Two detailed 3-D Ground Penetrating Radar surveys were recorded on outcrops of the Ferron Sandstone in Castle Valley, Utah in an effort to image internal sedimentary structures. The Ferron Sandstone is a fluvial to proximal marine sandstone which is considered to be a good analogue for some Gulf Coast oil and gas reservoirs. Because of its excellent exposure in Castle Valley, the stratigraphy of the Ferron has been, and continues to be very extensively studied to determine the relationships of bedforms to the distribution of reservoir properties. Our goal in imaging these outcrops with 3-D GPR is to interpret reservoir heterogeneities at interwell scales. Correlation of these heterogeneities to known porosity and permeability distributions from outcrop studies will be used to establish three dimensional scales of reservoir flow behaviour. These data will subsequently be used to improve flow simulations of analogous oil and gas reservoirs. Results of this study indicate that 3D GPR is indeed suitable for this application. The first 3-D survey was recorded on a 15m by 15m grid with traces recorded every 25cm in both directions. Adjacent outcrop showed the near-surface sandstones to be of a tidally reworked deltaic lithofacies, overlying lower coastal plain carbonaceous siltstones. More than 4m of penetration and finer than 25cm resolution were achieved using a PulseEKKO IV GPR system with 200 MHz antennae. The second 3-D survey was recorded about 250m away from the first, over a stacked distributary channel to nearshore sandstone lithofacies. 100 MHz antennae were used over a 25m by 25m grid, with 5Ocm spacing in both directions. More than 8m of penetration and finer than 50cm resolution were observed. A 2-D line with 50 MHz antennae and 1 .Om trace spacing was recorded to connect the two 3-D surveys and to provide a more regional picture of stratigraphy. Reflections were recovered from as deep as 20m. The data were processed both at Chevron, using the Promax seismic processing system, and at UT Dallas, using in-house software. Data were flattened on the air arrival, gained, spatially smoothed and then migrated using a fixed-offset prestack migration. Results were visualized with VoxelGeo, a software package which allows the user to selectively render the volume with transparency to see the interior of the data cube in 3-D perspective. Connectivity analysis within the cubes highlights discrete reflectors, and by implication, the main flow units of the facies. Work is underway to correlate the vertical and horizontal scales of heterogeneity from the GPR data, with the facies' permeability distribution from outcrop studies.


UNLABELLED
Junior doctors are exposed to multiple occupational risks. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors and protective factors for mood and anxiety disorders among junior doctors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study via an anonymous online questionnaire between October 2011 and June 2012. All the junior doctors in our faculty were included. The questionnaire inquired about demographic and health data. It contained four validated scales: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, the WHO quality of life (WHO - QOL) questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire. Finally, it sought to clarify the conditions of professional practice and the interactions between university programmes and junior doctorate students (change of specialty, pregnancy, leave of absence, etc.).

RESULTS
192 juniors doctors participated in the study, 68.2% of whom were women. Out of the group, 13.0% presented a depressive syndrome, while 28.7% presented an anxiety disorder, 32.8% were experiencing Job Strain and 29.7% Iso Strain. The risk factor for anxiety was competition between junior doctors: OR=4.23 (1.06 ‒ 16.82). The protective factors for mood disorders were the help provided by senior physicians and the respect shown by patients: OR=0.21 (0.06-0.74) and 0.20 (0.06-0.75), respectively.

CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated the impact of the relationships with senior physicians and patients on junior doctors' health at work. Consequently, prevention should not be focused uniquely on work organization, but should increase physicians' awareness of the importance of this relationship.


Dacryocystorhinostomy has developed in the course of time into a routine operating method in chronic dacryocystitis and dacryostenosis cases in place of the formerly frequently used probing and removal of the lacrimal sac. By this method we try to relieve the patient not only of an infection focus, but also of akward tearflow. Age is nowadays not considered any contraindication to operation, which can be performed as successfully on little children, as soon as they can stand general anesthesia (Callahan 1956), as it can on the old. Ophthalmologists have as a rule followed the external operating method first conceived by Toti (1904) and later improved by Kuhnt, Ohm and DupuyDutemps, while otologists have accepted the endonasal dacryocystorhinostomymethod of West, Polyitk and Halle. Many series of results of dacryocystorhinostomy have been published in Nordic countries, some of these are concerned with operations performed by one operator (Forsmark 1921, Larsson 1928), while in the others the question is about the results of several operators (Stenbeck 1944, Aalde 1950). In the first mentioned groups the percentage of healing has been 86.7 87.7 and in the latter one 82.8 85.0 including the revisions. Katavisto in Finland published (1957) his operation results (85 dacryocystorhinostomies) where 90 per cent (76 cases) were successful including revisions, and 59 cases without revision. In Hefel's (1954) material, which was collected from operations performed by 13 operators, and in Strong's (1961) material of dacryocystorhinostomies performed in out-patient departments the results were good, also in 90 per cent of cases. Sarda, Kulshrestha and Mathur (1961) published a series of 40 cases, where


Zirconium oxide sulfate (ZOS) with high crystallinity was synthesized hydrothermally from a Zr(SO4)2 solution. The obtained ZOS had a layer structure and was very thin hexagonal particles. The chemical composition as prepared corresponded to Zr3O5SO4⋅H2O and density was 4.12g/cm3. ZOS was dehydrated below 600°C without any change in morphology. The unit cell of anhydrous ZOS was a0=0.6311nm, c0=1.0250nm and Z=2 if assigned as hexagonal symmetry. Anhydrous ZOS was desulphurized at about 650°C to metastable cubic ZrO2 with an orientation relationship (0001)ZOS//(111)c-ZrO2, [1010]ZOS//[110]c-ZrO2. A reasonable model was proposed for the crystal structure of anhydrous ZOS, in which the center part of a layer was composed of two zirconium planes same as the (111) planes in cubic ZrO2 with distorted SO42- tetrahedrons coordinated at both sides of the layer. The calculated intensities of the diffractions based on the model were in good agreement with those measured by X-ray powder diffractions.


: The extensive usage of pesticides to meet the demand for food and feed has led to many environmental problems. Approximately 90% of agriculture pesticides never reach their target insects but are accumulated in the soil as soil pollutants. Owing to their toxicity and persistence in the environment, most of them are banned in the world. Bioremediation constitutes an attractive alternative to physico- chemical methods of remediation, as it is less expensive and can selectively achieve complete destruction of organic pollutants. Microorganisms play a major role in the breakdown and mineralization of these pollutants as bioremediation. For a successful bioremediation technique, an efficient bacterial strain that can degrade the largest pollutant to a minimum level is required. An enrichment culture technique was used to isolate bacterial strains from paddy soil infested with high concentrations of acephate. Sixteen pure cultures were isolated and subsequently processed to determine the growth activity with increasing concentration of acephate. Growth curve experiments showed that the bacterial isolates were able to grow in medium containing acephate as the sole source of carbon. Four strains were selected for further studies which showed more growth. Bio degradation studies were conducted by FTIR and GC-MS. The metabolites produced after acephate degradation were characterized and identified. The degradation conditions were optimized at a temperature of 37 o C and pH 7.5 with 200 ppm of acephate for the selected strain producing maximum number of metabolites. Thus, such findings may be useful in designing bacteria that can be used to return the altered environment to its original condition. Hence, this study is focused on the isolation of indigenous insecticidophilic bacteria from polluted soil.


[Objective] To report our experience of transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy and to discuss its characteristics and feasibility.[Methods] A female patient with sigmoid colonic polypus was performed transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy.A 2 cm incision was made on umbilicus and the skin and subcutaneous fat was cut open while the deep fascia is preserved.Three tracers were put into abdominal cavity through the incision and the operation was completed through these trocars with conventional instruments.After dissection the sigmoid colon segment with polypus was transected and pulled out through the umbilical incision and was removed under direct vision.The preserved end of colon was sent back into the abdominal cavity.End-to-end anastomosis was completed with circular stapler device through anus.[Results] The operating time is 195min and blood loss is 50 mL.There is no infection or leakage of anastomosis post operation.The scar of the umbilical incision is not obvious and a satisfactory cosmetic effect is achieved.[Conclusion] Transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy is feasible and convenient and has shown obvious advantages of minimal invasion and cosmetic effects.


HBc Ag was detected by fluorescent antibody in liver biopsies taken from chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) carriers having e antigen in their sera. HBc Ag could not be detected in liver biopsies from similar individuals having e antibody in their sera.


Summary Four varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), which have been found to differ in voluntary intake by livestock at the same level of digestibility, were examined in the year of sowing and in the two subsequent years in a field experiment. Eight dates of first harvest during May–June in the years after the year of sowing were compared. During May–June in these years the proportion of leaf in the crop was closely related to the stage of development of the crop relative to heading date, whereas yield and digestibility were more closely related to calendar date. As a result the later-heading varieties, S. 22 and Sabalan, had a higher proportion of leaf than the earlier-heading varieties, RvP and Tetila Tetrone, at a given yield and digestibility and this may at least partly account for higher intake in the former varieties. In addition, in Sabalan, the proportion of green leaf relative to dead was particularly high and the proportion of cell wall particularly low. The surface area per unit dry weight of leaf blade was much higher than that of 'stem', which may contribute to shorter retention time in the reticulo-rumen. Surface area per unit weight of both leaf blade and 'stem' declined with delay in date of first harvest. The yield of RvP relative to the other varieties was modest at the first harvest in the years after the year of sowing and high at subsequent harvests, in accord with National Institute of Agricultural Botany results. The high yield of RvP relative to the other varieties after the first harvest appeared to be associated with a relatively large number of tillers with their shoot apex below cutting height at the time of first harvest. It seemed that most of these tillers had emerged during the few weeks before that harvest. The proportion of tillers with their shoot apex below rather than above cutting height at the time of first harvest was higher in all four varieties than casual observation would suggest and the proportion remained rather high throughout May and June. The rapid rate of turnover of tillers in Italian ryegrass was confirmed.


QUEEN'S NURSES IN WALES.?The small In^Phlet issued by the Welsh branch of the Jubilee Mth a !s a m?del of clearness and conciseness. It begins ^PUit,^01"0118 description of what district nursing is, 'can be c . necessity for such nursing, tells how the work ftlndg, "e(l out, and concludes with a terse demand for the ty0r, e ^Pe the funds will be forthcoming to maintain ^ere a Bi^^h has been begun, at 11, The Parade, Cardiff, ^orlj, P^^tendent (Miss Heath) and two nurses are now ^ ORT ITEMS.?We regret that, owing to a rush of ?a theSeaS^6r Work, the name of Miss Yate lately appeared Mig8 Sges as Miss Yale, and the name of Misa McManus ^e*th 0{ ^aaters.?At the end of the inquiry as to the doctor patient Seagrave at Drogheda Infirmary, the ~-\Ve ^ nurses, and officers of the institution were censured. i/-6 to hear from Sister Frost that the Brassey ?s lot co ln 110 Way sectarian, and that attendance at prayers 's. aiiug^^laory. Xhe fullest possible freedom in all matters ?lVe0 f io nnn Henry Tate, of Liverpool and London, has to^ng " towards furthering district nursing in these


I will describe our new results on attosecond dynamics of strong-field ionization, often viewed as optical tunnelling, including the possibility of producing ultrashort spin-polarized electron beams and detecting ionization time-delays.


We propose a spatially dependent mixture model for contextual classification of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The proposed mixture model is based on the local image histograms modeled by multinomial densities. The contextual information is included into the mixture model both in the pixel and the class label domain by using local histograms and autologistic regression, respectively. Based on the classification results obtained on real TerraSAR-X images, it is shown that the proposed model is capable of more accurately classifying the pixels particularly in the heterogeneous regions, such as urban areas, compared with the conventional mixture model.


Background Circulating melatonin is a good candidate biomarker for studies of circadian rhythms and circadian disruption. However, epidemiologic studies on circulating melatonin are limited because melatonin is secreted at night, yet most epidemiologic studies collect blood during the day when melatonin levels are very low, and assays are lacking that are ultrasensitive to detect low levels of melatonin reliably. Objective To assess the performance of a refined radioimmunoassay in measuring morning melatonin among women. Methods We used morning serum samples from 47 postmenopausal women ages 48–80 years without a history of breast cancer who participated in the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study, including 19 women who had duplicate measurements. The coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass coefficient (ICC) were estimated using the random effect model. Results Reproducibility for the assay was satisfactory, with a CV of 11.2% and an ICC of 98.9%; correlation between the replicate samples was also high (R = 0.96). In the 47 women, serum melatonin levels ranged from 0.6 to 62.6 pg/ml, with a median of 7.0 pg/ml. Conclusion Our results suggest that it is possible to reliably measure melatonin in postmenopausal women in morning serum samples in large epidemiologic studies to evaluate the role of melatonin in cancer etiology or prognosis.


The interaction potential energy surface (PES) of He–H2 is of great importance for quantum chemistry, as the simplest test case for interactions between a molecule and a closed-shell atom. It is also required for a detailed understanding of certain astrophysical processes—namely, collisional excitation and dissociation of H2 in molecular clouds—at densities too low to be accessible experimentally. A new set of 23 703 ab initio energies was computed for He–H2 geometries where the interaction energy was expected to be non-negligible. These have an estimated rms "random" error of ∼0.2 mhartree and a systematic error of ∼0.6 mhartree (0.4 kcal/mol). A new analytic He–H2 PES, with 112 parameters, was fitted to 20 203 of these new ab initio energies (and to an additional 4862 points generated at large separations). This yielded an improvement by better than an order of magnitude in the fit to the interaction region, relative to the best previous surfaces (which were accurate only for near-equilibrium H2 molecul...


Schizophrenia has long been considered with pessimism, but the recent interest in the early phase of psychotic disorders has modified this often unjustified perception. Literature has demonstrated the benefit of the development of programs specialised in the treatment of early psychosis, which tend to be developed in many countries. It is however important to match them to local needs as well as to the structure of local health services. This paper reviews elements that justify such a development in Lausanne, Switzerland, and describe its various elements.


Use of D-dimer levels along with clinical probability scores in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis is well established. Recently it has been shown that high quantitative D-dimer levels at presentation are predictor for poor survival and underlying malignancy in patients with VTE. Do quantitative D-dimer levels in patients without VTE have a similar predictive role? Materials and Methods This study included 2263 (F: 1518; M: 745) consecutive patient episodes from the prospectively maintained database of patients without venous thrombosis at a University Teaching Hospital, between February 2001 and December 2005. All patients with suspected venous thrombosis underwent a Doppler ultrasound examination to rule out venous thrombosis. D-dimer assays were done using Bio-Merieux kit containing mouse monoclonal antibody. The database was regularly updated (6 monthly) using hospital information systems, questionnaires and clinical review. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 13.0 for Windows and GraphPad InStat ® Version 3.06 for Windows software's. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analysis by forward Likelihood Ratio was subsequently used to explore the independent effect of variables that showed a significant influence on OS. Results Median age at diagnosis was 69 yrs (range: 18–105 yrs). Median D-dimer level was 1000ug FEU/ml (range: 300–35500ug FEU/ml). 1165 patients (51.7%) had a D-dimer level of >1000ug FEU/ml and 40 (2%) had a D-dimer level of >8000ug FEU/ml at presentation. 1472 patients (65.4%) were aged above 60 years. Median follow up was 22 months (range: 0–65 months). D-dimer level >1000ug FEU/ml, >4000ug FEU/ml and >8000ug FEU/ml were associated with decreased overall survival (Log rank test: p value: 0.002, 60 yr is also associated with decreased overall survival (Log rank test: p value: 8000ug FEU/ml and age>60yr were an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival on Cox regression analysis (p value: 8000ug FEU/ml had cancer (Fisher's exact test; p value: 0.003). 17% of patients with a D-dimer level >4000ug FEU/ml had cancer (Fisher's exact test; p value: 0.04). 12.4% of patients with a D-dimer level >1000ug FEU/ml had cancer (Fisher's exact test; p value: 0.02). Conclusions This study show elevated D-dimer levels at presentation in patients without venous thrombosis is a marker of poor survival and a predictor for underlying malignancy. We have previously shown that D-dimer >8000ug FEU/ml is a predictor for poor survival and underlying malignancy in patients with proven venous thrombosis. This suggests heightened fibrinolytic activity in the absence or presence of established venous thrombosis is associated with poor prognosis. Further studies are warranted to establish in different medical conditions the presence or absence of increased fibrinolysis and impact on clinical outcome.


Many studies have reported intraspecific variations in leaf functional traits, but their contribution to plant performance and ecosystem function are poorly understood. We studied altitudinal gradients of intraspecific variations in leaf traits, productivity and resource use efficiency in the dominant species of subalpine evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad‐leaved forests in Japan. We addressed three hypotheses, which are exclusive to each other. (1) Leaf traits vary along the leaf economics spectrum (LES). Plants that grow at lower and higher altitudes have fast‐ and slow‐return strategies, respectively, which improve productivity or resource use efficiency in the respective habitat. (2) Leaf trait variations are not consistent with the LES, but they contribute to improving productivity or resource use efficiency in the respective habitat. (3) Leaf trait variations do not contribute to improving productivity or resource use efficiency at higher altitudes. On the studied mountain range, Fagus crenata, a deciduous broad‐leaved tree, and Abies mariesii, an evergreen conifer, are the dominant species at lower and higher altitudes respectively. In F. crenata, leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen concentrations were higher at higher altitudes. The net assimilation rate and light use efficiency during the growing season were greater at higher altitudes, which compensated for the shorter growing season in terms of annual productivity. In A. mariesii, the LMA was lower and the leaf life span was unchanged at higher altitudes. Productivity and resource use efficiency decreased with altitude. Synthesis. We conclude that F. crenata improves its productivity and resource use efficiency at higher altitudes by altering its leaf functional traits (Hypothesis 2), whereas alterations to leaf traits in A. mariesii are not associated with any improvement at higher altitudes (Hypothesis 3), which may result from the negative impact of environmental stress. Hence, the ecological significance of altitudinal variations in leaf traits depends on species and environment.


This paper examines the relationship between demands for site-based management and restructuring as they bear on recent theory and research on power in organizations. It also defines and describes the new face of power in the schools--facilitative power, power exercised through, rather than over, subordinates. The bulk of the paper consists of an attempt to show how power sharing is already in place in many current school activities. Six programs that encourage facilitative power are described: the Individual Educational Program in special education; the consultant teacher model, increasingly a component of special education delivery systems; peer consultation; cooperative learning; thematic, multidisciplinary curricula in which staff members work a specific curricular theme into the school activities; and community/alternative schools, which take curricular themes much further. These programs are 4iscussed in relation to four characteristics of facilitative power: resource management, human resource utilization, supervision, and networking. Conclusions are that many school administrators already possess facilitative skills and knowledge and that the potential of a restructuring plan can be measured by its effect on administrators' ability to utilize facilitative power. One table accompanies the document. (45 references) (LMI)


The study of seed coat colour inheritance in mung revealed that black, green mosaic, yellow mosaic, brown, and amber colours resulted from interaction of four factors B, M, Br, and G. A. 101-4 carried dominant alleles and Sonamung recessive at all four loci while T. 44 had the dominant allele at G locus and recessive alleles at the other three loci.


The paper analyzed the damage cause of bridge expansion device,discussed the construction technology and attentions of bridge expansion device repairing and changing.


OBJECTIVE:
To assess the impact of cervical dystonia (CD) on employment and work productivity and the effect of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment on work productivity.
 BACKGROUND:
CD is believed to result in a high disease burden; however, information on impact on employment and work productivity is limited.
 DESIGN/METHODS:
The Cervical Dystonia Patient Registry for the Observation of OnabotulinumtoxinA Efficacy (CD PROBE; NCT00836017) is a multicenter, observational, prospective, clinical registry of subjects with CD who were botulinum toxin-naive, new to clinical practice, or had 蠅16 weeks since last botulinum toxin treatment. Employment status and work productivity was examined via subject questionnaire at baseline and final visit. Predominant disease subtype, presence of pain, previous exposure to botulinum toxin, severity, and/or utility of a sensory trick was examined at baseline to determine impact on employment. Work productivity was compared at baseline and final visit in subjects who were naive to botulinum toxin at study start and received 3 onabotulinumtoxinA treatments.
 RESULTS:
1,038 subjects enrolled, 44.3[percnt] were employed, 6.1[percnt] were unemployed, 32.7[percnt] had retired, and 11.8[percnt] were disabled. CD affected work status of 26.0[percnt] of those currently employed; 29.8[percnt] missed work in the past month (mean, 5.1 ± 6.4 days) and the majority (57.8[percnt]) reported decreased productivity. At symptom onset, half of those unemployed subjects were employed, with 38.5[percnt] attributing lost employment to CD. Work status/productivity was affected most by pain, having the anterocollis/retrocollis CD subtype, and increasing disease severity. In the toxin-naive at baseline subpopulation, onabotulinumtoxinA treatment significantly decreased absenteeism (work time missed due to health problems) and presenteeism (impairment while working due to health problems).
 CONCLUSIONS:
The data demonstrates that CD has a negative impact on employment, which is strongly driven by CD-associated pain and disease subtype and severity. OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment was reported to improve productivity at work.
 Study Supported by:
Allergan, Inc. Disclosure: Dr. Molho has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck Research USA, Inc. and US WorldMeds as a consultation and/or speaker. Dr. Stacy has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., Chelsea Therapeutics, GE Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck & Co., Inc., Merz Pharma, NeuroNova, Novartis, Noven, Osmotica Pharmaceutical, SK Life Sciences, Teva Neuroscience Dr. Gillard has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc. as an employee. Dr. Charles has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Ipsen, Medtronic, Inc., and the Alliance for Patient Access. Dr. Adler has received personal compensation for activities with Merz, Novartis, Xenoport, Eli Lilly & Company, Teva, Acadia, and Lundbeck. Dr. Adler has received royalty payments from Springer. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation for activities with Adamas Pharmaecuticals, Inc, Allergan, Inc, Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Lundbeck Inc, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation in an editor Dr. Schwartz has received personal compensation for activities with MedNet Solutions, Inc. as an employee. Dr. Brin has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan as an employee. Dr. Brin holds stock and/or stock options in Allergan.


This thesis develops about gross motor, so it has some particularly topics like
meaning, benefits, importance and some to stimulate.
So it's going to determinate the characteristics children between three and four years.
It's going to compare some parts like cognitive, language, socio- affective and
driving.
This thesis executes with some theories like Piaget, Wallon y Vayer, because this
authors talk about the children development and the valued of gross motor.
This thesis is development in "Jardin de la Fantasia", It's in Quito, So we planted an
evaluation to take with Dr. Nelson Ortiz, we have twenty six student between boy
and girls, This evaluation take the mistake of gross motor in the children.
This evaluation is important to the teachers because they allow the important of
evaluation, study the answers and question of evaluation; they show dependable
because this a important thing to the children can find a good environment.
Finally, the children grow in age and physically so they can get new achievements
and goals, the will be strong, independent and spontaneous so they can take your
own decision.


The variability in obtaining estimates of tsunami inundation and runup on a near‐real‐time tsunami hazard assessment setting is evaluated. To this end, 19 different source models of the Maule Earthquake were considered as if they represented the best available knowledge an early tsunami warning system could consider. Results show that large variability can be observed in both coseismic deformation and tsunami variables such as inundated area and maximum runup. This suggests that using single source model solutions might not be appropriate unless categorical thresholds are used. Nevertheless, the tsunami forecast obtained from aggregating all source models is in good agreement with observed quantities, suggesting that the development of seismic source inversion techniques in a Bayesian framework or generating stochastic finite fault models from a reference inversion solution could be a viable way of dealing with epistemic uncertainties in the framework of nearly‐real‐time tsunami hazard mapping.


can Edition. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, Publishers. We have received two large volumes of this series, towit: Tuberculosis and Acute General Miliary Tuberculosis, by Prof. Dr. G. Cornet of Berlin. Edited, with additions, by Walter B. James, M. D., Columbia University, New York. Cloth, $5. 770 pages. And Diseases of the Intestines and Peritoneum, by Prof. Dr. Herman Northnagel, Vienna. Edited, with additions, by Humphrey D. Rollerton, M. D., F. R. C. P., Cambridge, Eng. Price, cloth, $5. 1032 pages. Both books being authorized translations from the German, under the editorial supervision of Alfred Stengel, M. D., Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.


FIELD: measurement equipment. SUBSTANCE: display device for a vehicle comprises a speed sensor (22), made as capable of measurement of vehicle speed; a unit to determine level of environmentally safe driving, made as capable of determining the level of environmental driving in process of vehicle driving on the basis of the difference between the recommended pressing value, which is the recommended value of accelerator pressing, and the actual pressing value, which is the actual value of accelerator pressing pressed by the driver; a display segment (24), in which the image (G1) is displayed, stylized in the form of a horizontally elongated ellipse, having low contrast in the area of the contour. The segment (24) is within the peripheral area of driver's vision above the segment (23) of the detailed display. The display device comprises a segment of detailed display (23), which displays the scale of actual value of accelerator pressing, which is located between the speed indicator (21) of the engine and the speed sensor (22) of the engine outside the peripheral area of vision of the driver. The display control unit changes the shape of the ellipse in the segment (G1) depending on the fact whether driving is environmentally safe. EFFECT: directing line of driver's sight at level of the environmentally safe driving indicator. 9 cl, 12 dwg


Abstract Flipping the English classroom can be a successful approach to reaching students of all ability levels at any grade level. By starting small, teachers can develop a flipped classroom repertoire that encompasses grammar, vocabulary, discussion, and writing.


Teaching methodology course is a training course for developing students' teaching ability at various departments at teachers' training colleges/universities. But there exists a tendency of emphasizing only the theories but ignoring practice in the current situation. The main approaches to reforming teaching methodology course are relocating the nature of the course, readjusting the teaching content, revising the teaching plan, improving the basic sectors for skill practice, reforming testing methods and speeding up the modernization of instruction.


Background:Surveillance programmes for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) fail to quantify numbers of infant HIV infections averted, often because of poor postnatal follow-up. Additionally, infected infants are often not identified early and only gain access to comprehensive HIV care and treatment late in their disease. Methods:Anonymous, unlinked, HIV prevalence testing was conducted on dried blood spot (DBS) samples from all infants attending 6 week immunization clinics at seven primary health care clinics offering PMTCT. Samples were tested for HIV antibodies (indicating maternal HIV infection) and those determined to be from HIV-exposed infants were tested for HIV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Infant and child mortality rates were determined using birth histories. Results:Samples were collected from 2489 infants aged 4–8 weeks. HIV antibodies were identified in 931 infants [37.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 35.4–39.4], of whom 188 were HIV RNA positive. The estimated vertical transmission rate (VTR) was 20.2% (95% CI, 17.8–23.1%); 7.5% of all infants at this age were infected. Amongst mothers who reported that they had taken single-dose nevirapine for PMTCT, VTR was 15.0%. Amongst women who reported being HIV uninfected but whose infants had HIV antibodies, VTR was 30.5%. Infant mortality rates in KwaZulu Natal increased from 28/1000 live births in 1990–1994 to 92/1000 in 2000–2004. Conclusions:Anonymous HIV prevalence screening of all infants at immunization clinics is feasible to monitor the impact of PMTCT programmes on peripartum infection; linked screening could identify infected children early for referral into care and treatment programmes.


Objective We aimed to assess the sedative effects by intravenous injection of fentanyl on neonates with mechanical ventilation. Methods We divided 142 neonates with mechanical ventilation into the observation group (92 cases) and the control group (50 cases). The observation group received intravenous injection of fentanyl, while the control group was given no sedative medication. The pain and sedation was assessed before ventilation, 1 and 2 hours after ventilation and later every 4 hours by adoption of NPASS evaluation inventory. Results The scores of pain at different time points 2 hours after medication in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, especially 24 hours after medication. The mean airway pressure and oxygen concentration required by the observation group was lower than those of the control group. But no difference was seen in blood oxygen saturation between the two groups. Conclusions Intravenous injection of fentanyl was proper in the application of sedative treatment for neonates with mechanical ventilation. N-PASS inventory could effectively assess the pain and sedation condition and ensure the safe medication.

Key words:
Mechanical ventilation;  Neonate;  Fentanyl;  Pain


Determination of the minimum free chlorine (FC) concentration needed to prevent pathogen survival/cross-contamination during produce washing is essential for development of science-based food safety regulations and practices. Although the trend of chlorine concentration–contact time on pathogen inactivation is generally understood, specific information on chlorine and the kinetics of pathogen inactivation at less than 1.00 second is urgently needed by the produce processing industry. In addition, in the presence of organic load arising from the fresh produce, such an investigation becomes more challenging due to rapid FC depletion, which results in an ever-changing FC concentration in the produce washing systems. To address the first concern, a novel microfluidic mixer with adjustable mixing time was designed and employed to evaluate the sanitization efficacy of chlorine in sub-second periods. Test results indicated that a 5-log10 reduction of E. coli O157:H7 required exposing E. coli O157:H7 cells to a solution containing 1.0 mg/L FC for at least 1.00 s, or a solution containing 10.0 mg/L FC for 0.25 s. To overcome the second challenge, a sustained chlorine decay approach was employed to study the stabilized FC, chloramine, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) at desired levels. Our study showed a clear decrease in sanitization efficacy as the organic load increased. At 5 s residence time and pH 6.5, a minimum of 0.5 and 7.5 mg/L FC was needed to achieve a 5-log reduction at 0 and 900 mg/L COD, respectively. The decrease in sanitization efficacy was more pronounced at lower FC, higher COD, higher pH, and shorter residence time values. The organic load–associated interference with FC measurement and disruption of chlorine and bacteria interactions were identified as possible reasons for the inadequate sanitization. This project demonstrated feasible methods for studying the sanitization efficacy under industrially relevant conditions and provided valuable recommendations on the minimal FC levels required to mitigate pathogenic cross-contamination. Background The presence of sufficient sanitizer concentration in wash water for fresh and fresh-cut produce is critical for preventing pathogen survival in the wash water and its consequential transfer to clean produce washed in the same tank and/or flume of water. However, maintaining high levels of sanitizers in the wash water is a practical challenge to the produce industry due to rapid reactions of organic matter with sanitizers, especially for widely used hypochlorous acid (chlorine). Therefore, it is critical to establish a minimum chlorine concentration that is effective for preventing pathogen crosscontamination, and also is achievable by the industry. While a plethora of information is available regarding chlorine concentration on pathogen inactivation, information regarding the minimum chlorine concentration for preventing pathogen cross-contamination is scarce. One reason for such scarcity may be the technical difficulties associated with conducting such studies, i.e., controlling and manipulating liquids (e.g., sanitizers, bacterial inoculum, and stopping solutions) in short time frames (about or below 1 second, which is considered relevant to the occurrence of cross-contamination) without tedious work. This necessitates a convenient and accurate mechanism to control the reaction time and chlorine concentration needed for pathogen inactivation. It has been well established that the sanitizing efficacy is constantly compromised by the organic load, which has been attributed to rapid chlorine depletion and unsuccessful maintenance of residual FC (Fukumoto et al., 2002; Luo et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2012). However, no study has been reported to date on the direct comparison between the sanitizing power of two chlorinated water samples, one with and the other without organic load, both at the same FC level. In other words, it remains unknown WANG, University of Maryland Validation of chlorine level in sanitization system to avoid cross-contamination 3 whether 1 mg/L of FC is capable of achieving equally sufficient log reduction with or without the presence of organic load. With proper experimental design, e.g., a comparison at a same, stable FC content and varying COD level, one can separate the impact of individual parameters without the interference from other factors. This provides valuable insights into the possible mechanisms underlying the current observations, i.e., the influence of different parameters on the interaction among chlorine, organic load, and the bacteria, and the effect of those interactions on the sanitizing process. Ultimately, this would help identifying the key compound or interaction that compromises the sanitizing efficacy significantly, which benefits the technological advancement in preventing water-mediated crosscontamination. However, due to the lack of proper methodology to maintain stable washing conditions, especially at high organic load levels, there remains a considerable knowledge gap with this respect. Research Methods and Results Dose-dependent inactivation of pathogen by chlorine in sub-second level periods without organic load To address the need of investigating sub-second period bacterial inactivation, we developed a novel microfluidic device with adjustable contact time. The microfluidic mixer with "Y" inlet junction and chaotic mixer designs, as shown in Figure 1, was fabricated in three steps as follows: design printing, mold fabrication (Friend & Yeo, 2010), and device assembly (Comina et al., 2014). The as-prepared microfluidic chip was then validated for its mixing capacities. The mixing efficiency and pattern were evaluated by modeling scalar mixing using the Computational Fluid Dynamics software (Autodesk Simulation CFD Inc., v. 2014). The chlorine diffusion coefficient in water used in modeling was 1.38 × 10-5 cm2/s. The incoming fluids were assumed as laminar flow (evidenced by low Reynolds number), incompressible, and non-reactive. The modeled result indicated that chlorine homogenously diffuses inside the chaotic mixer and mixes with the bacterial solution to achieve the contact time. Additionally, an inversely proportional relation between the mean contact time and flow rate was observed, suggesting the feasibility of precise control over contact time by flow rate adjustment. It was noteworthy that the contact time of different fluid elements in the mixer follows a nearly normal distribution, so that not all the fluid elements were mixed for equal amount of time. Finally, both chlorine concentration (tested at 5.0 mg/L) and bacterial suspension (tested at 107 MPN/mL) were stable for the entire 20 min test period during continuous pumping at a flow rate of 0.16 mL/min, or the equivalent of a 0.75 s contact time. The deviation of chlorine concentration was no more than 3%. E. coli O157:H7 concentrations varied by less than 2.5% from the respective expected values. Using this well-characterized microfluidic device, the research team tested the survival of pathogens at different contact times and FC contents. Three strains of E. coli labeled genetically with two biochemical labels, i.e., green fluorescence protein (GFP) and nalidixic acid (NA), were mixed to make a cocktail containing 107 CFU/ml. The bacterial survival tests were performed by pumping chlorine, bacteria, and neutralizing solution (sodium thiosulfate) through the respective inlets and collecting the solution from the outlet. The surviving pathogen was enumerated by modified most probable number (MPN) procedures. Two major conclusions were drawn from the microfluidic assay. First, as shown in Table 1, pathogen inactivation was significantly affected by FC concentration (P < 0.0001), sub-second reaction time (P < 0.0001), and their interactions (P < 0.0001). Second, the current industry practice of using 1.0 mg/L FC will require more than 1.00 s total contact to achieve a 5-log10 reduction of an E. coli O157:H7 population, whereas a 10.0 mg/L FC solution will achieve a 5-log10 reduction within as little as 0.25 s. WANG, University of Maryland Validation of chlorine level in sanitization system to avoid cross-contamination 4 At FC concentrations higher than 10 mg/L and contact times longer than 0.25 s, a ≥7-log10 reduction of was observed for E. coli under experimental conditions. Moreover, the pathogen inactivation kinetics were fitted to three mathematical models. Both the Watson (P = 0.860) and Hom (P = 0.841) models reflected the pathogen inactivation scenarios with short contact times, and the computed parameters are globally fitted to contact times between 0.10 and 1.00 s. These findings provided critical information regarding the determination of minimum FC concentration required to prevent pathogen survival and cross-contamination during fresh produce wash operations. Dose-dependent inactivation of pathogen by chlorine as a function of pH and organic load Romaine lettuce extracts were prepared and diluted to designated COD levels (225, 450, and 900 mg/L). The diluted lettuce extract was then mixed with different chlorine solutions whose FC content ranged from 50 to 160 mg/L. The pH of the mixture was monitored and maintained at the desired values in the first 10 min of the experiment by using 1 M NaOH, and it remained stable throughout the whole incubation process afterwards (preliminary data). Samples of 2 mL were drawn periodically from the mixture and analyzed for the free and total chlorine content. As shown in Figure 2, a similar trend of FC level was observed under all tested conditions. To begin with, over 60% and 80% of the FC was depleted within the first 5 and 20 min of incubation, respectively. This was followed by a slow, continuous decrease in the FC level; more specifically, the FC level reached 10 mg/L after approximately 90 min of incubation and further decreased to about 1 mg/L at 4 h. Accompanying the depletion of FC was


A distorted-wave method as well as a hybrid approach, in which the description of the ejected-electron–residual-ion interaction is improved through a close-coupling expansion, has been applied to calculate electron-impact ionization of magnesium atoms. For comparison with currently available experimental and theoretical data for this process, we show that only a few partial waves need to be calculated by sophisticated methods, even if a large number of partial waves are required for convergence. Suggestions are made for additional experiments, which should provide even more sensitive tests of the computational models.


Adaptive Random Testing has been proposed towards partitioned block based approach on failures in test cases where the test cases are grouped into neighboring regions. ART algorithm has been described as an alternative for random testing which uses the average number of test case executions to identify failures. The research explores a new ART method using the Partitioned-Block-ART algorithm to reduce the fixed cost in test case generation. The input domain has partitioned into equal cells to achieve successful test cases and coarsely classified into three types such as block, strip and point patterns. The proposed algorithm focuses on block based testing to identify the failures and significantly reduces the time complexity.


The invention relates to a group of siRNA sequences against 2009 new influenza A virus polymerase genes and a preparation method and application thereof. A highly conserved sequence in 2009 new influenza A virus polymerase (PB2, PB1, PA) genes is selected as a target sequence of the siRNA, and the siRNA is designed by using a sequence of continuous 10-30 (preferably, 15-27, more preferably 19-23)bp in the target sequence. Cell experiments prove that: by using the highly conserved sequence in the 2009 new influenza A virus polymerase genome as the target sequence and applying the siRNA which can complementarily pair with a nucleotide sequence on a specific locus of the target sequence, the replication and expression of the gene can be blocked. Therefore, the replication and infection of the 2009 new influenza A virus strains in cell and animal models are effectively suppressed so as to fulfill the aim of treating the influenza.


The study, by the last-named author, of the ring of all real-valued continuous functions ~(X, IR) on a tpopological space X, was begun some 33 years ago in the article [1]. The principal notions of this paper are realcompact spaces (originally named Q-spaces for no very good reason) and hyperreal fields (which we call here H-fields). These concepts have found applications in a number of areas. First, topologists have found realcompact spaces to be of interest: see for example [16] and [19]. Second, ultraproducts and ultrapowers, first considered by Log [31], have proved to be a powerful model-theoretic tool for investigation from a unified point of view of varied problems in set theory, logic, model theory, certain branches of algebra, and the theory of numbers (Artin's hypothesis and p-adic fields): see [40] and [8]. The method of ultraproducts and ultrapowers has been worked out in detail, and one may say that a more or less complete theory exists. Its traditional aspects are set forth in the two monographs of Chang and Keisler ([7] and [8]), in the monograph of Comfort and Negrepontis [14], and in the monograph of A.I. Mal'cev [33]. In particular, much progress has been made in such classical problems as the structure of ultrafilters and the cardinal numbers of ultraproducts. The key to the results obtained up to now lies in axiomatic set theory, generic models, and the theory of large cardinal numbers. Studies in recent years have tended to neglect the theory of H-fields. One should not forget, however, that ultrapowers of 1R are exactly the H-fields obtained from discrete spaces. Hence the study of arbitrary H-fields, their algebraic structure, classification, and isomorphism types, should and does lead to more complicated topological and set-theoretical problems. Little progress has been made up to now with


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Hydrothermal reactions of aromatic 3,3′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid (H4bpt) and the transitional metal cations in the presence of rigid or flexible N-donor ancillary ligands afford nine novel coordination polymers, namely, [M(H2bpt)(Hpptp)]n (M = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), and Zn (4)), [Mn2(bpt)(Hpptp)2]n (5), {[Zn3(Hbpt)(bpt)(H2O)2][(4,4′-H2bmib)0.5]·H2O}n (6), {[Cu(bpt)0.5(4,4′-bimbp)]·H2O}n (7), {[Co(H2bpt)(2,7-dfo)]·H2O}n (8), and {[Ni2(bpt)(4,4′-bibp)2.5(H2O)]·3(H2O)}n (9) (Hpptp = 2-(3-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)pyridine; 4,4′-bmib = 4,4′-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)benzene; 4,4′-bimbp = 4,4′-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)biphenyl; 2,7-dfo = 2,7-di(imidazo-1-ly)-9H-fluoren-9-one; 4,4′-bibp = 4,4′-bis(imidazol)biphenyl). Their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, elemental analyses, IR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Complexes 1–4 are isomorphism and feature a similar 2-fold interpenetrating 2D heli...


Conventional distributed hypermedia systems suf fer from some well-known problems that make effective, goal-directed document retrieval and maintenance impossible. Relationships between documents are modeled on a very low level of abstraction. That prevents knowledge reuse, is prone to redundancies, and such relationships are very costly to maintain. Here we present the SemaLink approach of a distributed resource discovery and delivery system that offers access to information through querying and knowledge-based hypermedia browsing. Relationship knowledge is modeled on a high level of abstraction apart from documents. Navigation paths are computed by the system, combining semantic networks with information retrieval methods.


The continental shelf seas of China (CSSC) broadly encompass the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea and exhibit highly variable optical properties. Accurate satellite estimates of particulate organic carbon (POC) remain challenging because optimal proxies for remotely sensed POC are largely obscure in these optically complex coastal waters. In this study, optical and biogeochemical data, including the particulate beam attenuation coefficient (cp), particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), POC, total suspended matter (TSM), and chlorophyll‐a (Chla), were collected over multiple seasons and years in the CSSC. We first classified the study area into three different water types with three different POC retrieval proxies: the TSM for high‐TSM waters, Chla for low‐TSM waters, and Rrs ratio (Rrs(490)/Rrs(555)) for moderate‐TSM waters. A composite POC algorithm using these three optimal proxies was then developed for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite data (hereafter called the POC_CSSC algorithm). The validation results indicated that the accuracy of GOCI‐derived POC was greatly improved with a mean relative error of 32.08%. Application of the POC_CSSC algorithm to GOCI data over a tidally impacted estuary demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm and that tides play different roles in the broad CSSC. More specifically, tides have the strongest influence on nearshore estuarine waters, regulating the progression of high‐POC water masses from estuary to offshore environments, while offshore waters were the least influenced by tides with less variable, low POC concentrations.


A low complexity transmit diversity scheme is derived in this paper in order to overcome the prohibitive complexity imposed by the maximum likelihood detection for the systems with space-time block code (STBC) over frequency selective channels. By taking advantage of multipath propagation and exploiting temporal diversity gain, the proposed turbo equalization algorithm significantly improves the system performance compared to the original Alamouti algorithm as well as the conventional minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection scheme.


A new procedure for comparing results of linear and equipercentile equating methods is presented and illustrated. The proposed procedure requires (a) approximating the empirical score distributions of the two forms by means of the first terms of an infinite series, and (b) contrasting the results obtained when only the first two moments are used (i.e., linear equating) with more complete representations. The procedure is demonstrated by calculating the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer-Von Mises measures of discrepancy for a large number of unimodal distributions approximated by the Edgeworth and Gram-Charlier expansions. The results indicate that both statistics can be accurately predicted on the basis of the skewness and kurtosis of the two distributions. The most attractive feature of the proposed method is that it allows one to calculate the expected degree of efficiency in equating that can be achieved by linear equating, based on the moments of the two relevant distributions.


An approach to spin dynamics in systems with many degrees of freedom, based on a recognition of the constraints common to all large systems, is developed and used to study the excitation of multiple‐quantum coherence under a nonsecular dipolar Hamiltonian. The exact equation of motion is replaced by a set of coupled rate equations whose exponential solutions reflect the severe damping expected when many closely spaced frequency components are superposed. In this model the evolution of multiple‐quantum coherence under any bilinear Hamiltonian is treated as a succession of discrete hops in Liouville space, with each hop taking the system from a K‐spin/n‐quantum mode to a K'‐spin/n'‐quantum mode. In particular, for a pure double‐quantum Hamiltonian the selection rules are ΔK=±1 and Δn=±2. The rate for each move depends on the number of Liouville states at the origin and destination, and on the total number of spins present. All rates are scaled uniformly by a factor dependent on the properties of the material, such as the dipolar linewidth, but otherwise the behavior predicted is universal for all sufficiently complicated systems. Results derived by this generic approach are compared to existing multiple‐quantum data obtained from solids and liquid crystals.


312 PRESERVED HUMORAL AND CELULAR RESPONSE TO INFLUENZA VACCINATION IN HUMAN RECIPIENTS NATURALLY TOLERANT TO A KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT. Caroline Ballet, Gwénaëlle Roussey-Kesler, Jean-Thierry Aubin, Sophie Brouard, Magali Giral, Patrick Miqueu, Stéphanie Louis, Sylvie van der Werf, Jean-Paul Soulillou. U643, INSERM, Nantes, France; URA196, CNRS, Paris, France. We have recently gathered a small cohort of rare kidney recipients who enjoy unaltered graft function years after interruption of their immunosuppressive treatment and are considered as "operationally tolerant". These patients do not present an increase in the frequency of severe infection episodes suggesting no major immunoincompetence. To better assess the extent to which this state of "operational tolerance" is specific to the graft and is not the result of a global immunodeficiency, we prospectivelly analyzed the immune response of such patients following influenza vaccination. Immune responses of "operationally tolerant" patients, immunosuppressed recipients with stable and good renal function and healthy volunteers were measured before and 1 and 3 months after influenza vaccination by quantifying peripheral blood hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres and frequency of IFNγ-secreting T cells (ELISPOT) after stimulation with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of various influenza strains (A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like, A/NewCaledonia/ 20/99 (H1N1)-like and B/Hong Kong/330/01-like strains for the 2003/ 2004 season, and A/Wyoming/3/2003 (H3N2)-like, A/New Caledonia/20/ 99 (H1N1)-like and B/Jiangsu/10/2003-like for the 2004/2005 season) contained in the vaccine. The proportion of healthy volunteers responding to vaccine (four fold increase in HI titres) was significantly higher than that of immunosuppressed patients but did not differ from that of "operationally tolerant" recipients. The increase in frequency of IFNγsecreting cells after vaccination did not differ between the three groups. These data bring the first line of evidence demonstrating that the "operationally tolerant" patients present a preserved response to influenza vaccination that do not differ from healthy volunteers and suggesting a specific state of tolerance, not related to a global immunodeficiency. CONCURRENT SESSION 27: LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: RECIPIENT OUTCOME AND COMPLICATIONS


High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) technology was used to measure sugar content in the stubbles of Zea mexicana.The effect of nitrogen on sugar content and the relationship between sugar content and regeneration in the stubbles was analyzed and showed that the soluble sugar content of Z.mexicana.Following one nitrogen application was significantly higher than that of the CK,which was higher than that of the three nitrogen applications treatment.The sugar content decreased as the amount of nitrogen increased.There were five soluble sugars(WSP,sucrose,glucose,fructose and mannitol) in the stubbles of Z.mexicana,and after nitrogen application,the contents of WSP,sucrose,glucose and fructose was lower than that of the CK.The sucrose and glucose content decreased with an increase of nitrogen but the fructose content increased.Regression analysis showed that sucrose,fructose and mannitol were the principal factors that affected the regeneration of Z.mexicana.The sucrose and mannitol content decreased while fructose rose during the H1 period but sucrose content rose while fructose and mannitol contents decreased during the H2 period and were favorable for regrowth.The CK dry matter yield of the regrowth was the lowest of the treatments and the highest biomass was obtained using a low nitrogen quantity(300 kg/hm2) applied once or a high nitrogen quantity(600 kg/hm2) applied three times.


Recently, there were discovered new compounds from medicinal plant and used as anti-sever diseases. Therefore, research topics dealing with isolation, purification and identification of active ingredients from wild and medicinal plants will add significant value for medical societies. As well, this discovery will led to increase the global pharmaceutical market as well as opining such new gate for medicinal plant research.


A simple procedure for obtaining sorption isotherms from chromatographic peak shapes was applied to poly(vinylidene chloride-vinylch-loride 80:20) and poly (vinylidene chloride-actylonitrile 80:20) surfaces using vinylidene chloride as sorbate. Absolute values of the isosteric heat of adsorption (at constant uptake) increased with decrease in the amount of vinylidene chloride adsorbed, indicating a stronger monomer-polymer interaction at lower monomer concentrations. Absolute values of Gibb's free energy of adsorption increased with decrease in monomer concentration and temperature, indicating a more favorable monomer-polymer interaction at low temperatures and monomer concentrations. Data under present experimental conditions correspond to a strong thermodynamic polymer/monomer interaction leading to a substantially limited migration of monomer from a polymeric package into a food contacting medium.


Abstract The marine pollution caused by traditional plastics is becoming increasingly serious, and the fundamental way to solve this problem is to look for plastic substitutes that can degrade in the marine environment. Herein, a series of high-molecular-weight poly(butylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate) (PBDS) was obtained by the introduction of low-cost diethylene glycol (DEG) into the main chain of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), which aimed to obtain the materials that can be degraded both in compost and seawater. The research showed that the increase in the DEG content reduced the crystallinity of the copolyester, which led to the decrease in mechanical strength and thermal properties of the copolyester to a certain extent. Meanwhile, the increase in hydrophilicity and the decrease in crystallinity improved the degradation rate of the material. Compared with PBS, PBDS exhibited not only a faster composting degradation rate but also a faster degradation rate in seawater. Graphical abstract Diethylene glycol-modified poly(butylene succinate) prepared copolyester, which can be degraded in seawater and compost at the same time, aiming to solve the problem of plastic pollution.


Ambiguity validation is very important to positioning precision of satellite navigation.According to the difficulty in choosing the c value in Ratio test for ambiguity validation,a method was proposed in the paper.Firstly,the probability characteristic of Ratio test was analyzed based on the theory of success rate;and then the functional relationship between the fixed failure rate and c value was deduced so as to determine the c value and ensure the ambiguity validation.Experiment showed that this method could solve the key problem of Ratio test and have some applicable value.


The launch of ERS-l provides coverage, by satellite altimetry, of a large part of the Ross Ice Shelf ineluding areas of input from Byrd Glacier and Ice Streams D and E. Five 35 d repeats of fast-delivery data, comprising approximately 100000 height estimates, have been used to produce a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Ross Icc Shelf north of 81.5° S. Careful filtering of the altimeter data, which removed about 30% of the measurements, ensured that only valid values were used. The data were grldded to produce a DEM with a cell size of 10km. Repeatability of the data was assessed from an analysis of crossing points of ascending and descending tracks. The rms cross-over difference for the ice shelf was 0.94 m. Using the five repeat tracks gave a random error of 0.30 m for an averaged height measurement. Regionally correlated errors in the orbit and geoid add a systematic long wavelength bias of approximately 2m to the final elevation estimate. Two of the latest geoid models, OSU91-A and JGMI, were compared with the available in situ data and hYdrostatic models based on ice and water densities. The altimetry was compared with ice-thickness data from Ross Icc Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS) stations and Scott Polar Research Institute radio-echo-sounding surveys undertaken in the 1970s. Differences between the DEM and heights calculated from ice thicknesses and a standard density -depth equation lie, in general, within the combined measurement errors. There are, however, several areas where this is not the case. Prominent north-south stripes of different ice thickness shown on a RIGGS map apparently do not exist. Low elevations are associated with high-density ice draining from East Antarctic outlet glaciers. The grounding line of Icc Streams D and E and an ice plain behind it are clearly demarcated by the break in surface slope. Grounded ice north of Steershead is also observed


In this paper, we introduce the notions uniformly p-convergent sets and weakly p-sequentially continuous differentiable mappings. Then we obtain a sufficient condition for those Banach spaces which either contain no copy of $\ell_1$ or have the p-Schur property. Finally, we obtain a characterization for the weakly p-sequentially continuous differentiable mappings.


Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a new advanced technique for measuring the deformation of a specimen using high-resolution images. It has been used by numerous researchers since it can measure the deformation of specimens without interference because it is contactless. Moreover, the DIC technique can be applied to any materials to which normal measuring equipment is difficult to attach such as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) grid in this paper, undulated and small surfaces. The DIC technique is easy to set up and provides reliable results compared to conventional equipment like a strain gauge. Although it is good, its associated equipment is too expensive to be readily affordable. Hence, this paper uses an open-source DIC program called Ncorr that works in MATLAB to analyze deformations of six FRP grids from direct tensile tests by comparing their results to the results from a strain gauge. Young's modulus—calculated from ASTM 3039, ACI 440-3R-04, and regression analysis—of each specimen will be used for comparison. The results show that the difference between Young's modulus from DIC and strain gauge is <5% if the stress–strain graph of data from the strain gauge is perfectly linear without straying.


With the rapid development of transgenic cotton, people begin to focus on its physiology and ecology. The present paper studied the contents of heavy metals and microelements in transgenic cotton fibre by ICP-MS/ICP-AES. The results showed that the contents of most microelements (B, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) detected in transgenic cotton fibre were lower those in regular cotton fibre, especially the contents of Zn which was several times lower. But the concentrations of Na, Si, P, K and Ca in transgenic cotton fibre were higher than those of regular cotton fibre, especially for Si. The concentrations of the heavy metals detected (Al, Pb, Cr, Cd, Sb, Tl and As) in transgenic cotton fibre were all lower than those in regular cotton fibre. All the data showed that the accumulation patterns of heavy metals and microelements in transgenic cotton fibre were clanged by the insertion of foreign genes.


In this paper, a robot fish localization system in an aquarium is presented. The system is built on the marker-based camera pose estimation method. A webcam, an ARM processor, and 30 plane markers are employed for real-time camera pose estimation. The camera is attached at the bottom of the head of the robot fish. Since the camera and the fish are connected rigidly, the pose estimation method gives the absolute location of the robot fish. To validate the proposed localization system, several experiments have been performed above ground and underwater. Through the tests in an aquarium with the integrated robot fish system, the autonomous swimming was successfully demonstrated.


Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) blends have been used widely for specific applications such as in automotive interior and exterior parts, and for office automation equipment parts. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a reactive polymer as a modifier on properties such as the impact strength of PC/ABS blends. A reaction between PC and maleic anhydride group cannot usually be expected because the end hydroxyl group of PC is capped with an end-capping agent such as t-butylphenol to improve PC properties such as fluidity, thermal resistance, and impact strength. However, a reactive polymer that has a maleic anhydride group reacts with the end hydroxyl group of PC hydrolyzed with metal salts. Results show that PC/ABS with a reactive polymer exhibits improved impact strength. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44550.


The benefits of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) were defined in studies performed two decades ago that demonstrated a survival benefit in patients receiving LTOT. Optimal delivery of LTOT remains an essential management goal in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, the method that clinicians use to initiate and monitor LTOT should provide an accurate assessment of a patient's oxygen needs. Unfortunately, this may not always be true. Recommendations for prescribing LTOT suggest providing enough oxygen to correct hypoxemia at rest and during usual exercise. The standard approach for initiating LTOT uses a measurement at one point in time (either Pao2 per arterial sample or Sao2 by pulse oximetry) while the patient is at rest. This assessment is typically performed in the hospital or clinic setting. The assumption behind this approach is that patients will maintain a therapeutic oxygen saturation in the outpatient setting. The effectiveness of this approach has never been rigorously evaluated. Recent work has focused attention on the temporal pattern of oxygen saturation during activities of daily living in the outpatient setting in patients with chronic lung disease. Ambulatory oximetry monitoring (AOM) provides a way to accurately define oxygen needs in this setting. The information gained from this approach supports the view that oxygen prescriptions need to be individualized. We review the status of the work using AOM to monitor LTOT, the significance of the results, and how AOM can be used as a tool to improve delivery of LTOT in patients requiring oxygen supplementation in the outpatient setting.


Processing Properties of Local Maize. 2. Starch Production. Since the results of numerous preliminary tests have clearly demonstrated that compared with oversea maize samples also French yellow maize varieties under certain conditions and in parts even with same satisfactory results proved to be quite suitable as source material for starch manufacturing process, the general quality and analytical composition of all in all 30 different varieties of French yellow maize cultivated in the two Bavarian areas of Weihenstephan and Strassmoos and their extractable recoveries of starch, gluten, germs, fibre and steep-water dry-matter as well as their processing properties were determined. From these all in all 30 samples the results of analytical examinations and recovery determinations obtained from only eleven different varieties of French yellow maize cultivated in the Bavarian area of Weihenstephan were compared with the correspondent results obtained from another eleven samples of yellow maize from various French departments as well as from further eight overseas samples of yellow maize and white maize from Argentina, South Africa and U.S.A. and one additional sample of Roumanian yellow maize.


Cleaning agents for dentures comprising an oxidizing agent and an organic compound carrying a carbonyl group that forms in aqueous solution by reaction with the oxidizing agent is a dioxirane structure.


Lessons have been learned from investigations into a relatively large number of accidents that have occurred in three major practices, namely: industrial radiography, gamma irradiators and electron accelerators used in industry and research, and radiotherapy. This paper provides an overview of the lessons learned and specifically considers the human actions and omissions that have resulted in an accident.


SUMMARY A survey wasconductedon three different groups of population viz. inpatients in the medical wards of General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, the people of Kampong Pandan and two rubber estates as to their analgesic consuming habits. It is found that 0.5 to 2.0% of the people surveyed had consumed more than 2 kg ofanalgesics and 4.6 to 9.6% ofthe people surveyed had consumed more than 250g of analgesics. The commonest analgesic consumed is paracetamolfollowed by Chap Kaki Tiga and Chap Harimau. The commonest reason for consuminganalgesic is headache. The implications ofthe above findings are discussed.


We present the spectral analysis of four XMM-Newton observations of the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 in quiescence, taken between 2009 and 2013. We fit the spectra with an absorbed neutron-star atmosphere model, without the need for a high-energy (power-law) component, with a 95 per cent confidence upper limit of 1 per cent to the contribution of the power law to the total flux of the source in the 0.2-10.0 keV band. We find a significant emission line at around 0.5 keV in the spectra of the three CCD cameras on board XMM-Newton of all four observations; the line, which we tentatively identify as Lyα emission from NVII, is moderately broad, σ ≈ 0.17 keV, and contributes ˜10-14 per cent of the total flux in the 0.2-10 keV band. The temperature of the neutron star in EXO 0748-676 has decreased significantly compared to the previous XMM-Newton observation, with the cooling curve being consistent with either an exponential decay plus a constant, a power law or a broken power-law. We fitted the spectra with a neutron-star atmosphere model that takes into account the observed peak flux of photospheric radius expansion (PRE) bursts to constrain the neutron-star mass, radius and distance self-consistently. Using this model we carried out MCMC simulations assuming a uniform prior for the inclination angle of the system (which accounts for anisotropy in the emission at the peak of the bursts) and for the hydrogen fraction of the fuel during the PRE bursts. We find that M _{ns} = 1.87 ^{+0.69}_{-0.32} M⊙, R_{ns} = 8.5^{+3.2}_{-1.3} km and D = 5.4^{+2.4}_{-1.2} kpc (99% confidence level), which is inconsistent with quark-bearing equations of state for this neutron star.


We are assessing the geothermal potential including possible blind systems of the Eastern Great Basin extensional regime of western Utah through a Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) of existing geoscientific data. A PFA working model is adopted where magnetotelluric (MT) low resistivity upwellings suggesting geothermal fluids may coincide with dilatent geological structural settings and observed thermal fluids with deep high-temperature contributions. Unique to this setting is the superposition of active rifting with a N-S strike over E-W oriented belts of mid-Cenozoic plutonic rocks and possible NE-SW Precambrian shear trends. Data from ~470 high-quality MT sites have been undergoing 3D inversion using a new edge finite element formulation. Inversions show that several low resistivity upwellings project in the vicinity of Crater Bench, central Sevier Desert, Cove Fort, and east flank of the northern Mineral Mountains. The former three have known thermal expressions but the latter has no such association although it is along strike to the north of the Crater Knoll-Red Knoll Quaternary eruptions. There is a strong suggestion of control of resistivity structure by ENE-oriented structural trends possibly reactivated in E-W rifting. Reanalysis of seismicity shows that both swarm and non-swarm earthquake clusters locate in close proximity to the low resistivity upwellings near Cove Fort and the northern Mineral Mountains, while there is no seismic signature near the upwelling in the central Sevier Desert. Structural geology analysis based upon compilation of mapping, gravity and high-resolution (5 m often) DEM data has identified thirty-five areas of interest within and near the project fairway representing geometries that can produce critical stresses for dilatency, some of which overlap with MT structures. Major element geochemistry of thermal waters is dominated by chloride and sulphate compositions. Silica geothermometry values correspond well with direct reservoir temperatures, but the somewhat higher Na-K inferred temperatures may reflect deeper basement equilibration. Produced fluid compositions often are not compatible solely with the reservoir rocks of production, and imply substantially larger rock volumes are contributing. Also correlated with reservoir temperature are 3He (R/Ra) values, indicating that magmatic input is associated with convective flow. To date, results appear consistent with our PFA working model described above.


................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. V PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS THESIS .................................................................................................................................................. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XIII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XXIII CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND VACCINATION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 TRANSCUTANEOUS IMMUNIZATION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 The skin ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Immune surveillances in the skin ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 220.127.116.11 Langerhans cells .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 220.127.116.11 Dermal dendritic cells ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.3 Immune modulators for transcutaneous immunization ....................................................................... 12 18.104.22.168 Monophosphoryl lipid A................................................................................................................................................................ 12 18.104.22.168 Quil A ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY STRATEGIES ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Penetration route into the skin.................................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.2 Chemical penetration enhancers ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 1.3.3 Lipid-based colloidal systems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 188.8.131.52 Liposomes .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 126.96.36.199 Transfersomes .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 188.8.131.52 Ethosomes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 126.96.36.199 Cubosomes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 1.3.4 Microneedle arrays ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 188.8.131.52 Designs and modes of action ............................................................................................................................................... 27 220.127.116.11.1 Solid MCNs – 'Poke and Patch'........................................................................................................................ 27 184.108.40.206.2 Solid MCNs – 'Coat and Poke' ............................................................................................................................ 28 18.104.22.168.3 Dissolving MCNs ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28 220.127.116.11.4 Hollow MCNs ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 18.104.22.168 Vaccination and microneedles ......................................................................................................................................... 29 1.4 THESIS AIMS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30


Wiring within the unpressurized compartments of the supersonic airplane is subjected to environmental stresses which are much greater than in subsonic airplanes. For example, during supersonic flight at an altitude of 73,000 feet the wire will be exposed to an air pressure of 29 torr and temperatures approaching 260°C. These extreme environmental conditions can give rise to corona within the electrical/electronic systems.


Yellow fever is a non-contagious viral disease with two transmission cycles, sylvatic (in wild animals) and urban. Sylvatic yellow fever circulates among monkeys, and in Brazil is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes, which bite an infected monkey and then infect others. Urban yellow fever circulates among humans and is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (humanmosquito-human). Brazil has had no urban yellow fever cases since 1942, but the sylvatic version can accidentally infect people who live near or visit forest areas.


When Wright's work on opsonins, and his method of treating infections were first given publicity, there sprung forth as if by magic an enormous literature, devoted largely to optimistic thera peutics. Surgeons began to tremble for the future, and the latter days of the scalpel seemed to not a few dreamers close at hand. Laboratory workers began to see their workshops crowded with practitioners eager for the last opsonic index that the next dose of vaccine might be curative and not toxic. Internists beheld the approach of a new era in which the hypodermic needle replaced the knife and the horrors of operation were averted.


This paper briefly introduced Skyline software and this software's TerraBuilder module. It elaborated the method for browsing by using TerraBuilder and 3Ds MAX and introduced the manufacture process of three dimensional landscape chart,emphasized that we need photoshop software to carry on the later process so that the perfect effect chart can be obtained.


The essence of this article consists in highlighting of the problems that appear in the process of business analyses because of the presence of uncertainty and risk that are inherent to the process of project realization and especially to the real investment projects; also different approaches to the analysis of project efficiency are considered. The main attention gives to the one of the most powerful and perspective approach based on the theory of fuzzy sets. This approach among other things allows to simulate such type of uncertainty as linguistic uncertainty and it's another adventure opportunity to use fuzzy methods together with neural network models and as a result to get high efficiency hydride system.


The nanopore is a quantum well structure with a periodic array of pores that have been filled with wider gap semiconductor material. The fabrication and optical characteristics of smaller, more uniform arrays are presented.


. We present a polyfill solution for replacing inaccessible images of molecules with fully web-accessible chemistry diagrams. Thereby marked up bitmap images on a client web site are extracted, server side recognised and semantically enriched to generate scalable vector graphics (SVG) with embedded chemical information. These graphics are then re-inserted into the original web page providing readers with accessibility features such as speech output and interactive exploration together with synchronised highlighting and magnification. Our solution works for most combinations of browsers and screen reading software on all major desktop platforms, and while it is currently only implemented for chemical diagrams, it is extensible to other STEM subject areas.


Microseismic detection is an important part of geological exploration, and accurate pickup of microseismic first arrival is the basis of microseismic monitoring events. In practical engineering applications, the microseismic monitoring system is located in a complex environment, the signal-to-noise ratio of microseismic signals is low, the manual pickup is time-consuming and labor-intensive, the traditional automatic pickup method cannot balance the pickup effect and efficiency and cannot adapt to noise intensity changes and other problems. To solve the above problems, in order to better understand the properties and characteristics of microseismic signals and improve the rate and accuracy of microseismic first arrival pickup, this paper proposes a microseismic first arrival pickup method based on image semantic segmentation, and uses actual microseismic monitoring data collected from mines for comparison experiments. The experimental results show that the method has high accuracy in locating microseismic events in complex datasets containing multiple microseismic types, and the average pickup error and stability of microseismic first arrival are improved compared with the other network first arrival pickup method, which can improve the efficiency of microseismic monitoring and has practical engineering application value.


Furniture historians have traditionally distinguished between furniture made in London and that made elsewhere in Britain by a number of criteria: function, design or style, construction, and materials. None of these is an infallible guide and some, particularly notions of design or style, are highly subjective, but with materials, usually wood, we have at least a basis of tangible, objective reality. Most furniture woods are readily recognisable and those that are not can usually be quickly identified by microscopic analysis. If we can be reasonably certain of the materials employed on a given piece of furniture, what conclusions can legitimately be drawn about provenance? Conventional wisdom holds that 'country' or vernacular furniture should be made of indigenous timber; fashionable provincial furniture might contain a mix of both indigenous and exotic, and London furniture will employ exclusively exotic or fashionable woods. This analysis is of course simplistic, but it has served the purposes of dealers, valuers, auctioneers and others in the antiques trade whose lives have been made easier by such time-honoured rules of thumb. It can also be misleading; if one substitutes 'cheap' for indigenous and 'expensive' for exotic, then contradictions immediately arise. In many areas of the country imported deal was cheaper than native wood, and might be used for archetypal vernacular pieces such as settles or dressers. Conversely, we find upholsterers in 18th century London employing native beech almost exclusively for their chair frames, while modest oak 'wainscot' furniture was a staple of most London joiners and cabinet makers. The purpose of this article is to examine the subject of timber use in furniture making in more detail. It seeks to determine how and why the furniture timbers used in London differed from those outside London, and whether we can use timber selection as a reliable criterion for distinguishing between British metropolitan and provincial furniture of the 18th century.


The estimation of high-dimensional latent regression item response theory (IRT) models is difficult because of the need to approximate integrals in the likelihood function. Proposed solutions in the literature include using stochastic approximations, adaptive quadrature, and Laplace approximations. We propose using a second-order Laplace approximation of the likelihood to estimate IRT latent regression models with categorical observed variables and fixed covariates where all parameters are estimated simultaneously. The method applies when the IRT model has a simple structure, meaning that each observed variable loads on only one latent variable. Through simulations using a latent regression model with binary and ordinal observed variables, we show that the proposed method is a substantial improvement over the first-order Laplace approximation with respect to the bias. In addition, the approach is equally or more precise to alternative methods for estimation of multidimensional IRT models when the number of items per dimension is moderately high. Simultaneously, the method is highly computationally efficient in the high-dimensional settings investigated. The results imply that estimation of simple-structure IRT models with very high dimensions is feasible in practice and that the direct estimation of high-dimensional latent regression IRT models is tractable even with large sample sizes and large numbers of items.


Emissions and ecological factors are evident in changes of dynamics of global forest ecosystems. Specific develop- ment takes place in these substitute stands on contaminated and devastated plots. The aim of this study was to solve a problem if forest stands were able to indicate its real natural potential in these anthropogenically influenced conditions. In ten substitute stands on experimental plots samples were taken in autumn 2002 from H-horizons and A-horizons and phytocoenological releves were taken in the area of the firm Městske lesy Trutnov (Pořicský hřbet Plateau, 530 m a.s.l.; +6.9°C; 671 mm). A hypothesis that the combination of herbaceous species can significantly indicate pH/H 2 O and pH/KCl was tested.


Within the framework of conmemorating the 35th anniversary of the Higher Institute of Technology and Applied Sciences a synthesis of the main results of this center is presented. This includes the academic preparation of professionals, as well as their postgraduate, research and university extension courses and activities, with emphasis on the most recent years. At the end of the paper the perspectives of the institution are described in correspondence with the strategy outlined for the cuban higher education.


This review essay explores Josiah Young's project of developing a liberatory Pan-Africanism that is attuned to cultural diversity and Victor Anderson's advocacy of postmodern cultural criticism in African-American religious thought. After situating African-American religious thought as a branch of Africana thought, the author examines these two religious thinkers' work as an effort to forge a position on African-American religious thought—including its relation to theology—in an age where even theory is treated as a god that is about to die. At the conclusion, secularism emerges as a religious project that normatively undergirds the methodological dimensions of these works.


Abstract : The rapidly fluctuating density in an energetic arc plasma was mapped with good spatial and temporal resolution by probing the plasma with an energetic H2(+) molecular ion beam. The H(+) atomic ion current produced by collisional dissociation of the H2(+) ions was sampled in synchronization with a coherent oscillation in the arc plasma to produce stroboscopic maps at six different phases. Both the total density of the arc and the density perturbation of the oscillation, which was an m = 1 azimuthal wave propagating about an off center axis, were measured. Conventional assumptions, such as cylindrical symmetry and the concentricity of the density and the density perturbation, which are widely used to interpret less detailed measurements, are shown to be invalid for this helium arc and are probably invalid for similar systems. Three generalizations of the beam probing technique are also discussed in the report: (1) A low energy heavy ion beam for probing both plasma density and space potential; (2) A fast multi-channel recording and data handling system for making real-time maps; (3) The density distribution in the outlet of a neutral gas jet. (Author)


Spinning triangle is a critical region in the spinning process of staple yarn, the geometric and mechanical performances of which plays an important role in determining the physical performance of spun yarns. Taking appropriate measures to influence the spinning triangle geometry and improve the qualities of yarn has greatly attracted interest of many researchers recently. In these modified ring spinning systems, the raised parts at spinning triangle are often existed, i.e. the fibers in the spinning triangle are not on the same plane, but a part of fibers is squeezed into the middle part of spinning triangle by the heavy twist. Therefore, in this paper, a new theoretical model of fiber tension distribution in the spinning triangle is proposed by considering the raised parts at spinning triangle based on the principle of minimum potential energy. The relationships between the fiber tension and the spinning triangle shapes are presented. Then, a theoretical model of the residual torque within a yarn due to the fiber tension was given correspondingly. Finally, as an application of the proposed method, Ne32 cotton yarns were taken as an example for the simulation. The fiber tension distributions in the spinning triangle and corresponding residual torque within a yarn were numerically simulated and the results were compared with those by earlier models, in which the fibers in the spinning triangle were assumed to be located on the same plane.