and Tribus, 1962), which is also named exergoeconomics (Bejan et al, 1996) and exergonomics (Yantovskii, 1994). The concept of utility is a central concept in macroeconomics. Utility is also closely related to exergy, and an exergy tax is an example of how exergy could be introduced into macroeconomics. This paper introduces and clarifies important concepts in the development of a sustainable engineering. An engineer designing a system is expected to aim for the highest possible technical efficiency at a minimum cost under the prevailing technical, economic and legal conditions, but also with regard to ethical, ecological and social consequences. Exergy is a concept that makes this work a great deal easier. Thus, exergetics offers a unique insight where losses and possible improvements can be determined, and Life Cycle Exergy Analysis (LCEA) is suggested as a method to better meet environmental conditions. Optimization pervades the fields of science, engineering, and business, which is concerned with finding the best system among the entire set by efficient quantitative methods. Computing makes the selection feasible and cost efficient. But to employ them requires, firstly critical analysis of the process or design, secondly insight as to what the appropriate performance objectives are, i.e., what is to be accomplished, and thirdly use of past experience, sometimes called "engineering judgment." Exergy is also a useful concept in economics. In macroeconomics exergy offers a way to evaluate resource depletion and environmental destruction by means of an exergy tax. In microeconomics exergy has fruitfully been combined with cost-benefit analysis to improve the design. By minimizing Life Cycle Cost (LCC) we find the best system due to the prevailing economic conditions, and by minimizing the exergy losses, we also minimize environmental effects. However, the design is much more than using proper tools and performing a correct optimization. In a real system design consideration for environmental, social and ethical conse quences must also be taken. Good design methods should also make maximum use of the designer's skills, knowledge, and experience. (Sama, 1995) In addition, a designer should also have a basic knowledge in ecology and sociology, as well as ethics and morals. (Wall, 1995)


During the first year after the war, on April 17, 1946, the Polish government issued a decree on libraries and the protection of library collections. It was the first state decree of that type in Poland, and it entrusted the establishment of public libraries and their financial support to the state and to the selfgovernments (today, the people's councils). The decree also outlined the principles of the unique library policy in Poland. In order to make available all library collections to every citizen, the decree provided for the establishment of a nation-wide library network which included school, public and research libraries. The Minister of Education became the chief-inspector and guardian of libraries. The Supreme Library Management, acting äs an organ of the Ministry of Education, was the executive body of the nation-wide network. The decree on libraries Consolidated the opinion, which has matured the awareness of our people, that the financial responsibility f or the development of libraries belongs to local governments and to the state. However, the decree did not outline the framework for the dqyelopment of co-operation between libraries of the various types included in the nation-wide network. Our libraries had neither traditions nor experience of that nature, and some plans that were elaborated during the inter-war period did not fit the very different Situation after the war. The plans aimed to establish public libraries with the support of local self-governments, but these failed because of the war. After World War II, according to the resolutions of the decree, the network of public libraries started a dynamic development, and in most cases the organization and Operation were not established before they were put into practice. However, in the course of time it became obvious that the many changes taking place in the Polish people themselves, particularly in the field of education and schooling, made it necessary to consider library problems in the light of these changes. According to statistics from 1968, the number of inhabitants had increased by VB äs compared to 1946. The number of


The main sources of the environment pollution in the technical service and the maintenance of the agricultural machinery are considered. The classification on the aggregate state of the pollution substances and waste products, forming in the technical service of the transportation facilities, the excretion sources and noxious substance composition in the maintenance, the waste placing, forming in the result of the transportation facilities service on the agricultural enterprises territory are submitted.


Transportation planning has become increasingly interested in the institutional changes needed to implement sustainable transportation measures. This research looks at six U.S. metropolitan areas that are implementing or have recently implemented transit priority projects—Seattle, Portland, Denver, Chicago, New York, and Boston—using interviews with local planners, media accounts, and analyses of project documents. It explores what policy statements and arguments were used to support transit priority, the leadership needed to support implementation, innovative funding arrangements, and the institutional changes within agencies that led to a virtuous cycle of transit improvement. The research found that cities that talked about their transit priority as a way to accommodate growth without cars or to manage street space efficiently were more effective than those who put forth transit priority, and particularly bus rapid transit, as a cheap solution to improve transit. It also found that leadership within city transportation agencies was more important than elected official champions, and that transit agencies can use the promise of increased frequency to leverage city funding for street improvements. Lastly, it found that city streets agencies that are serious about prioritizing transit develop transit planning programs, staffing capabilities, and set regular meetings with transit agencies that they view as partners in improving transit.


In this study, magnetically modified zeolites (MMZ) has been produced and their adsorption, ionexchange and magnetic properties have been studied. In this study, natural zeolite mineral, clinoptilolite, which belongs to Gördes (Manisa) regions and synthetic 13X zeolite, which has been produced by Sigma-Aldrich firm have been used. In order to modify the surface of these minerals, magnetite sample which belongs to Divriği (Sivas) region has been used. The engagement of magnetite particles on 1, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, Eskişehir. E-posta: email@example.com 2, E-posta:email@example.com Geliş: 08 Nisan 2013 ; Düzeltme: 27 Mayıs 2013 ; Kabul: 07 Haziran 2013 Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology C 3 (1) Life Sciences and Biotechnology zeolite particles has been studied. For this reason, measuring, visualization and analysis techniques as DTA-TG, XRD, XRF, SEM and EDX have been used. As a result of these procedures, it has been observed that magnetite particles get engaged on the surface of zeolite particles and magnetite contribution on MMZ has changed adsorption, ion-exchange and magnetic properties. In order to determine how magnetite contribution affects adsorption, ion exchange and magnetic properties of MMZ, weightily magnetite contribution ratio (zeolite/magnetite) has been applied in three different forms (1/1, 1/2, 1/3). As a result of nitrogen adsorption of MMZ, it has been observed that as the weightily magnetite contribution ratio goes up, specific surface area goes down and average pore diameter rises. It has been identified that total cation exchange capacity rises as the weightily magnetite contribution ratio goes up. It has been observed that pure zeolites, which have no magnetic properties, as a result of magnetically modification process, they have got magnetically character, and they change their magnetic properties positively as the weightily magnetite contribution goes up. It has been determined that as a result of magnetic measurements; the optimum value of applied outer magnetic field is 0.5T.


This paper reported the studies on net cage culture of Fugu bimaculatus . The results showed that the growth of the mean total length was increased from 4.6cm to 17.0cm ,and the mean body weight from 2.8g to 130.4g after 11 months growth under the condition of water temperature 13-32℃,Salinity 23.4-27.3. And the survival rate was 42%. Effect of temperature on growth and survival rate was also discussed.


Recent surveys of multiplicity fluctuations, transverse momentum fluctuations and two-particle azimuthal correlations are presented for several collision systems as a function of centrality and transverse momentum. Both multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations exhibit a power-law scaling as a function of the number of participants that is independent of the collision system. Although these observations are consistent with critical behaviour, the critical exponent η measured using azimuthal correlations is seen to be independent of centrality and collision system. Also observed in the azimuthal correlations is a displaced away-side peak in central Au+Au collisions when the pairs are restricted to low transverse momentum.


This paper introduces a successive affine learning (SAL) model for constructing deep neural networks (DNNs). Traditionally, a DNN is built by solving a non-convex optimization problem. It is often challenging to solve such a problem numerically due to its non-convexity and having a large number of layers. To address this challenge, inspired by the human education system, the multi-grade deep learning (MGDL) model was recently initiated by the author of this paper. The MGDL model learns a DNN in several grades, in each of which one constructs a shallow DNN consisting of a relatively small number of layers. The MGDL model still requires solving several non-convex optimization problems. The proposed SAL model mutates from the MGDL model. Noting that each layer of a DNN consists of an affine map followed by an activation function, we propose to learn the affine map by solving a quadratic/convex optimization problem which involves the activation function only {\it after} the weight matrix and the bias vector for the current layer have been trained. In the context of function approximation, for a given function the SAL model generates an expansion of the function with adaptive basis functions in the form of DNNs. We establish the Pythagorean identity and the Parseval identity for the system generated by the SAL model. Moreover, we provide a convergence theorem of the SAL process in the sense that either it terminates after a finite number of grades or the norms of its optimal error functions strictly decrease to a limit as the grade number increases to infinity. Furthermore, we present numerical examples of proof of concept which demonstrate that the proposed SAL model significantly outperforms the traditional deep learning model.


This paper takes a look at the social context of the arts in Hungary between the 1956 revolution for independence and the end of Soviet dominance in 1989. The author's purpose is to examine the alternative art scene that developed in defiance of repressive cultural policies through the lens of underground art periodicals, to trace the intricate interrelationship between politics, the culture of oppression the arts, and to show how short-lived, ephemeral publications played a crucial role in fostering a community of non-conformist neo-avantgarde artists. Selected periodicals covering a variety of subjects, including theory and criticism, experimental art, rock music and visual poetry, are analyzed.


This study attempts to assess the relative merits of a number of classificatory methods suitable for examining plant/environment relationships on a local and regional scale. Braun-Blanquet's traditional phytosociological method is assessed alongside a number of numerical taxonomic methods such as associationanalysis and other clustering techniques. Each classification is evaluated in terms of the clarity of the hierarchical groups and the ease with which some rational hypotheses can be formulated concerning these groups and their environmental relationships. A procedure which can be used for these assessments is outlined and some preliminary conclusions drawn about the merits of particular classifications.


Abstract In the scholarly debate on how to deal with hypercompetition, a dominant logic has become that investing in 'sensing', 'seizing', and 'transforming' dynamic capabilities offers organization's the potential to repetitively initiate business innovations. Actual research into the micro-foundations of these dynamic capabilities has been limited. This study explores whether modular organizing and lateral coordination are typical processes that support an organization's sensing function. Empirically the study investigates how these two variables help The Netherlands armed forces to deal with its volatile crisis response environment. The findings show that both predictors stimulate the development of a broad knowledge base from which the organization can operationally benefit. Yet, the study has also uncovered that, when modularity's demand of organizational autonomy is not sufficiently satisfied, the organization becomes preoccupied with its own internal functioning at the expense of its external lateral sensing capacity.


Considerations on the french policy in Africa.
 Critics of Mitterrand's policy reveal the deadlock in which it was involved underlining the risks of the dismantlement of the Franc area as a consequence of the devaluation of the CFA franc, the division and malfunctioning of the French governmental decision making system and the growing contradiction between Paris declared will of economic recovery with the Abidjan doctrine and the maintenance of diplomatic favouritism in South Sahara.


Recently, the United State Supreme Court has been expanding the scope of the Eleventh Amendment immunity afforded to the states. Ironically, that expansion cannot be justified in light of the constitutional text, original intent, or even good public policy. Indeed, current Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence more accurately reflects the status of the states under the Articles of Confederation than under the Constitution, and the relationship between the state and federal governments currently favored by the Court is precisely what the Framers, including Madison, Marshall, and Hamilton, were rejecting when arguing for constitutional ratification.


The internet promised to democratize access to knowledge and make the world more open and understanding. The reality of today's internet, however, is far from this ideal. Misinformation, lies, and conspiracies dominate many social media platforms. This toxic online world has had real-world implications ranging from genocide to, election interference, and threats to global public health. A frustrated public and impatient government regulators are calling for a more vigorous response to mis- and disinformation campaigns designed to sow civil unrest and inspire violence against individuals, societies, and democracies. We describe a large-scale, domain-level analysis that reveals seemingly coordinated efforts between multiple domains to spread and amplify misinformation. We also describe how the hyperlinks shared by certain Twitter users can be used to surface problematic domains. These analyses can be used by search engines and social media recommendation algorithms to systematically discover and demote misinformation peddlers.


The characterization of polymer complexes were studied by thermal and infrared (IR) spectral analyses from room temperature to 1000°C and from wave number 4000 cm−1 to 200 cm−1, respectively. The polymer complexes were those prepared from cellulose ether (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose) with some transition metals (e.g., CrCl3, FeCl3, CuCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2). The thermal analysis measurements, such as activation energy (Ea ) and order of degradation (n), were calculated from nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis, using the Coats-Redfern equation and the least squares method. The results obtained show that the complexation of cellulose ether with most mentioned metal ions improved their thermal stabilities. There is a relationship between the measurements of thermal analysis and the degree of ligand–metal–σ bond (nephlauxetic parameter, β), electronegativity of the metal cation, and the chelating sites of the ligand. The IR-spectra measurements, such as the shift of the band maximum, correspond to the stretching vibration of OH, the mean strength of the hydrogen bond, and the degree of crystallinity, evidence to some extent of the results of thermal analysis, especially the case of carboxymethyl cellulose–metal complexes.


In recent decades, fast development of contemporary digital entertainment and Internet technology has dramatically changed how people produce and consume music. This demands design and development of smart online music recommendation. In this paper, four important research (information retrieval and machine learning related) directions including content descriptor generation, personalization, playlist optimization and performance evaluation are identified and discussed to achieve effective online music recommendation. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the directions, we critically review and discuss the opportunities and challenges for IR research and emerging implications for real world practice. To further demonstrate its promises, we present case study on applying VenueMusic system to support people well-being improvement.


Backgrounds: The impact of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac performance and clinical outcomes in patients with a functional single ventricle before stage-3 operation is unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis identified by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) in patients with univentricular heart diseases. Methods: Consecutive 23 patients undergoing staged-3 surgical palliation with single ventricle physiology were prospectively scheduled to have cMRI study with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging and ventricle circumferential strain were examined. Results: Of 23 patients (mean age 3.3±0.9 years), 6 (26%) had positive late gadolinium enhancement (LGE+) in the ventricular myocardium, median percent LGE was 3.0% (interquartile range 3.0% to 14.0%). Pre-Fontan examinations revealed that patients with LGE+ had increased end-diastolic volume index (142.8 ml/BSA vs. 113.8 ml/BSA; P=0.02), increased end-systolic volume index (101.0 ml/B...


With the health care reform of the year 2004 in mind and coming from a multidimensional conception of poverty the article asks for the contribution of the welfare state institutions to the prevention of poverty. To answer the question the interrelation between income poverty and health care is analysed. The undertaken analyses show that the interrelation did increase in the years subsequent to the health care reform of the year 2004.


We consider subrings S of rings R such that R = S oplus V with V either two sided invariant under multiplication by S or invariant under the commutator with S. We show that some important properties of R are inherited by S under such conditions. One is the FCR-property which says that every finite dimensional representation is completely reducible. Another application gives a characterization (in characteristic zero) of reductive subgroups of reductive groups.


Southwark Council has launched the Housing Heroes awards to recognise individuals or groups of people who have made an outstanding contribution to their local area and contributed to improvements in housing in Southwark.


Already viewed by more than 20 million people worldwide, the Body Worlds exhibit is currently on display at the Milwaukee Public Museum until June 1, 2008. The creator of the exhibit, Gunther von Hagens, MD, has patented a technique, which he calls "plastination," for impregnating cadavers and anatomical specimens with plastic or silicone rubber. Plastination not only preserves the prosected bodies, but enables the posing of the bodies in unusual ways. The Body Worlds exhibit is beautiful and fascinating. In the first room, most of the exhibits are fairly conventional: human bodies displayed standing, dissected to display muscles, ligaments, and the nervous system. The nervous system dissections are beautifully detailed, evoking envy in those of us who remember struggling to delineate the brachial plexus as first-year medical students. In the main hall of the exhibit, the bodies are displayed in poses that are both spectacular and, to some, disturbing. The exhibit claims an educational mission, and some of the posed bodies clearly demonstrate that goal. For example, a body posed as a leaping martial artist also displays a dozen kinds of orthopedic hardware and prosthetic joints. The hand of "The Smoker" retains the familiar nicotine-stained finger while casually holding a cigarette, humanizing the black-stained lungs that otherwise might be less meaningful emotionally. Accompanying cross-sections that contrast emphysematous lungs with normal lungs are dramatic, though not well explained to a lay audience. "Obesity Revealed" is a cross-section of a body with a 5-inch layer of subcutaneous fat. Whether its ugliness will motivate anyone to control their weight is an open question. The dissection and mounting of "The Longitudinally-Expanded Body" emphasize the concentric circles of corporeal organization from muscle to bone to internal organs, providing some insight into the functionality of this design. In "The Runner," centrifugal force is emphasized by the arrangement What a piece of work is man: The Body Worlds exhibit at the Milwaukee Public Museum


BACKGROUND
It is known that pain hypersensitivity can be induced at a body part remote from a surgical site (tertiary hyperalgesia), leading to patient discomfort. Nevertheless, no reported study to date has investigated methods to attenuate such tertiary hyperalgesia. Ketamine is known to modulate hyperalgesia induced by central sensitization. Thus, we investigated whether intraoperative administration of ketamine could decrease post-surgical tertiary hyperalgesia in patients undergoing a laparoscopic hysterectomy.

METHODS
In total 46 patients were studied. Ketamine (1 mg/kg IV and 0.5 mg/kg/h or the same volume of 0.9% saline) was administered during surgery in the ketamine and control groups, respectively. The mechanical pain threshold was measured on the patients' dominant palm before and 24 hours after the surgery to evaluate hyperalgesia.

RESULTS
The change in mechanical pain threshold over time (preoperative and postoperative) differed between the groups, with a lower postoperative threshold in the control group (118.6±170.5 vs. 419.2±233; P=0.015). The postoperative visual analogue scale score at rest was lower in the ketamine group (22±16 vs. 13±9; P=0.02). Visual analogue scale scores during deep breathing, consumption of analgesia and antiemetics, and the incidence of dizziness did not differ significantly between the groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the intraoperative administration of ketamine may decrease post-surgical hyperalgesia developing at a region remote from the surgical site.


The quality of the curriculum in Salt Lake City School District's gifted and talented program (entitled Horizons) is much higher than it was ten years ago at the program's inception. The program's curriculum director feels that this evolution is a result of the increasing use of thematic approaches, use of program‐developed curriculum, and administrative assistance specific to gifted curriculum.


The metal nano-particle thin film becomes a fast developing field for its super sensitivity in nonlinear Opto-electronic property and is widely used as the sensing platform for chemical sensors and biological sensors.Fabricating techniques for the film,such as pulsed deposition technique,self-assemble mould board method and chemical gas deposition are presented.Principle and main parameters also are demonstrated in this article.


June 10 A IDS is the most dread ful disease of recent years and has become a global problem. According to UNAIDS (2005), the fact is that globally 5.1 lakh children below 15 years have died of HIV / AIDS in 2004. According to UNICEF (2006), AIDS is threatening children as never before. Globally 2.3 million children are living with HIV. Children under 15 account for one in six global AIDS-related deaths and one in seven new HIV infections. Increase in the number of children who lose one or both parents, illness or death of parents or guardians robs a child of emotional and physical support and that is likely to be worse in poor households. Children with advanced HIV infection are vulnerable to various infections that are called opportunistic infections as they take advantages of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system by decreasing CD4 + count. Child malnutrition is one of the most severe and lasting consequences of death through reduced household income resulting in reduced food expenditure and consequent drop in food consumption. Malnutrition or wasting can affect physical capacity and cognitive function which in turn, can impair daily acHIV / AIDS and Nutritional Problems in Children


The peculiar velocities of galaxies are driven by gravity, and hence hold the promise of probing details of how gravity forms structures. In particular it is possible to constrain cosmological parameters and to test extensions to the standard model, such as modifications to the theory of gravity or the existence of primordial density perturbations which are non-Gaussian. This constraining power has been frustrated by systematic effects, but we appear to be entering an era when velocity measurements may finally be living up to their promise.


In the paper the simplified three-dimensional turbulent diffusion equation of the suspended load is deduced by the power series method. The formula on the transverse distribution of the suspended load concentration is obtained, which is tested by a few field data on Yangtze River. The simulation results indicate that the calculated data are in primary agreement with the field data within the allowable error. It is certain value in theory and practice.


The formation of the primary dermal ledges, secondary dermal ledges, dermal papillae and epidermal ridges were observed with scanning electron microscope. The volar skin of 111 samples including embryos of 6th week to fetuses of 9th month were prepared. The distal phalanges and digites, palms and soles of freshly aborted embryos and fetuses were prepared by routine methods. Some of them were pretreated with ammonium thiocyanate to remove the epidermal layer for observation on the dermal surface. In the 6th week embryos, the body surface was covered by a layer of periderm. Each peridermal cell has many tiny microvilli and a large central vacuole projecting from the cell surface. In the third month fetuses, the primary dermal ledges and grooves gradually appeared, but the epidermal surface showed noepidermal ridges. The primary dermal ledges began.to divide into double parallel ledges,-the secondary dermal ledges in the 16th week fetuses. Concomitantly, a furrow was recognizable between the two related secondary dermal ledges. The dermal papillae first appeared in 19th week fetuses and then elevated gradually to form zigzag shape in 30th week. The epidermal ridges appeared simultaneously with the secondary dermal ledges in 4th to 5th month and the dermatoglyphic configurations were recognizable in 6th month fetuses. The embryogenesis and the relationship between the dermatoglyphic configuration on the skin surface and the dermal ledges and dermal papillae were discussed.


The purpose of this research was to determine the protein, moisture, ash, fat, total carbohydrate, as well as the mineral content of snail (Achatina achatina) meat, and relate that to acclaimed health benefits associated with its consumption. The results from the analysis showed that A. achatina meat is rich in protein (82.96%) and low in both total carbohydrate (3.26%) and fat (3.98%). The major minerals found in this study were calcium (585.5 mg/100 g), phosphorus (269.2 mg/100 g), potassium (331.8 mg/100 g) and zinc (39.0 mg/100 g). However, iron, and copper content of A. achatina meat were less than 10 mg/100 g. The results of this study revealed that, the meat of A. achatina is a good source of protein and minerals, and may be used to treat nutritional deficiencies and manage diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and stroke. It was evident from this study that, A. achatina meat is rich in protein and minerals, but low in fat, and that its consumption can promote good human health.


Introduction: Since its introduction in France in the early 1990s and its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2003, the indications for the reverse prosthesis have expanded exponentially [49]. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has become a successful treatment option for patients with advanced glenohumeral arthritis and whose rotator cuff pathology precludes the use of anatomic style prostheses. Indications for the reverse arthroplasty include rotator cuff tear arthropathy, proximal humerus fractures and their sequelae, inflammatory arthritis, revision arthroplasty, and glenoid bone loss in the primary and revision settings [10; 20; 38; 39; 44]. In the setting of glenoid bone loss, the reverse prosthesis provides the surgeon with multiple options to achieve a functional, stable shoulder. However, all of these options are dependent on establishing a stable glenoid baseplate in the correct location and version. In the setting of advanced glenoid bone loss, this can be difficult to achieve. Furthermore, the semi-constrained nature of RSA places increased stresses on glenoid fixation, which may lead to glenoid component loosening and implant failure [5; 7; 8; 37; 40]. Although this is often encountered in the primary setting, severe glenoid bone loss can be particularly challenging in the revision setting. This purpose of this review is to cover the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of glenoid bone loss in primary and revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty.


We consider a city with several highly compact central business districts (CBDs). The commuters' origins are continuously dispersed. The travel demand to each CBD, which is considered to be a distinct commodity of traffic movements, is dependent on the total travel cost to that CBD. The transportation system is divided into two layers: major freeways and a dense network of surface streets. Whereas the major freeway network is modeled according to the conventional discrete network approach, the dense surface streets are approximated as a continuum. Travelers to each CBD can either travel within the continuum (surface streets) and then transfer to the discrete network (freeways) at an interchange (ramp) before moving to the CBD on the discrete network, or they can travel directly to the CBD within the continuum. Specific travel cost-flow relationships for the two layers of transportation facilities are considered. We develop a traffic equilibrium model for this discrete/continuum transportation system in which, for each origin-destination pair, no traveler can reduce his or her individual travel cost by unilaterally changing routes. The problem is formulated as a simultaneous optimization program with two sub-problems. One sub-problem is a traffic


held the office of vicar-general in the fifteenth century, but this was only a relatively small part of his career. At Como he was deputising for one of his connections, Cardinal Gerardo Landriani, who, like so many other high-ranking clergy of the Visconti dominions, had for a period in the 1430s been active at the Council of Basle. Delia Croce had in the 1420s pursued a career as a papal scriptor, but having returned to Milan he too did a tour of duty at Basle as a member of the familia of the eminent Cardinal Branda Castiglione; one product of his stay was a memorandum on the reform of the papal Curia. His long-term rank, and the backbone of his career in the Milanese church, was, from 1430, as primicerio, a dignity which in 1441 he succeeded in having incorporated into the capitolo maggiore of the cathedral as third in rank. It gave him extensive powers over the diocesan clergy, to discipline, punish and reform. In a period of political upheaval and frequent archiepiscopal vacancies at Milan, della Croce was a significant and enduring figure; in 1447 he even served the short-lived Ambrosian Republic as ambassador to Florence. Belloni suggests, not without a touch of irony, that we may regard him as a buon ecdesiastico, ' In the sense that his conduct answered to everything that was expected of a representative of the upper Milanese clergy' in this period before the sixteenth-century transformations of the concept of'reform'. A typical illustrative detail is his involvement in the reform of poor relief, which helped to entrench members of his own family ' among the ever more restricted group of cives who in the Quattrocentro were consolidating their control over the organs of civic piety'. Belloni draws some wider-ranging conclusions from her study of the context of his career. In view of developments in the other states of Europe at the same period, it comes as little surprise to learn that we should regard Filippo Maria Visconti less as a convinced conciliarist than as the architect of a more complete ducal control over the church in his dominions, pursuing such accommodations with the papacy as would forward that purpose, nor that there should be a fundamental continuity between Visconti and Sforza in this respect.


Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with medicines for acute cerebral infarction and to study its mechanism. Methods: A total of 80 acute cerebral infarction patients were evenly randomized into treatment and control groups. Patients of treatment group were treated with acupuncture of Baihui (百会GV 20), Fengchi (风池GB 20), Jiquan (极泉HT 1), Neiguan (内关PC 6), etc. and those of control group treated with conventional medicines as low molecular dextran, compound Red Sage injection, Citicolinum, etc. Scores of clinical neurological deficits, blood flow velocity peak (Vp) and mean blood flow velocity (Vm) of the bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), basilar artery (BA) and vertebral artery (VA) were detected with transcranial Doppler (TCD) were analyzed before and after treatment. Results: After 12 days' treatment, the neurological deficit scores in both treatment and control groups decreased significantly, and the difference values of the score of the former group was significantly bigger than these of the later group (P0.01). Vp and Vm of all the detected arteries in treatment group and bilateral ACA, MCA and PCA of control group increased significantly in comparison with pre-treatment (P0.05, P0.01); and the difference values of Vm of bilateral MCA and VA (between post-and pre-treatment) of treatment group were significantly bigger than those of control group (P0.01). Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with medication is significantly superior to that of simple medication in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction.


This study is structured to show the phenomena of vocabulary that are used by the characters of Walt Disney comic. Realizing how broad the discussion of
vocabulary could be, the writer finds it necessary to limit it into the vocabulary that deviate from the regular pronunciation, which is used in Walt Disney comic,
Gladstone edition. The vocabulary that deviate from the regular pronunciation demonstrate casual style.
By writing this thesis, the writer intends to gain some knowledge of sound changes. The writer describes the process of sound changes because the spelling of
the words shows the pronunciation of Walt Disney's characters. The sound changes can be explained in terms of assimilation. It seems that the more sounds are
assimilated or deleted when a person is speaking, the more casual his language, or, perhaps the lower his social status is.
The writer needs some theories which could be very helpful in analysing the data. Traugott (1980: 309) states that vocabulary is important to identify our social
status in society. O'Donnel (1980: 78) states that vocabulary will be choosen with care to tend people's prestige and a person reveals his educational background
through his choice of words.
The writer analyses the vocabulary from two points of view: phonology and syntax. From the phonological point of view, the writer analyzes the vocabulary in terms of anticipatory assimilation, progressive assimilation, reciprocal assimilation, deleted sound, addition, -ing suffix. From the syntactic point of view, the writer analyzes the vocabulary in terms of the use of ain't and the absence of copula. The writer uses qualitative research design because it does not concern with any number.


The invention discloses a production technology for a glass reinforced plastic hand washer and a face washing cabinet. A method comprising the steps of split pasting, cutting, polishing and then assembling is mainly adopted. The production technology comprises the following steps: (1) manufacturing a hand washer/face washing cabinet wood mould: firstly selecting materials, dividing the product into three parts, namely, a hand washer/face washing cabinet platform, a vertical surface and a check surface, according to the dimension of the product, respectively manufacturing the wood mould, coating putty and polishing; (2) manufacturing a glass reinforced plastic mould: coating release agent and gel coat, and then pasting; (3) treating the surface of the glass reinforced plastic mould: performing water sand grinding and surface polishing; (4) pasting; (5) de-molding; and (6) cutting and assembling. The production technology is low in production cost and shorter in production period. The produced glass reinforced plastic hand washer and face washing cabinet are highly polished.


This paper presents a new method to predict the dynamic response of buildings due to passing heavy vehicles in the context of multi-source fuzzy dynamic finite element analysis. The uncertain parameters considered as fuzzy variables include structural mass, stiffness, damping matrix and magnitude of excitation applied at the ground or base level. The implementation of the proposed method consists of the following steps: 1) acquisition of the ground acceleration data through in-situ measurements, 2) analysis of the one-third octave band power spectrum density of the measured data, 3) construction of the fuzzy source membership functions of favorite center frequencies of the one-third octave band, 4) construction of the fuzzy dynamic finite element model of the building structure, 5) analysis of the fuzzy membership function of model responses, and 6) calculation of the overall weighted root-mean-square acceleration in α-sublevel of fuzzy number by ISO2631 standards, from which the effect of ground excitation on building response is assessed. A case study is provided to demonstrate the evaluation of the fuzzy dynamic characteristics and frequency response function in terms of multi-source fuzzy numbers.


The invention relates to convenient whole sheep entrails which comprise a whole sheep entrails bag. The whole sheep entrails bag is filled with cooked products of a sheep's head, hoofs, tongues, tripes, livers, kidneys, lungs, hearts and intestines and comprises the following production steps: A. respectively producing sheep's head slices, hoof slices, sheep tongue slices, stomach slices, mashed liver balls, kidney slices, lung slices, heart slices and intestine loops after pretreating the sheep's head, the hoofs, the tripes, the livers, the kidneys, the lungs, the hearts and the intestines; B. flavoring and finely cooking the sheep's head slices, the hoof slices, the sheep tongue slices, the stomach slices, the kidney slices, the lung slices, the heart slices and the intestine loops respectively and separately; C. uniformly metering the sheep's head slices, the hoof slices, the sheep tongue slices, the stomach slices, the kidney slices, the lung slices, the heart slices and the intestine loops which are flavored and finely cooked in the step B and the mashed liver balls obtained in the step A and respectively filling into a steaming bag; D. vacuum-pumping and sealing by the conventional method; and E. sterilizing at the temperature of 121 DEG C for 30 to 40 minutes and cooling to the normal temperature by backpressure. The convenient whole sheep entrails have a shelf life of more than 180 days, are freely eaten and keep the flavor and the taste of the traditional sheep entrails.


Geomembranes are one of the most widely used geosynthetics in various civil engineering applications. Smooth geomembranes are frequently used in combination with different soils, and due to their low surface roughness, are challenging to design to ensure adequate shear strength along the smooth geomembrane-soil interface. It is important to use the appropriate values of interface shear strength parameters in the design of slopes incorporating one or more geomembrane in contact with soils. This paper deals with study of smooth geomembrane-soil interfaces with distinct element method (DEM). The various factors that affect the interface shear behaviour are also studied. The models were conducted using direct shear box with PFC code that is a distinct element program. We tried to model the interface by DEM which is capable of modelling the interface and the obtained results show a good concordance with the experiments.


I review new empirical evidence from the recent financial crisis on the relation between financial reporting and financial stability. I draw the following conclusions: First, there is still no evidence that fair value accounting caused widespread fire sales of asset or contagion. Second, the empirical evidence suggests that accounting and regulation might have contributed to the crisis by allowing several banks to delay actions. Third, even if share prices reacted positively to the relaxation of fair value accounting rules during the crisis, the origin of the problem might be lax rules that allowed banks to run into financial and regulatory problems. Fourth, fair values can be relevant for assets that a bank intends to hold until maturity if that bank strongly relies on short-term financing. Fifth, the recognition of fair values is no substitute for information that allows investors to judge a bank's risk exposure and the validity of reported fair values.


A contingent valuation framework is used to evaluate South Carolina consumers' willingness to pay for the "locally grown" characteristic (defined here as South Carolina grown) in produce and animal products and to identify the sociodemographic characteristics affecting consumer preferences for this characteristic. Findings show that South Carolina consumers are willing to pay an average premium of 27% for local produce and 23% for local animal products. Premiums for local products are influenced by age, gender, and income as well as by perceived product quality, a desire to support the local economy, patronage of farmers markets, and consumer ties to agriculture. lJEL Categories: D12, Q13r. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The study included four sections in the first section researcher to touch on of scientific advances and the explosion of knowledge in all areas of life, including the sports field on the foundations and principles founded on scientific research, using methods and techniques of education and training. Also discussed to what characteristic of Gymnastics apparatus and the characteristics of chains motor performed on , including a Vault and the requirements of self-preparing and the characteristics of personality to be enjoyed by the gymnast and the main objectives of this study is (to identify the contribution of features emotional in the performance of each of the movements examined, on a Vault), researcher to impose several assumptions sought to be tested through action research field, and included to the use of the descriptive style surveys and studies connectivity, while the included community find the students the second stage Faculty of Physical Education - University of Karbala for the academic year 2010 - 2011 was chosen as a random sample by (30) student representing (48.38%) of the study, while ensuring Title III to use some statistical tools to achieve the objectives of the research and testing hypotheses and display, analyze and discuss the results of the study, and through them was reached several conclusions of the most important (there is a positive correlation between the attributes of desire and determination) the movements under study, also found a researcher with several recommendations the most important need to develop tutorials to help in the development of psychological characteristics and personality of the students and players in the sport gymnastics.


In opening this two-day Discussion Meeting may I, on behalf of the Royal Society, extend a warm welcome to you all and in particular may I say an especial word of welcome to our three visitors from abroad: Professor Bengt Hultquist, Director of the Kiruna Geophysical Institute; Dr H. J. Opgenoorth of the Swedish Institute of Space Physics at Uppsala, and Dr T. E. Moore of the NASA Space Flight Centre, Huntsville, U.S.A. We are very pleased that they have been able to accept our invitation to contribute to the discussion.


A linear frequency network is a network system which consists of an arbitrary connection of devices, each of which perform a linear transformation on the instantaneous frequency of a signal. Thus, a transfer function may be defined relating the output to input instantaneous frequency. Particular networks are investigated, including a basic section, producing a self-adaptive bandpass filter which is then applied to a frequency set-on oscillator. Such an oscillator is a multimode oscillator where any mode will be stable when excited by a sample of an RF pulse adjacent to the mode. Experimental devices in the 400-600-MHz band are shown to have excellent agreement with theory.<<ETX>>


Powder particles in the mixer is used DEM analysis method to study and analyze the movement, it show up certain difference with different blade structure, and the paper points out that blade structure has apparent effect on the powder mixture in the mixer.


Relevance. Problem statement. European integration implies the development of international tourism flows, which will ensure an increase in demand for hotel and restaurant services. This can contribute to the development of infrastructure, improving the level of service, and creating new job opportunities. Furthermore, in the process of European integration, the standards of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine require adaptation to the requirements of European norms and standards. This includes the implementation of appropriate standards for food safety and quality, hygiene, energy efficiency, and more. Additionally, European integration involves free movement of capital and openness to foreign investment, which can help attract investment in the hotel and restaurant business and increase its competitiveness. Therefore, it can be argued that the topic of the hotel and restaurant business is highly relevant in the process of European integration, as this sector is an important factor in the development of tourism and the economy as a whole. Introduction to the EU provides Ukrainian hotels and restaurants with the opportunity to attract new customers from EU countries. The increase in tourist flow can lead to a growing demand for hotel and restaurant services. European standards in the hospitality industry are higher than in some other countries. Ukrainian hotels and restaurants must meet these standards to be competitive on an international level. This requires improvements in service, food quality, safety, and infrastructure. With the increase of foreign investments in the hotel and restaurant industry in Ukraine, new competitors emerge. This stimulates Ukrainian businesses in this sector to constantly enhance their services and embrace innovative solutions. ECO N O MI CS AN D M ANA G EM EN T H OSP I TAL I TY ENTERPRISES Issue I (89), 2023 69 Research objective. The objective of the study is to determine the conceptual foundations of the hotel and restaurant business. Methodology. The tasks outlined in the article were accomplished using general scientific research methods, namely analysis, systematization, and generalization. The research is based on logical-dialectical methods of scientific cognition, methods of systemic analysis, as well as specific methods, including methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article explores the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine, highlighting that it is developing at a slow pace despite aiming to align with European trends. The positive and negative consequences of the integration aspect of the hotel and restaurant business are addressed. The aspects that may be crucial for the hotel and restaurant business after EU accession are examined. Practical significance. Solutions to the issues of sluggish development in the hotel and restaurant business are proposed. It is substantiated that the development of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine is essential for Eurointegration and ensuring sustainable economic growth in the country. The article provides suggestions and ideas for the development of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine. Prospects for further research. Further research envisages the utilization of all reserves to enhance the quality of service and competitiveness of hotel and restaurant complexes in Ukraine by implementing positive foreign experience in the development of hospitality enterprises.


The newly generalized energy storage component, namely, memristor, which is a fundamental circuit element so called universal charge‐controlled mem‐element, is proposed for controlling the analysis and coexisting attractors. The governing differential equations of memristor are highly nonlinear for mathematical relationships. The mathematical model of memristor is established in terms of newly defined fractal‐fractional differential operators so called Atangana‐Baleanu, Caputo‐Fabrizio, and Caputo fractal‐fractional differential operator. A novel numerical approach is developed for the governing differential equations of memristor on the basis of Atangana‐Baleanu, Caputo‐Fabrizio, and Caputo fractal‐fractional differential operator. We discussed chaotic behavior of memristor under three criteria such as (i) varying fractal order, we fixed fractional order; (ii) varying fractional order, we fixed fractal order; and (ii) varying fractal and fractional orders simultaneously. Our investigated graphical illustrations and simulated results via MATLAB for the chaotic behaviors of memristor suggest that newly presented Atangana‐Baleanu, Caputo‐Fabrizio, and Caputo fractal‐fractional differential operators generate significant results as compared with classical approach.


Balance of benchmark land price is an important part of the benchmark land price assessment in the city.It has great significance in the deep study of the benchmark premium balance of achieving effective use of land and the balanced development of the land market.This paper deals with the benchmark land price,the concept of the benchmark premium balance and connotation, sums up the progress in the regional benchmark premium balance and the balance methods used,showing that the benchmark premium balance and its development trend in the related research represent an inspiration in the premium on China's benchmark study and the achievement of balanced urban benchmark premium.


Department of Solid Earth Geochemistry, Ja Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-C email@example.com; Fax: +81-46-987-96 Kochi Institute of Core Sample Research, Ja Technology (JAMSTEC), 200 Monobe-Otsu, N Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku 980-8576, Japan † Electronic supplementary information ( the GSD-1G glass used for B isotope rat results for SRM 612 glass with diffe analytical results for standard reference for GSD-1G using SRM 612 as a standar 612 with reference to ablation crater vo jadeite using crater volume-corrected results for tourmaline using crater volum 10.1039/c6ja00283h Cite this: J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2016, 31, 2305


The NASA s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) program is tasked with significantly improving and extending the capabilities of current state-of-the-art NSTAR thruster. The service life capability of the NEXT ion thruster is being assessed by thruster wear test and life-modeling of critical thruster components, such as the ion optics and cathodes. The NEXT Long-Duration Test (LDT) was initiated to validate and qualify the NEXT thruster propellant throughput capability. The NEXT thruster completed the primary goal of the LDT; namely to demonstrate the project qualification throughput of 450 kg by the end of calendar year 2009. The NEXT LDT has demonstrated 28,500 hr of operation and processed 466 kg of xenon throughput--more than double the throughput demonstrated by the NSTAR flight-spare. Thruster performance changes have been consistent with a priori predictions. Thruster erosion has been minimal and consistent with the thruster service life assessment, which predicts the first failure mode at greater than 750 kg throughput. The life-limiting failure mode for NEXT is predicted to be loss of structural integrity of the accelerator grid due to erosion by charge-exchange ions.


In this study, Romantics' perceptions of nature, philosophical background of romanticism and its relationship with the aesthetic have been mentioned. Furthermore, by briefly describing the dominant philosophy of the period of the Enlightenment, whether Romanticism is an opposite idea for the Enlightenment will be investigated. In this context, the study tries to highlight how Romantics criticised and/or confirmed principles of the Enlightenment. Finally, Romantics' stress upon the art as an affirmative and constructive force will be emphasized.


We describe a numerical code which has been developed to calculate images of various effects occurring in the close vicinity of a rotating (Kerr) black hole, as seen by a distant observer. Null geodesics are first integrated numerically, fitted by Chebyshev polynomials, and their shape stored in the computer. In this way, for a given set of parameters describing the configuration of the black hole and position of the observer, we obtain a catalogue of photon paths which is then used by subsequent codes adapted to specific problems. Several astrophysically meaningful examples are given, in particular photometric light curves of a bright spot located on the surface of an accretion disc and orbiting the black hole


BACKGROUND: It's a rare injury, results from violent hyperextension, violent abduction or by direct injury. AIM: To diagnose, classify and treat a case of sesamoid fracture. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We present a case of an adult man, 37 years old, who suffered a violent abduction of the right thumb. The X-ray examination demonstrated a fracture of the ulnar sesamoid of the thumb. The fracture was treated by immobilization with thumb spica splint for two weeks. RESULTS: Follow up at three weeks, six weeks and eight months after the injury, shows total functional recovery of the thumb and healing of the fracture. CONCLUSION: Fracture of sesamoid bones of the thumb is a rare injury, not usually diagnosed, but it has good prognosis when treated


Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies were used to probe the first-shell coordination structure about Mn(II) and Br{sup -1} ions that exist as contact ion pairs in supercritical water. This work was performed to clarify why solutions of MnBr{sub 2} in supercritical water are known to effectively catalyze the aerobic oxidative synthesis of terephthalic acid from p-xylene as well as a number of other methylaromatic compounds. The Mn and Br K-edge spectra were collected at the bending magnet beamline (sector 20) at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The first-shell coordination structure about the Mn(II) ion changes from octahedral at ambient conditions to tetrahedral at supercritical conditions. Under supercritical conditions, the measured bond distances of Mn-OH{sub 2} and Mn-Br are 2.14 and 2.46 {angstrom}, respectively. Direct contact ion pairs form with about 2 Br{sup -1} ions present in the first coordination shell of the Mn(II) ion. The structure of dissolved MnBr{sub 2}, below 1.0 m, changes from essentially [Mn(II)(H{sub 2}O){sub 6}]{sup +2} to [Mn(II)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}(Br{sup -1}){sub 2}] in supercritical water (scH{sub 2}O). When an excess of Br{sup -1} ion is added, the bromide coordination number increases and the number ofmore » water molecules decreases. The results show that the initial MnBr{sub 2} catalyst in scH{sub 2}O is tetrahedral with two Mn-Br contact ion pairs. The presence of the acetate anion deactivates the catalyst by formation of insoluble MnO.« less


This article investigates how some prominent and less known Albanian activists perceived their Southern Slav neighbors at the turn of the twentieth century. The research explores the way in which the spread of nationalism conditioned the positioning of Albanians and Slavs in the process of identity construction and how such identities mirrored their reciprocal political claims. Recent scholarship has often emphasized that the affirmation of national ideas led to the fragmentation of Balkan communities by turning Albanian-speaking populations and their Slavic-speaking neighbors into "others." My analysis expands this assertion by elaborating a theoretical approach that allows us to explore the impact of nationalism on the post-1878 Balkan context from a more dynamic point of view. National discourses did not only lay the foundation for a differentiation between the Balkan communities, but were also tools for promoting joint political activism. National activists often felt it necessary to cooperate in order to deal with the challenges posed by the surrounding environment, which was common to both Albanians and Slavs. Various contingent circumstances led Albanian activists to project long-term forms of coexistence with their neighbors, and to imagine forms of political, cultural, and social synthesis with the Slavs.


With the explosive growth of network communication technologies, nowadays global positioning system (GPS) successfully provides the worldwide navigation service for militaries and civilians. Sailors, aviators, and car drivers rely heavily on the accuracy of navigation and position estimation provided by GPS. Instead of using conventional radio frequency (RF) crosslinks, the reliability and efficiency of information transmissions can be significantly enhanced with the aid of optical crosslinks between satellites. In this paper, we develop a toolchain-based hybrid implementation (TBHI) by designing and integrating multiple platforms and software to evaluate the performance of the next-generation global position system (GPS) with potential configuration of optical transmission crosslinks between satellites. A distributed, multi-simulation tool chain is developed in both the front-end and back-end to conduct a real-time evaluation of optical crosslinks. A comprehensive assessment is provided for the receiving or transmission chain, along with traffic loading evaluation of satellite crosslinks from both physical layer and network layer emulation. To further evaluate the effectiveness of our developed TBHI, we investigate five base-line traffic models which can cover most applications in the satellite communication, including single-time transmission, periodical transmission, regular data transmission with randomness, and small data transmission. For each model, we specify a group of parameters that can determine the statistical distribution used to generate the traffic loading. Experiments using real-world traffic traces are used to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed TBHI framework. Our simulation validates that it can effectively and accurately visualize the GPS satellite communications.


Using orthogonal design,PVA concentration,bacteria quantity,crosslinking time and bamboo charcoal content were selected as the factors,and each factor was taken three levels for nine tests.By fixing the microorganisms and bamboo charcoal into PVA,bamboo charcoal immobilized microorganisms ball filling was obtained to deal with rural domestic sewage.Before and after sewage treatment,doing water quality monitoring,the best parameters were got.


The objective of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the Yakrit plihantak churna against CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The methods are hepatoprotective activity was assessed using CCl 4 induced hepatic injury in rats by monitoring the biochemical parameters along with oxidative stress markers. Biochemical markers of hepatic injury such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The liver function was assessed by monitoring the level of total bilirubin, total protein and levels of albumin in serum. The oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the levels of Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. The results are CCl 4 and olive oil mixture of (1:1 dosage of 1 ml/kg b.w) induced oxidative stress was indicated by elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total bilirubin and MDA. The depleted levels of total protein, albumin and superoxide dismutase were found in CCl 4 induced animals. The Yakrit plihantak churna at two dose levels 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly re-established the hepatic parameters towards normal level as compared to the elevated biochemical markers enzymes in the CCl 4 treated animals. Reversal to normal tissue architecture was observed in histological evaluation. The results of YPC (400 mg/kg) were found comparable with that of the standard drug silymarin in all the parameters. The conclusion is the above findings suggest the therapeutic potential of these plants in alleviating hepatic oxidative stress and tissue damage. This shows its hepatoprotective activity. Further in-vivo studies are needed to explore the possible mechanism of action of isolated compounds derived from Yakrit plihantak churna in treating liver diseases. animals whereas aggressiveness, catatonia, writhing effect, diarrhoea, tremors were absent. the toxic effect of CCl 4 in the


This article examines the conflicts which arise when patients with chronic disease engage in decision making with health professionals about their medication. These are conflicts in the sense of discrepancies or incompatibilities between perceptions or opinions of different people engaged in a common endeavour. The paper is based on three qualitative research studies and presents o ne case from each study to illustrate analytical findings. Data collected in the original studies consisted of observations of clinical encounters and semi-structured interviews; in total 45 interviews with patients and 23 with health professionals. The analysis shows different conflicts, which arise during the process of making decisions about medication. These conflicts arise when: 1) Patients deliberately hold back information about their medication for fear of challenging clinicians' authority; 2) The decision making process takes place in an environment, which does not support patient involvement; and 3) Patients refer to pharmacological knowledge, but are considered ill-equipped to understand and apply this knowledge by health professionals. The article shows that these conflicts typically revolve around the legitimate access to and use of pharmacological knowledge. These results have important implications for the current discussions of shared decision making. In shared decision making, knowledge about medication is typically regarded as the domain of the doctor. We argue that there is a need for a widening of the concept of partnership, which is central to shared decision making, to encompass breadth of patient knowledge about his/her situation, disease and treatment. Patients with chronic diseases need to be actively invited to disclose the extensive clinical knowledge they acquire over time, thereby creating a legitimate space for this knowledge in clinical consultations, and avoiding that conflicts over knowledge domains lead to unnecessary suffering and wasted resources.


Does continuing education change teachers' practices? Rather than considering the issues related to training qualities or trainees' backgrounds, this article focuses on the matching between trainee and training in order to achieve the trainee's objective through his "connection" with the training. A (non-representative) group of physical education teachers was selected for this study due to their decision autonomy. Consequently, they are supposed to design a useful approach in the absence of an approach imposed by the administration or by their peers. The features of their "connection" to the training are analyzed through five components: the teacher's implication, their mental representation of their profession, their professional and socio-affective incentives, the content of the training, the delivery of the training, and its implementation. In its "connection" to the training, the group experiences each component at varying levels. Innovations in their practices constitute what we called an "operational connection" to training. This concept is helpful to understand how psychological dimensions, training content, and professional environment combine in the training process.


Different studies have proposed that batterers can be classified into distinct groups according to psychopathology, violence severity and frequency. The aim of the current study was to define a data-based batterer's typology and its implications for rehabilitation. Data were collected from 187 male sentenced for intimate partner violence –111 of them to prison and 76 to community service. A cluster analysis supported a three-cluster solution: non-pathological (NP, 40%), antisocial/violent (AV, 27%) and disturbed batterers (DB, 33%). Subsequent analysis showed that AV batterers were profiled through the perpetration of physical and psychological violence, antisocial behaviour, deviant lifestyle, criminal records, inter parental violence and drug abuse; DB batterers, were profiled through behaviours of psychological violence, physical aggression and hostility, clinical symptomatology (e.g., somatisation, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation), criminal records, antisocial behaviour, and a deviant lifestyle; and NP batterers were not profiled through any of the variables related to criminality and recidivism. Multinomial logistic regression supported different logistic models for batterer types in terms of psychopathological, antisocial and perpetrated violence-type variables. Implications of batterer typology on treatment are discussed.


Pyrethroids are among the most potent insecticides known. The metabolism of both natural and synthetic pyrethroids is complicated and overpowering subject. Till date, there is not even a single well documented report on the uptake and metabolism of pyrethroid insecticides by microorganisms although extensive information is available on this aspect in relation to other types of insecticides. The structure stability of pyrethroids has led to the formation of products much similar to the most persistent and hazardous organochlorine insecticides. Thus signalling the impact of danger the usuage of these insecticides might have on our environment. The purpose of this review is to summerize our present knowledge on the uptake, metabolism and effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides towards microorganisms. Attempts is being made to address the deficiencies in data, thereby allowing better prediction of potential environmental impact of pyrethroid usage and pollution, if any, by these insecticides.


The results of studies to evaluate the hypothesis that the 21 kDa GTP‐binding protein derived from the ras oncogene is involved in regulation and coupling of hormone receptors to phospholipase activity have thus far been inconsistent. We therefore examined the effect of H‐ras transformation on basal, tumor‐promoting phorbol ester (TPA)‐stimulated, and bradykinin‐mediated phospholipid hydrolysis in Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) by comparing H‐ras‐transformed MDCK cells (MDCK‐RAS) to two non‐transformed strains of MDCK cells (MDCK‐DI and MDCK‐ATCC). In unstimulated MDCK‐RAS, diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol phosphate accumulation, and choline phosphate release were increased while arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolite (AA) release was not increased, suggesting that ras transformation increased phospholipase C activity. Protein kinase C (PK‐C) activity was decreased, and specific binding of (3H) phorbol ester was reduced in MDCK‐RAS relative to the non‐transformed MDCK cells suggesting that elevated DAG may activate and thereby down‐regulate PK‐C. Consistent with this finding in MDCK‐RAS, TPA‐stimulated AA release and subsequent prostaglandin E2 production were decreased, while TPA‐stimulated choline phosphate release was increased. Bradykinin receptor‐stimulated phospho‐lipid hydrolysis in MDCK‐RAS was similar to that of non‐transformed cells, suggesting that the ras‐derived protein does not directly couple bradykinin receptors to phospholipases in MDCK cells. However, the ability of TPA‐treatment to inhibit bradykinin‐stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and enhance bradykinin‐stimulated AA release was attenuated in MDCK‐RAS. Additionally, in MDCK‐RAS the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E, was substantially reduced. We conclude that rus transformation of MDCK cells increases DAG levels, thereby activating and, in turn, down‐regulating PK‐C and certain responses to TPA. Since activation of PK‐C may result in a variety of effects on signal transduction pathways, we propose that increased DAG and altered PK‐C levels associated with rus transformation may account for the inconsistent effects previously observed in studies evaluating the effect of rus transformation on phospholipases and other signal transduction systems.


As has been observed for decades, poverty alleviation programs have not ended this generational social debt. Isolated policies such as the per capita wage increase sound attractive but do not greatly benefit households with incomes below the minimum welfare line. Also, the most powerful industry in this country is the manufacture of petroleum and coal products, it does not help solve the increase in the number of people living in poverty. It is the wholesale trade in groceries and food that impacts both on the change in the poverty index and on its depth and intensity. This explains how households with incomes between the first and fifth decile of income remain within the informal trade.


Through a lot of analysis and test on a rare failure (ongoing black mura), we found that the distance of TFT U shaped channel to the gate line edge have great influence on the stability of TFT device. When the distance is less than a critical value, the characterization of TFTs would degrade after a long-time of stress or aging, lead to decrease of Ion and increase of Vth, resulting in poor life time of TFT-LCD for the abnormal black phenomenon. By BTPS(Bias, Temperature, Photo, Stress) [1-2] and aging test, we compare the stability of TFTs with different distance value, establish calculation model and design spec. Effective improvement have achieved by process adjusting and design changes.


For gambling on horses, a one-parameter family of utility functions is proposed, which contains Kelly's logarithmic criterion and the expected-return criterion as special cases. The strategies that maximize the utility function are derived, and the connection to the Renyi divergence is shown. Optimal strategies are also derived when the gambler has some side information; this setting leads to a novel conditional Renyi divergence.


Denseness of the domain of differential operators plays an essential role in many areas of differential equations and functional analysis. This, in turn, deals with dense sets in Soblev spaces. Denseness for functions of a single variable was formulated and proved, in a very general form, in the book by Yakubov and Yakubov [8, Theorem 3.4.2/1]. In the same book, denseness for functions of several variables was formulated. However, the proof of such result is complicated and needs a series of constructions which are presented in this paper. We also prove some independent and new results.


Objective:To describe the trends of the spectrum of disease on children,to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment for the disease of the children and to configure the medical resource reasonably. Methods:According to the ICD-10 disease classification,used the first diagnosis to classify 29615 cases during the year of 2000-2009.The chi-square test was used to analysis the variation of the constituent ratio of disease. Results:There was statistical difference in the constituent ratio of disease in the past 10 years(P0.01).The six top disease were in respiratory disease,infectious and parasitic diseases,prenatal diseases,digestive disease,congenital malformations and injuries and poisoning. Conclusion:This study indicates that the spectrum of disease is changed in the past 10 years.The key focus of our work is the treatment and prevention of the common diseases and frequently encountered diseases,and we should pay enough attention to those disease whose incidence is going high.


In this paper, we consider the in-app purchase prediction problem to effectively show display ads and to promote in-app purchases to users in a personalized manner. Compared to install prediction, purchase prediction is more difficult in the sense that the number of in-app purchases is much fewer than that of installations. To resolve this issue, following the idea of the Bayesian personalized ranking (BPR) framework, we consider the installation of an application as an intermediate feedback between purchase and unobserved feedback and propose install-enhanced BPR. More specifically, in our proposed method, we enhance the quality of the intermediate information by combining the dwell time on the application. Through experiments using a real-world dataset, we show that our proposed method outperforms the baselines and provides several insights on user activity.


Family caregivers of hospice patients have multiple needs as they try to cope during a stressful time. Translatable interventions effective in improving caregiver outcomes are greatly needed. Our objective was to assess the impact of a problem‐solving intervention (called Problem‐Solving Intervention to Support Caregivers in End‐of‐Life Care Settings [PISCES]) to support hospice caregivers on caregiver quality of life and anxiety, and compare its effectiveness delivered face to face and via videoconferencing.


In the experiment on rats it is shown, that in conditions of an ethilenglicol intoxication the transplantation of liverembrion tissue, coinciding on time with formation of highly toxic ethilenglicol metabolites, increases toxic damage of a liver.


The paper describes the process migration mechanism used in the Sprite operating system to offload work onto idle machines, and also to evict migrated processes when idle workstations are reclaimed by their owners. The authors have made trade-off between four factors while designing and implementing the mechanism: transparency, residual dependencies, performance and complexity. The authors claim to have emphasized transparency and performance, but overall the implementation has lead to mix of all above factors being sacrificed for each other at some point, except for transparency. Also, the importance of providing a high degree of transparency at the cost of all other factors and reliability of the system seems less warranted.


The purpose of the article is an attempt to determine and assess the impact of changing theISO 9001:2015 standard requirements concerning the quality management system's documentationon the efficiency of the systems implemented in organizations, but also the process of assessingthem in terms of internal and external audits. The first part of the article discusses the changes in therequirements concerning documenting the quality management system in terms of specific editionsof the ISO 9001 standard. Then what is discussed are the advantages possible to be achieved byorganizations due to increasing the flexibility of the requirements concerning documenting thesystem. The following part discusses the impact which the changes made to the requirementsconcerning documenting the system have on the processes of their assessment, in terms of whatcompetences are expected of auditors, and collecting by the auditors evidence confirming meetingthe requirements.


A conveyor problem to construct an optimal operating speed schedule has been considered. Heuristic and strict algorithms are given as well as a scheme of their sequential implementation.


The paper analyzes the major progress Jordan has made in recent years in macroeconomic stabilization and the transformation of its economic structure. It discusses recent economic developments, macroeconomic policies, and structural reforms and examines the factors underpinning growth, including structural reforms in key areas such as public finance, the financial system, the trade and exchange regime, Jordan's external debt-management strategy, and the dynamics of the public debt and its sustainability.


The regular daily changes of the earth's magnetism, considered as a world-wide phenomenon, afford a problem of much interest and importance. It is one, moreover, which the researches of Balfour Stewart and Schuster have shown to be more vulnerable to attack than seem most of the problems of terrestrial magnetism. But in spite of their success, and of the contributions of subsequent writers, the comprehensive study of the subject has suffered undeserved neglect. It seems an unfortunate fact that the efforts of magneticians are unduly devoted to the accumulation of data, the time and labour spent in their discussion being, proportionately, inconsiderable. The promising theory that the daily magnetic variations arise mainly from electric currents circulating in the upper atmosphere, under the impulsion of electromotive forces produced by the convective motion of the air across the earth's permanent magnetic field, was first propounded by Balfour Stewart. In a simple but penetrating discussion of the features both of the solar and lunar diurnal variations, he showed the power of this theory to account for the facts in a way which none of the other theories then current could do.


Developing creativity in foreign language teaching provides students with the opportunity to effectively build language skills as well as increasing their motivation for learning. Practical examples are given using folklore materials (songs, tales, etc.) in learning Russian, as well as contemporary materials reflecting the culture of Russian speaking countries (films, poems, etc.). As well as increasing their ability in the target foreign language students also acquire factual information (realia) through creative language games. In this paper we describe recent findings in the field and propose possible directions for future research.


Majority of terrestrial soils are used primarily for agricultural production. The main factor of soil fertility is mediated by soil microorganisms and invertebrates. Soil microorganisms plays crutial role in ecosystems nutrient cycling and therefore any change in their diversity could have serious consequences on soil fertility and agricultural yields. Silver nanoparticles as novel potentialy nontoxic compounds are nowadays used in many daily use products and also as pesticides. But based on their antimicrobial activity, they can adversely influence structure of soil microbiome. Our work is focused on qPCR analysis of soil microbiome diversity with and without silver nanoparticles treatment. Phylogenetic analysis revealed concentration dependent shifts in microbial diversity, usually in the favor of one phylogenetic group of bacteria or fungi and analysis of melting curves showed changes inside individual phylogenetic groups.


In the field of Electronic Warfare (EW), the military make use of new forms of radar signal waveforms for security purpose in order to conceal some of its characteristics. As such, better signal processing tool is required to analyze the emitted signal for the detections of radar capabilities. An algorithm is developed in this paper based on time-frequency technique in order to estimate time and frequency parameter of the conventional simple pulsed radar signal. The Time-Frequency Distribution (TFD) used in this work is the spectrogram, the square magnitude of short-time Fourier Transform (STFT), with the aid of other statistical signal processing tools such as Hilbert transform, Instantaneous Frequency (IF) and Instantaneous Power (IP) in order to achieve the objective of this work. The appropriate functions in MATLAB R2014a that involved parameter estimation and of this aforementioned signal were used to implement the algorithms. The estimation and accuracy were validated using Monte Carlo simulation performed at various ranges of Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) in the presence of noise modeled by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Results obtained showed Probability of Correct Parameter Estimation (POCPE) of 100% at SNR equal or greater than XXdB for time-based parameters estimation and SNR equal or greater than XXdB for frequency-based parameter estimation is achieved.


It is generally accepted that the next generation of Advanced Spacebome SAR systems will be based on ,the concept of an active distributed arra!y antenna. Such systems will be able to provide vasty increased coverage, better image quality and also offer the possibility of being able to transmit and receive signals in both horizontal and vertical planes of polarisation. The ability to achieve such performance places stringent requirements on the instrument design. An advanced SAR design concept intended to achieve such performance was described in the Reference and, in the current paper, the more important constraints will be discussed in greater detail. Among tlhe topics addressed and quantified will be the folllowing. The problem associated with maintaining the temperature of an active array antenna within acceptable limits. This is particularly significant for an Advanced SAR deployed on a Polar Platform; as in addition to the prloblem of heat generated within the antenna itself, heat may only be radiated via the earth facing surface. The mechanical structure of the instrument and the overall mass are subject to stringent constraints.


A new version of the residual-based scheme has been developping for computing compressible ow on unstructured grids. The third-order and forth-order of this scheme will be tested by the pure advection case and several cases governing by the Euler equations. Then this new version is compared with the classical upwind schemes such as Roe scheme.


The research of value orientations of commercial enterprise personnel allows company managers to establish corporate values, on the basis of which the corporate culture is developed. The study of the personnel's value orientations structure defines the main areas of corporate culture development, enhances the competitiveness of the commercial enterprise. The research helps to reconcile the values of personnel with the values of teams and organizations, which increases professional motivation of personnel and efficiency of the enterprise.


In this paper, the author analyses a lawsuit for unjust enrichment through the prism of two institutes: condictio and actio de in rem verso. The origin of these two notions is linked to Roman law, although their essence has been drastically changed in modern law. It is necessary to determine them in relation to other lawsuits in order to further clarify the boundaries of these institutes through negative definitions as a preliminary step in this presentation. It is necessary to determine their mutual similarities and differences, as well as different understandings of the institutes, depending on the point of view of the legal system in terms of regulating the lawsuit for unjust enrichment, in order to adequately compare them. Comparative law and dogmatic methods were used in the paper.


This article proposes a computer network security defense system model based on multisource big data, which makes the security of computer networks more complete because of the shortage of current computer network security defense systems. The current network security situation is analyzed, and the problems faced in the field of network security are pointed out; then, multisource big data is introduced, and the characteristics of the multisource big data model are analyzed. This article proposes an information system network security model, which formally describes the relationship between network behavior among nodes, security threats, network attacks, and defense capability of security devices in an information system. After that, a network security defense system measurement scheme is constructed based on hierarchical analysis, and quantitative indicators of defense effectiveness are defined in two dimensions: risk severity of security threats and defense response actions of security devices, which enables quantitative evaluation of the security defense system, and then identifies omissions and defects of the network security defense system. A defense system measurement and optimization system is designed based on the proposed network security system measurement and optimization scheme. The application analysis of the project is combined with the actual scenarios. Through the evaluation and optimization of the security defense system in the natural methods, it is proved that the network security defense system evaluation and optimization scheme proposed in this article has reasonableness and effectiveness in the actual application.


Very low resistance nonalloyed ohmic contacts of Pt/Ti to 1.5×1019 cm−3 Zn‐doped In0.53Ga0.47As have been formed by rapid thermal processing. These contacts were ohmic as deposited with a specific contact resistance value of 3.0×10−4 Ω cm2. Cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy showed a very limited interfacial reacted layer (20 nm thick) between the Ti and the InGaAs as a result of heating at 450 °C for 30 s. The interfacial layer contained mostly InAs and a small portion of other five binary phases. Heating at 500 °C or higher temperatures resulted in an extensive interaction and degradation of the contact. The contact formed at 450 °C, 30 s exhibited tensile stress of 5.6×109 dyne cm−2 at the Ti/Pt bilayer, but the metal adhesion remained strong. Rapid thermal processing at 450 °C for 30 s decreased the specific contact resistance to a minimum with an extremely low value of 3.4×10−8 Ω cm2 (0.08 Ω mm), which is very close to the theoretical prediction.


This paper describes the application of active flow control (AFC) devices such as synthetic jets and pulsed jets for reducing the drag of air and ground vehicles. In particular, the transonic drag reduction of an airfoil, and drag reduction of a truck shaped body is considered by using synthetic jet actuators. The flow fields without and with AFC are calculated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow solver which solves the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations in conjunction with a two-equation turbulence model. The numerical results show that it is possible to achieve significant reduction in drag of the vehicle by suitably deploying the AFC technology. Key-Words: Active Flow Control, Synthetic Jet Actuators, Drag Reduction


The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I) pyrrol-2-yl and aryl-cyanoethyl amino derivatives, compositions thereof, their preparation and their use as pesticides: wherein R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 , P, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z and a are as defined in the specification.


In cultivating doctors of judicial science orientation to procedure law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law has achieved a great achievement due to practicing the combination of strictness and Tolerance,namely,strict requirements,strict standards and strict supervision,on the other hand,relaxation,tolerance and generosity are the principle to be abided by.But it is necessary to correct the flaws such as the source and quality of students,the supervision of the supervisors and student's time spent on study.


SummaryThis paper examines the percutaneous use of the Veress needle as a safe and convenient adjunct to peroperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Peroperative cholangiograms were performed in 31 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The cystic duct was cannulated with a 4 F ureteric catheter, threaded through a Veress needle introduced percutaneously. Peroperative cholangiography was performed using this method with no complications. The cystic duct was easily cannulated. Air bubbles were not observed in any film. The Veress needle is a useful tool for performing peroperative cholangiograms during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It provides a simple, readily-available aid to cannulating the cystic duct.


Deepwater well containment capabilities were born out of necessity – over the last 10 years the industry has innovated and improved upon capabilities and is currently focused on developing the systems required for, new high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) wells scheduled to be drilled in the 2021 timeframe.
 As industry plans for drilling at deeper depths and higher temperatures – an organization's ability to keep pace with ever-changing needs is critical. That means continuing to enhance capabilities and technology to ensure well containment resources for the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico are available.
 MWCC is the first in industry to add High Pressure (20k psi) and High Temperature (400°F) technology to its portfolio. The development of this advanced technology presented many challenges both technical and non-technical. A shift from ram-based capping stack designs for well pressures up to 15K psi and temperatures up to 350F to valve-based designs rated for up to 20K and 400°F was necessary but presented technical challenges.
 An extended flowback response to a HPHT well may requires additional supportive equipment to assure successful containment of well fluids. MWCC delivered novel technology in 2020 designed to cool well temperatures in order to continue use of conventional subsea architecture and systems.
 Regulatory approval for HPHT source control technology is different from conventional technology. The approval of standard containment technologies is straightforward and well understood in industry; HPHT technology requires additional verification and approval. MWCC will address the process of obtaining approval for the use of HPHT containment equipment in an incident response.


Depression is a disease, a mood disorder which influences emotions, cognitive function and actions of an individual. It is the 4th leading health problem worldwide. More than 350 million people in the world suffer from depression. Depression causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest, possibly leading to numerous emotional problems and to deterioration of physical health. The most common symptoms of depression are feelings of grief or a depressive state, outbursts of anger over minor issues, a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities or an inability to experience pleasure from them, changes in appetite – weight loss or weight gain, sleeping disorders – insomnia or hypersomnia, lack of energy or an increased feeling of fatigue, aimless actions or sluggish movements and speech, a feeling of worthlessness or a misplaced feeling of guilt, problems reasoning or focusing properly, thoughts of death or suicide, physical pain without a clear cause. It is a known fact that it is normal to feel depressed sometimes. However, it is very important to recognize these feelings in due time. Depression is a serious public health issue because of its high morbidity and mortality rates. Fifteen percent of individuals suffering from depression commit suicide. It is important for affected individuals to seek help from a health care professional in order to rule out different causes of depression, establish an accurate differential diagnosis and provide safe and efficient treatment.
 The aim of this study was to establish to what extent the participants are familiar with symptoms of depression and to see to what extent they perceive them in their own emotional experience. The study population consisted of 242 individuals, 179 (74%) female and 63 (26%) male. At the completion of the study we concluded that the majority of participants are familiar with depression as a disease. One third of participants (32%) experienced symptoms of depression at some point of their life. Worldwide statistical data show that the percentage of individuals suffering from depression in the Republic of Croatia is 5,1% for men and 6,2% for women. It is quite clear that this percentage is substantially higher among individuals who participated in the study poll. Numerous studies have shown that depression is a disease with an increasing incidence rate. It is expected that depression will become the second most frequent disease in the coming years.


Various theories of the evolution of the human hand are analyzed, revealing much speculation, but little evidence, for the evolutionary origin of this complex and highly designed system. The hand would require the simultaneous evolution of large set of intricate and matched structures, including bones, muscles, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons, skin, and nerves. In addition, the brain must have evolved systems enabling the coordinated function of the hand as an integrated unit. The result is an anatomical system that is one of the most critical parts of what makes us human. In comparison to the primate hand, there are several significant differences that indicate the uniqueness of the human hand. Also, the enormous versatility of the hand, such as ability to do tasks requiring fine motor coordination as well as brute strength, are discussed.


Based on the theory of components mass conservation,the movement of the turbidity currents was approximated as a transfer process of sediment,which was one component of the muddy sediment in the water.The species equation was established and solved coupling with the RNG k-e equations,which considered the vortex flow in the average flow,by using the commercial FLUENT software.Model experiment was used to demonstrate the numerical results.The results showed that the model could effectively simulate the plunging and forward movement of the turbidity currents and provided a new method for the turbidity currents research relative to reservoir,lake and river entrance.Finally this model was applied to simulate the movement of the turbidity currents for one reservoir when flooding.


Reprogramming technology surprised many cell biologists at the beginning. Induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSCs) caused a real evolution in the cell biology; cells can be reprogrammed into their embryonic states whenever you need. The techniques are evolved enormously fast and today there are tremendous investments to develop robust and sensitive ways to generate ideal pluripotent cells. However, for obtaining the pluripotent lines, their subsequent differentiation and characterization, validated techniques and reagents in order to achieve high quality and safe progenitor cells must be conducted under controlled conditions. While those processes are helping a lot to solve the biggest problem of medicine, they are also pushing minds to think more deeply about health and treatment of illness. Yet, iPSCs would have profound implications for both basic research and clinical therapeutics by providing a patient-specific model system to study the disease pathway and test the effectiveness of pharmacological agents, as well as by providing an ample source of autologous cells that could be used for transplantation. This review act as a small note for the student and researcher beginner in understanding the meaning of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cells.


The acid-sensitive fraction (ASF) is easily removed from other soy proteins because it precipitates from 1 M NaC1 at pH 4.5. This precipitation provides the basis for an ASF assay. An ASF-containing sample series was compared by disc gel electrophoresis with an analogous series after ASF elimination. These two series were also evaluated by a trained 12-member taste panel. Six prominent and several minor proteins throughout the gels and unresolved protein near the top of the gels appear to be associated with ASF. Disc gel electrophoresis reveals that the water-extractable proteins, the acid-precipitated curd and the whey proteins contain ASF. Its removal significantly increased flavor scores; the most noticeable change is a decrease in the intensity of grassy-beany flavor. Evidently ASF has a greater affinity for grassy-beany flavor compounds than do non-ASF proteins.