Muscles of animals are composed of different fiber types for the support of posture and movement. These fibers vary physiologically and metabolically from slow-twitch oxidative fibers (type I) to fast-twitch glycolytic ones (type IIa), with intermediate fiber types in between (IIb, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic). During long periods of tonic stimulation oxidative fibers are able to sustain continuous activity, whereas the glycolytic fibers become fatigued. The oxidative muscle fibers appear dark, or red, in the fresh state because of their high content of myoglobin and mitochondria1 cytochrome enzymes (e.g., cytochrome oxidase). These fibers oxidize lipids to derive energy for muscle contraction and are surrounded by a high density of capillaries. The glycolytic fibers appear white because of their relative lack of cytochromes. They contain high levels of glycogen for fuel, and their capillary density is relatively low. Type I fibers primarily support continuous tonic muscle activity, whereas type IIa fibers become active during short periods of phasic activity. For example, the red oxidative fibers in fish run in parallel along the long axis.' Continuous undulating contractions propel the fish slowly through the water. White fibers are anatomically organized at oblique angles where brief, fast contractions are used to generate maximal force for sharp turns and jumps. In birds, red muscle fibers are primarily found in leg muscles in support of antigravity postures and walking. Pectoral muscle used for flight muscles are predominantly white. Experiments in mammals have revealed that the muscle fiber types are determined by the motor neurons that innervate them. The enzyme profile of the fibers of a motor unit innervated by a single motor neuron are identicaL2 Whole muscles in mammals are a mixture of fiber types. Denervating a muscle will cause its red fibers to change their metabolic profile towards white. However, this can be prevented by electrical stimulation of the denervated muscle.' By contrast, exercise and conditioning will increase the proportion of red fibers in a muscle. Also, electrical stimulation of motor nerves will increase the level of oxidative enzymes within type IIa fibers4 If the nerves to red and white muscles are cut and then crossed by reanastomosis, the muscle fiber types change over.' These studies indicate that motor neurons control the physiological and enzymatic profile of the muscle fibers they innervate.


Immunoinformatics tools have accelerated human vaccine design, but have not been applied extensively to animal vaccines. iVAX is a comprehensive toolkit to design genome-derived epitope-driven vaccines (GD-EDV) that uses EpiMatrix for epitope-mapping, among other algorithms. EpiMatrix was designed for use with human HLA. Using the pocket profile method, we created new T cell epitope-prediction matrices (PigMatrix) for porcine MHC (SLA). Integration of PigMatrix into iVAX now makes it possible to design GD-EDV for swine pathogens. We analyzed proteins from five influenza A viruses (IAV) representative of those prevalent in North American swine for highly conserved T cell epitopes. IFN-γ ELISpot responses to eleven 9mer epitopes, predicted to bind to class I SLA-1*0401, were measured using samples from pigs vaccinated with adjuvanted, whole-inactivated IAV. Together, these epitopes represented more than 50% of the response observed for whole virus re-stimulation. In further studies, we developed matrices for class I and II SLA alleles and predicted 28 conserved class I and 20 class II T cell epitopes from seven common IAV genomes. These epitopes were concatenated into two multiepitope IAV DNA vaccines for efficacy testing. These early results demonstrate the potential for immunoinformatics tools to develop rapid responses to infections affecting animals used for food. The new enhanced tools will facilitate the design of GD-EDV for swine diseases lacking effective vaccines.


Cardiac ultrasound systems deliver excellent information about the heart, but are constructed for intermittent imaging and interpretation by a skilled operator. This paper presents a dedicated ultrasound system to monitor cardiac function continuously during and after cardiac surgery. The system uses miniature 10 MHz transducers sutured directly to the heart surface. M-mode images give a visual interpretation of the contraction pattern, while tissue velocity curves give detailed quantitative information. The ultrasound measurements are supported by synchronous ECG and pressure recordings. The system has been tested on pigs, demonstrating M-mode and tissue velocity measurements of good quality. When occluding the LAD coronary artery, the system detected changes in contraction pattern that correspond with known markers of ischemia. The system uses dedicated analog electronics and a PC with digitizers and LabVIEW software, and may also be useful in other experimental ultrasound applications.


The problems in research what is influence of self ability on performance. What is influence of organizational commitment on performance. What is influence of organization culture on performance. What is influence of self ability, organizational commitment and organization culture on performance. The research of purposes is for know and analysis influence of self ability on performance. For know and analysis influence of organizational commitment on performance. For know and analysis influence of organization culture on performance. For know and analysis influence of self ability, organizational commitment  and organization culture on performance. Samples in the  research amount to 32 employees people. Data analyze technique in the research using descriptive analyze and regression analize. The results of this research explain of self ability variable effect significant and positive on performance. Organizational commitment variable effect significant and positive on performance. Organization culture variable effect significant and positive on performance. Self ability, organization commitment and organization culture variable effect significant and positive on performance.


* To whom request for reprints should be addressed at Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Jefferson Medical College, 1025 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. With health care expenditures approaching 11% of the Gross National Product, it is no wonder that controlling the cost of health care has become, if not the central concern, one of the major issues. facing the health care system. Implementation of the Medicare prospective payment system (1), the growth of Health Maintenance Organizations and Preferred Provider Organizations, and efforts by a number of states (such as California's Medi-Cal contracting system) to control Medicaid expenditures are all aimed at controlling health care costs.


The invention discloses a submicron-grade Tb3+: beta-Li2TiO3 green glow fluorescent powder and a preparation method. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving Li2O granules in distilled water to prepare LiOH solution at a concentration of 0.10-3.00 mol/L; adding a Ti source and a Tb source to the LiOH solution, uniformly mixing, and subjecting the mixture to hydrothermal reaction in an oven at 100-240 DEG C for 1-20 h; cooling the product with the oven and taking the hydrothermal product out; drying the hydrothermal product, uniformly grinding the dried product; calcining the ground product in a resistance furnace at 500-700 DEG C for 6-36 h; and finally cooling the product with the furnace, and grinding the product to obtain the final product.


Single layer Rosen type piezoelectric transformer is an attractive component for portable high voltage applications because of its small thickness and low cost. It is favorable for applications such as LCD backlight cold cathode fluorescent lamp converters where thickness is an important feature. In general piezoelectric transformer can produce low output power only and this is a major drawback in many applications where more power is needed. A promising solution is parallel connection of several transformers. In this paper parallel connection of piezoelectric transformers is investigated and discussed. A simple model is produced which allows representation of characteristics of parallel Rosen type piezoelectric transformers. Comparisons with experimental result verify the model. This model provides engineers with a simple and useful design tool.


Objective: Underreporting is a common problem in dietary surveys. This investigation is done to determine whether specific subject characteristics contribute to underreporting and whether there is an association between the metabolic syndrome and underreporting. Design: A multi-disciplinary cross-sectional case-control study was carried out with 11 5 apparently healthy Caucasian women. Dietary intake was measured using the quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ). The ratio of energy intake (El) to basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated from the reported El and estimated BMR. Underreporters (URs) were identified using the Goldberg equation, which compares El with energy expenditure, both expressed as multiples of the BMR. URs had reported energy intakes < I .27 x BMR and non-URs 11.27 x BMR. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated (n=115) and measured in a subgroup (n=63) by using the Actical accelerometer. Physical activity was also divided into three groups by using the Yale physical activity questionnaire. Setting: The POWIRS II (Profiles of Obese Women Suffering from the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study was performed in the Metabolic Unit of the North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Subjects: The study was done with 115 apparently healthy Caucasian women. Results: Most of the women were overweight (45.8%) and 29.2% were obese but only 20 subjects presented with the metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of underreporting women with a food intake level (FIL; reported El divided by estimated BMR) below 1.27 was relatively low (21%). Overreporting (FIL >2.4) was also low (6.7%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome did not differ between URs and non-URs (12.5% and 18.7%, respectively). Most subjects were younger than 35 years (mean=33.2), highly educated and received a high monthly income. The subjects fell mostly into the low activity category. URs had a statistically significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage energy intake from fat but lower from carbohydrates (37.4% and 42.9%, respectively) when compared to non-URs (33.5% and 47%; respectively). The mean intakes of most micronutrients were statistically significantly lower in the URs. However, expressed per energy unit, intakes of URs were significantly higher for potassium, selenium and vitamin E. When the food group intakes of URs and non-URs were compared no significant differences were found. Measured TEE was significantly higher in URs and non-URs (13 036kJ and 13 805kJ; respectively) compared to calculated TEE (1 0 1 O5.8kJ and 10 220.3kJ; respectively). Measured TEE was also significantly higher than reported El (p<0.01). Conclusions: No specific subject characteristics were related to underreporting. Considering the low reported El compared to the measured TEE, the cut-off values to identify URs might have been too low. Introduction The identification of underreporting, indicated by a low ratio of energy intake (El) to basal metabolic rate (BMR)' is necessary to obtain reliable dietary data from food records, quantitative food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ) and/or 24-hour recalls. Factors influencing reliability include misreporting because assessments of dietary intake are mostly obtained by self-report, large dayto-day variations in food intake may reduce reliability if only 24-hour recall questionnaires are used and subjects may change their habitual dietary habits during a given study period2. An underestimation of energy intake by -20% is common3 and can be as high as 50% in obese subjects4. Although body mass index (BMI) plays a role in underreporting5, other factors like restrained eating6.', old agea, smokinga, certain nutrientsg3103", method of dietary assessmentI2, dissatisfaction with body image5 and socio-economic status1' also seem to contribute in this respect. The method (definition or cut-off value) used to classify underreporters (URs) is a great determinant of the variation of underreporting13. The purpose of this sub-study of the multi-disciplinary cross-sectional POWIRS II (Profiles of Obese Women Suffering from the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study was to determine the proportion of underreporters (URs) and the subject characteristics which played a role in underreporting. The reported energy intake (El) was compared with measured and calculated total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR)'. Data are represented comparing the reported dietary composition of URs versus non-URs. In addition a description of the relationship between energy underreporting and demographic factors, metabolic syndrome and BMI are included. Data on the correlation between underreporting and the metabolic syndrome are scarce, especially in South Africa. Material, methods and subject selection The POWIRS II study was a follow-up study with a case-control cross-sectional study design including 115 Caucasian female volunteers between the ages of 19 and 56 years from the North West Province, South Africa. In general, a BMI of 25 or more indicates overweight and obesity and an increased risk of developing health problems. For the description of subjects, a BMI 30 34.9 was used for obesity class I, whereas a BMI > 34.9 was used for obesity class ill4. The calculated BMR was determined by using Schofield's equations15, namely adults 18 to 30 years: BMR = 0.057*weight (kg) + 1.184*height (cm) + 0.411; and adults 31 to 60 years: BMR = 0.034*weight (kg) + 0.006*height (cm) + 3.530'~. Pregnant and lactating women and those with oral temperatures above 37" C were excluded. Patients with chronic diseases were included if they were stabilized on chronic medication. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the North-West University (project number 03M03). After the procedure of the study was explained to all the subjects, they were requested to sign an informed consent form. Subjects were accommodated overnight and received supper and breakfast in the Metabolic Unit. A short report with their health information was given to the subjects after blood sample analysis. Subjects identified with diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia or other abnormalities were referred to local clinics, hospitals or their physicians. Organisational procedures Each afternoon, for a period of three weeks, ten subjects reported at the Metabolic Unit Facility (consisting of ten single bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room and a kitchen). Each subject had to complete a demographic and medical background questionnaire during the course of the evening. Dietary questionnaires were administered by three experienced, registered dieticians. All anthropometric measurements were taken during the afternoon except weight and height measurements. The same light supper was served around 20:OO for all subjects. From then on no food or beverages were allowed to enable subjects to be in a fasting state the next morning. Subjects had to go to bed no later than 23:OO. From 06:OO the following morning resting blood pressure, weight and height measurements were taken. Blood pressure was recorded in duplicate using a sphygmomanometer (TycosQ Arden, NC, USA) with adjustable cuffs. The first and fifth Korotkoff sounds were recorded in subjects lying in bed for at least ten minutes. Fasting venous blood samples were taken by registered nursing sisters for the measurement of various biochemical parameters which will not be reported here. Subjects then received breakfast and were allowed to go home. Questionnaires To determine physical activity, the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) questionnaire16 was completed. The validity of the YPAS questionnaire was previously verified". With the help of the YPAS questionnaire, the physical activity of the subjects could be divided into the three ranges, namely, low, moderately and highly active16. A physical activity index (PAI) of 5 47 was classified as low, between 48 and 67 as moderately and 168 as highly active". The subjects' dietary intakes were measured using a culture sensitive validated QFFQ comprising 145 food items'9920. To assist subjects in reporting the correct amount of food eaten, a food portion photograph book (FPPB) was used containing photographs of three portion sizes of the most commonly eaten foods. In a validation study by Venter et a/.'', it was found that the FPPB is an acceptable and convenient visual aid to estimate portion sizes. Food models, household utensils and food packages further improved the quantification of food intakes. Analysis of nutrient intakes was done with a computer programme (Food Finder 2) based on the South African Food Composition ~ a b l e s ~ ~ . Anthropometrical measurements All anthropometrical measurements were done by a level Ill (instructor level) anthropometrist. The subjects' weight, height, hip and waist circumference were recorded by standard methods. Height was measured using an lnvicta IP stadiometer (London, UK) to the nearest 0.lcm. The subjects were barefoot, wearing light clothing and with the head in the Frankfort plane. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on a portable electronic scale (Precision Health scale, A&D Company, Tokyo, Japan). Waist circumference was measured using a Lufkin-steel measuring tape to the nearest 0.lcm. A complete body composition profile was done using the BOD POD system (Life Measurement Inc., Concord, CA). The BOD POD body composition system is a valid, reliable standard that can be used by dieticians and clinicians for the assessment of body composition23. Two hours before BOD POD measurements were taken, subjects were not allowed any food or liquids as well as any physical activity. Subjects wore tight-fitting underclothes and swim caps only. The instrument was calibrated each day before measurements. Body density was determined with body mass and body volume. The women's weight was determined on the BOD POD'S electronic scale and body volume with the help of the BOD POD by air displacement. The SIR1 1961equation was used to


Base on some design and planning practical examples of Hunan Province and overseas, this article deals with the construction of ecology residential quarters.


Economically robust municipalities are of great importance to the decentralised Danish public sector. The size of municipalities and the extensive equalisation system contribute to this objective, but moreover a mechanism to avoid local bail-outs and bailout-like situations has been developed since the 1980s. This institutional mechanism consists of formula-based elements with a minimum of administrative discretion. The mechanism has worked well since the late 1980s involving a number of cases, and the success originally explained by at least three factors: the thorough application of the mechanism, the local distaste for legal conflict with the central government, and the local stigma of being "under administration" by the upper level of the public sector. In recent years, the need for the mechanism seems to have diminished, because fewer and economically more sustainable municipalities accompanied by structural reforms of local governments from 2007 and the Danish budget law. The budget law has established a top-down economic control of local governments' finances, where non-compliance with expenditure ceilings implies possible use of economic sanctions to both the municipalities in general and to specific municipalities.


In this paper we give sufficient conditions for the existence of at least one and at least three positive solutions to the nonlinear fractional boundary value problem Du + a(t)f(u) = 0, 0 < t < 1,1 < � � 2,


Shannon D. Jones, AHIP, and Beverly Murphy, AHIP, FMLA, have teamed up to serve as editors of Diversity and Inclusion in Libraries: A Call to Action and Strategies for Success, a timely, much needed book with chapters written by thirty different contributors.


Use of the "building-block" type of approach suggested in [1] is heartily recommended. It has been used by our computer center for over a year with excellent results.


Analyzing characteristics of a communication channel is a crucial part for effective communication of data over any medium. Power-line networks are auspicious mediums by which data services can be provided, such as internet services, voice over internet protocol, digital transfer of assets, etc. Due to increasing utilization of HF band for Power-Line Communication applications, complete knowledge of the broadband power line channel is required. This paper highlights the effect of varying indoor power line network topologies with respect to different modulation techniques. This paper also provides the detail study about the effect of channel on bit error rate analysis for a constant SNR in relation to the number of branches and different load impedances.


The doomsday argument is a probabilistic argument that claims to predict the total lifetime of the human race. By examining the case of an individual lifetime, I conclude that the argument is fundamentally related to consciousness. I derive a reformulation stating that an infinite conscious lifetime is not possible even in principle. By considering a hypothetical conscious computer, running a non-terminating program, I deduce that consciousness cannot be generated by a single set of deterministic laws. Instead, I hypothesize that consciousness is generated by a superposition of brain states that is simultaneously associated with many quasi-classical histories, each following a different set of deterministic laws. I generalize the doomsday argument and discover that it makes no prediction in this case. Thus I conclude that the very fact of our consciousness provides us with evidence for a many-worlds interpretation of reality in which our future is not predictable using anthropic reasoning.


A research on the "Anatomical Adaptation of Soybean 'Slamet' in Various Altitudes" has been conducted. The research was aimed to traced anatomical adaptation of soybean 'Slamet' in various altitude and to proved altitude give the anatomical adaptation to soybean 'Slamet'. The result of this research showed that altitude has caused the increase of leaf mesophyll thickness. The different altitude does not affect the cuticle thickness, length and width of stomata, stomatal and trichomatal density per mm2 of leaf area. The altitude affected the anatomical adaptation of soybean 'Slamet' was 250 m above sea level with the average mesophyll thickness of 112.40 µm. A research entitled on the "Anatomical Adaptation of Soybean 'Slamet' Variety Plant Because of in Various Altitudes Differentiation" have has been conducted. The research was aimed was to traced anatomical adaptation of soybean 'Slamet' variety plant because of in various altitude differentiation and to proved altitude differentiation give the anatomical adaptation of to soybean Slamet variety plant. The result of the this research showed that altitude differentiation has caused the increase of leaf mesophyll thickness raise of soybean Slamet variety leaf. The different altitude differentiation does not caused of affect the cuticle thickness, the length and width stomata, the stomatal and trichomatal density per mm2 leaf area. The altitude most affected on the anatomical adaptation of soybean ;Slamet; variety was 250 m above sea level with the most average mesophyll thickness of 112.40 µm. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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 800x600 A research on the "Anatomical Adaptation of Soybean 'Slamet' in Various Altitudes " has been conducted. The researc h was aimed to traced anatomical adaptation of soybean 'Slamet' in various altitude and to proved altitude give the anatomical adaptation to soybean ' Slamet ' . The result of this research showed that altitude has caused the increase of leaf mesophyll thickn ess. The different altitude does not affect the cuticle thickness, length and width of stomata, stomatal and trichomatal density per mm 2 of leaf area. The altitude affected the anatomical adaptation of soybean ' Slamet ' was 250 m above sea level with the av erage mesophyll thickness of 112.40 µm.  A research entitled on the "Anatomical Adaptation of Soybean 'Slamet' Variety Plant Because of in Various Altitudes Differentiation " have has been conducted. The research was aimed was to traced anatomical adaptation of soybean 'Slamet' variety plant because of in various altitude differentiation and to proved altitude differentiation give the anatomical adaptation of to soybean Slamet variety plant . The result of the this research showed that altitude differentiation has caused the increase of leaf mesophyll thickness raise of soybean Slamet variety leaf . The different altitude differentiation does not caused of affect the cuticle thickness, the length and width stomata, the stomatal and trichomatal density per mm 2 leaf area. The altitude most affected on the anatomical adaptation of soybean ; Slamet ; variety was 250 m above sea level with the most average mesophyll thickness of 112.40 µm. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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tag=1 data=Are councils accountable? The giving of information. by Julie Davis and Gary Testro.

tag=2 data=Davis, Julie%Testro, Gary

tag=3 data=Law Institute Journal.

tag=4 data=64

tag=5 data=11

tag=6 data=November 1990

tag=7 data=1064-1067.

tag=8 data=FOI%LOCAL GOVERNMENT

tag=9 data=MUNICIPAL COUNCILS

tag=10 data=If they had all the facts, they would see other possibilities, some of which would not be in the public interest...

tag=11 data=1990/2/11

tag=12 data=432

tag=13 data=CAB


Presents the results of a computer simulation study of a spectrally efficient modem for digital satellite transmission. The modem transmits a (4,12) circular set signal (i.e. with a 16-ary symbol alphabets) over a satellite link, where the high-power amplifier (HPA) at the earth station transmitter introduces nonlinear signal distortion into the signal. A comparison on performances is made between the signal and a 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulated (16-ary QAM) signal with a rectangular signal set. The results are used to select the preferred signal set for spectrally efficient transmission over satellite links. >


From the beginning lecture in their Principles of Natural Resource Management course, College of Natural Resources students at Utah State University (e.g., wildlife/fisheries managers, foresters, geographers, rangeland managers or environmental studies majors) are taught that they will not just manage for ecosystems and not just for people, but for valued relationships between the two (Brunson and Kennedy 1995, Koch and Kennedy 1991). These people-ecosystem relationships generate social values that are communicated to managers by interrelated economic, sociocultural and political/legal systems for society living and (to a lesser extent ) for generations of humans and other life-forms yet to be born. How these concepts evolved in American society and natural resource education, and the professional attitude and spirit in integrating them into a curriculum, are also discussed.


Vaginal cryotherapy has been performed in 37 females of reproductive age with chronic salpingo-oophoritis. Positive results were achieved: clinical improvement, better uterine tubes contractility and regional hemodynamics.


The present invention to the organic light emitting display device manufacturing method using the donor mask which can simplify the manufacturing process and this, in the organic light-emitting display apparatus, (i) disposed on the base substrate and, (ii) the base substrate, the first upper surface part and the second top surface portion having said first upper surface portion is connected to the first upper surface and wherein the upper surface 1 has a second top surface inclined at a non-perpendicular angle relative to said first upper surface 1, and the light-heat conversion layer, (iii ) interposed between the base substrate and the light-heat conversion layer, the first upper surface portion and the second top surface, the donor mask and the organic light emitting display device manufacturing method using the same having a reflective layer having a through-hole corresponding to the to provide.


This paper deals with the level of detail that is necessary for representation of tread pattern in finite element tire models. Different methods for creation of tire tread mesh are systematized by two different criteria: the most common approaches and the finite element analysis type. Some of the representative approaches found in literature are given in more detail and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. An example from author's experience, which describes the creation of finite element tire model with detailed tread for steady-state rolling analysis, is presented. The paper also brings a head-to-head comparison of the response of simplified and detailed tread tire models, subjected to a range of finite element analyses, from footprint analysis at static loading conditions to steady-state rolling cornering analysis.


Objective To evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy of TCM comprehensive intervention on mild post-stroke cognitive impairment. Methods 200 cases of patients with mild post-stroke cognitive impairment were included and randomized into the intervention group of 104 and the control group of 96. The control group was given non-medicinal intervention,and the intervention group was treated with Compound Congrong Yizhi Capsule with 4 capsules each time and 3 times a day apart from the non-medicinal intervention as in the control group in combination with some TCM featured therapies. The treatment for both groups lasted for 180 days. After 90 days from the end of intervention,Montreal Cognitive Assessment( Beijing edition)( Mo CA) and Activities of Daily Living( ADL) were used to evaluate the cognitive ability,activities of daily living and the improvement of core symptoms observed in patients. Results The Mo CA total scores of two groups were both improved compared with that in inclusion and the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 01); and the Mo CA total scores of Intervention group was more improved than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 01),especially in abstract and delayed memory. The ADL total scores of two groups were improved,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05,P 0. 01),but the difference wasn 't statistical significant between the two groups. Five core symptoms of the intervention group were improved a lot than that in inclusion,including speaking with incomplete meaning,forgetting things quickly,poor memory after speaking,distractibility,and retardation, the differences were statistically significant( P 0. 05 or P 0. 01). Conclusion TCM comprehensive intervention for the patients with PSCIND has a good long-term curative effect,as it may increase the patient'cognitive function and improve TCM core symptoms.


This chapter examines the practice of applying nutrients in organic or slowly soluble inorganic form in the belief that plants will obtain balanced nutrition through the actions of soil microbes. The organic principle of only fertilising the soil and not directly feeding the crop with watersoluble nutrients has no support in science. The release of organically bound nutrients in soil through biological activity is not necessarily synchronised with crop demands and occurs even at times when there is no crop growth. Changes in the soil biological community do not overcome this limitation. Despite the ideal of organic agriculture being self-sustaining through cycling of nutrients, in principle only on-farm wastes are recycled and most municipal wastes are excluded due to concerns about pollutants and philosophical views on life (biodynamic agriculture). Nutrient supply in European organic agriculture is mainly covered through purchase of straw, manure and fodder from conventional agriculture and by-products from the food industry. Untreated minerals seem to play a minor role. The fertility of agricultural soils can only be maintained over the long-term if plant nutrients removed, are replaced with equivalent amounts and if added sources have a higher solubility than those present in the soil. These conditions are in most cases not fulfilled in organic agriculture. It can thus be concluded that the naturalness of nutrient sources is no guarantee of superior quality and that promotion of organic principles does not improve the supply and recycling of nutrients but excludes other more effective solutions for nutrient use in agricultural systems.


In this paper, we study the quenching behavior of semidiscretizations of the heat equation with nonlinear boundary conditions. We obtain some conditions under which the positive solution of the semidiscrete problem quenches in a finite time and estimate its semidiscrete quenching time. We also establish the convergence of the semidiscrete quenching time and obtain some results on numerical quenching rate. Finally we give some numerical results to illustrate our analysis.


In the era of knowledge-based economy, the patent barriers are getting more and more serious for enterprises when they enter the market, the space for the development of their technology is getting smaller and smaller. Resultantly designing around patents is particularly important. Therefore systematically innovative methods are badly needed to guide the enterprises to achieve better avoiding effects. This paper will combines the rules of patent infringement judgment with the modes of Function-trimming and construct an integrated process for designing around patents though Function Trimming in TRIZ and patent infringement judgment. And it greatly increases the possibility of design-around. Redesign of the spiral bevel gear milling machine to design around an existing patent is used to illustrate the integrated process.


Examination is made of sources of conflict existing between the technical and public areas of librarianship, and consideration is given to the need for a better understanding of the human element in library organization. A plea is made for the crosstraining of library staff in both technical and public work.


Abstract Two new compounds, namely arteordoyn A (1) and arteordoyn B (2), together with four known compounds, were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. The structures elucidation of 1 and 2 were carried out by 1D-NMR (1H and 13C NMR), 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and HR-ESI-MS spectral analysis. Graphical Abstract


Newton's second law is commonly misapplied to systems of multiple particles, as was done in a recent note in The Physics Teacher. This note revisits the problem of a rope sliding in an L-shape tube.


A radiation shielding fabric capable of effectively shielding radiation by laminating neutron shielding layer between radiation shielding layers is provided to prevent bombed neutron or radiation of an operator of radiation neutron occurring area by providing a shielding garment made of radiation shielding fabric including paraffin. A radiation shielding fabric comprises a first and a second radiation shielding layers(1) and a neutron shielding layer(2). A coating layer is formed on a surface of the first and the second radiation shielding layers, and is made of polyurethane resin. A radiation compound of barium sulphate and organic iodine-based is uniformly dispersed inside the coating layer with powder phase. The neutron shielding layer is formed through mixing/extrusion/cooling of resin mixture of 100 weight% and at least one element among nano sized gadolinium, boron, and lithium of 1~10 weight%. The resin mixture is made of melting paraffin of 50~90 weight% and thermoplastic polyolefin of 10~50 weight%. The neutron shielding layer is a gel type sheet having a fine air bubble.


In slightly alkaline solution the ozonide radical ion, O/sub 3//sup -/, forms as a product of the hydroxyl radical reaction with ozone. For each O/sub 3//sup -/ formed, two O/sub 3/ molecules are consumed. In acid solution the product of this reaction is the perhydroxyl radical, HO/sub 2/, formed from one O/sub 3/ molecule. Our results are consistent with the gas-phase reaction where the products are HO/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/. A rate constant of (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10/sup 8/ dm/sup 3/ mol/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ is found for the reaction OH + O/sub 3/ ..-->.. HO/sub 2/ + O/sub 2/. This rate constant was obtained by three systems, by buildup of O/sub 3//sup -/ in basic solutions, by competition of the OH radical with the carbonate ion, and directly by O/sub 3/ consumption in acid solution. The rate constant for the reaction of HO/sub 2/ with O/sub 3/ is very low, < 10/sub 4/ dm/sup 3/ mol/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. At pH greater than or equal to 1, HO/sub 2/ reacts with O/sub 3/ preferentially in its dissociated form, O/sub 2//sup -/. No spectroscopic evidence has been found for the HO/sub 3/ and HO/sub 4/ free-radical intermediates. 24more » references, 4 figures, 2 tables.« less


STAN the VAN is celebrating his first anniversary today. STAN is the customer services vehicle shared by Rossendale, Pendle and Ribble Valley councils with the County Council's Help Direct service.


A new polysaccharide (MEP-1) was isolated from fruit body of wide Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers with a stepwise procedure of hot water extraction, removal of the protein, dialysis against water, DEAE-Cellulose A52 and Sephadex G-100 columns. Physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide was determined by chemical methods, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, ultraviolet spectrum, and infrared spectrometry. The polysaccharides were primarily polymers of glucose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. The average molecular mass was 43625 Da.


Five new species of the genus Dichaetomyia are described from Madagascar as Dichaetomyia ambrea sp. n., Dichaetomyia besseta sp. n., Dichaetomyia doubla sp. n., Dichaetomyia montea sp. n., and Dichaetomyia ranoa sp. n. The body colour of the
 five species is shiny metallic blue, green or violet and the colour combinations are similar to Dichaetomyia tristis (Zielke, 1972). The species, however, differ significantly from one another in other taxonomic characteristics which are commonly used in other genera to distinguish
 species.


During the 1980s and 1990s, the world witnessed a radical change in which globalization diminished the power of the nation-state and shifted that impetus to a certain number of "Global Cities." Lon ...


The neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is at a particularly fascinating stage in its development. On the one hand, there are great opportunities for increasingly sophisticated and detailed analyses of the neurobiological underpinnings of the disorder afforded by powerful neuroimaging and genetic techniques. On the other hand, there is the challenge of trying to conceptualize a complex, heterogeneous and 'fuzzy' developmental disorder in a coherent and neurobiologically plausible way so that these opportunities can be exploited. In this Special Section, we have brought together a group of leading international scientists in ADHD from the fields of child psychiatry, paediatrics, experimental and developmental psychology, neurology, psychopharmacology and neuroscience to grapple with this challenge. Their goal was to work in groups across disciplinary boundaries, not to provide exhaustive reviews of the field (although, where reviews are included in papers they are authoritative and wide ranging), but rather to bring their particular points of view to bear on some of the key issues associated with the conceptualization of ADHD and, in so doing, to provide direction for future study. Through the European Network on Hyperkinetic Disorder (Eunethydis), of which most are long-standing associates, the contributors have a track record of undertaking collaborative studies integrating multiple levels of analysis (neuroanatomy, genetics, neuropsychology, neurophysiological and clinical) in an attempt to forge theoretical links between clinical and fundamental science. Thus they are perfectly placed to provide the type of 'state-of-play' review required. In the first paper, Coghill and colleagues provide a broad examination of the current standing of the science of ADHD in terms of its capacity to develop and test neuroscientifically plausible causal models. These authors conclude that, while a number of such models have been proposed, their accuracy has not been demonstrated empirically. They go on to argue that if this situation is to change, a number of specific barriers need to be overcome. These include the need to properly characterize the ADHD phenotype for genetic and neurobiological studies; to break down disciplinary boundaries to allow work integrating concepts across multiple levels of analysis, using multiple methods; to recognize the existence of neuroscientific complexity both in terms of substantial heterogeneity within ADHD samples and significant overlap between ADHD samples and samples of children with other conditions; and to use developmental approaches that integrate environmental factors into models of genetic and neurobiological influence on ADHD. In many ways, this paper represents a manifesto for the future of research in the neuroscience of ADHD. Its relevance is highlighted by the way its agenda resonates with the contents of the remaining papers, as these themes are picked up and discussed from different points. Stevenson and colleagues address the issue of the ADHD phenotype. Up to this point, the genetic study of ADHD has made considerable progress with relatively broad and unsophisticated phenotypic measures (e.g. rating scale measures). The authors argue that these measures may need to be refined if further progress is to be made, especially in the area of gene identification. A major concern in this regard is to reduce genetic heterogeneity and identify genetic variation that is shared with other disorders and that which is specific to ADHD. They recommend that both categorical and dimensional measures should be employed, defined on the basis of information from multiple sources. They also conclude that, despite their potential value for segregating heterogeneity, attempts to identify endophenotypes (intermediate processes that


In today's world recruitment has become a tedious process. It is very difficult for the recruiters to read each and every resume manually. If there is an opening for a position in the firm, millions of people will send their resumes to the company to apply for that position. It is a tough task for a company's recruiters to manually look through hundreds of resumes and choose the best prospects for the position. The suggested web application is developed in such a way that it makes the hiring process considerably easier and simpler. This web application helps us to screen and rank the candidates resumes. The submitted resumes are then compared with the job description and finds the best profiled resumes using the technique like Natural Language Processing (NLP). Finally, the resumes are scored and ranked from best to worst match. This ranking is only available to the corporate recruiter who is looking to choose the best profiled prospects from a wide pool of applications. NLP offers a data-driven approach to resume screening that not only saves you time per candidate but also helps you make better recruiting decisions. NLP also allows us to rate and categorize applicant profiles while eliminating human biases.


The invention discloses an LED (Light Emitting Diode) light source module with optical reshaping and a preparation method thereof. The LED light source module with optical reshaping comprises an insulating heat-conductive circuit board, an electrode connecting port, an electrode connecting block, an LED chip and a light concentrator; the insulating heat-conductive circuit board is provided with metal leads; the anode of the LED chip is welded on an anode metal lead on the insulating heat-conductive circuit board; the cathode of the LED chip is connected with a cathode metal lead on the insulating heat-conductive circuit board through a connecting line A; the electrode connecting port is installed on the electrode connecting block and connected with the terminals of the metal leads; and the light concentrator is installed at a position where the LED chip is fixed for collecting light emitted from the LED chip. The LED light source module with optical reshaping has the advantages of heat conducting and heat sink insulating, integrates primary optical reshaping and secondary optical reshaping so as to omit later multi-optical reshaping paths, not only improves the optical extracting efficiency, but also can contract the divergence angle of the divergence of an LED light source, and can regulate the shape of an output light spot through changing the shape of the light concentrator to match a display chip so as to achieve the optimal light utilization rate.


These extended solutions for Advanced Extension Awards in Mathematics are intended to supplement the original mark schemes, which are available on the Edexcel website. 1. The first guess here might be to use the angle-sum formulae for tan (i.e. tan(x + y) = (tan x + tan y)/(1 − tan x tan y)). Proceeding in this way, however, means having to deal with tan 35 • and tan 53 • , for which we do not know explicit expressions. Instead, we try writing out the tan and cot = 1/ tan in terms of sin and cos. In particular, by the definition of tan and cot, tan(θ + 35 •) = cot(θ − 53 •) is equivalent to


The objective of this work is to present a method for providing ancillary services to the grid with minimal reduction in power output from the turbines in a wind farm by utilising the stored energy in the turbine rotors. By first demonstrating an approach of extracting energy from a single turbine's rotor, it can be shown that this could lead to increased energy yields while still being able to provide primary response provision compared to curtailing each turbine by 10%. Following this, when this approach is tested at the wind farm level there is considerable evidence that considering the energy stored in the turbine rotors across a wind farm can lead to increases in energy capture while not significantly increasing damage equivalent loads for either towers or blades.


Gastrointestinal symptoms are prevalent in patients with end-stage renal disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms in such patients are related to gastric hypomotility, increased medication intake, uremia, and changes in diet. In addition GI symptoms and problems associated with bowel dysfunction are a common cause of technique failure and poor dialysis efficacy. The reason for presence of some gastrointestinal symptoms is also chronic inflammatory state. Inflammation can have many negative effects, including decreased appetite, accelerated protein skeletal muscle breakdown and hypercatabolism.

 14 peritoneal dialysis patients were included in single Department of Nephrology in the University Medical Center in Ljubljana. All patients were interviewed by a dietitian and nutritional assessment was conducted. Gastrointestinal symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) with 7-grade Likert scale was used to evaluate the intensity of GI symptoms and Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) to classify patient's stool. The dietary intake of peritoneal dialysis patients was assessed using 7-day food diaries and analyzed with Prodi program (PRODI® 6.4 Expert program, Stuttgart, Deutschland). Body composition has been measured with bio impedance spectroscopy. Routine blood analysis was performed.

 Among 14 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, most of them were male (71.4%) with average age of 53.07 ± 12.32 years. Average energy intake of 14 patients was 21.05 ± 5.72 kcal/kg body weight per day, average protein intake was 0.87 ± 0.39 g/ kg body weight per day and average fiber intake was 13.75 ± 7.25 g per day. They were inadequate according to the dietary guidelines for peritoneal dialysis patients. Average dietary protein-fiber index was 6.86 ± 3.81 per day. Average PRAL value was 15.84 ± 13.44 for women and 6.52 ± 17.99 for men. Average dietary potassium intake was 1917.80 ± 790.08 mg per day which corresponds to the guidelines for peritoneal dialysis patients and average potassium serum value 4.45 ± 0.42 mmol/L. GSRS questionnaire showed peritoneal patients had minor to mild discomfort in abdominal pain, constipation and indigestion GI symptom cluster. Patients' self-analysis of stool showed BSFS Types 3.23 ± 1.64 if BSFS Types 3–5 are defined as normal stools. Dietary protein intake strongly correlated with dietary energy intake (r = 0.76, p = 0.003), dietary protein-fiber index strongly correlated with PRAL value (r = 0.70, p = 0.007) and dietary potassium intake moderately to strongly correlated with dietary fiber intake (r = 0.62, p = 0.025). Serum value of IL-6 strongly correlated with dietary potassium intake (r = 0.72, p = 0.006) and moderately to strongly correlated with dietary fiber intake (r = 0.6, p = 0.034). The correlation between dietary potassium intake and serum hsCRP was significant (p = 0.042). The correlation between Bristol stool consistency value and serum hsCRP was significant (p = 0.0255). The correlation between total GSRS score and serum value of albumin was significant (p = 0.0010). The correlation between total GSRS score and dietary potassium intake was significant (p = 0.0015). The correlation between total GSRS score and dietary protein-fiber index was significant (p = 0.0403).

 Gastrointestinal diseases in peritoneal dialysis patients are comparatively understudied in the literature, despite having a significant impact on dialysis efficacy and the quality of life. Analysis of GSRS questionnaire showed that abdominal pain, constipation and indigestion caused minor to mild discomfort in PD patients. The analysis also showed that fiber intake, potassium intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are significantly associated with inflammation markers and are important contributing factors to chronic inflammatory state in these patients. Patients still lack the basic knowledge of nutrition, thus in the future nutritional consultations, innovative teaching techniques and help will be crucial to prevent the decline in nutritional status.


AbstractThis paper presents an experimental analysis of the antenna system effects on polarimetric measurements conducted with cloud radars operating in the linear depolarization ratio (LDR) mode. Amplitude and phase of the copolar and cross-polar antenna patterns are presented and utilized. The patterns of two antennas of different quality were measured at the Hungriger Wolf airport near Hohenlockstedt, Germany, during the period from 28 January to 1 February 2014. For the measurements a test transmitter mounted on a tower and the scanning 35-GHz (Ka band) cloud radar MIRA-35, manufactured by METEK GmbH and operated in the receiving mode, were used. The integrated cross-polarization ratios (ICPR) are calculated for both antennas and compared with those measured in light rain. Correction algorithms for observed LDR and the co-cross-channel correlation coefficient ρ are presented. These algorithms are aimed at removing/mitigating polarization cross-coupling effects that depend on the quality of radar hardw...


The AE oil adjuvant inactivated vaccines protective abilities on 6-day chicken embryos and 1-day, 7-day, 14-day and 21-day chicks challenged with AEV VR were tested respectively. The results showed that AE oiladjuvant inactivated vaccine protective rates on the chicken embryos which were come from hens inoculated 2~3months and 6~7 months ago were 100% and 75%~80% respectively, while the corresponding values on 0~3weeks old chicks were 100% and 70%~90% respectively. It suggested that AE oil adjuvant inactivated vaccinesprotective abilities on chicken embryos and chicks were basically similar .


The invention discloses a catalytic cracking method and a device thereof, and belongs to the technical field of petrochemical industry. The catalytic cracking reaction is carried out in a reaction-rereaction unit which is provided with a reaction part of a riser reactor and regeneration parts of three top-to-bottom zones of regenerators. A spent catalyst in a raw oil reaction zone undergoes shunting before entering an oil gas re-reaction zone, and displacement and supplement of the catalyst are carried out in the oil gas rereaction zone, thus enhancing catalytic selectivity of the whole reactor. Due to the design of the reaction-rereaction unit, displacement and supplement of the catalyst require no special medium promotion, thus greatly reducing operation cost.


Nonlinear refractive index generated by ultrashort pulse laser in waveguide array leads normally to discrete nonlinear localization and discrete spatial soliton.By the simulation,it is shown that the nonlinear localization depends on the refractive index changes of waveguide array.While refractive index changes of waveguide array is small,the delocalization is possible.Nonlinear localization and delocalization are decided by the relationship between initiate refractive index change of waveguide array,nonlinear refractive index,and saturation refractive index change which corresponds to optimal coupling constant.The nonlinear localization and delocalization are also observed by using a high repetition-rate femtosecond laser inscription waveguide array injected by low repetition rate femtosecond laser.


During the last millennium, Hungary has had an important and intensive relationship with Austria. Sopron is one of the best examples: situated in the attraction zone of Vienna, it has played a special historical role from the 16th century up to present days. During the last decades, Sopron has become one of the most visited tourist destinations in Hungary. Lake Fertő, lo ated lose to Sopro , has ee the greatest swamp in the region through modern times; nowadays it is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The System of Tourism Development Act CLVI in December 2016 brought a remarkable change in Hungary. Development of tourism became the key element. The destinations became the frame for developing tourism instead of tourism regions. This study investigates the territorial unit of Sopron-Fertő as a ew offi ial desti atio , using official data about tourism to prove whether it is a coherent destination or not. Can the settlements of this new destination be characterised by a single feature? As for the results, from all of the 16 settle e ts, o ly three: Sopro , Hegykő, a d Bük, play a dominant role as a target settlement. They are among the top 50 settlements in Hungary based on the number of guest nights. The destination is not regarded as a coherent region, based on statistical data, the possibilities in transport systems, and the number of sights.


The photoelectron paramagnetic resonance (photo‐EPR) technique is applied to studies of photoionization transitions of chromium impurities in ZnS and GaAs lattices. The different dynamic photo‐EPR experiments are discussed enabling an unambiguous interpretation of the nature of photoionization transitions to be made and a determination of the chromium centers ionization energies (Eopt, Eth, Erel) to be carried out.


Objective To investigate the antibiotic effect of the ternary complex of rare earths with benzoic acid and thioproline in vitro to provide the experimental evidence for its development and application.Methods The method of bacteriostatic circle. With the ternary complex with the solvent( DMF) as control,bacteriostatic activity against Microzyme,Escherich coil and Staphy lococcus aureus of the temary complexes were evaluated by inhibition zone. Results The inhibition of the ternary complexes of rare earth ions against Microzyme,Escherich coil and Staphy lococcus aureaus was more significant than that of their ligand,benzoic acid and thioproline. The activities against Microzyme,Escherich coil and Staphy lococcus aureaus of the ternary complexes of rare earth ions with benzoic acid and thioproline were as followings from high to low: Ce( C7H5O2)2( C4H6SO2N) ·2H2O Sm( C7H5O2)2( C4H6SO2N) ·2H2O La( C7H5O2)2( C4H6SO2N) ·2H2O. Conclusion The ternary complex of rare earths with benzoic acid and thioproline on Microzyme,Escherich coil and Staphy lococcus aureaus has stronger inhibition,providing a experimental basis for the development and application of the ternary complex of rare earths with benzoic acid and thioproline.


Three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations are executed in a full toroidal geometry ro clarify the physical mechanisms of the Internal Reconnection Event (IRE), which is observed in the spherical tokamak experiments. The simulation results reproduce several main properties of IRE. Comparison between the numerical results and experimental observation indicates fairly good agreements regarding nonlinear behavior, such as appearance of localized helical distortion, appearance of characteristic conical shape in the pressure profile during thermal quench, and subsequent appearance of the m = 2ln = | type helical distortion of the torus.


We present strong evidence of time stretching in the peak-to-peak timescales in the light curves of BATSE gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Extensive tests are performed on artificially dilated bursts to verify that the procedure for extracting the peak-to-peak timescales correctly recovers the stretching of the bursts. The resulting robust algorithm is then applied to the 4B GRB database. We derive a stretching factor of 1.92 ± 0.13 between the brightest burst group (P > 7.7 photons cm-2 s-1) and the dimmest burst group (P=1.0-1.4 photons cm-2 s-1), with several independent peak-to-peak timescale definitions, and they agree within the uncertainties. Such an agreement strongly supports the interpretation of the observed time stretching as the time dilation caused by cosmological expansion rather than by physical selection effects. We fitted the result to cosmological models with Λ=0, Ω0 from 0.2 to 1.0, and constrained the standard candle luminosity to be L0=(7.0 ± 2.0 ± 2.7) × 1056 photons s-1. Our luminosity value is fully consistent with the value from the combined PVO and BATSE log N-log P curve with the BATSE bright bursts at low redshifts of zbright=0.11 ± 0.02 ± 0.025. This luminosity fit is definitely inconsistent with the larger distance scale implied from associating burst density with star formation rates.


Joseph Barthelemy and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy, Gilles Martinez. ; Joseph Barthelemy was the advocate of individual liberties before becoming Justice Minister in the Vichy government between 1941 and 1943. Such an apparently contradictory itinerary is exemplary in the path of a certain number of French liberals. It shows that their ideology was incapable of adapting to crisis periods and that they were able to rally to authoritarian solutions.


An estimated 92 million adults in the United States have cardiovascular disease, costing about $316 billion dollars in annual health care expenditures. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 16 million Americans greater than 20 years old have coronary artery disease (CAD), which results in a disruption of the oxygen supply-demand relationship in the myocardium and can have adverse effects on the function of the heart. Management of CAD involves both nonsurgical and surgical interventions, of which coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the main surgical option. The majority of CABG surgery is done with the assistance of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit (CPB), although in the last 30 years there has been a trend toward performing CABG without CPB, also known as off-pump CABG. Many cardiac surgical patients have other medical comorbidities that make significant contributions to their ability to recover. Management of the patient requiring CABG, both with and without CPB, poses several challenges for the cardiac anesthesiologist. These include planning for appropriate monitoring of hemodynamics and oxygenation, obtaining adequate intravascular access, and anticipating and reacting to changes in pathophysiology related to CPB.


PROJECT 1: In thyroid cancers there have been independent observations of the overexpression of a relatively uncharacterised proto-oncogene, PBF, as well as the deregulation of microRNAs. Therefore, the aims of this investigation were to identify whether a selection of microRNAs can regulate PBF, altering its mRNA expression and protein levels. The most striking result indicated that hsa-miR-122-5p caused a significant decrease in PBF protein levels cells despite no change in PBF mRNA expression. Furthermore, hsa-miR-124-3p and hsa-miR-506-3p also negatively regulated PBF mRNA expression and protein levels; highlighting microRNAs do have the ability to regulate PBF.
PROJECT 2: BRCA1:BARD1 and RING1B:BMI1 are type I RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases required within the final stage of the ubiquitin pathway. The mechanism of E2-ubiquitin binding and locking remains elusive in type I RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases despite being defined in type II RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. We identified the requirement of a conserved residue in BRCA1:BARD1 and RING1B:BMI1 for their ubiquitin ligase activity, with further investigations into RING1B:BMI1 ubiquitin sensitivity indicating the importance of a number of residues on ubiquitin's surface for ubiquitin ligase activity. Modelling highlighted residues in RING1B:BMI1 and ubiquitin have the potential to interact via an E2-ubiquitin binding and locking mechanism.


The variety rule of 16MnR fracture toughness in ductile brittle transition region was studied by heat activated mechanism of material deformation. The variety rule of 16MnR fracture toughness for Peierls energy barries shape factor α=9 at different temperatures was obtained by analysis and calculation of Peierls Energy Camel Humps, and compared with the results of 16MnR fracture toughness test at low temperature. The results show that the phenomenon of fracture toughness Camel Humps is the effect of Peierls mechanism. This work has been used in engineering field.


To determine the effect of Liquidoff on bacteria, three bacterial strains were tested: Escherichia coli DH5α, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. E. coli DH5α is a Gramnegative, aerobic bacterium that is often found in normal gut flora and is commonly used the laboratory due to its fast growth rate. Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and S. elongatus PCC 7942 are Gram-negative, aquatic, autophototrophic cyanobacteria. Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is a marine cyanobacterium isolated from 'fish pens' on Magueyes Island, Puerto Rico in 1962, while S. elongatus PCC 7942 is a freshwater cyanobacterium. It should be noted that no Gram-positive bacterium was tested in this study.


The Artefact framework supports collaborative applications using standard browsers, a lightweight general-purpose Java applet, and HTML representations of objects and actions. We present some aspects of Artefact's implementation, including enhancements to HTTP to support synchronous collaboration, the decoupling of input and output in the interaction protocol, and the user agents that bridge the gap between a browser and an application. We describe some of the characteristics that make it easy to create multi-user applications with Artefact, and illustrate this with a simple example application. Finally, we compare Artefact to some existing distributed application platforms.


The concentrations of and activities due to N/sup 16/ and N/sup 17/ in the HFIR primary coolant water were calculated. At the pressure vessel exit, the N/sup 16/ activity is 3.9 x 10/sup 6/ dis/secml and the N/sup 17/ activity is 6.9 x 10/sup 2/ dis/sec-ml. Comparison of the N/sup 16/ activity with the data obtained from the ORR water system indicates that the calculated results are slightly conservative. (auth)


Executive summary 1 Different types/models of multi-agency working 1 The impact of multi-agency working 2 Factors influencing multi-agency working 3 Effective multi-agency practice 3 Concluding comments 4 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Aims/focus of the study 7 1.3 Methodology 8 1.4 Structure of the report 12 2 Different types/models of multi-agency working 13 2.1 Terminology of multi-agency working 13 2.2 Classification of different types of multi-agency activity 14 2.3 Models of multi-agency activity 15 2.4 Dimensions of multi-agency activity 22


Development of a dyspnoea ladder for people with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has given a stepwise approach to dealing with this difficult symptom. This person has been optimised on inhaler therapy. As the oxygen levels are over 92% in air, there is no role for supplemental oxygen. Oral dexamethasone can be useful for tumour-associated oedema or airway obstruction and can be used in an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Benzodiazepines and morphine do have their role, but non-pharmacological measures should be tried first (for example, pursed-lip breathing, a fan, relaxation techniques and paced activities).


This paper analyses the interoperability challenges within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) sector. The main focus is how the existing national information systems can be integrated with BIM (Building Information Modelling) models for a collaborative environment using IFC. Given the heterogeneity of data, the available tools and the stakeholders, it is necessary to take advantage of syntactic and semantic interoperability techniques, using standardization efforts, but also data transformation, migration and integration techniques, usually applied in the area of information systems.


In acute leukemia and intermediate/high grade lymphoma it is important to achieve a CR as early as possible. The aim of the study was to evaluate if the same is true in myeloma treated with intensive therapy including tandem transplants (Tx-1; Tx-2). A total of 668 patients were enrolled on our Total Therapy 2 protocol, which randomized patients upfront to intensive therapy with or without thalidomide. The protocol consisted of 4 induction cycles followed by tandem transplants, 1 year of consolidation chemotherapy and maintenance therapy with dexamethasone pulsing every 3 months for 1 year and interferon-α, if tolerated. This study is limited to the 570 patients who received at least one transplant. CR was defined as absence of serum and urine M-protein with negative immunofixation electrophoresis and


One of the alarming effects of the Thatcherite majority is the speed with which the unthinkable becomes fact . Ergo, the poll tax, unthinkable even to the Tories in 1983, will be introduced in Scotland in April 1989 . The poll tax was first proposed for local government finance as a means of restricting metropolitan council spending its rationale of creating local accountability however failed to impress the Wet(tish) Cabinet of the time . However, in 1984, a revaluation of domestic rateable values in Scotland took place . Revaluations are supposed to be carried out every 5 years . This, however, was the first anywhere in the UK since 1973 . Together with the reduction of central government support for local authorities (the percentage of rate support grant in the


The National Library of Scotland has a long history of offering world-class collections, services and expertise, making it Scotland's primary information resource. Over the past twelve months, NLS has been continuing to build upon the work presented in the strategy document 'Breaking Through the Walls'. The Library's commitment to developing the excellence of collections has been demonstrated by plans to secure the world-renowned John Murray Archive for Scotland. The Archive contains over 150,000 items, including private letters and manuscripts from Jane Austen, Lord Byron, Charles Darwin, Sir Walter Scott and David Livingstone. Another strand of the strategy aims to remove real or perceived barriers to use. NLS is currently implementing practical access improvements: the public areas of the Library's George IV Bridge building will be redesigned, procedures for library customer registration have been revised and a programme of staff training in approaches to customer service has been introduced. Progress has also been made regarding digital resources, as NLS aims to develop the website into a complete Virtual Library for remote users. Access to the Library's collections is also being widened, by hosting events, organizing education and outreach programmes, and by nurturing partnership projects with public libraries in Scotland. Such collaboration aims to raise awareness about NLS services, furthermore it can assist in providing seamless access between public and national resources. NLS has re-examined and revitalized all of its services, so that it plays a unique and central role at the cultural heart of Scotland.


Recent theoretical studies suggest the feasibility of laboratory adaptive feedback optimal control (AFOC) of chemical processes with the use of ultrashort laser pulses. The feedback process is introduced to provide robustness to laboratory error and electric field design uncertainties. Adaptive approaches for laboratory applications have been suggested. To foster laboratory implementation a number of questions still need to be answered. The paper addresses the problem of AFOC in the presence of laboratory errors and uncertainties both in adjusting the control parameters and in measuring the results. Through simulations we show that there exist optimization methods which are robust against systematic errors and certain optimization methods are also fairly robust against uncertainties. These results suggest that the effect of inevitable laboratory errors can be overcome. Furthermore the results suggest that noise is not a major problem and optimization in the laboratory is feasible.


The rural urban food consumption patterns are estimated and compared in Pakistan in the present study. The Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIEs), 1998-99 data published by the Federal Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad is used. The rural urban food consumption analysis at household level is carried out by dividing the households into five income groups at national and provincial levels. The expenditure elasticities of different food groups are estimated across the different income levels to know the differences among the rural urban household food consumption. The results of the study indicate that rural and urban households have different food consumption patterns. However, households in the low level income groups spend a larger fraction of their income on wheat, pulses and vegetable while high income groups on rice, meat and fish, milk and milk products both in rural and urban areas.


A genetic algorithms (GA) based strategy is described for the identification or optimization of active leads. This approach does not require the synthesis and evaluation of huge libraries. Instead it involves iterative generations of smaller sample sets, which are assayed, and the "experimentally" determined biological response is used as an input for GA to rapidly find better leads. The GA described here has been applied to the identification of potent and selective stromelysin substrates from a combinatorial-based population of 206 or 64 000 000 possible hexapeptides. Using GA, we have synthesized less then 300 unique immobilized peptides in a total of five generations to achieve this end. The results show that each successive generation provided better and unique substrates. An additional strategy of utilizing the knowledge gained in each generation in a spin-off SAR activity is described here. Sequences from the first generations were evaluated for stromelysin and collagenase activity to identify stro...


This article sets out to contribute to the current debate on the transformation of educational research with regard to global transitions and challenges. Nation-centred hierarchical organizations in Europe have increasingly failed to address emergent processes. And in contrast novel forms of governance have gained prevalence in controlling uncertainty and contingency in the transforming European Educational Research Space. The paper addresses one particular dimension of current educational research – that of the mechanisms by which transnational research operates within the European Educational Research space. Within this framework special attention is given to the issue of the governance, as a specific process shaping research cultures in the past, present and future, and to the role of European research associations as a system of evolving networks of 'knowledge spaces'. The article problematizes assumptions about the potential of European research associations to construct vocabularies, perspectives and applications in an attempt to open up dialogues, discipline narrativity and create a new sovereign actor. The paper concludes with proposals for possible future visions based on the outcomes of the analysis of the nature of the current educational research governance.


Factory aquaculture is a modernization aquaculture manner.It relies on aquaculture engineer and water treatment equipment.It exercises mechanism,electric,chemistry,biology and automatization in its production.It practices whole manual control system in water quality,water temperature,water stream,illumination and feed.It provides suitable environment condition for aquaculture biology.The paper has introduced technique of system construction,experimental results and economic foreground.


Tunneling of electrons through a Coulomb-blockade system is a stochastic (i.e., random) process. The number of the transferred electrons per time interval is determined by a probability distribution. The form of this distribution can be characterized by quantities called cumulants. Recently developed electrometers allow for the observation of each electron transported through a Coulomb-blockade system in real time. Therefore, the probability distribution can be directly measured.

In this thesis, we introduce generalized factorial cumulants as a new tool to analyze the information contained in the probability distribution. For any kind of Coulomb-blockade system, these cumulants can be used as follows:

First, correlations between the tunneling electrons are proven by a certain sign of the cumulants. In the limit of short time intervals, additional criteria indicate correlations, respectively. The cumulants allow for the detection of correlations which cannot be noticed by commonly used quantities such as the current noise. We comment in detail on the necessary ingredients for the presence of correlations in the short-time limit and thereby explain recent experimental observations.

Second, we introduce a mathematical procedure called inverse counting statistics. The procedure reconstructs, solely from a few experimentally measured cumulants, characteristic features of an otherwise unknown Coulomb-blockade system, e.g., a lower bound for the system dimension and the full spectrum of relaxation rates.

Third, the cumulants reveal coherent oscillations or other processes transferring single electrons in a regular manner. The sensitivity for the oscillations increases dramatically in comparison to the commonly used quantities as the waiting times and finite-frequency current noise. The increased sensitivity is especially convenient for the detection of coherent oscillations in already existing experimental set-ups.

Fourth, a violation of detailed balance is indicated by the cumulants. Detailed balance means the absence of net probability currents in the system's state space for the stationary limit. A violation of detailed balance is possible if the state space consist of more than two states connected by tunneling rates in such a way that a closed loop is formed.

We illustrate the application of the generalized factorial cumulants for the transport through single metallic islands and quantum dots tunnel coupled to superconducting, ferromagnetic, or normal metallic electrodes. For all these example systems, it has been demonstrated already in experiments that electron transport can be observed in real time. Thus, our results can be applied immediately to such experimental realizations of a Coulomb-blockade system.


A dominant bacterium which can effectively degrade Abamectin was isolated from contaminated soil, and its degradation characteristics and mechanism was studied. The results showed that with the increase of initial concentration of Abamectin, the microbial decomposition rate increased, but higher concentration of Abamectin inhibited the decomposition rate; When the inoculation amount of dominant bacteria increased, the decomposition rate was accelerated; Two possible metabolite products were found by the analysis of TIC and MS chromatogram, and possible mechanism of microbial degradation of Abamectin was put forward.


We present transition intensity measurements for the 20011 ← 00001 band of carbon dioxide to test quantum theory and support sensing and isotopic analysis. Preliminarily, a relative combined standard uncertainty of ≤ 0.2 % was achieved.


The development of innovative dip-coating technologies for surface functionalization has been a very active issue over the past decade following the discovery of the adhesion properties of polydopamine, a eumelanin-like material. New opportunities have derived from the discovery that hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) markedly enhances film deposition from a variety of catechol, including the key eumelanin precursor 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). The remarkable antioxidant properties of synthetic eumelanins from the other main melanogenic precursor 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and its methyl ester (MeDHICA) have recently been described. In this work the film forming properties of MeDHICA melanin generated in the presence of HMDA or other diamines/monoamines and the antioxidant activity of the resulting films were investigated. Further to a systematic investigation, the most promising results were obtained running the aerobic oxidative polymerization of MeDHICA in aqueous buffers at pH 9.0 at 1 mM in the presence HMDA at 1:1.5 molar ratio. Under these conditions a dark yellow pigment is formed over 24 h exhibiting good film forming properties on different supports. HPLC analysis of the film solubilized in organic solvents indicated a mixture of oligomers of MeDHICA up to hexamers. Further polymerization of the film was obtained by exposure to ammonia vapors. The films showed high antioxidant activities in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays. Biocompatibility of MeDHICA/HMDA films was assessed on HaCat cells.


The paper studies the pressing issue of identification and classification of innovations which is, on the one hand determined by high dynamics in scientific and technical progress, and on the other hand by the qualitative changes in the terms of economic development of the countries and regions of the world under the influence of globalization. The evolution of modern theories of innovations has been reviewed in the context of post-globalization trends; the criteria of their classification have been determined with the isolation of the level of protection of intellectual property rights and the specification of types using traditional criteria. The classification positioning of innovations in terms of their source and method of emergence, areas of activity and efficiency has been improved. Taking into consideration the key role of the institute of the intellectual rights in national, international and global innovative systems, the elements of classification of innovations with the special attention to the question of protection of rights and copyright have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to economic innovations with the isolation of management ones (commodity, processing, service), as well as organizational (scientific and methodological, consulting, auditing, juridical) innovations among them. The conclusion about the necessity of permanent update of the classification of the innovations as a theoretical basis for the justification of the corporate and national strategies of the innovative development has been made.


Virtually all Italian ports have seen throughput slip as a result of the downturn, writes Juan Ferrer. At Livorno, this has resulted in a change of terminal ownership.


D uring mid-2009, the U.S. economy exited the economic contraction that began year-end 2007 and entered into an economic recovery phase. 1 Approximately two-and-a-half years later, both real GDP and consumer expenditures surpassed their prerecession peaks, although industrial production remained weak and the unemployment rate exceeded 8.5 percent. 2 During the recovery, as in many previous recoveries, analysts spoke of " soft spots " or " soft patches, " that is, periods when slower growth raised concern that economic activity might turn downward before reaching its previous peak, a so-called double-dip recession. The terms " soft spot " and " soft patch " are found in Federal Reserve publications as early as the Board of Governors' Annual Report for 1948 and, more recently, in publications as varied as the Board of Governors' semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, speeches by Federal Reserve officials and transcripts of Federal Open Market Committee meetings. The terms also frequently appear in the popular press. Unfortunately , despite widespread usage, there is no accepted definition of a soft patch. A Look at Five Business Cycles Rebounds in economic activity, when measured by growth of real GDP, are seldom smooth; temporary slowdowns are commonplace. These slowdowns, or soft patches, do not reliably foreshadow peaks in economic activity: During the past 60 years, there have been far more soft patches than business cycle peaks. Yet, fear is not baseless: All business cycle peaks since 1950 have been preceded by soft patches. The paces of recovery following five recent business cycle troughs are shown in the


Ab
 initio determinations of the band structures of two novel donor–acceptor polymers, PPDCN and PPDCO, based on poly(cyclopentadienylene) (PPD) are reported. The repeat unit of these polymers is a bicyclopentadienylene unit bridged by an electron-accepting group Y (Y = CO in PPDCO and CC(CN)2 in PPDCN). Both PPDCO and PPDCN, on the basis of their geometries and π-bond orders, are found to have benzenoid-like structures, as do the corresponding thiophene analogues poly-4H-cyclopenta-dithiophene-4-one (PCDT) and polydicyanomethylene-cyclopenta-dithiophene (PCNTh). However, the band-gap values of PPDCO and PPDCN are smaller than those of the thiophene analogues owing to the weak electronic effects of the CH2 bridging group. The smaller band-gap values of PPDCO and PPDCN are rationalised on the basis of the patterns of their frontier orbitals.


Vertical integration in the maritime industry is an actively developing trend nowadays. Besides integration within the industry and the rise of mega-carriers, we now face from an interindustry perspective that vertical integration with its 'visible hand of management' replaces 'invisible hand of the price mechanism' at the port sector as well. For a company in our global economy, integration of logistics processes became as important as the creation and development of competitive advantages. Regionalization of ports and privatization in the port sector, open new opportunities for all parties in their network. Yet, vertical integration of inland ports, for example specializing on dry bulk traffic, into a seaport network is a relatively unexplored field of port studies. Hence, it is important to realize why this trend is happening? What are the drivers of vertical integration into a seaport and what are the issues given the dry bulk focus? How does it influence competitiveness of the integrating parties? To answer these questions, port networks were analyzed from the stand point of bulk logistics, transaction costs analysis was applied to the port sector and a combination of strategic tools is applied to a particular port network. The analysis of this study was then applied on a particular case: a company exporting coal, vertically integrated into the Port of Ust-Luga (which is part of the North-Western Russian ports network). A survey was carried out with companies vertically integrated into the seaport. This empirical analysis allowed to explore 9 factors that had crucial influence on the decision to vertically integrate and 10 factors that were important for such decision. Based on Porter's 'extended diamond', the conceptual framework of a company's vertical integration into a seaport is proposed.


Experimentally observed dynamics of vortex patches, as generated by the diocotron instability in a magnetized pure electron plasma, is examined in terms of the power spectra of the distributions of...


The relative contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and sarcolemma in the regulation of cardiac contractility (twitch force, the rate of contraction and the rate of relaxation) at different time periods (10, 20 and 30 minuted) and at elevated extracellular potassium (5.omM) was assessed  in the ventricular  tissues  of  catfish  and  toad using  adrenaline  as an  activator of SRCa2+ uptake, caffeine as an inhibitor of SRCa2+ uptake and verapamil as an inhibitor of sarcolemmal Ca2+  exchange.
Cardiac contractility (twitch force, rate of contraction "df/dt" and the rate of relaxation – "df/dt") tended to decrease with increasing of the time periods from 10 to 20 and 30 minutes in the catfish and toad ventricular tissues at 2.5 and 5.omMK+, Elevated extracellular K+ had a positive inotropic effect on the twitch force developed at 20 and 30 minutes in the catfish cardiac muscle, but it had non significant negative effect in the toad cardiac muscle at the same periods. The df/dt developed after 30 minutes was significantly lower in the presence of 5.omMK+ than that developed at 2.5mMK+ in the catfish cardiac muscle, whereas the effect of elevated K+ on df/dt was similar to that of 2.5mMKO at all the time periods applied in the toad cardiac muscle. Elevated K+ had a negative inotropic effect on the-df/dt developed at all time periods applied in the catfish cardiac muscle, but it had no effect on the-df/dt developed in the toad cardiac muscle at the same time periods.
Adrenaline, like caffeine had a positive inotropic effect on the twitch force, df/dt and – df/dt developed after all the time periods applied at 2.5 and 5.omMK+ in the ventricular tissues of both animals, relative to that of control. But, the positive inotropic effect of caffeine on the cardiac contractility was significantly lower than that of adrenaline at 2.5 and 5.omMK+ O and at the different time  periods applied (specially after 30 minutes) for  both  animals. Verapamil had a significantly negative inotropic effect on the cardiac contractility developed after all time periods applied at 2.5 and 5.omMK+ in both animals, relative to that of control. However the negative inotropic effect of verapamil on the cardiac contractility was significantly higher at elevated K+ than at 2.5mMK+.
The twitch force developed after all time periods applied in the toad cardiac muscle was significantly lower than that in the catfish cardiac muscle after the same periods in either 2.5 or 5.omMK+. In the presence of adrenaline, the twitch force developed in the toad cardiac muscle after each period applied was non-significantly higher than that developed in the catfish cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK,+ whereas it was significantly higher than that of catfish cardiac muscle in the presence of caffeine at 2.5 and 5.omMK+ after the same time periods. In the presence of verapamil, the twitch force developed after each time periods in the toad cardiac muscle was significantly and non- significantly higher than that of catfish cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK+ respectively. The df/dt developed after each period applied in the catfish cardiac muscle was to somewhat similar to that developed in the toad cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK+, but in the presence of adrenaline, it was significantly lower than that of toad cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK+, whereas in the presence of caffeine, it was non-signifantly higher than that of toad cardiac muscle. In the presence of verapamil, the df/dt developed in the catfish cardiac muscle after the time period applied was significantly lower than that of toad cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK+, also. The - df/dt developed in the catfish cardiac muscle after the time periods applied was similar to that of toad cardiac muscle at 2.5mMK+, but it was non-significantly lower than that of toad cardiac muscle at 5.omMK+. In the presence of adrenaline, the - df/dt developed after the time periods applied in the catfish cardiac muscle was significantly lower than that of the toad cardiac muscle at 2.5 and 5.omMK+, whereas the opposite situation was recorded in the presence of caffeine. In the presence of verapamil at 2.5mMK+, the-df/dt developed after the time periods applied in the catfish cardiac muscle was signifantly lower than that of the toad cardiac muscle, whereas it was similar in the cardiac muscle of both animals at 5.omMK+.
So, it can be concluded that the cardiac contractility in the catfish and toad ventricular tissues is time dependent. Also, it seems that the sarcolemmal Ca2+ exchanges partake in the regulation of cardiac contractility in the ventricular tissue of both animal But, the contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the regulation of cardiac force was higher in the toad cardiac muscle than that of catfish cardiac muscle. Elevated extracellular K+ had a positive inotropic effect on the cardiac contractility in both animals.


Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD, onset age > 60 years) is the most prevalent dementia in the elderly1, and risk is partially driven by genetics2. Many of the loci responsible for this genetic risk were identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS)3–8. To identify additional LOAD risk loci, the we performed the largest GWAS to date (89,769 individuals), analyzing both common and rare variants. We confirm 20 previous LOAD risk loci and identify four new genome-wide loci (IQCK, ACE, ADAM10, and ADAMTS1). Pathway analysis of these data implicates the immune system and lipid metabolism, and for the first time tau binding proteins and APP metabolism. These findings show that genetic variants affecting APP and Aβ processing are not only associated with early-onset autosomal dominant AD but also with LOAD. Analysis of AD risk genes and pathways show enrichment for rare variants (P = 1.32 × 10−7) indicating that additional rare variants remain to be identified.


The integration of heterogeneous components and materials is a powerful method to create more functional, higher performance and/or smaller devices. A typical example is the integration of a frequency control device with a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) integrated circuit (IC). This paper introduces three kinds of integration methods based on wafer-to-wafer transfer technology and their applications. 1) A functional film such as ferroelectric films was transferred from a Si wafer to a CMOS wafer by adhesive wafer bonding. PZT (lead zirconate titanate), B-doped diamond and BST (barium strontium titanate) were once deposited on Si wafers at high temperature, and then transferred to CMOS wafers to fabricate a piezoelectric microswitch, an electrochemical biosensor array and a tunable power amplifier, respectively. 2) A one-chip bandwidth-tunable filter for TV white space cognitive wireless LAN was made by the monolithic integration of SAW (surface acoustic wave) resonators and BST varactors. The BST film was transferred from a sapphire wafer to a LiTaO3 wafer by laser-assisted peeling and Au-Au bonding. 3) Laser-assisted selective die transfer technology for the wafer-level integration and packaging of different sizes of dies has been developed. It was applied to a 2 GHz one-chip film bulk acoustic wave oscillator for timing applications.


Algal Bloom poisoning has the significant impact on aquatic products.The paper made the risk assessment on Algal Bloom poisoning residues in aquatic products from the area of harm recognition,harm description,exposure assessment and risk description.The results showed that Algal Bloom poisoning of our country was in low level and scientific Standards should be established to Guarantee aquatic products safe and to effectively deal with technical barriers to trade.


A field experiment was conducted during 1977 in the Central Depression region of Rio Grande do Sul to evaluate herbicide treatments to selectively control ryegrass (Lolium multif lorum L.) in wheat (line E-7414), as well as to establish the competition levels between both grasses. The herbicides chlorbromuron, chlortoluron, cyanazine, diclofop, diuron, metoxuron, and terbutryn were compared with the control treatments: wheat without ryegrass, wheat competing with ryegrass, and ryegrass alone. All the herbicides were applied in postemergence, when wheat plants in the stage of 3-4 leaves, and ryegrass presented 1-3 leaves. It was found that, when ryegrass infestation was not controled by any means, an average reduction of 52% occurred in wheat seed yield. On the other hand, the wheat population which competed with ryegrass plants, caused a decrease in the order of 42% on ryegrass dry matter production. It was observed that all the herbicides presented phytotoxicity, causing from light to very severe injuries to wheat plants, depending on the product used; and that seed yields resulting from the chemical treatments were lower than that of the check plot free of ryegrass. However, all the compounds tested presented significant post-emergence activity, showing potential for ryegrass control. As well as ryegrass dry matter production, also visual evaluation of ryegrass control were appropriate methods to measure the herbicide effect. Among the herbicides evaluated, diclofop was the treatment that provided the most efficient ryegrass control, lower degree of phytotoxicity, and the highest wheat yield; in general, chlortoluron followed diclofop in these characteristics. The herbicides chlorbromuron and metoxuron, although showing relative selectivit y to wheat, presented insufficient post - emergence activity on ryegrass. Treatment diuron showed unsatisfactory performance in relation to ryegrass control, as well as to wheat yield. The herbicides cyanazine and terbutryn provided adequate control of ryegrass; however, their selectivities for wheat were very low; along with a decrease in the rate of wheat germination resulting from the harvest of plots treated with these herbicides.


IFN-γ secreted by a human embryo and trophoblast cells during implantation is suggested to play an important role in implantation and pregnancy. In the present study, we explored expression and possible functions of CXCL11, a CXC chemokine strongly induced by IFN-γ, and its receptor CXCR3 in the human endometrium. Secreted CXCL11 protein was not detected in cultured endometrial stromal cells (ESC) but was detected in cultured endometrial epithelial cells (EEC). IFN-γ stimulated the protein levels of CXCL11 in a dose-dependent manner in EEC and ESC. CXCL11 secreted from EEC with 100 ng/ml IFN-γ was 220-fold of the control, and 100-fold as compared with that secreted from ESC with the same dose of IFN-γ. CXCR3 was expressed in EEC, ESC, and trophoblast cells. Addition of IFN-γ to EEC increased the chemotactic activity of its culture medium to trophoblast cells and T cells, and the effect was suppressed by immunoneutralization with Abs of three CXCR3 ligands, including anti-CXCL11 Ab. CXCL11 significantly increased BrdU incorporation of ESC, which was inhibited by a p42/44 MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059. In contrast, CXCL11 significantly decreased BrdU incorporation and increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and the positive staining of annexin V in EEC. These findings suggest that IFN-γ promotes implantation by stimulating EEC to produce CXCL11, which induces migration of trophoblast cells and T cells, proliferation of ESC, and apoptosis of EEC.


Poly (acrylamide) gel was synthesized by radical polymerization of acrylamide and N, N'-methylene-bisacrylamide in the presence of benzoyl peroxide and carbon nanotubes. The dry product was saturated with calcium chloride and prepared for water absorption and desorption. The kinetics of water desorption of poly (acrylamide) gel embedded with hygroscopic calcium chloride (DHG), was studied from thermograms data of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
DHG captures vapor from the environment and releases it as fresh water; it can be used as the condenser to build atmospheric water generators (AWGs) to alleviate the freshwater stress rusting from innovative activities such as industrial, agricultural, rural, and defense endeavors. The kinetics parameters of the synthesized DHG showed that it absorbed environmental vapor at room temperature and released water below its boiling point (40 to 90 °C), temperatures achievable under sunlight via the photothermal effect.