This article describes two types of revealing equilibria in the presence of punitive damages meant to encourage truthful revelation of the safety of a product. Full information price (FIP) revealing equilibria occur when the equilibrium prices are those that would obtain under full information. Full information quantity (FIQ) revealing equilibria occur when the equilibrium quantities are those that would obtain under full information. We discuss the punitive damages policies which support each type of equilibrium and argue that FIP revealing equilibria are likely to be of greater interest. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.


This paper reports a measurement of the photoproduction of charged-kaon pairs from hydrogen which was carried out to search for high-mass resonances in the mass range from 1.4 to 2.4 GeV. The only structure observed in the mass spectrum was a dip near 1.83 GeV. An analysis of the data indicates that this structure could be produced by a high-mass meson with a mass of about 1.83 GeV and a width of roughly 120 MeV which interfers with the kaon Soeding amplitude.


Abstract : The Ariel project has culminated in several advancements in active database technology, and the development of a working prototype active database system. Ariel is unique in its support for efficient rule condition testing based on a discrimination network, and its tight integration of rule processing with database transaction processing. An efficient index for testing single-relation selection predicates was developed, which also resulted in the development of two new types of interval index data structures, the interval binary search tree, and the interval skip-list. For testing join conditions, a modified version of the TREAT algorithm, called A-TREAT, was developed. A-TREAT is suitable for use in a database environment. It's major new feature that makes it suitable for databases is the concept of virtual alpha-memory nodes, which, unlike normal alpha-memories, do not contain the data matching the associated selection predicate. Instead, virtual alpha-memories contain only the predicate.


Rats were exposed for 5 days to doses of 84, 176, and 415 rads/day gamma radiation. Intestinal injury was determined by examination of whole-crypt squashes for total cell population, the number of cells in mitoses, and the number of cells labeled with H/sup 3/-thymidine after a single injection. An increase in the incorporation of H/sup 3/-thymidine into the nuclei of the intestinal epithelium was observed after exposure to 415 rads/day. (C.H.)


The optimization of investment policies in bank branches within dynamic and stochastic economic environment has become more and more important nowadays. However, it has not been generally formulated due to the randomness in markets and the complicated dynamics of economic growth. This paper formulates the stochastic and dynamic bank branches location problem as a Markov Decision Processes (MDP), and presents a policy iteration algorithm to obtain the optimal investment policies. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our formulation and algorithm. Furthermore, the formulation and algorithms have been embedded into an IBM asset called IFAO-SIMO, and they have been acting as the mathematical kernels of the asset optimization engine.


Mixtures of amines can be separated by elution chromatography on a chelating resin, Dowex A-1 loaded with nickel ions based on ligand exchange. Aqueous ammonia is used as the eluent. The method has proved particulary effective for separating aromatic amines.


The concept of service Science, Management, and Engineering (SSME) is an emerging interdisciplinary approach that combines fundamental management, and engineering theories. The objective is to help organizations improve their competiveness in a rapidly changing business environment by exploring the true requirements of their customers, and setting up an effective service process with the support of IT. Despite the significance of SSME, few studies have attempted to develop a methodology to guide and implement SSME research. To address this research gap, we discuss the interdisciplinary nature of the SSME approach. We review related literature and theories, and explore the tools used in various fields relevant to SSME. Then, we propose a systematic three-phase framework for SSME research. Our interdisciplinary review and the proposed framework are designed to help researchers and practitioners utilize available SSME tools and theories. We believe the framework will enable researchers and practitioners to implement their respective SSME processes more effectively and efficiently.


The present paper deals with difierent geometrical properties of hyperbolic contact manifold of a quasi sasakian manifold. In the end we studies the properties of the Integrability of the distributions on a hyperbolic contact manifold of a quasi sasakian manifold.


a) hydrostatic-mechanical transmission progressive-power-split. b) The hydrostatic-mechanical transmission comprises a planetary differential characterized in that the planetary differential 4, the force input location actual engine side 26 of the main shaft motor 10 side is located in the space between the sun wheel 27 placed on a shaft 11 of the non-driven side and the movement source 2 placed before the mechanism 1. c) The invention relates to a hydrostatic-mechanical transmission progressive-power-split.


1
Evidence is presented that an iodinating treatment of cytochrome c, in Tris buffer, pH 8.6, 8 M urea, leads to a chemical modification of the thioether bridges which link the heme to the polypeptide chain. It is suggested that the thioether sulfur atoms are oxidized to the sulfoxide stage. At low iodine levels (6–8 moles of iodine per mole of cytochrome c) no other amino acids are affected, as shown by amino acid analysis and use of 125I.

2
The main piece of evidence for the transformation is that treatment of this presumed cytochrome c 14, 17-disulfoxide leads to heme cleavage.

3
Both the oxidation and the cleavage reaction are dependent upon conformational factors.

4
A possible mechanism is proposed for the cleavage reaction which led to the prediction, borne out by experiment, that cleavage can also be effected by acetic anhydride.


While effectively attenuating neuronal apoptosis in mouse cortical culture, insulin paradoxically induced neuronal necrosis with 48 h of exposure. The insulin neurotoxicity was blocked by an antioxidant but not by caspase inhibitors. Exposure to insulin led to tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) receptor and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase). Inhibitors of tyrosine kinase and PKC, but not PI3‐kinase, attenuated the insulin neurotoxicity. Conversely, the inhibitor of PI3‐kinase but not PKC reversed the antiapoptotic effect of insulin. Suggesting that the gene activity‐dependent emergence of excitotoxicity contributed to insulin neurotoxicity, macromolecule synthesis inhibitors and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonists blocked it. Consistently, exposure to insulin increased the level of the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor without much altering NR1 or NR2B levels. The present study suggests that insulin can be both neuroprotective and neurotoxic in the same cell system but by way of different signaling cascades.


Introduction: Competitiveness of a product can be improved by the function innovation to meet the market change [8]. Function integration is one of the important tools for the product innovation. More and more articles on the topic of function integration. Lin et al. [5] introduced a concept of the product function integration, innovative techniques, and their influence on enterprises. Li et al. [7] proposed a process model of the function integration for product innovation from the functional design level. Liu et al. [6] proposed a method of bio-inspired design of multiscale structures for function integration. Liu et al. [4] proposed a process model of product innovation design based on the function combination and TRIZ. However, most of the existing methods of the function integration focus on technical elements and their impact on enterprises. They are subjective and fuzzy in identifying needs and searching solutions, which is difficult to be used in the function integration for product innovation. Laws of need evolution [9] in TRIZ suggest the direction of product evolution to predict potential user needs, including idealization of needs, dynamization of needs, coordination of needs, integration of needs and specialization of needs. Strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis (SWOT) [3] considers internal and external perspectives to evaluate strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of functions and other issues of product development. Laws of need evolution and SWOT can predict and classify user needs for innovative product design. Meanwhile, function similarity [1] can be used as a measure to select the integrated function products. In this paper, an integrated product functions method for innovation is proposed. Laws of need evolution and SWOT are used to determine needs of the target product. Integrated function products are determined by searching patents and product similarity to meet the needs. The product solution is proposed by using TRIZ tools. The innovative design scheme is searched according to the priority degree evaluation [2]. Feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the innovative design of a cleaning device of the oil sump in a range hood.


We have determined sixteen blood chemical parameters in three month-old lambs and eleven in one and a half-month old ones. We have found that three of them were not affected by age: potassium, copper and proteins; seven were lowered: sodium, calcium, zinc, chlorine, inorganic phosphate, urea and cholesterol; one was enhanced : magnesium. These reference values will be used as a basis for further controls of the flocks.


Thank you for downloading bioactive microbial products search and discovery. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this bioactive microbial products search and discovery, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.


The aim of this study was to investigate and describe some aspects of the verbal and nonverbal communicative competence of six pre-adolescent stutterers. A communication inventory was used to assess competence in relation to four communication functions and two contexts. The sample obtained was transcribed and analyzed in terms of nonverbal and verbal behaviors, including morpheme length paralinguistic features. The results indicated that the subjects were, on average, incompetent in all areas of communication. Correlations were made to stuttering frequency and attitudes to stuttering and sensitivity to communication. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed.


The aim of this paper is to investigate on the closed loop welding controller of a rapid manufacturing Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD) process. SMD was developed and patented by Rolls-Royce in order to produce mechanical parts directly from a CAD model. A simplified SMD plant has been set up in order to investigate the welding dynamics and parameters and to develop a SMD automatic controller. On the basis of the experience acquired, some basic control laws have been developed, and a closed loop controller has been implemented. This controller permits to find and to maintain the process stability condition, so that the final process results totally automatic. The control is performed adjusting the welding conditions on the basis of arc voltage information obtained from the welding machine during the deposition. The experimental results reported confirm the validity of the proposed strategy.


With fearless, free ranging curiosity and nimble wits honed by years of karate practice Peggy Shinner explores what philosophers call the "mindbody problem"—that relationship, often vexed or adversarial between free-ranging consciousness, which is unbounded by space or time, and our earth-bound, time-sensitive bodies. To feel mortal is to acknowledge that we will die. Generally, Americans prefer to believe death is optional, that it can be postponed indefinitely through medical advances and healthy outdoor exercise until the cure is found, but occasionally reality breaks through and blithe denial gives way to heartfelt Kevorkian jokes. Often it's the death of parents that leaves us feeling exposed and vulnerable, but sometimes it's the coming of age. Turning 60, for instance. Ahead is darkness and predictable loss. Less dread and more curiosity, is Shinner's recommendation. Keep an eye out for absurdity, especially when shopping for a cemetery plot with your lover. Ann's choice is Graceland, the historic cemetery in their neighborhood. No finer requiem "outside the realm of music," said Frank Lloyd Wright of the Getty Mausoleum, which is located in Graceland and was designed by Louis Sullivan, also buried in Graceland along with George Pullman and Marshal Field and some ordinary citizens with small, unremarkable gravestones. Shinner is less enthusiastic. "It turns out I'm sectarian in my burial leanings, although not, I might add, in my choice of aboveground premises or partner," she writes. Graceland reminds her of the upscale restricted neighborhood her family would drive through to admire the Christmas decorations. No place she'd feel at home. Her parents along 46,000 other Jews (including Jack Ruby and two registered sex offenders) are buried in suburban Westlawn. "If I were to be buried there, I would be consigned to a long decline in an uninspired netherland." She's drawn to Chicago's older Jewish cemetery because it reminds her of the shtetl, a place she's never been and is quick, she admits, to romanticize. Together in life, she and Anne will be separated by death, in an eternity neither believes in. One of the many incidental pleasures of this collection is Shinner's understated celebration of a domestic partnership of long duration. To be one's authentic self in public and also engage with the wider world is perhaps the most fundamental of civil rights. The place where one's personal history joins the stream of world history is Shinner's chosen terrain, whether her ostensible subject is being fitted for a new brassiere at the place where she'd been fitted for her first ("You cannot imagine wearing a pink bra in your dojo locker room where, in front of your training partners, it could undermine your already shaky self-image as an athlete;") the ethics of elective surgery ("I want to be taken for who I am, but like...all the others who 'suffered from a Jewish nose', I don't want to suffer too much for it;") the politics of posture, the eroticism of kleptomania, or


Perfluoro dimethyl-cyclobutane and 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane or dichlorotrifluoroethane azeotrope can be used as cleaning agents, refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and polymer was foaming agent.


G lycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a membrane glycoprotein unique to platelets and has been identified as a physiological receptor for collagen. Damage to a vessel wall exposes the subendothelial component collagen to platelets in the blood flow. Interaction of platelets with collagen via the receptor GPVI results in platelet activation and adhesion—the processes that are essential for thrombus formation. On the platelet surface, GPVI is present as a complex with the homodimeric Fc receptor y-chain (FcRy with a possible stoichiometry of two GPVI molecules and one FcRy dimer). When collagen binds to GPVI, a platelet activation cascade is initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of FcRy and this phosphorylation induces the formation of a large complex composed from many signal-transducing proteins. In flow adhesion experiments that closely approximate physiological conditions, GPVI is essential for the formation of large platelet aggregates on collagen. Fiowever, GPVL-deficient patients or mice do not show any severe bleeding tendency. This suggests that a GPVI inhibitor would be able to inhibit thrombus formation but still not cause a significant bleeding tendency. Such an inhibitor would show promise as an anti-thrombotic agent for clinical use. Introduction Platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a platelet-specific collagen receptor with a molecular weight of about 62 kDa. Structural model for the interaction of GPVI with collagen based on the crystal structure of GPVI has been recently suggested.^ This receptor was first identified as a protein deficient in patients' platelets that did not aggregate in response to the physiologically important agonist collagen.^^ The GPVI-deficient platelets, however, aggregated normally when induced by other agonists, including thrombin, ADP and ristocetin. These observations suggested that GPVI acts in a critical step specifically related to the reaction with collagen. Although the initial findings on GPVI were tantaUzing because of its possible role in thrombotic processes, for the first five years or so research progressed slowly because the only means to identify this glycoprotein was to use the autoantibody from one patient. In addition, platelets also contain another, well-established collagen receptor, integrin ttiPi (otiPi)By using functional studies, such as aggregometry, to assess collagen responsiveness, it is diflicult to differentiate the effects of GPVI firom those of ttiPi. However, the contribution of GPVI could be differentiated from that of a2Pi by using of an autoantibody against GPVI or GPVL-deficient patients' platelets, indicating that GPVI is a platelet collagen-specific receptor involved in platelet activation.^ ̂ In 1995-97, research on GPVI was greatly accelerated by the discovery of GPVI-specific agonists. Searching for the specific structure of collagen that induces platelet activation. Dr. Barnes' group at Cambridge found that a triple helical collagen-mimetic peptide containing 10 repeats of the Gly-Pro-Hyp sequence induces platelet *Corresponding Author: Masaaki Moroi—Department of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, 1-1 Hyakunenkoen, Kurume, Fukuoka, 839-0864, Japan. Email: email@example.com Multichain Immune Recognition Receptor Signaling: From Spatiotemporal Organization to Human Disease, edited by Alexander B. Sigalov. ©2008 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science-I-Business Media. 54 Multichain Immune Recognition Receptor Signaling aggregation independendy of a2Pi, which the authors called collagen-related peptide (CRP).̂ "'̂ ^ CRP strongly activates platelets, particularly when it is cross-linked. The CRP-induced activation is inhibited by the Fab fragment of an antibody against GPVI, verifying that CRP activates platelets by specifically interacting with GPVI. The tropical ratdesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus was found to have a platelet activating venom protein, Convulxin (Cvx), that is a specific agonist of GPVI.̂ ^^^ Cvx is a C-type lectin composed of two subunits (a and P) cross-linked by disulfide bonds to form a heterotetramer (aP)4.̂ '̂ Similar to collagen, these two agonists (CRP and Cvx) induce many of the platelet activation reactions, including secretion, phosphorylation and intracellular Ca^^ release. However, they react only with GPVI, strongly su^esting that collagen-induced platelet activation is mediated mainly by GPVI rather than other collagen receptor, integrin a2Pi. One of the most interesting findings is that these agonists induce a strong tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet proteins such as the tyrosine kinase Syk, phospholipase CY2 (PLCY2) and the scaffolding protein, linker for activation of T-cells (LAT). This raises questions about possible signal-transducing mechanisms of platelet activation initiated by the collagen binding to GPVI. The relevant studies will be discussed later in this chapter. Discovery of the GPVL-specific agonists facilitated the cloning and elucidation of the structure of this receptor. Low content of GPVI in platelet membranes had made it difficult to purify and study the protein without these molecular and structural biology tools. In 1999, Clemetson's group reported the first successful purification and cloning of GPVI. ̂ ^ The deduced structure of GPVI indicates that GPVI is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily with two Ig-like domains. The Arg residue in its transmembrane domain has been shown to interact with an Asp residue of the Fc receptor y-chain (FcRy), forming a receptor complex on the platelet surface.̂ '̂̂ ^ After gene cloning, it became possible to perform detailed analyses of GPVI function at the molecular level by using a recombinant protein, GPVI-expressing cells and monoclonal antibodies against GPVI. Finally, the crystal structure of the GPVI extracellular Ig-like domain has been recently reported,^ thus providing a reasonable explanation for the structural and functional features of this receptor. In contrast to ubiquitous integrin a2Pi, GPVI is a platelet-specific receptor that has a unique physiological function in thrombus formation. GPVI reacts specifically with collagen fibrils and activates platelets through a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent pathway. Clinical and animal studies indicate that the deficiency in GPVI does not induce any severe bleeding tendency, although the thrombus formation in GPVI-deficient mice is impaired. Thus, specific inhibitors against GPVI are potentially ideal anti-thrombotic drugs that would not induce significant bleeding as a side effect and nowadays, much effort is being put into finding a specific GPVI inhibitor suitable for clinical use.


This book is ideal for students who are in the early stages of introduction to the social work discipline. It is sectioned into three comprehensive parts that describe each of the amalgamated units...


The known fact, that artificial magnets receive additional increments to their power by slowly adding weight to the load they support, combined with the circumstance, that pieces of iron or steel exposed to the influence of a magnet, neither acquire nor lose their magnetism instantaneously, led me to explain Mr. Barlow's experiments "On the temporary magnetic effect induced in iron bodies by rotation," without having recourse to any new property of matter, and to apply the same consideration of the time of acquiring and losing magnetic virtue to the curious experiments of M. Arago. These views are stated in a paper printed in the Phil. Trans. for 1825, which contains the observations that occurred to Mr. Herschel and myself, in repeating and varying those experiments. As the explanation there given is intimately connected with the experiments detailed in the present paper, and as they were undertaken with a view of giving additional evidence to the principle to which I have alluded, I shall here briefly re-state the manner in which time influences the results of certain magnetic phenomena, whose production depends on the application of motion to some part of the apparatus employed.


Z pinch is a very compact and efficient device in which the electromagnetic implosion of Z pinches formed by gas puffs, cylindrical foils, and wire arrays can produce high-tem-perature high-density plasmas. Therefore it has potential applications to controlled fusion and intense x-ray sources.


The microstructure of commercial pure titanium processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature was studied by using optial microscopy and TEM.The functions of three deformation mechanisms including slipping,twinning and grain turning during the plastic deformation at room temperature were discussed.The results show that sliding and twinning were the main deformation mechanisms of the commercial pure Ti during ECAP deformation at room temperature.And grain turning was another important mechanism to coordinated the large grain deformation and improve the ductility of commercial pure titanium.Dynamic recrystallization was the important coordination mechanism in plastic deformation.


Abstract An experiment in which surface wind stress data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research global circulation model (GCM) was used to drive a simple model of the tropical Pacific is described. First, a 15-year integration of the GCM was conducted, forcing the model with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the period 1958–72 (the FORCED case). A parallel integration was conducted using long-term monthly mean SSTs (the CONTROL case). All other boundary forcing in both GCM simulations was identical. Surface wind stress date from each GCM integration were then used to drive the Florida State University 1½ layer, reduced gravity model of the tropical Pacific. A separate integration of the ocean model was conducted using observed wind stress for the period 1961–72 (the OBSTRESS case). The goal of this research was to evaluate the response of a sophisticated GCM to tropical Pacific SST variability in terms of the surface wind stress field, and to investigate the sensitivity of a simple w...


The foundation statement of high buildings can be controlled according to distortion(settlement or difference settlement),the calculation of the foundation settlement is a crucial task for evaluation of foundation statement in the investigation phase of the construction project.Its result directly effects the selection of foundation statement.But there is great influence of groundwater on settlement value.The article is based on the example and analyzes the selection of influences of groundwater,changes of groundwater level on foundation settlement during the processing of the calculation of the foundation settlement.


In the study of prosthetic control technology, researchers usually use decoded electromyographic signals (EMG) to obtain amputees' motion intentions. Predicting and accurately classifying the intent of human gestures can be used not only for rehabilitation and entertainment robots, but also for artificial intelligence robots. It enables us to develop new, more natural methods of human-computer interaction. In this paper, we propose an advanced gesture recognition model. In this model, myoelectric signal of forearm measured by commercial sensor myo is used as input. To extract and classify these gestures, a long-term and short-term memory neural network is applied and compared with other deep learning algorithms. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this paper can recognize the same four gestures as Myo Armband's proprietary recognition system, with an average recognition accuracy of 97.75%, which has higher recognition accuracy than the comparison algorithm. The proposed deep learning model is robust, which means that it can recognize a user's gestures even if there is no user's data in the training data set.


The conventional method to evaluate the lifetime of a laser diode for catastrophic optical damage (COD) has some problems. A new method is proposed that can account for these problems. and the lifetime of AlGalnP visible laser diodes is evaluated using the proposed method. A microauger electron spectroscopy (μ-AES) is used to analyze quantitatively both the mutual diffusion and the native oxide between the coating film and laser crystal. These effects are clarified on the degradation of COD power level.


Solution processed tin oxide (SnOx) is used as an electron extraction interlayer in organic solar cells. As opposed to devices using TiOx, cells based on SnOx are stable even at elevated temperatures in the presence of moisture. Thus, by using SnOx instead of TiOx the requirements for a costly ultra-barrier encapsulation may be relaxed.


Career situation of first and presenting author Post-doctoral fellow. Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovitis and joint destruction. Autoantibodies and autoreactive B cells are a hallmark of RA. Furthermore, Th17 cells have been demonstrated to be crucial for disease development. However, checkpoints and mechanisms regulating the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain largely unclear. Objectives Recently, we have demonstrated, that Th17 cells suppress the enzyme ST6 a-galactoside b-2,6-sialyltransferase in developing plasma cells. Thereby, Th17 cells are able to increase the inflammatory activity of autoantibodies in an IL-23 dependent manner by regulating the degree of Fc-glycosylation. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate this IL-23/Th17-mediated proinflammatory reprogramming of B cells and the relevance for arthritis remains to be determined in detail. Methods K/BxN mice were treated twice a week with neutralizing antibodies against IL-17A and IL-22 from week 1 until week 9. Both, clinical, histological and immunological parameters of arthritis were assessed. Serum was collected weekly and autoantibody titers were determined using ELISA. Collected Sera were used for K/BxN serum transfer to evaluated IgG activity. Additionally, the expression levels of the corresponding interleukin receptors (IL17RA and IL22Ra1) were analyzed during collagen-induced arthritis. Results Here we show, that in contrast the upregulation of IL-22Ra1 on plasmablasts in the spleen, lymph node and bone-marrow during collagen-induced arthritis, its blockade during K/BxN arthritis did not prevent the onset of arthritis. Also, the IgG from K/BxN mice remained its inflammatory activity. We also show, that while IL17RA is basically absent on B cells during arthritis, the neutralization of IL-17A during K/BxN arthritis led to a strongly delayed development of autoimmune arthritis. Furthermore, depletion of IL17A led to a decreased titer of autoantibodies during early phases of K/BxN arthritis. However, in the K/BxN serum transfer mice which received serum that was produced in the absence of IL-17 were not protected against inflammatory arthritis. Conclusions Our data indicate that IL-22 is not directly involved in the regulation of IgG activity during K/BxN arthritis. Furthermore, our data indicate that IL-17A is indeed a crucial cytokine during inflammatory processes inside the joint and may be involved in the germinal center reaction or plasma cell survival. However, neither IL-17 nor IL-22 is involved in the IL-23/Th17-mediated proinflammatory reprogramming of B cells to produce highly pathogenic autoantibodies. Therefore, other cytokines produced by Th17 cells and/or mechanisms depending on cell-cell contact proteins might orchestrate the Th17/B-cell crosstalk leading to the downregulation of St6gal1 in developing plasma cells. Disclosure of Interest None declared.


The Totten Glacier, located in the Aurora Subglacial Basin of East Antarctica, drains a catchment containing approximately 3.5 m of global sea level rise equivalent ice mass. The This glacier has been losing mass over recent decades, and modelling studies indicate that it is the most vulnerable glacier in East Antarctica to warming oceans and atmosphere over the coming century. Satellite altimetry shows high internal variability in ocean-forced melting of the Totten Ice Shelf; however, the extent to which this variability signal impacts the upstream ice sheet dynamics, and therefore its mass balance, is unknown. Here we use the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) combined with a plume and basal melting parameterisation called PICOP to investigate the impact of variability in ocean temperature on the evolution of Totten Glacier. We find that the southernmost portion of the Totten Glacier grounding line from which the majority of the catchment's ice is channeled is stable within only a limited range of background ocean temperatures close to present-day values. In the stable simulations, the magnitude of the ice mass flux depends on the extent to which the ice shelf is pinned on a bed topography rumple located approximately 10 km downstream of its grounding line, but the period of the mass flux is decadal to multi-decadal in each simulation, irrespective of the magnitude of the variability in ocean forcing. We further find that the impact of variability in ocean melt rates decreases as the mean background ocean temperature increases, suggesting that the mean state may have a relatively more important role in the evolution of the Totten Glacier than variability in ocean forcing. Our results have implications for detection and attribution of climate change and internal climate variability in modeling studies, and may inform fieldwork campaigns mapping bed topography in the Aurora Subglacial Basin.


Pollen allelopathy is a kind of special allelopathy that may inhibit pollen germination and seed set of sympatric species which receive allelopathic pollens.The present study focused on assessing potential effects of pollen extract from Stellera chamaejasme on pollen germination and seed set of several sympatric species.It also included in-vitro research on the effects of pollen extract from S.chamaejasme on six sympatric species,namely Gentiana macrophylla var.fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa var.paludosa,Gentiana squarrosa,Halenia elliptica var.elliptica,Ranunculus tanguticus var.tanguticus and Potentilla anserina var.anserine,as well as pollen from itself.Field experiments on the effects of pollen extract with the same regime of concentration on the seed set of four sympatric species namely G.macrophylla,G.paludosa,G.squarrosa and H.elliptica,were also carried out.The result of in-vitro experiments showed that pollen of S.chamaejasme was not autotoxic,whereas the pollen germination of all the sympatric species decreased nonlinearly as the concentrations of pollen extract from S.chamaejasme was increased.The pollen extract of three-grained pollens of S.chamaejasme in general,inhibited 50% of pollen germination of most of the focal species.The result from field experiments showed that the seed set of four sympatric species decreased nonlinearly as the concentration of pollen extract from S.chamaejasme was increased.It can be inferred that S.chamaejasme may therefore have negative impact on sexual multiplication of the sympatric species through pollen allelopathy.However,these species could sustain themselves by avoiding pollen allelopathy of S.chamaejasme through either seasonal divergence or diurnal flowering phonologies and through asexual reproduction.


Multiobjective optimization problems widely exist in engineering application and science research. This paper

presents an archive bacterial foraging optimizer to deal with multiobjective optimization problems. Under

the concept of Pareto dominance, the proposed algorithm uses chemotaxis, conjugation, reproduction and

elimination-and-dispersal mechanisms to approximate to the true Pareto fronts in multiobjective optimization

problems. In the optimization process, the proposed algorithm incorporates an external archive to save the

nondominated solutions previously found and utilizes the crowding distance to maintain the diversity of the

obtained nondominated solutions. The proposed algorithm is compared with two state-of-the-art algorithms

on four standard test problems. The experimental results indicate that our approach is a promising algorithm

to deal with multiobjective optimization problems.


In this paper we introduce (weakly) root graded Banach--Lie algebras and corresponding Lie groups as natural generalizations of group like $\GL_n(A)$ for a Banach algebra $A$ or groups like $C(X,K)$ of continuous maps of a compact space $X$ into a complex semisimple Lie group $K$. We study holomorphic induction from holomorphic Banach representations of so-called parabolic subgroups $P$ to representations of $G$ on holomorphic sections of homogeneous vector bundles over $G/P$. One of our main results is an algebraic characterization of the space of sections which is used to show that this space actually carries a natural Banach structure, a result generalizing the finite dimensionality of spaces of sections of holomorphic bundles over compact complex manifolds. We also give a geometric realization of any irreducible holomorphic representation of a (weakly) root graded Banach--Lie group $G$ and show that all holomorphic functions on the spaces $G/P$ are constant.


Simple Summary In the current study, we investigated the effects of two different additives on calves' production parameters (body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), hematological and biochemical results; serum selenium level, and histology of duodenum and rumen. A total of 18 1-day-old male calves were randomly assigned to control and two experimental treatments for 70 days. The first additive contained nanosilica with pancreatic enzymes, a mixture of fat-coated organic acids (fumaric, malic, citric, and sorbic acids), and sodium butyrate, whereas the second was based on the mycelium of L. edodes enriched in selenium. At the end of the experiment, three animals from each group were sacrificed for histological analysis of the digestive tract (abdominal rumen and small intestine). The findings of this study indicate that supplementation had no influence on growth performance, nor hematological or biochemical parameters. The additives did not increase duodenal crypt depth, villi height or width, or rumen papillae height or width. In the study, we observed higher levels of serum selenium and lower average daily milk replacer intake at 35–42 d but higher levels from 42 to 70 d in the animals receiving the inclusion of modified L. edodes mycelium. Abstract With this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of two multicomponent feed additives given to animals from 10 to 70 d with milk replacer on the production parameters of reared calves: serum selenium level and histology of duodenum and rumen. The first additive was based on nanosilica (3000 mg) containing pancreatic enzymes (protease (18 mg), lipase (45 mg)), a mixture of fat-coated organic acids (2000 mg) (fumaric, malic, citric, and sorbic acids), and sodium butyrate (10,000 mg) (nanosilica/E/OA/SB), whereas the second was based on the mycelium of L. edodes (7 g) enriched in selenium (0.058 mg/g d.w.) (L. edodes/Se). The study was conducted on 18 male crossbred Holstein dairy calves from birth to 70 days of age, which were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (six animals in each). From each group, three animals were sacrificed at 70 days of age, and histological analysis of the digestive tract (abdominal rumen and small intestine) was performed. It was observed that the additives used did not have any effect on growth performance and hematological or biochemical parameters. However, higher levels of selenium were found in serum in the calves fed with modified L. edodes mycelium on days 35 and 70 (44.33 and 51.33 µg/L in the control group and 132 and 93 µg/L in the L. edodes/Se group, respectively; p < 0.001). Moreover, we noticed lower average daily milk replacer intake at 35–42 d, which increased significantly from 42 to 70 d in the animals receiving L. edodes/Se.


Background and Purpose— Microplasmin is a recombinant truncated form of human plasmin. It has demonstrated efficacy in experimental animal models of stroke and tolerability in healthy volunteers. We tested the tolerability of microplasmin in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods— In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II trial, 40 patients with ischemic stroke were treated with either placebo or active drug between 3 and 12 hours after symptom onset in a dose-finding design. Ten patients received placebo, 6 patients received a total dose of 2 mg/kg, 12 patients received a total dose of 3 mg/kg, and 12 patients received a total dose of 4 mg/kg. We studied the pharmacodynamics of microplasmin and its effect on the clinical and hemodynamic parameters of the patients. MRI was used as a surrogate marker and matrix metalloproteinases serum concentrations were used as markers of neurovascular integrity. The study was underpowered to detect clinical efficacy. Results— Microplasmin induced reversible effects on markers of systemic thrombolysis and neutralized &agr;2-antiplasmin by up to 80%. It was well tolerated with one of 30 treated patients developing a fatal symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. No significant effect on reperfusion rate or on clinical outcome was observed. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels were reduced in microplasmin-treated patients. Conclusions— Microplasmin was well tolerated and achieved neutralization of &agr;2-antiplasmin. Further studies are warranted to determine whether microplasmin is an effective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.


We continue the investigation of the calculus of Fourier Integral Op erators FIOs in the class of symbols with exit behaviour SG symbols Here we analyse what happens when one restricts the choice of amplitude and phase functions to the subclass of the classical SG symbols It turns out that the main composition theorem obtained in the environment of general SG classes has a classical counterpart As an application we study the Cauchy problem for classical hyperbolic operators of order for such operators we re ne the known results about the analogous prob lem for general SG hyperbolic operators The material contained here will be used in a forthcoming paper to obtain a Weyl formula for a class of operators de ned on manifolds with cylindrical ends improving the results obtained in


In the context of the sequence pattern mining in WUM,a server session constraint-based serial pattern growth mining algorithm is proposed.Firstly,to mine pattern and discover knowledge better from the log file,a server session-based server log file format is proposed.Then,by introducing server session-based constraint concept,which can reduce the initial sequence model and candidate set size,relying on that,the size of the suffix database scanned can be reduced each time.And then the serial pattern of the frequent access path in WUM can be mined.Finally,the validity and superiority of the presented algorithm are demonstrated by two experiments.


Abstract : The goal of this research is to develop an understanding of the fundamental aspects of the production of noise in centrifugal turbomachinery. Previous investigations at Penn State have revealed two noise production mechanisms. Additional research was initiated to further enhance the understanding of the basic fluid dynamic properties associated with these noise production phenomena and to transfer these experimental results into reliable computational modeling capability.


Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. There are two major classes of stem cells: pluripotent that can become any cell in the adult body, and multipotent that are restricted to becoming a more limited population of cells. Cell sources, characteristics, differentiation and therapeutic applications are discussed. Stem cells have great potential in tissue regeneration and repair but much still needs to be learned about their biology, manipulation and safety before their full therapeutic potential can be achieved.


This paper discusses the application of polymer injection in a heavy oil reservoir in the South of the Sultanate of Oman containing oil with a viscosity of 300-800cP underlain by a strong bottom-up aquifer. Due to unfavorable mobility ratio between aquifer water and oil and the development of the sharp cones significant amount of oil remains unswept. To overcome these issues, a polymer injection pilot started in 2013 with three horizontal injectors, located a few meters above the oil/water contact. Initially a polymer solution with a viscosity of 100 cP was continuously injected at high injection rates. However, it was challenging to sustain the injectivity mainly due to surface facilities, water, and polymer quality issues. This resulted in frequent shutdowns of the injectors. Interestingly, the water cut reversal and oil gain continued during the shut-in periods. This observation has led to the development of a new cyclic polymer injection strategy, in which the injection of polymer is alternated with shut-ins. The strategy is referred to as Nothing-Alternating-Polymer (NAP). This paper discusses the oil recovery mechanism from the NAP strategy. A 3D model was constructed to match the actual pilot results and capture the observed behavior. The injected polymer squeezes the cones and partly restores the barrier between the aquifer and the oil column, suppressing the aquifer flux and hence the negative affect of the cones.
 It was found that during polymer injection, the oil is recovered by conventional mobility and sweep enhancement mechanisms ahead of the polymer front. Additionally, during this stage the injected polymer creates a barrier between the aquifer and the oil column, suppressing the aquifer flux and hence the negative effect of the cones or water channels (blanketing mechanism). Moreover, injection of polymer pushes the oil to the depleted water cones, which is then is produced by the water coming from the aquifer during shut-in period (recharge mechanism). During the shut-in or NAP period, the aquifer water also pushes the existing polymer bank and hence leads to extra oil production. The NAP strategy reduces polymer loss into aquifer and improves the polymer utilization factor expressed in kg-polymer/bbl of oil, resulting in a favorable economic outcome.


In an effort to discover the expectable source mechanism of earthquakes due to faulting in the earth, two-dimensional seismic models were investigated. The models were constructed with faults whose surfaces are locked together in the rest position. There was a provision for straining the fault region until the locking strength was overcome, allowing a sudden, spontaneous release of the accumulated strain energy and consequent generation of elastic waves. A number of models made of Plexiglas and of steel plus Plexiglas were constructed with different-length faults, ranging from a small fraction of the P wavelength to a fault length equal to the P wavelength. The amplitudes of the first motions of P and S waves were recorded and plotted. The amplitude distributions from all models approximated that of the double-couple source mechanism and were in good agreement with Knopoff and Gilbert's dislocation theory of first motions. The effects of a theoretical shear-strain dislocation could not be detected in the amplitude distributions even though theory suggested that the steel and Plexiglas models should have yielded the amplitude patterns of shear-strain dislocation.


Introduction: Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) is an important complication of immunosuppressive drug therapy. It can occur with active or resolved hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with a clinical spectrum that ranges from mild elevations in liver tests to fulminant hepatic failure. HBV reactivation is defined as an abrupt increase in serum HBV DNA and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in a patient with resolved or inactive HBV infection. Study aimed to determine the hepatitis B virus carrier state in patients receiving chemotherapy and determine the incidence of reactivation of chronic carrier HBsAg positive patients who underwent chemotherapy. Material and methods: Patients who were found to be positive for HBs antigen positive were evaluated for further serological markers of HBV to rule out active infection or chronic active infection. Then patients were included in the study and were investigated with prechemo investigations necessary for the chemotherapy schedule. Patients were treated with chemotherapy as per the study protocols. Results: Among the 60 patients only 43 patients had met the eligibility criteria for the study and included in the study. Those 17 patients who do not met the criteria for the study 11 patients presented with jaundice and 3 patients had chronic renal disease and 2 patients had congestive cardiac failure and not included in the study. One patient had rheumatoid arthritis and already on steroids and excluded. Among the 11 patients with jaundice 8 patients were diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma and 2 were carcinoma stomach with liver secondaries and one with carcinoma pancreas with liver secondaries. Conclusion: To conclude that the overall incidence of chronic HBs antigen carrier state is about 3.35%. The incidence of reactivation of Hepatitis B virus in chronic HBs antigen patients receiving chemotherapy is 21% as we concluded from the study.


This research tested whether social comparison can encourage adolescents to make less risky health decisions. Two studies demonstrated that when young adults compare themselves with drinkers, they become less willing to drink if they perceive dissimilarity between themselves and those drinkers. When participants in Study 1 compared with someone who drinks regularly, their perceived similarity to prototypical drinkers was positively related to their willingness to drink. In Study 2, participants identified or contrasted themselves with prototypical drinkers; those encouraged to contrast who also felt less similar to the prototype reported less willingness to drink. These studies support the prototype/willingness model's assumption that prototypes affect willingness to drink through social comparison.


In this paper, the nature of harmonics due to the operation of nonlinear power system components, the effects of harmonics and methods to eliminate the harmonics will be discussed briefly. Harmonics caused by power electronic devices and their impact on other loads in an industrial facility are a primary concern in this paper. Harmonics are the major source power quality problems for power systems. Therefore, harmonic mitigation techniques are inevitable in power systems and sometimes in the power converters themselves. This paper reviews and analyzes the main power electronic sources of harmonics in a power system and describe the available mitigation techniques. Therefore, it helps to compare the compensation methods and choose the best one based on the application. A further study can be classifying the optimized compensation method for different harmonic sources. This paper includes a case study that introduces a different approach to practically mitigate the unwanted harmonics in a 12000 hp synchronous motor that failed to start up with a soft starter.


This paper describes a froth image segmentation algorithm. In order to determine the bubble size, shape and texture information from the froth images, the images have to be segmented. Because of the large variation of the froth image patterns and quality, it is difficult to use the existing segmentation algorithm. Therefore, we modified and combined different existing image segmentation algorithms to form a new segmentation algorithm for froth images. In the algorithm, we used and modified a thresholding algorithm to automatically detect the maximum bubbles, then perform a morphological technique to growing bubble regions. The over-segmentation problem was resolved by an object merging algorithm based on bubble shape analysis. In the paper, three froth image segmentation results are demonstrated, which show that the developed segmentation algorithm is reasonable for froth images.


The International Scientific and Practical Conference "Teacher Professionalism: Psychological and Pedagogical Support of a Successful Career" was held in Yalta, Russia, from October 21 to 23, 2020. Conference "Teacher Professionalism: Psychological and Pedagogical Support of a Successful Career" is organized by the: Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education " V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University"; Russian Academy of Education, Crimean Regional Centre of the Russian Academy of Education. The conference provides scientists, teachers, all participants in the educational sphere from different countries with the opportunity to generalize and share innovative and recent scientific concepts, developments in the field of professionalization, organization of the educational process, introduction of innovative methods and technologies in the field of higher professional pedagogical education, creation of an innovative educational environment, models of training and retraining of a modern teacher. In addition, the aim of the conference is to create a communication platform for scientific discussion and exchange of experience on topical issues of the development of higher education, professional training of future specialists, and the vocational and personal formation of a teacher. The materials of "Teacher Professionalism: Psychological and Pedagogical Support of a Successful Career" conference cover the following topics: innovations in education: effective technologies and methods of professional and personal formation of a successful teacher; professional branding as a condition for improving the status of a modern teacher; pedagogical excellence and creativity as the main components of professional success: experience, vectors of development, forecasting; psychological and pedagogical assistance of the professional development of a person in the humanitarian education system; professional and career development of the teacher; practical and oriented training of future specialists in preschool and primary general education; teacher's health culture (personal and professional aspects); training of specialists for work in an inclusive educational environment; psychological and pedagogical aspects of distance learning in professional training of specialists for the digital economy; problems and prospects for the training of specialists of artistic profile.


In linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypic correlations and path coefficients were worked out to determine the true components of a complex character like yield. Capsule number, 1000-seed weight, tiller number and primary branches were found to have high magnitude of positive correlations with seed yield. An examination of the path coefficients revealed that capsule number had the maximum direct effect on seed yield. The other characters like 1000-seed weight, plant height and days to 50% flowering, in addition, to direct effect also influenced the yield through capsule number per plant. Tiller number and primary branches influenced the yield mainly through capsule number. It is concluded that capsule number and 1000-seed weight are the major factors which directly contribute to seed yield. These characters, therefore, are important selection criteria for linseed improvement.


Conflict-related sexual violence has scarred the lives of a very large number of victims in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).


Severe limitations of the standard Euler deconvolution to outline source shapes have been pointed out. However, Euler deconvolution has been widely employed on field data to outline interfaces, as faults and thrust zones. We investigate the limitations of the 3D Euler deconvolution–derived estimates of source dip and volume with the use of reduced‐to‐the‐pole synthetic and field anomalies. The synthetic anomalies are generated by two types of source bodies: (1) uniformly magnetized prisms, presenting either smooth or rough interfaces, and (2) bodies presenting smooth delimiting interfaces but strong internal variation of magnetization intensity. The dip of the first type of body might be estimated from the Euler deconvolution solution cluster if the ratio between the depth to the top and vertical extent is relatively high (>1/4). For the second type of body, besides dip, the source volume can be approximately delimited from the solution cluster envelope, regardless of the referred ratio. We apply Euler deconvolution to two field anomalies which are caused by a curved‐shape thrust zone and by a banded iron formation. These anomalies are chosen because they share characteristics with the two types of synthetic bodies. For the thrust zone, the obtained Euler deconvolution solutions show spatial distribution allowing to estimate a source dip that is consistent with the surface geology data, even if the above‐mentioned ratio is much less than 1/4. Thus, there are other factors, such as a heterogeneous magnetization, which might be controlling the vertical spreading of the Euler deconvolution solutions in the thrust zone. On the other hand, for the iron‐ore formation, the solution cluster spreads out occupying a volume, in accordance with the results obtained with the synthetic sources having internal variation of magnetization intensity. As conclusion, although Euler deconvolution–derived solutions cannot offer accurate estimates of source shapes, they might provide a sufficient degree of reliability in the initial estimates of the source dip and volume, which may be useful in a later phase of more accurate modelling.


BACKGROUND: Donor white blood cells (WBCs) present in transfusion products can lead to immune sequelae such as production of HLA antibodies or graft‐versus‐host disease in susceptible transfusion recipients. Eliminating the immunogenicity of blood products may prove to be of clinical benefit, particularly in patients requiring multiple transfusions in whom allosensitization is common. This study examines a method of pathogen reduction based on ultraviolet light illumination in the presence of riboflavin. In addition to pathogens, WBCs treated with this system are affected and fail to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in vitro.


Firstly,the importance and architarcture of Flight Data Recordor is introduced.Then,a testing system based on virtual instrument is designed.The details of hardware and software design of the test system are described,and the testing method is given.The good properity of the test system is proved through using of the equipment in practice.


The in vitro DNA and RNA synthesis of infectious mononucleosis (I.M.) cells have been studied in four patients. For evaluation, monocytoid, lymphocytoid and plasmocytoid I.M. cells were distinguished. Short-term incubation with H3-thymidine revealed that the DNA synthesis index was highest in plasmocytoid forms with 21 per cent labelling, followed by monocytoid I.M. cells with 7.5 per cent and lymphocytoid I.M. cells with 1.3 per cent uptake. In vitro RNA synthesis was also characterized by most active rates of incorporation of H3-uridine and H3-cytidine in plasmocytoid cell types and a similar drop in the intensity of uptake for the other two forms. The still enigmatic origin and function of these irritation cells of the peripheral blood are emphasized. The rather striking autoradiographic findings of cellular proliferation and active RNA synthesis in these cells reveals properties of immature cells. The previously suggested possibility of intracellular viral synthesis is considered to be rather unlikely from our findings. On the other hand, a relationship to multipotent mononuclear stem cells which today have to be assumed to occur in the peripheral blood of even healthy individuals, is discussed.


After parents' divorce, a father's relationship with his daughter is often far more damaged than his relationship with his son. Why is this? In what ways does the daughter pay an ongoing price for this damaged—or destroyed—relationship with her father? More important still, what can we do to reduce the damage to so many father–daughter relationships after divorce?


Abstrcat The effect of Fe promoters in different precursor state on the performance of CuO/Al_2O_3 is studied by means of activity measurement, XRD and temperature-programmed reduction. It is found that the catalytic activity of the catalysts containing Fe promoter obviously increased below 500K, and among the catalysts containing Fe, the catalytic activity of Cat.4 on which the precursor state of Fe promoter is Ⅲ was better than others. Under the conditions used in the present work, it is revealed that highly dispersed Cu species which could be oxidized in air at room temperature and be reduced below 400K is probably responsible for high low temperature activity. Fe promoters could change the distribution, dispersion and chemical state of Cu on Al_2O_3, and favor the formation of the above Cu species, and then enhance the activity of the catalyst at low temperature.


Abstract A novel procedure is presented for determination of the ionization constants of several pharmacologically active naturally occurring ergot alkaloids and their congeners. For this purpose use was made of the complexation and consequent solubilization of these poorly soluble molecules by certain xanthines with special emphasis on 7-β-hydroxypropyltheophylline. This method allows an approach to investigation of the approximate pKa values of the proteinaceous alkaloids such as ergotamine which resisted the usual means available for measurement of dissociation constants. It is also illustrative of the weak attractive forces present in complexes of this nature.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to devise a magnetic field modelling approach suitable for simulating the transient behaviour of a class of electromagnetic systems (particularly linear synchronous motors).Design/methodology/approach – The classical 2D magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approach is extended by separately accounting for leakage flux from highly permeable polygonal regions (where the MEC approach is most applicable). It capitalises on the computational efficiency of an MEC approach for regions where the flux can be assumed to be uniformly channelled through a coarse network of "flux tubes" and accounts for leakage flux from these regions by introducing mutual permeances. These mutual permeances are geometry dependent and can be calculated upfront using a surface‐current representation of the magnetomotive force attributed to each flux tube.Findings – As demonstrated with a simple example, the magnetic field solution converges with an increasing subdivision of flux tubes, yielding a tra...


This paper suggests a schema for business model research that has the potential to progress the research, in a structured manner, from conceptual to theoretical. It draws on the scientific and business research literature to identify the types of research necessary to further knowledge and promotes the inductive-deductive model of research. The importance of conducting empirical research to evaluate current conceptualisations of business models and developing a theory of business models is stressed. An important aspect of any research agenda is the creation of a general classification of domain objects that can serve a wide range of current and future uses. Classification literature relating to the biological, behavioural, organisational and social sciences has been referenced in this paper in support of this claim. Existing classifications of business models are evaluated, determining that the only classifications that have been proposed to date are typologies and that no general taxonomy of business models currently exists. 1 Current Business Model Research Consistent with the objectives of scientific research, the overall objective of business model research is to develop a theory of business models that can aid researchers and practitioners in explaining phenomena and making predictions. Theory development is an ongoing process that occurs over long periods of time, however business model research is in its very early days. The term itself only emerged towards the end of the twentieth century and the focus has been on defining business models and identifying the elements of business models (Pateli 2002; Pateli and Giaglis 2004; Osterwalder, Pigneur et al. 2005). What has emerged is an array of conceptualisations of business models that have been conceived from differing views of the problem domain and that are rarely grounded in existing theory (Porter 2001; Hedman and Kalling 2003). Some definitions are quite abstract and outward looking (Timmers 1998; Hamel 2000; Weill and Vitale 2001; Hawkins 2002; Rappa 2006) whilst others are detailed and all encompassing of business functions (Chesbrough and Rosenbloom 2000; Mahadevan 2000; Dubosson-Torbay, Osterwalder et al. 2002). One of the explanations for this is that the definitions and the attributes of the business model are established according to the


Session 2: Clinical Issues M olecular imaging combines 2 main streams of development: advances in imaging technology for use in the laboratory and clinic and emerging knowledge of cancer biology, cancer immunology, molecular biology, and pharmacology. Molecular imaging allows us to visualize key molecules, enzymatic pathways, and aspects of systems biology that are fundamental to the malignant state. Participants in this panel addressed a range of these issues as well as the challenges confronting the transition of molecular imaging from research to the clinical arena. Among the most basic of these challenges will be arriving at a consensus of precisely what ''molecular imaging'' means and is likely to come to mean in the context of routine practice. Not only do specialists within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging communities need to define more clearly the near-term goals and likely benefits of molecular imaging, but a concerted effort––by academicians, researchers, and industry––will be needed to educate referring colleagues on what promise to be continuous innovations and benefits realized through bench-to-bedside efforts in this field. In the first presentation, Steven M. Larson, MD, looked at aspects of cancer biology for which current radiotracers are being developed and also reviewed noteworthy preclinical advances. He identified key challenges, including:


Using thin evaporated films of gold-copper-zinc ternary ordered alloys, the line-up of anti-phase domains has been observed as parallel lines on transmission electron micrographs of bright field, down to a domain size of about 8A. The lattice modulation accompanying anti-phase domains, i.e. the periodic error of lattice spacing or scattering factor with the same period as a domain size, has again been verified to play an important role in forming the satellites around the direct spot on a diffraction pattern, and hence, in forming the parallel lines on electron-microscopic images. Two-thirds of the intensity of the satellites have been estimated in the present alloy films to arise from the modulation, and the rest probably from double diffraction.


The concept of atomically controlled processing for group IV semiconductors is based on atomic-order surface reaction control. On the atomic-order surface nitridation of Si1-xGex by NH3, N atoms bound to Ge atoms tend to be transferred to Si atoms during heat treatment. In the Si0.5Ge0.5 epitaxial layer, N doping dose of 6 × 1014 cm-2 is confined within an about 1.5 nm thick region even after heat treatment at 650 °C. The N atoms in Si1-xGex preferentially form Si-N bonds even at 400 °C. In the case of epitaxial Ge film, N atoms diffuse through nm-order thick Ge layer into Si0.5Ge0.5 layer on Si(100) substrate and form Si nitride even at 500 °C. Therefore, it is suggested that N diffusion in Ge layer is suppressed by the formation of Si nitride. These results open the way of atomically controlled processing for nitridation and N doping of group IV semiconductors.


The role of summer session attendance in time-to-degree was studied in a two-phase investigation. In the first phase, a survey was used to collect data from 10 universities on the entering class of 1992 who took a degree in arts and sciences. This cohort was followed to graduation periods of less than 4 years, 4 years, 5, years, 6 years, and more than 6 years. Survey items addressed time to complete bachelor's degree, gender, Scholastic Assessment Test scores, and grade point averages at the time of graduation. In the second phase of the study, telephone interviews were conducted with 33 students at the University of Virginia who graduated in less than 4 years. Findings from both phases show the important role summer session plays in providing opportunities for college students to complete their bachelor's degrees in 4 years. Summer session also plays an essential role in supporting students who wish to graduate in less than 4 years. Attending summer session did not deter academic achievement, and attendance in summer sessions had no gender preference. Financial pressures and the need to save money motivated students who completed their degrees in less than 4 years. The longer the time required for students to complete degrees, the more work and financial aid was needed to cover their expenses. The paper discusses the implications of reducing the time required to complete a degree program. (Contains 21 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ATTENDING SUMMER SESSION AND TIME TO THE DEGREE PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 Alton L. Taylor Professor, Center for the Study of Higher Education Director, Summer Session University of Virginia P.O. Box 400161 Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4161 alt8kvirginia.edu Douglas J. Lee Associate Director of Administration and Planning University of Iowa 111 Jessup Hall Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1316 Douglas-lee(cD.uiowa.edu Dudley J. Doane Assistant Director, Summer Ses'sion and Director, Center for American Language and Culture University of Virginia P.O. Box 400161 Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4161 djd4jvirginia.edu U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Fa/This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Paper Presentation at the 41st Forum of the Association for Institutional Research Long Beach, California June 3-6, 2001 1 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE ATTENDING SUMMER SESSION AND TIME TO THE DEGREE Introduction The proportion of college students who earned their bachelor's degree in four years has declined. According to a survey conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), the percentage of students who completed their bachelor's degree in four years dropped from 45.4 percent in 1977, to 31.1 percent in 1990 (1993). During the same period of time, the proportion of students taking more than six years to complete their degree increased (NCES). In a later study, the Illinois State Board of Higher Education found that only 26 percent of students who entered college between 1987 and 1992 earned their degree in four years while 22 percent took five years, and 8 percent took six years (1999). Public university graduates were found to enroll in 12 terms on average (Illinois State Board of Education). The high number of students taking five years or longer to graduate has resulted in the reporting of fiveand six-year graduation rates rather than four-year rates in college guidebooks and national education data bases (Volkwein & Lorang, 1996).


Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of granulocytic sarcoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was made of 18 cases of granulocytic sarcoma including the clinical characteristics and treatment.The statistic difference was tested by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and line of Log-Rank test.Results of all the 18 cases,10 were males and 8 females.The median age was 40.The predilection sites included canal,lymph nodes,breast,bone,nasal cavity,orbit etc.The total three-year survival rate was 12.1%,with a significant difference between the three-year survival rate of patients with chemotherapy or no(tP=0.001).No significant difference was showed between the three years survival of patients with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy(P=0.263).And the three-year surriral of patients combined CML or MDS-RAEB was about the same with guanulocutic sanoma single(P0.05).Conclusion The early diagnosis and chemotherapy of granulocytic sarcoma should be in time,and local radiotherapy can not improve the survival rate.


While numerical weather prediction models have made considerable progress regarding forecast skill, less attention has been paid to the planetary boundary layer. This study leverages High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) forecasts on native levels, 1-s radiosonde data, and (primarily airport) surface observations across the conterminous United States. We construct temporally and spatially averaged composites of wind speed and potential temperature in the lowest 1 km for selected months to identify systematic errors in both forecasts and observations in this critical layer. We find near-surface temperature and wind speed predictions to be skillful, although wind biases were negatively correlated with observed speed and temperature biases revealed a robust relationship with station elevation. Above ≈250 m above ground level, below which radiosonde wind data were apparently contaminated by processing, biases were small for wind speed and potential temperature at the analysis time (which incorporates sonde data) but became substantial by the 24-h forecast. Wind biases were positive through the layer for both 0000 and 1200 UTC, and morning potential temperature profiles were marked by excessively steep lapse rates that persisted across seasons and (again) exaggerated at higher elevation sites. While the source or cause of these systematic errors are not fully understood, this analysis highlights areas for potential model improvement and the need for a continued and accessible archive of the data that make analyses like this possible.


Introduction Educational Research Review publishes different types of reviews, theoretical articles, research critiques and forum papers. It calls for a systematic meticulous approach of each contribution to foster the growth in the field. A clear and concise way of communication based on a standard and explicit organization of a review founding accessible syntheses of the evidence. This way, well-defined and unbiased strategies ensure any prospective publication meets the standards of good quality contribution to theory, practice or policy in the educational field. In short, Edurevs aspirations. (APA, 2003; Centre for dissemination and reviews, 2006). This document describes different types of reviews and other acceptable contributions. Indispensable standards and important guidelines, authors should weigh before writing for publication, will be introduced to help one structurize the review in a framework corresponding the purpose of research or type of contribution. This document intents to make prospective authors familiar with Edurev's basic principles and philosopy regarding possible publications. In general, reviews are divided in three different types or categories, each with own qualities and perspectives on reviewing a topic: a systematic review, a best-evidence synthesis and a narrative review. A systematic review identifies, appraises and synthesizes research evidence from individual studies based on a strict protocol and consequently makes a valuable source of information. This rigour approach ensures all possible and relevant research bases has been considered and a valid analysis of the original studies has been made, minimizing the risk of bias, providing a transparent study enable for replication (Centre for reviews and disseminations, 2006). The reader itself must be able to draw the same conclusions or exercise judgement concerning individual researchers' flaws (Campbell Collaboration, 2006; Crombie & Davies, 2006). The meticulous care for study inclusion in a balanced 3 impartial way serves as a measure of high quality (Crombie & Davies, 2006). A review should not be exhaustive but more situated, partial and in a desirable perspective. It is gatekeeping, policing and productive rather than merely mirroring (Lather, 1973). Systematic reviews are best suitable for focused topics (Collins & Fauser, 2005). In sum: " a Systematic Review attempts to bring the same level of rigour to reviewing research evidence as should be used in producing that research evidence in the first place. " (Crombie & Davies, 2006, p1). Meta-Analysis can be considered to pool the results of individual studies. A Best-Evidence synthesis offers an alternative to both a meta-analytic and a …


OBJECTIVE:The etiology of pouch inflammation after restorative proctocolectomy is unknown. The fecal stream and immunological reactions are potential pathological factors. This study was performed to examine the impact of the fecal stream and stasis on immunological reactions in the pouch.METHODS:Patients who underwent a restorative proctocolectomy with a covering ileostomy for ulcerative colitis were studied. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from both the pouch and the proximal ileum at the time of ileostomy closure, and 3, 6, and 12 months after ileostomy closure. As a control group, normal ileal biopsies were obtained from patients with colonic polyps.RESULTS:At the time of ileostomy closure, mucosal interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the pouch and the proximal ileum were not significantly different from those in the normal control group. At 3 months after ileostomy closure, the mucosal cytokine levels in the pouch increased significantly compared with those at ileostomy closure, and their levels were significantly higher than those in the proximal ileum. At 6 and 12 months after ileostomy closure, the mucosal cytokine levels in the pouch did not change significantly compared with those at 3 months after ileostomy closure. The mucosal cytokine levels in the proximal ileum did not change significantly during the entire study.CONCLUSIONS:The immunological reactions in the pouch occurred soon after ileostomy closure, and continued for at least 1 yr. The fecal stream and stasis play an important part in the pathogenesis of immunological reactions in the ileal pouch.


Open mining system by open pit method shapes a slope mine. Modelled and analyzed the stability of slope used element method thus with program Phase2 6.0  supporting because the rock that shape a slope consist of sandstone, mudstone that contain Elasto-plastic. Based on the analysis by FK > 1,3, earthquake factors about 0,1g, and MAT (underground water surface) condition is saturate, had resulted a recommendation averall slope geometry as follows:  high of slope is 106 m with the declivity at 300 (FK = 1,304) and the high of slope is 90 m with declivity 350 (FK = 1,31). Analysis slope simulation  High-wall top soil slope, got a recommendation result scaffold high 5 m, scaffold wide 5 m, scaffold declivity at 300, wit overall high is 20 m, and overall declivity at 220 (FK = 1,33). Analysis slope simulation Low-wall top soil slope, got a recommendation result, scaffold high 5 m, scaffold wide 6 m, scaffold declivity at 300 and overall declivity at 180 (FK = 1,33). Analysis of waste dump slope, resulted recommendation scaffold high 5 m, scaffold wide 5 m, declivity each scaffold at 350, with overall high  40 m, and overall declivity at 200 (FK = 1,37). Analysis singular slope simulation, resulted a recommendation scaffold high 10 m, scaffold wide  6 m, and declivity at 500, with scaffold safety berm = 22 meter (each 5 scaffold).


Objective To explore the techniques, indications and complications of the surgery for intracranial arachnoid cysts (IACs) in children. Methods The clinical data of 53 children with intracranial arachnoidal cysts were anlyzed retrospectivley. The craniotomy was performed for resecting part of the walls of IACs and opening subarachnoid cavity and relative cistern in 42 patients; the cystoperitoneal shunt was performed in 10 patients, and the endoscopic fenestrations of IACs in 1 case. Results All the patients have good recovery after the operation, the clinical symptoms got improved in different degrees. 13 cases showed hyperpyrexia (>39.1℃) after operation and consistant fever (duration was longer than 3 days); Subcutanous hydrops happened in 8 cases. 2 cases took duraneoplast again. CT scans which were took more than 3 months after operation showed that IACs were completely obliterated or obviously decreased in 50 cases and unchanged in 3 cases. Conclusions All the above 3 operation types were effective methods to cure IACs of children, we should pay more attention to individualized healing and prevention of the complications after the operations.

Key words:
Arachnoid cysts;  Child;  Surgical procedures, operative


Background and Objectives: Different tissue entities can present as solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs). This study aimed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided dual needle sampling (endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy [EUS-FNA/B]) in SPLs. Methods: In 2012-2016, consecutive patients with SPLs were prospectively included in a single-center setting aiming at dual sampling with EUS-FNA (22/25-gauge) and reverse bevel EUS-FNB (22-gauge) in each lesion. Randomization decided if the first pass should be EUS-FNA or EUS-FNB. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy including mandatory immunostaining of all tumors but pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The secondary outcome was the clinical impact of dual needle sampling EUS-FNA/B in comparison with single needle EUS-FNA of SPLs performed in the same center 2006-2011 (the comparison cohort). Results: In 108 study subjects, 68 dual needle sampling procedures were performed. The four most common entities were PDAC (32%), neuroendocrine tumor (34%), pancreatitis (15%), and metastasis (6%). EUS-FNA and EUS-FNB had comparable diagnostic accuracy. EUS-FNA/B, compared with EUS-FNA, had a higher sensitivity for malignancy (91% vs. 75%, P = 0.004), higher sensitivity for non-PDAC malignancy (89% vs. 69%, P=0.02), and higher overall accuracy (91% vs. 78%, P=0.004). The performance of an additional diagnostic procedure was less frequent after EUS-FNA/B compared with EUS-FNA of the comparison cohort (4% vs. 21%, P=0.007). Conclusions: Reverse bevel EUS-FNB is not superior to EUS-FNA in the sampling of solid pancreatic lesions. However, dual needle sampling with both modalities (EUS-FNA/B) seems to improve the diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the clinical management, especially in malignant entities other than ductal adenocarcinomas.


This is a highly prevalent and dangerous problem. Redman et al (2009) reported that only 15% of autistic adults in the UK are in full-time employment, while 79% of those on incapacity benefit say they want to work. Further, an independent survey commissioned by The National Autistic Society in 2012 revealed that more than a third of those who have secured employment experienced workplace discrimination or bullying (Bancroft et al, 2012).


Objective: The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of pioglitazone on serum Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Chronological changes in serum DPP-4 level were observed in 22 patients treated with pioglitazone and 15 with metformin during 12 months. Serum DPP-4 concentrations were measured by an ELISA kit. Results: In the pioglitazone group, serum DPP-4 levels were significantly increased from baseline (774 ± 198 ng/mL) with mean changes of 53 mg/mL [6.8% increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2 to 104, p<0.05] after 3 months and of 74 mg/mL (9.4% increase, 95% CI 21 to 126, p<0.01) after 12 months. On the other hand, serum DPP-4 levels were not changed in the metformin group. Percent change in serum DPP-4 level was significantly and positively correlated with percent change in body mass index (r=0.39, p<0.02). The association was still significant even after adjusting for age, duration of diabetes, serum creatinine, and HbAc1 (β=0.59, p<0.02).
Conclusion: The present study showed that pioglitazone, but not metformin, chronologically increased serum DPP-4 levels during 12 months.


The way in which the reproduction activity develops has an i mportant role on the breeding of the sows. Within this experiment , it has been recorded the fact that maintaining the sows in individual cages for the first 18 days of the gestation period, influence the fertility of females.


Previous RFIDtechniques, causeserious privacy infringements suchasexcessive information exposure anduser's location information tracking duetothe wireless characteristics andthelimitation ofRFID systems. Especially theinformation security problem of readonlytaghasbeensolved byphysical method. In thispaper,we proposea low-cost mutual authentication protocol which canbeadapted toreadonlytagandissecure toseveral attacks using XOR computation andPartial IDconcept. Theproposed protocol is secureagainstreplyattacking, eavesdropping, spoofing attacking and location tracking, therefore itcanbeusedtosupport secure and lowcost RFIDsystem.


Celluloses isolated by the nitric-acid process from domestic unconventional feedstocks such as Miscanthus, oat hulls, and intermediate flax straw were used herein to produce cellulose nitrates (CNs) with a high solubility. For the synthesis of CNs, a commercial technique was employed that involves nitration of cellulose with mixed acid containing 14 wt.% water followed by high-temperature treatment of the nitration product in acidic, alkaline, and neutral environments. The obtained CNs are similar in physicochemical attributes: 12.04–12.26% mass fraction of nitrogen, 10–14 mPa·s viscosity, and 98% solubility in alcohol– ester mixture. FTIR spectra of CNs had absorption bands (2559–2557, 1646–1631, 1277–1271, 825–812, 747–744, 683–680 cm) typical of nitro group vibrations. C NMR spectra showed chemical shifts representative of 6-mononitrocellulose, 2,6-dinitrocellulose, 3,6-dinitrocellulose, and 2,3,6-trinitrocellulose. DSC revealed that the resultant CNs were highly chemically pure with an exothermic peak at 209–212°С. The CNs obtained from the said unconventional feedstocks were compared with a commercial, highviscosity, lacquer-grade Colloxylin derived from cotton cellulose, as well as with other commercial Colloxylins, to show that the experimental CNs meet the requirements for comercial grades. Thus, the CNs obtained from the unconventional feedstocks are promising candidates as the component of composite


Johnston examines the lessons to be learned from the precarious position of Medieval English Studies in Germany. While German universities are attracting a growing number of English-speaking graduate students, Medieval English Studies in Germany has been increasingly modeling itself on programs in leading Anglophone universities and increasingly hiring non-"German" faculty. Consequently, the gap between the scholarly community in Medieval English Studies and that in Medieval German Studies has widened, leaving Medieval English Studies untethered to either German medievalists or Anglophone medievalists. Ironically, because funding mechanisms value cross-disciplinary collaboration, Germany's Medieval English scholars frequently work across departments and programs, establishing collaborations that they might otherwise overlook. Because a truly global Medieval Studies requires engagements outside nationalist interests and across multiple perspectives, the collaborations forged by German scholars focusing on Medieval English Studies may provide a model for ways we can actively engage with and learn from one another.


This paper describes our attempt to conduct an in-depth monitoring study to identify major usability problems in mobile contexts. The results indicate that usability problems are indeed serious in mobile contexts, and different usability problems occur according to different mobile contexts. This paper concludes with practical implications of the study results in the process of developing mobile Internet applications.


The integer-forcing (IF) linear multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) receiver is a recently proposed suboptimal receiver which nearly reaches the performance of the optimal maximum likelihood receiver for the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range and achieves the optimal diversity multiplexing tradeoff for the standard MIMO channel with no coding across transmit antennas in the high SNR regime. The optimal integer coefficient matrix A* ∊ ZNt×Nt for IF maximizes the total achievable rate, where Nt is the column dimension of the channel matrix. To obtain A*, a successive minima problem (SMP) on an Nt-dimensional lattice that is suspected to be NP-hard needs to be solved. In this paper, an efficient exact algorithm for the SMP is proposed. For efficiency, our algorithm first uses the LLL reduction to reduce the SMP. Then, different from existing SMP algorithms which form the transformed A* column by column in Nt iterations, it first initializes with a suboptimal matrix which is the Nt × Nt identity matrix with certain column permutations that guarantee this suboptimal matrix is a good initial solution of the reduced SMP. The suboptimal matrix is then updated, by utilizing the integer vectors obtained by employing an improved Schnorr-Euchner search algorithm to search the candidate integer vectors within a certain hyper-ellipsoid, via a novel and efficient algorithm until the transformed A* is obtained in only one iteration. Finally, the algorithm returns the matrix obtained by left multiplying the solution of the reduced SMP with the unimodular matrix that is generated by the LLL reduction. Simulation results show the optimality of our novel algorithm and indicates that the new one is much more efficient than existing optimal algorithms.


The LIGO-Virgo Collaboration has so far detected around 90 black holes, some of which have masses larger than what were expected from the collapse of stars. The mass distribution of LIGO-Virgo black holes appears to have a peak at ∼ 30M ☉ and two tails on the ends. By assuming that they all have a primordial origin, we analyze the GWTC-1 (O1&O2) and GWTC-2 (O3a) datasets by performing maximum likelihood estimation on a broken power law mass function f(m), with the result f ∝ m 1.2 for m < 35 M ☉ and f ∝ m -4 for m > 35 M ☉. This appears to behave better than the popular log-normal mass function. Surprisingly, such a simple and unique distribution can be realized in our previously proposed mechanism of PBH formation, where the black holes are formed by vacuum bubbles that nucleate during inflation via quantum tunneling. Moreover, this mass distribution can also provide an explanation to supermassive black holes formed at high redshifts.


Objective To study the transthoracic echocardiographic(TTE) value in transcatheter closure of perimembra- nous ventricular septal defect(PMVSD)with amplatzer occluder. Methods The size of PMVSD and the distance between the defect and Aortic valve were measured by different angles in TTE before the operation in eight patients. During the operation, the position of guide wires、heath and occlusion device should be monitored. At the same time, whether the PMVSD was occluded firmly, the peripheral residual shunt around occlusion device were observed by TTE too. Result Ten patients were treated successfully. The PMVSD diameter by TTE was similar to the stretched diameter of the PMVSDs. There was no shunt at once. All the occlusion device were fixed tightly and none of them fell off two days and three month later. Conclusion Transcatheter closure of PMVSD with Amplatzer occluder guided by TTE before and dur- ing operation is a simple and important method.


In this paper the globally exponential stability criteria of delayed Hopfield neural networks with variable-time impulses are established. The proposed criteria can also be applied in Hopfield neural networks with fixed-time impulses. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.


The main principle of land distribution system since the Northern Wei Dynasty was allotting farmland to adult males and taking it back from aged males. Allotting farmland to males of middling age could be divided into two cases: one was allotting half of an adult male' s land to a male of middle age who was the head of a household, which began from the Northern Wei Dynasty; the other was a male of middling age who was above 18 should be allotted as much land as that of an adult male, which began from the Tang Dynasty.


Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health burden. Although neurogenesis occurs post-injury, achieving long term survival of newly generated neurons remains elusive. High Mobility Group Box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a pivotal cytokine in hosting the neuro-inflammatory response to injury, but also mediates neurogenesis during physiological development. In this review, we examine current evidence for post-traumatic neurogenesis and HMGB1 as a therapeutic target.

 PubMed database was evaluated with the following search terms: HMGB1, isoforms, neurogenesis, traumatic brain injury, Toll-like receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end-products.

 Multiple studies support the existence of neurogenesis post-injury both in vitro and in vivo.
 Different HMGB1 target receptors mediate different functions of HMGB1, though these are not mutually exclusive in the context of injury. Interaction with RAGE is responsible for developmental neurogenesis, whilst TLR-4 mediates the innate immune response. Though different HMGB1 isoforms are recognised, specific effects post-injury remains unexplored.
 In vivo animal studies demonstrate positive effects of HMGB1 antagonism post-TBI, but long-term outcomes remain unclear.

 Modulating HMGB1 may enhance post-TBI recovery, but a mechanistic understanding of its effects on neurogenesis is fundamental to avoid negating potentially beneficial effects.


Hydropower project is a huge engineering project,it includes a lot of works and program as prephase plan,survey,design,construction start and involves large amount of manpower,material input.For this reason,hydropower project has the characteristics of long construction period,large investment,complicated engineering technology,significant comprehensive benefit etc.,and it usually be linked with the ecological problem.Based on these characteristics and problems,management of a hydropower project must be scientific,all-directional,organizing,coordination,controllable,and dynamic in essentiality of stages to improve construction efficiency and benefit actively.


The implementation of ecological compensation system is the foundation of guaranteeing the sustainable development of efficient biota of the Yellow River Delta.On the basis of clarifying the ecological compensation principles of efficient biota of the Yellow River Delta and the respective responsibilities and obligations for all parties concerned,this paper presents and designs the thoughts of constructing the ecological compensation platform and the ecological compensation mechanism of efficient biota of the Yellow River Delta.Ecological compensation platform construction mainly includes: establishing ecological compensation of government-led trading market platforms,establishing ecological compensation for ecological compensation insurance,futures,mutual funds,securitization transactions as the primary contents of the ecological compensation risk assurance platform,setting up an ecological compensation trade intermediary service platform which consists of related independent certification and monitoring(testing),assets appraisal,auditing and agent institutions,and establishing ecological compensation regulatory platform.Ecological compensation mechanism needs to systemize legal system construction,finance support,tax adjustment and safeguard measures,for example,promoting the law of ecological compensation,establishing compensation agreement of efficient biota of Yellow River Delta,perfecting and establishing the central financial transfer payment system,longitudinal financial transfer system,and "environmental finance" system,reforming and innovating the tax system regionally or specially,and building a comprehensive ecological compensation appraisal,evaluation,supervision and management system.


Paying particular attention to the degree of banking market concentration in developing countries, this paper examines the effect of credit information sharing on bank lending. Using bank-level data from African countries over the period 2004 to 2009 and a dynamic two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation, it is found that credit information sharing increases bank lending. The degree of banking market concentration moderates the effect of credit information sharing on bank lending. The results are robust to controlling for possible interactions between credit information sharing and governance. JEL classification: D82; G21; G28; L13.


Indonesia is one of the largest swallow nest producers, supported by its natural condition as the original habitat of swiftlets. The selling price of unstable products and the lack of information about the prices of products exported to the general public are the problems faced. The absence of a benchmark or source of certain product prices that cause uncertainty in determining product prices. For this reason, the prediction system is created by applying the Holt's Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) method, because this smoothing method can overcome time series data that has trend patterns. The prediction system provides a graph of the price movements of export products and price predictions for the following month. Based on testing that has been done, the results obtained mean that the Absolute Presentation Error (MAPE) is very good at 0.20%.


Sierpiński graphs S (n, κ) generalise the Tower of Hanoi graphs—the graph S (n, 3) is isomorphic to the graph Hn of the Tower of Hanoi with n disks. A 1-perfect code (or an efficient dominating set) in a graph G is a vertex subset of G with the property that the closed neighbourhoods of its elements form a partition of V (G). It is proved that the graphs S (n, κ) possess unique 1-perfect codes, thus extending a previously known result for Hn. An efficient decoding algorithm is also presented. The present approach, in particular the proposed (de)coding, is intrinsically different from the approach to Hn.