 m telescope at the Mount Abu Infrared Observatory (MIRO). Two epochs of imaging and spectroscopy were carried out at the HCT and three epochs of imaging at MIRO. We found CN to be the dominant molecular emission on both epochs, 31/11/2019 and 22/12/2019, at distances of rH = 2.013 and 2.031 AU respectively. The comet was inferred to be relatively depleted in Carbon bearing molecules on the basis of low C2 and C3 abundances. We find the production rate ratio, Q(C2)/Q(CN) = 0.54 ± 0.18, pre-perihelion and Q(C2)/Q(CN) = 0.34 ± 0.12 post-perihelion. This classifies the comet as being moderately depleted in carbon chain molecules. Using the results from spectroscopic observations, we believe the comet to have a chemically heterogeneous surface having variation in abundance of carbon chain molecules. From imaging observations we infer a dust-to-gas ratio similar to carbon chain depleted comets of the Solar system. We also compute the nucleus size to be in the range 0.18 ≤ r ≤ 3.1 Km. Our observations show that 2I/Borisov's behaviour is analogous to that of the Solar system comets.


Madrasahs, places of enlightenment, which gave a major impetus to the development of world science and civilization, are the product of Islamic religion and culture and, fortunately, first appeared in our country. The article discusses the role of madrassahs in the development of science. This article discusses madrassahs in Samarqand and Bukhara, which contain valuable information on the history of madrassahs schools, their exact location, education and principles of operation.


Becoming alone in old age can be a decisive life event that brings major changes depending on various causes as health status, financial resources, family situation, and available welfare services. This article discusses the situation of older people in Sweden who have transitioned from a two-person to single-person household in recent years and what impact this might have on their everyday lives. Through in-depth interviews with 18 older people, age 67–90, their experiences about life conditions and opportunities were examined. Findings showed large differences between the men and women. They all tried to live as they always had done and they used the same personal life strategies that they always had. But the men could live as before on their own financial merits, while the women needed assistance from children, grandchildren and the welfare system. Transportation options were central and clearly related to both private economy and social services available. Shortcomings in the welfare state's way of caring for the elderly were clearly uncovered. The gap between social policy promises of opportunities for autonomy and independence to live an active life in old age and the everyday reality for older people still seems to be wide.


Inflammation plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. For example, inflammatory monocytes, after being recruited to atherosclerotic plaques, secrete proteinases that erode the fibrous cap. This may lead to plaque rupture and subsequent myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with acute myocardial infarction have elevated levels of blood leukocytes [1]. Peripheral blood leukocyte count after MI correlates with in-hospital mortality, underscoring role of inflammatory cells in post-MI myocardial remodeling.

The spleen provides steady flow of leukocytes to the infarct and atherosclerotic plaques. Since monocyte turnover at the sites of inflammation is very high [2], hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) differentiate into myeloid cells to keep up with the increased demand. MI drives splenic HSPC into the cell cycle [3] and induces their lineage differentiation. Subsequent imaging studies [4, 5] suggested splenocyte proliferation after acute myocardial infarction in patients. Although splenic myelopoiesis exaggerates inflammation in cardiovascular disease, the components of splenic hematopoietic niche are not well understood.

Since macrophages play a major role in bone marrow HSC maintenance, we investigated if macrophages regulate hematopoiesis in the spleen [6]. Toward this end, we developed lipidoid nanoparticles containing siRNA against CD115, the receptor for MCS-F, which is involved in macrophage differentiation, proliferation and survival. CD115 knockdown significantly reduced splenic macrophage numbers in mice injected with the Toll like receptor ligand lipopolysaccharide. Concomitantly, splenic HSC, HSPC and granulocyte macrophage progenitor numbers were diminished after knocking down CD115. Levels of VCAM-1, an HSC retention factor, were reduced in the spleen; however, HSC proliferation and apoptosis were unaltered, indicating impaired retention of splenic HSC after CD115 knockdown. Reduced splenic retention was in line with elevated HSPC levels in the blood after siCD115 treatment. Additionally, we found similar diminished splenic HSC numbers after depletion of splenic macrophages in CD169-iDTR mice with diphtheria toxin, bolstering the hypothesis that macrophages maintain splenic HSC. CD115 knockdown curtailed myeloid cell supply to the infarct in mice on day 4 after coronary ligation. Furthermore, the treatment also abated inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice fed with high fat diet. This reduction of inflammation was likely a consequence of mitigated extramedullary myelopoiesis due to impaired HSC maintenance after CD115 knockdown. In agreement with reduced inflammation, the treatment reduced plaque size and necrotic core area, and thickened fibrous cap. These are features of stable atherosclerotic plaques.

Since VCAM-1 was the only HSC retention factor that was downregulated in splenocytes after CD115 knockdown, we investigated which hematopoietic cells express VCAM-1. Out of all hematopoietic cells tested, only macrophages expressed VCMA-1 at high levels. An adoptive transfer experiment revealed that splenic HSPC reside in close proximity with VCAM-1+ macrophages. In fact, more than 90% of HSPC reside within 10 μm distance from this macrophage subset. These data indicate that VCAM-1+ macrophages maintain splenic HSC. To investigate this further, we formulated siRNA against VCAM-1 in lipidoid nanoparticles which enrich in macrophages but not endothelial cells. VCAM-1 knockdown in macrophages significantly reduced myelopoiesis and HSC numbers in the spleen. Of note, the treatment did not change HSC numbers in the bone marrow, indicating involvement of other cell types and redundant mechanisms of retention for bone marrow HSC maintenance. Further, macrophage-specific VCAM-1 knockdown reduced inflammation in atherosclerosis and improved characteristics of stable atherosclerotic plaques.

In summary, the study suggests that VCAM-1+ macrophages are important components of splenic HSC niche. In absence of VCAM-1 or splenic macrophages, HSC depart from the spleen, resulting in decreased myelopoiesis after MI and in mice with atherosclerosis. We previously showed that MI-induced splenic HSPC proliferation is stem cell factor-dependent [3]. Endothelial cells are major source of stem cell factor, which maintain HSC in the bone marrow [7]. However, it is not known if SCF secreted by splenic endothelial cells after MI triggers myelopoiesis. The bone marrow HSC niche is a complex microenvironment and orchestrated by different cells such as nestin+ mesenchymal stem cell, endothelial cells and regulatory T cells. It remains to be investigated which splenic cells besides macrophages maintain HSC.


Air was sampled in El Monte, CA, about 600 feet south of the San Bernardino Freeway (147,000 vehicles/day). Dichotomous/Conventional Hi-Vol; Size-Selective Inlet (SSI)/Conventional Hi-Vol; and Dichotomous/SSI samplers were used to determine the mass of the air, and the lead, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations. The dichotomous sampler recorded a lower mass than did the SSI. Lead concentrations of the dichotomous and SSI were equivalent and averaged 92% of the lead as determined by the standard hi-vol. The dichotomous nitrate was substantially lower than SSI nitrate, which, in turn, was lower than the standard hi-vol. Sulfates for the SSI and standard hi-vol were comparable, but the dichotomous sampler recorded considerably lower values for sulfate. (JMT)


The main aim of this paper is the analysis of the orientation errors of a celestial reference system from the differences between observed and calculated positions for a set of selected minor planets. In this paper a new numerical method not based on the Gauss-Markov will be presented.


A very simple, novel method for the synthesis of the title quinoline carboxylic acid (IV) via three-component condensation of acetophenone with oxalate (II) and m-aminophenol is developed.


Clarence King (1842-1901) studied geology at Yale, served as a volunteer on Josiah Dwight Whitney's (1819-1896) Geological Survey of California, and directed the Fortieth Parallel Survey (1867-1872) from the Sierra Nevada across the Rocky Mountains, topo-graphically and geologically mapping some 100,000 square miles. He established a framework for orogenic history of the American Cordillera that has remained unchanged. Within this framework he recognized what we know today as the Sonoma, Sevier, and Laramide orogenies. He noted that folding of Paleozoic strata in the Great Basin recorded east-west crustal shortening, he delineated trends of Laramide folds, he determined that extensional Tertiary faulting that accompanied rhyolitic volcanism resulted in dislocation of old folds, and that ranges were broken into irregular blocks with considerable vertical displacement. King rejected strict Lyellian uniformitarianism and related Darwinian evolution to episodes of enhanced selection pressure engendered by nat...


Abstract Comparisons of several types of immunologic reactivity were made in thymic cells from six patients with myasthenia gravis and thymic hyperplasia, four patients with myasthenia gravis and thymoma and six age-matched control cardiac-surgery patients. In mixed leukocyte reactions, thymic cells from the subjects with hyperplasia were capable of stimulating autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. Such reactivity was not seen in thymocyte-blood lymphocyte mixtures from the other two groups. There was an increased number of B cells in the thymic-cell populations from the myasthenic patients as compared to that in the control group, carrying predominantly IgM receptors. The thymic cells from myasthenic patients also responded more vigorously to pokeweed mitogen. These findings suggest altered populations of lymphoid cells in the thymus of myasthenic patients that react with autologous lymphocytes from other cell compartments. The pathogenic implications of these findings remain to be determined. (N Engl...


This article examines whether the inclusion of the price risk variable as an explanatory variable in a Gardner-type acreage response model is statistically significant. By estimating six separate soya bean acreage response equations, including two linear equations with and without risk, two double logarithmic equations with and without risk and two semi-logarithmic equations with and without risk, we find that adding a risk variable to the futures price model yields a better statistical result in every case. Furthermore, the models that have incorporated the risk variable have higher own and cross-price elasticities. This is a desirable result, since in the literature, many previous estimated supply elasticities were considered lower than plausible.


Introduction: Neopterin, a pterydine derivative secreted by activated macrophages, has been shown to be associated with vulnerable coronary stenoses in patients with unstable angina. Neopterin has also been associated with coronary artery disease progression. Objective: We sought to assess the prognostic significance of serum neopterin concentrations in patients with angina pectoris. Material and Methods: We carried out a 1-year follow up study in 384 consecutive patients with angina pectoris (297 stable and 87 unstable). The primary study end-point was the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, class IIIb unstable angina and cardiac death. Serum neopterin was measured using a commercially available immunoassay (ELISA Kit, IBL, Hamburg , Germany ). Angiographic extent and severity of coronary artery disease were assessed and scored according to a validated method. Results: Seventy four patients (19%) developed at least one major adverse coronary event. Serum neopterin levels were higher in patients with events compared to those without events (6.9 [4.8 to 8.3] vs 5.7 [4.1 to 7.6]; P=0.02). Only neopterin (P= 0.015), number of diseased vessels with =50% reduction in lumen diameter (P=0.005) and a history of MI (P<0.0001) remained independent predictors of the combined end-point. There was a significant gradual increase in the number of adverse events during the one-year follow-up with increasing of neopterin tertiles (p<0.001). After adjustment using binary logistic regression, patients in the highest tertile of neopterin distribution (>7 nmol/L) had an almost 3-fold higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events (OR 2.9 [1.4 to 6.2] CI 95%; P=0.006) compared to those in the lowest tertile (<4.8 nmol/L). Conclusions: Neopterin is an independent predictor of adverse cardiac events in patients with angina pectoris. Our results suggest that this marker of macrophage activation and atherosclerotic disease activity may be useful for risk stratification in patients with coronary artery disease.


A distributed group signature scheme was proposed using a standard model,and its correctness and security was also analyzed.The analysis shows that a legal group member can generate a group signature on behalf of the group,and an arbiter can open a legal signature while also having the ability to determine whether the group manager is disguised as a legitimate group member.Furthermore,this scheme takes advantage of distributed helpers to help update member keys in every time section,thus forward and backward security is implemented,and the single-point failure of a helper which would cause a group member to not be able to update is avoided.Therefore,the scheme proposed can not only resist disclosure of group member keys,but also enhance the robustness and availability of the group signature.


Synchronous technology is a new CAD technology. It represents a significant progress in creating technical documentation and is used more and more by experts in this field. As this is a new technology, many new terms related to it have appeared. As stated by Lukenda [1], both linguists as well as experts in a certain profession should participate in the development of terminology. This paper refers to insights gained while translating the tutorial "Getting started with Solid Edge". The aforementioned translation of the tutorial that was originally published in English represents a fruitful cooperation between experts in the fields of mechanical engineering and linguistics. This paper focuses on problems in translating the terminology of synchronous technology from English into Croatian. The terminology standardization suggestions are based on terminological principles and are presented in detail.


The authors reflect on efforts which several U.S. government departments have made to use treatment engagement during high risk transition periods among military veterans to prevent suicide. They suggest that continued research on treatment engagement and suicide prevention among military veterans is needed. They argue that efforts need to be made to maximize treatment engagement during high-risk transitional periods to enhance clinicians' ability to care for military veterans.


Contraposing the problem such as lower response speed and longer users' waiting time of the traditional greenhouse monitoring system by Web,a remote greenhouse monitoring system based on B/S which adopted Struts framework was proposed.Using Ajax technology in Struts framework,the synchronization messages can be changed to asynchronous messages.Using the open source frame of Struts and Hibernate in MVC infrastructure,the server's load can be released,and the system's response speed can be improved.


This work provides a characterization of left and right Zinbiel algebras. Basic identities are established and discussed, showing that Zinbiel algebras are center-symmetric, and therefore Lie-admissible algebras. Their bimodules are given, and used to build a Zinbiel algebra structure on the direct sum of the underlying vector space and a finite-dimensional vector space. In addition, their matched pair is built, and related to the matched pair of their sub-adjacent Lie algebras. Besides, Zinbiel coalgebras are introduced, and linked to their underlying Lie coalgebras and coassociative coalgebras. Moreover, the related Manin triple is defined, and used to characterize Zinbiel bialgebras, and their equivalence to the associated matched pair.


THE place is Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire; the date December 1493. Elia (Ehjah), son of Benjamin ha-Levi, is writing the concluding lines to the almost complete edition of Jacob ben Asher's great early fourteenth-century religious compendium Arha'ah Turim ('The Four Rows'), a title referring to the four rows of gemstones on the breastplate of the High Priest. The work is completed on Friday 13 December.^ It is a folio volume of about eight hundred pages, divided into four parts and printed in two columns of mostly forty-nine lines. ̂ The four parts, respectively entitled 'Way of Life', 'Teacher of Knowledge', 'Stone of Help' and 'Breastplate of Judgement', deal with such subjects as prayer, blessings, the Sabbath, holy days and fasting, laws relating to ritual slaughter of animals, unclean food, idolatry and mourning, marriage, the marriage contract, and divorce. The book can without a doubt be called a bestseller among the Hebrew incunabula: including editions of its separate parts, at least thirteen editions of this work appeared within twenty years. In his capacity of proof-reader and editor to the press of the brothers David and Samuel Ibn Nahmias, a task certainly entrusted to him as a great and fruitful scholar and poet from a family of Turkish Jews long resident in the city now forty years under Islamic rule, Elia ha-Levi is responsible for the purity of the text which has just been printed. His teachers were the famous Chief Rabbis of Constantinople, Moses Capsali and Elijah Mizrahi, and his qualities were rated so highly that he was later to succeed them in their place. Nevertheless, Elia's concluding text betrays a certain anxiety about the results of his proof-reading, for, as he says, 'it is in the nature of the copying art of printing that no one engaged in it can avoid errors.' And in order to cover himself in advance he quotes David, 'sweet singer of Israel', who has expressed this before in the nineteenth Psalm: 'Errors-who can discern them?' That this anxiety was not altogether misplaced becomes apparent precisely in these concluding lines of Elia's, which in both the Amsterdam copy and the practically complete copy in the British Library show a strange


The article deals with socio-political reorganisation and reconstruction in the Apennine communities affected by the earthquakes of 1639, 1646 and 1703. The requalification of the urban, cultural, social and religious framework over several decades reflects common elements. In Amatrice, L'Aquila and Norcia the post-emergency management, in their respective similarities and differences, appears to be characterised by an intervention of the local ruling classes and by a growing institutional involvement in the control of border territories far from the capital cities.


This paper provides a comprehensive investigation on both static characteristics and short-circuit performance of 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET power modules with 2 generation planar technology. The experimental approach is based on the static characteristics measurements and the short-circuit tests with gradual increase of pulse time duration. If any variation of the static characteristics appears, the time duration of next short-circuit tests would keep the same with the last pulse duration (approach 1) or increase continuously (approach 2). The results of the short-circuit waveforms show a gate degradation which is further confirmed with the measurement of the gate leakage current. Additionally, other degradation indicators, including positive shift of threshold voltage, drain leakage current and on-state resistance increase are evidenced and discussed in this paper. These can be used for early prediction of the degradation and failure in the short-circuit conditions.


This paper presents micromagnetic and circuit-level models describing the behavior of spin-torque oscillators (STOs). We demonstrate micromagnetic models that are in good agreement with experimental models for both individual and interconnected STOs and show that one can construct compact models based on the macrospin-approximation that match well with a full micromagnetic description. We study synchronization phenomena in various STOs, which are interconnected electrically or magnetically. The presented models can be used for studying complex networks of interconnected STOs. These networks may serve as hardware for oscillatory associative memories.


The task of this paper is to x-rayed adolescents and Teacher Classroom interactions. The researcher tried to define adolescence, adolescent, and teacher, the concept of reward and punishment as a tool to effective adolescents and teacher classroom interactions was discussed. The researcher also reviewed an article titled "Teacher-Student interactions". The key to quality classrooms, and finally, some educational implications were highlighted and conclusions were made. Article visualizations:


We design energy and throughput efficient protocol for dense marine sensor networks. The challenges of high latency enable new techniques and provides good throughput. Further it will be a low cost, rapidly deployable sensor network. We address the primary issues of cost and high-level integration. The strategy for nodes and network is to combine inexpensive materials and to manage 802.11b based communications. The wireless network can use modified 802.11b technology and can operate in the 2.1 GHz ISM band. Dual radio access routers were preferred, which allow the system higher throughput and ease of deployment.


In a money bind, insurers are putting the squeeze on defense lawyers. This can mean trouble for doctors desperate to defend their professional integrity.


Correspondence to Hyun Jun Kang, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Kwak's Hospital, 531 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-734, Korea Tel: +82-53-605-3688, Fax: +82-53-605-3754, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyrightc 2012 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 스테로이드로 치료한 특발성 호산구성 담낭염 1예


Cloning software is now becoming quite popular in all types of libraries. Pricing is such that even smaller libraries can afford it. Cloning software basically takes an image of an entire hard drive and stores it on some kind of medium such as zip disks, compact disks, or a server's hard drive. It can be used to roll out a group of new computers or as a backup system. It can be especially helpful to libraries that have limited staffing resources to devote to troubleshooting computer software problems. If a software problem occurs on a computer, it can basically be restored in a matter of minutes to the state it was in at the time the image was created. It is well worth the cost when purchasing computers in bulk for a new building or replacing a group of old computers. It is wise to consider a couple of things before going into the cloning business. First, design the images carefully. Second, create a method to track the images after they have been created. This article describes how cloning software can benefit a library as well as designing and tracking the images for most efficient usage.


Knowledge is a resource that needs to be strategically managed by firms. This paper examines the conditions for internal versus external sourcing of knowledge. We argue that firms incur production costs when developing knowledge internally and transaction costs when obtaining it through the market. The relative size of the transaction costs and production costs depends on the industry structure and the type of knowledge needed, and should guide firms in their choice of internal versus external sourcing of knowledge in order to achieve competitive advantage. We observed three approaches taken by petroleum firms to reduce the costs of absorbing knowledge externally. These approaches reflect coopetition, a new means of creating value in the petroleum industry.


The utility model discloses a 10kV rapid intelligent column breaker, which is composed of a breaker body and an intelligent control box. The breaker body and the intelligent control box are connected through a multi-core shielding cable. The breaker which adopts epoxy resin to fix and seal a pole column has the characteristics of good weatherability, aging resistance, ultraviolet ray resistance, high strength, and excellent electrical insulating performances. The breaker adopting a small-sized integrated design and integrating a current transformer and a voltage transformer inside the pole column has a compact structure and is easy to install and maintain. By adopting a rapid calculation means, the breaker can emit a protection outlet signal within 10 milliseconds, cut and isolate line faults within 25 milliseconds by combining the rapid mechanical features of a permanent magnetic mechanism and achieve a single-phase earth (including undercurrent earth) fault detection fault detection function. The breaker realizes a self-diagnosis technology for diagnosing the running state and the mechanical features of the breaker itself and increases the maintenance efficiency. By adopting a low-power-consumption design technology, the breaker which is powered by complementary solar energy and CT (currents) requires no external power source to achieve electric operations. Furthermore, the breaker has Ethernet interfaces and provides IEC61850 protocol interfaces.


The process of electrifying aerosol particles dispersed by a pneumatic sprayer with supersonic air flow is presented. To avoid the electric-field shielding effect, confirmed by investigations of induction charging of aerosol droplets with application of a concentric induction electrode placed in the region of liquid dispersion, the droplet electrification process following the dispersion of liquid was proposed. The supersonic atomizing head was equipped with an external high voltage contact electrode placed concentrically and perpendicularly to the droplets stream and closely to the atomizing head. Experiments were conducted in air, at ambient conditions (T = 18±2 °C, RH = 55±3%), for standard air feeding rate (0.5 m3/min, 0.4 MPa) and regulated dispersed liquid rate (0.1 – 0.55 l/min). Results of the applied electrification process, characterized by a (Q/m) factor measured as a function of liquid feed rate, have shown that the (Q/m) values achieved for post-dispersion electrification are comparable to the values obtained for typical induction electrification with application of a concentric electrode.


................................................................................................................. i DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY THE CANDIDATE ............................................ xii Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Sources of discrepancy in reservoir modelling ........................................... 5 1.2 Predictive domain in prediction of oil reservoir ................................................. 9 1.3 Summary of chapters ........................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2 – Reservoir modelling, simulation and history matching ............................... 14 2.1 Importance of reservoir modelling ................................................................... 14 2.2 Data collection and integration ......................................................................... 15 2.3 Types of data .................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Seismic data .............................................................................................. 17 2.3.2 Well Log and core data ............................................................................. 18 2.3.3 Production data.......................................................................................... 20 2.4 Data validation and reconciliation .................................................................... 25 2.5 Reservoir modelling ......................................................................................... 27 2.5.1 Static reservoir model ............................................................................... 28 2.5.2 Dynamic modelling and model validation ................................................ 30 2.6 History matching and prediction of oil reservoirs ............................................ 32 2.6.1 Match Quality Standard ............................................................................ 34 2.6.2 Bayesian calibration of simulation models ............................................... 35 2.6.3 History matching implementation ............................................................. 36 vi 2.7 A literature review of assisted history matching .............................................. 38 2.7.1 Bayesian optimisation algorithm .............................................................. 42 2.7.2 Particle Swarm Optimisation .................................................................... 44 2.7.3 Neighbourhood Algorithm ........................................................................ 46 2.8 Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) in reservoir modelling ................................. 49 2.8.1 Model prediction by Neighbourhood Bayes Algorithm............................ 50 Chapter 3 – Modelling discrepancy in history matching of reservoir models ................ 53 3.


In the past, theories of quality measuring of imperfect data have always assumed the use of perfect reference data. In practice, this isn't always the case. In our new approach we consider the possibility of measuring quality using imperfect reference data. Especially the use of classified satellite images is considered. The question we want to answer is what can be said about the quality of a questioned object taking the quality of the reference data as input: is it good, is it bad or is it unknown? In first instance, an imperfection model for the reference data is built based on possibility theory. From this we extract a fuzzy egg-yolk model, consisting of two parts: a fuzzy set of what must be in the object and a fuzzy set of what might be in the object. A special buffering operation is defined to build in tolerance in relation to the mistakes in the classified satellite images. Operators are defined for measuring quality using this model. Finally the method is tested and evaluated. It is shown that bad quality can often be stated, but that it is difficult to confirm good quality when the quality of the reference data is insufficient.


There is provided a surface cleaning apparatus, such as a possible hand-carried hand cyclone vacuum cleaner, the cyclone chamber has two dust-discharging port.


DESPITE THE VAST GROWTH in social consciousness covering a wide variety of services, in the field of assistanceto the blind there remain vital, unexplored, and undeveloped opportunities calling for recognition and utilization. When, as a newcomer in the professional field of work for the blind four years ago, I expressed my distress at the number of blind persons in Pennsylvania to a wise educator who had had extended experience abroad, he pointed out that the very magnitude of the problem presaged the beginning of the hope for its end. For so large a problem cannot long escape the public eye. The tidal wave of social forces that has swept over our country in our time has brought into being a host of resources that can readily be brought into play to assist the blind. This, however, demands a sensitization on the part of those with social vision to


Strengthening moderate Islam in the Archipelago is necessary today. Tug of war between religious radicalism and religious liberalism is one of the reasons that underlies this idea. In the middle of this feud, pesantren is expected to play an important role in strengthening religious ideas which are in accordance with the culture of Archipelago that is full of mercy. In this paper, I explore the role of Pesantren of As'adiyah Sengkang in building a moderate Islam in Bugis land. This paper shows that this pesantren has built and developed a moderate Islam in South Sulawesi through two ways; first, a pesantren network and Bugis Muslim scholars as  graduates of As'adiyah pesantren, who have been scattered  throughout Sulawesi island; second, religious doctrines of As'adiyah which are coloured with Ahlussunnah wal jama'ah either in faith, Islamic law, Islamic mysticism or method of preaching that promotes the principles of moderation (tawassuth), tolerance (tasamuh) and equilibrium (tawazun).


Abstract : This thesis effort looked into some of the inventory policies involved in managing United States Air Force expendable supply items. The general theory that is used is the economic order quantity (EOQ) as used by the Air Force Logistics Command which is a modification of the Wilson Lot size formula. The primary policy issue which was addressed was the holding cost factor of the EOQ formula. To predict the results of policy changes, an inventory simulation model, Inventory System Simulator, was employed. This model took data from Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center files for the period of Fiscal Year 1971-1975 and projected total costs per year of the sampled items in procurement costs, carrying costs and backorders. Output from the model is displayed in tabular and graphical form. The effort resulted in an analysis of the general trends that can be expected when holding cost policy is changed. (Author)


Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research has provoked an enormous interest among researchers from different fields since it is an important element in assistive technology. The most popular approach is a non-invasive method, using Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis which acquires signals from 32 to 64 electrodes' recordings and translate them to a movement using various computing algorithm which can be used in wheelchair navigation, or control robot movements. However, it will be time consuming and an exhausting experience if the single command translation from large number of electrodes is used. The aim of this project is to develop an algorithm that can choose optimal four electrodes for signal recording, and convert one thought into multiple commands with the chosen electrodes. Using sample datasets, the EEG signal is analyzed to determine the most suitable scalp area for P300 detection, while optimization with genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to select best four channels. After 30 GA runs, the optimal four sets of electrodes are chosen based on their coefficient of determination or r2 values, where higher values contributes to higher repetition rates. Using signals from the chosen four electrodes, a success rate of 75-80% is received.


In this paper, we give a matrix decomposition method used to calculate unified generalized Stirling numbers in an explicit, non-recursive mode, and some of its applications. Then, we define generalized factorial matrices which may be regarded as a generalization in the form of the Vandermonde matrices, and presents some of their properties — in particular, triangular matrix factors of the inverse matrices of the generalized factorial matrices.


The article considers the problems of the effectiveness of the formation of professional competence in the study of English by students of the "Temurbek School". To achieve this goal, professionally oriented and competency-based approaches have been used, which involve redesigning the content of learning sessions and tasks to stimulate students' interest. If more attention is paid to combining intensive and extensive types of reading texts, and on this basis to the level of readiness to build an individual route for learning a foreign language, then the effectiveness of the formation of professional competencies is expected to increase


ABSTRACT Subjective wellbeing was examined amongst 274 adults living with HIV in Australia and the United States of America. There were 164 adults aged 49 years and under, and 110 adults aged 50 years and over. Participants completed a composite questionnaire comprising the Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), the HIV-Unsupportive Social Interactions Inventory (USII), and demographic and health-related items. Participants reported mean PWI-A scores of 54.7 points, considerably below the Western population normative range of 70–80 points. Older adults reported significantly greater subjective wellbeing compared to younger adults, but still below the normative range. Experiences of unsupportive social interactions were a significant predictor of reduced subjective wellbeing amongst all participants. Qualitative comments provided a greater understanding of the characteristics and psychological devices that enable some older adults to maintain and/or increase subjective wellbeing, even in the face of negative stressors such as unsupportive social interactions. This provides valuable information for service providers and clinicians as HIV increasingly becomes recognised as a disease affecting older adults in developed nations. Rather than positioning the ageing HIV-population as a potential burden, it is proposed that learning more about the coping mechanisms employed by older adults with HIV could prove beneficial for the HIV-population as a whole.


Proper planning and operation of power system as a defence issue, is affected by several factors such as small signal rotor angle stability of generators. This type of stabilities are usually studied in two oscillatory modes including local and inter-area oscillations. Since the study of these events by using conventional methods of stability is difficult, in this paper, index-based participation factor of generators in the dominant mode is introduced and then type and location of the oscillations of power system are predicted by the neural network. In addition, the damping of the critical mode is predicted using neural network. Moreover, capability of the proposed method is evaluated by considering the effect of static load models and noisy data. The proposed method gives appropriate information of power system to the network operators in the normal and emergency conditions with high accuracy and speed.


I decide to propose a new design for Gatsby Men's Hair Salon. This project is based on the fact that there are a few salon offer services only for men. Even though it is not much different from women or unisex beauty centre, this type of salon only specialized in men's hair styling and treatment. Apart from that, the Japanese has been fully aware of men's beauty and one of it is hair styling, so they craft and illustrated it to show the world that men's hair can be in any type and forms, mostly like the so called J-Style. In the design of an interior space, the J-Style ingredient will be imploded into a salon space, with some street and modern facet. During this research some methods of research have been conceded out such as interviews, observation and mass media. And from the findings and research, a proposal of space requirements is carved out to be put in the design such as styling area, reception area, washing area, retail area and all. This proposed project's site is located at the heart of Medan Istana, Bandar Ipoh Jaya, Ipoh. The results, issues and problems about surroundings, building and client's need can be resolved by alternative ways of designing a space for a men's salon. By giving an opening to this kind of project to prospect, it will give a good impression and a fine example for people to attempt new stuff and project in the near future.


Introduction:
 Chest compressions (CCs) during CPR cause electrical artifacts in the ECG. Prior work has found that the severity of CC artifact, quantified by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), affects the diagnostic sensitivity of defibrillator algorithms designed to detect shockable rhythms during CCs. Whether SNR is altered by defibrillation is unknown. We therefore compared SNR before and after defibrillation shocks.

 Methods:
 We evaluated patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who received at least 1 defibrillation shock, had subsequent ventricular fibrillation (VF), and had a calculable SNR before and after initial shock. We measured the CC artifact during VF before and after the initial shock (and up to 3 subsequent shocks) using CC amplitude and SNR. CC amplitude was defined as the median peak-to-peak voltage of the ECG during CCs. SNR was calculated as the log ratio of the power of the CC-free VF signal to the power of the estimated noise caused by CC artifact (Figure). Differences in medians before and after the first 4 shocks were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction (alpha = 0.0125).

 Results:
 A total of 192 patients had a calculable SNR during VF before and after initial shock. Of these, the median CC amplitude decreased after the initial shock (0.93 vs. 0.75 mV, p<0.001), and SNR improved (-2.30 vs. -1.07 dB, p=0.004). In contrast to the initial shock, both CC amplitude and SNR did not differ significantly before and after shock 2 (n=107), shock 3 (n=54), or shock 4 (n=32).

 Conclusion:
 Measures of CC artifact in the ECG were greater before initial shock than afterward. This could potentially be due to changes in CC characteristics, variations in physical perturbation of the defibrillator electrodes, degradation of VF over time, or effects of tissue electroporation on paddle conductivity and noise. These findings may have implications for selection of decision thresholds in algorithms to detect shockable rhythm during CCs.


For the class of continuous, measure-preserving automorphisms on compact metric spaces, a procedure is proposed for constructing a sequence of finite-dimensional approximations to the associated Koopman operator on a Hilbert space. These finite-dimensional approximations are obtained from the so-called "periodic approximation" of the underlying automorphism and take the form of permutation operators. Results are established on how these discretizations approximate the Koopman operator spectrally. Specificaly, it is shown that both the spectral measure and the spectral projectors of these permutation operators converge weakly to their infinite dimensional counterparts. Based on this result, a numerical method is derived for computing the spectra of volume-preserving maps on the unit $m$-torus. The discretized Koopman operator can be constructed from solving a bipartite matching problem with $\mathcal{O}(\tilde{n}^{3m/2})$ time-complexity, where $\tilde{n}$ denotes the gridsize on each dimension. By exploiting the permutation structure of the discretized Koopman operator, it is further shown that the projections and density functions are computable in $\mathcal{O}(m \tilde{n}^{m} \log \tilde{n})$ operations using the FFT algorithm. Our method is illustrated on several classical examples of automorphisms on the torus that contain either a discrete, continuous, or a mixed spectra. In addition, the spectral properties of the Chirikov standard map are examined using our method.