Quantitative spectrophotometric determination of cefpirome in pure and pharmaceutical dosage has
been developed. Method I produces a pink-coloured chromogen peak at λmax 510 nm by reacting
diazotized cefpirome drugs with diphenylamine (DPA) in a neutral medium. Method II obtained of a
coloured Schiff bases when cefpirome reacts with alcoholic p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB)
to produce a yellow-coloured chromogen with a maximum absorption wavelength of 415 nm. In both
methods I and II, Beer's law is followed in the concentration ranges of 0.3-3.0 and 0.5-5.0 μg/mL,
respectively, with molar absorptivity of 5.13 × 104 and 2.54 × 104 for each form. At three separate
concentrations, intra-day and inter-day (RSD) and relative error (RE) are measured. The current methods
are simple, reliable, inexpensive, speedy and highly reproducible and have been tested in broad range
of pharmaceutical formulations with statistical comparisons to reference methods.


Using spinach as experimental materials,random block method,the effect of different application of cow dung on the growth and yield of spinach was studied.Spinach had the highest yield of 7 000kg/667m2 in the application of cow dung,the highest yield reached 1 227.28kg/667m2,with no fertilization(CK)increased by 24.32%;application of cow dung of 5 000kg/667m2,13.51% higher than CK;application of cow dung of 3 000kg/667m2 of spinach yield was the third,yield increased by 5.41%than CK.The increasing of yield was significantly different.At the same time,different application amount of cow dung on spinach plant height,leaf area,leaf thickness growth potential was better than the control.In short,the use of cow dung could effectively improve the yield of spinach,improve the growth potential of spinach.


Derived from the risk information seeking and processing model (RISP), this study sought to isolate predictors of the public's knowledge of global warming. Using a national sample ( N = 805), multiple regression yielded a number of significant relationships among 13 moderators. Notably, the number of media sources used for information about global warming, information seeking effort, and general education were relatively strong predictors of knowledge. Counter to expectations, informational subjective norms were inversely related to knowledge.


Vitiligo is an usual acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin characterized by well-circumscribed depigmented macules and patches. Though the association between vitiligo and thyroid disorders has been suggested, only a few studies from India and overseas have paid attention to describe the association between vitiligo and thyroid abnormalities, particularly in children. Hence, this study was taken up for evaluating thyroid disease in childhood vitiligo compared to controls in a tertiary care centre.This was a hospital-based case-control study conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital over 18 months which included 50 new patients of vitiligo and 50 age and sex-matched controls. Blood samples were garnered from cases and controls to access the levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin (anti –Tg).In our study, females outnumbered males in both groups. The frequencies of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibody abnormalities among vitiligo patients and control were 32% and 6%, respectively. The difference between case and controls for thyroid function abnormality was significant with a p-value of 0.001.Our study found a significant association betwixt thyroid disease and childhood vitiligo. Thus, evaluating vitiligo patients for thyroid abnormalities help to detect thyroid diseases or determine the possibility of eventual onset.


We report phase retrieval of a single-soliton Kerr comb using electric field cross-correlation implemented via dual-comb interferometry. The phase profile of the Kerr comb is acquired through the heterodyne beat between the Kerr comb and an electro-optic comb with a pre-characterized phase profile. The soliton Kerr comb has a nearly flat phase profile, and the pump line is observed to show a phase offset which depends on the pumping parameters. The experimental results are in agreement with numerical simulations.


In the course of my official duties during whaling operations at the South Shetlands and the South Orkneys, extending over four seasons between 1913 and 1919, I have observed that whales, and particularly the very fat individuals, are frequently covered with a film of a buffish colour. This film is easily removed, but owing to the excessively dirty conditions under which whaling is carried out, it is not an easy matter to obtain it free from admixture with other substances. The Blue Whale ( Balœnoptera musculus ) and the Fin Whale { B.physolus ) are species which are often thus coated. The film is equally thick on all parts of the skin, and it is easily seen on the white parts of the body. It is not nearly so obvious against the background of the darker parts of the skin, where it may easily be overlooked. A Blue Whale in this condition is known to the whalers as a "Sulphur-bottom." It did not at first occur to me to investigate the cutaneous coating in question, but on examining microscopically, with a low power, a portion from a Fin Whale killed at the South Shetlands late in the season 1918-1919, I found it to consist of large numbers of what appeared to me to be Diatoms. When fresh, each of these organisms was seen to contain a yellowish speck of what seemed to be oil, near its centre. A small quantity of the film removed later from the skin of a Blue Whale, killed at the same locality, proved to agree closely, in its microscopical characters, with what had already been studied in the Fin Whale.


Highly branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) compounds were prepared by copolymerization of 3H-imidazole-4-carbodithioic acid 4-vinylbenzyl ester, 1, with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymerizations proceeded well with few side reactions. An increase in the content of 1 in the monomer feed appears to increase the number of branch chains, and at the same time no evidence was obtained for the presence of substituted acrylamide chain ends that may potentially result via elimination of the dithioate group. The polymer products show a clear tendency to increased molecular weight as the extent of conversion of monomer increases, while size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profiles indicate a complex distribution of molecular weights compared to linear polymers obtained with a non-RAFT carboxylate monomer. Both NMR and viscometry indicate that, as expected, increasing the amount of 1 in the feed has the effect of increasing...


THE INVENTION CONCERNS A JOINT INSIDE SOFT SEAL, ESPECIALLY FOR SEALED COMPRESSOR. IT CONTAINS A BODY TUBE 31 PARALLEL WITH ONE END THIS ONE BRIDE CONE FLEXIBLE LORSQ'UNE 32. CONDUCT 27 VACUUM IS FIXED ON THE HOLE 25 VACUUM SEALED ENVELOPE 11 COMPRESSOR 10, WITH A FITTING 26 THE END OF THE LINE PUSHING AGAINST SEAL 30 oUTER WALL OF INNER ROOM 40 SO THAT THE BRIDE 32 VIENNA APPLY TO tIGHT MANNER ON THE EDGE OF A HOLE 41 OF THIS ROOM 40. MINIMIZE THIS PROBLEMS ALIGNMENT DURING THE ASSEMBLY AND OPERATING COMPRESSOR. SCOPE: COMPRESSORS FLUIDS .


Abstract The purification of the N-acetylmuramic acid l-alanine amidase from Bacillus megaterium KM is described. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 20,000 by sucrose density centrifugation and by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point is 8.2. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.8 and a sharp ionic strength optimum at Γ/2 = 0.02. The enzyme has a 4- to 10-fold higher initial velocity with cell walls obtained from logarithmically growing cells than from cell walls obtained from cells in stationary phase of growth. This difference in hydrolysis rate may account, in part, for the difference in cell wall turnover previously observed between stationary and logarithmic cells.


125 In this article I report on some results of a process evaluation study on the establishment of a national network of municipal substance-abuse prevention professionals in Finland. The network of municipal prevention workers was initiated in year 2000 by the Ministry for Social Affairs and Health, and the network is co-ordinated and developed by the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) (see Warsell & Romppanen 2003). The objective of the network programme was to shift prevention responsibility from the state to municipal actors and civil society by recommending that municipalities nominate a municipal contact person. The study on which this article is based evaluated the short-term effects of the state's information steering on the formation of a national network of municipal prevention professionals in 2000 and 2001 (Warpenius 2002). The aim of the study was first to find out what kind of expectations the state-level experts and planning professionals had of the network, and then to explore how municipalities reacted to the network initiative, which people were nominated as contact persons and what problems came up during the process. The study data included governmental programmes and documents, a national database of contact persons arranged by STAKES, a survey conducted among contact persons, and educational materials provided for contact persons. Background: Decentralisation and breaks in governmental traditions


Objective To analyze the clinicopathological features of solid pseudo-papillary tumor(SPT) of the pancreas.Methods The clinical and pathological data of 25 cases of pancreatic SPT were analyzed and the relevant literatures were reviewed.Immunohistochemical staining for Vimentin,Syn,AAT,CK,ER,PR,CgA,CD10 and Ki-67 on the tissue sections were performed.Results Among 25 cases of SPT,3 were males and 22 females,the age ranged from 12 to 61years with the average of 29.3.Six cases presented clinical symptom with uncomfortable upper abdomen,18 cases were found during routine health checks,1 case was detected after trauma.The lesions were located at the head of pancreas in 7 cases,at the body and tail in 12,aside the pancreas in 6.All cases showed cystic-solid gross appearance;7 cases showed necrosis and invasion to blood vessels and nerves.In histological examination,the tumor cells showed nestlike and pseudo-papillary characters.Immunohistochemical study showed strong staining for Vimentin(25/25),Syn(25/25),AAT(25/25),CK(6/25),ER(2/25),PR(23/25),CgA(2/25) and CD10(10/25);while the positive staining for Ki-67 was less than 3%.None of them had recurrence or metastasis after 2-76 months of follow-up.Conclusions SPT is a rare pancreatic tumor and prone to occur in young female without special clinical manifestation.Pathological examination showed mild uniform round or oval cells forming solid and papillary structure with hemorrhage and cystic degeneration.


A recent paper (see Numano, ibid., vol.17, p.961 (1975)) on the application of the Von Mises transformation to the non-linear one-dimensional electron plasma oscillation problem is commented on, completed and corrected. The frequency shift is computed for a water bag model, valid for all k, and found in excellent agreement with the results of computer experiments.


The "population tables" available since the 1770's shed new light on a period in the history of Minas Gerais which was particularly important for the transformations experienced in very different fields. Based on information gathered in these documents, this paper focuses on the transformations of Minas Gerais' economy as well as the redefinition of that society in a period in which captaincy gains a new profile, yet maintaining its fundamental role in the dynamics of the center-south of Portuguese America.


Abstract The majority of naturally occurring gem-quality diamonds contain {100} platelet defects, the presence of which was first detected by X-ray diffraction. In this paper a detailed comparison is made, between 1·7 A resolution HRTEM lattice images of diamond platelets in the 〈110〉 and 〈100〉 orientations, and images calculated for six different platelet models. It is found that the different platelet models are clearly distinguishable in thin crystal, and close to optimum defocus. The projected structure of the platelet in the [110] orientation is different to that in the [1ī0] orientation, whereas four of the six models have the same projected structure in both 〈110〉 directions. It was necesssary to derive a new model for the diamond platelet in order to match the experimental images. It is highly probable that the new model, which is called the disordered-nitrogen-fretwork model, represents the true structure of the diamond platelets.


For improving the control effect of anti-lock brake system(ABS) on roughness road, the signal characteristic in this instance and the algorithm of recognizing the degree of rough- ness road for ABS are studied. Modeling and simulation are used to prove that recognizing the roughness degree from wheel acceleration signal is viable. Based on the time-frequency do- main analysis, "energy specific weight method" and "account the times crossing method" are studied to identify road. Then a real-time algorithm for road roughness feature recognition is designed, which depends on multilevel cross threshold, rough- ness counter, and so on. Otherwise the compensation algorithm for ABS on roughness road is studied primarily. Experimental results show that this algorithm can recognize roughness degree exactly and rapidly, and can meet the demands for the real-time control of ABS well.


In an earlier article, it was explained how there are four kinds of electric charge. There are in fact only two kinds of electric charge. The earlier article created four kinds of charge by identifying both a simple and a compound version for each of positive and negative charge. Simple charge was based on the tension and pressure associated with pure aether flow, in and out of negative and positive particles, while compound charge was about the intermediary effect of the electron-positron dipoles that fill the space between charged bodies. A charged body linearly polarizes the surrounding electron-positron sea and this causes a centrifugal repulsive force to act laterally from the field lines. It will be explained how two negative charges may either attract or repel depending on the strength of the charge, and hence explaining the link between gravity and electrostatics.


A fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) is an intermediate stage for the falling corium from the reactor vessel to the bottom of the reactor cavity, where a molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) occurs. In FCI, large-scale corium experiments (FARO) showed that the large amount of heat is transferred to the surrounding water, approximately 40~50% of the initial corium energy in a few seconds even without the steam explosion [1]. Although the importance of the FCI during the falling stage without steam explosion does not get much attention, the fraction of the heat transfer is dominant before the beginning of the MCCI. The accurate prediction or analysis for this FCI results in the realistic initial temperature for the MCCI. Previously, using a series of 1-D models, we developed the lumped tool to estimate the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the FCI [2]. In this paper, we roughly analyze the energy and pressure behaviors in the falling stage during the FCI with the change of related input parameters.


The multiport impedance measurement technique is a simple and efficient approach to evaluate the correlation of MIMO antenna arrays. This technique is illustrated by the measurement of two orthogonal slots with different distances using a multiport test system. The correlations of the array elements, under certain conditions, are equivalent to the measured mutual coupling in impedance matrix.


Formica lugubris and F. paralugubris are sympatric sibling species of wood ants, both of which are widely distributed in Switzerland. Until 1996 they were considered the same species, F. lugubris. To investigate whether the two species can be distinguished based on discrimination cues used by the workers we used the pupa-carrying test first introduced by Rainer Rosengren. In this test workers of discriminator colonies are faced with two kinds of pupae and their preferences for one of the types are recorded based on differential retrieval. Interspecific comparisons showed that ants preferred conspecific worker pupae to those of the sibling species regardless whether the pupae were con-colonial or hetero-colonial. Hence, this test can be used as a taxonomic tool to identify wood ants hardly distinguishable by morphological characters. In intraspe-cific comparisons the highly polygynous (many queens per colony) F. paralugubris, the polygynous form of F. lugubris and the monogynous (single queen per nest) to weakly polygynous form of F. lugubris expressed different trends in their preference behaviour (with nestmate recognition in 14%, 20% and 31% of replicates, respectively). Only F. paralugubris presented no significant nestmate recognition.


WDM signal interconnection based on wavelength path routing will be the key technology for the next generation of networks. The Nx N arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) is one of the most promising devices for this purpose. However, it was not possible to realize full-mesh connectivity because of the substantial pass wavelength non-uniformity and insertion loss imbalance in conventional N x N AWGs. To overcome this problem, we have developed a uniform-loss cyclic-frequency AWG (ULCF-AWG). In this paper, we describe a 32 x 32 ULCF-AWG based metro-scale full-mesh network.


A numerical algorithm is used to generate tw o-dim ensional surfaces defined by x 3 = s'tx l. with x = >x. . x : ' . where C(rj is a single-valued function o f x that constitu tes a zero-mean, stationary, isotropic. Gaussian random process defined by the properties ,s'ix )) = 0. .'C ixK ix')} = — x '1). and a2 = (c,'2 (x )). The angle brackets here ienote an average over the ensemble o f realizations o f the surface profile function s ix ) . The results are used to compute the probability density P ; (x)(P;>(x)) th at the nearest maximum i m inim um ) to a given m axim um 'm inim um ! is at a distance x from the latter ; and th e probability density P3 (x) that the nearest m inim um to a given m axim um is at a distance x. Results are presented for random surfaces defined by surface height autocorrelation functions W, jxl) = expl x 2 a 2). r / i ' x : r a 3), and 2f( i ; i ? ) x 2j " H iix d i( fo x ) — k,_xJi(lcix)j, where . / ; .x i is a Bessei function. Results are also presented for a novel type o f one-dim ensional random surface used in recent experim ental studies of enhanced backscattering. K ey w o rd s: surface roughness, surface profile, disorder 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N Many theories of the properties o f tw o-dim ensional randomly rough surfaces assum e that the profile function s'(x ; .x : ; = G(x> that defines the surface through the equation x 3 = O x ) is a single-valued function o f 7 xi that constitutes a zero-mean, stationary, isotropic. Gaussian random process defined by the properties (C(r)) = 0 1la i (axK (x ')) = cr2W i\z — £'!). .Ib. The angle brackets here denote an average over the ensemble o f realizations o f s"(xjand .r = (,'2 ixV-" is 'he rms height o f the surface The ensem ble averages o f products of larger numbers o f surface profile functions are ttien given by (C(*i) . . -Cl-cifc-rii) = 0 '2 a» Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.


Description and discussion of several techniques for doing fundamental multidisciplinary research in the world's oceans. Among the techniques briefly discussed are global data buoy networks, automated measuring systems for local physico-chemical characteristics, devices for collecting samples and materials in the oceans, and systems for deep manned exploration of ocean depths. Primary emphasis is on description of the development and uses of four manned deep diving submersibles developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanology: PISCES VII and XI and MIR1, and MIR2


AIM:To observe the antibacterial activities of ornidazole against 4 kinds of common periodontal bacteria in vitro .METHODS:The agar diffusion test was used to detect the minimal inhibition concentration(MIC) of ornidazole against 104 stains of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus spp .RESULTS:All bacteria were inhibited by ornidazole.For P.gingivalis , the MIC 50 and MIC 90 values were 0.062 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L respectively; for P.intermedia and F.nucleatum , the MIC 50 and MIC 90 values were 0.125 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L respectively;for Peptostreptococcus spp ,the MIC 50 and MIC 90 values were 0.5 mg/L and 1mg/L respectively. The concentration of bacteria was influential in the results.CONCLUSION:All bacteria were highly susceptible to ornidazole. Ornidazole is significant for periodontal treatment. [


Inclusive growth, or rather the lack of it, has become a recurring theme in political discourses.1 Economic growth has lifted millions of people out of poverty and led to higher living standards worldwide in the decades following the Second World War. Yet, there remains a sense that growth increasingly serves a privileged few and that countries' national institutions and politics are not sufficiently responsive to the needs of all citizens. This has motivated civil protest movements and nationalist sentiments, led to greater political polarization, and fueled a new wave of populism across the globe. Increasing economic inequality, the argument goes, leads to more divided societies with worse outcomes for all citizens. In most advanced economies, income inequality is now at its highest level since the late 1970s. Among developing countries, the picture is mixed with several exceptions to the trend of increasing inequality. However, even in countries where inequality declined, progress on other dimensions of inclusiveness has been limited. Access to education, health care, finance, and employment opportunities, for example, remain unequal (DablaNorris et al. 2015; IMF 2020). Several factors explain the widening gap within countries between the rich and poor. They include technological changes that favor the highlyskilled; the decline of unions and thus of worker protection and wage bargaining power; the deregulation of financial markets; the rising market power of a few superstar firms and individuals; globalization with its integrated value chains of production and relocation of production factories to lowcost developing countries; and migration on an unprecedented scale (Atkinson 2015; Bourguignon 2018a; Sandbu 2020). Importantly, policy decisions by national governments and other economic agents play a major role in shaping the effect of these factors on economies


The observed data of GPS deformation monitoring system can be described as a kind of data series relating to time. Based on the basic theory of wavelet analysis in this paper, a method of error reduction for the observed data of time series is presented. Practical results show that, by using wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, this method can efficiently extract weak deformation characteristics from the observed data series having strong noises. Moreover, comparing with classic processing techniques, it has excellent features for non-stationary and unequally spatial series data filtering in deformation monitoring.


The present invention provides a method having a high stability and a high energy density lithium secondary battery. On at least one surface of a lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, wherein said positive electrode comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of LiFexMyPO4, group Li2FexMyP2O7, Li3FexMy (PO4) 3 and LiFexMyO2 composition and coated on a current collector at least one element of the group of positive electrode active material, where M is selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb) component, 0 <x≤1 and 0≤y <1, the anode comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of Li4 (TipQq) 5O12 and Li2 (TipQq) on the negative electrode and the group consisting of 3O7 coated on at least one surface of the collector active substance, where Q is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, Al, Sn and Sb is at least one element, 0 <p≤1 and 0≤q <1, and the lithium-containing electrolyte ( aqueous li) ions, the separator is a nonwoven fabric.


Pinned base plate connections are the most common base connection used in low-rise steel buildings. In this research, an extensive parametric study is performed using the Finite Element (FE) software Abaqus to determine the elastic rotational stiffness, moment resistance, and energy absorption of the pinned base plate connection connected to a reinforced concrete footing and subjected to an eccentric axial load. The developed FE model is validated using experimental results from the literature. Moreover, an intensive parametric study is conducted to understand the behavior of these connections better. The investigated parameters include the base plate thickness, anchor bolt diameter, and arrangement and number of bolts. The most effective parameters that affect the elastic rotational stiffness and moment resistance of pinned base connections are the anchor bolt arrangement and diameter. The maximum increase in the rotational stiffness was 53% for the anchor bolt diameter of 30 mm when the base plate thickness increased from 12 mm to 30 mm. Based on the base plate thickness, the moment resistance is improved by 150–260% when the bolt diameter increases from 12 mm to 30 mm.


. From the standpoint of the social theory of identity, the psychological concept of self-determination and a new institutional economy is analyzed the process of forming the identity of an employee of an enterprise. In this paper, it is justified that identity acts as a non-monetary form of employee motivation, which is formed under the influence of institutional arrangements of the enterprise. This conclusion allows us to develop a methodologi cal approach to assessing the identity of both an individual employee and a group of employees according to a giv en criterion. Assessment of identity creates an additional criterion, which along with traditional socio-economic indicators allows you to determine the optimal organizational structure, the rational number of employees, as well as the direction of development of institutional order of the enterprise. As a result, the methodological approach to the assessment of the identity of one employee, various groups of employees and divisions of the enterprise, which provides an additional criterion for optimizing the organizational structure and the number of employees.


Vander Lugt correlators are limited by the sensitivity of their Matched Spatial Filters (MSFs) to image scale, object orientation, and aspect angle. For real-world applications, the number of filters required to identify and track an object, in any relative position, is large. A solution to this problem is the use of an addressable filter (i.e. a Spatial Light Modulator) which preserves the system's optical alignment even though the filter has changed, and feedback from the correlation plane which servos the input scene display. Perkin Elmer has built a correlation system capable of tracking a real target, in any rotational orientation, over a 16:1 change in scale, in real-time. The system uses two Liquid Crystal Light Valves (LCLVs), optically addressed by CRTs at video frame rates. One serves as the correlator's input and operates in an amplitude mode; the second functions in a phase-only mode and serves as the Matched Spatial Filter. Three spatially multiplexed Binary Phase-Only Filters (BPOFs) operate on the fourier transform of the scene in parallel. Each filter acts independently, and produces a correlation spot. The center BPOF is computed from a slightly magnified image of the target object, and the adjoining filters are based upon correctly scaled, but slighty counter-rotated images of the target. By cross-referencing the three correlation outputs, the type of scene distortion (scale and/or rotation) can be determined, and the input scene CRT raster can be adjusted to maintain the optical match required for continuous correlation. This allows a MSF to operate over a much wider range of conditions than previously possible. By monitoring the scale of the scene CRT's raster, the system can determine when the next addressable filter must be called up from memory and displayed to continue correlation. Two computers run the software for the system, which contains image processing programs to capture input video images, generate filters, rotate and scale the scene CRT's raster scan to preserve correlation performance, change filters when the limits of raster scan size are exceeded, and track the target. The system works in conjunction with a remote gimballed telescope platform that provides the input video imagery. Tracking error information from the computers is telemetered to the platform to maintain the line of sight to the target.


This article considers firms' capacity investment decisions in the presence of cost heterogeneity and output flexibility. Capacity constraints allow larger firms attain more market power as smaller rivals get constrained. We find that demand volatility increases capacity investment of a low-cost firm, because its value function is convex in the state of demand due to output flexibility. As capacities are strategic substitutes, investments of rival firms are reduced. This enhances industry concentration, which reduces social welfare. Antitrust authorities should take more care when deciding about cost-reducing mergers if the economic environment is uncertain. ∗The authors are thankful to participants at the 19th International Real Options conference (Athens, 2015) as well as to Marco A.G. Dias, Kuno Huisman, Bart Lambrecht, Dean Paxson, Robert Pindyck, Richard Ruble, Jacco Thijssen, and Bruno Versaevel for generous comments. Corresponding author: Peter M. Kort (email@example.com).


One of the most important parameters in designing of sewer structures is the ability to accurately simulation the discharge and velocity field of them. Among the various sewer receiving inflow methods, open channel junctions are mostly occurring. Because of the separation and contraction zone that occur at the open channel junctions, the fluid flow has a complex behavior. Modeling is carried out by Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network, Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and Multiple Non-Linear Regression (MNLR) methods. Finding the optimum situation for GEP and RBF models are done by examining the various mathematical and linking functions for GEP and different number of hidden neurons and spread amount for RBF. In order to use the models in practical situations, three equations were conducted by using the RBF, GEP, and MNLR methods in modeling the longitudinal velocity. Then, the surface integral of the presented equations is used to simulate the flow discharge. The results showed that the GEP and RBF method perform significantly better than the MNLR in open channel junction characteristics simulations. The GEP method has higher performance in modeling the longitudinal velocity field compare with the RBF. However, the RBF presented more reliable results on the discharge simulations.


s of papers presented in the Western Zone Symposium on "Recent Trends in Disease Management of Horticultural Cops" held on October 19-20, 2011 at Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (Maharashtra) WZ.01: Pestalotiopsis leaf blight disease of Sapota in Thane district of Maharashtra Malshe, K. V. H. V. Borate, B. D. Shinde and S. B. Mane Agril. Research Station, Palghar, Dist. Thane (Maharashtra State) 401404 (Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli) Sapota (Manilkara achras Mill Forsberg) is the one of the most important irrigated tropical fruit crop in Maharashtra. Out of total area under sapota cultivation in Maharashtra, more than seventy per cent area is only in Thane district. It has unique importance in the economy of the farmers in the district. Most of the orchards have low productivity due to overcrowded old orchards, incidence of pest and diseases. Among the various diseases, Pestalotiopsis leaf spot disease is one of the important disease. With a view to find out the seasonal incidence of leaf spot disease, the roving survey was carried out at random in various sapota orchards of Dahanu, Talasari and Palghar tahsils of Thane district of Maharashtra for two consecutive years 2008 to 10 at one-month interval. From each orchard, randomly selected 3 trees and newly borne leaf twigs per each tree were observed for the Pestalotiopsis leaf spot disease. The incidence of leaf spot disease was recorded maximum (21.10% and 20.37%) in the month of August, 2008 and September, 2009, respectively while in the month of March, April 2009 and February, March 2010 the incidence was not noticed. The incidence is closely associated with the rainy season as relative humidity ranged between 82 to 97 per cent. WZ.02: Awareness of the sapota growers of Thane district of Maharashtra about fruit drop disease management of sapota Borate, H.V. K.V. Malshe, S. G. Mahadik and B.D. ShindeAgricultural Research Station, Palghar, Dist. Thane (Maharashtra State) 401404 (Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli) Sapota (Manilkara achras Mill Forsberg) is a major irrigated fruit crop of Thane district of Maharashtra. The economy of the rural and tribal people of this district is depended on this crop. The crop is commercially grown and plays a vital role in the economy of the district. Most of the orchards have low productivity due to improper management practices as the farmers are unknown regarding scientific management practices like pruning, irrigation, etc. Besides these, in the recent years the fruit drop disease has been newly emerged and affected the yield potential. The technology for management of fruit drop disease has been recommended. The production oriented survey was carried out in Dahanu, Palghar and Talasari tahsils with reference to incidence of disease, awareness of farmers. It is revealed that 26.67 per cent farmers were well aware, 53.33 per cent farmers were partially aware and 20 per cent farmers were not as much of aware about fruit drop disease management. Major constraints faced by the sapota growers were the shortage of labours (45 per cent), High cost of fungicides (64 per cent), Season (10 per cent) and lack of knowledge (21 per cent). WZ.03:Evaluation of different varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) against bacterial wilt disease under north Konkan conditions of Maharashtra K.V. Malshe, H. V. Boarte, B. D. Shinde, and S. B. Mane Agril. Research Station, Palghar, Dist. Thane (Maharashtra State) 401404 (Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli), Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a widespread vegetable grown in India. It is the most important, popular, high productive and princial vegetable crop and finds it place as poor man's crop. Brinjal is rich in its varietal wealth, both improved and local. However, the high digree of variation is with respect to growth, yield, fruit type, and reaction to pest and diseases. It is commercially grown in Thane distrct of Maharashtra as it is most suitable for transporation to market. The bacterial blight is a major disease of brinjal. Eight varieties of brinjal which have purple colour fruits viz; CHES-309, Arka Nilkanth, Bandhtivare, Manjari gota, Manju, Lanja local, PLG Local and Arka Nidhi (C) are selected for evaluation. A field trial was conducted at Agril. Research Station, Palghar, Dist. Thane during rabi season of 2007-08. The experiment was conducted in RBD. There are significant differences in growth, yield parameters and incidence of bacterial wilt. The maximum yield was recorded by the variety Indian Phytopathology 65 (3-Suppl.) : 220-227 (2012) 221 CHES-309. The incidence of bacterial wilt in different varieties ranged from 1.53 to 68.67 per cent. The minimum incidence (1.53 per cent) was found in variety Arka Nilkanth followed by Arka Nidhi (1.80 per cent) and the maximum incidence (68.67 per cent) was found in Manjari gota variety. WZ.04: Field evaluation of fungicides against powdery mildew disease of fenugreek M S.Dadke, B. D. Wadulkar, S .S. Wagh and Amreen Begum Department of Plant pathology, College of Agriculture, Nanded Road, Latur-413 512, Email: email@example.com Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum) is one of the most popular vegetable and spice crop grown throughout the world. In India area under fenugreek cultivation was about 32,660 ha with annual production of 35,710 tones and an average productivity of 1093kg/ ha. Among the various factors responsible for low production and productivity of fenugreek, diseases caused by biotic and mesobiotic agents viz; fungi and viruses are the major one. Of the fungal diseases infecting fenugreek, powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe polygoni DC is one of the most important and destructive disease, inflicting heavy yield losses to the tune of 27-33% under severe incidence/ intensity. Keeping in view, spread, disease susceptibility and losses incurred by powdery mildew disease, present investigations was undertaken during Rabi, 2009 at the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur. All the spray treatments of fungicides were found effective against powdery mildew disease and significantly reduced the powdery mildew disease incidence and intensity in fenugreek. Among the fungicides tested tridemefon (0.05%) recorded significantly least disease intensity (16.29%) and significantly highest grain yield of 1343 kg/ha which was at par with hexaconazole (0.005%) which recorded the grain yield of 1341 kg/ha. Most economical treatment with highest cost benefit ratio (1:9.55) was hexaconazole (0.005%). WZ.05: Bio efficacy of bioagents and antibiotics against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, causing oily spot disease in pomegranate Apet, K. T., N.N. Bodke, A.P. Suryawanshi, and D.P. Kuldhar Department of Plant Pathology,College of Agriculture, Marathwada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402 (MS), Email : k tapet123@redif fmail .com, firstname.lastname@example.com Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most remunerable fruit crop grown in the state of Maharashtra, especially in the districts of Sangli, Solapur, Nasic, Ahemdnagar, Satara, Latur and Osmanabad. But during recent past years the crop has been found to be severely affected by the oily spot/ bacterial blight disease incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. The disease has created havoc, caused innumerable quantitative as well as qualitative losses and put the growers to economical loss. As the disease is of recent emergence, very scantly information is available for it's effective management. Therefore, present study was undertaken to evaluate in-vitro the bioefficacy of bioagents and antibiotics against X axonopodis pv. punicae, the cause of oi ly spot disease of pomegranate. Results revealed that, all five species of antagonists Trichoderma (T koningii, T. lignorum, T. viride, T.hamatum and T. harzianum) and seven antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefaclor, cefoperozone, rifamcine, chloramphenicol, streptocycline and bactronol) evaluated were found effective against the test bacteria and caused it's significant inhibition over untreated control. However, T. hamatum was found most effective and recorded significantly highest growth inhibition (22.00%) of the test bacterium. This was followed by T. harzianum and T. koningii with 15.00 and 11.000 per cent growth inhibit ion, respectively. Cefoperozone recorded significantly highest growth inhibition (21.07%) of the test bacterium. The second and third best antibiotics found were ceftriaxone (17.70 % inhibition) and cefaclor and chloramphenicol (each 15.50% inhibition) both of which were on par. Rest of the antibiotics evaluated recorded growth inhibition in the range of 11.47 to 14.40 per cent. WZ.06: Efficacy of bioagents and bioinoculants against Pythium ultimum causing damping off in chilli cv. Pusa Jawala Apet, KT, R.R. Deshmukh, A. P. Suryawanshi and S.L. Badgujar Department of Plant Pathology,College of Agriculture Marathwada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402 (MS), Email: ktapet123 @rediffmail.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Chilli (Capsicum annum L.), the universal spice is grown on large scale in India. The crop is affected by a number of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Of the major fungal diseases, damping off caused by Pythium ultimum is the most destructive disease causing more than 90 per cent mortality both in nursery beds as well as in field transplanted chilli crop. Being soil borne, the disease / pathogen is difficult to control and uneconomical to manage alone with costly fungicides. Therefore, an eco-friendly, economical and effective option for management of soil borne diseases like damping off will be the use of bio control agents and bioinoculants. Hence, present studies were undertaken at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Parbhani during Kharif2009 with an aim to find out the efficacy of bioagents and bio inoculants against P. ultimum as 222 Indian Phytopathology 65 (3-Suppl.) : 220-227


The Seventh Report of Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment National Joint Committee of High Blood Pressure provides a new guide for the prevention and management of Hypertension (HTA) and provides key insights into the treatment of hypertension.


A vibrational spectroscopy study of the interstitial carbon atom in a series of Re and Ni carbide clusters enabled the M-C vibrational modes to be assigned and the effect of the metal atoms capping the Re/sub 6/(..mu../sub 6/-C) and Ni/sub 8/(..mu../sub 8/-C) cores to be investigated. The assignment of the M-C vibrational modes has been confirmed by /sup 13/C isotopic labeling of the interstitial carbide atom. A single force constant value accounts for the observed frequencies in the nickel carbide clusters, whether capped or uncapped, and in the uncapped rhenium carbide clusters. In contrast, the vibrational analysis for the capped rhenium clusters indicates that the force field around the carbon atom should be described by slightly different axial and equatorial force constants. A rationalization of the capping effect in terms of structural and electronic effects is proposed.


A computer aided model to optimize the performance of drain engineered MOS transistors is reported. Simple closed form expressions for the drain current, transconductance and transit time were derived. A comparative study of the device characteristics is made between the conventional, spacer LDD and Fully Overlapped LDD (FOLD) MOS transistors. Suitable fold finger designs were made to optimize the FOLD structures for lower transit time and better current driveability. The FOLD structure promises better performance and reliability in comparison with other structures.


The article focuses on research into the effectiveness of teams in the workplace when employees and management are trained in the use of teams. The article states that research concerning work teams suggests that there is a learning curve for work teams and that the teams may require time and training before they become cohesive and productive units. It mentions that the decision-making authority given to the teams was greater than traditional quality circles but less than that of semiautonomous work groups. It talked about the process of building team structure and developing cooperation between unionized production workers and management, and states that group effectiveness improved significantly over the course of the study.


Fly ash erosion is a leading cause of boiler tube failure in PC boilers. Therefore, shields or baffle plates are installed in specific areas to mitigate fly ash erosion and prevent boiler tube failure. However, the tube failure problems caused by fly ash erosion cannot be eliminated with this solution alone, because each PC boiler has a different flue-gas flow pattern and erosion can become severe in unexpected zones. This problem is caused by an asymmetric internal flow velocity and local growth of the flue gas velocity. For these reasons, clearly defining the flow pattern in PC boilers is important for solving the problem of tube failure caused by fly ash erosion. For this purpose, the cold air velocity technique (CAVT) can be applied to the fly ash erosion problem. In this study, CAVT was carried out on the Hadong #2 PC boiler and the feasibility of application of CAVT to conventional PC boilers was validated.


PURPOSE: To obtain a mixer which is sensitive to the fluctuation of pressure and a flow rate request and reduces the cost for manufacture and operation by detecting pressure supplying a first ingredient to the mixer and controlling pressure supplying a second ingredient according to this detection signal so as to adjust each ingredient in a high ratio. CONSTITUTION: A high volume ingredient consisting of resin including supercritical fluid and a low volume ingredient consisting of a catalyst are mixed as an dilution agent to produce coating material. Resin from a resin source 18 advances to the mixer 14 through a resin supply pipeline 24 and a catalyst source 38 sends the catalyst to a differential pressure regulator 40 through a pipeline 39 under pressure. This regulator 40 is connected with a diaphragm seal 44 connected with the pipe line 24 through a transferring line 42. Then the regulator 40 discharges the catalyst by pressure in proportion to resin pressure, e.g. but higher than this pressure by about 100 to 300psi (7 to 21kg/cm ) to a catalyst supply pipeline 50. The relative rate, namely the ratio, between resin pressure and catalyst pressure is set within the regulator 40.


The present invention discloses a surgical hemostat or bone using resorbable orthopedic surgery, mainly including, chitosan or modified chitosan of 20 to 95 parts, konjac glucomannan or carboxymethylation modification konjac glucomannan 5 to 80 parts, water 50% to 500% of the total weight of solids. In an aqueous solution or solid powder form mixed with another solid powder or aqueous solution form was prepared. Hemostatic agent of the present invention is simple operation, good compatibility, non-irritating inflammation, and can induce bone growth.


Objective To determine the monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides in cultured Cordyceps militaris by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed-electrochemical de- tection(HPAEC-PED).Methods Through the application of the hot-water extraction and dilute base ex- traction methods,taking the cultured C.militaris sporophore as raw matarial,six water-soluble polysac- charides were obtained from the cultured C.militaris.The polysaccharides named as P50-1,P70-1,and P70-2 were isolated from the hot-water extraction,and CBP-1,CBP-2,and CBP-3 from the base extrac- tion.The six components of the monosaccharide in the polysaccharides were analyzed by HPAEC-PED. Results The results showed these water-soluble polysaccharides all consisted of mannose,glucose,and galactose except CBP-3,which was supposed to be a glucan.Conclusion This method is simple,high ef- ficiency,accurate and can be used to determine the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides without derivatization.


The second order rotatory theory of hydrodynamic lubrication was founded on the expression obtained by retaining the terms containing first and second powers of rotation number in the extended generalized Reynolds equation. In the present paper, there are some new excellent fundamental solutions with the help of geometrical figures, expressions, calculated tables and graphs for the plane and exponentially inclined slider bearings in the second order rotatory theory of hydrodynamic lubrication. The analysis of equations for pressure and load capacity, tables and graphs reveal that pressure and load capacity are not independent of viscosity and increase slightly with viscosity for the constant value of M in the case of fluid with small rotation. Also the pressure and load capacity both increase with increasing values of rotation number M. In the absence of rotation, the extended generalized Reynolds equation gives the classical solutions of the classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication given by Reynolds, previously. The relevant tables and graphs confirm these important investigations in the present paper.


The most currently developed uranium adsorbents usually suffer from relatively low adsorption capacity, poor selectivity, high cost, undegradability and secondary environmental pollution issues. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an...


Apatites from the major types of mainly magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits (30 localities, mostly in British Columbia, Canada) together with apatites from carbonatites (29 intrusive complexes) and unmineralized rocks (11 localities) have been analyzed by electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Discriminant analysis using Mg, V, Mn, Sr, Y, La, Ce, Eu, Dy, Yb, Pb, Th, and U reveals that apatites from mineral deposits can be distinguished from apatites in carbonatites and unmineralized rocks. Apatites from mineral deposits are characterized by higher Ca and correspondingly lower total contents of trace elements that partition onto the Ca sites (rare earth elements (REEs), Y, Mn, Sr, Pb, Th, and U) than apatites from unmineralized rocks and carbonatites. Apatites from the different deposit types also have distinct trace element compositions that are readily discriminated by the discriminant functions. Apatites from worldwide carbonatites have the most fractionated REE distributions with light REE enrichment (Ce/Yb CN = 35–872), high V (1.6–1,466 ppm), Sr (1,840–22,498 ppm), Ba (1.8–275 ppm), and Nb (0.4–19 ppm) contents, the lowest W contents (0.05–0.55 ppm), and no significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.9–1.2). Apatites from alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the North American Cordillera possess high V contents (2.5–337 ppm), whereas apatites from calc-alkaline porphyry Cu-Au and Cu-Mo deposits have high Mn contents (334–10,934 ppm) and typically large negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.2–1.1). Apatites from iron oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) and related Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits in Canada, China, and Mexico typically have large negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.2–1.5) and low Mn contents (40–5,753 ppm). Apatites from orogenic Ni-Cu, porphyryrelated Cu-Au breccia, Au-Co skarn, Pb-Zn skarn, and Cu skarn deposits have relatively low abundances of impurity cations. This study demonstrates that detrital apatite grains collected during regional geochemical surveys are effective in identifying specific types of buried mineral deposits in glaciated terranes.


Julia Margaret Cameron developed her approach to focus in her portraits of the 1860s, when photographic rules and terminology had just begun to be established. Cameron's notion of focus has been discussed largely from the perspective of whether her photographic style was deliberate. This article approaches her work by denying this dichotomy. It argues that Cameron's treatment of focus implies a critique of the photographic image, for it undermines one of the major photographic goals at this time: the rendering of a precise, sharp, accurate record. The truth of Cameron's images lies not in their precision but in the allusion they make to the sitters' characters by blurring their physical form. Impreciseness – the quality of being inexact, ambiguous, nebulous, even out-of-focus – encourages viewers to interact with the images while also revealing the photographic process.


An object levitating apparatus, an object transporting apparatus, and an object levitating process are described which, simultaneous to not placing restrictions on the material and so forth of the objects handled, are able to handle objects having relatively large weights and dimensions, while also being compact in size, inexpensive, preferable in terms of safety and so forth, and easy to control. The above effects are obtained by exciting a vibrator and levitating or transporting an object above the surface of the vibrator by the radiation pressure of the sound waves of the vibrator, and in particular, since there are no vibration nodes present as a result of in-phase piston mode vibration, the dimensions of the object to be levitated and transported can be small.


Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus laetus (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae) is a pest of cotton resulting huge losses. Identification of this bug species is a difficult task due to its (O.laetus) similar morphology to other members of the genus Oxycarenus. Hence, this study focuses on the aspect of species identification with the help of mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene which can serve as a potential barcode for O.laetus. The sequenced COI segment was found to be 688bp long and it was deposited in the Genbank database and the family analysis and phylogenetic analysis was performed and the results indicated that the sequenced segement belongs to the Hemipteran Lygaeidae family.


1. Tropical dry woodlands are thought to be declining as a result of human activity. Aerial photograph analysis showed measurable conversion of closed canopy miombo* to sparse woodland in Lake Malawi National Park, Malawi, from 1982 to 1990. This multi-disciplinary study investigates the possible contributions to these impacts by local use of domestic fuelwood, construction poles and fuelwood for commercial fish smoking.

2. Domestic fuelwood use was measured in 30 households over an 11-month period. Domestic fuelwood is collected by women and is headloaded to the village. It comprises a large biomass of mainly dead wood and small branches over a wide species range. Mean total annual domestic fuelwood consumption by the total enclave population was less than half the mean annual production of fallen dead wood in the Park, estimated from three quadrats harvested monthly over an 11-month period.

3. Construction poles are mostly small, have extended durability and come from a broad species range. Fencing poles frequently take root to form live hedges. Eucalyptus trees are commonly grown for poles. Construction pole use appears sustainable and shows signs of substitution.

4. The 305 commercial fish smoking stations in the enclaves used less fuelwood annually than domestic fuelwood users. However, the men who undertake this activity target large branches and logs from a narrow species range, involving destructive felling of canopy species. 95% of men collecting fuel for fish smoking use cutting tools and three-quarters transport the wood by boat or bicycle.

5. The scale, size classes and species involved in commercial fish smoking suggest that this activity drives the observed degradation of closed canopy to sparse woodland. Traditional local fishing focused on small species sun-dried for preservation. Commercial fish smoking was introduced relatively recently by immigrants, along with gill netting that harvests larger fish requiring smoking for preservation. Demand for fish by ever-increasing urban populations underpins the continuing growth of the fish smoking industry.

6. Disaggregation of different wood use practices allows informed management policy for the Park. Currently, management targets and penalizes domestic fuelwood collectors. While seeking to reduce demand and provide alternative fuelwood sources, law enforcement and forestry extension should be reorientated to address the extraction of fuelwood for fish smoking.


Organic redox‐active materials are promising electrode candidates for lithium‐ion batteries by virtue of their designable structure and cost‐effectiveness. However, their poor electrical conductivity and high solubility in organic electrolytes limit the device's performance and practical applications. Herein, the π‐conjugated nitrogen‐containing heteroaromatic molecule hexaazatriphenylene (HATN) is strategically embedded with redox‐active centers in the skeleton of a Cu‐based 2D conductive metal–organic framework (2D c‐MOF) to optimize the lithium (Li) storage performance of organic electrodes, which delivers improved specific capacity (763 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1), long‐term cycling stability (≈90% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 300 mA g−1), and excellent rate performance. The correlation of experimental and computational results confirms that this high Li storage performance derives from the maximum number of active sites (CN sites in the HATN unit and CO sites in the CuO4 unit), favorable electrical conductivity, and efficient mass transfer channels. This strategy of integrating multiple redox‐active moieties into the 2D c‐MOF opens up a new avenue for the design of high‐performance electrode materials.


Currently, researchers are focusing on the use of a mass of autothrombocytes for the effective treatment of periodontal disease. The article notes the effectiveness and advantages of treatment when using this method.


The novel transformation of cytosine oxime sulfonate (C*) to uracil sulfonate (U*) proceeded by a Co(II)-assisted benzoyl peroxide reaction, eventually leading to the conversion of cytosine to uracil.


This article describes morphological classification of roller supports in conveyor systems with development of a General Definitional Table (GDT). This work is aimed at facilitating work of the engineering designer. Basing on engineering forecasting, the prospectivity of proposed designs of roller supports operating in severe conditions was analyzed. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of various inventions made it possible to develop fundamentally new designs of roller supports for conveyor systems. Inventions have been confirmed by provisional patents of the Republic of Kazakhstan, details whereof are shown below in tabular form. [Manezhanov B.A., Shayakhmetov Y.Y., Mendebayev T.M., Temirtasov O.T., Ibragimova R.R., Abilmazhinov Y.T., Mansurov S.M. Prospectivity of designing roller supports for conveyor systems operating in harsh conditions. Life Sci J 2014;11(12s):273-277] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 55


In this paper, we characterize Lie ideals, which are either finitely generated [Formula: see text]-modules or maximal, in (centrally closed) prime rings. As consequences, we extend the results proved in [1] for finite dimensional central division algebras of characteristic not [Formula: see text] to simple rings of arbitrary characteristic.


Introduced in the article are the design data and technical features of the pipe end facer which is capable of the full automatic operation cycle of loading clamping facing releasing unloading, providing such advantageous features as high sychronization, high operation reliability, satisfactory machining quality, flexibility of large range size pipes and high effectiveness.


The study of entanglement between bosonic systems is of primary importance for establishing feasible resources needed for implementing quantum information protocols, both in their interacting atomic or photonic realizations. Atomic systems are particularly efficient in the production of large amounts of entanglement, providing higher information density than conventional qubit entangled states. Such increased quantum resources pave the way to novel fundamental tests of nature and efficient applications in quantum information, metrology and sensing. We consider a basic setup made up of two parties A and B, each one populated by a single level bosonic variable. The bosons are interacting and can hop between A and B, thus describing a two-site Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. We consider the generation of quantum states in several situations that cover the majority of physical realizations: ground state, finite temperature, unitary dynamics, dissipation through dephasing and loss of particles. The system is analyzed through truncated exact diagonalization, as a function of the microscopic parameters. The non separability of the obtained quantum states is estimated by means of the negativity, which has recently been proven to be a suitable measure of entanglement. Finally, we calculate lower bounds of the entanglement of formation, an indicator that quantifies the minimal amount of entanglement resources needed to build up such states.


Analysis of large, complex systems requires simulations of hybrid-system dynamics, i.e., dynamics which are best described by a combination of continuous-time and discrete-event models, and their interactions. To serve as valuable research tools, such simulations need also be computationally efficient, readily modifiable, and open to a wide range of component modules. This paper describes the development of a simulation architecture meeting these criteria. The issues with its development are described conceptually, and its application to the task of safety analysis of the national airspace system is discussed. In particular, an object-oriented approach to hybrid-system simulation is detailed, and computationally efficient methods of updating the simulation are described and compared.


For the rapid development of Information Technology, data security becomes more and more important. The best way to solve the security problem is to implement ciphers with ASIC. This paper describes an efficient and scalable VLSI implementation of DES algorithm. Various implementing techniques are compared and the most efficient one is chosen. 1.2um CMOS technology is used to implement a testing chip for testing the performance of this design. It can encrypt 40M bits of data per second at 10MHz clock frequency. For some accessorial use, this chip can also be a random number generator (RNG).


We report the results of an experiment on automatic NE recognition from Machine Translations produced by five different MT systems. NE annotations are compared with the results obtained from two highquality human translations. The experiment shows that for recognition of a large class of NEs (Person Names, Locations, Dates, etc.) MT output is almost as useful as a human translation. For other types of NEs (Organisation Names) Precision figures are close to the results for human annotation, although Recall is seriously distorted by the degraded quality of MT. The success rate of NE recognition doesn't strongly correlate with human or automatic MT evaluation scores, which suggests that the quality criteria needed for measuring MT usability for dissemination purposes are not pertinent for assimilation tasks such as Information Extraction.


Using a sample of 28 emerging market economies from Asia and Latin America spanning 1990–2013, we show that the marginal effect of capital flows on growth is positive and contingent on the threshold level of institutional quality (IQ). The conditional effect of capital flows holds for both the income per capita growth and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We also determine the different threshold levels of IQ at which the marginal effect of capital flows is positive. The overall level of IQ in the Asian countries is superior to the Latin American countries and requires a lower threshold level to exert any positive effect. While the same conditional effect of IQ holds in Latin America for TFP growth, this effect is reversed in Asia. For very high levels of IQ (91st percentile), the marginal effect of capital flows on TFP growth in Asia is almost negligible. The marginal effects also vary based on the composition of capital flows in each region.


Zayed University Libraries is excited to help make 2016 a year of reading! This is a list of suggested titles that might be a good place to start if you want to find something to read just for fun!


All Sorghum species are believed to have the potential of producing hydrocyanic acid, and thus, the common usage of Sorghum as a forage results in the threat of poisoning to cattle. Since the determination of hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) is laborious, we sought to ascertain whether it is possible to predict HCN-p from other more easily measured plant characteristics.

The relationships of HCN-p to various morphological plant characteristics and dry matter percentage of six sorghum types were studied in 1970 and 1971. Significant differences among the cultivars were found both years for all the plant characteristics—height, diameter of culm, length of stem, number of leaves, width and length of third leaf, dry matter percentage, and HCN-p. Most of the correlation coefficients between HCN-p and the morphological characteristics of the cultivars were not significant. Correlation coefficients between HCN-p and dry matter percentage were all negative, and most were highly significant. It was not possible to predict HCN-p from measurements of the morphological characters. Although dry matter percentages were influenced by genotype and stage of development, relative differences in dry matter percentages were indicative of relative differences in HCN-p


Farmer Field Schools (FFS) consist of groups of people with a common interest, who get together on a regular basis to study the "how and why" of a particular topic. The topics covered can vary considerably – from IPM, organic agriculture, animal husbandry, and soil husbandry, to incomegenerating activities such as handicrafts. The FFS, however, are particularly adapted to field study, where specific hands-on management skills and conceptual understanding is required (Gallagher, 2003). In order to know the farmer"s development study conducted in selected/representative para (villages) of all Upazilas of Khagrachari Hill District where the Agriculture and Food Security project has been implementing since 2009"10. The study covered 100 paras, 36 Unions, and 8 Upazilas of Khagrachari where para are selected thoroughly by statistical drawing sample. In this study researcher tries to highlight the agriculture and food security project for the development of the people (Farmer"s) of hill tracts of Bangladesh. Researcher also tries to disclose the activities of the agricultural extension in Khagrachari Hill District. Keyword: Farmer Field Schools (FFS), The Integrated Pest Management-Farmer Field School (IPM-FFS), seed to seed or


In this paper, a fuzzy neural network based predefined-time trajectory tracking control method is proposed for the tracking problem of omnidirectional mobile robots (FM-OMR) with uncertainties. Considering the requirement of tracking error convergence time, a position tracking controller based on predefined-time stability is proposed. Compared with the traditional position tracking control method, the minimum upper bound of the convergence time can be explicitly set. In order to obtain more accurate angular velocity tracking, the inner loop controller combines Type 1 fuzzy neural network (T1FNN) to estimate the uncertainty. In addition, considering the problem of feedback channel noise, a Kalman filter combining velocity and position information is proposed. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of this method.


Following two poster presentations during iAssist Conferences in Toronto, 2014, Working Across Boundaries: Public and Private domains and in Bergen 2016, Working Across Boundaries: Public and Private domains – Part 2, we present now a third poster - Working Across Boundaries: Public and Private D omains - Part 3 . The poster will present the results of a follow-up survey that we plan to realize in Turin in Fall. The main argument of the survey will be WHY? It seems that every effort done in order to organize, disseminate and make the data usable in Turin (and in Italy as well) would be unsuccessful, WHY? The survey topics will include items like: agency type (public or not, dimension, services offered,...), data type and volume, how and when they are used, for which purpose, the actual mode and tools used to conserve data,  the archives type, the accessibility level and so on. The work is aimed to identify the reasons that withstand the organization of efficient data archives in order to better promote their use


The subject of research in this article is the processes of experimental determination of the characteristics of fans of turbojet bypass engines with a high and ultra-high bypass ratio. The goal is to substantiate the need to use a method based on the determination of torque, and the formation of requirements for the accuracy of its measurement. Tasks: determination of the relationship between measurement errors and the accuracy of determining the efficiency and air flow, analysis of the accuracy of alternative methods for organizing measurements and calculating the indicated parameters, comparative study of these methods, and the formation of recommendations for their practical use. For this, analytical methods of error analysis based on the methods of analysis of random variables are used. The following results were obtained: formulas that relate the errors in the calculation of efficiency and consumption with errors in the measured parameters (mathematical models of errors), and determine requirements to the torque measurement precision, which must determine the efficiency with a specified precision. The scientific and practical novelty of the results obtained is as follows: mathematical models of errors in determining the efficiency and flow in the fan have been formed, which relate the errors in the results of calculations with the errors in the measured parameters; because of the use of these models, experimental methods for determining the characteristics of compressors and fans have been developed; for the first time, an analytical expression was obtained that determines the requirements for the measurement error of torque to experimentally determine the efficiency of fans. It is shown that to determine the efficiency with an accuracy of 0.5 %, the accuracy of torque measurement even in the absence of other measurement errors cannot be worse than 0.5 %, and taking into account the perspective of measuring temperatures and pressures with relative standard deviations σδp = 0.02 % and σδT = 0.25 %, the standard deviation of the torque measurement error should not be more than 0.24 %.


Aim To determine whether electron-beam CT (EBCT) is useful as a noninvasive coronary artery calcification screening examination for differentiating diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods Ninety and nine consecutive patients with HCM from 33 to 71 years old (48.6±12.7 years), were reviewed to find out clinical characteristics and implication of coronary artery calcification detected with EBCT scanning when simultaneously compared with 102 coronary heart diseases (CHD) patients, 30 to 78 years old (56.2±10.9 years). Results Of the 99 HCM patients, 31 (32.3%) had detectable coronary calcification, and calcium score was 21.1±4.9. There was a significant difference between HCM group and CHD group, which were 66.7%(68/102) and 203.2±34.9, respectively (P0.01). The prevalence of coronary calcification and calcium score had a increase as age went up in HCM patients, but still in the range scores in normal chinese. The outcome was the same after age and gender adjustment. Conclusion EBCT is helpful to distinguish HCM patients from suspected CHD patients or associated CHD as a noninvasive imaging technique.


Ever since the start of the field works in the region of Ar-Raqqa in February of 2007, the SyriaJapan Archaeological Joint Research in the Bishri Region has conducted thirteen times of works in the field until December of 2009 as folows: The 1st season of field works: February 15 to March 3, 2007 The 2nd season of field works: May 6 to 30, 2007 The 3rd season of field works: August 1 to 29, 2007 The 4th season of field works: November 8 to December 12, 2007 The 5th season of field works: March 3 to April 5, 2008 The 6th season of field works: April 25 to June 6, 2008 The 7th season of field works: October 10 to December 2, 2008 The 8th season of field works: February 23 to April 3, 2009 The 9th season of field works: April 28 to June 12, 2009 The 10th season of field works: August 1 to September 9, 2009 The 11th season of field works: October 11 to 25, 2009 The 12th season of field works: November 17 to 21, 2009 The 13th season of field works: December 24 to 30, 2009


The purpose of this study was to investigate the role ambiguity, role conflict, and job satisfaction perceptions among selected Human Resource Development (HRD) practitioners. The study's target population was the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD)—Dallas Chapter. The independent variables used in this study consisted of HRD practitioners' gender, age, length of HRD experience, educational level, and HRD role category.


This report presents the results of an evaluation of performance of the U-Th and Pu-U238 fuel systems as a function of fuel-to-coolant volume ratio and as a function of cycle length (burnup) and power density. Results are included for both the initial cycle and the equilibrium cycle of operation. Only light water is considered as the coolant in this study. The range of values for fuel-to-coolant volume and power density is large enough to include all practical designs currently envisioned. It is shown that for acceptable combinations of fuel-to-coolant volume ratio and power density, based on LOCA considerations, that the U-Th system is superior in conversion performance to the Pu-U238 system.


A field experiment was conducted during Rabi seasons of 2001–2002 and 2003–2004, to study the response of mustard varieties to date of sowing and moisture conservation practices under scarce moisture condition. On the basis of over all consideration of growth, development, heat unit accumulation, heat unit efficiency, yield attributes, yield and net profit, the crop sown on 15th October resulted in, maximum growth and yield during both the year, while delayed sowing lowered the growth and yield. Variety "Vaibhav" prove to be the most promosing in growth, yield and net return as compared to variety "Urwashi" under the test. Among the moisture conservation practices, paddy straw mulch proves to be better over moisture conservation practices applied during the experimentation.


Novel crossbar antifuse for high-density user programmable logic array (PLA) is presented. Circuit area reduction and routability increase of PLA are achieved by crossbar architecture based on pure-CMOS antifuse adjacently integrated into low-voltage and high-speed logic transistors. In addition, since our crossbar antifuse technique can be fabricated according to the standard design rule of advanced CMOS process, it is easy to implement our PLA as a user-customizable embedded logic in SoC. The logic density of our test chip in 65 nm process technology is 1835 lookup-tables (LUTs)/mm2, which is larger than any previous reports.


A noise barrier design of the absorptive type, incorporating LECA®, a well know material used in civil engineering because of its above-average sound absorption characteristics, as a coating material, is presented. The performance of the barrier was tested experimentally, using in situ measurements at Highway A2 in Portugal, and theoretically with MicroBruit, a computer program for traffic noise prediction. In general, results indicate that absorptive noise barriers made from concrete and coated with LECA® yield results similar to those obtained with uncoated reflective barriers.


This paper designed an upper limb rehabilitation training system combining AR technology and BCI technology for upper limb function of stroke patients. The system is divided into two phases :(1) AR-SSVEP phase, EEG signals of patients were collected in real-time by two different scintillation frequency squares, which adapt patients to the AR environment and focus; (2) AR-MI phase, the patient imagines the motion of the hand according to the instruction of the light, real-time acquisition of EEG signals and analysis of patient intentions, and given the feedback on AR technology, which let patients have a better visual experience so that can complete rehabilitation training better. This system uses 3dsMax to build AR scene and 3D characterÿs upper limb and its animations, then import into Unity software with the AR kit to build as AR interface, after packaging, finally build the program into the HoloLens device. The system has the characteristics of multilevel, portable, immersion, real-time and so on. It provides a new method for the rehabilitation of upper limb function in stroke patients, and portability of brain-computer interface and visual stimulation.


Based on the edge and the local region information,a new active contour model is proposed in this paper,which can process multi-spectral image.And it is used to extract the building roof boundary from LiDAR data.The input image of this model is processed by microstation software,the LiDAR point cloud is classified firstly and then the classified results are converted to raster format.This model is solved by variational level set method,and the minimal solution is the exact building roof boundary.It can eliminate the restrictions on the initialization and the image types of ACM,and it is suitable for the automatic extraction of any shape of building roof boundaries.In addition,the computational time of the new model is reduced by adding the level set rules.Building roof boundary extraction experiment result indicates that this model can obtain higher accuracy in matched rate,shape similarity and positional accuracy than that of the IAC model and the GACcolormodel.


Machair systems are not particularly rich in invertebrate species but do contain a much more diverse range of invertebrates than would normally be expected from what is generally thought of as a dry grassland habitat. This invertebrate diversity is d riven by the fine-scale, field-scale and landscape-scale mosaic-iness produced by variations in underlying s oil conditions, the impact of wind and sea-spray on the soil, the range of markedly different habitat types occurring in close proximity to each other and the strong over-arching influence that cropping and grazing management has on those habitats. The occurrence of these varied invertebrate assemblages is one of the more important reasons why the machair system holds such large and important populations o f breeding birds such as dunlin, Calidris alpina , lapwing, Vanellus vanellus , oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus , redshank, Tringa tetanus , and snipe, Gallinago gallinago . Without the invertebrates the birds would not be there in such high numbers and without the continued combination of environmental and management factors, the diversity of invertebra tes occurring on the machair would be much less. MACHAIR INVERTEBRATES: WHAT'S KNOWN ABOUT THEM?


Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the agricultural crops that can be grown in marginal areas. Grain and straw are used mainly for food and fodder purposes. However, due to the high-fat content in the grain and the small amount of ash, it can be an attractive raw material for energy production. The biomass can be straw and oat grain. Grain should be intended for food purposes, but if it does not meet the quality requirements, it can be used for energy purposes. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the energy usefulness of four oat cultivars depending on the applied level of nitrogen fertilization. The research results show that oat grain and straw can be used as fuel for energy purposes. The average calorific value of grain was 18.7 MJ·kg−1, and the ash content in dry matter was 2.03%. With the increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilization, a decrease in the calorific value of oat and straw grains and a decrease in ash content were noted. The findings show significant varietal differences. Oat straw had a lower calorific value and a higher ash content, which indicates its lower usefulness for energy purposes compared to grain.


This paper describes the infrastructure needed to provide location-based services for supporting field technicians and service order managers in customer relationship management solutions. Customer relationship management systems may be improved integrating location-based services into enterprise applications, including the Web environment. This integration into different contexts requires component-based and Internet-enabled tools that may be easily customized.


The present invention is disposed on a substantially square or rectangular shape of the chips with chamfered corners (10) comprises a matrix (14) of rows and columns of photosensitive points, small image such as an image recording apparatus a recording apparatus, the read register arranged in the base of the matrix (20 ', 20' ') to an image recording apparatus which comprises a. Registers include bent according chamfered corners of the chip, thus the horizontal portion (22) and two inclined portions (24, 26). Sensor further includes a means for directing photosensitive charges from the column terminating opposite the beveled corners, the stage of the register is located in the inclined portion along the chamfered corners (Zin). Above it is applied to a radiation sensor for intraoral dental. .FIELD 1


The fuel economy of the QingNeng 3 fuel cell vehicle was corrected using two methods for calculating the hydrogen consumption based on the van der Waals equation and the compression coefficient.Rational fuel economy results were obtained with illustration of the mistakes made in previous calculations using the van der Waals equation.The compression coefficient is recommended for calculating fuel economy indexes.Analytical calculations of the gas mass,m,are based on the pressure,p,volume,V,and temperature,T,in the van der Waals equation with the correction coefficients,a and b,given as functions of p and V with different units to improve the hydrogen consumption calculation accuracy.


Majority of medical errors are caused by faulty systems,concept and processes.In addition,errors also are raised from the decentralized and fragmented nature of the health care delivery system or"nonsystem,", particularly under stressful conditions that led people to make mistakes or fail to prevent them.So it is important to design a safety systems at all levels to prevent mistakes and to enhance the anesthesia security.


Assisted reproductive techniques are associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birthweight and intrauterine growth restriction. Yet, the long‐term follow‐up on the growth of these children is limited.


Let $f$ be a unimodal map of the interval with critical point $c$. If the orbit of $c$ is not dense then most points in lim←{[0, 1], f} have neighborhoods that are homeomorphic with the product of a Cantor set and an open arc. The points without this property are called inhomogeneities, and the set, I, of inhomogeneities is equal to lim← {w(c), f|w(c)}. In this paper we consider the relationship between the limit complexity of $w(c)$ and the limit complexity of I. We show that if $w(c)$ is more complicated than a finite collection of convergent sequences then I can have arbitrarily high limit complexity. We give a complete description of the limit complexity of I for any possible $\w(c)$.


Shanghai caricature in the 1920s and 1930s is the very important manifestation of urban culture.Especially,the portray about female body let us to feel the gender organization in that time visually.In addition,the temptation and dread brought by the female body represent the complex attitude of common citizen to the arisen urban culture rapidly.


Objective: To observe clinical effect of SanHua YiShen Tang in the treatment for endometriosis(EM) and investigate its mechanism. Methods: Sixty endometriosis patients were randomized into the treatment group and the control gorup. The cases of the treatment group were treated with SanHua YiShen decoction, one dose a day, the patients in the control group were administered with gestrinone, 2.5 mg each time, twice each week, after treating for three consecutive months, total effective rate, the improvements of subjective symptoms, uterine volume and pelvic mass, the changes of serum carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125), estrogen(E2), prolactin(PRL), progesterone(P), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) and interleukin6(IL-6) were compared in both groups. Results: Total effective rate of the treatment group was 90%, higher than 86.7% of the control group, but the difference had no statistical meaning(P0.05); the contents of CA125, E2, PRL, VEGF, TNF-α and IL-6 of both groups after treating were decreased compared with before treating significantly, P level was raised;subjective symptoms were improved notably; pelvic mass was reduced compared with before treating, the decrease of the treatment group was more notable compared with the control group(P0.05), there was no change in uterine volume between before and after treating(P0.05). Conclusion: SanHua YiShen Tang is effective in eliminating the lesions, relieving the pain, increasing conception rate and reducing the recidivism by inhibiting the dissemination of ectopic endometrium.


Bryophytes from the Tapes restinga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Forty - six species (21 mosses and 25 liverworts) were found in the restinga a rea of Tapes, distributed in 19 families and 31 genera. Of these, three species (one mosses, and two liverworts) are new records in Rio Grande do Sul State. Only two species are common in all restinga area studied: Frullania caulisequa (Nees) Nees and F. n eesii Lindenb. The aims of this study are to present floristic composition of this restinga area and compare the occurrence of the species with other studies on restingas published in Brazil. A comparative table with bryophytes species of the restinga area s studied in Brazil is presented


Problem statement: This study presents an effective method for removing mixed artifacts (EOG-Electro-ocular gram, ECG-Electrocardiogram, EMG-Electromyogram) from the EEG-Electroencephalogram records. The noise sources increases the difficulty in analyzing the EEG and obtaining clinical information. EEG signals are multidimensional, non-stationary (i.e., statistical properties are not invariant in time), time domain biological signals, which are not reproducible. It is supposed to contain information about what is going on in the ensemble of excitatory pyramidal neuron level, at millisecond temporal resolution scale. Since scalp EEG contains considerable amount of noise and artifacts and exactly where it is coming from is poorly determined, extracting information from it is extremely challenging. For this reason it is necessary to design specific filters to decrease such artifacts in EEG records. Approach: Some of the other methods that are really appealing are artifact removal through Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Wavelet Transforms, Linear filtering and Artificial Neural Networks. ICA method could be used in situations, where large numbers of noises need to be distinguished, but it is not suitable for on-line real time application like Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Wavelet transforms are suitable for real-time application, but there all success lies in the selection of the threshold function. Linear filtering is best when; the frequency of noises does not interfere or overlap with each other. In this study we proposed adaptive filtering and neuro-fuzzy filtering method to remove artifacts from EEG. Adaptive filter performs linear filtering. Neuro-fuzzy approaches are very promising for non-linear filtering of noisy image. The multiple-output structure is based on recursive processing. It is able to adapt the filtering action to different kinds of corrupting noise. Fuzzy reasoning embedded into the network structure aims at reducing errors when fine details are processed. Results: The computational result shows that the artifacts from the EEG are removed to a great extent and this has led to the accurate analysis and diagnosis of the EEG related diseases. Conclusion: Experimental results show that the proposed neuro-fuzzy technique is very effective and performs significantly better. The fidelity of the reconstructed EEG signal is assessed quantitatively using parameters such as Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Power Spectral Density (PSD). In addition we have also compared the performance of adaptive filter and neuro-fuzzy filter based on the above parameters.


Abstract : Three alternatives for using Craney Island Disposal Area (CIDA) during deepening Norfolk Harbor are evaluated. Alternative 1 considers CIDA in its present configuration; Alternative 2 assumes CIDA is subdivided and managed as recommended in the CIDA Management Plan (Palermo, et. al., 1980) throughout the deepening project; Alternative 3 requires the construction of an expansion to contain all or part of the new work and maintenance volume dredged during the deepening project and requires the development of the existing disposal area as suggested in Alternative 2. Recommended: Combination of alternatives 2 and 3. Keyword: Dredged material containment.


Background: Distinguishing patients with the inherited salt-losing tubulopathies (SLT), Gitelman or Bartter syndrome (GS or BS) from wildtype (WT) patients who purge is difficult. We decided to identify clinical/biochemical characteristics which correctly classify SLT. Methods: 66 patients with possible SLT were recruited to a prospective observational cohort study at the UCL Renal Tubular Clinic (London). 31 datapoints were recorded on each patient. All patients were genotyped for pathogenic mutations in genes which cause SLT; 39 patients had pathogenic variants in genes causing SLT. We obtained similar datasets from cohorts in Taipei and Kobe; the combined dataset comprised 419 patients, 291 had genetically confirmed SLT. London and Taipei datasets were combined to train machine learning (ML) algorithms. These were then tested on the Kobe dataset to determine the best biochemical predictors of genetic confirmation of SLT. Results: Single biochemical variables (e.g. plasma renin) were significantly, but inconsistently different between SLT and WT, in the London and combined cohorts. A decision table algorithm using serum bicarbonate and urinary sodium excretion (FENa) achieved a classification accuracy of 74%. A simpler algorithm based on the FECl achieved a classification accuracy of 61%. This was superior to all of the single biochemical variables identified previously.


Urban air quality around commercial and residential areas in cities has been progressively deteriorating due to gaseous pollutants released by an increasing load of vehicular on the roads resulting in adverse effects on human health. Plants due to their gas exchange have capability combat gaseous pollutants. The Phytoremediation capability and capacity of plants has been studied through the use of Anticipated Pollution Index (API) and Air pollution tolerance Index (APTI). Apart from other factors, the ecological significance of each plant has been considered for evaluating the API. The present study was undertaken for 40 plants, Syzygium cumini, Menispermum cordifoliu, Albizia lebbeck, Saborium chinense Raf. Eclipta prostrate, Tectona grandis, Thevetia peruviana, Nerium oleander Linn, Pithecellobium dulc, Alianthus excelsa Roxb., etc.. Phoenix humili (3.65) and Calotropis gigantean (15.13) with highest APTI were found to be more tolerant to gaseous pollutants, whereas Syzygium cumini is anticipated to be better performer along road sides on the API score. Others plants found to be excellent performers were Thevetia peruviana, Tectona grandis , Grevillea robusta, Alstonia scholaris, Olea paniculata, Delonix regia, Casuarine equisetifolia, Pinus roxbughi Sarg . KeywordsAPTI, API, Ascorbic acid, Total Chlorophyll, Air pollution. © RASĀYAN. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION Air pollution is a major problem for world cities with ever increasing population and vehicular load. The released pollutants cause human and animal health problems and damage to the ecosystems. 1 Physical processes like winds and atmospheric lapse rates impact the pollutants through the horizontal and vertical movement of air. Wind causes the pollutants to disperse hence causing their dilution. Conditions like temperature inversion and stagnant air cause pollutants to concentrate near the surface. 2 High levels of air pollutants are observed in commercial areas and at a red light on road crossings, due to high density and slow movement of vehicles. Other than physical processes the plants mean to play an important part in the mitigation of pollution in the local environment. Plants through their functioning remove a significant amount of pollutants from the atmosphere. Plants have enormous, surface areas, which help harness various air pollutants, directly through absorption or adsorption processes or by deposition on the biologically active leaf surface area. The surfaces of leaves are colonized by microorganisms 3 , and have been reported to cause degradation of various organic pollutants. 4 On exposure to air pollution, physiological changes are exhibited by the plans followed by visible damage. 5,6 Plants are complex and their physiological response depends on different parameters and factors affected by pollutants. Tolerant species are affected least while sensitive ones get injured more by air pollution. Vol. 12 | No. 3 |1627 1640| July September | 2019 1628 ASSESSMENT OF ANTICIPATED POLLUTION INDEX Meena Deswal et al. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) has been used to analyze the plant's suitability for use under air pollution environment. 5 APTI is based on four biochemical parameters viz. Quantities of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, relative water content and pH of the leaf extract. Ascorbic acid is an important reducing agent and it helps plants against oxidative gases like SOx, NOx, etc. which generate cytotoxic free radicals. 6 Ascorbic acid also plays a crucial function in the synthesis of the cell wall, cell division and defense 7 , so related to growth and maintenance of the plant. The chlorophyll content is related to the photosynthetic activity resulting in growth and accumulation of biomass. For air pollution, the degradation of the photosynthetic pigment can be used as indicator. 8 High pH may be responsible for efficiently converting hexose sugar to ascorbic acid 7. The presence of acidic pollutants in the ambient air the leaf ph is lowered. Reduced photosynthesis has been observed in plants at low pH. 9 High water content in plants indicates their drought resistance and helps maintain the physiological functioning in stress conditions on exposure to air pollutants. 10 So to determine the tolerance level of plants to air pollutants these four parameters have been used. Comparable results have been reported for the level of susceptibility of plants to air pollution indicated by their APTI values with the plant responses observed under controlled and field experiments 5 Higher the index value more tolerant the plant will be to the pollutants. For screening plants, according to their sensitivity level or tolerance, this index gives a reliable method. Landscape planners use APTI in selecting tolerant plants 11 which can act as natural sinks for gas pollutants. 12,13 Study Area This study has been undertaken in Rohtak city of Haryana state (India). It is the fourth largest city in Haryana and spreads over an area of 139.4 km 2 with a total population over 0.48 million (Fig.-1). It is the education hub of the state. Being part of the national capital, it is rapidly growing in terms of population and number of vehicles on the road (Fig.-2.) Traffic load is even higher due to vehicles passing from other cities and tractors from the surrounding rural areas. Fig.-1: Location Map of Sampling Sites in the Study Area.


SUMMARY

This work presents an analysis of the fleet size determination problem for a truckload distribution center in which each customer requests multi-truckload services. A transformation is made to define this problem as a cutting stock problem which can be resolved by finding the proper set of patterns beneficial for an NP-hard (non-deterministic polynomial-time hard) problem. The genetic algorithm (GA) is combined with cutting stock techniques to solve the problem. Experiments are carried out testing two types of problems, with and without time-window constraints. To verify the solution quality obtained with the proposed approach, the problem is also solved using only GA. It is shown that the proposed approach can significantly improve the GA solution by 14.68%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.