Objective:To study the value of a self-made equipment in the recanalization of fallopian tube for infertile patients with marked flexion of uterus associated with unilateral/bilateral fallopian tube obstruction and to analyze the curative effect.Methods:48 patients with marked flexion of uterus associated with unilateral or bilateral fallopian tube obstruction were diagnosd by hysterosalpingography.There were altogether 66 tubes obstructed,selective salpingography and recanalization of fallopian tubes were performed with a self-made equipment in combination with other instruments.All patients were followed up for two years,the recanalization rate and the pregnancy rate were used for the evaluation of therapeutic effect,and were compared to those of patients with normal uterus position.Results:Successful catheterization was obtained in all 48 patients,successful recanalization was obtained in 56 fallopian tubes(84.8%).9 patients(18.8%) were pregnant after two years′ follow-up.The rate of pregnancy was lower than those patients with normal uterus position,but the rate of successful recanalization was similar.Conclusion:Fallopian tube recanalization in patients with marked flexion of uterus could be conveniently fulfilled by using a self-made equipment,successful catheterization could be obtained by the combination of using other instruments.


This legislation would ensure that healthcare providers treat babies who have been born alive, after failed abortion attempts, with the same care they would treat any other baby born at the same stage of pregnancy.


Department of Aeronautic, Automotive and Ocean Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia Department of Applied Mechanics and Design, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia Article history Received 1 June 2018 Received in revised form 11 June 2018 Accepted 19 November 2018 Published 28 November 2018


Technologies in use: How context and design drive their effects Book Section How to cite: Thorpe, Mary; Godwin, Steve and Ferguson, Rebecca (2009). Technologies in use: How context and design drive their effects. In: Bernath, Ulrich; Szücs, András; Tait, Alan and Vidal, Martine eds. Distance and E-learning in Transition: Learning innovation, technology and social challenges. London: ISTE, pp. 595–606.


In this paper we are describing some important state-of the-art algorithms used for Image interpolation.These algorithms are broadly classified as prediction based and transform based methods. Motivation behind this work is to provide new researchers a detailed analysis of such algorithms in the context of artifacts, subjective and objective quality of interpolated image, computational cost and to give future research direction based on the analysis. However, the goal of this study was not to determine an overall best method, but to present a comprehensive catalogue of methods in a uniform terminology, to define general properties and requirements local techniques, and to enable the reader to select that method which is optimal for his specific application.


The article is devoted to the study of the problems of administrative responsibility of minors in the framework of reforming the administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation. The authors investigate the theoretical and practical problems of bringing minors to administrative responsibility in accordance with the administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation, examine the positions and achievements of administrative scientists regarding the reduction of the age of administrative responsibility of minors and the introduction of new types of administrative penalties for them, analyze the experience of foreign countries, basic provisions Concepts of the Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses yah. The article studies the administrative-tort legislation of the Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine regarding regulation of administrative responsibility of minors, as well as the Draft Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors come to conclusion about necessity of reforming of administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the allocation of administrative responsibility of minors in a separate Chapter of the Russian Code of administrative offences regulating the administrative responsibility of minors, subject to the special subject, which will more efficiently regulate this sphere of legal relations and avoid the majority of today's problems both in theory and in practice


Along with the increase of protectionism,more and more countries have gained much trade profit through setting up free trade zones.Under the situation of world economy declining and Russian and Chinese economy developing fast and steadily,there is a practical significance in establishing a free trade zone by Russia and China.The two nations should make full use of the favourable elements such as geographical neighbourhood,complementarity in economic structure and resources and solid political basis between the two countries,to break a ten-year deadlock of their economic and trade relations and promote their economic and trade strategy to a higher level.


Fitzroy Crossing, in north-western Australia, is a group of settlements set between abrupt scarps of sandstone. The weather oscillates between the furnace heat of the dry season and the lashing rains of the wet, when saturated rocks glow red against lush grasses and wide swags of clouds hang above the flood plain. Even by the harsh measure of the outback it is a remote place - closer to Jakarta than to Sydney.


Long Range (LoRa) is a modem technology for wireless communication in the Internet of Things (IoT), which trades off low data-rate for low power consumption. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has an open specification that determines the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for LoRa networks. This paper contributes a simulation module in Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) to evaluate the limitation of LoRaWAN in various metrics. The result shows the performance of LoRaWAN in a simulation environment and a large scale scenario, indicating the feature of flexible propagation range on physical layer, and limited channel capacity on the data-link layer. The feasibility of optimized multi-hop in LoRaWAN is analyzed. Based on the simulation result, a multi-hop mechanism driven by spreading factor is proposed, not only to extend the network coverage but to reduce the channel load. The novel approach takes benefit of the dynamic feature of LoRa and estimates optimized forwarding hops with parameter configuration. The result shows that Time on Air can be significantly decreased.


Imagine over two thousand men, women, and children quietly watching a performance of the Nutcracker Suite at the Denver Performing Arts Studio. Afterward, the audience and performers leave to return to their daily routine. Two days later, the first signs of illness appear. Though it is initially dismissed by most as ordinary cough and fever, as more and more cases pour in, doctors run a broader series of tests. The results confirm a nightmare—the audience and cast have been infected with bubonic plague, released into the air system during the ballet performance. Airborne, the disease can pass from one person to another by a simple cough. Often fatal, it places thousands of lives in imminent danger. Indeed, with Denver International Airport nearby, millions of lives could be lost as travelers carry the plague throughout the United States and beyond—unless, that is, immediate and effective measures are implemented to combat the awful aftermath of this act of bioterrorism. But what precisely are those immediate and effective measures? This is a technical question, and one for which there are undoubtedly scores of possible answers. Perhaps a better question, then, is: who


Many aspects of detonation phenomena have been well studied over the last century. However, the transient infrared and visible emissions from detonation fireballs have been poorly understood, and this has hampered attempts to remotely identify explosives via combustion signatures. Recently, time-resolved infrared spectra (1800-7000 cm-1, 4cm-1 resolution, 8 Hz) were collected from the detonation of uncased charges of TNT and several kinds of improvised explosive devices in four weight classes (10, 50, 100, and 1000 kg). A simple model for fireball emissions has been developed which accurately describes the observed spectra in terms of the fireball size, temperature, gaseous byproduct concentrations, and grey particulate absorption coefficient. The model affords high-fidelity dimensionality reduction and provides physical features which can be used to distinguish the uncased explosives.


The latest edition in the Corinth volumes, Hellenistic Pottery: The Fine Wares by Sarah James, is the seventh instalment of the pottery volumes, initiated by Saul Weinberg in 1943. It provides a much-needed extension and revision of the chronology of Hellenistic pottery posited in Roger Edwards' book Corinthian Hellenistic Pottery, which was published as the third volume in this series in 1975.


Whilst transient effects of orthodontic appliances on the oral mucosa are well recognized, chronic lesions, persisting post therapy are unusual. We describe a persistent lingual mucosal defect related to a transpalatal arch (TPA) in a healthy 19-year-old female. The asymptomatic lesion is presently being monitored, however, surgical revision in the future may be requested by the patient if the area fails to remodel. Clinical Relevance: Soft tissue trauma to the tongue by anchorage reinforcing appliances may result in long-term effects that could require surgical management.


To characterize whether environmental low temperature is involved in metabolic regulation, Channa punctata species of fish were exposed to cold (4~8°C) for 30 min, 1 hr and 2 hrs since they are much energetic and survive in the critical environment. The inorganic phosphate (Pi) in skeletal muscle was significantly increased after 1 hr in cold compared to control fish kept in ambient temperature, however, although lower, stimulatory response to cold for 2 hrs was also observed. In separate examinations, Na + -K + ATPase activity in the extract of skeletal muscle was determined and enhanced significantly after 1 hr and 2 hrs. The results appear to indicate that the increased Pi in response to cold might be due to the higher activity of Na + -K + ATPase. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of the enzyme, groups of fish were exposed to cold with 100 mM Na2HAsO4 for 1 hr and 2 hrs. The enhanced Na + -K + ATPase activity was reduced significantly when treated with Na2HAsO4 compared to the control and also to the respective cold exposed fish. The experimental findings indicate that arsenic is involved in the regulation of cold induced Na + -K + ATPase activity. The enhanced Na + -K + ATPase activity in skeletal muscle


1. The card with the image having the image formed based on the card using engraving, wherein the image is formed by engraving grooves in the form of strips having different angles according to the degree of shading images using engraving. ! 2. The card with the image of claim 1, wherein the shading of the image is expressed using a binary circuit, and an image is formed through shading expression drawing it in two parts, with grooves in the form of strips perpendicular to each other. ! 3. Card depicting claim 1 or 2, wherein the card base has a structure comprising at least two layers in which one layer is transparent and the other is an opaque layer, the engraving is performed from the side of the opaque layer and grooves in the form of strips reach the transparent layer by scraping the opaque layer. !four. Card with an image according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the image as a watermark formed by varying the thickness of the layer remaining after the engraving according to the degree of shading of the image, wherein the image formed by grooves in the form of strips, and the image in the form of water mark formed on the same plane. ! 5. Card according to claim 3 with the image, wherein the image as a watermark formed by varying the thickness of the layer remaining after the engraving according to the degree of shading of the image, wherein the image formed by grooves in the form of strips, and the image in the form of water mark formed on the same plane. ! 6. An apparatus for engraving images, soda


Temporal isotope variations in glacial-postglacial lavas from Northern Iceland E.M. MERVINE, K.W. W. SIMS, J. BLICHERT-TOFT, J. MACLENNAN, J. BLUSZTAJN AND K. GRÖNVOLD Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA, 02543 United States (*correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com) Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82701 United States Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 7, France Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ United Kingdom Univ. of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland


The disclosed method and system allow a user to conveniently access a webpage using a short code without typing a web address. To solicit a user to see a webpage, the user will be given a short code that is easy to remember instead of a full web address. Later, the user will send the code to a directing server, where a corresponding relationship between the short code and the intended web address has been previously recorded, and the user will be directed to the webpage. The supply of easy-to-memorize short codes is limited by the possible number of combinations of a few digits; however, this method and system can be universally used without feeling the lack of available codes because each short code is designed to be valid only in a limited geographic area and for a limited time frame.


The invention discloses a precise micrometer measuring tool used for large precision equipment alignment and a measuring method of the precise micrometer measuring tool. The measuring tool comprises a special box staff which is of a hollow cylinder shape and provided with millimeter scales and a micrometer head which is of a hollow cylinder shape and provided with a window opening in the front face. The position of the window opening in the front face of the micrometer head is provided with a small graduated scale, the upper end and the lower end, symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the radical center, of the micrometer head are respectively provided with a pair of positioning screws, and a fixing screw is arranged between the two positioning screws on the one side of the micrometer head. Sliding trenches are symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the radical centre of the special box staff, wherein the width of the sliding trenches conforms to the diameter of the positioning screws on the micrometer head. The precise micrometer measuring tool has the advantages of being easy to operate, convenient to carry, reliable in the measuring effect and free of precision level which is expensive in price and complex in operation and an indium steel ruler to be matched with the micrometer measuring tool in the measuring process, and therefore the construction expenses are reduced and the construction cost is lowered.


Aiming at the vulnerability caused by cascading overload tripping phenomenon in the power network, an algorithm for identifying the vulnerable branches in power network is proposed. Firstly, by analyzing the behaviors of the initial failure in the process of fault propagation, a set of indexes for evaluating the vulnerability of the initial fault branches is proposed, and a basic structure and algorithm for analyzing the vulnerability of the initial fault branches are proposed. And then on this basis, the basic structure and algorithm is extended to a stratified analysis structure and a comprehensive analysis structure, which makes the analysis on the vulnerability of the initial fault branches more flexible and comprehensive. The proposed analysis structure and algorithm can provide a more normative form for analyzing the vulnerability of the initial fault branches, and can be easily used to identify the vulnerable parts composed of some initial fault branches. Some examples in IEEE 39 node system demonstrates the operation process of the algorithm and verifies its rationality.


There are several medical procedures that may be undergone by Mauritian citizens abroad where no harm is suffered by a patient, and yet, important legal questions may stem from them. The main examples of it are surrogacy medical procedures and medically assisted reproduction procedures performed abroad on a Mauritian citizen. The legal aspects of those types of medical procedures performed abroad, which could one day become legal issues before the Mauritian Supreme Court are analyzed in this paper.


Recent Paraguayan narrative shows a close and explicit relationship between literature and its surrounding socio-political reaity. Notably, the use of history as a recourse, specifically traumatic historical moments such as wars and dictatorships, is central to the novels of the last decades. This article presents three different but complementary perspectives that show how Paraguayan narrative has addressed its own history, and the ways in which this approach has progressed in recent years to reflect a greater opening and more explicit criticism. First, I analyze two instances of the so-called Historical Novel: Caballero written by Rodriguez Alcala during the last years of Stroessner's dictatorship, and Un viento negro by Gonzalez Delvalle, published in 2012. Secondly, I study two novels by Augusto Roa Bastos (probably the most famous of all Paraguayan writers), that have been labeled novels of "exile after the exile": El Fiscal and Contravida. Here I focus on the difference between writings inside and outside Paraguay, noting that this distinction characterizes much of the country's literary production during the 20th century. Finally, I briefly examine three novels –one written in the 1980s, and the other two at the beginning of this century– that seem not to make any reference to the dictatorship or to any war. I argue, however, that they do so surreptitiously, while conforming to relevant tendencies in recent Paraguayan literary production.


Use of the invention: in the food industry in the production of fish or meat paste. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: antidenaturiruyuschy agent for edible paste product comprises protein degradation extract obtained by decomposition of protein proteinase, and saccharides that are used as active components. 4 ZP f BACKGROUND Table 2. 1 yl.


Abstract I measured amphibian occurrence in wetlands restored under programs implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service during 2010–2011 in two regions of sites in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. One cluster was in Delaware and Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula and the other was in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. I compared larval species richness and relative abundance among 17 restored wetlands, 12 natural wetlands, and 8 wetlands (ditches) in active agricultural fields. Based on larval occurrence, I documented 56 and 60% of the expected number of anurans and salamander species, respectively, known to use ponds and ephemeral wetlands in this region. Of the total number of species encountered, 71% used restored wetlands, 76% used natural wetlands, and 35% used the ditches in agricultural fields. Mean number of species did not differ significantly among the three habitat types due to wide confidence intervals. Total spec...


Objective To clarify the possible mechanisms which control p35 nck5a neural specific expression. Methods Thirteen luciferase expression vectors which contain different parts of 5′flanking sequence were constructed. Transient expression assay, DNase 1 hypersensitive site(DHSS) assay and primer extension assay were made to reveal the possible mechanisms of p35 nck5a expression control. Results It was found that 5′ flanking sequence of p35 nck5a contained 5455bp and there were a few possible promoters in the fragment. The result of transient expression assay in primary cerebrum cortex cell of rat (Neuron) and established non neuron cell such as HeLa showed the loss of neural specific expression of all the luciferase expression vectors. The result of DNase 1 hypersensitive site assay revealed a DHSS located at the -400bp upstream of p35 nck5a in brain but not in liver. The primer extension assay found the putative transcription initiation site near the position of DHSS. Conclusion The results above suggest that there is no cis element to control the neural specific expression in the 5′flanking sequence, and the control on the chromosome level may be critical to the neural specific expression of p35 nck5a .


The KSTAR research efforts have been focused on expansion of the KSTAR operating space for ITER and K-DEMO[1], validation of critical physics and search of new physics. The operating regimes are high bp (up to ~2.8) non-inductive long pulse up to ~8s, high bN up to ~ 4.3, and k of ~2.16 and a long H-mode discharge over a minute. An improved underlying physics of resonant and non-resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP and NRMP) with the IVCC coils resulted in a long pulse edge localized mode (ELM)-crash suppressed H-mode discharge (~34s).[2] The ELM-crash suppression dependence on critical physical parameters, such as q95, d, and n was extensively investigated. Identification of the role of turbulence induced by RMPs in suppression of the ELMs identified the turbulence flow (ω_(⊥e)) physics during the RMP ramp up and down periods.[3] The study of L/H transition threshold power (Pth) dependence on the non-axisymmetric field found that the Pth is significantly affected by RMPs while NRMP components had no influence on Pth.[4] New physics of interaction between the macroscopic fluctuation (2/1 island) and micro turbulences [5] and validation of q0 issue in sawtooth instability has been explored.[6] Also the misaligned RMP configurations are used to test the divertor heat flux dispersal. [6] A major upgrade plan in KSTAR will be initiated in ~2021 for stable higher beta long pulse operation. Emphasis will be placed on a new actively cooled tungsten divertor possibly with new first wall materials and current drive (LHCD/Helicon). For the search of metal wall materials in the KSTAR upgrade plan, test of specially designed castellated tungsten block tiles of various shapes,[7] impurity transport physics experiments via injection of trace Ar and Kr gases and tungsten dust were performed. *This work is supported by the KSTAR research project funded by Korea Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.


In this paper,we analyze an age-structured model of HIV infection,and some sufficient conditions ensuring the local stability of the infection-free and infection equilibrium were obtained.


Nicole Brossard is at the vanguard of an ambitious upheaval of the notion of authorship, in which translation plays a crucial role. This essay examines how Brossard's writing has inspired a translation aesthetic that reveals the often silenced machinations of the translator, and thus of language. I argue that it is no coincidence this should happen in Québec, which is at a political and linguistic intersection between its own distinct culture, English Canada, France, and America. Both in practice and as a metaphor for women in language, Brossard's work in translation becomes a site for the evolution of language and thought.


We analyze the first quarter 2007 10-Q filings of 348 S&P 500 calendar year-end firms to provide evidence concerning the levels of, and changes in, unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) resulting from the adoption of FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48). We draw the following conclusions. First, firms need more guidance regarding how to disclose the FIN 48 UTBs, particularly with respect to interest and penalties, and how changes in UTBs affected accounts other than retained earnings (e.g., the UTBs' associated with temporary differences effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities). Second, focusing on reported UTBs, and not adding interest and penalties, understates the magnitude of firms' beginning (post-FIN 48 adoption) tax reserves. Third, scaling beginning tax reserves by firm size provides a different view of firms' aggressiveness in their prior tax return positions than the absolute UTB levels. Similarly, the percentage change in firms' UTBs that affect retained earnings is a more meaningful measure of firms' pre-FIN 48 tax reporting behavior than raw changes. Moreover, it appears that the largest firms in our sample displayed the most conservative tax reporting behavior. Finally, we present preliminary evidence that such behavior varied by auditor.


A system on chip (SoC) contains a large number of components including hard cores, soft cores and basic standard cells. Short time to market and rich functionality requirements have driven design houses to adopt the SoC design flow. The complexity of SoC design requires the use of IPs from many different sources in order to reduce time-to-market windows. However, it is important that standardization emerges in the industry to enable the import and export of key IP modules. Thus a standard is very useful. A standard such as VSIA's virtual component interface has its usefulness in allowing easy integration of IP. In this paper we suggest a top-down methodology (L.Cai et al., 2002) from SystemC to silicon. In our methodology, we focus on methods to make design flow smooth, efficient and easy by allowing a rapid integration of communication. The communication integration is based on a custom library of interface adapters that use the VCI standard. This library aims to perform the interface synthesis which allows heterogeneous IPs to communicate in a plug-and-play fashion in the same system.


terms for all historical study of religious topics and whether theological considerations must be excluded in pursuit of neutrality. What Levenson writes here seems to me helpful, though he could have written at greater length about the ways in which the claim of neutrality is also a form of lack of self-awareness. Once in a while Levenson makes statements about subjects outside his specialty that need as much qualification as he gives those who happen to express themselves about topics within his specialty. Thus he writes of "the weak or non-existent sense of historical change characteristic of pre-Enlightenment thinking everywhere" (13). There is a considerable body of scholarship on high medieval learned recognition of change. Another limitation of the book is that when Levenson refers to Christianity he seems commonly to have Protestantism in mind. Thus he writes, "It is... not surprising that the disputations about grace and works, or faith and works, so divisive of Christian communities over the centuries and so typical of the history of Christian thought into our own time find scant parallel in the Jewish tradition" (58). Yet these disputations are much more characteristic of the centuries since Luther than they are of all Christian history.


Some patients who undergo a surgical treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm or arteriosclerosis obliterance have ischemic heart disease (IHD) without symptoms. Acute myocardial infarction during the perioperative period is fatal to these patients. We retrospectively investigated the surgical strategy against these patients and major complications of them in hospitals where there were no cardiac surgery units. Subjects were 148 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterance (107 patients) or abdominal aortic aneurysm (41 patients) undergone a surgical treatment in our hospital between August 1990 and January 1996. Of the 148 patients, 29 patients (19.6%) were found out having IHD by preoperative coronary angiography. So the subjects were divided into IHD group (19 patients) and non-IHD group, and the surgical outcmes and association of perioperative myocardial infarction were comparatively investigated between both groups. In the IHD-group, four patients had percutaneous trnasluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) prior to surgery, and others had medical treatment during the perioperative period. No patients died of perioperative myocardial infarction in the IHD group, but one patient experienced coronary vasospasm attack during surgery. Conversely, in the non-IHD group one patient developed acute myocardial infarction in the early morning of the surgery. There were three operative death in the non-IHD group. Patients with ASO or AAA are often associated with IHD. It is quite important to closely monitor such patients during the perioperative period to prevent acute coronary syndromes including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. It is thought that PTCA or CABG prior to surgery for revascularization is reasonable for the patients associated with IHD in hospitals where no units for cardiac surgery are provided.


We previously demonstrated that the introduction of silicon oxide (SiO2) layers into the interfaces of the Mo/Si multilayer was quite effective in improving the heat stability of the multilayer [M. Ishino et al., Surf. Coat Technol. (to be published)]. However, the soft x-ray reflectivity of the Mo/Si multilayer with SiO2 layers decreased with the thickness of the SiO2 layer because of the large absorption of x rays by oxygen. In this article, an optimization of the thicknesses of the SiO2 layers inserted in the Mo/Si multilayer has been performed so as to minimize the decrease in the soft x-ray reflectivity with the high heat stability maintained. An asymmetric SiO2 layer thicknesses of 0.5 and 1.5 nm are found to be most favorable at the Si-on-Mo interface and at the Mo-on-Si interface, respectively.


The trends in maternal age are monitored in detail, but less information is available on paternal age. Increased paternal age is a risk factor for decreased fertility and associated with adverse outcomes such as miscarriages and schizophrenia. This study describes the age of first-time fathers (FTFs) by background characteristics in Finland in the period 1987–2009. Methods A random 60% sample of FTFs in each year from 1987 to 2009 was obtained from the Statistics Finland (n= 334 529). Analysis of variance, Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to find out differences in becoming a FTF in different time-periods (early period = 1987–1989 and late period = 2005–2009) and to study factors associated with being of young (<25 years) and advanced age FTF ( (cid:2) 45 years).


According to the geometric model of some space flight and target,the electromagnetism scattering characteristic of the space flight was calculated by the high-frequency approximated method in this paper.The computation results were agreed with the data measured and calculated by the method of moment(MOM),which validated the method.The statistical radar cross section(RCS) of the space flight,the angle-glint variety with distance and the scattering characteristic variety with time were given out.The research showed that the distribution of the point frequency backforward RCS was satisfied the χ~2 model.The line bias caused by the angle-glint was not related to the distance generally in the far field,and was related to the distance in the near field closely.The dynamic scattering characteristic was closely related to the relative attitude and distance in moving.


Vassar Brothers Medical Center's 5th Annual Breast Cancer Conference is a half-day course during which an expert faculty of clinicians at the forefront of the field will present a broad review of the management of women with Breast Cancer.


Abstract : An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the strain rate effects in fiber composites. Unidirectional composite specimens of boron/epoxy, graphite/ epoxy, S-glass/epoxy and Kevlar/epoxy were tested at strain rates of up to 27 epsilon/sec to determine longitudinal, transverse and intralaminar (in-plane) shear properties. Ir the longitudinal direction the Kevlar/epoxy shows a definite increase in both modulus and strength with strain rate. In the transverse direction, a general trend toward higher strength with strain rate is noticed. The intralaminar shear moduli and strengths of boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy show a definite rise with strain rate. (MM)


Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can"t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.


Up to isomorphism there is only one symmetric design with parameters (195,97,48) admitting a faithful action of a Frobenius group of order 4656. In the paper also are presented the statistics of the 3-wise block intersection.


Conventional in situ wave gages, like the pressure gage and current meter (PUV) and the directional wave gage (DWG), cannot satisfy all water-wave measurement requirements in the coastal zone. Specifically, new measurement technologies are required to allow for wave measurement within navigation channels and near navigation structures where bottom-mounted gages are not easily deployed or may themselves become hazards to navigation. Bottom-mounted wave gages do not directly measure the elevation of the water surface. Instead, these measurements approximate water surface elevation based on other hydrodynamic processes. The results can be faulty if these processes are different than assumed during analysis. In December 1999, a non-intrusive directional lidar wave gage (LWG) was tested. The LWG uses lidar technology to directly measure water surface elevation. So unlike bottom-mounted gages, the surface elevation measurement from the LWG is independent of other hydrodynamic processes. The prototype LWG consists of four rangefinders, a compass, and an inclinometer. Each rangefinder collected water surface elevation time series at a rate of 10 Hz. The laser footprints were positioned to form an approximate 1-m square. The compass and inclinometer allowed for accurate positioning of the footprints on the water surface. Throughout the field test, ground truth was collected concurrently with the LWG data using a PUV mounted directly beneath the LWG. Directional-spectral wave characteristics determined from the LWG time series using standard Fourier analysis procedures match well with PUV results. This paper discusses the technology on which the LWG is based and presents the preliminary results from the field test of the prototype sensor.


Strict emission regulations are being implemented worldwide to tackle the issues of air pollution these years. It is important that suitable technological solutions have to be introduced in addition to the conventional pollution control methods. Non thermal plasma reactors were proved to be effective in tackling several pollutants, if properly tuned. One dimensional numerical model and mathematical model of a dielectric barrier discharge reactor is simulated in this work. The solutions of these models are coupled to obtain the best operating conditions of the reactor under specific emission conditions of oxides of nitrogen. The importance of power deposited and decomposition rate constant is analyzed. It is inferred that careful tuning of operating parameters can improve the efficiency of DBD reactor.


A new modeling and an analysis of the fabricated MOS LSI yield are presented. LSI processing defects generated in fabrication steps have been classified using monitors introduced simultaneously into the same fabrication steps as for the LSIs. The MOS LSI yield Y is given by Y=exp (-(D/SUB LO/+/spl Sigma//SUB i/m/SUB i//spl times/D/SUB Lai/)), where D/SUB LO/ is the logarithmic probability for cluster occurrence, m/SUB i/ is the number of elements in the ith kind of critical structure group, and D/SUB Lai/ is the average logarithmic failure probability per element for the ith kind of critical structure group. Pinholes in the gate oxide, underetching in contact hole etching through the second intermediate insulator layer, and clustered pinholes in the first intermediate insulator layer play important roles in regard to the present fabricated LSI yield. Pinholes in the gate oxide are the most important factor for evaluation of MOS LSI yield, and failure probability of the gate oxide is mainly related to perimeter length.


This scholarly volume is based on the author's Habilitationsschrift for the University of Vienna, which may account for the fact that almost 150 pages are devoted to footnotes and a further 23 to bibliography. The text concerns itself in the main with the first three-quarters of the Eighteenth Century, when the German-speaking theatre was struggling to achieve at least parity of esteem with those of France, England and Italy, and German dramatists were seeking to be accepted as respectable. The struggle was the more difficult because of the hold of crude comedy and melodrama through the box office. In a thoroughly documented expose the author traces the growing confidence of the apologists, as it emerges in a campaign to present the theatre as a potential force for the moral and educational development of the citizen. The role of the state in realising this is seen as important and the attitudes of church and state to the proposition are discussed. The wider issues of the status of the German language, of state support and of censorship are dealt with, as they are reflected in the major consideration of the role of the theatre, and of the status of the players. For readers with some knowledge of the German background there is useful highlighting of the problem of Hanswurst and the extempore theatre. They will also derive a better perspective in which to see Gottsched and Lessing as the traditionally accepted major figures in the debates on literary theory and Frau Neuber in the practical theatre. An interesting sidelight is cast on Gottsched's endeavours to influence the theatre in Vienna and indeed to have himself accepted by the Imperial Court. The exploitation of Gottsched's correspondence is of particular interest both in this respect and for the wider controversies. For the latter the survey of the moralische Wochenschriften brings an admirable amplification of the evidence for the widespread interest evoked, and of the nature of the views expressed. The final chapter narrows the focus to the situation in Vienna, which is not surprising in view of the origins of the work and the resources available to the author.


Lighting apparatus 100 includes a plurality of light emitting diodes (LED) 102, installed on the upper side of the LED, by mixing the light emitted from the LED and rectangular light mixing cavity 109 that is configured to color conversion including. Longer inner surface of the side wall of the of the rectangular light mixing cavity 109 is covered with the wavelength converting material of the first type, the shorter the inner surface of the side wall of the reflected without color converting incident light. Output window 108 disposed on the upper side of the LED is coated with a second type of wavelength converting material. Light mixing cavity 109 may include a replaceable reflective inserts and a separate reflective layer supporting it from the back side and the diffuse reflection layer 124 of the non-metallic. In addition, LED 102 may be mounted on a raised pad provided on a mounting substrate 104. Light mixing cavity 109 may include a bottom reflector 106 having a plurality of holes, raised pad is raised the LED, LED is to be positioned above the upper surface of the bottom reflector 106. .The


Objective:To evaluate the clinical safety,effectiveness and satisfaction of Narcotrend index in directing sedation level in painless induced abortion. Methods:360 early pregnant women received painless induced abortion in outpatient department of the hospital,the age was 18~35 years,the body weight was 40~70 kg,the gestational weeks were 6~8 weeks,ASA I~II grade;Narcotrend monitor(MonitorTechnik,Bad Bramstedt,Germany) was used to monitor the intraoperative sedation level,Narcotrend index was regulated by pumping injection of propofol,then the women were divided into three groups,120 women in each group.The Narcotrend indexes in group A,group B and group C were 50~59,60~69 and 70~75,respectively.The vital signs,the time of awakening from anesthesia and intraoperative adverse reactions were recorded. Results:Among 360 cases,20 cases were found with intraoperative or postoperative reactions,in group A,2 cases were found with delay of recovery,5 cases were found with hypotension,2 cases were found with bradycardia and 2 cases were found with respiratory depression;in group B,1 case was found with hypotension and 1 case was found with intraoperative body movement;in group C,5 cases were found with obvious intraoperative body movement and 2 cases were found with intraoperative awareness.The incidence of adverse reaction in group B was 1.66%,which was significantly lower than those in group A(9.17%) and group C(5.83%).All of the cases were operated successfully and then they left the hospital. Conclusion:Directing sedation level by appropriate Narcotrend index can finish painless induced abortion safely and effectively,Narcotrend index maintaining within 60~69 can reduce the occurrence of intraoperative awareness and complications,avoid the impacts of deep anesthesia or light anesthesia on the cases and rationalize painless induced abortion.


We report the case of a 44-year-old man referred to our institution for suspicion of arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy. Both familial and personal medical histories were unremarkable, except the notion of a slight unexplored heart murmur during childhood. He decided to undergo a "40s" medical checkup. On presentation to the general practitioner, he had described a slight fatigue for 8 months without concomitant stress. Physical examination revealed no abnormality. ECG showed a type I atrioventricular block and a complete right bundle-branch block (Figure 1A). Transthoracic echocardiography showed an unusual left ventricle (LV) with a leftward curveted interventricular septum (IVS) and preserved global and segmental LV systolic function, suggestive of high systolic RV pressure or takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Figure 1B and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). However further analysis showed normal systolic pulmonary artery pressure and LV filling pressures. The apical 4-chamber view showed an abnormal RV with an aneurysm-like shape of the basal lateral free wall (Figure 1B and Movie II in the online-only Data Supplement) but with normal kinetics. A first cardiac magnetic resonance image showed biventricular abnormalities, particularly focused on RV wall motion, which justified additional morphological investigations. No abnormal pulmonary venous return was noticed. Invasive coronary angiogram was normal. The patient was later referred to our unit by his attending cardiologist and underwent invasive hemodynamics and biventricular contrast angiography. Cardiac index (pulmonary artery thermodilution) and biventricular volumes were normal. Blood gas content analysis disclosed an intracardiac shunt. RV angiography (Figure 2A and 2B) showed a truncated RV apex and the absence of trabeculations in the anteroapical and inferoapical zones, therefore characterized by a smooth …


Gaseous dimethyl sulphide (DMS) was eliminated in a biotrickling filter with Thiobacillus thioparus grown in polyurethane foam cubes as carrier material. The temperature, pH and empty bed residence time of the gas were maintained at 30 °C, 7.0 and 40 s, respectively. In the first 45 days, DMS loads of around 2.0 gDMS m−3 h−1 were fed to the BTF to adapt T. thioparus to DMS consumption, attaining close to 100% removal efficiency (RE) on day 46, and the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 4.0 gDMS m−3 h−1 with a RE of 77%. The overall performance was enhanced by adding a nitrogen‐enriched (9×) medium but was negatively affected by high superficial liquid velocity (8.18 m h−1) and high pH (>7.5). Sulphate concentrations (up to 10 g L−1) showed no effect. The system supported shock loads up to 58 gDMS m−3 h−1 with increased elimination. With nitrogen‐enriched medium and a pH of 7.0 it was possible to increase the EC of DMS up to a maximum of around 23 gDMS m−3 h−1 with 65% RE.


Background: In laparoscopic surgeries, insufflation with carbon dioxide triggers vagal afferents on the bowel and peritoneum which induces emesis by activating the vomiting center. It is hypothesized that combined antiemetics with different sites of activity would be more effective than one drug alone for the prophylaxis against PONV. So, the present study was planned to compare the efficacy of granisetron, dexamethasone and combination of granisetron with dexamethasone to prevent PONV.Methods: This randomized prospective double-blind study was performed on 120 patients, aged between 18 and 58 years of ASA physical status I and II of either sex undergoing laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia. Patients were randomized in three groups, group I (granisetrone 2 mg I.V.), group II (dexamethasone) 8 mg I.V., group III (granisetrone+dexamethasone) 2 mg+8 mg I.V. with 40 patients in each group. Complete response, incidence of nausea, vomiting, and rescue antiemetic were recorded at specified intervals.Results: A complete response (defined as no PONV and no need for another rescue antiemetic) was achieved in 75% of the patients given granisetron, 70% in dexamethasone and in 92.5% of the patients given granisetron plus dexamethasone (P <0.05). The overall cumulative incidences (0-24 hours) of PONV were 10 (25%) in the granisetron, 12 (30%) in the dexamethasone and 3 (7.5%) in the combination group. No difference in adverse events were observed in any of the groups.Conclusions: The prophylactic therapy of granisetron 2 mg plus dexamethasone 8 mg just before induction of anaesthesia is significantly effective in prevention of PONV in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries.


【Objective】The objective of this study was to find biomass and nitrogen distribution in different parts of dormancy apple trees.【Method】9 year-old red "Fuji" apple trees were used as materials in the experiment.Biomass,nitrogen concentration and accumulation in organs and their cortex and xylem of dormancy apple trees were analyzed.【Result】The results show that above ground part and root system biomass account for 77.17% and 22.83%,respectively.Cortex and xylem dry weights are respectively 21.19% and 77.96% of a tree.With the depth,root system biomass reduces.And 71.18% roots distribute to 0-40 cm soil layer.Nitrogen concentration in cortex was higher than that in xylem.Nitrogen concentration of branches and their cortex and xylem fall,with branch age.And nitrogen content of fine roots is higher than that of large roots in the same soil layer.69.85% total nitrogen in apple tress store in above ground part.And nitrogen mainly accumulates in 3-8 year branch xylem.But root system nitrogen accumulation mainly assigns to large roots xylem.Nitrogen accumulation of root system declines with soil layer.At the same soil layer,nitrogen accumulation in large roots is higher than that in fine roots.【Conclusion】Nitrogen accumulation and storage of the tree is higher in above ground and xylem than that in the roots and cortex.


Summary Amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis of pre-stack seismic data has made several advances since Shuey's (1985) approximation to the Knott's-Zoepprittz equation made it practical. By combining AVO attributes and geology, petrophysical properties of the rocks and fluids that make up the reservoirs that interpreters are interested in are better predicted than with AVO analysis alone. Lambda-Mu-Rho (LMR) analysis is one example of how interpreters are using advanced AVO analysis to identify hydrocarbons and reservoir rocks (Goodway et. al., 1997; Gray and Andersen, 2000). LMR analysis, even in the most classic of circumstances, requires cross plotting or the interpretation of multiple volumes of data to correctly interpret lithology and fluids. By using petrophysics to scale the Lambda-Rho (λρ) and Mu-Rho (µρ) volumes, lithology volumes can be based upon rock properties and AVO. Typically this is done through interactive cross-plot analysis of the LMR volumes which are often difficult to reproduce and save for future work. Theory Goodway demonstrated how LMR analysis can be used to identify gas sands. This comes from the separation in responses of both the λρ and µρ sections to gas sands versus shales. In some reservoirs, it is possible to separate lithologies at an even finer scale so as to identify wet sands from shales and carbonates. This can become particularly important in steam flood and injector planning in order to identify the optimum zones to inject fluids. By using petrophysical parameters to scale the results of LMR analysis, 3D seismic volumes can be converted into lithology cubes. Many different lithologies can be identified by cross-plots of λρ versus µρ. Each lithology has a different rock properties response subject to fluid content and mineral properties (including grain shape). The combination of the fluid compressibility along with the mineral properties and grain shapes yielding different LMR results. For example in a gas sand, the high compressibility (or low incompressibility) of gas combined with the high rigidity of the spherical sand grains, result in a low λρ value (~ 20 GPa.). With an understanding of these properties for the lithologies and fluids present, typically from petrophysics, a relatively high degree of precision in lithologies and fluids can be obtained.


Background: Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) is an RNA-binding protein that has been linked to stress responses. Results: Tudor-SN is a potential substrate of G1/S phase Cdks, and promotes cell cycle progression by facilitating E2F-1-mediated gene transcription. Conclusion: Tudor-SN is a new regulator of the G1/S transition. Significance: This study reveals a new function of Tudor-SN and elucidates a novel mechanism for cell cycle regulation. Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) is a multifunctional protein implicated in a variety of cellular processes. In the present study, we identified Tudor-SN as a novel regulator in cell cycle. Tudor-SN was abundant in proliferating cells whereas barely expressed in terminally differentiated cells. Functional analysis indicated that ectopic overexpression of Tudor-SN promoted the G1/S transition, whereas knockdown of Tudor-SN caused G1 arrest. Moreover, the live-cell time-lapse experiment demonstrated that the cell cycle of MEF−/− (knock-out of Tudor-SN in mouse embryonic fibroblasts) was prolonged compared with wild-type MEF+/+. We noticed that Tudor-SN was constantly expressed in every cell cycle phase, but was highly phosphorylated in the G1/S border. Further study revealed that Tudor-SN was a potential substrate of Cdk2/4/6, supportively, we found the physical interaction of endogenous Tudor-SN with Cdk4/6 in G1 and the G1/S border, and with Cdk2 in the G1/S border and S phase. In addition, roscovitine (Cdk1/2/5 inhibitor) or CINK4 (Cdk4/6 inhibitor) could inhibit the phosphorylation of Tudor-SN, whereas ectopic overexpression of Cdk2/4/6 increased the Tudor-SN phosphorylation. The underlying molecular mechanisms indicated that Tudor-SN could physically interact with E2F-1 in vivo, and could enhance the physical association of E2F-1 with GCN5 (a cofactor of E2F-1, which possesses histone acetyltransferase activity), and promote the binding ability of E2F-1 to the promoter region of its target genes CYCLIN A and E2F-1, and as a result, facilitate the gene transcriptional activation. Taken together, Tudor-SN is identified as a novel co-activator of E2F-1, which could facilitate E2F-1-mediated gene transcriptional activation of target genes, which play essential roles in G1/S transition.


A charge-pumping gate-controlled diode is operated as a bistable device in a two-device configuration without a feedback loop. An application in a dense and low power consuming pseudo-static RAM cell is also considered.


A large number of tiny particles, which is less than 200 µm in diameter, hit the specimen simultaneously for the surface modification in Fine Particle Peening (FPP) treatments. For the fatigue resistance, it is important to induce the higher compressive stress at the surface. In FPP treatment, the induced compressive residual stress is influenced by many parameters such as material properties, particle size, nozzle distance, air pressure and so on. We focused on the material hardness and investigated the effect of hardness ratio between a shot particle and a specimen on the plastic dissipation energy and the compressive residual stress in the specimen. FPP treatment is very complex and it is quite difficult to observe the local phenomena in experiments. Thus, numerical simulations were employed in this study. The obtained results show that the hardness ratio is the dominant parameter for the plastic dissipation in the specimen. As the hardness ratio increases, the kinetic energy of shot particles effectively transfers into the plastic dissipation in the specimen and the higher compressive residual stress is induced in the specimen.


This article explores the development of speech culture of students at foreign language lessons in national schools in the second half of the twentieth century. Methodical aspects of speech culture formation of students including methods of teaching foreign languages were considered. The state of the main trends of methods of speech culture forming was researched. It was found that writing culture formation at foreign language lessons in the second half of the twentieth century was in the process of formation and reformation. The main methods of speech forming of students at foreign language lessons were comparative translational, oral and communicative methods. Keywords: education, technique, speech culture, writing.


(57) Abstract: To lose the intention of transmission of the entire data set through a communication path limited bandwidth, such as the Internet, several data items, selected for inclusion in the data set It is. Each data item, and has one or more portions, the entire portion constitutes a complete data set. Each portion of the data set has a watermark having an identifier of the identifier and data set for that portion. In a preferred embodiment, the identifier of that portion is the address of that portion, the identifier of the data set is an indicator of the overall size of the serial number and the data set. Presence of a data set, by checking the watermark of the selected portion randomly to see if the original part configured dataset exists, is checked. If it is found as part is not or changed, the processing after the data item in the data set is prevented. In a preferred embodiment, a combination of strong and fragile watermark, the identifier is stored.


Stereo camera systems are widely used in many real applications including indoor and outdoor robotics. They are very easy to use and provide accurate depth estimates on well-textured scenes, but often fail when the scene does not have enough texture. It is possible to help the system work better in this situation by actively projecting certain light patterns to the scene to create artificial texture on the scene surface. The question we try to answer in ths paper is what would be the best pattern(s) to project. This paper introduces optimized projection patterns based on a novel concept of (symmetric) non-recurring De Bruijn sequences, and describes algorithms to generate such sequences. A projected pattern creates an artificial texture which does not contain any duplicate patterns over epipolar lines within certain range, thus it makes the correspondence match simple and unique. The proposed patterns are compatible with most existing stereo algorithms, meaning that they can be used without any changes in the stereo algorithm and one can immediately get much denser depth estimates without any additional computational cost. It is also argued that the proposed patterns are optimal binary patterns, and finally a few experimental result using stereo and space-time stereo algorithms are presented.


The aim of this article is to present new inequalities which improve some gamma function inequalities of H. Alzer, A. Baricz and N. Elezovic et al. Mathematics subject classification (2000): 26D07, 33B15.


A 243-bopd increase on a 56-well problem is seen in computer simulation when an evolutionary algorithm is used with gas lift optimization.


gress at Work," "The Presidency," "The National Administration," and "The Rights and Duties of Citizenship." The second part deals similarly with state government and also with local municipal and rural government. The third part discusses such social and economic aspects of our group life as "Commerce, Transportation, and Industry"; "Public Utilities"; "Public Education"; "Health, Safety, and Morality"; "Charities, Correction, and Law Enforcement"; and "Labor and Labor Problems." The chapters dealing with national and state government follow a logical and coherent plan, but those dealing with the social and economic aspects of citizenship seem to adhere loosely. It is unfortunate that the thirty-five short chapters of the book have not been organized into a few comprehensive and easily remembered divisions. At the end of each chapter from one and one-half to two pages is devoted to study helps, consisting chiefly of questions on the text, topics for further study, and a few references for further reading. The book is well illustrated, containing almost one hundred pictures, diagrams, and facsimiles and two double-page maps. The pictures are clear and add greatly to the reader's interest. The attempt to avoid too great emphasis on governmental organization on the one hand and on governmental activities on the other has led to the inclusion of so much material dealing with both that the effect is encyclopedic rather than interpretative. If completeness of factual detail at the expense of interesting and illuminating material is desired, the book is admirable. To the reader whose experience supplies the necessary illustrative material, the scope of the work is gratifying; but to pupils of high-school age, who lack the experiential background necessary to interpretation and application, the massing of facts is unlikely to prove an inspiration to intelligent citizenship. JOHN F. PUTMAN


Although Pragmatics of Human Communicatiorz (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967) was a turning point in both our careers, it began in an almost offhand way with a conversation between Paul Watzlawick and Don Jackson in about 1964. Paul and I had been meeting with Don, trying to figure out Don's amazing clinical intuitions. Don was a well-known psychiatrist, the founder and Director of the Mental Research Institute, where we were working. During one of these meetings, he and Paul began to discuss a different topic, which was the possibility of a book that brought together some of the rich flow of ideas that the Palo Alto Group was producing and publishing. In a little over l0 years since the seminal double-bind paper (Bateson, Jackson, Haley, & Weakland, 1956), a selection of their reprinted publications had already filled two volumes (Jackson, 1968a, 1968b). We began to take the idea of a book seriously, and soon Paul and I were meeting regularly to talk about a book. He was a research associate and psychotherapist with a PhD and I was Don's research assistant and staff writer, with an undergraduate degree in psychology. As most of us know, there is a big distance between saying "we should write a book about that" and deciding more specifically what "that" is, much less actually writing it. In this case, there was such a wide range of topics to choose from. The ideas that were potentially available from our prolific group went in many directions: family therapy, the beginnings of brief therapy, and the possibility of a different approach to communication than the dominant information-transmission model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). No single book could cover it all. However, Paul and I shared an intense interest in an alternative theory of communication, which was the direction we chose to pursue. Within the topic of communication, our interests were both overlapping and complementary in a fortunate way. He was, and remained, brilliant and articulate about theory and abstraction. For example, a well-read multivolume historical collection of work in mathematics was always on his desk at the time (and its influence is obvious in Pragmatics). But he was also an insightful observer, able to notice key examples of phenomena in therapy sessions, in everyday life, and even in movies and plays. (We once talked about writing a book on relationships as portrayed in the wonderful "foreign films" that were coming to North America in the 1960s; I am glad we did Pragmancs instead.) My interests were always more academic than clinical, but, like Paul, I was especially captivated by observation, by closely analysing actual interactions and building theory from them. It seemed perfectly natural-though in retrospect highly presumptuous-that we should set out to write a book proposing a new theory of communication, illustrated with examples from anywhere and everywhere. So we decided on an ambitious plan that corresponded to the eventual chapters of Pragmatics. It is important to emphasize that, as the citations in the book show, the ideas we chose to cover were not just our own but usually drawn from the work of many others in the group. In organizing and synthesizing them, we inevitably focused on what interested us, often changing them as we sought to bring them together into a coherent version of our own. Integration is always a transforming and creative act. The guiding principle was one that Paul and I still talked about in our last conversation, 40 years later, with as much intellectual passion as before: the necessity to see beyond and outside individuals and to focus on their interactions, that is, on communicative rather than mental phenomena.


The aim of this paper is to summarise the results of a non-farm micro- enterprise survey in rural and peri-urban Romania and to examine their impact on the development of sustainable rural livelihoods. As these firms operate in fixed locations and are therefore more easily located and observed, most of the data presented s based on our survey of firms in Brasov and Dolj counties of Romania. This data is complemented with information about unregistered gathering, hawking, and handicraft activities collected through our qualitative social development studies in the same counties. Both categories of information document the situation at a particular point in time and can provide insights into the functioning of enterprises, but not on the dynamics of change. There are however, some initial complications in understanding the operation of small non-farm firms. On the one hand, for many of those involved in rural non-farm enterprise activities, there is no difference between activities to meet their subsistence needs and producing for the market. Thus, they sell what is surplus to their needs or in response to the opportunity selling provides to generate additional cash income. On the other hand, many of the registered rural non-farm firms are commercially oriented and operate in a competitive market. We consider the nature and extent of rural non-farm enterprises and outline their main characteristics.


The Microbiome First Initiative aims to facilitate sustainable healthcare by focusing first and foremost on the human holobiont majority, the microbiome. Understanding how the human microbiome affects not only risk of disease but also human perceptions can help individuals thrive and pave the way for a healthy life course. Following a recent review of Microbiome First Medicine the context of health and safety, this present opinion article considers the role of the human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome, on pain, sensory perceptions, and the prevention and multimodal management of pain. Microbial dysbiosis can be causative of some forms of immune-inflammatory and neurologic pain and the altered human microbiome can lock in the pain while at the same time interfering with analgesic/opioid therapies. Dysbiotic microbiota can make drug treatments less effective and with opioids, the microbes can significantly increase: For these reasons, it is critical to move beyond simply thinking about the microbiome in dealing with pain to considering the microbiome as central in multimodal pain prevention and management strategies. The microbiome is key in any attempts to change physiology, metabolism, systems biology function, and receptor-based perceptions within the human body.


Diabetes is a condition in which the human blood glucose (sugar) level is abnormally high due to the lack of insulin produced by the pancreas. As diabetes has been claimed to be a disease that is incurable, researchers have come out with numerous alternatives in making it curable and one of them is thermal massage treatment. This treatment refers to the application of chiropractic where it focuses on realigning the spine where diabetes is claimed to be related to the misalignment of thoracic 7 (T7). The objective of this study is to identify and select the best and most effective thermal massage treatment session(s) required for both T1D and T2D patients of different high glucose level in the blood to be reduced to the normal glucose level by using thermal massager. This study is conducted for the diabetic patients who receive treatments from Ceragem Healthcare Centre on how to optimise their thermal massage treatments to normalise their glucose level. Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is utilised in this type of selection problem mainly due to the reliable results produced for the imprecise and uncertain preferences of the users in which able to be expressed as a fuzzy set (triangular fuzzy number). The findings indicated that the most significant criteria for effective thermal massage is determined by the "number of treatment session (per day)" where the best thermal massage treatment is derived from the normalised fuzzy weight of both criteria and sub-criteria.


This document describes the RoboCup@Home league team NimbRo of Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, for the competition to be held in Singapore in June 2010. Our team uses self-constructed humanoid robots for object manipulaion and intuitive multimodal communication with humans. The paper describes the mechanical and electrical design of our robots Dynamaid and Robotinho. It also covers perception and behavior control.


The effects of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) conditioning are examined through changes in gas permeability and solubility for 6FDA-based polyimide membranes. At pressures above the supercritical point, both CO2 permeability and sorption unexpectedly decline, suggesting a structural rearrangement of the polymer facilitated by the presence of a highly soluble species. High-pressure permeability isotherms for He and N2 do not exhibit a similar decline. Upon depressurization, a typical hysteresis is not observed; rather, CO2 permeability remains at reduced levels compared to the original pressurization. Permeability isotherms of the conditioned polymer show a reduction in transport compared to unconditioned samples; however, sorption isotherms show an increase in penetrant solubility following scCO2 conditioning. Pre- and post-CO2/CH4 mixed gas permeation testing at 35 °C shows a reduction in membrane permeability with a corresponding increase in the separation factor after scCO2 conditioning.


Objective To analyze the utilization of Chinese patent medicines in Tianjin Children's Hospital,in order to improve the level of rational use of Chinese patent medicines to guarantee children's safety.Methods Species,dosage forms,and drug varieties of Chinese patent medicines from January 2012 to December 2012 were analyzed,retrospectively.Results The most Chinese patent medicines are oral liquid and granule,which facilitate children to use.The most kinds of Chinese patent medicines are anti-asthmatic,clearing drug,and relieving superficies.The usage of Chinese patent medicines in internal medicine is accounting for 50%.The drugs instructions with marked dosage in ages accounts for 53%.Conclusion Chinese patent medicines in Tianjin Children's Hospital are used reasonably,but there are still some problems which need to cause the attention of pediatricians.


A procedure was developed for the immunoprecipitation of glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of the insulin receptor and its precursors without prior purification using lectins. 3T3-Ll adipocytes were labeled with [38S]methionine after which 36S-labeled receptor polypeptides were specifically immunoprecipitated and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first 36S-polypeptide detected was a 190-kDa glycosylated proreceptor which was rapidly (tH = 15 min) processed to a 210-kDa intermediate. The latter precursor was more slowly (tu 2 h) proteolytically processed to 125-kDa (a') and 83-kDa (8') precursors of the mature aand @receptor subunits. Immediately prior to insertion into the plasma membrane, i.e. about 3 h after translation, the a'and @'-precursor polypeptides were converted to the mature 135-kDa and 95-kDa @-receptor subunits. The characteristics of the oligosaccharide moieties of the receptor precursors and products were investigated. The 210-kDa precursor and its two products, the 125-kDa 'and 83-kDa @'-species, and the mature aand &receptor subunits bind tightly to wheat germ lectin, whereas the 190-kDa proreceptor species is not bound. Upon incubation with endoglycosidase H, both the 210and 190-kDa species are converted to a 180kDa species. The 125-kDa 0'and 83-kDa @'-species are also cleaved by endoglycosidase H, being reduced in size to 97 and 79 kDa, respectively. Based on their sensitivity to endoglycosidase H and insensitivity to neuraminidase, the oligosaccharide chains of the receptor precursors (190, 210, 125, and 83 kDa) do not contain terminal sialic acid (or other capping sugars). However, near the time of insertion into the plasma membrane, capping of the a'and @'-species by sialic acid occurs, giving rise to the mature 135-kDa 0and 95-kDa @-receptor subunits, which are partially endoglycosidase H-resistant  and  neuraminidase-sensitive. When 3T3-Ll adipocytes are treated with tunica-


Objective: To compare the plaque index in patients receiving multi-bracket fixed orthodontic treatment for various factors like gender, brushing practices, meal habits, types of brackets, types of ligations, and use of mouthwash. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Socio-demographic and clinical modalities were defined and recorded for 40 patients having multi-bracket fixed appliances. The plaque index of subjects were recorded according to the modified Silness and Loe plaque index method. The data were checked for normality and simple summary statistics were generated. Independent sample t-test was applied to determine the difference in plaque index in factors such as gender, timing of brushing, use of mouthwash, type of brackets, type of ligation ,diet and brushing practice. Result: The results of this study showed significant difference in Plaque Index for the factors such as type of brushing technique, frequency of brushing, type of brush used and usage of dental auxillaries. The other factors like gender, meal habits, type of brackets, and type of ligation were statistically insignificant. Conclusion In conclusion, it proves that the maintenance of good oral hygiene during fixed orthodontic treatment is more dependent of the brushing practices and less on the clinical practices. The subjects who comply with the use of normal and interdental brushing, the timing of brushing and frequency of brushing is less prone to plaque accumulation. Therefore, patients education on oral hygiene maintenance must be a part of the orthodontic treatment. For these reasons, proper methods of instructions in the form of verbal, brochures and video tapes must be devised and incorporated in clinical practice.


Trish Groves (doi:10.1136/bmj.c6424) argues that telling authors who has reviewed their paper has helped to make the process fairer, but Karim Khan is concerned that it stops reviewers from being completely frank


The article is based on the materials of a representative sociological survey conducted in 2016 in Yaroslavl. Based on the analysis of the standardized survey data, it is revealed that the reasons for the weakening of the consolidation potential of the society are: changes in the social structure of society; violation of intergroup and interpersonal contacts; weakening the feeling of empathy towards our fellow citizens; erosion of social identities; changes in the system of norms of social morality. It is proved that in the transitive society the influence of the level of social consolidation of the society on the process of forming social solidarity is great. At this time, society is experiencing a crisis of social solidarity. It is shown that the consolidation potential looks different in different social groups in different ways, that most of all consolidation is destroyed in the relations of people with the state. The disintegration of institutions actualized the dangerous for the future development of Russian society trend: people leave the public space in a personal-family, they rely only on their own strength, close in the family. In society, the process of adaptation to cash prevails, a short-term reaction to what is happening, which leads to a narrowing of the scope of publicity, to the curtailment of institutions that promote the maturity of civil society and the competitiveness of the political system.


In this paper, wireless PtP system in E-band (70/80GHz) for gigabit ethernet link was designed and fabricated. To two-way communication of FDD(frequency division diplexing), two types of transmitter/receiver were made. The conversion gains of transmitter were 7–12dB and 15–25dB respectively and P1dBs were both max 16dBm. The conversion gains of receiver were −6–0dB and 10–20dB respectively. Two PLOs were fabricated for 36.75GHz and 41.75GHz. The output powers were both 9dBm and phase noises at 100KHz offset were −103dBc/Hz and −102dBc/Hz respectively. OOK(On Off Keying) modulation was used in fabricated system. For OOK modulation, OOK modulator and demodulator were designed and fabricated. OOK modulator was made with RF mixer and OOK demodulator was made up of schottky diode and limiter amp. An demonstration for two-way communications was performed at indoor environment. It showed that this PtP system was well done in 10M distance with +5dBm output power and 20dB gain horn antenna.


Sundby J. Psychological consequences of unwanted infertility, its investigation and treatment. A literature survey and pilot study. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 1988;42:2%33. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1455. Infertility is a major life crisis that may influence the lives of up to 15% of couples in their reproductive years. Infertile couples often participate in long-lasting investigation and treatment procedures that have a great influence on their marital life, sexual functioning and life chokes. This is a review of studies of the psychosocial consequences of infertility and infertility treatment. Some results from a pilot study of 21 in vitro fertilization patients are mentioned, and the need for counselling, in infertility treatment is discussed. 17 Councelling in infertility, Infertility, Psychosocial consequenses. Johanne Sundby MD, Kvinneklinikken, fikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo 1; Akseptdato:


The current study aims at exploring the relationship of CSR practices with firm performance (FP) in the non-financial sector of the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). For this purpose, the study uses sample data of 231 companies listed at PSX. The study uses "donation amount to sales" as a proxy variable for CSR practices and return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA) as the proxies of firm performance. The models are tested using a panel regression estimation technique with a fixed effect method, as suggested by Hausman test. The results show that CSR is significantly positively related to ROE. Findings indicate that investment in CSR brings positive change in a firm"s profitability which ultimately leads to an increase in the shareholder"s wealth. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Pakistan Stock Exchange, Firm Performance, Fixed Effect Model, Non-financial Sector.


Plasma heating using compressional Alfven waves ["fast waves" (FWs)] in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies is a well-established technique in magnetic confinement devices and is part of the ITER day-one heating systems. The large plasma/FW antenna distance foreseen for ITER implies a light antenna load resistance, which will necessitate an antenna rf voltage standoff near the upper end of what has been demonstrated in experiments. Active methods to increase the loading resistance are under study in several tokamak experiments. One promising method is to puff neutral gas into the far scrape-off layer (SOL) during the FW pulse. Loading resistance may be enhanced by increasing the SOL density (narrowing the evanescent zone) or by decreasing the density gradient within the propagating region (reducing the reflections). In this paper, results on loading enhancement by gas puffing will be reported from JET [1], DIII-D, AUG and Tore Supra. In all cases, increasing the density adjacent to the antenna increases the loading. Up to a factor of 6 enhancement in loading is obtained in JET with gas puffing, and up to a factor of 4 in DIII-D. The effect of puffing on the density profile in the SOL is measured with X-mode reflectometers in these experiments. The trade-off between the positive effects of gas puffing on antenna loading and possible deleterious effects on confinement is studied. Both JET and DIII-D clearly observe very strong dependence of the effects obtained with gas puffing in ELMy H-mode on ELM character, pumping, and recycling properties which are sensitive to plasma shape. AUG and Tore Supra (the latter in limiter L-mode discharges) have so far observed smaller loading enhancements with local puffing; the possible role of different antenna enclosure/limiter geometries will be discussed. No strong dependence of the loading enhancement on the power level applied to the antenna is found. The core FW heating efficiency with gas puffing will be evaluated, to determine where the wave energy is deposited.


Ontologies are becoming increasingly important in a variety of different fields, such as intelligent searching on the web, knowledge sharing and reuse, knowledge management, etc. Therefore, we expect that the need for tools to support the construction of ontologies will increase significantly in the coming years. In this paper, we investigate several of these tools. We evaluate the tools using two different ontologies: a simple one about university employees, and a second, more complex one, about the structure of a university study. The evaluation was conducted using a framework, which incorporates aspects of ontology buildings and testing, as well as cooperation with other users. Our conclusions are that the usefulness of the tools depends on the level of the users and the stage of development of the ontology.


This paper is concerned with the implementation of variational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulations, also known as variational r‐adaption methods. These methods seek to minimize the energy function with respect to the finite‐element mesh over the reference configuration of the body. We propose a solution strategy based on a viscous regularization of the configurational forces. This procedure eliminates the ill‐posedness of the problem without changing its solutions, i.e. the minimizers of the regularized problems are also minimizers of the original functional. We also develop strategies for optimizing the triangulation, or mesh connectivity, and for allowing nodes to migrate in and out of the boundary of the domain. Selected numerical examples demonstrate the robustness of the solution procedures and their ability to produce highly anisotropic mesh refinement in regions of high energy density. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Purpose: This study sought to examine the anxiety and perception of nurses toward the outbreak of COVID-19 in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH). Two research questions one hypothesis were used. What is the level of anxiety among nurses toward the outbreak of COVID-19? What is the perception of nurses toward the outbreak of COVID-19? The hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship between anxiety and perception of nurses toward the outbreak of COVID-19. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. Methods: The research instrument used in collecting the data for the analysis was a questionnaire administered to 100 nurses in UUTH, Uyo. Their responses were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and Chi-square analysis, and the following results were obtained. Results: The results indicated that 36 (36%) of the respondents strongly agreed that most nurses perceive that poor provision of equipment's in the hospital result into the transmission of COVID-19 to another person, 35 (35%) agreed, 20 (20%) of the respondents strongly agreed, whereas 9 (9%) of the respondents disagreed. Majority of the respondents 56 (56%) strongly agreed that nurses sometimes perceive that patients sometimes harbor COVID-19 without showing the symptoms. Conclusion: The above data, therefore, showed that nurses in UUTH, Uyo, had moderate perception toward COVID-19.


The present paper examines and tests an alternative method to control and redirect electric power flow through certain paths (transmission lines). The control and redirecting of power flow is achieved through the use of phase shift transformers PSTs. An algorithm is presented which searches for a proper phase shift angle introduced by a PST at any given location. The proposed method is based on modelling the PST and the power system employing Newton-Raphson load flow approach. Finally, the installation of series of PSTs on the interconnected power systems aims at mitigating uncontrolled parallel flows and unbalanced sharing of power among transmission lines.  The obtained results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method in sharing and controlling the electrical power flow among different interties of the 5-bus network on which the study applied.


Energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN) is a promising solution for near-perpetual environmental monitoring. However, the failure of senor node in EH-WSN has a strong impact on the quality of the environmental monitoring. In this paper, we focus on the topology optimization of fault tolerant target monitoring for EH-WSN. We first describe the fault tolerant requirement of target monitoring and formulate the topology optimization problem. Then, the topology optimization algorithm of fault tolerant target monitoring (TFTTM)is proposed. Based on link weight of energyefficient, the proposed algorithm achieves the minimum of maximum energy consumption on sensor nodes by the calculation of disjoint paths between sink node and other nodes. Expensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm obtains less average node degree and average path length under the same requirement. Moreover, the proposed algorithm achieves longer network lifetime than existing fault tolerant topology control algorithms.


Flipping the classroom is the latest reported teaching technique to improve student learning at all levels. Prior studies showed significant increases in learning by employing this technique. However, an examination of the previous studies indicates significant flaws in the testing procedure controls. Moreover, most studies were based on anecdotal observations and not quantitative methods of analysis. This studied examined the true learning improvements attributed to the flipped classroom method. The results indicate that flipping the classroom did improve the test scores for 14% of the students and 88% of the students self-reported that the flipped classroom resulted in more effective learning. However, overall class test scores did not support that flipping the classroom improved the entire class. In fact, 81.5% of the students showed no significant improvement and 3.7% showed lower test scores using the flipped classroom method. The flipped classroom does have the benefit of increasing time on task for the student by using technology to increase learning time outside the classroom. However, this technique is only effective because students spend more time learning the material. Any method that gives more time to learn the material will result in increased learning. The true value of the flipped classroom appears to be not in the method but in the use of technology to increase the time students spend learning.


Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 9-azidoanthracene produces singlet 9-anthrylnitrene (1AN) with λmax = 331, 344, and 412 nm. The lifetime of 1AN is 17 ns at 77 K and is 27 ns at ambient temperature and is controlled by intersystem crossing (ISC) to the lower energy triplet state. The rapid rate of ISC of 1AN relative to singlet phenylnitrene is due to the small (5.3 kcal/mol, CASPT2 (14,14)) calculated singlet−triplet separation of the large delocalized nitrene. There is no evidence of cyclization of 1AN to form a bridgehead azirine (AZ) species. This observation is in agreement with calculations that indicate that the conversion of 1AN to AZ is endothermic by 23 kcal/mol.


Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used to explore cortical physiology in health and disease. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is appropriate for superficial muscles, but cannot be applied easily to less accessible muscles. Muscle ultrasound (mUS) may provide an elegant solution to this problem, but fundamental questions remain. We explore the relationship between TMS evoked muscle potentials and TMS evoked muscle contractions measured with mUS.


Multiple critical pairs of residues in the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 mediate receptor activation and signaling. Illuminating CXCR4 activation The small secreted protein CXCL12 and its cognate GPCR CXCR4 mediate cell migration and are implicated in immune cell trafficking, HIV-1 infection, and metastasis. Thus, structural analysis of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex has implications for designing therapeutics. Stephens et al. tested their previous structural model of CXCR4-CXCL12 with a large panel of mutations and charged residue swapping experiments in cell-based functional assays and identified critical interactions across the large interface of the complex that are important for CXCR4 activation. These results challenge the established "two-site" hypothesis of chemokine receptor activation and provide structural insights into the mechanism of CXCR4 signaling. Because of their prominent roles in development, cancer, and HIV, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 have been the subject of numerous structural and functional studies, but the determinants of ligand binding, selectivity, and signaling are still poorly understood. Here, building on our latest structural model, we used a systematic mutagenesis strategy to dissect the functional anatomy of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex. Key charge swap mutagenesis experiments provided evidence for pairwise interactions between oppositely charged residues in the receptor and chemokine, confirming the accuracy of the predicted orientation of the chemokine relative to the receptor and providing insight into ligand selectivity. Progressive deletion of N-terminal residues revealed an unexpected contribution of the receptor N terminus to chemokine signaling. This finding challenges a longstanding "two-site" hypothesis about the essential features of the receptor-chemokine interaction in which the N terminus contributes only to binding affinity. Our results suggest that although the interaction of the chemokine N terminus with the receptor-binding pocket is the key driver of signaling, the signaling amplitude depends on the extent to which the receptor N terminus binds the chemokine. Together with systematic characterization of other epitopes, these data enable us to propose an experimentally consistent structural model for how CXCL12 binds CXCR4 and initiates signal transmission through the receptor transmembrane domain.


Objective:To explore feasibility and efficacy of thoracolumbar fractures by using pedicle screw fixation simultaneously with screw placed at the level of the fractured vertebra.Method:A total of 26 cases of thoracolumbar fracture were treated from January 2006 to November 2007,Of them,there were 20 cases of single vertebral fracture,3 cases of double vertebral fracture and 3 cases of fracture and dislocation. According to the AO classification,2 cases with type A1.2,16 cases with type A3.1,5 cases with type A3.3 and 3 cases with type B1.2.The spinal cord function was classified by Frankel′s scale as grade A 2 cases,grade B 3 cases,grade C 4 cases,grade D 3 cases and grade E 11 cases.All of them were treated with three vertebral fixation by 6 pedicle screws implantation technique except one case in which L1 vertebral body of jumping fracture was treated by fixation of single segment.Result:Screw insertion was successful in every injured vertebral body and all of screws of injured vertebral body were stable.There was no infection of incision and no aggravation of spinal cord function.All cases were followed up 12-27 months(average 15.5 months),there was no implant failure,solid bone fusion was achieved in all cases.Cobb′s angle,loss rate of the anterior height of injured vertebral body and spinal canal stenosis rate were 11°-47°(mean 24.5°) and -2°-19°(mean 6.2°), 10%-49%(mean37.7%) and 85%-100%(mean 92.7%),11%-62%(mean 35.7%) and 0-13%(mean 5.2%) before operation and at last follow -up respectively.There was significant difference statistically in these changes between each group.The spinal cord function was improved 1 to 2 degree in all cases except two cases of grade A.Conclusion:It is a feasible and effective method to treat thoracolumbar fractures by using pedicle screw system simultaneously with screw placed at the level of the fractured vertebra.It can enhance the strength of the posterior short-segment instrumentation in thoracolumbar fractures fixation and help correctthe kyphosis and maintain the reduction.


Background: Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery, including hiatus hernia repair, is a common operation performed by both general and thoracic surgeons and an important learning objective for surgical trainees. This study aimed to design a competency assessment instrument for laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery. Method: A comprehensive competency assessment instrument was designed by a process of logical analysis by 4 expert thoracic surgeons with an interest in foregut surgery, and then reviewed informally by a panel of experts. The instrument was then further assessed and refined using a modified Delphi process. The Delphi questionnaire was distributed to all members of the Fellowship Training Committee of the American Foregut Society (n = 21). Results: A first draft of the competency assessment instrument included 32 steps in 4 categories. The first round of the Delphi review was completed by 14 respondents (response rate 66.7%). A total of 3 rounds of Delphi review were performed. Ultimately, 25 items were retained from the original instrument and 1 modified and 4 new items were added. The final instrument has 30 steps in 4 categories. Conclusions: An international and inter-specialty consensus was established on the key components of assessing competence to perform anti-reflux surgery. The resulting instrument could be used to guide competency based assessments of general and thoracic surgeons and trainees.


The system equipment configuration of a landfill gas(LFG)fueled biogas engine driven heat pump energy-saving system was studied,and the LFG collecting and purifying flow process was analyzed.By constructing an experimental plant,the performance of the system was tested.The results of experiments indicated that when the biogas engine operated at 70%—90% of its rated speed,the energy efficiency of the system would reach its maximum.That is because the waste heat recovery rate of exhaust fume was relatively higher,although the heat supplied by the system was not the maximum.Compared with other heating systems,biogas engine driven heat pump system can significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and improve heating capability.Therefore,the heating system developed can lower energy consumption and utilize renewable energy sources comprehensively.


Objective To report the author's method of outer canthus region"anchor-fixation technique"for blephroplasty and facelifting.Methods To make the traditional blephroplasty in-cision,remove the bagginess,fatty protrusions,and lax hanging skin,cut the outer head of musculus orbicularis oculi for 3-5mm,U-shape suture anchor fixation is to be made.Conclusion The technique can make the fixation of orbicular muscle tighter.It will be easier to make facelifting with blephroplasty simutaneously.


Over the past 2 decades, significant progress has been achieved in the systemic treatment of breast cancer. However, disseminated breast cancer remains an incurable disease. Systemic therapy rarely results in complete responses and partial responses occur merely in 35% to 40% of patients, with a reported median survival of 18 to 30 months. Limitations of treatment commonly include significant treatment-related toxicity and, almost uniformly, the emergence of resistance. Patients with breast tumors overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor HER-2/neu have poor prognosis; they constitute 25% to 30% of all breast cancer cases. The American Cancer Society estimated that 211,240 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in 2005 in the United States alone. Approximately 50% of HER-2–positive breast tumors are estrogen receptor-positive compared with near 75% of HER-2–negative in the whole population. These tumors are often reported to be resistant to endocrine therapy, response rates ranging between 9% and 24%, in comparison with 40% to 56% in HER-2–negative tumors. Few studies suggested that the use of tamoxifen may be ineffective and potentially harmful in these circumstances, but the data are by no means conclusive. The understanding of the mechanisms of hormonal resistance in estrogen receptor-positive, HER-2–positive breast tumors remains an active research area. Several possible biologic explanations have been suggested, based on the more modern view of endocrine response pathways in breast cancer. This view retains the concept that estrogens acting through estrogen receptors are central to the development of breast cancer, but also recognizes that it is naive to consider estrogen receptor signaling in isolation from the remainder of the cancer cell biology. An increasing number of elements within the breast cancer phenotype, notably including peptide growth factors, have now been identified that modify and can be modified by estrogen receptor signaling. In particular, whereas antihormones suppress estrogen receptor and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling, they promote the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2/neu receptors used by EGF-like ligands. In turn, HER-2/neu overexpression is associated with an increase of co-activators like AIB1, which stabilize the estrogen receptor and potentiate the agonistic effect of tamoxifen, and possibly clinical resistance to antihormones. Another possible explanation is the occasional co-expression of HER-2/neu and the related EGFR (HER-1) in breast cancer; such coexpression correlates with a less favorable prognosis. The existence of "cross-talk" between various growth factor receptor signaling pathways and estrogen receptors are now well-established; accumulating evidence suggests that estrogen receptors can become activated and supersensitized by a number of different intracellular kinases, both initially and at the time of relapse. Estrogen receptors remain an integral part of signaling even after failure of aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen. Therefore, strategies to target the enhanced expression and pathways that activate estrogen receptors need to be explored clinically. Tumor cells are capable of easily bypassing a single agent inhibitor. Consequently, clinical trials combining endocrine therapies and signal transduction inhibitors should be a high priority. Furthermore, targeting multiple vital pathways would theoretically have more antitumor effect and possibly decreasing resistance to each individual agent.


In the article, a conception of interpretation of legal norms and its role in the process of law application are considered. The key issues of interpretation of legal norms, subjects, types and methods are analyzed. By the author, it is suggested to make amendments and additions to legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.