Homer S. Black and David R. DouglasDepartments of Dermatology [H. S. B., D. R. D./ and Biochemistry [H. S. B.], Baylor College of Medicine [H. S. B., D. R. D./, and VeteransAdministration Hospital fff. S. B./, Houston, Texas 77025SUMMARYCholesterol a-oxide (cholestan-5a,6a-epoxy-3j3-ol), knownto be carcinogenic, was formed in the skin of hairless mice inresponse to UV radiation. The levels of compound formedwere dose dependent. Three criteria, namely, comparableeffects by both the primary incitant (ultraviolet light) andcholesterol a-oxide, the same predisposing specificity, and adirect relationship between the ability of the primary incitantto form tumors and produce cholesterol a-oxide, are suggestedas the minimum required to establish a causal involvement ofthis compound in the etiology of UV carcinogenesis.INTRODUCTIONUV radiation is known to produce a number of acute effectsin both rodent and human skin, including effects upon nucleicacids, proteins, and lipids, as well as upon their metabolismand upon the normal mitotic cell cycle (2, 4, 5, 9). Althoughsome of these responses have been thoroughly studied, thus farno positive experimental relationship between these effectsand their etiological role in UV carcinogenesis has beenestablished.The presence of cholesterol a-oxide was recently demonstrated in human skin irradiated with UV (3). This compoundwas simultaneously reported to be present in serum frompatients who exhibited elevated blood cholesterol levels (7).Although sterol epoxides apparently occur rarely in nature,previous studies with cholesterol a-oxide have shown that thisparticular epoxide possesses carcinogenic properties (1). Thisproperty, as well as the known carcinogenic effects of UV andthe fact that cholesterol a-oxide is formed in skin in responseto UV radiation, suggests that the compound might beinvolved in the etiology of skin cancer. The purpose of thispaper is to report the formation of cholesterol a-oxide in theskin of hairless mice irradiated with UV and to suggest criteriathat could provide more definitive evidence for theinvolvement of cholesterol a-oxide in UV carcinogenesis.MATERIALS AND METHODSAlbino hairless mice were decapitated, and a flap of dorsalskin from the shoulder to the hip and extending ventrally to1Supported in part by the Morrison Trust of San Antonio, Texas; bythe American Cancer Society; and by USPHS Research GrantCAI3464-01 from the National Cancer Institute.Received June 15, 1972; accepted August 23, 1972.the midquadrant of each side was removed. The skin wastrimmed, and s.c. tissue was scraped away. The skin specimenswere incubated for 24 hr at 4°in a mixture of 0.5 ml Tween80 solution (86.6 mg/100 ml Tween 80 in l%ethanol); 10mlof Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; and 10 Â?tCiofcholesterol-4-14 C (specific activity, 61.7 mCi/mmole). Sometissues were incubated exactly as described, except thatlabeled cholesterol was omitted from the incubation medium.After the incubation period, the tissues were removed andthoroughly rinsed with Tween 80 solution and deionized waterto remove surface contamination by labeled cholesterol. Thespecimens were blotted dry and weighed, after which theywere irradiated for periods of 15, 30, or 60 min with amercury arc lamp (1.43 X 10s ergs/sq cm/sec of exposure).Conditions of irradiation have been described in detailelsewhere (8). Controls were maintained under the sameexperimental conditions, except for irradiation.Following irradiation, the specimens were minced with arazor blade and homogenized in a Model 10 Polytron equippedwith a saw-toothed generator. Homogenization was accomplished in 10 ml deionized water, followed by a 2ndhomogenization cycle to which were added 10 mlchloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v). The total lipids were extracted4 times with chloroform:methanol. The pooled lipid extractwas washed 3 times with an upper-phase salt solution,according to the method of Folch et al. (6). After beingwashed, the total lipid extract was reduced in volume underN2 and streaked on TLC2 plates (SilicAR-7GF, 20 x 20 cm,250 /um). The plates were developed in 1,2-dichloroethane,and the polar material remaining at the origin of the plate waseluted. This material was rechromatographed in chloroform racetone (9:1 v/v). A band, corresponding to the RF ofreference cholesterol a-oxide, was eluted and prepared forradio-gas-liquid Chromatographie analysis. A stream splitter(30:1 split ratio) was inserted before the detector, and effluentfrom the Chromatographie column was collected at 2-minintervals. The effluent was collected in small glass cartridgespacked with 3% DC-200 silicone fluid on 100 to 200 meshFlorisil.The same preparative procedure was followed for thosesamples incubated in the absence of labeled cholesterol exceptthat, after elution of the band from the 2nd TLC plate, thematerial was dried under N2 and esterified with aceticanhydride-14C. The dried eluant was allowed to reactovernight at room temperature in the presence of pyridinewith acetic anhydride- C (1:1, v/v). The reaction was halted2The abbreviations used aie: TLC, thin-layer Chromatographie; GLC,gas-liquid chromatography.2630 CANCER RESEARCH VOL. 32Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on June 3, 2013. © 1972 American Association for Cancer Research.


T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia typically presenting at stages of exponentially rising lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood, accompanied by splenomegaly and bone marrow involvement [1, 2]. T-PLL is inherently highly aggressive and its notoriously refractory behavior to conventional therapeutics [3, 4] adds to its very poor prognosis. Median survival times from diagnosis are usually under 2-3 years. Up until now there is not a single FDA or EMA approved substance for T-PLL. Even after responses in 80-90% of patients to the most efficient single agent, the monoclonal antibody Alemtuzumab, relapses within 1-2 years following this treatment are the rule [2, 3]. After its market retraction for repurposing in multiple sclerosis, Alemtuzumab is currently only available in a compassionate use program. Inescapably, this has already ushered the post-Alemtuzumab era in T-PLL. Moreover, consolidating allogeneic stem cell transplantation in first Editorial


During the last decade many research efforts have been directed towards studying the relative merits of the symbolic (rooted in logic, easily understandable) and non-symbolic (numeric, difficult to understand) Artificial Intelligence (AI). Specifically, efforts have been directed towards discovering techniques to translate between knowledge available in one format to another; such as between Fuzzy Rule-based Systems (FRS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs); combining both formats in a single hybrid system; such as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Systems (ANFIS); or even equating both of them by introducing a new fuzzy logic operator [1]. The present paper proposes a new framework; based on a modification of the work given in [1]; that has several advantages over pure FRS, pure ANN systems and existing hybrid approaches. It is capable of producing meaningful plausible rules whether prior expert's knowledge is available or not. The theoretical foundation of this framework, as well as its application to a robot obstacle avoidance case study are discussed. Its suitability for the solution of general optimization problems is highlighted in [14].


This research studied the effect of tin (Sn) on the surface dullness of ENAC44300 aluminum alloy commercial grade for die casting applications.Tin impurities in the alloy composition led to surface dullness which degraded the quality of the alloy. This investigation found that bulk structure as well as microstructure were affected by the presence of high Sn content. Porosity increased in the amount and size and microstructural change was evident when the alloy containing high Sn (0.67%) was homoginized at 550°C.


The hydrogenation of styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer(SIS) has been investigated with Ni(naph) 2/Al(i-Bu) 3 catalyst system under lab's conditions:P(H 2)=0.1MPa ,T=50℃ and lower concentration of 1.90×10 -4 mol/g.SIS .The results show that the hydrogenation for SIS is characteristic of very high activity and high selectivity,i.e., phenyl is not hydrogenated,and 3,4-/1,4-chain units of isoprene appear as the same hydrogenation activity . Aging step of preparing the nickel catalyst system is helpful to increase the hydrogenation activity.Suitable molar ratio of Al/Ni is found from 2 to 6 .The degree of hydrogenation could reach about 92.6% as Al/Ni=5.It might be supposed that the catalytic active centers consist of Ni 1+ and Ni 0,furthermore, a synergism between Ni 1+ and Ni 0 could be existence during the hydrogenation process.


Background:A potential role for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has been reported. The RAS genes are good candidates for evaluating the association with MVP. The angiotensinogen (AGT) gene has an important role in RAS and was shown to be related to MVP. However, no study on the association of AGT M235T in men with MVP has been reported. In this article, we investigated the potential role of AGT M235T polymorphism in men with MVP. Methods:Seventy-one unrelated study subjects with MVP, 236 control subjects (matched with respect to age and sex), and 178 community subjects from southern Taiwan were included in this study. All participants were male Han Chinese population. All cases fulfilled the criteria of MVP and the new echocardiographic criteria for MVP. The AGT M235T polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism. Results:There was a statistically significant difference in the M235 allelic frequency between MVP study subjects and control subjects (&khgr;2 = 4.390; P = 0.036). The &khgr;2 test for trend also showed that the MM genotype frequency had a statistically significant increase with MVP study subjects (&khgr;2 = 4.339; P = 0.037). Conclusions:The results suggest a significant association between MM genotype of AGT M235T polymorphism and MVP in men. Therefore, this study indirectly supports the idea that the polymorphism of AGT M235T should be considered when interpreting and designing genetic studies which underlie differences in blood pressure.


Scenario could be used to evaluate individuals' values, preferences, and attitudes about special issues or content as a data collecting approach in research. The aim of this study is to investigate the participants' preferences and values about particular situations. The participants consisted of 104 senior elementary education students at the education faculty. In order to collect the data, five scenarios were presented to students and then asked them to write how they behaved when they experienced the situation in the scenario. After collecting students' responses, content analysis were used to examine students' preferences and ranked from highest to lowest. The results indicated that almost half of the students in this study had attitudes and tendencies towards cheating. However, the majority of the students expressed honestly to share with their parents. On the other hand, they expressed that they were willing to help as a witness to investigate to find truth in case of that it was not their business. The importance of the study investigated has a crucial indication for future of society to be order and dynamisms.


Background: Teratoma is a tumor comprised of three germinal layers classified as mature or immature in most cases. Most mature solid teratomas are benign but may turn malignant; therefore, complete resection is advised in these cases. They usually occur in women. Primary rectal teratomas are infrequent, and only a few cases have been described in the literature. Teratomas are the most common cystic that rise in the ovary, testicle, and retroperitoneum. They can also be solid and are better known as dermoid cysts. Case Presentation: We report a 34-year-old woman who were presented with intermittent constipation and diarrhea in Urmia Imam Khomeini Hospital in January 2020. After examination, a solid intra-rectal teratoma occurring mainly in the rectum was detected in this case. The patient underwent segmental colectomy and histology, which revealed squamous epithelium, fat cells, hair follicles, cartilaginous material, and granuloma suggestive of mature teratoma. Conclusion: The present case was a solid primary rectal teratoma, an uncommon disease with many misdiagnoses that can be differentiated from other diseases. In this case report, it is differentiated from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).


tag=1 data=The Westminster System and Separation of Powers; Can they co-exist? by Dr Suri Ratnapala

tag=2 data=Ratnapala, Suri

tag=3 data=CCF Newsletter [Vic],

tag=6 data=Spring 1995

tag=7 data=1,2,15-19.

tag=8 data=CONSTITUTION%PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT

tag=10 data=The people of Australia must be given an opportunity to consider whether they should retain the Westminster system or adopt a different republican form which would allow the people to directly choose their government.

tag=11 data=1998/4/1

tag=12 data=98/0025

tag=13 data=CAB


Electricity access is strongly linked to human growth. Despite this, a portion of the world's population remains without access to energy. In Colombia, rural communities have energy challenges due to the National Interconnected System's (NIS) lack of quality and stability. It is common to find that energy services in such locations are twice as costly as in cities and are only accessible for a few hours every day due to grid overload. Implementing market mechanisms that enable handling imbalances through the flexible load management of main loads within the grid is vital for improving the rural power grid's quality. In this research, the energy from the rural grid is primarily employed to power a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system that chills flowers for future commerce. This load has significant consumption within the rural grid, so handling HVAC consumption in a suitable form can support the grid to avoid imbalances and improve the end-user access to energy. The primary responsibilities of the flower greenhouse operator are to reduce energy costs, maximize flexibility, and maintain a proper indoor temperature. Accordingly, this research proposes a flexible energy market based on the bi-level mixed-integer linear programming problem (Bi-MILP), involving the Agricultural Demand Response Aggregator (ADRA) and the flower greenhouse. ADRA is responsible for assuring the grid's stability and quality and developing pricing plans that promote flexibility. A flower greenhouse in Colombia's Boyacá department is used as an application for this research. This study looked at the HVAC's flexibility under three different pricing schemes (fixed, time-of-use, and hourly) and graded the flower greenhouse's flexibility as a reliable system.


Objective: To explore possible effects of depressive disorder on cognitive function for the elderly,and investigate relationship of them.Methods: Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) and simplified version of the SCID depression disorders questionnaire were administered to 3903 participants from 24 villages(neighborhood) committees in Pudong new area.Results: There were 519 cases with depressive disorder,wherein the most cases suffered from dysthymia(54.91%) and the least cases had major depression(5.4%).There were significant differences in factor scores like MoCA total score,memory,attention,verbal fluency,abstract ability,and delayed recall between elderly depressive disorder group and negative group(P 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that gender,occupation,life ability,diabetes and hyperlipoidemia were risk factors for elderly depressive disorder.Conclusions: The cognitive function impairment of the elderly with depressive disorder is broad and is positively correlated with the depsression severity.An active treatment can effectively improve the cognitive fuction levels.


Methods for calculations of key parameters of the pipes of dry powder extinguishing systems, such as diameters of pipes, pressure losses through pipes, areas of pressure relieving openings of protected zones, etc., were studied, with formulas given out for calculations of pipe diameters, pressure losses through pipes and areas of pressure relieving openings of protected zones.


Creative work -- especially in business -- is often connected to highly complex data. While current software tools support manifold areas in working with complex data, they are very limited to support creative work. Little research has been done on what kinds of representations are supporting the externalization of mental efforts in the best way. Especially it is very challenging to give abstract mental concepts an appropriate representation. This doctoral research is creating and investigating novel approaches combining visualizations, interaction concepts and memory techniques to create design guidelines for interactive visualizations for creative work. First experiments have been conducted and the key principles are implemented partially in a prototype called BrainDump.


Diplomats in embassies and permanent representations are increasingly using the messaging application WhatsApp to communicate with their peers. They use WhatsApp groups to coordinate initiatives at multilateral forums, communicate more rapidly with headquarters and stay in touch with organizational developments at home, as well as form more personal working relations among their peers. To make sense of this phenomenon, our analysis looks at adaptation in practice. Instead of separating digital practices from offline/traditional ways of doing things, we build on the practice turn in International Relations and develop a nuanced framework in which improvising agents in a transformed context adapt to new realities while continuously being influenced by past ways of doing things—a phenomenon called "hysteresis" by practice turners. We analyze how traditional practices are supplemented by new technologies (complementarities) as well as how offline and online relationships are shaped by similar practical logics (similarities). We apply these micro-lenses to understand multilateral diplomacy at the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. Building on twenty-three interviews with practitioners, we find that WhatsApp redefines the meaning of face-to-face interactions among ambassadors and permanent representatives and makes physical meetings between diplomats more—rather than less—important.


This study investigates the effects of oil prices (OPs) on stock markets in the Middle Eastern (ME) economies. The focus is on the dynamic relationship between crude OPs and stock market capitalisation (MC) in the ME. We use daily data from nine countries between the years 2001 and 2015 to examine the relationships based on Vector Autoregression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Impulse Response Function (IRF). VECM results indicate that there are long‐run linkages between OP and MC in seven ME economies from 2001 to 2015, three countries in the pre‐shale (2001–2008) and four countries in the post‐shale (2009–2015) periods. The VAR models show short‐run causality running from OP to MC in two countries from 2001 to 2015, five countries in pre‐shale and six countries in post‐shale periods. The IRFs verify the relationships between OPs and stock market value for most of the ME markets.


This chapter examines the objectives and practice of the Rwandan national courts, as understood inside the institution. Grounded empirical research is used to examine how Rwandan judges and lawyers have interpreted the work of the national courts. These legal practitioners argued that the national courts have contributed to the transitional period through improving legal education standards, drawing specific attention to substantial domestic legal reforms in 2004. The chapter argues that the national courts' focus on legal reform in the post-2004 period provides these legal actors with a means of navigating the tensions between international criminal law and international human rights law raised by the practical and political constraints on the courts' work. In addition, it allows the judges' and lawyers' a means of asserting their current capacity to receive cases transferred from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).


In road lighting design,the average brightness of road surface,the total average luminance uniformity,glare and other factors affecting the quality of road lighting have significant implications for the driver at night comfort,fast driving. On the road lighting design,DIALux can be fast and accurate calculation of the bright degree evaluation system of the parameters,make the design of road lighting according to road illumination evaluation system,analysis and evaluation of lighting wether meet the standard of road lighting requirements.


The present research work was carried out in the CEA III "Los Pichones" of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the UNJBG. The objective was to evaluate the effect of phytoregulators on the yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) red variety Ilabaya. The treatments were four: 3 phytoregulators (Cyt-hor, Cito-one and Triggrr soil) and a control; the experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four repetitions. The data analysis was performed using the analysis of variance technique; the statistical test was F at a significance level of 5 % and 1 %. To compare the averages of the treatments, the Tukey test was used at a significance level of 5 %, reaching the following conclusions. The phytoregulators: Cyt-hor, Triggrr soil and Cito-one reached the highest yield with 35, 33; 31, 46 and 29, 95 t / ha respectively.


Objective: To study toxicity, anti-diabetic and cardiovascular effects of hydro-ethanolic extracts of Parinari curatellifolia seed extract and Aristolochia vogelii roots extract and (1:1) mixture of the above two extracts. Materials and Methods: Twenty Wister strain albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups; A, B, C and D with each consisting of five animals received extracts as follows: Group I, P. curatellifolia and A. vogelli mixture (1:1) (500 mg/kg bwt); Group II, A.


We interpret the channel surface of Athabasca and Marte Valles to be fresh former ice-rich fluvial (hyperconcentrated) deposits rather than volcanic flows. Simply stated, this is what a fresh outflow channel deposit would look like. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.


This article reviews, analyzes, and assesses prescriptions for public-sector management of information technology (IT). It draws on four sources of such prescriptions: (a) the best-practices literature, based primarily on expert opinion and focused on managerial processes; (b) the empirical IT research literature, based primarily on quantitative analyses of the IT function; (c) benchmarks (the attempt to develop objective measures of the success of IT in public-sector organizations); and (d) the problem/disaster literature, based primarily on analyses of problems and disasters that have occurred in public-sector IT systems. The best-practices literature offers guidance, but the prescriptions are too general, and the methods for identifying best practices need expansion. The empirical literature is valuable and can provide prescriptions for specific technological questions, but the body of research is too sparse and offers contradictory prescriptions. Benchmarking has potential, but the approach is very undeveloped and subject to corruption. The problem/disaster literature offers cautionary examples, but its empirical base is unrepresentative of most failures.


Through interpreting the industry chain of satellite navigation and the civil application market of the Beidou satellite navigation,the article discusses in detail the composition of industry chain structure,including satellite network,operation service providers and terminal equipment manufacturers.Specific survey and analysis on the actual needs and development prospects of Henan satellite navigation civilian market is done,the Beidou navigation civilian market and in particular,the Beidou comprehensive information service and the huge economic potential in positioning,command and control are summarized.Finally,this article gives some valuable advices for solving the problems insufficiencies existing in the Beidou satellite navigation.


Objective: To examine the genetic risk factors of Tourette syndrome and explore the possible role of Dopamine D2 receptor promotor gene and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in Tourette syndrome. Methods: A case control study based on hospital involving 24 Tourette syndrome patients and 30 healthy people was performed . DRD2P genotyping was carried out using polymerse chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction enzyme BstNⅠ digestion and 2% agarose electrophoresis . COMT genotyping was carried out using polymerse chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction enzyme NlaⅢ digestion and 12% nondenaturing polyaclamide gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis of genotype and allele frequencies between patients and controls was performed by SPSS program . Results: No significant difference was observed between patients and controls for genotype and allele frequencies of DRD2P gene and COMT gene. Conclusion: Although the results suggested no association between DRD2P, COMT and Tourette syndrome, further studies are necessary.


For pt.I see ibid., p.539, vol.18 (1992). In the previous work the authors presented evidence for an enhancement of cosmic ray flux above 1019 eV from the galactic plane in the outer galaxy and for the likely existence of discrete sources both within the plane and away from it. They now study the mass composition and energy spectrum of both the 'source' particles and the general flux. It is concluded that there is quite strong evidence for an increase in the fraction of heavy nuclei as one proceeds above 1019 eV, particularly from the intermediate latitudes, these particles being of galactic origin, but at the very highest energies, E>or=3*1019 eV, protons may well dominate again; such protons would be of extragalactic origin.


I am most grateful to the Society of Ethnobiology for presenting me with its first Distinguished Ethnobiologist Award. Naturally, the recipient questions if he is deserving of such an honor when there are so many others whose contributions are equally or more meritorious. This new award, I am certain, will honor them as they become historically recognized contributors to the dynamic field of Ethnobiology. As I prepared this acceptance speech, I received many messages asking me to include the sources of inspiration for my career and to provide guidance for the next generation of ethnobiologists so that they may appreciate the multifaceted field of Ethnobiology as a very satisfying career choice. I am now part of history as I present this brief autobiographical review of my experiences in the wondrous field of ethnobiology. Although I was fortunate to have had personal friendships with many of our pioneers, the most influential were Volney Jones, my mentor and dissertation adviser at the University of Michigan, and Dr. Edward Castetter, Volney's M.S. adviser at the University of New Mexico. Volney taught me how to conduct ethnobotanical fieldwork and to engage in paleo-ethnobotanical laboratory identifications, both morphometric and microscopic, as flotation fragments came to dominate archaeological plant inventories. Professor Castetter encouraged my ethnobiological research in the Pueblos by providing me with his unpublished field notes and ideas to integrate plants and animals from an ecological perspective. Others contributed uniquely to my ethnobotanical field methods and paleo-ethnobotanical comparative studies. Al Whiting, Dick Schultes, Jim Duke, and even the now forgotten Gretchen Beardsley (1939, 1942) assisted my field training through advice and helpful criticism. C. Earl ''Smitty'' Smith, Hugh Cutler, Leonard Blake, and Larry Kaplan advanced my plant identification skills and comparative studies. I am disappointed that I did not know Melvin R. Gilmore or John Peabody Harrington. All inspired me and made me a better ethnoscientist. I will present four vignettes to examine my career choices and how they might help others fully appreciate Ethnobiology.


Objective: To assess the insecticide resistance status of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and malathion in Kozhikode, Cochin, Malappuram, Thrissur and Palakkad town areas of Kerala.
Methods: Insecticide susceptibility assays were performed on adult female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes against discriminating doses of deltamethrin 0.05%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and malathion 5.0% following the procedure laid down by World Health Organisation (WHO).
Result: The data showed that Cx. quinquefasciatus is highly resistant to synthetic pyrethroids viz., deltamethrin and cyfluthrin as compared with the organophosphorus insecticide malathion.
Conclusion: The present study revealed the presence of resistance amongst the field populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the study areas of five districts of Kerala. This study reflects the current status of insecticide resistance in vector of Lymphatic Filariasis in districts of Kerala which may be of immense help during the implementation of vector control strategies against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
How to cite this article:Anju Viswan K, Pushpalatha E, Srivastava PK. Insecticide Resistance Monitoring in Culex quinquefasciatus - the Vector of Lymphatic Filariasis. J Commun Dis 2020; 52(1): 61-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202007


The determination of whether or not married women participate in volunteer work, and the degree to which they participate, was investigated. The homemaker's education and the husband's attitude about wives working outside the home were determinants of participation; homemaker's age, marital satisfaction, education, number of years lived in present home, length of residence in community, and amount of time worked since marriage were determinants of amount of participation.


Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that can have a long-term impact on the academic attainment and psychosocial development of pupils. The present study involved foregrounding the pupil voice regarding their views, experiences and aspirations as learners with dyslexia. This is in line with the current interest in legislature, educational research and the Educational Psychology (EP) profession to listen to the views of pupils as the evidence base suggests that the insights gained from ascertaining pupils' views can help adults working with them to develop a better understanding of their needs and promote better outcomes for them. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mainstream secondary pupils with dyslexia from two different legislative and social-cultural contexts, that is, a London borough and Singapore. The interviews covered the pupils' perceptions of dyslexia, and their experiences and aspirations. The views of their parents and of educational professionals working with secondary pupils with dyslexia were also included to provide a holistic perspective. Analysis of the qualitative data was conducted using thematic analysis. The key findings from the study showed that most pupils had high aspirations, were aware of their strengths and difficulties as learners, gained confidence and made friends from their involvement in clubs and activities and valued the support of their family and friends. The study also found that pupils from the London borough and Singapore had differing perceptions about their strengths as learners and the impact of dyslexia on their aspirations. There was a consensus amongst parents and educational professionals regarding the importance of supporting pupils' self-esteem and confidence as learners, and the need to guide their post-secondary aspirations. The implications for EP practice and recommendations for future research are considered.


In 2007, in our joint work with D. Butnariu and S. Reich, we proved that if for a self-mapping of a complete metric that is uniformly continuous on bounded sets all its iterates converge uniformly on bounded sets, then this convergence is stable under the presence of small errors. In the present paper, we obtain an extension of this result for self-mappings of a metric space with a graph.


Dielectric measurements were utilized to follow the advancement of cure in a bifunctional and a tetrafunctional epoxy/amine formulation. In deferance to earlier dielectric studies of cure, complex impedance was measured and used to calculate ionic resistivity. By using complex impedance we were able to separate, according to their frequency dependence, the contributions to overall polarization from electrode blocking layers, mobile charge carriers, and dipole relaxations. At any stage of cure, there is a unique frequency at which ionic resistivity can be singularly measured. Our approach does not involve trial-and-error frequency search, it measures dielectric response in real time, and is conducive to the development of phenomenological models based on equivalent circuits. Values of ionic resistivity measured at different cure time and temperature were used to quantify the progress of cure. Excellent agreement was reported between the calculated values of normalized degree of cure obtained by dielectric and calorimetric measurements. It was suggested that apart from the extrinsic conductivity by ionic impurities, an intrinsic mechanism which involves the reactive molecules contributes to the overall ionic conductivity. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


We investigated a suitable method for in vitro germination of spores, propagation of prothalli, and the formation of sporophytes in the fern Dryopteris nipponensis Koidz. Spore germination rate was relatively high regardless of culture medium. Prothallus development was faster in Knop medium than in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. Prothalli used in all experiments were obtained from germinated spores, and were cultivated in different concentrations of media components. The active formation of sexual organs such as antheridium made 1MS medium suitable for prothallus propagation, although there was a lower propagation ratio compared to Knop medium. Growth and morphogenesis of prothalli were most effective on 1MS medium containing 2% sucrose, and 60 mM of total nitrogen source with 20:40 mM ratio of NH4 :NO3 . To select a suitable soil composition for sporophyte formation, ground prothalli were cultivated on single and mixed soils using bed soil, peat moss, perlite, and decomposed granite for 14 weeks. Bed soil promoted sporophyte formation and growth regardless of single or mixed use. In particular, a mixture of bed soil and decomposed granite in a 2:1 ratio (v:v) led to accelerated sporophyte formation (0.83/cm).


The Coulomb barrier heights are calculated by using the proximity potential with a new universal function in comparison with the results of proximity potentials Prox77, AW95, Bass73, BW91, CW76, DP and Ng80. It is found that the new results of Coulomb barrier heights are better than those of most proximity potentials. Then this proximity potential with the new universal function was used to calculate the Coulomb barrier positions and heights from light fusion systems to heavy fusion systems. The parametrized formulas are obtained for Coulomb barrier height and position, and can reproduce most of calculated barrier heights and positions within the accuracy of ± 1%.


ABSTRACTEvaluation and identification of nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations is not a new practice; however, evaluating the variability of various inputs in the identification of NBT destinations have only recently gained special attention. This study highlights the importance of conducting sensitivity analysis of criteria weights in mapping NBT areas in the state of West Virginia. As an extension to the study by Dhami, Deng, Burns, and Pierskalla (2014, Identifying and mapping forest-based ecotourism areas in West Virginia incorporating visitors' preferences. Tourism Management, 42, 165–176) who examined and mapped NBT areas in West Virginia by incorporating visitors' perceptions as criteria weights into a spatial suitability model, this study focuses on how sensitive NBT areas are to the variations of visitors' and ecotourism experts' perceptions of selected criteria (i.e. remoteness, slope, vegetation, wildlife, mining, and logging) using a simple one-at-a-time method. Results indicate that visitor...


Borrowed the concept of 'Defer',the article analyzed and researched the late-Romantic composer Gustav Mahler's 'Instrumental Trilogy'.Around the main idea of 'defer',the writer discussed Mahler's symphonies with its tonality,themes and musical imagery and other aspects in four parts,and explored both of their features and manifestation mode on 'relevance','transitivity' and 'oneness' in depth.The paper showed a new idea to explain the individual modality style of Mahler's symphonies,offering a new viewpoint to research Mahler's orchestra works,on the other hand,it also established another purview to observe and summarize the 'potential' and 'diversity' relationship as well as unification might existing among the musical compositions.


In case of the non-real time phenomena in high dynamic flight of GPS application,Kalman predictive filter is designed to process the positioning data so as to reach the real-time demands.According to this method,the state equation and measure equation are established and the system model is simplified within the permit of precision.Simulation results indicate that the method can reduce non-real time error caused by GPS application in high dynamic flight.


While a vast amount of research has focused on the evaluation of competency to stand trial, there is a relative dearth of research on competency restoration. Only recently have systematic research efforts begun to focus on the issue of restoration. Two primary areas of inquiry regarding restoration have emerged: the prediction of restorability (and the examination of variables related to successful and unsuccessful restoration attempts) and the investigation of various treatment programs for competency restoration. This article will briefly summarize the recent research with respect to these two areas and will highlight deficiencies in our current knowledge with the hope of providing an impetus for future research on competency restoration and related issues.


One of the more controversial elements of Jurgen Habermas's critical theory of society is the theory of social evolution. It is controversial largely because it is formulated on a developmental model, and as such it distinguishes between the logic and the dynamics of social evolutionary change. By virtue of this distinction the developmental model reconstructs the universal sequence of hierarchically ordered stages that determine the range of possible forms societies can assume in the course of historical change. A common objection to the developmental model is that it is justified on the basis of an analogy between the structures of ontogenesis and phylogenesis, that is, between the development of the individual and of society, and that this analogy is far too weak to support the claim that the evolution of societies follows a universal developmental logic.2 This objection is significant because it argues that Habermas's developmental model of social evolution is conceptually problematic from the start. In this essay, I will argue that while this objection is relevant and carries some force against Habermas's early arguments for the developmental model, it is not relevant to the arguments Habermas later formulated in TCA and which appeal to different grounds. Nevertheless, there is a different though related problem with this later justification. As before, the problem lies with the difficulty in justifying the universal claims of the developmental model. If the developmental logic of social evolution cannot be shown to be universally valid, then it is open to the charge of being ethnocentric. I will argue that Habermas cannot sustain the claim that the developmental logic of lifeworld structures is universally valid on the basis of only the conceptual and theoretical resources of the theory of communicative action. I At the most general level, the overarching scheme of Habermas's theory of social evolution is inspired in a significant way by Piaget's application of the concepts of genetic structuralism to epistemology.3 For genetic epistemology, knowledge is predetermined neither by the subject, nor by the object; rather, it involves a moment of `novel elaboration' by the subject in response to the object. This moment of novel elaboration manifests itself in the form of structures of consciousness that mediate between the subject's explicit knowledge and the object itself. Habermas wants to adapt this general model of individual, or ontogenetic, learning to the macro-level of collective, or sociocultural, learning. The developmental theory of social evolution is the result of applying the model of genetic epistemology to the problem of understanding sociocultural learning. By appealing to the formal pragmatic analysis of the theory of communicative action, the resulting theory of social evolution explains sociocultural learning as a rationalization process. The essential premises of Habermas's theory of social evolution can be summarized as follows.5 (1) Development occurs in two dimensions, the dimensions of cognitive-technical knowledge and of moral-practical insight. These two dimensions of development are mutually irreducible, and each ofthese logical sequences is universal. (2) The logic, or pattern, of development should be distinguished from the dynamics of development, which depends upon contingent empirical factors. (3) The logic of development can be understood in terms of an increase in rationality. And (4), developments in moral-practical insight serve as the "pacemaker" of evolution since such developments are necessary to stabilize the systemic crises generated in society by endogenous developments in the cognitive-technical dimension. It is important to note that since Habermas distinguishes between the logic and the dynamics of development, it does not follow that development must occur. Whether or not a society in a given sociohistorical context does develop is strictly a contingent matter; but if a society develops, it will do so according to the universal developmental logic. …


Over the next years, it is expected that machine learning will be widely implemented within fields in the construction context, such as construction planning. As construction projects tend to be influenced by interrelated issues resulting in cost and/or time overruns and lower performance, it has been continuously attempted to develop predictive planning methods and tools, in order to mitigate such issues. This study aims at investigating possible applications of machine learning for construction planning, noting their impact on project performance, and finally commenting critically on the issues of responsibility in action-taking, accountability in decisionmaking, and the still crucial need for human reasoning. Methodologically, a literature review on machine learning applications in construction project planning is carried out, and then two particular implementation cases are selected for a more in-depth analysis. The first case draws on a productivity survey of construction projects in Sweden, where the relative data is analysed to find the most influential factors behind project performance; then, statistical correlation is used to find the features that are strongly correlated with four performance indicators (cost variance, time variance, and client- and contractor satisfaction), and a supervised machine learning analysis is done to develop a model for predicting project cost, time and satisfaction. The second case elaborates on the appraisal of constructability of civil engineering projects through technical project risk analysis; the model utilizes both unsupervised machine learning for the understanding and pre-processing of data, and supervised machine learning for the development of the predictive system. Following the above analysis, it is argued that there is a need for human reasoning in construction planning, even more so after the introduction of machine learning. It is not enough to include human aspects in the machine learning modelling; it is also crucial to strengthen qualified reasoning in the decision-making for construction project planning and being responsible in action-taking and accountable in decision-making.


Input/Output Memory Management Units (IOMMUs) have been touted as the solution to many problems in virtualisation security. Used naïvely, they can improve fault isolation and reduce the amount of trusted code. We contend that it is possible to do better.
 In this paper, we introduce page boxing, a novel abstraction that allows untrusted virtual machines to manage data without having access to its contents. We illustrate how this can be used with an IOMMU to create a confidential end-to-end channel between disks and virtual machines. Unlike alternative approaches, we avoid the use of encryption, which gives the potential for high performance.


In order to improve the concentration of metabolites in CTF619-D fermentation broth for more effective antimicrobial active ingredient the liquid fermentation conditions for CTF619-D were optimized by response surface method. The optimum fermentation conditions were: shaking speed of 119.33 r / min, liquid volume of 109.75 mL, and temperature of 26.78 ℃.The inhibition zone diameter was up to 27.58 mm under optimized conditions.


Members of the 28 (Maori) Battalion eating Christmas Dinner in the desert, Nofilia (Libya), on Christmas Day of 1942. Shows soldiers in uniform sitting cross-legged on the sand around a make-shift table, drinking beer and eating food from tins. Photograph taken on 25 Dec 1942, by Dr C N D'Arcy.
Quantity: 1 b&w copy negative(s).
Physical Description: Film negative


The syntheses of the asymmetrically substituted tetraorganodistannoxanes [ t -Bu 2 (X)SnOSn(Y)(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 1 2 ( 1 , X = Y = OH; 2 , X = Cl, Y = OH; 3 , X = Y = Cl) are reported and their structures in solution and in the solid state are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray analyses. In toluene, the tetrahydroxy-substituted derivative 1 is in equilibrium with the organotin oxides cyclo -[ t -Bu 2 Sn{OSn(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 } 2 O] ( 4 ), cyclo [(Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 2 Sn(OSn t -Bu 2 ) 2 O] ( 5 ), and cyclo -( t -Bu 2 SnO) 3 , and some additional, undefined species containing pentacoordinated tin atoms. In contrast, the dihydroxydichloro-substituted derivative 2 is inert in solution.


Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with > 20% of Crohn's disease patients developing this complication within 10 years of diagnosis. Despite improvements in anti-inflammatory medication, its incidence remains stubbornly high and thus far surgical intervention remains the only treatment option. Numerous cell types including intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal cells are implicated in this process, yet studies are hampered by the lack of personalized in vitro models. One potential avenue that would permit a personalized approach is to utilize human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs can be generated from any individual, faithfully recapitulate the genetics of the host and can be directed to form HIOs that contain both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Our goal was to determine the feasibility of utilizing iPSC-HIO technology to model intestinal fibrotic responses in vitro.

 iPSCs from two control individuals and two very early onset-IBD (VEOIBD) patients with stricturing complications were obtained and directed to form HIOs. Given HIOs are heterogeneous in terms of size, shape and ratio of mesenchymal to epithelial cells, they were firstly dissociated to a single cell suspension and EpCAM was used to positively select for epithelial cells using magnetic activated cellular sorting. These EpCAM+ cells were then seeded onto transwells and EpCAM- cells were seeded as monolayers in 10% serum containing media. Both cell types were treated with the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ, and changes in the expression of selected genes were analyzed.

 iPSCs from all 4 individuals could be directed to form HIOs containing both epithelial (E-cadherin+) and mesenchymal (vimentin+) cells (see Fig. 1). In the TGFβ-treated mesenchymal cell population, expression of N-cadherin and Col1a1 was significantly increased in all four lines after 8 and 48hrs respectively, with the highest increase occurring in cells derived from VEOIBD patient 2 (see Table 1). In the TGFβ-treated epithelial cell population, Col1a1 and fibronectin expression was increased in all lines after 96hrs with the highest fold change occurring in cells derived from VEOIBD patient 1 (fibronectin) and 2 (Col1a1).

 We demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing iPSC-HIO technology to model intestinal fibrotic responses in vitro. We show that iPSCs generated from all selected individuals could be directed to form HIOs and that responses to the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ can be examined in both intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This now permits the generation of near unlimited quantities of patient specific cells that could be used to reveal cell and environmental specific mechanisms underpinning intestinal fibrosis which may ultimately lead to personalized treatments.

 Fluorescent images of human intestinal organoids generated from A) Control 1, B) Control 2, C) VEOIBD patient 1 and D) VEOIBD patient 2 that were immunostained with vimentin (green), E-cadherin (red) and counterstainied with DAPI (blue). All images X20


The authors introduce and discuss the notions of the definability of a set Z of positive integers in models of a first-order theory T, and of the representability of such a set Z in a first-order theory T. The main lemma asserts that if Z is definable in most countable models of the theory T then Z is representable in a finite extension of T. From this the authors conclude that if T is axiomatizable then every set which is definable in all (denumerable) models of T is recursive. A similar consequence is obtained also, under appropriate assumptions, for "<o-complete" theories and hyper-arithmetical sets.


In this article, the author states water level lowering and water injection tests made for designing a foundation pit water level lowering plan of Kaiyuan Shopping Mall, and design parameters adopted basing on these tests, and introduces construction effect of this design plan.


This collection of papers has been brought together to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Wouter G. van Doorn (13 December 1951–16 May 2015) to plant science and the broader scientific community. Wouter was an admirable and passionate scientist who lived by the maxim 'I have striven not to laugh at human actions, not to weep at them, nor to hate them, but to understand them' (Baruch Spinoza). It was his PhD dissertation at the University of Utrecht entitled 'Vascular occlusion in stems of cut rose flowers' that opened up a whole area of experimental work aimed at understanding flower senescence and other programmed cell-death processes in plants. Wouter van Doorn's legacy is not simply limited to his excellent series of high impact articles in basic and applied science (though these are impressive in themselves) but reaches out through the students and scientists with whom he came into contact.


Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is considered as an energy-efficient solution for future wireless communication networks due to its fast and low-cost configuration. In this letter, we consider the estimation of cascaded channels in a double-RIS aided massive multiple-input multiple-output system, which is a critical challenge due to the large number of antennas equipped at the base station and passive RIS elements. To tackle this challenge, we propose a skip-connection attention (SC-attention) network that utilizes self-attention layers and skip-connection structure to improve the channel estimation performance from the noisy pilot-based observations. Simulation results compare the proposed SC-attention network with other benchmark methods and show that SC-attention network can effectively improve the accuracy performance on normalized mean square error (NMSE) for cascaded links in a double-RIS aided system.


Abstract Foreign body ingestion is a common clinical problem met in paediatric practice. Though an expectant line of management is indicated in most instances, ingested button batteries warrant emergency endoscopy and retrieval. When impacted, they can result in mucosal damage as a consequence of mechanical, chemical and electrical injury as well as systemic heavy-metal toxicity. Here we report the case of a three-year-old child who presented with features suggestive of impacted oesophageal foreign body. X ray neck revealed the characteristic features, confirming the diagnosis of an impacted button battery. The battery was successfully retrieved endoscopically with fluoroscopic assistance.


On the basis of their work with the facultative spore-bearing bacteria which ferment carbohydrates with the formation of acid and gas, Porter, McCleskey, and Levine (1937) concluded that two distinct species exist, Aerobacillus polymyxa and A. macerans; A. acetoaethylicus being considered a synonym of the latter. Tilden and Hudson (1942), adopting the generic name Bacillus for these bacteria, which is in line with the designation employed by Bergey et al. (1939), showed that the two species could be separated according to the nature of their amylases.


The continuous, large‐area solution‐processed production of silver nanowire (AgNW) transparent conducting films with outstanding optoelectronic and mechanical performance remains a challenge. Here, efficient welding of AgNWs is demonstrated using ultraviolet A (UVA) with the specific wavelength range from ≈320 to ≈400 nm based on a nanoscale photothermal process. The AgNW welding shows a self‐terminating and self‐limiting nature, and sensitivity to diameter of AgNWs. Sheet resistance of the UVA‐illuminated (UVAI) AgNW films rapidly drops within 2 min without loss of transmittance. For the UVAI AgNW (30 nm in diameter) film, decrement of sheet resistance approaches three orders of magnitude (≈105–102 Ohm sq−1) with original transmittance being (97%) retained, which significantly enhances its optoelectronic properties. Enhanced mechanical flexibility, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), and heating performance are obtained in the UVAI AgNW films. The SE and plateau temperature of the AgNW film increase to 25 dB and 50 °C after illumination, respectively. Smart window, transparent heater, and triboelectric nanogenerator based on the UVAI AgNW film demonstrate its versatile applications in optoelectronics. Finally, the welding method is easily integrated into a roll‐to‐roll process to manufacture AgNW film with a low sheet resistance of 25 Ohm sq−1 and a high transmittance of 90%, and excellent flexibility.


A few complexes of the ligand N-benzoyl-N-p-hydroxythio- benzhydrazine with the metals titanium(III), vanadium (III), Iron(II)& (III) and Oxomolybdenum(V) having the composition (M(HBpt- bh) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ) have been prepared and characterised by elemental analyses, IR & electronic spectra, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility. These studies suggested octahedral geometry around the respective metal ions. The ligands and their corresponding complexes were also screened for their biological activities.


There were some statistical errors in this article. Thus, page 417, lines 30–37, should read: Were both samples random (which is not the case), the six (35%) of seventeen is not statistically significantly different from the 28 (55%) of 51 ( =1·96 df=1; ns) whose sexual preferences were reported in the three books examined, but tends ( =3·32; df=1; p<0·10) to be higher than the 41 (17%) homosexual of 235 older children with at least one homosexual parent in the comparative empirical literature through 1999 (Cameron, 1999), while the 28 of 51 from the three books is statistically significantly higher ( =32·12; df=1; p<0·001) than the 41 of 235 from the review. Until better samples emerge, the 35–47% figure (from the random sample) of homosexuals' children who adopt homosexuality appears plausible.


T HE encounters between Caesar Borgia and Niccolo Machiavelli, and their influence on the latter's thought and writing, are still shrouded in vagueness and uncertainty. This is due not to lack of positive documentation or to scarcity of evidence, but rather to a plethora of interpretations and fancy. Instances of this vagueness and fancy may be found in interpretations of a document written in Niccolo's own hand, which is preserved in the Central National Library of Florence.1 On May 3, I503, a certain Troches or Troccio, until then one of Caesar's most trusted bravos, fled from Rome. Caesar at once despatched a circular letter to his vassals ordering them to seize the fugitive, alleging that he had fled the city without license of His Holiness. Apprehended and confined to a tower in the Trastevere section, Troccio was interviewed by Caesar, who then withdrew to a room from which he could spy on the prisoner, whereupon his chiefassassin, Don Micheletto, entered the cell and strangled the unlucky Troccio under the gaze of his unseen master. The document mentioned above is a holograph copy by Machiavelli of the circular letter sent by Caesar to his vassals. The Florentine,


The current four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation (DA) algorithm, available in the community Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's DA (WRFDA) system, can run only at the same resolution as that of the WRF model forecast, which makes it computationally prohibitive for operational applications at convective scale. The Multi‐Resolution Incremental 4D‐Var (MRI‐4DVar) has been developed in this study in order to speed up WRF 4D‐Var through a three‐stage procedure in each outer loop. One key aspect of WRF MRI‐4DVar is the introduction of the inverse control variable transform within WRFDA that allows the proper resolution change between different outer loops for the control variables projected in the vertical empirical orthogonal function (EOF) space. MRI‐4DVar's computational efficiency and forecast performance are demonstrated by applying it to an afternoon thunderstorm event over northern Taiwan with a 2 km model resolution setting. Comparing to the full‐resolution 4D‐Var experiment, two MRI‐4DVar configurations with a speed‐up of 4.5 and 7.5 times performed similarly well in terms of Fractions Skill Score (FSS) of 6‐hr accumulated rainfall forecasts and hourly variation of total rainfall amount, indicating MRI‐4DVar's potential for operational applications at convective scale.


The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect of financial distress, company growth and management turnover of the switching auditor at open manufacturing companies listed on the BEI year 2016-2020. So that this research variable consists of 4 (four) variables, the independent variable is financial distress (X1), company growth (X2) and management turnover (X3) and auditor switching as the dependent variable (Y). Population of this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period, totaling 193 companies. Data obtained the processed by using logistic regression analysis method. The criteria are based on (1) companies that are included in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2020; (2) companies that issue financial statements consecutively from the 2016-2020 period; (3) companies that perform auditor switching during the 2016-2020 period. Of the 193 listed companies there are 35 companies that meet the sample criteria with a study period of 5 years, so the number of sample observations used is 175. The data were obtaine using documentation tehniques in the form of financial statements of manufacturing companies for 2016-2020. The test results of this tudy indicate that the variables of financial distress, company growth and management turnover do not ave a positive effect on auditor switching.


Abstract The United States is in the midst of an epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths. In response, harm reduction programs commonly distribute the opioid antagonist naloxone directly to PWUD so that they can act as first responders when an overdose occurs. Naloxone reverses respiratory depression and can save the life of a person overdosing on opioids. Little research has been conducted about the lived experiences of PWUD who use naloxone, particularly their motivations for carrying it, their experiences serving as first responders to overdoses, and how new communities of care have sprung up around the widespread use of naloxone. To better understand the lived experiences of PWUD, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen syringe exchange participants who currently carry and/or have administered naloxone. In interviews, participants describe taking on the role of peer naloxone administrator as empowering, partially because it contrasts with the powerlessness they recounted in other areas of their lives. Peer administrators also use naloxone in a way that reinforces overdose care among people who use drugs. Future programs distributing naloxone to PWUD should be aware of its potential not only to save lives, but to increase participants' self-confidence and strengthen the network of overdose care in their communities.


Legislative scholars, members of Congress, and other observers have long argued that experiences prior to entering Congress influence the member's congressional activities. In particular, many have commented that state legislative service prepares members for their congressional experience. This paper examines how service in a state legislature influences congressional behaviors during the member's first term in Congress. The findings reveal that, contrary to conventional wisdom, service in a state legislature yields very little in the way of observable advantages for members engaged in a variety of legislative behaviors. We conclude that prior state legislative service may not be as valuable as many have suspected.


This study determined the impact of organizational culture on employee productivity with reference to Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu. Having analyzed the distributed 150 questionnaire to staff of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu, descriptive survey approach was adopted and analyzed using SPSS regressions. The following findings were made; i) there was positive and significant impact of organizational culture on performance of employees of Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu. ii) there was positive and significant effect of organizational culture on employee effectiveness of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Enugu. The study concluded that organizational culture had a great influence on the productivity of employees in organizations which leads to better performance and profitability organizations and it further recommended that management should enforce security measures to protect the interest of the organizations.


At present, the domestic university library consortium show good situation, and they play a positive role to the construction and development of their member libraries. However, these member libraries Especially small and medium-sized members all face with some problems either in the user training or the librarian training. The paper points out the necessity of cooperation training and implementation scheme organized by university library consortium. Finally, the paper proposes some problems for attention.


Exploring highly-efficient, economical and environment friendly electrocatalysts towards hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER and OER) is necessary but challenging for water splitting. Herein, FeS2 nanoparticles were anchored on the...


The effects that soap concentration, base oil viscosity and additives exert on the rheology of lubricating greases have been studied. Also, changes in both microstructure and rheology of lithium lubricating greases during their manufacturing process have been evaluated. With this aim, different lithium lubricating grease formulations were manufactured by modifying the concentration of lithium 12‐hydroxystearate, base oil viscosity and processing conditions or using different polymeric additives. The manufacturing process was followed through the mixing rheometry technique by measuring the evolution of torque with processing time, and samples of incipient and finished greases were taken from the stirred tank at different processing times. Rheological (small‐amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS)) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observations were carried out on each sample. The experimental results obtained demonstrate that the values of the linear viscoelasticity functions and the mechanical behaviour...


Progress in nine research areas will help generate the knowledge required to advance next-generation sequencing diagnostics to the clinic. Next-generation sequencing technologies are fueling a wave of new diagnostic tests. Progress on a key set of nine research challenge areas will help generate the knowledge required to advance effectively these diagnostics to the clinic.


About 40% of new compounds have low water solubility, however they are therapeutically active. For such drugs, different methods of formulation development should be proposed. Layer by layer assembly has recently been studied to solve this problem in which lipophilic drugs have been encapsulated. In this layer by layer process, adsorption of different components is done which is facilitated by the electrostatic attraction resulting in the formation of multilayer shells of nanometer size. These drug delivery systems include nano- and micro-particles and emulsions. In this review article, the formulation methodology, advantages, and uses of layer-by-layer assembly approach have been discussed. Keywords: Lipophillic drugs, Layer-by-layer microcapsules, Drug delivery


The invention relates to a geocell with stable honeybee lattices. The surface of each geocell sheet is provided with damping blocks, the damping blocks are mutually parallel, are arranged at equal intervals in the width direction of the geocell sheet, have the length identical to the width of the geocell sheet and are projected out of the surface of each geocell sheet, the damping block and the geocell sheets are synchronously and continuously pressed in one step to become the geocell sheets combined into a whole with the equidistant damping blocks; the whole geocell adopts more than two geocell sheets to be laminated or the whole geocell sheet to be folded; according to the whole geocell sheet folding, the geocell sheets with the damping blocks are folded into more than two layers in the length direction, the damping blocks arranged on the two adjacent geocell sheets are pairwise opposite and are connected every two groups, connecting seams are formed, the honeybee lattices are rhombic after the unfolding, and the geocell is manufactured. The geocell has the advantages that 1, stretched polymer sheets are adopted, and the intensity of the geocell sheets is high; 2, the damping blocks are arranged at connecting parts of the geocell sheets, the identical intensity of the connecting parts in all directions is ensured by a damping block connecting method, and the pulling-out intensity is raised to be identical to the peeling intensity; 3, the damping blocks have greater contact surfaces, the connecting intensity is high, and the connecting seams are firm.


Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a distinct lineage of T cells, are required to maintain immunological tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which Treg cells modulate tumor growth and clearance needs further investigation. Thus, the goal of this study is to analyze the absolute number and role of Treg cells during tumorigenesis. To achieve this goal, tumor induction studies were performed on C57/B6 mice using transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) cell lines C1, C2 and C3. Interestingly, TRAMP C1 and C2 are tumorigenic while TRAMP C3 fail to form tumor. C57/B6 mice treated with different tumorigenic concentrations of TRAMP (C1, C2, and C3) cells. The experimental design also included appropriate controls. Developing tumors, spleen and draining lymph nodes were dissected out and single cell suspensions were prepared. Cells were stained with the specific antibodies such as NK cells, NKT cells, CD4, CD8, macrophages, B cells and Treg cells and analyzed using a 13-color flowcytometer. Preliminary data revealed that development of tumors by TRAMP C1 and TRAMP C2 cells and non-tumorigenesis by TRAMP C3 cells was dependent on number of Treg cells in tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the data suggest that the number of Treg cells present in tumor microenvironment may have a direct impact on tumor progression and clearance. Thus, modulating the number of Treg cells in tumor microenvironment may be a successful therapeutic strategy to control tumor progression


Pregnancy is a nutritionally vulnerable time for both the mother and the child; nutritional demands increase, as do the consequences for failing to meet these needs. Traditional beliefs, social support, psychological health, food security, other responsibilities, income, and autonomy in decisions all play roles in what women eat during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to understand women's perceptions of food security during pregnancy, and to assess the concordance of desired versus actual dietary changes during pregnancy among low‐income pregnant women in Mbale, District, Uganda. We conducted semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews (n=15) and one focus group (n=8) among pregnant women living in slum and rural settings. The majority of women report eating less during pregnancy. Often they describe eating fewer meals in a day, in addition to cutting out staple foods due to nausea. All women changed their eating habits during pregnancy, both cutting out foods that made them feel sick and introducing foods they considered to be necessary or healthier. Only two women felt they were in control of what and how much they ate; all others said that resource constraints prevent eating how much and what kinds of food they'd prefer. Half of the woman also worried that their household did not always get enough total food. Few women receive support for either food or responsibilities during their pregnancies. When asked, most women intended to exclusively breastfeed, but frequently misconstrued the definition of exclusive. Pregnancy should be a renewed focus among nutrition programs in Uganda, to dispel misconceptions around correct eating habits and help women form strong and achievable breastfeeding intentions. It is vital that even food insecure women gain access to adequate calories and nutrients in order to prevent low birth weight and stunted babies, and to give them enough energy reserves to feel confident in sufficient high quality breast milk.


As online game addiction of youth becomes a serious social problem, various regulations restricting their game play have been introduced. However, it is considered that forced shut-down, selective shut-down, and other regulations have no effect, and theoretical debates about the necessity of regulations also continue. Therefore, this study theoretically re-examines the necessity of youth game regulations by the discussion on domestic and international policy trends and existing research. In order to confirm empirical evidence of the effectiveness of regulations, this study compares and analyses the change of youth's game play time and patterns before and after the regulations. According to the results, the effect of the regulations is inadequate so this study proposes reasonable improvement ways of them through convergent approach including legal, political, and technological perspective.


In this poster I would like to share my experiences as an Information Specialist assigned to three of the Engineering faculties at the University of Pretoria, namely Civil Engineering, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering and Industrial and Systems Engineering.  I love my job and I would like to present it in a comic strip format, showing the stressful but also the humorous parts of the job. The poster will then also indicate how the Engineering librarian can succeed by different strategies to reach out to the Engineering faculty staff and students. Strategies include hands-on training, being available in an office at the faculty (embedded librarianship),  libguides etc.


On 28 October, the Heads of State and/or Government signed the new EU Constitution.2 Ratification pending, the summit closed a long and intense debate on the constitutional foundation of the EU whose initiation many commentators place at the speech of Joscha Fischer in 2000 before the Treaty of Nice. Although the Draft consolidates more than innovates pre-existing Union acquis, the importance of this text and the constitutional event (the Convention) should not go unnoticed. Their interpretation as an Ackermanian constitutional moment marked by civic virtue can probably be ruled out (Walker; 2003). In another sense, the ʻfounding constitutional act that grounds a world-historically new practice – a practice meant to bring forth a self-determining community of free and equal citizens (Habermas; 2001: 775) – transcends probably the single event of the convention.


Rod-coil block copolymershaveattracted an increasing interestin recentyears mainly dueto their ability to selforganize andthus forming various supramolecular structures. [1–6] At thesametime, dueto their inherentimmiscibility theresultingphaseseparationofferstheopportunity to study their morphologyon a nanometerscale.Theoretical work on flexible-rigid-flexible triblock copolymers proposed by Raphael and de Gennes has shown that their aggregation behaviorin a selective solventdepends on thelength of theflexible and/or rigid parts. Besides the initial approach of making rod-coil block copolymers with polypeptides asa rigid part, several examplesof suchcopolymers containing a syntheti c monodisperserigid part have beenrecently published. In particular, coil-rod-coil triblock copolymers have been mainly synthesizedby preparing first a coil-rod block copolymerprecursorby a condensa tion reaction. In a second step, a coupling reactionof the rod functionalized endsyields the final triblock copolymerbearingthe rigid part in the middle. The syntheti c procedure employed herestartswith a functionalizedrigid oligophenylene capable of being modified to a suitable initiator for the anionic polymerization of monomer s yielding flexible chains.This strategy gives additional synthetic opportunities in rigid-flexible block copolymers sincethe endsof the flexible blocksareactive, thus enabling polymerizationof anothermonomerand/or functionalization. Communication: A two stepsyntheticproceduretowards model coil-rod-coil triblock copolymerswas developed. In the first step, a,x-bromo-functionalizedoligophenylenes (rod part) were modified to anionic bifunctional initiators. In the secondstep,flexible chainsweregrown from both endsof the rod part by an anionicpolymerization procedure leading to polystyrene-rod-polystyrene and/or poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-rod-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) triblock copolymers.Characterizationof the final productsby gel permeationchromatography , NMR spectroscopy, light scattering,Ramanspectroscopyanddifferential scanningcalorimetry demonstrated that well-defined coil-rod-coilblockcopolymerscanbesynthesized.


"You can't tell one black from another. They all look alike;" "All the niggers should hang;" "I guess we're profiling but they cause all the trouble;" "Let's be logical. He's black and he sees a seventeen year old white girl—I know the type." Despite the American ideals of equality and justice for all, these words, among others equally or more abhorrent, have echoed through jury deliberation rooms across the country. Though the United States judicial system is rooted in concepts of fairness and impartiality, our courts have long held that "[a] defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one." Nonetheless, our society demands that our trial system strive to reflect the tenets of basic fairness and a sincere search for justice. Indeed, the Constitution, through the Sixth Amendment, enumerates and protects certain rights of criminal defendants as a necessary underpinning to the


Spherical dusts are present in present tokamaks. Metal droplets and a-C:H nanoparticles of size of 0.1 μm up to 60 μm are observed in many machines including KSTAR. The size distribution and chemical composition of KSTAR metal droplets were analyzed. Due to the material composition, different surface morphology is identified between SUS 316LN and tungsten droplets found in ASEDX Upgrade. Nanoand micro structures on the surface of stainless steel droplets were identified. A large amount of a-C:H nanoparticles is found, and some portions of them are incorporated into thick layers. Tritium retention in a-C:H nanoparticles incorporated into layers will be one of most important problem to be solved in ITER.


The paper draws on the substantivist economic anthropology of Karl Polanyi, in particular his theorization of economy as "instituted process", to outline the balance of continuity and change found in a Hungarian village and small town where fieldwork has been undertaken since the mid-1970s. Attention is paid both to organizational forms, such as a particularly flexible form of agricultural cooperative in the socialist era, and to institutions in a more general sense, such as informal modes of remuneration. Whereas organizations can be speedily liquidated, instituted practices and attitudes are more resistant to change. In Hungary the continuities are more significant than elsewhere due to the market-oriented reforms of the last postsocialist decades. Stereotypes of "totalitarian" power under socialism and of a pervasive"mafia state" in the 2010s are shown to be equally wide of the mark from the point of view of provincial citizens. It is argued that, following the disruption of the first two postsocialist decades, the instituted processes of Viktor Orban's strident populism are increasingly accepted as a stable new normality. However obnoxious this new system in the eyes of liberal critics, this amounts to a re-embedding of economy in society, following a phase of disembedding. Markets – and economy in general – are always a matter of instituted process, but the metaphor of embeddedness gives us a useful additional instrument to analyse the transformation from market socialism to market populism.


We use high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction and density-functional theory !DFT" to investigate the phase stability, equations of state !EOSs", and mechanical hardness of zirconia !ZrO2" up to #54 and 160 GPa, respectively. For the equilibrium phase at ambient conditions !MI", we provide an experimental EOS that is comparable to results obtained from room-pressure Brillouin scattering experiments and bulk modulusvolume systematics but different from previous high-pressure experiments. The experimental second-order Birch-Murnaghan EOS parameters of MI-ZrO2 are: ambient-pressure volume !V0" of 35.15!!0.03" Å3 / f.u. with an ambient-pressure bulk modulus K0 of 210!!28" GPa. For the high-pressure OI phase, we find that the K0=290!!11" GPa, which is 19%–32% higher than previously determined, and V0=33.65!!0.07" Å3 / f.u. The small volume decrease of 3.4% across the MI→OI transition at #10 GPa is associated with a 38% increase in the bulk modulus consistent with our DFT calculations that predict a #36% and 39% increase in K0 for the generalized gradient and local density approximations, respectively. In contrast to the EOS of MI and OI, we find that our experimental EOS for the high-pressure OII phase is in good agreement with previous measurements. The large volume decrease across the OI→OII phase transition as obtained from both our experiments and calculations is #10%. Our estimates, using scaling relations, indicate that this phase, while dense and quenchable, may have a comparatively low mechanical hardness of #10 GPa.


Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Oridonin on leukemic NB4 cells and its mechanism. Methods Variais concentrations of Oridonin Were given to NB4 cells in vitro. The inhibitory ratio of the cells were measured by MTT assay,its apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry (FCM) and Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining,and the activity of telomerase was detected by TRAP-PCR-ELISA before and after apoptosis. Results Oridonin could decrease the activity of telomerase,induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of NB4 cells significantly .The effect was in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Oridonin can inhibit the growth of NB4 cells and induce apoptosis and decrease of the telomerase activity of NB4 cells may be one of the most important mechanisms.


In response to a maximum of services to meet the requests and requirements for time constraints,a real-time and multi-item scheduling is proposed.The scheduling strategy is divided into two levels,the first compute all queries' priorities,which is derived from the number of requests for a data item and deadline miss rate;the second level to determine the data items' order of the selected request.The experimental results show that the proposed strategy gains better performance over the existing SIN and EDF-T algorithms on reducing the deadline miss rate and scheduling efficiency ratio.


A measuring device temperature, in particular for measuring human body temperature, comprising: a) an elongated temperature sensor having an insertion end for insertion into a body cavity. b) a first temperature sensor that is located below the surface of the detector near the insertion end, c) at least a second temperature sensor that is located within the detector and which is parallel to the first sensor, d) member thermal insulation is located between the first sensor and the second sensor, e) a digital processing unit data is connected to the first and second temperature sensors, f) a data display which is connected to said unit data processing; wherein the processing unit data calculated body temperature by using the readings from said temperature sensors and numerically solving the equation of heat transfer based on heat flow that occurs between the body and first sensor and between the first sensor and the second sensor.


This study uses innovation surveys conducted in Chile to evaluate the factors that may explain public financing for innovative activities in small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The analysis is important because small and medium sized firms are the focus of the existing public programs. The estimated results with binary choice models are contrasted with cross-sectional and pseudo-panel data, observing that firms with some types of expenditures on innovative activities in previous year have more probability to obtain public financing.


This document updates the requirements for processing Destination
Options in IPv6 in two ways. First, the requirement that all
intermediate destinations in a Routing header must process options in
a Destination header appearing before the Routing header is relaxed.
Secondly, the processing of a Destination Option marked as changeable
is clarified.


Abstract Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is produced within the mouse anterior pituitaries. However, the cell types of TGF-α-expressing cells and the physiological roles of TGF-α within mouse pituitary glands remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to localize TGF-α mRNA-expressing cells, and to clarify the involvement of TGF-α in estrogen-induced DNA replication in mouse anterior pituitary cells. Northern blot analysis demonstrated TGF-α mRNA expression in adult male and female mouse anterior pituitaries. In situ hybridization analysis of the pituitaries in these mice showed that TGF-α mRNA-expressing cells in the anterior pituitary are round, oval, and medium-sized. TGF-α mRNA was colocalized in most of the growth hormone (GH) mRNA-expressing cells, while only some of the prolactin (PRL) mRNA-expressing cells. DNA replication in the anterior pituitary cells was detected by monitoring the cellular uptake of a thymidine analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in a primary serum-free culture system. Estradiol-17β (E2) and TGF-α treatment increased the number of BrdU-labelled mammotrophs, indicating that E2 and TGF-α treatment stimulates the DNA replication in mammotrophs. Immunoneutralization of TGF-α with anti-TGF-α-antibodies nullified the E2-induced increase in DNA replication. RT-PCR analysis of TGF-α mRNA expression in ovariectomized female mice revealed that E2 increases TGF-α mRNA levels. These results indicate that the TGF-α produced primarily in the somatotrophs mediates the stimulatory effects of estrogen on the DNA replication of pituitary cells in a paracrine or autocrine manner.


Thank you for reading william diller matthew paleontologist the splendid drama observed. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this william diller matthew paleontologist the splendid drama observed, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.


MEMS technology in the field of aerospace engineering is more important with light weight and high resolution. Therefore the investigation of thin films properties is issued and the residual stress of thin filrns is one of the important problems to solve. Ion implantation without thermal annealing is applied for the stress gradient relaxation of LPCVD polysilicon films used as the structural part in MEMS. He+ and Ar+ ion implantations reduce the stress gradient of polysilicon films. The property modification of polysilicon films by ion implantation is also investigated. The elastic modulus and hardness of polysilicon films with ion implantation is studied by CSM method which is an advanced nano-indentation method. Ion implantation decreases the elastic modulus and hardness of polysilicon films. However, they are improved with increasing ion dose.


This book provides a new and innovative approach to answering the age-old question of why people discriminate against Jews. The authors argue that anti-Semitism and discrimination are distinct concepts. While anti-Semitism is a negative attitude toward Jews, discrimination is a negative real-world action taken against Jews. From this perspective, one can hold anti-Semitic beliefs but not discriminate, while another can discriminate against Jews but be less anti-Semitic in general. In this context, anti-Semitism is seen as a potential cause of discrimination against Jews, but not the only one. This book examines anti-Jewish discrimination using a two-pronged approach. First, it combines and integrates ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. For example, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims can help explain the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Similarly, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. Second, the authors use previously unavailable data on discrimination against Jews in 76 countries with significant Jewish minority populations to analyze the patterns and causes of discrimination. They find that government-based discrimination against Jews is below average, but societal discrimination is higher against Jews than most other religious minorities. They focus on three potential causes: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. While all of these factors cause discrimination against Jews, conspiracy theories are the strongest predictors.


Since his existence on this planet man has had to depend on Nature for sustenance and survival. Medicinal plants have been used by him to keep himself healthy. According to the studies on ethnomedicine and folk medicine about 2000 species are newly identified as drug yielding plants and are well known for their use in about 4000 drug industries of various Indian systems of medicine. Phytochemical examination of a number of them has been carried out and active ingredients, isolated, identified are being currently used as drugs. Chemical examination of hitherto unexplored medicinal plants will help in discovering new drugs.


G-proteins . In addition , many membe rs of the G-prote in supe rf amil ie s are substrates for a large number of covalent modi fica ti ons . Among thes e are nearly every covalent modi fica ti on know n (with the exception of glyco syla ti on) , inclu di ng ADP-ribo syla tion , preny la tion, acyla tion , and phos phory la  tion. Each of these modifications is critical in controlling the proper int eraction of the G-protein with other prot eins, as well as with the appropr iate membrane compartments. This review will briefly discuss the enzymology and structure of each of thes e coval ent modif ic ati ons , with an emphasis on thei r functi onal significance as they pertai n to G-proteins and the potential for pharmacol ogi cal in tervent ion.


This commentary advances evidence-base propositions for interventions targeting the stalled side of the gender revolution: gender balanced roles in the home domain. Such interventions should be approached in a multi-level frame, from (1) socialization; to (2) family-level interventions; (3) organisational policies; and (4) societal policy/governance levels. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement


A method of strength assessment is proposed based on an extensive literature study and detailed finite element analysis of ladle turrets.Using rotary arm of ladle turret as an example to explain the difference of strength assessment between finite element analysis and method based on usual material mechanics.


188Background: Gastric cancer is highly prevalent amongst men and women. While many studies have identified the prevalence and association of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in all cancer patients, few have focused on the gastric cancer population. The primary objective of this study was to determine the proportion of patients with gastric cancer who developed IDA, and chemotherapy induced anemia (CIA) at our institution. Secondary objectives were to identify types and frequencies of IDA therapies used. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in 110 consecutive gastric cancer patients from 2006 to 2014 at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Patient demographics, previous history of IDA, and IDA based therapies were reviewed. IDA was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 130 g/L in men and < 120g/L in women and iron deficiency (ID) was defined as a ferritin < 15m/L. SAS 9.3 was used to calculate frequencies and proportions. Results: Of the 110 patients (median age 68.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 58-76]), ...


In consideration of the characteristics of topography,soil and water resources of different regions in Jiangsu Province,suitable regions for channel seepage control as well as the selection of cross sections and anti-seepage structures were briefly described.According to the consistency principle of engineering construction characteristics,the province was divided into 6 areas,based on different soils,landforms and hydrological conditions: the Xuhuai plain area,the coastal plain area,the riverside plain area,the high sediment-concentration plain area,the low hilly regions and the plain area with river networks and polders.Furthermore,the channel anti-seepage models suitable for different areas were also presented.


The Objective of this paper is to test the consequences of changes in health status of future cohorts of French elderly on healthcare expenditures. We value the precise effect of epidemiological and life expectancy changes on health expenditures for 2025 by using a markovian microsimulation model for a representative database of the contemporary cohorts in France. The originality of these simulations holds in the use of an aggregate indicator of morbidity-mortality, capturing a vital risk and making possible to adapt the quantification of the life expectancies by taking into account of a life without incapacity and/or of the presence of severe pathologies. We forecast a reliable range for future national health spending, under different epidemiological scenarios of morbidity: benchmark case (BM), healthy aging (HA), healthy aging and medical progress (AM). We obtain an evaluation of the annual growth rates in health expenditure accounted for solely by aging: +1.18%; +0.95%; +1.38% according to the scenarios BM; HA; AM. In short, the effective decreases in morbidity rates are not sufficient enough to compensate the massive arrival of baby-boomers at elderly age in France for the period 2010- 2025.


Modified sets of response equations have been derived for a single inclined hot-wire probe introduced in various orientations in a flow field having a dominant tangential velocity component. By means of these equations, the components of the three dimensional mean velocity vectors, the turbulence intensity and the Reynolds stresses can be easily determined at any location in a swirling flow which is stationary with time. This method is particularly applicable to the characterization of the flow field in chemical processing equipment where this type of swirling flow is increasingly being used. It has been successfully applied to a study of the flow field in a spray-drying chamber, in the course of which good reproducibility and consistency of results were obtained.

On a mis au point des series modifiees d'equations de reponses dans le cas d'une sonde simple fil chaud et inclinee qu'on introduit, en diverses orientations, dans un champ d'ecoulement ou se trouve une composante de vitesse tangentielle et predominante. Lesdites equations permettent de determiner facilement les composantes des vecteurs de vitesse moyenne atrois dimensions, l'intensite de la turbulence et les contraintes de Reynolds; cette determination peut se faire an'importe quel point d'un ecoulement tourbillonnant qui devient stationnaire avec le temps. Ladite methode s'applique particulierement ala caracterisation du champ d'ecoulement dans l'equipement pour traitement chimique ou l'on utilise de plus en plus ce genre d'ecoulement tourbillonnant; on l'a particulierement appliquee al'etude du champ d'ecoulement dans une chambre de sechage par pulverisation et les resultats qu'on en a obtenus se sont averes bien reproductibles et constants.


Two stones that form a part of the spolia on the Little Metropolis church (Aghios Eleutherios) in central Athens consist of a frieze depicting a calendar year. The thesis begins with a Preface that discusses the theoretical approaches used. An Introduction follows which, for reference, presents the 41 images on the frieze using the 1932 interpretation of Ludwig Deubner. After evaluating previous studies in Chapter 1, the thesis then presents an exploration of the cultural aspects of time in ancient Greece (Chapter 2). A new analysis of the frieze, based on ancient astronomy, dates the frieze to the late Hellenistic period (Chapter 3); a broad study of Hellenistic calendars identifies it as Macedonian (Chapter 4), and suggests its original location and sponsor (Chapter 5). The thesis presents an interpretation of the frieze that brings the conclusions of these chapters together, developing an argument that includes the art, religion and philosophy of Athenian society contemporary with the construction of the frieze. Given the date, the Macedonian connection and the link with an educational establishment, the final Chapter 6 presents an interpretation based not on the addition of individual images but on the frieze subject matter as a whole. This chapter shows that understanding the frieze is dependent on a number of aspects of the world of artistic connoisseurship in an elite, educated audience of the late Hellenistic period. Important is an awareness of their intellectual appreciation of the perfection of the cosmos and the links between this comprehension of a rational domain and religion. Coupling their wonder at these two spheres with the custom for enjoying enigmatic pieces of work leads to a conclusion that the frieze attempts to relate religion and astronomy, rather than present a straight-forward calendrical list of events.


The shared mixture classifier extends the conditional mixture classifier by allowing all the mixture components to contribute to the feature density model. We consider mixtures of elliptically symmetrical densities, and provide gradient ascent and expectation maximisation algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation. Three criteria are examined: the joint, non-discriminative and discriminative likelihoods. The relationships between these criteria are discussed, and we compare the performance of shared and conditional mixture classifiers. Results are presented for an application of a shared mixture classifier to the problem of detecting buried land mines using infrared and visual imagery. They show consistently better performance from the shared model.


Normative systems accommodate temporary norms of several types, which can also be modified in different, and codified ways. In this paper we address the problem of modifying temporary norms that are represented by means of the combination of two known formalisms in the current literature. The framework evolves from a known one, which provides a system of norms at two distinct layers, and represents changes at the two layers as means to provide room for the codified change types. This results in four novel operators that anticipate and extend norms in two different combined ways, by preserving or not the effects of the norms in the period of time generated by the temporal modifications. We study these new operators and show how they relate to the operators of annulment and abrogation analysed elsewhere.