The history of the printed circulation of the Romancero has been understood as a development from the cancioneros and pliegos sueltos (Chapbooks) to bigger collections of romances, like the Cancionero de romances. Historically speaking, not much attention has been paid to the Libro de cincuenta romances, which does not fit this development. The accepted publication date, that is, ca. 1525, and the fifty romances mentioned in the title make this book very relevant to the history of the publication. In this article, the constitution and the content of the preserved leaves are analysed to deepen the hypothetical content of the volume. It demonstrates that the various forms of the Romancero should not be understood as part of a homogeneous development, but in the context of their appearance.


In medical imaging tasks, such as cardiac imaging, ultrasound acquisition time is crucial, however traditional high-quality beamforming techniques are computationally expensive and their performance is hindered by sub-sampled data. To this end, we propose DeepFormer, a method to reconstruct high quality ultrasound images in real-time on sub-sampled raw data by performing an end-to-end deep learning-based reconstruction. Results on an in vivo dataset of 19 participants show that DeepFormer offers promising advantages over traditional processing of sub-sampled raw-ultrasound data and produces reconstructions that are both qualitatively and visually equivalent to fully-sampled DeepFormed images.


The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S rDNA of ascaris from the Puma concolor and the Ursus thibetanus in Guangzhou zoo were amplified by PCR respectively using a pair of conserved primers and the amplicons were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector. The positive clones identified by PCR amplification were sequenced and analyzed, and compared with relevant sequence in GenBankTM. The results revealed that the ITS and 5.8S sequence of the ascaris from Puma concolor and the ITS-2 sequence from Ursus thibetanus were significantly similar with that of Toxascaris leonina and Baylisascaris transfuga available in GenBankTM respectively. We concluded that the ascaris from Puma concolor represent the T. leonina, and that from Ursus thibetanus represent the B. Transfuga.


It's strange to go from being the objective physician to the soft-hearted mom in the time it takes to drive home from work. However, I think the dual roles complement each other.


Training is one of the important aspects of human resource development. Training is a means to reduce the obsolescence among people and organization in the face of relent less technological innovation. Vocational education in agriculture and allied subject aimed at the farmers and dropout rural people. This institution was found to be useful in reducing the time lag between generations of technologies, their transfer to farmers and to get trained skilled workers and technicians. For these purpose 120 women participants were taken for this study from KVK khandwa. Training programme might be attributed by incremental advancement of skill orientation resultant income generating activities. Rural women change towards increasing trend in high level of employment skill and income generation before training to after.


Land use detail in the CARETS area obtainable from ERTS exceeds the expectations of the Interagency Steering Committee and the USGS proposed standardized classification, which presents Level 1 categories for ERTS and Level 2 for high altitude aircraft data. Some Levels 2 and 3, in addition to Level 1, categories were identified on ERTS data. Significant land use changes totaling 39.2 sq km in the Norfolk-Portsmouth SMSA were identified and mapped at Level 2 detail using a combination of procedures employing ERTS and high altitude aircraft data.


At present, virtual reality technology has not been widely used in the field of feature enhancement of computer three-dimensional bionic images, Many technicians have not paid enough attention to the application of virtual reality technology. Therefore, the feature enhancement strategy for computer three-dimensional bionic images based on virtual reality technology is imminent. In view of the objective trend of the development of virtual reality technology, this paper introduces the overview of virtual reality technology by using analysis methods and contrast methods on a large number of references, and studies the feature enhancement strategy for 3D bionic images based on the overview of virtual reality technology, hoping to provide effective reference for the users of virtual reality technology. This article first introduces an overview of virtual reality technology. Secondly, the feature enhancement strategy for three-dimensional bionic images is studied from theimage transformation enhancement strategy, the modeling ability enhancement strategy for three-dimensional bionic images, the reality enhancement strategy and the presence enhancement strategy for three-dimensional bionic images. Finally, in the form of concluding remarks, the important significance of using the feature enhancement strategy for computer three-dimensional bionic images for the popularization and promotion of virtual reality technology is summarized.


Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential signaling molecule that mediates plant responses against several biotic and abiotic stresses. H2O2 pretreatment has emerged as a signaling way, inducing salt stress acclimation in plants. Here, we analyzed the effects of H2O2 leaf pretreatment on the non-enzymatic defense system (ascorbate and glutathione), plant growth, relative water content (RWC), relative chlorophyll content, H2O2 content, and gas exchange in maize plants under NaCl stress. The results showed that salinity reduced the leaf area and shoot and root dry mass as compared to control, and the leaf spraying with H2O2 significantly improved the growth of salt stressed plants. Photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were strongly decreased by salinity after 7 and 14 days of salt exposure; however, the decrease was lower in plants sprayed with H2O2. The improved gas exchange in H2O2-sprayed stressed plants correlated positively with higher RWC and relative chlorophyll content and lower leaf H2O2 accumulation under NaCl stress conditions. Ascorbate and glutathione did not play any obvious effects as non-enzymatic antioxidants in the ROS scavenging. In conclusion, the salt tolerance induced by H2O2 leaf pretreatment is attributed to a reduction in the H2O2 content and maintenance of RWC and chlorophyll in maize leaves. These characteristics allow maize plants to maintain high rates of photosynthesis under salt stress and improve the growth.


Roland Barthes'text theory is outstanding and influential.It has made an immense impact on both in and outside France.,He distinguished text from work.The author's authority was denied and the readers participated in the process of weaving the text,which confirmed that text was an open and multiplex system.He also came to the conclusion that test is intertextual.This conclusion laid the foundation that made intertext became an element of reception theory afterward.


The article makes the case for the use of the civil law notion of «bodies of the state», defined as the persons possessing the status of a legal entity or not, as well as individuals who established the legal status of the legal acts implement the civil personality of the State, and having characteristic signs.


Metabolic syndrome(MS) is a combination of medical disorders.when it occurs together,it can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease,which becomes an increasingly major public health problem and impacts urban and rural residents' health and life.According to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the mechanism of MS is that kidney deficiency is the principal aspect which is associated with liver and spleen disorders,and the pathogenic factors such as phlegm and stasis are subordinate aspects.Therefore,treatment should be to distinguish both principal and secondary aspects,and acute or chronic cases.TCM differentiation and treatment of the disease have certain advantages.


Alcator C-mod is a compact, high-field, RF-heated tokamak which has been operational since 1993. RF heating uses the fast magnetosonic wave at the fundamental frequency of the minority ion species. The behavior of the fast wave is studied using probes located in the plasma edge. A fast-reciprocating Langmuir probe unaffected by RF was built and used to measure the modification of the plasma edge caused by RF and by RF-induced H-mode. The plasma edge was seen to not significantly change during RF, but the electron density decreased during H-mode by a factor of 2. Comparison with another fast-reciprocating probe revealed substantial variations of electron temperature and density along magnetic field lines outside the separatrix. The ion saturation current density profile implies that about 50 kW of RF is dissipated in the edge due to RF sheaths surrounding the antennas and the limiters. A second diagnostic, an array of loop probes mounted behind tiles on the inner wall opposite one of the RF antennas, was built and installed to measure the fraction of power transmitted through the plasma. This was seen to vary with minority concentration during D(H) heating at 5.4 T but not during D(3 He) heating at 8 T. The probe measurement agreed very well with the prediction of the full-wave code FELICE, and with an analytic theory of single-pass absorption, extended to include the effect of an internal resonator on the low-field side of the central evancescent layer. During shots the probe signal was seen to vary synchronously with the sawtooth instability in the plasma center. The sense of this variation reversed as the minority concentration in D(H) was raised, in accordance with the analytic theory. The Parametric Decay Instability (PDI) was observed on a third diagnostic, a pre-existing set of Langmuir probes on poloidal limiters. The observance of PDI during magnetic field ramps was correlated with the passage of the fpR = 3fCD cyclotron harmonic layer by the antenna Faraday Screen, and with the observation of energetic Deuterium flux by the Charge Exchange diagnostic, but not with the observation of impurities. received patient instruction in the craft of machining stainless steel. In Ed Fitzgerald I had a model of resourcefulness. Jack Nickerson, Bill Beck and Tom Toland helped me get things done. From Steve Kochan, Bob Childs, and Tom Hsu I received education in the principles of mechanical design, while Bill Parkin showed me how to troubleshoot …


Parametric studies of the acoustic stapedial reflex may be made by measuring its threshold, amplitude, and time course, including latency. Previous reports have established that aging affects the acoustic reflex in at least two ways: by raising its threshold to noise and tone activators; and by reducing the amplitude. In this study, we compared acoustic reflex latency in females of two age groups, 20–40 years and 60–80 years, when the activator tone was presented at equal sound pressure level (SPL), at equal sensation level (SL), and when reflex amplitudes were matched. The results indicated that acoustic reflex latency can be predicted more reliably on the basis of amplitude than on absolute or relative levels of the activator signal. Implications of these findings to the use of latency measures as indicants of central auditory dysfunction are discussed.


Aiming at the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics of batch process, a multiway dynamic nonlinear global neighborhood preserving embedding algorithm is proposed. For the nonlinear batch process monitoring, kernel mapping is widely used to eliminate nonlinearity by projecting the data into high-dimensional space, but the nonlinear relationships between batch process variables are limited by many physical constraints, and the infinite-order mapping is inefficient and redundant. Compared with the basic kernel mapping method which provides an infinite-order nonlinear mapping, the proposed method considers the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics with many physical constraints and preserves the global and local structures concurrently. First, the time-lagged window is used to remove the auto-correlation in time series of process variables. Second, a nonlinear method named constructive polynomial mapping is used to avoid unnecessary redundancy and reduce computational complexity. Third, the global neighborhood preserving embedding method is used to extract structures fully after the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics are processed. Finally, the effects of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by a mathematical model and the penicillin fermentation process.


The successful implementation of ERP is crucial to the development of enterprises. Key factors of successful implementation and enterprise target are closely related, and the decision of final enterprise target may greatly improve the implementation effect. By combining OWA operator and grey target theory, this paper exhibits the steps of how to do mathematical analysis on target selection and make judgments on the different objectives when implementing ERP.


The mechanical properties and antistatic properties of the composite prepared by means of blending polyvinyl chloride(PVC) with carbon black were investigated.The results showed that the antistatic property of PVC antistatic composite was best,when the content of carbon black; Impact strength and tensile Strength of PVC antistatic composite decreased with increasing carbon black content; elongation at break of PVC antistatic composite firstly increased and then decreased with increasing carbon black content.


New devices using vacuum-deposited metal films require a high-speed, low-cost method of vacuum deposition. The capability of the open-ended multiple-chamber deposition equipment has been investigated to determine its suitability for depositing tantalum nitride thin films. This was accomplished by examining the measurable electrical properties of the deposited film and by determining the stability of resistors made from these films. Tantalum films produced by the open-ended deposition system were found comparable to those produced by many bell-jar systems. It was possible to control the addition of nitrogen to the films, and tantalum nitride films of satisfactory stability were obtained. Because the open-ended deposition method can produce large quantities of suitable thin films, it is expected that this will be an important process in the manufacture of future products.


In conventional lymphocyte stimulation, antigen-presenting cells (APC) process and present foreign antigen in the binding groove of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to a specific group of T lymphocytes (Babbit et al. 1985, Buus et al. 1987, Brown et al. 1988). A novel group of antigens has been defined recently, termed superantigens (SAG) (Janeway et al. 1989, White et al. 1989, Marrack et al. 1991, Frankel et al. 1991, Woodland et al. 1991, Dyson et al. 1991), which unlike conventional antigens do not require processing by APCs (Carlsson et al. 1988, Fleischer & Schrezenmeier 1988), and bind outside the peptide binding groove formed by the class II MHC molecules (Karp et al. 1990, Dellabona et ai. 1990). Recognition of conventional antigens by T cells is mediated by both the a and ji chains of the T-cell receptor (TCR). In contrast, SAGs characteristically stimulate a large polyclonal population of T cells, predominantly on the basis of the V^ element of the TCR (Kappler et al. 1987). Bacterial enterotoxins such as the staphylococcus toxin A, and B, (Janeway et al. 1989, White et al. 1989), and the rabies virus nucleocapsid protein (Lafon et al. 1992), are examples of proteins that function as SAGs. Endogenous SAGs like the murine Mis (Minor lymphocyte stimulating) were originally described as elements that stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation in cultures of MHC-matched T cells (Festenstein 1973). Several distinct loci of these genes termed Mis have since been identified. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the Murine Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) encodes the Mis SAG within the U3 region of the viral 3' long terminal repeat (Acha-Orbea et al. 1991, Choi et al. 1991, Beutner


The circumstances leading to the most spectacular and expensive masque witnessed in England, James Shirley's The Triumph of Peace, began with a puritan's dream of an England free of playhouses, a dispute between the Soapboilers of Westminster and the Soapboilers of London about who could legitimately claim to produce the best soap, and the desperate need for Inns' students to help soothe the conflicts arising from these disagreements. In the four-and-a-half months between the publication of William Prynne's anti-theatrical tract Histriomastix in early November 1633, and the death of the Lord Mayor, Ralph Freeman, on 16 March 1634, these political conflicts became a crisis, and I discuss here the central role that the law students at the Inns of Court played both in mediating relations between London and the Crown and identifying the Inns of Court before the citizens of London and Charles I himself, as institutions fundamental to England's peace and success.I endeavour to reconsider the circumstances surrounding Shirley's masque by taking advantage of a greater fund of historical evidence than that which has been available to critics in the past (Stephen Orgel, Lawrence Venuti, and Martin Butler in particular1) - evidence that sharpens our understanding of how the City of London, the Inns, and the Crown invested in an increasingly unstable paradigm of institutional relations. By introducing new material from City archives into scholarly discussion of the masque, the research of C. E. McGee increases our understanding of the interaction between the contending forces of institutional power in London at this time, and invites us to reconsider the lawyers' commitment to the masque's production in relation to that of the City rather than merely that of the Crown.2 John R. Elliott Jr's article includes a complete, annotated transcription of Folger MS Z.e.1 (item 25), entitled 'The Manner of the Progression of the Masque', which Jerzy Limon discovered in 1988 and which records the identities of many of the Inns' participants.3 Finally, N. W. Bawcutt's 1996 edition of the Records of Sir Henry Herbert (Master of Revels from 1623-73) provides a thorough account of Charles's and Henrietta Maria's involvement in dramatic performances.4Drawing largely from Bulstrode Whitelock's substantial recollections of the masque, which he recorded in his Memorials of the English Affairs (1682) some thirty years after its two performances, Orgel, Venuti, and Butler discuss the masque's intervention in the tenuous relationship between the Inns and Charles in terms of the masque's ability to disguise criticism as compliment. While the 'nature of the medium' may well have convinced 'the royal solipsist' to see 'nothing . . . but adulation' in episodes of the masque that read as the lawyers' critique of royal prerogative and Charles's policies regarding monopolies,5 evidence presented by McGee, Elliott, and Bawcutt, as well as my examination of the Inns' records, compels us to understand the masque's dialectical rhetoric as an imperative strategy of its production. While Paul Raffield has recently argued that 'the contents of the masque itself confirmed the impression that the corporate intention of the Inns of Court was to present themselves as pliant servants of an absolute monarch',6 I contend that embedded in this intention is an intricate strategy of mediation with a regime whose exploitative economic demands betrayed the 'majesty of kingship' and 'putative imperium of Charles I'.7 The masque was part of a complexly negotiated conversation among the individual Inns, the City authorities, and the Crown - yet the language of this conversation was underpinned by money to such a degree that the galvanised lawyers and City aldermen had to transform abruptly the established protocols of discourse with the 'mystical person' of the king.8 The problem was that the social magic that had made access to the Crown so coveted was, more than ever before, dependent on the money that Charles derived from monopolies to refurbish the court's infrastructure. …


This research is an attempt to find out how At-Tabari and Ibnu Katsir view nusyūz. Starting from the many circulating understandings about nusyūz which are only shown and questioned only to women (wives). Understanding that tends to be textual in surah An-Nisa verse 34 is often used as an excuse for committing acts of violence against his wife both physically and psychologically. Even though in fact in Surah An-Nisa verse 128 it is proof that husbands can also do nusyūz. and in the settlement between the two, there is still discrimination against women. This type of research is library research, namely research that is based on data processing obtained from written library materials. Using a comparative approach (muqarin), namely comparing the opinions of At-Tabari in the book jami' Al-Bayan and Ibn Kathir in Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-Azhim. This study uses the theory of gender equality and liberation theology put forward by Ali Engineer. From this research, it shows that At-Tabari and Ibnu Katsir found that nusyūz of a wife or husband is a form of hatred for a partner and leaves obligations that have been set in household life, and in solving the nusyūz of a wife, there are three stages, namely advising, separating and hitting According to the theology, beatings are only permitted when a wife is proven to have committed adultery. Meanwhile, the settlement of the husband's nusyūz is by peace, and from the liberation theology, a wife is free to file for divorce. Then equality in the settlement of nusyūz which is carried out by the wife can also be carried out in the settlement of the husband's nusyūz.


The present invention relates to a system and method for duty ratio detection employing a high precision and low speed clock. The system for duty ratio detection employing the high precision and low speed clock comprises: a synchronization unit configured to perform synchronous processing of asynchronous input duty ratio signals and output a processing result to a pulse transition unit; the pulse transition unit configured to perform pulse transition of the inputted duty ratio signals; a frequency decision unit configured to divide the inputted duty ratio signals into high-frequency signals and low-frequency signals; a duty ratio sampling unit configured to sample the duty ratio signals according to the inputted duty ratio signals which are the high-frequency signals or the low-frequency signals; a divider configured to obtain and output a duty ratio value; and a clock division unit configured to provide clock signals for the system for duty ratio detection employing the high precision and low speed clock. Through the adoption of the system and method for duty ratio detection employing a high precision and low speed clock, the large-scale frequency input may be accurately and effectively detected by employing the low speed clock, and the signal duty ratio of the target frequency may be accurately outputted, therefore the faults in the prior art, such as low detection precision, small frequency range, high cost and the like, are overcome.


Purpose The authors aimed to gain a better understanding of students' and teachers' perspectives about whether clinical clerkship feedback is provided equitably irrespective of a student's race/ethnicity. Method A secondary analysis of existing interview data was conducted, focusing on racial/ethnic disparities in clinical grading. Data had been acquired from 29 students and 30 teachers at 3 U.S. medical schools. The authors performed secondary coding on all 59 transcripts, writing memos focused on statements related to aspects of feedback equity and developing a template for coding students' and teachers' observations and descriptions specific to clinical feedback. Using the template, memos were coded, and thematic categories emerged describing perspectives on clinical feedback. Results Forty-eight (22 teachers and 26 students) participants' transcripts provided narratives about feedback. Both student and teacher narratives described how students who are racially/ethnically underrepresented in medicine may receive less helpful formative clinical feedback needed for professional development. Thematic analysis of narratives yielded 3 themes related to feedback inequities: 1) teachers' racial/ethnic biases influence the feedback they provide students, 2) teachers have limited skill sets to provide equitable feedback, and 3) racial/ethnic inequities in the clinical learning environment shape clinical and feedback experiences. Conclusions Narratives indicated that both students and teachers perceived racial/ethnic inequities in clinical feedback. Teacher- and learning environment-related factors influenced these racial/ethnic inequities. These results can inform medical education's efforts to mitigate biases in the learning environment and provide equitable feedback to ensure every student has what they need to develop into the competent physician they aspire to be.


The Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) theory, originally developed to model an electron, is generalized to model a variety of composite charged as well as neutral particles, which may constitute all known elementary particles of particle physics. A direct extension of the UEG theory for the electron is possible by modifying the functional dependence between the electro-gravitational field and the energy density, which would lead to a general class of basic charged particles carrying different levels of mass/energy, with the electron mass at the lowest level. The basic theory may also be extended to model simple composite neutral particles, consisting of two layers of surface charges of equal magnitudes but opposite signs. The model may be similarly generalized to synthesize more complex structures of composite charged or neutral particles, consisting of increasing levels of charged layers. Depending upon its specific basic or composite structure, a particle could be highly stable like an electron or a proton, or relatively unstable in different degrees, which may be identified with other known particles of the standard model of particle physics. The generalized UEG model may provide a new unified paradigm for particle physics, as a substitute for the standard model currently used, making the weak and strong forces of the standard model redundant.


A fluency-reading intervention was developed and used to supplement reading instruction of middle school students with learning disabilities (LD). The daily 5- to 6-min fluency intervention focused on phonics, sight phrases, and oral reading. Repeated readings were used in each area until the student achieved mastery on each respective task. The students were divided in three groups according to the length of the intervention (6-9 months, 10-18 months, and 19-25 months). Dependent t tests were used to test the effects of the intervention. A pretest and posttest curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measure was used for each group to determine progress in reading rate. In addition, progress within the intervention was measured using comparisons of beginning and ending reading levels. Significant growth in reading level and reading rate was found. Implications of these results for students with LD are discussed.


Nicotine tannate kills the more mature eggs and the young crawling larvae of codling moth by contact. Sprayed apple foliage retains its toxicity to codling moth larvae for at least 21 days. Nicotine tannate appears to be more toxic as a stomach poison to codling moth than arsenate of lead. Success with this insecticide depends on its proper preparation and use and directions for its preparation are given.


This paper reports a laser method for corneal structure investigation which allows to obtain images of corneal layers as well as information about dimensions of the endothelium and basal epithelium cells. The method's principle is based on the laser radiation reflection at the interface between ocular media having different refractive indices. So, the laser incident beam on the cornea is multiply reflected and refracted within it, since the cornea is a superposition of several transparent layers with different refractive indices. If observed on a screen, the radiation reflected by a certain corneal layer forms on it the image of corneal cell structure. Because of cornea curvature, the reflected beam which contains information about corneal structure--becomes strongly divergent; therefore the experimental set-up forms the cell images big enough to be seen directly by eye.


Ab initio effective core potentials have been obtained for the cadmium and mercury atoms by the methods of Kahn et al., [J. Chem. Phys. 65, 3826 (1976)]. Both two and twelve valence electron representations of Cd and Hg were tested for various atom state‐configurations by comparison with all‐electron calculations. The generated potentials were used to obtain the equilibrium bond distances and molecular binding energies for the dichloride and dimethyl compounds of both atoms from single and optimum‐double configuration self‐consistent field calculations.


This paper concerns oniy the immediate treatment of paraplegia from fracturedislocations of the spine at the thoraco-lumbar level. It is based on experience gained in the treatment of sixty-eight patients of whom forty-seven were treated by us from the beginning and twenty-one were admitted to the paraplegic centre several weeks or months after injury. From this experience we have reached certain conclusions about the immediate treatment of thoraco-lumbar injuries, developing as evidence accumulated, so that some patients seen in earlier years were not treated as they would be now. In this series there are so many varied factors that we have made no attempt to present our observations statistically. Most paraplegic patients die as a result of large bed sores and urinary tract infection, many of them as the result of inefficient treatment. Moreover, bad initial treatment results in a host of other complications such as gross angulation of the spine, stiffness of joints, contractures and deformities, which seriously delay or even prevent late rehabilitation. Early treatment must be designed to prevent these complications, to assist the establishment of compensatory mechanisms, and to promote every possible recovery of nerve function.


The influence of kinematic loading schemes on the formation of an elastoplastic wave under the orbital action of an indenter is considered. A mathematical model of hardening is presented, which determines the size and stressstrain state of the wave. The loading parameters influencing the wave size are determined.
Keywords: kinematic diagram, orbital loading, deforming element, elastoplastic deformation, non-contact deformation, elastoplastic wave
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A new process to recycle the iron and carbon from steel making wastes is proposed in this paper. We produce iron nuggets at high temperature by direct reduction with basic synthetic steel making wastes briquette or pellet has been introduced, in which the main factors of effecting iron nuggets separating from slag have been researched. The 2CaO•SiO2 of slag changed phase, increased volume and natural pulverized in reduction process. Finally we obtain no-slag nuggets through screen separation. The iron in the nuggets is above 91%, the sulfur content is below 0.04%, and the carbon content is about 4.0%. The nuggets we get can be used as prime material for electric steelmaking and converter.


This article indicates the various financial problems associated with the college library budget. It studies the meaning of budget and examined the various techniques of budgeting that may be use in the libraries for fund acquisition and allocation. It draws the necessary steps to be taken for library budget preparation and finally concluded with the role of librarian for better utilization of limited fund.


An attempt was made to introduce a strong base anion-exchange group by radiation-induced grafting of vinyl benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (VBTAC) onto polyethylene film. Both two-step grafting and comonomer grafting techniques were tried owing to the difficulty of direct graft polymerization of VBTAC onto polyethylene. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA), having the same backbone structure except that the hydroxyl group of HEMA was grafted onto the polyethylene film and then VBTAC was grafted to examine the reactivity of VBTAC with each grafted polyethylene film. Co-grafting of the binary mixtures of VBTAC and HEMA, or EMA, onto polyethylene film was also carried out. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


A NYONE WHO USES A DELIBERATELY INFLAMMATORY TITLE must offer a justification for it. Canada has, after all, a solid international reputation, and to call a middle-sized, eager-to-please state a rogue seems to border on the sacrilegious. Certainly many Canadians assume that Canada's performance at international environmental conferences will be progressive and undertaken in a spirit of international co-operation. The concept of rogue states has been used since the end of the cold war, usually by Americans seeking to justify enormous military expenditure in the absence of a pronounced or obvious threat to their national security. Although never official, the term was commonly used to describe states that seemed determined to pose a threat to their neighbours and that are either outside international norms and treaties or in them but presumed to be cheating. In the final months of President Bill Clinton's administration, the State Department tried to move away from the term (in part because of the slipperiness of the definition and in part because of improved relations with one of the main 'rogues,' North Korea) and declared its preference for the more muted (but similarly vague) 'state of concern.' The administration of President George Bush, Jr, re-introduced rogue state as a valuable concept. In my view, the sentiment behind this politically charged term


A series of biobased copolyesters, poly(ethylene sebacate-co-ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PESF), were synthesized from available biobased ethylene glycol (EG), sebacic acid (SA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) through a two-step melt polycondensation method. The composition, molecular weight and its distribution, crystal structure, and crystallization behavior of PESFs were investigated by 1H NMR, GPC, WAXD, and DSC methods, respectively. Tensile properties were also evaluated. While increasing the content of the FDCA unit, the glass transition temperatures of PESFs increased and the crystallization rates of PESFs decreased. Compared with poly(ethylene sebacate) (PES), PESF20 showed two melting peaks due to the formation of secondary crystals (small and imperfects crystals) caused by the incorporation of FDCA during the isothermal crystallization process. POM data showed that the nucleation density of PESF10 and PESF20 increased and the size of spherulites decreased due to the chain irregularity caused by randomization distribution with the introduction of FDCA. However, the crystal structure remained unchanged. Ring-banded spherulites were not detected for PESF20 in a wide temperature range (28–44 °C) as the incorporation of FDCA can restrict lamellar twisting and scrolling of PES segments. The thermal transition and mechanical properties of copolymers are tunable with the composition.


The health of the population is one of the fundamental values which are protected both as a constitutional principle and through other regulations. The legislation in force assigns rights and correlative relations both for patiens and for medical service providers. The rights of the patient are stipulated in a special law, Law no. 46/2003, adopted in order to put into practice the principles regarding the rights of the patients all over Europe. These guarantee the right to highest level medical care, the right to be respected as a human being, the right to be informed in the medical field, the right to consent in case of medical operations, as well as the confidentiality of information. The capitalization of these rights depends on factors such as the quality of the medical act, the existent human, medical and financial resources.


The use of magnetic chip collectors (MCC) located in strategic areas of gas turbine engines has been one of the most reliable methods in detecting surface fatigue failures of bearings and gears. The main disadvantage of MCC's is the frequency of manual inspections. Unlike the helicopter operators and some commuter airlines, who use remote debris indicators to the cockpit, commercial airlines have rejected this technology due to possibly high nuisance alarm rates. However, with improvements in remote debris monitoring technology, and more importantly, the desire by airlines to eliminate scheduled MCC inspections, engine manufactures are now considering adding this feature. In the case of the GE-90 engine, which is one of the options to power the new BOEING 777, an advanced remote oil debris detection system was selected by General Electric and Snecma. The Quantitative Debris Monitor (QDM) remotely indicates the presence of individual ferro-magnetic debris particles generated from bearings and/or gears. Once a predetermined number of particles have been exceeded, an alarm to the engine control is issued. The sensor is not inspected until an alarm is signaled or at a scheduled letter check. It also helps facilitate ETOPS (extended twin engine operation) certification at service introduction.


This study aims to identify the impact of most basic factors in the market share price of listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange from the respondent's opinions. These factors are: Internal factors and external factors. The population of the study included the (227) listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange. A random sample that of 60 companies was withdrawn.  The study adopted descriptive and analytical method. To achieve the objectives of this study the researchers depended on two types of data: Secondary data and Primary data. For the purpose of testing hypotheses the study relied on statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) by using appropriate statistical methods. These are: Descriptive Statistic measures and ANOVA analysis test.   Results of the study showed that there are impacts of internal and external factors in determining the stock prices of the listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange. The most impact was  the inflation rate, while     the least one was the nature of firm business. According to the objectives and results of the study, researcher recommended a several recommendations such as, strengthening the role of companies through their involvement in the drafting of laws and legislations Keywords: stock , market price, stock exchange, bonds market


From 1997 to 1999, with support from the Federal Highway Administration, San Diego conducted an experimental program in which solo drivers were permitted to pay for the privilege of using the I-15 carpool lanes without carrying an additional passenger. This program continues today as the I-15 FasTrak program. Researchers at SDSU conducted a three-year monitoring and evaluation project to assess the impact of the program on a variety of outcomes related to traffic and travel behavior. In this paper we consider the task of estimating the level of automotive emissions along the I-15 corridor and developing associated estimates of standard errors. The ultimate goal is to assess whether introduction of the FasTrak program affected air quality along I-15. Various factors affect automotive emission levels, including the volume and speed of traffic, the types of vehicles involved (e.g., cars vs. light trucks), and variation among vehicles of a particular type. In conducting the uncertainty analysis we confront several challenges arising from practical limitations in the available data. Smoothing, imputation, bootstrap, and simulation methods are used to execute a first-order assessment. Evidence supports the conclusion that the FasTrak program moderated emission levels along I-15 during the study period.


The first investigation of mobile phone addiction, a survey conducted by the UK Post Office in 2008, found that close to 53 percent of people in the UK suffered from a persistent, irrational fear of being disconnected from their mobile device. Later, in 2012, the British cellphone company SecurEnvoy reported that as many as 66 percent of the population suffered from nomophobia that induced stress levels comparable to those felt when getting married or going to the dentist. Before these surveys were conducted and the term coined, several scholars have done pioneering work on mobile phone addiction, both theoretically and practically. A review of this extant literature indicates that nomophobia is commonly considered an "emerging problem of the modern era" (Dixit et al., 2010), or a "disorder of the modern world" (King, Valencia & Nardi, 2010). In this article, however, we approach nomophobia as a young concept with an ancient history intimately intertwined with culture, consciousness, and communication.


The effect of shortwave ultraviolet (SUV) radiation ad causes change in the external surface of human erythrocytes, modifying the expression of the ABO and Rh system antigens which are related to the surface of the cells was investigated. Erythrocytes in a structurally prepared erythrocyte mass from 23 donors stabilized by glugicir or heparin were examined. Three series of experiments were performed: (1) isolated erythrocytes, before irradiation thrice washed to remove plasma with isotonic NaC1 0.9%, erythrocytes diluted to 5 x s10 to the 7th power cells per milliliter and erythrocytes on the undiluted erythrocyte mass about 7 x 5 x 109 to the 9th power cells power milliliter. The agglutinating activity of the ABO and Rh antigens was studied. Two to three hours after exposure to 248, 620, 1240 and 2480 J/m2, the degree of hemolysis of isolated erythrocytes increased by 5,10,18 and 28%. Changes were also observed in agglutinating activity of ABO antigens. The agglutinating activity of A and B antigens increased by an average factor of 2 minus H antigens by a factor of 4. The SUV radiation did not cause any activation of the Rh antigen.


Joint investigations have been carried out regarding the following problems: The atmospheric icing environment for modern transport aircraft; ice shapes and sizes on models in an icing wind tunnel; methods for making molds of ice; the effects of ice and hoar frost imitators on aerodynamic characteristics for a number of wing section and ice shapes, including advanced high lift devices; and flight tests for the determination of the effect of ice on flying characteristics. Icing effect prediction is discussed. Conclusions are presented which were reached from recent tests in a wind tunnel on a clean NACA 65A215 airfoil section as well as in a number of high-lift configurations with limited hoar frost and ice, and from flight tests. The findings indicate that: one must never ignore even slight icing; indications of the start of flow separation from the wind due to icing may be light buffeting of the aircraft, reduction of aileron control forces and roll disturbances; the development of flow separation from the wing due to icing is accelerated by a low landing approach speed and rough application of load factor larger than unity; the need for a timely activation of the anti-icing system.


always a quantifier-free formula of the same low complexity (and not, as required by the unwinding of ~ as an abbreviation, a compound formula with complexity depending on the term complexity of xx and r2). This is an advantage in many proofs requiring formula induction. Another advantage seems to be a more explicit treatment of the basic facts concerning [ and ^ . The overlooking at certain points of two such facts, namely, that az[ -* a{ A Z[ holds, and that Vn e N(xn e N) A xx e N ->• x e N is not provable, allowed certain (non-essential) errors to creep in, discussed in remarks III through VI below. (III) The defining equation for g, the recursor on N (II. 10.3), should be changed so as to read gx =s dxQ(ka)(ky .f(pNy,g(pK,y)))x; the definition in II.10.3 only yields g0 ~ a iff(0,g(pM0))l. (IV) Contrary to what is stated in II.10.5 we cannot prove (/7mS"/m) e N t V m S n(fm e N), and the obvious proof of Ilmi"fm ~ 0*->3m g n{fm g 0) requires Vm g n(fm e N). As a consequence, the bounded minimum operator pm^n works properly only if Vm g n(fm e N) v 3m g n(fm ~ 0 A Vfc < m(fk e N)). The unbounded minimum operator can be defined directly with the fixed point operator r:


This is volume 2 of a 3-volume handbook. It contains chapters on Central Greece on the eve of the colonisation movement, foundation stories, colonisation in the Classical period, the Adriatic, the northern Aegean, Libya and Cyprus.


The mass spectrometric fragmentation behaviour of pyridazine and four monosubstituted derivatives containing a pbenylalkyl side-chain (3- and 4-benizylpyridazine, 3- and 4-(2-pbenylethyl)pyridazine) was investigated. In the electron impact ionization mess spectra of the 3-substituted compounds abundant [M – H]+ peaks are observed. This allows a clear distinction between 3- and 4-substituted pyridazines, as the spectra of the latter isomers show only very weak [M – H]+ signals. The stability of [M – H]+ ions derived from 3-alkylpyridazines (deduced from only the very low abundance of further fragment ions) gives strong evidence for a cyclic structure of these ions. One fragmentation pathway typical of the parent pyridazine, the [M - N2] fragmentation, was not detectable with any of the phenylalkylpyridazines investigated. Instead, loss of HCN, H3CN+ and N2H+ was observed. An interesting fragmentation, observed with 3-(2-phenylethyl)pyridazine, is the loss of +CH3 from the molecular ion and also from the [M – H]+ ion.


By analyzing the existing Geographic Information System(GIS) and Virtual Reality(VR) technology integration methods,which can be divided into two integration model of black-box and white-box,a new integration gray-box model by changing the behavior of the operating system software and hardware is proposed.Based on this integration model,without any modification to the existing GIS system,binocular stereo display method based on frame buffer and multi-mode interaction integration method based on message mapping were discussed,the integration of GIS software and VR equipment was realized.The proposed integration method provides the theories and methods in support of constructing VRGIS system,combining spatial analysis operators,VR visualization and VR interaction.


A liveable city is concerned with urban development and the living environment of residents. Bangkok could be considered one of the best destination cities in the world, with low prices, excellent service, and diverse tourist attractions. Although Bangkok is one of the best cities for tourism, the best city for tourism does not refer to a liveable city for the residents. This present study aimed to investigate the relationships between urban tourism, urban development, and liveable city in particular areas of Bangkok using data from the Traffy Fondue application. The study employs mixed methods, comprising questionnaires for foreign tourists in both English and Chinese, interviewing stakeholders, and searching for online open data from popular travel websites for popularity and satisfaction. For a liveable city for the residents, we employed the set of open source data from the Traffy Fondue application operated by the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA). The results demonstrated that an urban environment for tourists did not refer to a liveable city for the residents. Furthermore, additional elements – mobility facilities for tourists and residents were the most considerable challenges to urban environment improvement for both urban tourism and a liveable city in Bangkok.


A removable device that is configured to be removably installed in the body of an image forming apparatus (100), comprising: an information storage device (35) that includes an information storage unit (35c) that is configured to store information communicated between the image forming apparatus body (100) and the removable device, and a terminal (35a) which is configured to contact a body-side terminal installed in the apparatus body of imaging (100) and configured to communicate the information to the image forming apparatus body (100), characterized in that the information storage device (35) further comprises: a substrate (35b) in which the information storage unit (35c) and the terminal (35a), and includes at least one of a hole and a slit that allow a section of envelopes The sensor installed in the body of the image forming apparatus (100) is inserted therein, and in that a holding section (34k) holds the information storage device (35) in such a way that the substrate (35b) is provides in a virtual plane that intersects orthogonally with a direction of movement in which the terminal (35a) approaches and comes into contact with the body-side terminal, and the substrate (35b) can be moved relative to said holding section (34k) in said virtual plane.


e18093Background: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has a poor prognosis despite multimodal treatment approaches. Innovative strategies are required for treatment. Our primary aim was to determine...


Latin America, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere. Cook notes a particular challenge for U.S. officials in managing the shift from cooperating with stable authoritarian leaders to backing a faltering transition to democracy, which he says created wariness in the region about American democracy promotion efforts. He concludes that Washington has a limited role in shaping regional politics, with locals holding their countries' future in their hands. Cook's argumentation is somewhat contradictory in the book's closing pages. He criticizes the Obama Administration for the failure of its actions to match rhetoric in Egypt and lack of sufficiently vocal messaging on democratic backsliding in Turkey, yet acknowledges that alternative actions would not have altered outcomes. He also argues that the United States can play a role in upholding democratic values and investing in technical assistance programs, yet notes the limited effect beyond avoiding the worst possible outcome of instilling mistrust on all sides. The United States should undoubtedly approach the region with humility about its ability to affect domestic politics. However, he fails to explain how best to achieve core American interests in the region (which he identifies as Israel, oil, counter terrorism, and non-proliferation) – especially during a time of transition. Some may disagree with the author's analysis and conclusion. But the book will long serve as a useful reference given its detailed description of historic events. It would be a valuable text for an undergraduate or graduate course on Middle East history or politics. It has extensive footnotes, maps, a timeline of events (running from the death of the Tunisian fruit seller in December 2010 to Turkey's arrest of Kurdish politicians in November 2016), and a "cast of characters" from the four countries of study. Although the book was published in June 2017, it was completed before the 2016 election and does not address developments during the Trump administration. As a result, more remains to be written about the unfolding developments of a turbulent region that affects American interests.


This paper constitutes an attempt to present a condensed and highly generalised analytic overview of the contexts, content and operations of the sociological enterprise in Southern Africa, excluding South Africa and Namibia, over the past twenty five years. This chronological and geographic framework permits us to contrast and compare the politico‐academic contexts in which the enterprise has been carried out across the 'great divide' of the event of political independence from colonial rule in the countries involved. For Tanzania this occurred as early as 1961; other countries achieved independence subsequently: Kenya in 1963, Malawi and Zambia in 1964, Lesotho and Botswana in 1966, Swaziland in 1968, Mozambique in 1975 and Zimbabwe in 1980.


The concept of engineering education is the rational understanding of higher engineering education and philosophical reflection,it is thinking of our higher engineering education in the whole system,and a general point of view. Culture,from the top-notch talent outstanding engineers plans and engineering education in the transformation of three aspects of a specific explanation. To strengthen the research on the notion of Higher Engineering Education in China,is not only beneficial to correct the deviation in higher engineering education,but also help to promote the reform and development of higher engineering education.


The main objective of this paper is to examine the historical and cultural reasons why the significant work of Roger Boscovich, one among the most eminent philosophers and scientists of 18th century, has remained untranslated with the exception of English and Serbian/Croatian languages. Revealing the background of this strange void enables us to better understand the meaning of Boscovich's Theoriae Philosophiae Naturalis.


According to the curriculum characteristics of Economics of Animal Husbandry,the industry development trend of animal husbandry and the students' learning status,combining with the teaching experience,the theoretical thoughts of the curriculum reform of Economics of Animal Husbandry were proposed and the corresponding reform project was established.Practice proves that this reform ideas and project are feasible and the effect is good.


Under conditions of rice seedling transplanted by casting,the quality early indica rice variety Zhou 903 had an advantage of high yielding resulted from more tillers and spikes,but it easily lodged.A 3 year investigation was conducted in 36 typical paddy cultivated the variety by cast transplant during 1996 1998.Results of the observation and statistics showed that in factors forming its yield,productive tiller number had the largest direct effect,and that the direct effect of fertilization application on yielding was arranged in the following order:K fertilizer organic fertilizerN fertilizeramount of fertilizer appliedP fertilizer.


Water resources are susceptible to different types of pollution among which bacterial contamination is of serious concern. Intake of water contaminated with bacteria especially with coliform leads to several health issues. Therefore, assessing the microbial safety of potable water is indeed an important aspect. In this study, we report the fabrication of a portable sensor strip for a quick detection of coliform content in drinking water. The sensor consists of an adsorbed complex (ferricyanide) along with a metabolic nutrient (glucose). The complex and the nutrient were immobilized on a porous solid support using a crosslinked binder (alginate). When a micro-drop of water sample containing coliform bacteria at concentration more than 5 CFU/100 mL was placed on the strip, a colourless patch was formed at the point of contact due to the reduction of the complex molecule by the bacteria. The kinetics of decolorization was studied using UVvisible spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements. The strips were tested using standard bacterial culture and water samples containing different amounts of coliform bacteria. The sensor strip reported in this study could be applied for real-time detection of pathogens in drinking water. It can be extended to metal-reducing pathogens similar to coliforms found in drinking water.


Objective To study the application of Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) in screening mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and its optimal cut-off value.Methods One hundred and fifty -three MCI patients were divided into control group(n= 69),MCI group(n= 60),and Alzheimer's disease(AD) group(n= 24) according to its diagnostic criteria and evaluated using MoCA and mini-mental state examination(MMSE).Correlation between the MoCA and MMSE scores for the patients was analyzed.Sensitivity,specificity,Kappa value and Youden index of MoCA in screening MCI patients were calculated to select its optimal cut-off value.Results The MMSE and MoCA scores were significantly lower in MCI and AD groups than in control group(P 0.05).The MMSE score was closely related with the MoCA score(r=0.847,P0.01).The sensitivity, specificity and Kappa value of MoCA for the diagnosis of MCI were 98.3%,85.5%and 0.830 respectively when its cut-off value was 26.ROC curve showed that the sensitivity,specificity and Kappa value of MoCA for the diagnosis of MCI were 93.3%,97.1%and 0.906 when its cut-off value was 25.Conclusion MMSE and MoCA scores are closely related in MCI patients and consistent with their clinical diagnosis.The cut-off value of MoCA at 25 is recommended for the diagnosis of MCI.


Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials that can be the environmental protection extraction method in TCM research and industry. They can overcome the defects of traditional extract methods and environmental pollution. In our research, MIPs were prepared by precipitation polymerization with neuro-protective picroside I and ginsenoside Rb1 as the template molecule. Moreover, the morphology of MIPs was characterized by electron microscope scanning and the static adsorption capacity was measured by the Scatchard equation. Finally, MIPs were made into MIP-SPE columns to enrich the template molecule and its analogues comparing with C18-SPE column and the results show that MIPs have good affinity and selectivity towards the Rb1 and Picroside I in SPE columns. This research may offer a more environmentally friendly method to extract active compounds in the traditional herbal.


Social movements have one common theme. A common theme of change. The lesbian gay bisexual transgender [LGBT] movement is no different. With change happening all around us, the LGBT movement is slowing trying to gain a voice and make its objectives known to society and in turn demand society accept the movement's specific desire for change. The LGBT movement has an agenda; however, the media also portrays another agenda about information and issues presented on the LGBT movement. In this analysis, the LGBT movement research surrounding agenda-setting theory will be reviewed. The purpose of this study is to analyze numerous articles from Microsoft National Broadcasting Company [MSNBC] and Fox News on marriage equality, Coca-Cola 2014 Super Bowl ad, federal government interaction, Phil Robertson, and religious liberty to see how the articles shape the LGBT movement in the United States in order to see what agenda each media source is setting to the public.


High-strength materials can be easily machined by spark erosion process to obtain complex shapes. The discharge energy can be characterized by the current flowing through the dielectric medium in spark erosion process during the machining. The performance measures such as workpiece erosion, tool electrode erosion, and surface finish can be modified by the properties of tool electrode material. This current is determined by the conductivity of the tool electrode material. The erosion process has been experimentally investigated to analyze the effects of tool electrode on machinability of AISI 202 stainless steel in the present study. Copper, brass, and tungsten carbide have been used as the tool electrode with different combinations of electrical input parameters. From the results, it is observed that tool properties of tool electrode material could have an influence on machining characteristics in spark erosion process. Copper tool could give higher material removal rate, whereas tungsten carbide could produce better surface finish after machining process.


ABSTRACT International sport governance is often described as both a significant and unique part of international politics. Simultaneously, proponents of this view lament the lack of (especially academic) attention paid to international sport governance as a political phenomenon. In this essay, the author argues that remedying this problem requires an understanding of sport as a product of the international system, and that the existing system of transnational sport governance organisations should be studied in much the same way as other international governance institutions, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. This conceptualisation of international sport governance as an institution is used to demonstrate how paradigms and theoretical frameworks from the field of international relations (IR) can be usefully applied to international sport governance research. Integrating IR theory with sport governance research can enhance the understanding of international sport's political status and impacts, as well as the nature of international institutions more generally.


Changes in climatic conditions are expected to directly affect agricultural production systems including rice farming. However, maintaining and increasing productivity in the face of climate change will require improved understanding of the effects of climatic factors on rice physiological traits. Increasing temperatures will lead to changes in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD can affect rice growth by affecting the water status of the plants, the thermal conditions of leaves or the canopy thereby regulating plant functions. This experiment aimed to determine the effects of VPD on growth and physiological responses of a range of rice genotypes in order to better understand these effects and their implications for adaptation to climate change.


The background of this research aims to analyze the influence of Service Quality and Brand Image jointly to Consumer Satisfaction . This research was conducted at PT. Bank DKI Group Retail and SME Division Microcredit Jakarta focused on debtor Micro booth (GUM) in the Jakarta area with a population of about 170 debtors and sample 63 respondents drawn by random sampling . By using the method of linear analysis , t he results showed that the Service Quality and Brand Image effect on Customer satisfaction. So , if PT.Bank DKI Group Retail and SME Division Microcredit want to increase consumer satisfaction should first improve Service Quality and Brand Image Keywords : quality, brand, and satisfaction


This article examines Japanese writer Gotô Meisei's (1932-1999) story "The Unwritable Report" ("Kakarenai hôkôku"). The plot is set in a danchi (massive apartment complex) built to address the chronic housing shortages that abounded during Japan's high-speed growth period (1955-1973). The nameless protagonist is convinced that he is at one with his apartment unit, a spell that is later broken by his discovery of a water stain on the ceiling. By contrasting the danchi as viewed "straight" and "awry," I argue, Gotô mounts an immanent critique of the reifying discourses that colonized Japanese desire for the instrumentalist pursuit of increasing Japan's GNP.


The expression for the radar cross section for backscatter from elongated, field-aligned ionospheric irregularities is used to find a general formula for the backscattered power received by any radar for a given rms electron density fluctuation level. The formula involves an integral of the three-dimensional irregularity power spectrum over a volume defined by the beam width of the antenna and the pulse length. The three cases considered are where: (1) the irregularities fill the beam but the beam width measured parallel to the earth's magnetic field is so large that a wide range of aspect angles falls within the beam, (2) the irregularities fill the beam and the beam width is so narrow that the aspect angle is approximately constant, and (3) the irregularities fill only a small portion of the beam, over which the aspect angle is constant. The three cases are typified by the Goose Bay HF radar, the Jicamarca radar, and STARE-type radars, respectively. An empirical formula for the power spectrum is used to obtain explicit formulas for the three types of radar. The Goose Bay radar works at a low enough frequency so that ionospheric refraction can be used to achieve good aspect sensitivity. The effect of ionospheric refraction and focusing is therefore included in the formulas for backscatter. The results of numerical computations are presented in order to compare the sensitivity of the Goose Bay radar with other types of radar and to estimate the levels of fluctuation needed to produce backscatter. Curves of signal-to-noise ratio versus range are plotted for the radar.


Model calculations, based on the simple proposition that the broad features of the partition of reverse activation energy in a unimolecular decomposition can be obtained by considering the composition of the reaction coordinate at the transition state, show good agreement with experiment for a number of ionic reactions. The theory predicts that conversion of this potential energy into translational energy of the products will tend to be favoured in endoergic reactions, while exoergicity is more likely to lead to the appearance of energy of the products' vibrations. Conversion of the potential energy into rotational energy of the products is largely determined by the conservation of angular momentum. We define a class of "unbalanced" reactions for which this conversion will be significant.


A new flight control law for unmanned aerial vehicles based on robust servo linear quadratic regulator control and Kalman filtering is proposed. This flight control law has a simple structure with high dependability in engineering. The pitch angle controller, which is designed based on the robust servo linear quadratic regulator control, is given to show the flight control law. Simulation results show that the pitch angle controller works well under noise-free conditions. Finally, Kalman filtering is applied to the pitch angle controller under noisy conditions, and the simulation results show that the proposed method reduces the influence of noise.


Viruses are prominent examples of symmetry in biology. A better understanding of symmetry and symmetry breaking in virus structure via mathematical modelling opens up novel perspectives on how viruses form, evolve and infect their hosts. In particular, mathematical models of viral symmetry pave the way to novel forms of antiviral therapy and the exploitation of viral protein containers in bio-nanotechnology.


Human-Centered Multimedia Computing (HCMC) has emerged as a field of computational science where human-centered principles of design are core to the creation of multimedia systems. Today's multimedia technologies still largely cater to the "able" population, largely ignoring those with disabilities or "adding-on" accessibility features after development rather than incorporating the principles as an integral system component at the conceptualization and design stages. We propose a methodology to enrich HCMC through inspirations from disabilities, deficits and impairments. We propose a three dimension model, and illustrate how disabilities research can result in a broader impact. Although HCMC does address adaptability to some extent, continuous co-adaptation between the user and machine is important for improved effectiveness and efficiency. We therefore introduce the concept of person-centeredness and Person-Centered Multimedia Computing (PCMC). Through understanding individual users' needs, we can better design and facilitate seamless and implicit co-adaptation in next-generation multimedia technologies. We present three case studies that illustrate the usefulness of the person-centeredness approach.


The purpose of this study is to find the effect of the use of social media and digital learning resources fordigital native in learning. Type of this research is associative descriptive. Descriptive research is research that describes or explains something of the relationships and influences between variables as they are. While associative research is research looking for relationships between a variable with other variables. The population of this study was Class XI IPS 1, XI IPS 2 and XI IPS 3 in SMAN 2 Painan. The sample used in this study was obtained by total sampling of 97 people. Based on the results of research and discussion on the use of social media it can be concluded that the use of social media by digital native students at SMAN 2 Painan can be classified as quite high. And the use of digital learning resources by native digital students can be classified as quite high. This means that digital learning resources have a positive impact if used continuously in learning. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um014v13i12020p001


Objective: Study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of resin infiltration technique on the eroded enamel surface of both primary and permanent teeth with DIAGNOdent pen and CIE L*a*b values.
Materials and Methods: Buccal surfaces of 28 permanent and 28 primary teeth were covered with nail polish leaving an area of 2*2mm width*height and kept in orange juice for 4 days as a part of the erosion cycle. Then, resin infiltration agent (ICON, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) was applied to all teeth. Within the scope of this study pre-erosion, post-erosion and post-treatment measurements were made before erosion, after erosion and after resin infiltration application with a fluorescent-based device and CIE L*a*b values. CIE L*a*b values were analyzed with paired T-test and ΔLab values were compared by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Statistical significance level was p


Legumes are considered as soil recuperative crops. Pigeonpea occupies a prominent position as rainy season (kharif) pulse crop. It is the 5th prominent pulse crop in the world and 2 nd in India after chick pea. In India, pigeonpea ranks second in both acreage (5.13 million ha) and production (4.23 million tonnes) among the pulses with average productivity of 824 kg ha -1 (Anonymous 2015). It occupies an area of 0.77 mha with a production of 0.53 mt with an average productivity of 596 kg ha -1 in Karnataka (GOI, 2012). Nutrient management is the most basic factor and is found to exert a great influence not only on growth and yield attributes of crops but also for obtaining International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange prolongs safe apnoeic oxygenation time in children. In adults, transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange is reported to have a ventilatory effect with PaCO2 levels increasing less rapidly than without it. This ventilatory effect has yet to be reproduced in children. In this non‐inferiority study, we tested the hypothesis that children weighing 10–15 kg exhibit no difference in carbon dioxide clearance when comparing two different high‐flow nasal therapy flow rates during a 10‐min apnoea period. Following standardised induction of anaesthesia including neuromuscular blockade, patients were randomly allocated to high‐flow nasal therapy of 100% oxygen at 2 or 4 l.kg−1.min−1. Airway patency was ensured by continuous jaw thrust. The study intervention was terminated for safety reasons when SpO2 values dropped < 95%, or transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels rose > 9.3 kPa, or near‐infrared spectroscopy values dropped > 20% from their baseline values, or after an apnoeic period of 10 min. Fifteen patients were included in each group. In the 2 l.kg−1.min−1 group, mean (SD) transcutaneous carbon dioxide increase was 0.46 (0.11) kPa.min−1, while in the 4 l.kg−1.min−1 group it was 0.46 (0.12) kPa.min−1. The upper limit of a one‐sided 95%CI for the difference between groups was 0.07 kPa.min−1, lower than the predefined non‐inferiority margin of 0.147 kPa.min−1 (p = 0.001). The lower flow rate of 2 l.kg−1.min−1 was non‐inferior to 4 l.kg−1.min−1 relative to the transcutaneous carbon dioxide increase. In conclusion, an additional ventilatory effect of either 2 or 4 l.kg−1.min−1 high‐flow nasal therapy in apnoeic children weighing 10–15 kg appears to be absent.


The first part of this paper examines the importance of three archaeological finds - the Kuntillet 'Ajrud Inscriptions, the tomb inscriptions of Khirbet Beit Lei, and Hebrew seals bearing personal names - for understanding religious developments during the period of the divided monarchy in Israel. The second (and larger) part of the paper considers the significance of the Deuteronomistic History and the deuteronomic reform movement with respect to the development of the history of Israelite religion during the period of the divided monarchy. In particular, the prophetic movement and the covenant theme are considered.


Stimulated by the clinical impression that some patients show rapid development of distant me- tastases for the first time shortly following surgical or irradiation treatment of their primary tumor, the surgical service of the National Cancer Insti- tute has undertaken a series of experiments dealing with the effect of surgical excision or local irradia- tion of a transplantable mouse tumor on the development of distant metastases arising from this tumor. An experimental study by Schatten (5) revealed that surgical excision of two different transplant- able mouse tumors results in, or is attended by, an increased number of pulmonary metastases or an increase in average size of metastases when compared with a control group. A similar experiment undertaken to study the effect of local irradiation likewise demonstrated changes in the pattern of pulmonary metastases (~). In a study involving 131 irradiated mice and 89 control mice, the irradiated animals re- ceived 8000 r locally to the "primary" tumor. When one tabulated the number of spontaneous pulmonary metastases found 3 weeks following irradiation of an intramuscular melanoma and compared this with the number of pulmonary metastases in an untreated group of mice, two effects were noted. A large group of treated animals averaged fewer metastases than did the controls, and a smaller group averaged many more me- tastases than did the controls. :Forty-five per cent of the irradiated group had less than three pul- monary metastases, as compared with 28 per cent in the controls; this included 19 per cent of the irradiated mice completely free of pulmonary metastases as compared with only 6 per cent of the controls. Also of great interest was the finding in eleven of 181 irradiated mice of more metastases than were found in any of their respec- * Present address: University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. Received for publication August 19, 1958. tive control animals. Three of these had more than twice the number of metastases found in any con- trol mouse. The large group of irradiated animals with fewer metastases was perhaps the result to be expected. It was felt that, in this group, irradiation of the "primary" tumor had in some way altered the growth potential of the tumor cells, so that when these cells embolized to the lungs they were not able to grow and were destroyed by the host. The metastases which were found could already have existed at the time of irradiation and so were not affected. No explanation was found for the development or occurrence of more prolific growth of metastases seen in a small group of irradiated animals. There was no apparent correlation between numbers of metastases and the size of the tumor at the time of irradiation or the growth pattern of the "primary" tumor fol- lowing irradiation. Irradiation of the contralateral thigh of the mouse with no irradiation of the "primary" tumor had no measurable effect on the number of pulmonary metastases. Kaplan (1, 7) found an increased number of mice with pulmonary metastases following irradi- ation of a different transplantable mouse tumor which, under normal circumstances, rarely me- tastasized to the lungs. His explanation for this phenomenon was that local tumor irradiation caused a local transient disturbance in the tumor- host relationship, in which disruption of the blood vessel wails permitted an increased embolization of tumor cells. :For this hypothesis to be true, it is necessary not only that radiation have the postulated effect on tumor embolization but that the radiation be


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has advised health care workers to evaluate HIV-positive people for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) anergy at the time of PPD (purified protein derivative) testing. However, controversy remains among those that feel anergy testing is either unnecessary or inaccurate. A study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, demonstrated that anergy test results were not stable. If CD4 counts are above 500, it is highly unlikely that they will be anergic. Anergy testing may be just as unnecessary in patients with low CD4 counts. People with CD4 counts less than 200 are very likely to be anergic. The CDC recommends that if patients are anergic, those with a high risk of TB infection should be given prophylaxis. Researchers at Hopkins suggest that clinicians look closely at rates of prevalence and incidence within the patient's community. Given limited resources, and limited incidence and prevalence of TB, Hopkins representatives suggest providers concentrate efforts on PPD-positive patients.


The rapid evolution of information technology has compelled the ubiquitous systems and computing to adapt with this expeditious development. Because of its rigidity, computer networks failed to meet that evolvement for decades, however, the recently emerged paradigm of software-defined networks gives a glimpse of hope for a new networking architecture that provides more flexibility and adaptability. Fault tolerance is considered one of the key concerns with respect to the software-defined networks dependability. In this paper, we propose a new architecture, named THRIFTY, to ease the recovery process when failure occurs and save the storage space of forwarding elements, which is therefore aims to enhance the fault tolerance of software-defined networks. Unlike the prevailing concept of fault management, THRIFTY uses the Edge-Core technique to forward the incoming packets. THRIFTY is tailored to fit the only centrally controlled systems such as the new architecture of software-defined networks that interestingly maintain a global view of the entire network. The architecture of THRIFTY is illustrated and experimental study is reported showing the performance of the proposed method. Further directions are suggested in the context of scalability towards achieving further advances in this research area.


Malaria is now being reported with unusual manifestations because of increasing resistance, indiscriminate use of antimalarial drugs and development of immunity. Chorea is one of the rare complication of falciparum malaria. In this case, a 28 year old male presented with fever, splenomegaly and with choreiform movement. Peripheral smear was positive for vivax malaria.


Serum activity of hexosaminidases A and B has been measured to identify patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff's diseases, and may also be affected in other clinical conditions including neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Data utilizing serum HEX as a marker for NEC is difficult to interpret because normal developmental patterns have not been characterized. We have measured serum activity of total HEX and Hex B in 61 neonates of 27 to 40 weeks gestation who did not have NEC. These infants were followed from birth until 4 to 8 weeks of age. The infants were divided into 2 gestational age groups (≤34 weeks and >35 weeks) since enzyme activities were similar within each of these 2 groups. Total serum HEX activity, increased with postnatal (PN) age and was greater in the older gestational age group (ANOVA p<0.01). Factors associated with increased total serum HEX include enteral feeding, parenteral nutrition and unexplained hematochezia.Serum HEX activity in infants with clinical conditions that may influence serum activity of this enzyme must be compared to that in normal infants of similar gestational and postnatal ages.


ABSTRACT A new notion of semicontinuity of vector functions in terms of metrizable spaces called external semicontinuity (esc) is introduced. We present some of its topological and geometrical properties and establish a characterization via the closedness of its epigraph, coepigraph, level and colevel sets. Then esc regularization is studied. Our contributions can be viewed as generalizations of standard results from the scalar case.


Members of the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales), widely used as biofungicides, biofertilizers, and as model fungi for the industrial production of CAZymes, have actively been studied for the applications of their biological functions. Recently, the study of the nuclear genomes of Trichoderma has expanded in the directions of adaptation and evolution to gain a better understanding of their ecological traits. However, Trichoderma's mitochondria have received much less attention despite mitochondria being the most necessary element for sustaining cell life. In this study, a mitogenome of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum CBS 226.95 was assembled de novo. A 27,632 bp circular DNA molecule was revealed with specific features, such as the intronless of all core PCGs, one homing endonuclease, and a putative overlapping tRNA, on a closer phylogenetic relationship with T. reesei among hypocrealean fungi. Interestingly, the mitogenome of T. harzianum CBS 226.95 was predicted to have evolved earlier than those of other Trichoderma species and also assumed with a selection pressure in the cox3. Considering the bioavailability, both for the ex-neotype strain of the T. harzianum species complex and the most globally representative commercial fungal biocontrol agent, our results on the T. harzianum CBS 226.95 mitogenome provide crucial information which will be helpful criteria in future studies on Trichoderma.


On Day 84, I had a chat with Clare and Andy Budd regarding Solve The Refugee Crisis (STRC). I've decided to seriously consider turning STRC into a


This article examines the role of the female love-interest within films popular with British audiences in the interwar period in order to illuminate audience anxieties about male and female employment. The article argues that widespread concerns about changing patterns of male and female work in the 1920s and 1930s were moderated by a popular construction of female love that emphasized heterosexual love and female employment as mutually exclusive. 'Hit' films with British audiences in the period tended to feature a love-interest who ultimately declared her interest only in love while simultaneously renouncing her own access to wealth and status. Consequently, popular film became an important site for the articulation of interwar anxieties about gender and work as audiences consumed this repetitive narrative, .


Expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs provide comprehensive mental health care (assessment, treatment, case management) to youth in special and regular education in schools. These programs are growing progressively throughout the United States related to increasing disenchantment with traditional forms of mental health service delivery to youth (e.g., providing care at "centers" away from neighborhoods) and growing recognition of the advantages of providing services directly within schools (e.g., outreach to youth with internalizing disturbances). However, for the most part, prevention within ESMH programs remains underdeveloped. The integration of prevention research and ESMH offers considerable promise to ongoing efforts to reform and improve education and mental health care for youth. This article reviews barriers to this integration and strategies to overcome them.


This paper describes an efficient substrate-bias generator (SBG) for low-power and high-speed DRAMs. In this SBG, the charge pumping circuit and driving and supply voltage circuit are newly proposed. The proposed circuit has advantages as follows. First, the charge pumping circuit doesn't suffer from V/sub T/ loss and is applicable to low-voltage DRAMs. Second, the driving and supply voltage switching circuit can supply stable substrate voltage by switching the supply voltage of the driving stage. So, it can reduce the power consumption by making a stable substrate back bias voltage (V/spl dot//sub BB/) because of its high pumping efficiency.


Background: Women reportedly do not perceive heart disease (HD) as a major threat to their health; however, men's perceptions are rarely studied. Purpose: We explored gender and ethnic differences in risk perception of HD mortality. Methods: The survey was completed by 976 people 40+ years of age, in metropolitan Vancouver, Canada. Results: Men, compared with women, were more likely not to know the answer to a question about whether HD is the most common cause of death for women; however, women were more likely not to know the answer to a question about whether HD is the most common cause of death for men. Chinese-Canadian and South Asian-Canadian participants were more likely than participants of other ethnic groups not to know the answer to either question, and the Chinese-Canadian participants were more likely to disagree that HD is the most common cause of death for women. Conclusion: There is a need to educate the Chinese-Canadian and South Asian-Canadian communities about HD as a first step in promoting health behavior change. Men and women must be educated about the other gender's risk of HD because all adults play integral roles in making decisions about the prevention of and early intervention for HD.


As the commercialisation of genetic testing proceeds – and there is every reason to think that it will – increasing attention will be paid to the role of genetic counsellors. Genetic counsellors are health care professionals with specialised knowledge and a deep commitment to the public good. This commitment makes them well suited to the joint goals of promoting well-being and safeguarding individual autonomy.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
A small leaf-mining agromyzid fly of omnivorous tastes—Liriomyza langei Frick—caused a 50% loss to fall spinach in the Salinas Valley in 1956. The unofficial allowable tolerance for larvae could not be met in many instances with as many as six weekly applications of combination phosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides at a total cost of $60 an acre.


Fourteen out of fifteen IgM‐rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) preparations isolated from high‐titred seropositive rheumatoid sera by affinity chromatography on immobilized human IgG have been shown to cross‐react with a cell nuclear antigen, as manifest by positive immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) staining on rat liver and kidney tissue sections. The cross‐reacting ANA activity within isolated IgM‐RF preparations was inhibitabte by both human and rabbit IgG, as well as by isolated rat liver chromatin. and could be isolated from seropositive ANA‐negative sera. It would appear that this cross‐reacting ANA activity can be masked in the original seropositive serum and may often require purification of RF from serum for its manifestation.


Moutain areas are occasionaly affected by complex mass movements of high magnitude and large extent, which generally involve water, snow, rock and ice in variable proportions. Those events can take the form of rock avalanche, landslide, debris flow, glacier collapse or a combination of these phenomenons. In the Central Andes of Chile, they affect hardly accessible regions with low population, explaining the scarcity of previous studies. Nevertheless, during the last 30 years, some documented examples of such events in this region have shown that the volume of material involved is in the order of several millions of m3, the areas affected can reach several tenth of km2 and the velocity of the movement can exceed several tenths of m/s. In this context, this study intends i) to inventory and to describe the main characteristics of events previously documented in the Central Andes of Chile, and ii) analyse in detail two recent events (2005-2007) never described before which have affected in one case a glacier and in another case a rock glacier. With the objectives of determining the possible chain of triggering factors and interpreting the event's significance in terms of geomorphic, cryogenic and climatic dynamics, we used air photographs, satellite imagery (Landsat TM & ETM+; Quick Bird when available in Google Earth 5.0), data from the closest meteorological stations, glacier mass balance data and seismic records to investigate the collapse of a rock glacier occurred in 2006 on the west-facing flank of the Cerro Las Tortolas (6160 m asl; 29o58' S. - 69o55' W.), in the arid North of Chile, and the collapse of a glacier that occurred during austral summer 2006-2007 on the South side of the Tinguiririca Volcano (4075 m asl; 34°48' S. - 70°21' W.). The rock glacier collapse of the Cerro Las Tortolas West flank occurred during the spring of 2006, but signs of destabilization were already observable since the end of 2005. The deposit of the collapsed mass of the glacier covered 0.12km2, nevertheless part of the material mobilized was channelised in a 200m-wide ravine generating an hyper-concentrated flow of snow, ice, water and debris, which traveled for 3 km downslope. The event of the Tinguiririca Volcano South flank occurred between the 29th of December 2006 and the 14th of January 2007 and affected a mountain glacier of 0.46 km2. The destabilization of this later led to a quasi complete detachment of the glacier mass, which flowed to the bottom of the valley and, incorporating rock debris, snow and water, traveled downslope for more than 7 km. The destabilization and collapse of both studied landforms occurred during exceptionnaly warm periods of spring and summer and the climatic conditions produced intense glacier downwasting in Chile. This situation might have favoured the destabilization, either by reducing the basal friction of the glacier or by saturating the detritic sole of the rock glacier, both mechanisms being related to large quantity of melt water in the system. Although further research is needed, this temporal concordance suggests that those extreme geomorphologic phenomenons could be partly related to warming air temperatures.


Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is AE without any identifiable pathogenic antibody. Although it is a major subtype of AE, many unmet clinical needs exist in terms of clinical characteristics, treatments, and prognosis. In this institutional cohort study, patients diagnosed with seronegative AE with available 2-year outcomes were analysed for the disease course, 2-year outcome prediction system, effect of immunotherapy, necessity of further immunotherapy at 6 or 12 months, and pattern of brain atrophy. Seronegative AE was subcategorized into antibody-negative probable AE (ANPRA), autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Poor 2-year outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale [mRS] scores 3‒6, and the 2-year serial data of Clinical Assessment Scales in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) score was used for longitudinal data analyses. A total of 147 patients were included. The frequency of achieving a good 2-year outcome (mRS 0‒2) was 56.5%. The ANPRA subtype exhibited the poorest outcomes, although the baseline severity was similar among the subtypes. The RAPID score, consisting of five early utilizable clinical factors, refractory status epilepticus, age of onset ≥ 60 years, probable AE (ANPRA subtype), infratentorial involvement, and delay of immunotherapy ≥ 1 month, was associated with poorer 2-year outcomes. Any immunotherapy was associated with clinical improvement in the patients with low risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 0-1), and the combination immunotherapy of steroid, immunoglobulin, rituximab, and tocilizumab was associated with better outcomes in the patients with high risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 2-5). In patients with persistent disease at 6 months, continuing immunotherapy was associated with more improvement, while the effect of continuing immunotherapy for more than 12 months was unclear. In the longitudinal analysis of MRI, the development of cerebellar atrophy indicated poor outcomes, while the absence of diffuse cerebral atrophy or medial temporal atrophy indicated the possibility of a good outcome. This study provides information about the clinical characteristics and courses, the effect of immunotherapy and its duration, and prognostic factors in seronegative AE.


A unique digital multi-rate demodulator (MRD) architecture is presented for onboard satellite communications processing. The multi-rate feature enables the same demodulator hardware to process either one wideband channel (WBC), or process up to thirty-two independent narrowband channels (NBC) that are time division multiplexed (TDM). The MRD can process many quadrature modulation format such as offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). Possible applications include voice and data transmission for commercial or military users.


The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has forged an international consensus on climate change through four assessment reports developed over twenty years. The Fourth Assessment Report, issued in 2007, provides the state of the art summary of how greenhouse gases have accumulated in the atmosphere causing global warming. More than a dozen climate models calculate the effects and project how they might change in the future. There is little doubt that greenhouse gases are accumulating and that they are the primary cause of global warming. The issue, though, is why are they accumulating? The IPCC assumes that the primary cause is increased emissions due to man. Implicit in this assumption is that the atmosphere's ability to oxidize and therefore remove greenhouse gases has remained relatively constant. Clearly, the net concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is primarily a function of emissions minus consumption. The IPCC emphasizes emissions while paying less attention to consumption. I have found clear evidence that the atmosphere's ability to consume greenhouse gases, the oxidizing capacity, has been changing and that the primary cause of this change has been the continuous and increasing emission of sulfur dioxide. I therefore emphasize consumption while agreeing that emissions play a role. I discovered (Ward, 2009) that all periods of rapid and significant global warming in the past 46,000 years are contemporaneous with major increases in the concentration of volcanic sulfate measured in layers of ice from the Greenland Ice Sheet Program drill hole 2 (GISP2). This correlation is particularly strong since more than 70% of these layers of ice contain no volcanic sulfate. Furthermore, during periods of rapid warming, the sulfate anomalies occur in many contiguous layers, implying a high rate of volcanic activity over many years to decades. Volcanic eruptions, as large as or larger than the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, have occurred, on average, once per century for the past 2000 years. The GISP2 data imply that similar sized eruptions were occurring every few months to every year or two during periods of rapid warming. Large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas erupted frequently and regularly into the atmosphere appear to have caused global warming prior to the 20 th century. During the 20 th century, man began producing sulfur emissions at significant and increasing rates through the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in sulfate measured in the GISP2 ice layers tracks the known increase in sulfur emissions by man. By 1962, the amount of sulfate in one layer of ice in GISP2, representing 1.7 years of time, contained as much "volcanic" sulfate as one large actual volcanic eruption had caused in the past. Volcanic activity had not increased. All ice layers since 1930 had increasing amounts of sulfate. Such concentrations in so many contiguous layers have only occurred in the past during times of known rapid global warming. The total sulfate accumulated between 1930 and 1980 is equivalent to the total amounts accumulated during the highest rates of global warming at the end of the last ice age.