Food and interspecific competition generates an evolutionary divergence in morphological traits in organisms. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the morphometric characteristics of birds that keep positive relationship with the type of food they consume. To do this, capture of birds was conducted in mist nets and birds captured under eleven parameters were measured before performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in SPAD-N. Nectarivorous, frugivorous, granivorous and insectivorous: 18 individuals corresponding to 9 species, grouped into four guilds were captured. After relating the Factor 1 with Factor 2, four groups, of which the largest are formed is a mixed group to include granivorous and insectivorous species; the second group includes nectarivorous and insectivorous species; and the third is represented by only frugivorous species. Morphometric characteristics of birds that are most positive relationship with your food guild, are what determine the shape and peak so large and the size of the bird.


Mathematical models for defining stable straight rivers are presented, in which poorly-sorted coarse bed materials are transported without altering their channel crosssection. Introduction of lateral turbulent diffusion in the momentum balance equation makes it possible to obtain a bed shear stress distribution which allows a mobile bed and immobile banks. A condition of threshold at junctions of the bed and the banks and a resistance formula are used to obtain the stable depth and width, respectively. Laboratory tests are conducted by changing size distributions of bed material but keeping the same median size, which reveals that the channel cross-section is considerably affected by the size distribution. The theory predicts the effect of mixtures very well, and it is also applied successfully to actual rivers. Rational regime relations are presented based on the analysis.


OBJECTIVE:To observe the short-term efficacy and safety of cisplatin combined with different chemotherapy schemes for cervical cancer before operation.METHODS:135 inpatients with cervical cancer in our hospital from Jan.2009 to Dec.2011 were randomly divided into first treatment group(67 cases) and second treatment group(68 cases).First treatment group received irinotecan(60 mg.m-2,d 1,d 8)combined with cisplatin chemotherapy(60 mg.m-2,d 2);second treatment group was given leurocristine(1 mg.m-2,d 1),bleomycin(15 mg.m-2,d 1,d 2)and cisplatin chemotherapy(100 mg.m-2,d 1).15~20 days after chemotherapy,all patients received extensive hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection.14 days after chemotherapy,short-term efficacy and adverse drug reaction were evaluated,and the tumor infiltration of local lesion and lymph node were checked during and after operation.RESULTS:There were no significant difference in CR,PR,ORR between 2 groups(P 0.05).Preoperative chemotherapy inhibited the local lesion significantly in 2 groups,and the operation obtained satisfactory effects.There was no statistical significance in tumor cell infiltration of peripheral tissues and pelvic lymphs between 2 groups(P0.05).There was no statistical significance in gastrointestinal reactions in 2 groups(P0.05).The degree of bone marrow suppression in first treatment group was lighter than in second treatment group(P0.01).CONCLUSION:Preoperative chemotherapy plays a positive role on improvement of disease situation.Both irinotecan combined with cisplatin and leurocristine+bleomycin combined with cisplatin obtain sound therapeutic efficacies.The degree of bone marrow suppression of the latter is more serious,but it can be improved by symptomatic treatment.


We present the average metallicity and star formation rate (SFR) of Lyα emitters (LAEs) measured from our large-area survey with three narrowband (NB) filters covering the Lyα, [O ii]λ3727, and Hα+[N ii] lines of LAEs at z = 2.2. We select 919 z = 2.2 LAEs from Subaru/Suprime-Cam NB data in conjunction with Magellan/IMACS spectroscopy. Of these LAEs, 561 and 105 are observed with KPNO/NEWFIRM near-infrared NB filters whose central wavelengths are matched to redshifted [O ii] and Hα nebular lines, respectively. By stacking the near-infrared images of the LAEs, we successfully obtain average nebular-line fluxes of LAEs, the majority of which are too faint to be identified individually by NB imaging or deep spectroscopy. The stacked object has an Hα luminosity of 1.7 × 1042 erg s−1 corresponding to an SFR of 14 M☉ yr−1. We place, for the first time, a firm lower limit to the average metallicity of LAEs of Z ≳ 0.09 Z☉ (2σ) based on the [O ii]/(Hα+[N ii]) index together with photoionization models and empirical relations. This lower limit of metallicity rules out the hypothesis that LAEs, so far observed at z ∼ 2, are extremely metal-poor (Z < 2 × 10−2 Z☉) galaxies at the 4σ level. This limit is higher than a simple extrapolation of the observed mass–metallicity relation of z ∼ 2 UV-selected galaxies toward lower masses (5 × 108 M☉), but roughly consistent with a recently proposed fundamental mass–metallicity relation when the LAEs' relatively low SFR is taken into account. The Hα and Lyα luminosities of our NB-selected LAEs indicate that the escape fraction of Lyα photons is ∼12%–30%, much higher than the values derived for other galaxy populations at z ∼ 2.


Chemically modified tetracyclines are orally active inhibitors of multiple proteases and cytokines. In this study, we focused on the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in sepsis and their reduction by treatment with nonantimicrobial chemically modified tetracycline-3 (CMT-3), which retains their antiinflammatory activity. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 24 h and 1 h before CLP, treated rats received CMT-3 (25 mg/kg), and untreated rats received saline by gavage. At 0 h, 0.5 h, 1.5 h, and 24 h after CLP, blood and liver samples were collected. TNF-α was determined by ELISA, and MAPKs were determined by Western blot analysis. A significant activation of p38 MAPK was observed after 0.5 h and 1.5 h of sepsis that appeared to coincide with the increased circulating TNF-α level. The activation of p42/44 was increased after 24 h of sepsis, whereas that of SAPK/JNK was unaltered throughout the course of sepsis. CMT-3 pretreatment inhibited the TNF-α level as well as p38 MAPK activation seen after 0.5 and 1.5 h of CLP and also suppressed the activation of p42/44 after 24 h post-CLP. These results indicate increased activity of TNF-α and MAPK following sepsis and demonstrate the beneficial effect of CMT-3 in preventing the increase in TNF-α, p38 MAPK, p42/44 MAPK, and the progression of septic shock.


The test point insertion problem is that of selecting t nodes in a combinational network as candidates for inserting observable test points, so as to minimize the number of test vectors needed to detect all single stuck-at faults in the network. In this paper we describe a dynamic programming approach to selecting the test points and provide an algorithm that inserts the test points optimally for fanout-free networks. We further extend this algorithm to general combinational networks with reconvergent fanout. We also analyze the time complexity of the algorithm and show that it runs in O(n-t) time, where n is the size of the network and t is the number of test points to be inserted. As a side result we show that we can compute minimal test sets for a restricted class of networks that includes fanout. This extends previous results which were limited to fanout-free networks.


Three cases of infants with strangulation of toes by either hair or threads are reported. The potential riks of amputation and the need for a premature diagnosis and treatment are stressed. A simple vertical, short and deep incision over the strangulation, avoiding injury to tendons and digital nerves and vessels is suggested. A complete recovery is obtained in a short period.


Abstract The biduality and reflexivity theorems are known to hold for projective varieties defined over fields of characteristic zero, and to fail in positive characteristic. In this article we construct a notion of reflexivity and biduality in positive characteristic by generalizing the ordinary tangent space to the notion of h-tangent spaces. The ordinary reflexivity theory can be recovered as the special case h = 0, of our theory. Several varieties that are not ordinary reflexive or bidual become reflexive in our extended theory.


This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research- Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, .75- inch rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This sytem was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). This system was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul except for the simulated chemigation application of Dipel which was applied on 30 and 31 Jul. Treatments were interrupted on 27 Jul by 0.88 inch of rain immediately following the application of the simulated chemigation application of MVP. Another 0.44 inch of rain fell on the morning of 28 Jul. Comite was applied on 6 Aug to one set of plots to produce a mite free check. The purpose of a mite-free check is to reduce mite pressure in order to help evaluate the effect of mites on the corn border populations and corn yields. Corn borer counts were made between 29 Aug and 10 Sep by dissecting 15 corn plants from the center two rows in each plot. The number of larvae, the number of tunnels, and length of tunneling was recorded for each plant and the results were analyzed using SAS Proc ANOVA. Results are reported as the amount per 15 plants.


This paper describes monolithic IC technologies for developing practical automotive radar systems, covering the HEMT device structure, IC fabrication process, flip-chip assembling, and circuit design. InGaP/InGaAs HEMTs with a 0.15-µm gate were used in millimeter-wave monolithic ICs for the W-band, providing a maximum stable gain of 9 dB at 76 GHz. Height-controlled flip-chip bonding with pillar interconnection was demonstrated as a low-cost assembly method. A de-embedding technique to model a face-down co-planar waveguide was proposed. A chip set was designed with this technique, consisting of a 76-GHz amplifier, 76-GHz mixer, 76-GHz SPDT switches, 38/76GHz doubler, 38-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator, and 38-GHz buffer amplifier. The fabricated chip set showed high performance for automotive radar systems.


In order to investigate the current status of organic pollution of drinking water closely related to public health,multiple analysis techniques,including GC/MS,etc.,were applied to analyze the organic pollutants in 23 water sources in Henan Province.The results showed that 740 kinds of organic compounds were detected,among which 261 were screened initially as toxic pollutants.The pollution of PAHs and phathlates was very outstanding.The concentration levels of detected pollutants at various sites are low,with those of most compounds far lower than the national standards.But the varieties of detected pollutants were numerous and all the sites were polluted by organic compounds in different degrees.Also,the groundwater was relatively less contaminated.


The magnetic field, Bc, for onset of nonreproducible fluctuations in stellarator afterglows varies with ion mass as mi0.44. For ion viscous stabilization of drift waves Bc ∼ mi⅜; for finite ion Larmor radius or ion cyclotron frequency stabilization, Bc ∼ mi½.


This article considers the estimation of quality parameters re-sursnogo capacity of agro-industrial complex. Displayed group of methodological approaches and formed a matrix of indicators to assess the resource potential. Proposed options for evaluating the use of enterprise resources in terms of characteristics of productivity.


A case of multiple arteriovenous fistulae is described in an adult with coronary artery disease. One of these fistulae drained into the anterior interventricular vein, which in turn communicated with and perfused an obstructed left anterior descending coronary artery.


Localization schemes used for positioning are currently based on either range-based or range-free principles. We propose a unified approach that combines the strengths of both methods while overcoming their limitations. Range-based methods rely on taking reliable measurements in which geometric techniques are then applied. These techniques are very susceptible to imprecision in captured measurements. Range-free methods do not consider the actual numerical sensor value, rather comparing magnitudes across sensors. These comparisons are not always reliable and may lead to an accumulation of errors. Our unified approach mitigates these effects by first using a range-based method to determine an approximate location followed by a range-free method to refine the positioning estimate further. Our experiments show the mean estimation error improves when applying our localization scheme to a Bluetooth system.


The small proline-rich (SPR) proteins are components of the cornified cell envelope of stratified squamous epithelia and become cross-linked to other proteins by transglutaminases (TGases). The SPR2 family is the most complex, as it consists of several differentially expressed members of the same size. To explore their physical and cross-linking properties, we have expressed in bacteria a human SPR2 family member, and purified it to homogeneity. By circular dichroism, it possesses no α or β structure but has some organized structure associated with the central peptide repeat domain. The TGase 1, 2, and 3 enzymes expressed in epithelia use the recombinant SPR2 protein as a complete substratein vitro, but with widely differing kinetic efficiencies, and in different ways. With TGase 1, only one glutamine on the head domain and one lysine on the tail domain were used for limited interchain cross-linking. With TGase 3, multiple head and tail domain residues were used for extensive interchain cross-linking. The total usage of glutamine and lysine residues in vitro by TGase 3 was similar to that seen in earlier in vivo studies. We conclude that SPR2 proteins are cross-linked in epithelia primarily by the TGase 3 enzyme, a minor extent by TGase 1, and probably not by TGase 2.


Thermal interface materials (TIMs), including thermal conductive adhesives (TCAs), grease, phase change materials (PCMs) and thermal pads, are widely used in thermal management for electronics system. In this work, a bimodal thermal conductive adhesive (b-TCA) composed of epoxy matrix and silver fillers were developed. The silver fillers consist of silver flakes and silver particles. The specimens have been made with the same filler loading fraction, possessing different ratios of silver flake portion to silver particle one to study the filler geometry effects. The thermal conductivity in vertical and in-plane direction were tested, also the electrical resistance in in-plane direction has been measured. Meanwhile, the numerical simulation was carried out in addition to the experiment. An improved cubic cell model (CCM) was developed to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of the considered b-TCA. Both the experiment and the simulation show the anisotropic thermal conductive property in the b-TCA, but this anisotropy decreased with the increase of silver particle portion in the total filler. And the electrical conductivity also decreased with the increase of silver particles.


AbstractThe practical designs of circuitry in primary and secondary radar I.F. amplifiers are considered in detail. They consist of tuned band pass amplifiers with midfrequencies in the range of 30–60 mc./sec. Gains normally required are from 100 to 125 db. and the fractional bandwidths vary from 0·1 to 0·5. In these designs, bandwidth is always measured at 3 db. below peak response.


Background: Anomalies in shape, size and number of teeth are a big problem for orthodontic patients. Peg shaped teeth and other anomalies are seen in orthodontic patients, therefore we decided to study this matter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental anomalies such as peg-shaped teeth, enamel hypoplasia, palatal cusp in laterals (talon cusp), misshaped and extra cusps in posterior teeth. Materials and Methods: This investigation was a cross-sectional study using direct observation and a questionnaires. In this investigation, 906 students (416 girls and 490 boys) in the 15 to 18 year-old age range were selected in a random cluster sampling method from seven different school districts. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's extact test. Results: 1) In the total sample population anomalies were 3.6% in boys and 2.5% in girls. 2) In total, 28 teeth had anomalies (18 in boys and 10 in girls). The difference was not significant. 3) In boys the total anomalies were 64.3% and in girls 35.7%. The difference was not significant. Frequencies of anomalies were as follows: 4) Overall peg shaped laterals were seen in 39.3% (21.4% in girls and 17.9% in boys). The difference was not significant. 5) Misshaped teeth were 3.6% in girls and 17.9% in boys (total of 21.4%). The difference was not significant. 6) Overall talon cusps were seen in 21.43% (10.7% boys and 10.7% in girls). The difference was not significant. 7) Extra cusps were seen in (14.3% in boys and 0% in girls). The difference was not significant. 8) Overall enamel dysplasia was seen in 3.6%. 9) The Overall frequency of dental anomalies were as follows: Peg shaped laterals in 39.3%, misshaped teeth in  21.4%, talon cusp in laterals in 21.4%, extra cusp in posterior teeth in 14.3% and enamel dysplasia in 3.6%. Conclusion: In this investigation we concluded that some teeth anomalies are more common in boys than in girls. In boys, teeth anomalies were more than in girls. Peg shaped laterals were more than any other kind of teeth anomaly and seen more commonly in girls than in boys. Other kinds of anomaly such as extra cusp in posterior teeth and enamel hypoplasia were only seen in boys. Talon cusps were equally observed in girls and boys. Although there were differences in the frequency of an anomalies with respect to gender, these differences were not statistically significant. Key words: Teeth anomalies, High school students, Mashhad


Summary 1. Drainage culverts are ubiquitous features in road corridors, yet little is known about the efficacy of culverts for increasing road permeability and habitat connectivity for terrestrial wildlife. Culvert use by small- and medium-sized mammals was investigated along roads in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. An array of culvert types was sampled varying in dimensions, habitat and road features during the winters of 1999 and 2000. Expected passage frequencies were obtained by sampling relative species abundance along transects at the ends of each culvert. 2. Weasels Mustela erminea and M. frenata and deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus used the culverts for passage most frequently, whereas red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus and snowshoe hares Lepus americanus were the most common small mammals in the study area according to transects sampled near each culvert. 3. Species' performance indices (observed crossing vs. expected crossing) were calculated for five species by comparing their tracks inside and adjacent to 36 culverts. Culvert performance indices were significantly different between the five species: culvert attributes influenced species' use but different attributes appeared to affect use by different species. 4. At all scales of resolution (species, species group and community level), traffic volume, noise levels and road width ranked high as significant factors affecting species' use of the culverts. Passage by American martens Martes americana , snowshoe hares and red squirrels all increased with traffic volume, the most important variable. Coyote Canis latrans use of culverts was negatively correlated with traffic volume. Increasing noise and road width appeared to be negative influences on culvert passage by coyotes, snowshoe hares and red squirrels. 5. Structural variables partially explained passage by weasels and martens. Weasel passage was positively correlated with culvert height but negatively correlated with culvert openness. Martens preferred culverts with low clearance and high openness ratios. High through-culvert visibility was important for snowshoe hares but not for weasels. The passage by weasels and snowshoe hares was positively correlated with the amount of vegetative cover adjacent to culverts. 6. For many small- and medium-sized mammals drainage culverts can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of busy transport corridors by providing a vital habitat linkage. To maximize connectivity across roads for mammals, future road construction schemes should include frequently spaced culverts of mixed size classes and should have abundant vegetative cover present near culvert entrances. Further work is required to assess the effects of culverts on population demography and gene flow adjacent to large roads.


The excavation surface model of the composition geologic strata for the shield machine was established,in which the soft soil and hard rocks are taken into account simultaneously.In terms of the cutting mechanism of the individual disc cutter and drag scraper,the total bending moment model on the cutterheads of shield machines was proposed.The bending moment behavior was discussed when the shield machine excavates in the composition geologic strata.The results show that the bending moments at x and y directions may be described by the cosine and sinusoid curves,respectively.The amplitude of the bending moment decreases with the increase of the fraction of soft soil on the excavation face.The average moment is maximal when the ratio of the soft soil and hard rock is about 50 percent.


Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas, and oceanic sources account for up to one third of the total natural flux to the atmosphere. In oxygen‐deficient zones (ODZs) like the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP), N2O can be produced and consumed by several biological processes. In this study, the concentration and isotopocule ratios of N2O from a 2016 cruise in the ETNP were analyzed to examine sources of and controls on N2O cycling across this region. Along the north‐south transect, three distinct biogeochemical regimes were identified: background, core‐ODZ, and high‐N2O stations. Background stations were characterized by smaller variations in N2O concentration and isotopic profiles relative to the other regimes. Core‐ODZ stations were characterized by co‐occurring N2O production and consumption at anoxic depths, indicated by high δ18O‐N2O (>90‰) and low δ15N2Oβ (<−10‰) values, and confirmed by a time‐dependent model, which indicated that N2O production via denitrification was significant and may occur with a nonzero site preference. High‐N2O stations, located at the periphery of a mesoscale eddy, were defined by N2O reaching 126.07 ± 12.6 nM and low oxygen concentrations expanding into near‐surface isopycnals. At these stations, model results indicated significant N2O production from ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and denitrification from nitrate at the N2O maximum within the oxycline, while bacterial nitrification and denitrification from nitrite were insignificant. This study also represents the first in the ETNP to link N2O production mechanisms to a mesoscale eddy through isotopocule measurements, suggesting the importance of eddies to spatiotemporal variability in N2O cycling and emissions from this region.


As UAVs and other unmanned vehicles continue to become smaller, so too does their available processing and sensing capability. For current UAVs, the size, weight, power and cost are all driving factors behind the selection of the onboard avionics, and thus vehicle capability. Nearly all vehicles used in practice today rely on GPS for their navigation abilities. While this is not a compromise in performance for many applications, it does not work well in environments that would benefit most from the use of small unmanned vehicles: indoors, under water, and in dense urban settings. Nearly all small vehicles, by virtue of their intended purpose, already include cameras. In addition, most include inexpensive IMUs, especially those with fast dynamics such as flying vehicles. Even the highest quality IMUs are insufficient for navigation without an external measurement to aid in drift reduction. Likewise, a monocular camera is unable to provide an accurate scale of the environment without some a priori knowledge of the scene. A recent focus in available literature has been on the fusing of these two complementary sensing modalities for use in GPS-challenged navigation. Many approaches are based on the well known Simultaneous Localization and Mapping algorithm. These approaches can provide accurate navigation solutions, but at a high computational cost. This thesis focuses on a vision-aided inertial navigation strategy suitable for small embedded processors found in many of today's unmanned vehicles. A suboptimal covariance analysis and error budget is presented which give a sound theoretical backing to several design decisions related to algorithm efficiency. Analysis for several parameters is presented, including reduced state space, measurement error, and initial uncertainty of the scene. Consideration is given to the numerical dynamic range needed for the Kalman filter implementation, and matrix factorization methods are employed to ensure numerical stability in the presence of low precision integer math found on many low-cost embedded processors. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited


Background and Aim: Nowadays organizations are in dynamic environments that continuously change in consideration of economics, politics, social factors, and technology. In this condition it is believed that information technology (IT) can increase the capabilities of organizations, as well as reduce the costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors, their variables and their impact on the application and use of IT in health insurance organizations in Guilan province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016. The population study included 45 experts in the health insurance industry in Rasht city and 16 other cities of Guilan province, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including 6 dimensions of managerial, human source, cultural, environmental, organizational and technological factors. The questionnaires were completed by health insurance industry experts. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the hierarchical analysis process using Expert Choice software


In our country,most of coal resources were mined by underground mining that is influenced by hydrogeological conditions and coal occurrence conditions.The paper introduced the causes,hazards and prevention measures of various mine disasters.It is of great significance to understand and prevent mine disasters on mine safety production.


We offer a follow-up report on the patient described in our brief communication, "Steroid dementia: an overlooked diagnosis."1

We described how Mr. K originally developed a mixed picture of psychosis and an Alzheimer-like dementia in the summer of 2001, apparently in consequence of the steroids he was taking. His psychosis promptly cleared when the …


This paper constructs an example of the Teichmiiller space T_O shows that there exists a quasiconformal mapping on a Jordan domain S with complex dilatationμsatisfying [μ]=[0],but[tμ](t0)is not in T_O when t is small enough.So the Teichmuller space T_O is not starlike.


Objective To quantitive evaluate patients who underwent vascularized iliac grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head(ONFH)by three-dimensional gait analysis.Methods Three-dimensional gait analysis was done on 53 patients(53 hips)who underwent vascularized iliac grafting(VIG)for ONFH preoperative and at the 12th,18 h,24th month postoperative.Results The gait analysis show that not only the gait velocity,stride length and cadence in patients were higher than preoperative but also the rang-of-motion of hip and knee increased.Conclusion These results indicate that the function of hip was improved after operation of reconstruction.It is effective of vascularized iliac grafting for ONFH.


Absence of adequate CD28 costimulation is a common feature of dysfunctional T cells in cancer. However, although augmentation of CD28 signaling is well known to be essential for restoring dysfunctional T cell immune responses upon immune checkpoint blockade treatment, it is unclear how CD28 in tumor-infiltrated T cells is activated in the absence of corresponding ligands on cancer. In current dogma, the T cell CD28 can be activated in trans by CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2) expressed on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) enriched in secondary lymphoid organs. Notably, besides professional APCs, B7 ligands are also displayed by T cells, but their functions are unclear. Here we report that B7 ligands expressed on T cells interact with CD28 in cis at membrane invaginations of the immunological synapse, as a result of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) mediated membrane remodeling. Cis-B7:CD28 interactions triggered CD28 signaling through protein-kinase-C-theta (PKCθ) and promoted T cell survival, migration and cytokine production. In a B7 deficient tumor model grafted with primed CD8+ T cells, blockade of T cell intrinsic B7:CD28 interactions accelerated tumor growth and decreased intratumoral T cells. Thus, B7 ligands on T cells can evoke cell autonomous CD28 costimulation in cis in peripheral tissues, suggesting cis-signaling as a general mechanism for boosting T cell functionality.
 Citation Format: Yunlong Zhao, Christine Caron, Ya-Yuan Chan, Calvin K. Lee, Xiaozheng Xu, Jack D. Bui, Enfu Hui. Cis-B7:CD28 interactions at invaginated synaptic membranes activate CD28 and promote T cell function [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 606.


[1] The branching ratio of the two optically forbidden atmospheric emission lines, O(1S − 1D) at 557.7 nm and O(1S − 3P) at 297.2 nm, is a fixed number in the upper atmosphere because the O(1S) level is common to both lines. The value for the ratio A(557.7)/A(297.2) currently recommended by NIST is 16.7, and the ratio found in the laboratory is somewhat larger. Field observations require space-based instruments, in which case calibration between the two wavelength regions is the critical issue. We circumvent this problem by using the O2(A-X) Herzberg I emission system as a bridge between the UV region below 310 nm and the ground-accessible region above that wavelength. These two spectral regions can be separately calibrated in terms of intensity, and the results of a disparate set of observations (satellite, rocket, ground-based sky spectra) lead to a quite consistent value of 9.8 ± 1.0 for A(557.7)/A(297.2). This conclusion has consequences for auroral and dayglow processes and for spectral calibration. It is particularly important to ascertain the cause of the substantial difference between this value and those from theory.


To assess and predict fire hazard vegetation on weather and anthropogenic conditions of the relational database, including meteorological parameters, data on vegetation fires and socio-economic characteristics of forest and non-forest Fund. When building the logical structure of the meteorological database used algorithms analytical processing OLAP data, the feature database of vegetation fires and intensity of the seasons is to fix the location of vegetation fires on the numbers of areas of forest blocks and the use of aggregate SQL queries to determine the characteristics of the fire season based on years of observations. Testing of the database was conducted on the example of Khabarovsk territory and Jewish Autonomous region. Materials data was 27 hydro meteorological station 1960 2015, information about vegetation fires according to ground-based and satellite monitoring from 1997 to 2015, the data is Stored in the database management system MySQL 5.11, access to which is copyrighted software developed in the programming environment RAD Studio Delphi 2010: "Short-term forecast of fire danger based on weather conditions"; "the Prediction of occurrence of vegetation fires"; "Estimation of fire seasons".


This essay will explore the proximity between architecture and mathematics, as 'notion and operation', and where they differ. This by an elaboration of this notions and by a few examples trough History. This essay will explore very close formulations on 'what about is' architecture and 'what about are' mathematics for the mind as human and for the body as human or for the minded body as human. So this essay will not explore how there is mathematics in architecture but how architecture is a very close 'notion and operation' to mathematics. This essay will examines the point at which the body becomes human trough architecture and the mind becomes human trough mathematics. Architecture and mathematics are strictly anthropological. The 'human' will be identified as 'the there' – in a circulation of the sense – from where he unendingly opposes to the real (not the reality) the affirmative interrogation of the artefacts. There are two primitive artefacts: architecture and mathematics Architecture as a material necessity – a metonym for the stance of 'the there' i.e. the 'human'. This contiguity provokes an operation of incorporation: 'the there' is the circulation of the sense at the moment at which the human senses make sense. This primarily consists of 'thing-ness' or dignity: in other words, the real (not realistic) intention of architecture. Mathematics as an abstract (not extracted) necessity of the materiality – an abstract metonym for the stance of 'the there' i.e. the 'human' in the real. This contiguity provokes an operation of incorporation of the mind: 'the there' is the circulation of the sense at the moment at which the human senses make sense. This primarily consists of 'thing-ness' or dignity of the mind: in other words, the real (not realistic) intention of mathematics. The essential notions deployed in this exercise are: stances, human as dis-stances . Or architecture and mathematics as 'stances at distances' . The essay also encompasses the notion that architecture, mathematics, the human, emptiness and well-being are verbs, or systems of articulation, and that architecture and mathematics are both a thing for the body, or an 'infinition' for the body that make the body 'minded' which is circulation of sense. Architecture is number as mathematics.


Manual vs. compiler-generated code. For optimal speed, please run our manually optimized code. Our compiler-generated code results in 1% to 2% larger circuit sizes than the manually optimized code. The difference in actual running time is slightly larger because the compiler generates longer instruction sequences (in Java) to execute the circuits than our manually optimized code. Further compiler backend optimizations can be performed to compress our target instruction sequence – this will be part of our future work. Nevertheless, we include our compiler-generated implementations to demonstrate the ease-of-use of ObliVM's source language.


Facilitators can be and often are unaware of damage that may be caused by participation in interactive learning events (simulations, role-plays, games, etc.). This is sometimes due to a confusion about what sort of event is taking place. Two hypothetical situations and one real incident are provided and analyzed. Lessons are drawn and recommendations given.


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease causing an upper and lower motor neuron loss. It is neurology textbook knowledge that the mean age of onset is about 60 years. However, recent investigations show an increasing incidence in older persons. We therefore evaluated whether ALS is potentially not considered in elderly people with ALS symptoms, respectively, not recognized.


The objective of this paper is to examine the predictive power of motivational system variables on initial reading and math skills in a sample of children in Pre-school Education. 209 preschoolers (5-6 years) and their teachers participated. Mathematical skills of counting, knowledge of numbers, calculation and problem solving were evaluated. Letter identification and word reading tasks were administered to determine reading performance. Regarding the motivational system, the variables of competence-motivation, attention-persistence and attitude towards learning were analyzed, as well as the dimensions of internality, globality and stability of the attributional style. The results indicate that the competence-motivation variable was a significant predictor of all reading skills and most of the mathematical skills analyzed. The attention-persistence dimension predicted all mathematical abilities. Finally, internality and stability in positive events predicted the ability to solve mathematical problems. The results show the importance of motivation over initial instrumental learning. The importance of developing and reinforcing adequate motivational skills from the early years is highlighted, given its impact on the early acquisition of reading and mathematics.


Diblock copolymer ionomers SP1-P2(m-n) with ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 0.96–2.42 meq g−1 were prepared. The parent diblock copolymers P1-P2(m-n) having various block lengths (m, n) were synthesized via successive catalyst-transfer polymerization of 1,4-dibromo-2,5-di[4-(2,2-dimethylpropoxysulfonyl)phenyl]butoxybenzene (1) and 1,4-dibromo-2,5-hexyloxybenzene (2). The molecular weights were successfully controlled by the feed ratio of the monomer and catalyst, and the molecular weight distribution values were less than 1.32, irrespective of the polymerization degree or polymerization order. Preliminary morphological studies showed that the diblock copolymer ionomers SP1-P2(m-n) had a clear phase separation that could be controlled by the ratios and lengths of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic units. The ionomers showed high proton conductivities with a small humidity dependence, indicating that the clear phase separation formed by the precisely controlled molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) of the diblock copolymers enhanced the ionic connectivity and proton conductivity.


With maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer, composites of block-copolymerized polypropylene (B-PP)/nanoclay were prepared. The effects of the PP-g-MAH and nanoclay content on the crystallization and rheological properties of B-PP were investigated. The microcellular foaming behavior of the B-PP/nanoclay composite material was studied with a single-screw extruder foaming system with supercritical (SC) carbon dioxide (CO2) as the foaming agent. The experimental results show that the addition of nanoclay and PP-g-MAH decreased the melt strength and complex viscosity of B-PP. When 3 wt % SC CO2 was injected as the foaming agent for the extrusion foaming process, the introduction of nanoclay and PP-g-MAH significantly increased the expansion ratio of the obtained foamed samples as compared with that of the pure B-PP matrix, lowered the die pressure, and increased the cell population density of the foamed samples to some extent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44094.


THE EXISTENCE OF A RELATION BETWEEN CRIMINALITY AND DRIVING APTITUDE IS ESTABLISHED ON THE BASIS OF COMPREHENSIVE LITERARY STUDIES. SO FAR, RESEARCH FINDINGS HAVE PROVEN THE VALIDITY OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS. (1) DRIVERS WHO ARE PREDISPOSED TO COMMITTING INDICTABLE OFFENCES, REPRESENT A PARTICULAR SOURCE OF DANGER IN STREET TRAFFIC. DRIVERS NOTED FOR CONSPICUOUS TRAFFIC BEHAVIOUR ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE INDICTED FOR CRIMINAL OFFENCES THAN NON-CONSPICUOUS DRIVERS AND OFFENDERS AND ARE MORE OFTEN PRONE TO TRAFFIC OFFENCES THAN DRIVERS WHO HAVE NEVER COMMITTED A CRIMINAL OFFENCE. THE LIKELIHOOD OF PRONENESS TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INCREASES PROPORTIONATELY WITH THE EXTENT OF THE DRIVER'S PREVIOUS CRIMINAL RECORD. THIS PARTICULARLY APPLIES TO DRIVERS PRONE TO ALCOHOL RELATED OFFENCES. OF THOSE DRIVERS REGARDED AS HABITUAL OFFENDERS, RECIDIVIST OFFENDERS WHOSE TYPE OF OFFENCE AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR DIFFER FROM ONE INSTANCE TO THE NEXT APPEAR MOST FREQUENTLY IN STATISTICS RELATING TO ACCIDENTS AND OFFENCES IN THE AREA OF STREET TRAFFIC. VIOLENT OFFENCES ALSO HAVE A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP TO ACCIDENT PRONENESS IN TRAFFIC. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP EXISTING BETWEEN CRIMINALITY AND ALCOHOL ABUSE, ALCOHOL PRONE DRIVERS ALSO DISPLAY A SPECIFIC RELATION TO CRIMINAL TENDENCIES IN TRAFFIC. THEY ALSO HAVE MORE PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS FOR CRIMINAL OFFENCES THAN DRIVERS CONVICTED OF OTHER TYPES OF OFFENCES.


THE SUBJECTS COVERED ARE ASSUMPTION BY HRB DURING THE PAST TWO YEARS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR SUPERVISING AND ADMINISTRING THREE RESEARCH PROJECTS JOINTLY FINANCED BY VARIOUS STATES AND OTHER AGENCIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH A PROCEDURE ADOPTED BY THE AASHO COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, SERVICES RENDERED TO HIGHWAY RESEARCH BY HRB'S RESEARCH CORRELATION SERVICE ESTABLISHED IN 1946, THE SCALE AND INTENSITY OF CONSTRUCTION REQUIRED FOR TIMELY COMPLETION OF THE 37,000- MILE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, AND THE ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF TOLL ROAD FINANCING.


Abstract A variety of organometallic reagents have been found to undergo regioselective reaction with 1-aryl-vinamidinium salts and 3-aryl-3-chloropropeniminium salts. The products of such reactions were found to be α,β-unsaturated ketones and chlorovinyl amines, respectively.


Abstract. The efficacy of naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of dysmenorrhea was compared in a double‐blind, cross‐over study. Both drugs were given to 24 female undergraduates with severe primary dysmenorrhea in four consecutive cycles in a randomized schedule. Both drugs were equally effective. Good or moderate overall relief was achieved in 73% of 48 cycles treated with indomethacin and in 61% of the 48 cycles treated with naproxen. The difference was not statistically significant.


Objective:To probe anesthesia for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy(PTE).Methods:19 cases of PTE were review of preoperative status,surgical procedure,anesthetic management,postoperative status and prognosis;to explore appropriate anesthetic method.Results:After operation,12 patients(63.2%) were cured and improvement in 3 cases(15.8%),2 deaths(10.5%) during early postoperative period,1 patient was die of pulmonary edema with pulmonary hemorrhage,the other patient death of severe persistent pulmonary hypertension.2 cases(10.5%) were abandoned of treatment by family members,because of severe persistent pulmonary hypertension.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) was used in 4 cases,of which 2 patients died,abandoning treatment 1 case,cured in 1 case.Conclusion:The key to anesthesia for PTE is to prevent severe persistent pulmonary hypertension,pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage after reperfusion;at the same time paying attention to affection of deep hypothermic and circulatory arrest.


Situ copolymerization catalyst system of linear low density polyethylene, the catalyst system by the oligomerization catalyst and copolymerization catalyst. Wherein the oligomerization catalyst is a homogeneous or supported diimine α- pyridine iron catalyst and alkylaluminoxane cocatalyst, by the copolymerization catalyst is titanium catalyst and an alkyl aluminum or an alkyl aluminum cocatalyst composition. Ethylene as the sole monomer, ethylene directly in the same reaction vessel as Qiju Sheng α- olefin copolymer prepared by reacting in situ while linear low density polyethylene and ethylene. Generating a linear low density polyethylene having a low melting point, low density, a higher total comonomer content and branched chain characteristics and the like of different lengths. With this method for producing linear low density polyethylene can not only simplify the production process, but also greatly reduces the cost of production.


Nuclei segmentation is fundamental and crucial for analyzing histopathological images. Generally, a pathological image contains tens of thousands of nuclei, and there exists clustered nuclei, so it is difficult to separate each nucleus accurately. Challenges against blur boundaries, inconsistent staining, and overlapping regions have adverse effects on segmentation performance. Besides, nuclei from various organs appear quite different in shape and size, which may lead to the problems of over-segmentation and under-segmentation. In order to capture each nucleus on different organs precisely, characteristics about both nuclei and boundaries are of equal importance. Thus, in this article, we propose a contextual mixing feature Unet (CMF-Unet), which utilizes two parallel branches, nuclei segmentation branch and boundary extraction branch, and mixes complementary feature maps from two branches to obtain rich and integrated contextual features. To ensure good segmentation performance, a multiscale kernel weighted module (MKWM) and a dense mixing feature module (DMFM) are designed. MKWM, used in both nuclei segmentation branch and boundary extraction branch, contains a multiscale kernel block to fully exploit characteristics of images and a weight block to assign more weights on important areas, so that the network can extract discriminative information efficiently. To fuse more beneficial information and get integrated feature maps, the DMFM mixes the feature maps produced by the MKWM from two branches to gather both nuclei information and boundary information and links the feature maps in a densely connected way. Because the feature maps produced by the MKWM and DMFM are both sent into the decoder part, segmentation performance can be enhanced effectively. We test the proposed method on the multi-organ nuclei segmentation (MoNuSeg) dataset. Experiments show that the proposed method not only performs well on nuclei segmentation but also has good generalization ability on different organs.


A description is given of a broadband ratio pyrometer suitable for measuring the temperature of aluminium during processing. Each band, one using a Ge detector and the other a PbS detector, was also used independently as a brightness pyrometer. This tri-modal pyrometer (TMP) has intrinsic precisions of 1 degrees C for the ratio pyrometer, 0.4 and 0.3 degrees C respectively for the Ge and PbS brightness pyrometers over the spectral radiance temperature range of 250 to 600 degrees C. However, for aluminium processing in both rolling and extrusion processes, much greater uncertainties result from the various factors affecting emissivity, e.g. the nature of the process in the plant, the aluminium alloy, the shape of the surface and the temperature of the product. It was found that for some applications the ratio pyrometer was preferable to the brightness pyrometers, but in general it was possible to establish by experiment emissivity functions that allowed the temperature of aluminium to be measured with at least one of the TMP modes with an uncertainty of less than +or-10 degrees C.


This study deals with simple Constant Stress Partially Accelerated life test (CSPALT) using type-I censoring. The lifetime distribution of the test item is assumed to follow Gompertz distribution. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) Estimation is used to estimate the distribution parameters and acceleration factor. Asymptotic confidence interval estimates of the model parameters are also evaluated by using Fisher information matrix. Statistically optimal PALT plans are developed such that the Generalized Asymptotic Variance (GAV) of the Maximum Likelihood Estimators (MLEs) of the model parameters at design stress is minimized. In the last, to illustrate the statistical properties of the parameters, a simulation study is performed


There are included a first output transistor (Mo1n+1) having a gate electrode connected to one of the (n + 1)-th and subsequent gate bus lines, a drain electrode connected to a first capacitor (Cb1n+1) and a source electrode connected to a first pixel electrode (PE1n); and a second output transistor (Mo2n-1) having a gate electrode connected to one of the (n - 1)-th and preceding gate bus lines, a drain electrode connected to the other end of a second capacitor (Cb2n-1) and a source electrode connected to a second pixel electrode (PE2n). In this way, there can be achieved a liquid crystal display device circuit that exhibits an excellent view angle characteristic, while suppressing the power consumption whether the scan direction is a forward direction or a backward direction.


In order to limit various alien species by ballast water, electrolysis of ballast water is used to sterilize microorganisms. In this process, total residual oxidizer (TRO) is produced, and it is necessary to measure the precise TRO concentration to prevent excessive disinfection by-products and limit emissions. In this TRO concentration measurement system, a white LED module and RGB sensor are used to measure the absorbance through the DPD colorimetric method. The intensity of LED light has a little error for each LED module. In addition, the effect of LED aging in which the intensity of the light source decreases with the elapsed time. For this reason, the TRO concentration measurement error increases. To solve this problem, we propose an LED module calibration algorithm by current PI control and an optimal LED operation time derivation to reduce the effect of LED aging. A large number of LED modules were applied to various seawater environments. In the conventional method, the measurement accuracy and precision of the average TRO concentration were 6.56% and 9.54%, respectively, and measurement accuracy and precision through the proposed algorithm and LED aging optimization were greatly reduced to 0.10% and 0.85%, respectively. In addition, we derived that LED aging was minimized when the measurement time of LED light was 1 s and the turn-off time of the LED light was 10 s. Through these experimental results, we confirmed that the non-uniform LED light is improved by the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the standard values for TRO concentration measurement (accuracy: less than 5%, precision: less than 2%) were satisfied.


In this work, different techniques for the generation of shadows and reflections have been compared in terms of the perceived quality by the final user. Results show that, for the analyzed scenarios, users do not present a clear preference for the images generated with the more sophisticated techniques.


The power all has to fit in with the needs Of market according to socialist market economysystem in china. It is necessary for us to develop scientific and reasonable price -- fond mechanism.The fixing price method by accounting cost is out of date as it has not been able to meet the requirements of the power market. The marginal cost methodology has been Proved to be effective measures tocousin as well as power supply enterprises. This paper Presents a preliminary result in which themarginal cost theory is used to determine power supply Price .The study shows marginal cost method isnot only advanced,but the Practical.


THis is an important book which makes a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the way in which the environment influences an organization, and represents a welcome trend in the work of the Harvard Graduate School of Business. Professors Lawrence and Lorsch gave a foretaste of their work in Administrative Science Quarterly, July, 1967, when they took the open systems concept of Rice and others and sought to establish empirical measures for the adaptive responses which an organization makes. Their particular focus is on differentiation and its necessary corollary-integration. The book commences with a review of the recent theoretical interest in this particular area of organizational adaptation, and then outlines a strategy for gathering empirical data. The authors selected three industries which they believed would be exposed to significantly different environments, then identified and studied a number of organizations within each industry group. The industries selected were plastics, standard containers, and food processing; the assumption being that the environment for the first would be relatively unstable, that for the second relatively stable, with food processing intermediate in the range. Selection of the individual organizations was based partly on accessibility and partly on an attempt to locate business varying in effectiveness. The basic hypothesis was that organizations in an unstable environment would, in order to be effective, be relatively more differentiated than their colleagues in a stable environment; and that this higher degree of differentiation would have to be matched by high integration. The field work consisted of extensive interviews using a mixture of open-ended and forced-choice questions. The authors attempted to use highly subjective generalized responses as well as answers to structured questions as checks on internal validity. Some of the methodology appears crude but it is necessary to remember that new ground


The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a predecessor agency of the Department of Energy (DOE), established the Savannah River Site (SRS) in the early 1950s for the production of special radioactive isotopes. The primary SRS mission was to produce strategic isotopes (plutonium-239 and tritium) used in the development and production of nuclear weapons for national defense. The Site produced other special isotopes (californium-252, plutonium-238, americium-241, etc.) to support research in nuclear medicine, space exploration, and commercial applications. The historic production cycle at the SRS involved the fabrication of metal fuel and target assemblies for irradiation in the Site reactors, followed by chemical dissolution, separation, and conversion of the radioisotopes into solid forms for use at the SRS or other DOE sites.


Embodiments described herein provide applications for delivery of fluids within the substrate processing system. More particularly, embodiments described herein provide applications for delivery of processing chemicals in the substrate processing system. In one embodiment, a fluid delivery system. Fluid delivery system includes a high-capacity fluid source for supplying fluid, and a fluid delivery module for monitoring and controlling the ratio of the fluid flowing from the bulk fluid source, first installed from the fluid delivery module downstream and stream pipe, a first switch disposed along the first stream pipe, and a second stream pipe located downstream from the fluid delivery module, a second placed along a second stream pipe of a switch, the fluid delivery module, separate the fluid from the large volume fluid source into two streams flowing through the first stream pipe and a second stream pipe according to the ratio determined in advance.


Background: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Intraocular pressure is the primary risk factor. But in spite of control of intraocular pressure, some cases progress which strengthens the view that there must be other independent risk factors in pathogenesis of glaucoma. Serums lipids have been found to be associated with glaucoma in few studies. We carried out the present study to study the relation between serum lipids and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 patients with POAG and 40 individuals without glaucoma (controls). Ophthalmic examination was performed in all the patients and fasting lipid profile including total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) were measured and analysed between the cases and controls. Results: Level of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and LDL were significantly higher in cases than in controls with p value < 0.05. Level of HDL was lower in cases than in controls but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for POAG. High serum cholesterol, high serum triglycerides and high serum LDL correlate significantly with POAG.


Abstract Disperse Red One-doped or -functionalized polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene and polyimide thin films exhibiting second order optical nonlinearity are obtained by simultaneous application of an electric field and a laser beam.


Abstract : Cyclopentadienyl rings with substituents that interlock with those of a second ring form encapsulated metallocenes ((C5R5)2M) with the alkaline-earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba). These metallocenes are conveniently manipulated, volatile, hydrocarbon-soluble sources of the metal cations, which make the compounds attractive as precursors to metal oxides and ceramics. The physical properties of the metallocenes are highly sensitive to the degree of encapsulation and to the geometry of the encapsulating ligands; more flexible rings reduce the ability of complexes to pack into lattices, and oils and waxes will be formed. Other main-group metals (Sn, Pb) and lanthanide elements (Sm) can be encapsulated with the same ligands used for the alkaline-earths. Under the proper conditions, ring can be displaced from an encapsulated metallocene, exposing the metal center and activating the complex. Disproportionation of the resulting mono(ring) complexes (C5R5)M(E) into symmetrical (C5R5)2M and M(E)2 species can be blocked. Ligand synergism in mono(ring) complexes can enhance their chemical and thermal stabilities relative to those of the parent symmetrical species. Alkaline-earth, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Organometallic, Metallocenes, Materials.


The invention relates to a sensor device (100) for sensing a gas, with a detection region (102) and a via a connecting web (106) with the detection region (102) electrically and mechanically connected to read-out area (104), wherein the read area (104) detection area (102) and the connecting web (106) are formed from a substrate and the detection region (102) and the connecting web (106) by a recess (108) are isolated from the substrate, wherein the detection region (102) an ion-conductive region for providing having a dependent from the gas measurement signal and the read area (104) is designed for reading out the measurement signal.


This paper investigated the effect of two main parameters of patch antenna by using partial ground techniques and addition of modified double W-shaped split ring resonator (MDW-SRR). The results show that these two techniques can be improving the performance of the return loss and bandwidth result of the patch antenna. The proposed antenna covers the frequency range of 1821.1 MHz to 3117.1 MHz with 1309.8 MHz of bandwidth compare to the normal antenna with only 33 MHz (2386 MHz to 2419.4 MHz). Firstly, the basic microstrip patch antenna design (Design A1) had been simulated in CST Microwave Studio simulation software. Secondly, the partial ground effect had been applied at the back of FR-4 substrate (Design A2). Then the Design B1, Design B2, Design B3 of four, eight and twelve units of modified double W-shaped split ring resonator (MDW-SRR) had been added into the patch antenna to compare its return loss, bandwidth, gain and directivity of the patch antenna.


The use of metallohelicates as potential antiproliferative agents is mostly exemplified by one sole family of supramolecular compounds that is based on bis-iminopyridine ligands. In the present investigation, two other types of metallocylinders have been selected and their potential DNA-binding and cytotoxic properties have been investigated. Hence, two new neutral iron(III) metallosupramolecular compounds have been prepared from bis-β-diketone ligands, and a known cationic iron(II) helicate from bis-pyrazole ligands has been used for comparison purposes. DNA-interaction experiments and cell studies reveal remarkable biological properties for one of the neutral iron cylinders and the positively charged, pyrazole-based helicate, as illustrated by their antiproliferative behaviours, which are far better than those of two well-known compounds, i.e. the most studied metallohelicate in the field and cisplatin.


ZHANG Chunyi is a very important man in modern Buddhism history. Little people can use Buddhism theories to note Christianity and lots thinkers of pre-Qin period with lots books. The comment of Lao-tse is a book that is commented with Buddhism idea. In this thesis, I will analysis ZHANG Chunyi's annotations about Tao, No willful action and self-cultivation. His book there are two characteristics. One is that he uses lots of books to comment "The Tao Teh King". Another Characteristic is that he uses Buddhism idea to comment "The Tao Teh King". We can understand how Buddhist comments "The Tao Teh King" by analysising ZHANG Chunyi's book.


Live load provides not only additional gravity load on a bridge but also dynamic force effects during earthquakes due to the flexible nature of suspension-tire syste m . However, the significance of these dynamic effe cts on the seismic response of a bridge is unclear. Most bridg e esign specifications have few requirements or ar e silent about the inclusion of live load in the seismic des ign of bridges. The main objective of this study is to investigate these dynamic effects using both experimental and a nalytical techniques. This paper focuses on the exp rimental work, which includes shake table testing of a 0.4-s cale model of a horizontally curved steel girder br idge loaded with a series of representative trucks. Preliminary experimental results show that the presence of the live load had a significant beneficial effect on the performa nce of this bridge during small amplitude motions, but that these effects became less significant with increasi ng amplitude of shaking.


INTRODUCTION THE impressive description given by William Withering in 1785 of the action of digitalis leaves upon the failing heart resulted in such a fundamental advance in the treatment of cardiac diseases that, even to-day. therapeutic measures are still based upon the experiences he recorded. In the intervening period, however, it has been possible to adapt thc methods of treatment better to the various diseases of the heart and circulation than was originally the case. Since the time of Withering there has been introduced into therap! a whole series of cardioactive drugs fundamentally similar in effect to the leaves of Digitalis purpurea, but differing, for example, in their rapidity and duration of action. The chemical investigation of the drugs from which the cardioactive glycosides are obtained also dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Particularly in the last two decades, however, it has made such rapid strides that today the constitution of practically every important cardiac glycoside is known, including the details of its steric configuration. In this article, an attempt will be made to characterise the more important cardiac glycosides but without pursuing the long trail which led to their isolation and to the elucidation of their chemical constitutions. The main difference between modem processes of isolation and the earlier methods employed lies in the fact that account is now taken of the great sensitivity of the cardiac glycosides to high temperatures, to acids or alkalis, and to enzymatic cleavage, etc. Not only digitoxin but all the other cardiac glycosides known prior to 1930, with the exception of ouabain and scilIaren A, are in fact, artificial products arising as the result of enzymatic cleavage from substances of a higher sugar content originaIly present in the plant. This reveals one reason for the difference in action repeatedly observed by physicians between the use of the older pure substances on the one hand and of the crude drugs on the other.


Both nickel and cad miu m are used in various industries and hence their effluents contain these two metals. As they are toxic and alter the physiological and biochemical parameters of fish, acute toxicity of nickel and cadmiu m to the fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus was determined using static bioassays. Fish were exposed to selected concentration of nickel and cad miu m separately and the mortality data were determined after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. LC50 values for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were calculated with the 95% fiducial limits through probit analysis and goodness of fit was evaluated with Chi - square tests. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours LC50 values of nickel to the fish were 131.78, 84.58, 58.19 and 51.39 pp m respectively. For cadmiu m the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values were 151.91, 121.36, 106.88 and 96.57 ppm respectively. A mong the two heavy metals tested, nickel is more to xic to the fish than cadmiu m. These LC50 values will help to fix the sub-lethal concentrations and study the sub- toxic effects of these two metals in the selected fish.


In the framework of finite order variational sequences a new class of Lagrangians arises, namely, special Lagrangians. These Lagrangians are the horizontalization of forms on a jet space of lower order. We describe their properties together with properties of related objects, such as Poincaré–Cartan and Euler–Lagrange forms, momenta and momenta of generating forms, a new geometric object arising in variational sequences. Finally, we provide a simple but important example of special Lagrangian, namely the Hilbert–Einstein Lagrangian.


The specialized multifunctional software package is developed for the numerical simulation of the flow of products of combustion in a Laval nozzle. The complex has a friendly graphical user interface of input-output and wide possibilities for visualization of simulation results directly in the process of calculating. Particles moving in the gas stream are exposed to the action of hydro-mechanical forces due to its interaction with the carrier gas environment, as well as mass forces caused by the gravitational field. Performed parametric calculations have shown that the interaction of particles with the combustion products, even with a relatively small volume fraction may lead to a qualitative change in the internal flow in the Laval nozzle, and thereby influence the characteristics of the nozzle.


The phenomenon of oil film oscillation and frequency locked may occur in a healthy rotor system which is supported by sliding bearing. The dynamic behavior of the rotor system with misalignment and rubbing coupling fault supported by sliding bearing is also very complex. To solve the problem of fault diagnosis in this case, a dynamical model of rotor system is proposed in this paper. The short bearing oil film force, the equivalent misalignment moment, and Hertz contact theory are applied to establish the model. For rubbing faults, the Augmented Lagrange method is used to deal with the contact constraints to ensure that the boundary penetration depth is within the specified tolerance range. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the faulty rotor system under different rubbing stiffness conditions is analyzed in this paper. Meanwhile, the fault signal is divided into equal-band by the wavelet basis functions to find out the fault frequency band of the rotor system. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation study is verified by measurements obtained from the faulty rotor test platform. The following findings are made in this paper. The rubbing fault is dominant in the coupling fault. With the increasing of the speed, the frequency components of the system are dominated by high frequency. The double frequency is the main fault feature frequency band. It can be seen that the rotor system moves gradually from a quasi-periodic state into chaos due to the Lyapunov exponent. At the same time, due to the effects of misalignment moment and friction force, the phenomenon of oil film instability is partially suppressed. The lagging of the first and second-order oil film oscillations occurs.


The structure of the sprinkler head of ammonia-washing tower was reformed according to the analysis to the problems in operation, and good result has got with the new sprinkler head of spraying self-cleaning.


The purpose of this article is to analyze the harmonic spectrum of the three-phase PWM inverter drives used in a power system. The analytical methods are based on a 3-D modulation model and double Fourier series (DFS). In this article, with Matlab, we analyzed the harmonic model created by DFS, and used time-domain simulation tools, Pspice and Simulink, to construct the model and simulation of the three-phase DC to AC PWM inverter found in the system. Results show that the harmonics generated by the simulator tools and that generated by DFS method are almost identical, and that the harmonic model constructed by means of the 3-D modulation model proposed is highly accurate.


Direct, all-atom calculations of the free energy of hydration of aqueous deca-alanine structures --- holistically including backbone and side-chain interactions together --- show that attractive interactions and the thermal expansion of the solvent explain the inverse temperature signatures that have been interpreted traditionally in favor of hydrophobic mechanisms for stabilizing the structure and function of soluble proteins.


Abstract This web-based module provides clear, labeled animations of the significant tissues in central nervous system development of the embryo, starting with the completion of neurulation and inc...


In the present paper, a new genus and a new species of Tetrigidae are described. Type specimens are deposited in the Research Institute of Entomology, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou City.Alulatettix gen. nov.The new genus is allied to Formosatettix Timkham and Tetrix Latreille, but differs in the characters listed below.Type species: Alulatettix yunnanensis Liang, sp. nov.Measurements(mm) Length of body: (?)7.2, ♀ 9.3—10.8; length of pronotum:(?)6.0, ♀ 6.8—7.0; length of hind femur: (?)4.8, ♀ 5.3—5.5.Holotype (?), allotype ♀, Kunming (25°N, 103°E), Yunnan Province, China, 1900m, July 2, 1940, by J. L. Gressitt. Paratypes 1♀, Aug. 25, 1934; 1♀, Sept. 4, 1934; Kunming, by Tinkham.


The characteristic of the subject of private law is a sensitive problem in the national market economy institutions in China. Regarding the state as a subject of private law is of no harm but has special functions. Through the model function of the state itself, it makes other subjects of private law standard, legalized and utilizes the law of value rationally.


Our research paper looks at the sustainability challenge as an example of complexity in interrelated nested systems (or meta-problem) and we further explore the consequences of disruptive events in ...


Patna is one of the largest city (both in terms of population and area) as well as the capital city of Bihar. Every year thousands of people from different regions of Bihar throng to the capital city in search of job. When these people die without any identifying document, it is very difficult to establish their identity and cause of death as their past medical and other histories are not known. The present 2 yrs . of retrospective study was undertaken to find the cause of death and its pattern in unknown/unidentified/ unclaimed dead bodies brought for autopsy at Nalanda Medical College & Hospital ( NMCH ),  Patna, between Jan 2016 to Dec 2017 . A total of 829 cases were brought for medico-legal autopsy of which unknown cases accounted for about 14.95%. The manner of death was certified as natural in 32.25% of cases in which chest and abdominal disease combined were mainly responsible with a predominant pathology in the lungs (80% cases). Of all unnatural deaths (63.70%), road/rail accident injuries were most common (21.77%) cause of death followed by drowning (20.96%). There was a clear predominance of males cases (66.93%) over female one. The government should take initiatives at large to prevent unnatural deaths in unidentified or unknown persons. The study suggest an urgent need for creation of a National Missing Person Database as well as DNA database to aid the identification of unidentified/unclaimed/unknown bodies.


Each year in the United States, 132000 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed and 50000 CRC-related deaths occur (1). Colonoscopy is expected to reduce CRC mortality by identifying asymptomatic, curable cancer, and decrease CRC incidence by detecting and removing precancerous polyps. However, despite its widespread use in the United States (2), no randomized, controlled trials of screening colonoscopy have been completed. The findings of 3 ongoing randomized trials (35) will be not be available before the mid-2020s. Previously conducted randomized trials showed the effectiveness of other screening methods: Periodic fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) reduces CRC mortality (610), and sigmoidoscopy (performed once [1114] or twice within 3 to 5 years [15]) reduces both CRC incidence and CRC mortality (16). Colonoscopy is an invasive, resource-intensive procedure that requires a thorough large-bowel cleansing, and often patient sedation, and carries a risk for complications, such as bowel perforation. Establishing the effectiveness and safety of colonoscopy is important because less burdensome screening methods (FOBT and sigmoidoscopy) are available. Currently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) advises routine CRC screening with any method for persons aged 50 through 75 years at average CRC risk and recommends that screening decisions be individualized for those aged 76 to 85 (17). Other guidelines recommend colonoscopy screening with no upper age limit (18, 19). None of the ongoing colonoscopy trials include persons older than 75 years (only 1 trial has participants aged 70 or older [Supplement Table 1]); however, healthy persons older than 75 years may live long enough to benefit from CRC screening. Supplement. Supplementary Material For more than a decade, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has reimbursed screening colonoscopies with no upper age limit. We used the extensive experience of Medicare beneficiaries to estimate the effectiveness of screening colonoscopy in preventing CRC among elderly persons with no recent history of colonoscopy, CRC, or adenomas. We studied beneficiaries aged 70 to 74 and those aged 75 to 79 years separately. Methods Study Data For a random 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 1999 to 2012, we extracted information on demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, original reason for Medicare entitlement, and U.S. Census Bureau division), enrollment characteristics (reason for entitlement and enrollment type and period), and Medicare Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse condition categories (including CRC diagnosis) from the denominator files. We obtained data regarding colonoscopies and FOBT from outpatient standard analytic files, inpatient hospital claims, and carrier files (to identify physician services). We used the outpatient and carrier files to extract information on the use of preventive services and wellness visits. We computed a combined comorbidity score (20) and used the procedure codes on the colonoscopy claim form, along with the presence of a bill for the pathologic examination of a colorectal polyp or biopsy within 7 days of the procedure, to determine whether the colonoscopy included polypectomy (21). We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)Medicare linked data set (22) (from 1999 to 2009) to evaluate CRC stage (for details, see the Supplement). Eligibility Criteria Our analyses included beneficiaries aged 70 to 79 years with no history of CRC who in the 5 years before baseline (to be discussed later), had no history of adenoma, inflammatory bowel disease, or colectomy and had not had a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or FOBT. These eligibility criteria were as similar as possible to those of the ongoing colonoscopy trials (35) (Supplement Table 1), which generally target an average-risk population. To ensure complete capture of health information, we included only beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare parts A and B, but not in Medicare Advantage, during the preceding 5 years. To reduce the probability of including beneficiaries who had a colonoscopy for reasons other than screening, we excluded those who had abdominal computed tomography; a barium enema; or a diagnosis (23) of anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, bowel habit change, weight loss, ischemic bowel disease, or diverticular disease in the previous 6 months and included only health-conscious beneficiaries who had received at least 2 of the 3 preventive services offered yearly by Medicare for the average population (annual wellness visit, influenza vaccine, and breast or prostate cancer screening) in the previous 2 years (24). Although the effectiveness of some of these services (such as prostate-specific antigenbased cancer screening) is questionable, we used them only as surrogates for health consciousness. We relaxed these constraints in sensitivity analyses (Supplement). Treatment Groups and Follow-up To emulate a trial of screening colonoscopy and CRC incidence in the elderly population, we exploited the experiences of Medicare beneficiaries after their 70th birthday. Specifically, we identified all 70-year-old beneficiaries who met the eligibility criteria on the day they turned 70 (baseline) and followed them until CRC diagnosis, death, violation of Medicare enrollment criteria, or December 2012, whichever occurred first. At baseline, we classified beneficiaries into the screening colonoscopy group if they received a colonoscopy in the next 7 days and into the no-screening group otherwise. To reduce computational time, we used a 5% random subsample of those in the no-screening group. Next, using an approach previously described (2529), we emulated a second trial with baseline a week after that of the first trial, and so on for every week while an individual was aged 70 years. At the baseline week of each of the 52 sequential trials, eligibility criteria were reassessed. Beneficiaries who stopped meeting the eligibility criteria (for example, because of a recent colonoscopy) were excluded from that trial; all others were reclassified into the 2 groups according to whether they had a colonoscopy during that week. We repeated the entire process for beneficiaries aged 71 to 79, resulting in a total of 520 emulated trials. Each beneficiary could contribute as an eligible individual to as many trials as he or she was eligible for between the week the beneficiary turned age 70 until the week he or she turned 80. Emulation of sequential trials is a valid and efficient procedure if participants meet eligibility criteria at several time points (25, 30). To check the validity of our method, we conducted analyses with an FOBT group to assess the performance of our observational estimates against the published estimates from the FOBT randomized trials. We did not evaluate sigmoidoscopy because it is used infrequently in the Medicare population (Supplement Figure 1). Outcomes The primary outcome was CRC incidence. We also identified all adverse events occurring within 30 days after baseline that were severe enough to require an emergency department visit or hospitalization. We classified adverse events as serious gastrointestinal (perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding requiring transfusion), other gastrointestinal (gastrointestinal bleeding not requiring transfusion, paralytic ileus, nausea, vomiting and dehydration, abdominal pain), or cardiovascular (myocardial infarction or angina, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiac or respiratory arrest, syncope, hypotension or shock) events (21). We evaluated tumor stage among diagnosed CRC cases. Statistical Analysis We pooled the individuals across all emulated trials and analyzed the data by age group (70 to 74 and 75 to 79 years). We estimated curves for CRC cumulative incidence, both unadjusted and standardized to the baseline characteristics shown in Table 1: sex, race, age (linear and quadratic terms), original reason for entitlement, comprehensive preventive evaluation in the previous 2 years, use of 3 preventive services in the previous 2 years, U.S. Census Bureau division, combined comorbidity score, presence of each Chronic Condition Warehouse condition, and calendar month. As in randomized trials, these curves estimate risks under hypothetical scenarios in which individuals do not die from causes other than CRC (16). Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Eligible Medicare Beneficiaries, by Colonoscopy Screening Group, 20042012* To estimate the standardized curves, we fit a pooled logistic regression model for monthly CRC risk (31, 32) that included an indicator for the screening group, a flexible function of months of follow-up (linear, quadratic, and exponentially decreasing term), product terms for group and month, and the trial-specific baseline covariates (33) (for a detailed explanation, see the Appendix)Su. We also estimated the 30-day risk for adverse events standardized by age, sex, and comorbidity score. We used a nonparametric bootstrap based on 500 individual-level resamplings to compute 95% CIs. All analyses were done using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute). The Partners Human Research Committee and the Institutional Review Board at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health approved our research. Role of the Funding Source This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Results Of 3586046 Medicare beneficiaries reaching age 70 between 2004 and 2012, 674306 had no previous CRC; were asymptomatic; and had no history of adenoma, inflammatory bowel disease, colectomy, or screening within the previous 5 years. Of this group, 136310 were users of Medicare annual preventive services and thus eligible for our analyses. On average, each of these beneficiaries was eligib


Financial Statement is the one of very important components to make decisions for stakeholders, bondholders and others. Integrity is one of use fullthings to increase the accuration of financial statement and the quality of decision making. It helps companies to increase financial information with faithfulness representation and reduce agency costs of minimize conflict of interest. The conservatism is used to explain integrity of financial statements as signal positive for companies to attract investors, because agreeing conservatism for preparation of financial statements will increase quality of income. This research examines the application of integrity of financial statements in companies and the determinants of integrity of financial statements. The sample of this research is Indonesian manufacturing companies which is listed in 2008 to 2012 at Indonesia n Stock Exchange. They have all of the components which are used for this research, such as inventory method. The result s indicate that some determinants of integrity of financial statements such as managerial ownership, independent commissioners, KAP size, firm size and auditor tenure have significant effect to integrity of financial statement. However, the other factors such as institutional ownership and independence audit committee do not explain the application of high integrity in the financial statements of the companies.


The invention discloses a method for improving opening quality of an electroformed plate, and the method comprises the following steps: S10: after mounting film on a core mold, performing exposure to well expose the needed opening pattern area on dry film; S11: placing the well-exposed dry film in a toaster, setting a roasting temperature and a roasting time according to needs, and performing dry film roasting; and S12: after complete roasting, performing a process of developing to remove the unexposed dry film. According to the method for improving opening quality of the electroformed plate of the invention, thick dry film is subjected to roasting after the exposure, which enables the dry film fully cured, thereby preventing the problem of diffusion coating; at the same time opening shapes are good, thereby lowering the deviation of opening sizes of a PCB surface size and a printing surface, and improving the opening quality; and roasting after the exposure allows the range of development dots further widened, providing a wider controlling range for the production to make the production control simpler and easier.


The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric superconducting loops are measured. It was found that sign and value of the asymmetry of the current-voltage curves changes with value of magnetic field, periodically for single loop and system of identical loops. The obtained results allow to explain the quantum oscillation of the dc voltage, observed below superconducting transition in the previous works, as rectification of ac current or noise.


The parameters of integer autoregressive models with Poisson, or negative binomial innovations can be estimated by maximum likelihood where the prediction error decomposition, together with convolution methods, is used to write down the likelihood function. When a moving average component is introduced this is not the case. To address this problem an efficient method of moment estimator is proposed where the estimated standard errors for the parameters are obtained using subsampling methods. The small sample properties of the estimator are investigated using Monte Carlo methods, while the approach is demonstrated using two well‐known examples from the time series literature.


One of the cancers that gives high fatality rates in human life is breast cancer. The current method used to detect breast cancer needs radiologists, which makes it costly and time-consuming. A possible solution is to detect it early, which can be done by computer-aided diagnosis technologies. An end-to-end system that could automatically detect breast cancer is described in this paper. From the mammographic images, it was first undergone the pre-processing stages for noise elimination. The law's mask was then applied to the preprocessed image to filter out the secondary features further. The filtered image was segmented by the active contour to obtain the breast region before being fed into a deep convolutional neural network for feature extraction. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique was then applied to select the necessary features as input to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for determining the class of cells (normal or abnormal). Lastly, k-fold cross-validation techniques were executed to validate the results and obtained the average reading for both training and testing datasets. The proposed system was tested on the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) dataset, and attained 97.50%, 96.67%, 98.33%, and 0.99 for accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve, respectively.


Background: The COVID-19 virus continues to plague the world, though not at its alarming rate at the peak of the pandemic in 2020-2021. Throughout that time, a great deal of organizational messages were disseminated to audiences in response to the virus. Aims: This study examined organizational messages in the United States about COVID-19 between March and September 2020. The purpose of the project was to identify patterns in these organizational messages to identify where messaging can be improved to better support the public when contending with health emergencies. Method: A total of 106 organizational messages were assessed (N = 106) through risk communication and social support lenses. Results: It was found that the organizational messages provided informational, instrumental, and emotional support. Organizational messages tended to frame risks as low hazard and low outrage. Strategies involving both rational and emotional appeals were used. The most frequently promoted preventive behavior was social distancing. It was found that different organizations promoted preventive behaviors differently, specifically government using their messages to promote wearing face coverings more than other industries. Conclusions: Not only does this project fill a research gap, it also serves a practical function, as the findings can be presented to organizations as helpful information for the development of a comprehensive communication strategy during a public health situation.


Scleritis is an uncommon inflammatory disease, which might be associated with ocular complications in 60% of cases and decrease in visual acuity in 17% of patients. 1 Approximately 40–50% of patients with scleritis have or will have an associated systemic disorder, while infections are responsible for up to 10% of cases. 1,2 Scleritis is bilateral in 41% of the cases, and posterior in 39% of cases. 2 Posterior scleritis is defined as an involvement of the sclera posterior of the insertion of the recti muscles. Severe pain is present in 55% of patients and visual disturbance is the commonest reason for seeking treatment. Serous retinal detachment, subretinal mass, choroidal retinal folds, annular choroidal detachment, optic disc and macular edema, and myositis are the typical features of posterior scleritis, although up to 20% of patients with ultrasound evidence of posterior scleritis show no abnormalities in the posterior segment of the eye. 3 Specific investigations for posterior scleritis include B-scan ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and laboratory investigations. 3 More recently, OCT, a complete noninvasive technique, has been indicated as a useful tool for both diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation. 3–6


The worldwide network of neutron monitors (NMs) allows to determine the spectrum of Solar Cosmic Rays (SCR) in a majority of GLE events only up to energy 4-5 GeV [1]. Exceptions are huge events such as that of February,23, 1956 [2, 3] and September,29, 1989 [4, 5]. In addition to the NMs data, we suggest using the information of the existing detectors employed for registration of various components of Extensive Air Showers (EAS). Namely, we suggest using one-particle mode of registration at the specified detectors. The minimal energy is determined in this case by geomagnetic cutoff, as for NMs. The area and counting rate of such detectors are several orders of magnitude higher than that for NMs.


All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single-blind • Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions? Some criteria when accepting / declining paper were including: (1). The depth of the research methods and results, (2). Whether the papers were written properly, (3). If the topics of the research matches our conference, (4). All the figures were correlated to the discussion. Time given to authors in resubmitting after revisions was approximately 2 months. • Conference submission management system: We use Easychair.org platform in managing our conference submission. Submission were conducted since 2 months before conference date. We generally accepted all the papers submitted for presentation in the conference. After conference, the review process was conducted by Reviewers. • Number of submissions received: 70 papers • Number of submissions sent for review: 70 papers • Number of submissions accepted: 41 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 58% • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 reviews • Total number of reviewers involved: 10 reviewers • Any additional info on review process (ie plagiarism check system): • Contact person for queries: Mohammad Rohmaneo Darminto firstname.lastname@example.com / firstname.lastname@example.com Laboratory of Geoinformatics Department of Geomatics Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya Indonesia


Low frequency (f ∼ 1 Hz) pulse tube coolers (PTC) usually exhibit a more or less pronounced dependence of their cooling performance on orientation due to gravity driven convection streaming in the pulse tubes. Following earlier work, several inserts into a pulse tube have been tested that were constructed in such a way as to effectively inhibit the convective secondary streaming without affecting the oscillatory gas flow too much. Inserts of metallic and nylon meshes in the form of a twisted ribbon were chosen for this purpose. In our case of a single stage double inlet PTC driven by a GM-type 2 kW-compressor, the no-load temperature as function of the tilt angle θ from the vertical varied between T min = 32 K at θ = 0° and T = 99 K at θ = 120° for the empty pulse tube. When using metallic mesh inserts with an optimum mesh number of about 100, T(θ) did not exceed 1 K, at the expense of an increased T min = 84 K. Under otherwise similar conditions, inserts made of Nylon showed a lower T min compared to the metallic inserts.


In this paper, we study panel data on region-to-region gross migration flows in Russia for 19952010. We find that barriers to labor mobility that hindered internal migration in 1990s, have been generally eliminated by the end of 2000s. In 1990s many poor Russian regions were in a poverty trap: potential workers wanted to leave those regions but could not afford to finance the move. In 2000s (especially in late 2000s), these barriers were no longer binding. Overall economic growth and development of financial markets allowed even poorest Russian regions to grow out of the poverty traps. This resulted in convergence in Russian labor market in 2000s; the interregional gaps in incomes, wages and unemployment rates decreased substantially and are now comparable to those in Europe.


As the world is changing, the new technologies are getting born to interact with the current environment. Most of the students today have a social presence over the social networking sites. The student use these social sites to chat and keep their information updated. The usage of social networking sites among the teaching family has become common, the teachers in the colleges and universities can use these social networking tools for imparting knowledge to their students. In our research we have focused on designing a collaborative knowledge network and e-learning tool, which will help the student and faculty member to collaborate over a common platform. This knowledge-mapping tool will use the API's of the social networking platforms for sharing the information between social sites and knowledge network tool, thus providing the faculty member, the choice and security to publish notes publicly to social networking websites. The information such as course profile and rubrics of the course will be made available on social networking sites through Metadata repository of Knowledge management tool that will extract the information from Learning Object repository (LOR) of E-learning system. This will create a better teaching and learning environment.


It is argued that, to a businessman nothing is simpler than an irrevocable letter of credit transaction; he or she never thinks about the nature of the obligation incurred by the issuing bank. However, significant uncertainty, ambiguity as to the nature of the obligation arises when lawyers, judges or legal scholars start to think about the legal basis of the bank's commitment. To a lawyer, judge or legal expert every commitment or obligation must be based on certain legal principle or legal theory. Therefore, from the beginning of the nineteenth century, various legal theories have been advanced to explain, to define or to justify the legal basis of the obligation. Majority of these theories have been based on the traditional legal principles such as law of contracts, law of negotiable instruments. In many cases judges justify the obligation simply assuming that the obligation has come out of contractual relationship between the parties. Careful study of these theories reveals that all these theories have come out of the misperception and misunderstanding of the nature and function of letters of credit. Some of these theories have advanced by ignoring the fundamental purpose of letters of credit. These theories, eventually, may create many problems to the smooth functioning of the successful instrument rather than to solve the puzzle of legal basis.In fact, the obligation neither based on the law of contract nor based on the law of negotiable instruments; the obligation is of unique nature and based on the repetitive and continuous practices of the merchant ie trade usage. However, there is no option to think that the practice has no legal sanction. The practice, on passing the difficult tests of reasonableness, certainty, continuity, and binding effect, has become an enforceable usage. Judicial notice or judicial recognition of the enforceable usage has conferred upon it with the authority of law. Thus the issuing bank is legally binding to honour the draft of the beneficiary.