Intracoronary imaging during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) allows better delineation of lesion characteristics and more accurate vessel sizing compared with angiogram alone. However, the benefit and safety of its use in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is uncertain.

 To determine whether the use of intracoronary imaging with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT)/ optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) in PPCI is associated with better outcome.

 From Jan 2014 to Dec 2018, all patients with PPCI performed in our hospital were retrospectively studied. Baseline and procedural characteristics of angiographic-guided versus imaging-guided PCI were analyzed. Primary endpoint was target vessel failure, and procedural outcomes were contrast volume, number of stents implanted, mean stent length and diameter and use of post-dilatation. Safety outcomes were post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI), need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and occurrence of no/slow reflow.

 A total of 408 patients were included, of which 223 (54.7%) used IVUS (n=176 80.3%) or OCT/OFDI (n=44 19.7%) during the procedure. Baseline and procedural characteristics were similar between both groups except more patients had history of PCI (12.6% vs 4.3% p=0.004) and left-main/ bifurcation lesions (12.6% vs 2.7% p<0.001). Intra-coronary imaging was associated with less target vessel failure during a median follow up of 22 months (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.59; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.36–0.97; p=0.036). Patients who had intra-coronary imaging during PPCI received more post-dilatation (77.1% vs 55.1% p<0.001), had longer (53mm vs 42mm p<0.001) and more stents (2 vs 1.67 p=0.003) implanted but had more contrast injected (151.2ml vs 130.6ml p=0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in mean stent diameter (3.07mm vs 3.02mm p=0.53), occurrence of slow/now reflow (15.3% vs 18.4% p=0.409), incidence of AKI (7.2% vs 10.8% p=0.197) or need for RRT (3.1% vs 5.4% p=0.254) between both groups.

 Use of intra-vascular imaging during PPCI was associated with less target vessel failure, longer and more stents implanted and more frequent use of post-dilatation. Further prospective randomized controlled trial is suggested to confirm this benefit.

 Type of funding source: None


1. The Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh having, on my application in 1832, entrusted me with Hansteen's Magnetic Intensity Apparatus, in their possession, I feel it to be my duty to communicate to the Society the results then and subsequently obtained with it. 2. The instrument consists of a mahogany box 5 inches long, 4 broad, and 2 deep, with sides and top of glass, having also a wooden tube, screwing into the top, for containing a silk-worm's fibre about 5 inches long, by which the magnetic needle is suspended so as to place itself horizontally, and after being caused to deviate from its point of rest, the time of any given number of oscillations in a horizontal plane is measured,—whilst a graduated circle in the bottom of the box indicates its arc of vibration.


. The interaction of the institute of rural community and the parish of the Russian Orthodox Church is considered on the materials of Yenisei Siberia. The Siberian community, unlike the community in European Russia, has retained the basic principles of self-government and economic initiative due to many factors. The study of the functioning of pea-sant society within the Orthodox parish is of great interest from the standpoint of assessing it as a kind of institution of civil society in Russian conditions. The institutional potential of the community is assessed in a broad sense: as a self-governing economic unit within the boundaries of its territory and as an important socio-cultural and religious element of the Siberian village. The assessment of the vital activity of the community and the church parish as an inseparable whole makes it possible to better understand the problems of the Russian countryside and the nature of the cardinal transformation of the rural community and the Ortho-dox parish after the revolution of 1917. The crisis of the parish life of the Russian Empire, noted by contemporaries, had a destructive effect on the peasant community. At the same time, the Siberian rural community maintained a high level of amateur activity in church life, which was based on the real principle of electability in solving the current life of the parish, the availability of a public budget for church needs, mutual responsibility of parishioners, solidarity not only in economic practice, but in holding common holidays.


1Student, Department of Information Technology, University of Mumbai, India 2Asst. Professor, Department of Information Technology, University of Mumbai, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------Abstract Modernization of education does not just pertain to changes in teaching techniques but it also means to have a concrete plan to revolutionize how students learn as well as how the message goes across from the teacher to the student. It has been observed as well as studied that humans understand visual information better than textual. Educators can use deepfakes to engage and deliver lessons in a far more innovative format inplace of traditional media formats. This paper explores artificial intelligence as a tool for education. The paper introduces an interface where professors can upload their recorded videos and become an AI presenter. Once a particular student is logged in, the AI presenter can then engage with students during lessons. This AI presenter is based on the concept of Deepfakes which generates hyper realistic videos using First Order Motion Model that can boost engagement and memory retention in the virtual environment. Deepfakes is derived from the terms "deep learning" and "fake" which uses advanced technologies to modify videos in new ways in which people appear to speak words or perform actions that didn't actually happen.


The effect of substituents on the electropolymerization of benzene derivatives and the redox properrties of the corresponding polymers were determined using Brown's substituent constants (σ+). Electron-donating groups lower the oxidation potential by which increase in the current efficiency was observed. However, stabilization of the produced cation radicals by the electron-donating groups resulted in a decrease in the polymerization efficiency. The appropriate values of σ+ for the efficient polymerization ranged near −1.5.


ABSTRACT In this study two design structures of control chart are proposed for known and unknown process parameters, under the variety of runs rules and process distributions. The proposed structures are developed by taking into account certain margin of enhancements and limitations in existing studies as the subjects of current article. Outcomes of the study are obtained through two most commonly used performance measures, generally known as false alarm rate and power curve. Based on these measures, conclusion of the study shows that proposed structures perform outstandingly as compared to various existing counterparts. In continuation to, design structure for unknown parameters has capability to overcome the issue of existing runs rules, which generally occur when parameters are unknown.


A compound of formula XV 'and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; Formula ** ** wherein n is 3 or 4; where X and Y, identical or different, are selected from the group consisting of H, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -NR4R5, -NHCOR4, -OR4, -SR4, -COOR4, -COR4 and -CH2OH or X and Y together define an alkylenedioxy group selected from the group consisting of a methylenedioxy group of formula -OCH2O- and an ethylenedioxy group of formula -OCH2CH2O-, wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of a linear alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms a branched alkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylalkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl part and 1 to 3 carbon atoms in its alkyl portion, wherein R4 and R5, identical or different are selected from the group consisting of H, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a group branched alkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and tert-butoxycarbonyl and; where R4 'and R5', identical or different, are selected from the group consisting of H, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms and tert-butoxycarbonyl.


Objective To appraise application of Transesophageal atrial pacing (TEAP)in diagnosis of atrioventricular block (AVB). Methods Sensitivities of TEAP and routine or dynamic electrocardiogram(ECG) in diagnosing AVB were compared in 145 patients with sinus bradycardia. Results (1) The sensitivity of TEAP in diagnosing AVB was higher than that of routine or dynamic ECG (66.9% vs 51.7%, P0.05). (2)The sensitivity of TEAP in diagnosing AVB increased significantly from 66.9% before to 77.9% after intravenous injection of atropine(P0.05). (3)19 of 22 patients diagnosed as pre-AVB developed AVB during following 6-24 months. Conclusion TEAP is a useful method in diagnosis and prediction of AVB.


Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by poor prognosis and aggressive growth, with limited therapeutic options for many patients. Here, we use two syngeneic mouse TNBC models, 4T1 and E0771, to investigate the chemo-immunogenic potential of cyclophosphamide and the mechanistic contributions of cyclophosphamide-activated type-I interferon (IFN) signaling to therapeutic activity. Chemically-activated cyclophosphamide induced robust IFNα/β receptor-1-dependent signaling linked to hundreds of IFN-stimulated gene responses in both TNBC lines. Further, in 4T1 tumors, cyclophosphamide given on a medium-dose, 6-day intermittent metronomic schedule induced strong IFN signaling but comparatively weak immune cell infiltration associated with long-term tumor growth stasis. Induction of IFN signaling was somewhat weaker in E0771 tumors but was followed by extensive downstream gene responses, robust immune cell infiltration and prolonged tumor regression. The immune dependence of these effective anti-tumor responses was established by CD8 T-cell immunodepletion, which blocked cyclophosphamide-induced E0771 tumor regression and led to tumor stasis followed by regrowth. Strikingly, IFNα/β receptor-1 antibody blockade was even more effective in preventing E0771 immune cell infiltration and blocked the major tumor regression induced by cyclophosphamide treatment. Type-I IFN signaling is thus essential for the robust chemo-immunogenic response of these TNBC tumors to cyclophosphamide administered on a metronomic schedule. Significance TNBC has poor prognosis and few therapeutic options. We show that cyclophosphamide treatment can induces extensive tumor regression in syngeneic mouse models of TNBC via a chemo-immunogenic mechanism linked to type-I IFN production. Our findings establish that IFN signaling is essential for the robust anti-tumor actions of cyclophosphamide and suggest that treatment resistance may stem from silencing the IFN pathway. This suggests a new avenue for improving TNBC treatment efficacy.


We need investiments in cleaner, renewable and sustainable energy sources to meet global fuel demand. Biobutanol is produced by the biotechnological route, by the ABE fermentation process. Biobutanol as a biofuel has gasoline-like properties, and its energy efficiency is 25% higher than ethanol. The objective of this work was to conduct a literature review on the production of biobutanol and to collect data on the market of this biofuel to understand the challenges involved in the production of biobutanol. We did the systematic review using the inclusion method. We analyzed the biobutanol world scenario and its applicability in Brazil as a solvent in industries.


We present an overview of our development towards high average power fiber-based mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. We have explored different pumping schemes and fiber geometries, achieving more than 50 mW average power up to 10 μm.


This paper presents a brief survey of computational algorithms for the analysis and synthesis of linear control systems described in the state space. An attempt is made to select the most efficient methods for analysis of the stability, controllability and observability, the reduction into canonical forms, the pole assignment synthesis and the synthesis of optimal systems with quadratic cost. Some aspects of the development of mathematical software for solving these problems are also discussed.


This study explored the effect of different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen on the function of antioxidant system in Procambarus clarkii. This experiment designed 6 ammonia nitrogen concentrations( 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 mg / L). The activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD) and catalase( CAT),and the content of malondialdehyde( MDA) in the hepatopancreas were measured at 1,12,24,36 and 48 hours after stress. The results were acquired as follows:( 1) Under the condition of same ammonia nitrogen concentration,the activities of SOD and CAT,and the content of MDA all increased at first and then decreased as the stress time extended.( 2) When sampling time was the same,along with the increase in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen,the activities of SOD and CAT increased at first and then declined at all sampling time( except that they gradually decreased at 48 hours after stress),and the content of MDA increased gradually at all sampling time. The above results suggested that ammonia nitrogen stress had significant effects on the function of antioxidant system in Procambarus clarkii,and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were induced at first and then inhibited along with the increase of ammonia nitrogen stress level. In this process,the damage of ammonia nitrogen stress to the crawfish organism increased gradually.


Anthrax toxin is responsible for the severesymptoms and death associated withinhalational anthrax (Fig. 1). InhaledBacillus anthracis spores are phagocytosedby macrophages, transported to the lymphnodes where germination occurs up to60 days later, and the new vegetativebacteria produce the toxin. While antibioticskill the vegetative bacteria, they are oflimited benefit if a threshold level of anthraxtoxin has already been produced. By thetime a patient shows obvious symptoms ofdisease, this level has been reached.Treatment options for these patients arelimited and anti-toxin therapies are urgentlyneeded, especially in the wake of the recentbioterrorist attacks involving anthrax.Anthrax toxin has three interactingcomponents: protective antigen (PA),which is the major component of theanthrax vaccine; lethal factor (LF); andedema factor (EF). PA is necessary fortransporting the other factors into the hostcell; it binds to human cells and is cleavedand activated by host proteases, allowing it to form a heptamer. The PA heptamer then binds either LF or EF and the complex is taken up by receptor-mediatedendocytosis. The acidified environmentwithin the endosome triggers PA to act as a pore and transport LF and EF intothe cytosol, where they induce macrophage cell death and inhibitphagocytosis, respectively.Three new studies have boosted thesearch for anti-toxin therapies by clarifyingimportant interactions between thesecomponents and their targets. Bradley et al. [1]have identified the human cellular receptorthat binds PA, anthrax toxin receptor (ATR).The PA-binding domain was predicted by itsresemblance to those found on integrins.Importantly, a large synthetic peptidecontaining this domain protected culturecells from the effects of anthrax toxin. Thisdiscovery shows that inhibiting PA–ATRbinding could be of therapeutic benefit andwill speed up the design of further inhibitors.Mourez et al. [2] screened a phagedisplay library and identified a peptide thatbinds to PA and inhibits its interaction withLF and OF. As the peptide bound weakly toPA, a molecule consisting of multiplepeptide copies on a flexible backbone wassynthesized. At high concentration, thismolecule prevented PA–LF interaction andprotected rats from toxin-induced death.Finally, LF is a protease that targetsmitogen-activated protein kinase kinases(MAPKKs), which control cell-signallingpathways, affecting release of inflammatorymediators. Although it is not clear howMAPKK


Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure in the present time, especially due to the raise of the population's life expectancy. Elderly patients are great candidates to this surgical procedure and also very vulnerable, in relation to the surgery risks themselves, just like the action of the medicine in the post-operatory. Non-pharmacological resources such as the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) are being greatly studied and used by physiotherapy in post-surgical patients. This research's main objective was to verify the influence of the TENS as coadjutant in the cemented THA post-operatory pain relief. The sample (n=23) was consisted of patients in the first post-operatory day of hip arthroplasty, between 60-80 years old, that were divided into two groups, the control group (n=11) received placebo treatment and the treatment group (n=12) received effective electric analgesia. Both groups received the same medicinal therapy, health care routine and physiotherapeutic protocol. The pain was measured through the visual analog pain scale and the McGill pain questionnaire in 3 steps (in the first and second post-operatory days); before the TENS application, immediately after the application of this resource, and after the physiotherapy (made after the TENS). As an indirect way of evaluating the analgesia, it was also registered the quantity of demanded analgesic medicine of each group. The results show that the treatment group showed enhancement of the pain levels (p>0,05), just as less necessity of analgesic medicine administration, what allows to conclude that the TENS is an efficient coadjutant resource in the post-operatory analgesia during the physiotherapy in elders submitted to THA.


Histone genes are amongst the most evolutionary conserved in eukaryotic genomes, yet cis-regulatory mechanisms of histone gene regulation differ considerably amongst species. In Drosophila melanogaster, an interaction between GA-rich cis elements in the H3/H4 promoter and the GA-binding transcription factor CLAMP is important for promoting histone gene regulation and factor recruitment to the locus. CLAMP also participates in male dosage compensation by recruiting the Male Specific Lethal Complex (MSLc) to the X-chromosome. We discovered that the male-specific protein of MSLc, MSL2, is recruited to the autosomal major histone locus in D. virilis but not to the minor locus or to the single histone locus in other species. While the histone coding sequences are well conserved between species, the critical GA-rich cis elements in the H3/H4 promoter are poorly conserved between D. melanogaster and D. virilis. We show that CLAMP still targets the two D. virilis histone loci in vivo. Further, CLAMP interacts with the D. virilis H3/H4 promoter in vitro, even when the poorly-conserved GA-rich cis elements are deleted, indicating that the protein interacts differently with the D. virilis promoter than it does with the D. melanogaster promoter. Since CLAMP and MSL2 directly interact in D. melanogaster, we propose that D. virilis CLAMP recruits MSL2 to an ectopic autosomal site through interaction with X-like cis elements. Further, localization of MSL2 to one of the D. virilis histone loci suggests that the loci are regulated differently and that males and females have different requirements for histone gene regulation.


In the current research, the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness was used to investigate the subjective well-being of the elderly in Jiangsu Province. 789 elders who live in the southern, central, and northern regions of Jiangsu Province were selected by random sampling. The results show that subjective happiness sense levels of the elderly are relatively high based on overall situation. The subjective well-being of the elderly is affected by age, marital status, residential type, number of children, and income. Regressive analysis fi nds that marital status and residential type are the two most important factors. Interestingly, the subjective well-being of the elderly in the southern Jiangsu region is significant lower than the central and northern Jiangsu regions. This finding is inconsistent with their economic power. The authors think that it is a happiness paradox. In the future, we should pay more attention on the young, widowed, and solitary elderly. Furthermore, relative income should be improved to overcome happiness paradox.


The Liophis cobella group consists of four species, L. breviceps, L. cobella, L. frenatus, and L. longiventris. The color pattern of the species in this group consists of a dark brown to black ground color with narrow light bands. The banding may be obscure in old adults, but the venter is consistently banded or checkered with black and coral red marks. The average number of dorsal bands, ventrals, subcaudals, maxillary teeth and tail length as a percentage of total length among the species of the group varies from 30-90, 138-189, 50-59, 15-22, and 17.0-20.0 respectively. Num- bers of scale rows are invariably 17-17-15, scales smooth, without apical pits. A brief history of the names of some species and keys to the species and subspecies are presented for the group. The group previously was thought to consist of eight species among 14 named forms, but addi- tional material from other localities have shown overlap of features between some taxa previously regarded as full species, resulting in the reduction to subspecific status of L. canaimus and L. trebbaui; the recognition of L. taeniogaster as a valid subspecies; the description of a new subspecies; and the placement of the currently recognized species L. brazili and L. ingeri as junior subjective synonyms of L. frenatus and L. cobella, respectively. One form, Coluber cinereus Linnaeus, cannot be allocated to any currently recognized colubrid genus.


In the last decade globalization has emerged as a major preoccupation and area of concern, both academically and in a much wider cultural sense. As globalization has gained currency in both academic and popular discourses, many postcolonial critics have taken up the question of the continuities (and discontinuities) between globalization and postcolonialism—whether these terms be understood to refer to cultural conditions, social, economic and political processes, or, more narrowly, intellectual methodologies and fields of study. For despite the immense complexity of both these terms, it is impossible to deny that there are distinct and important connections between postcolonial studies and the critical study of globalization. One of the central aims of Pamela McCallum and Wendy Faith's Linked Histories, an edited collection of essays drawn from the journal Ariel (A Review of International Studies in English), is to trace precisely these "fluid and interactive ongoing connections," which "raise urgent questions for postcolonial studies" (4). Certainly this is a bold and timely project, given the current state of postcolonial studies, which at this time in its short history is reflecting seriously on its aims and purpose in relation to the new models of power and resistance offered by globalization theorists. Without advocating that globalization studies subsume or replace postcolonial studies, McCallum and Faith acknowledge that the concept of globalization and its attendant discourses may challenge postcolonial scholars to face more squarely the contemporary effects of global capitalism and global communications technology. As they assert in their editor's introduction, "a renewed focus on global patterns and structural markings of continents and peoples may prove especially illuminating for postcolonial studies" (3). From this vantage point, McCallum and Faith formulate a range of questions through which to map the "linked histories" of colonialism, postcolonialism and globalization; questions such as:


of new posts experimentally under static and collision conditions ; (2) to develop numerical analyses to study performances of straight railings ; and (3) to apply these analyses to instances of new-type posts in curved railings in order to obtain a comparison with straight ones. The LS-DYNA 3D is engine software used for the numerical analysis. Based on the results of the study, a design recommendation is proposed for new-type curved steel railings.


Mitotane (o,p'DDD) has been one of the main treatments available for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) for over 40 years. This drug is used for the treatment of inoperable, recurrent and/or metastatic ACC and even seems to have a role in adjuvant treatment after complete resection. The effect of o,p'DDD on the human adrenal cortex was first described in 1959. Subsequently, Moolenaar et al. described an assay for the analysis of o,p'DDD, developed in the Leiden University Hospital (LUMC) in 1977. The implications of this determination were studied by van Slooten, categorizing serum samples as low (<14 mg/l) or high (>14 mg/l).. Two groups confirmed this categorization and also demonstrated tumour response and significant improved survival in patients with levels above 14 mg/l. In 2004, the FIRM-ACT study (First International Randomized trial in locally advanced and Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma Treatment, ISRCTN94256573) was set up, comparing the efficacy of Etoposide, Doxorubicin and Cisplatin and Sz (Streptozotocin) in combination with o,p'DDD. With this study, a new assay for mitotane serum level analysis was developed by PAREXEL (Paris). PAREXEL monitoring is part of a LYSOSAFE Service in which free o,p'DDD plasma level testing is available for all patients with ACC treated with Lysodren . As the assays used for mitotane serum level analysis are different from an analytical point of view, PAREXEL uses the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method, LUMC the Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC), we assessed the agreement between the two methods. From all serum samples collected for o,p'DDD level determination in LUMC, we randomly selected 20 samples of patients with ACC treated with mitotane. This blood was collected in Vacutainer tubes without additives, at least 12 h after the last dose was taken, were frozen at a temperature of )20 C. Subsequently, serum was analysed at LUMC and after shipment also at PAREXEL. For better understanding of the assay's used, we will describe them in more detail in the following paragraphs.


The mycelium of Neurospora tetrasperma readily conducts an electric current. During the time an electric current of about 5 μa. is allowed to pass through cultures of N. tetrasperma or Gelasinospor...


MarketS and real MarketS The notion of the market is at the centre of economic literature and is so strong that since the time of Adam Smith,2 the basic nature of the (economic) market has hardly changed. According to that notion, the traditional market is seen 'as a flexible atomistic realm of impersonal exchange and dispersed competition, characterized by voluntary transactions on an equal basis between autonomous, usually private, entities with material motivations' (White, 1993a: 1).Although there are differences in the definition of markets provided by several economists, the above definition appears to have reflected precisely and successfully the dominant trend of discussion of market in economics. Thus in economics the market is the supreme medium for the expression of individual choice (Hodgson, 1988). In most cases, the market in economic literature is perfectly competitive, though models of monopoly, oligopoly and other forms of distortion have also been discussed comprehensively in the literature. The notion of the market in economics is an abstract one, where exchange of commodities is in fact a simple process, rather than that which exists in reality. White (1993a:1) notes that: 'this 'ideal-type' market has been elevated to the level of an ideological principle and an ethical ideal, providing a policy panacea which promises efficiency, prosperity and freedom'. Crow (2004:11) argues that 'this appearance of simplicity may be reinforced by our ignorance of market histories and a powerful ideological trend in capitalism which suggests that markets are natural phenomena', but the image of simplicity thus associated with


Automatic summarization aims at producing a concise, condensed representation of the key information content in an information source for a particular user and task. Interest in automatic summarization continues to grow, motivated by the explosion of on-line information sources and advances in natural language processing and information retrieval. In fact, some form of automatic summarization may be indispensable given the massive information universes that lie ahead in the 21st century.

The problem of automatic summarization poses a variety of tough challenges in both NL understanding and generation. A spate of recent papers and tutorials on this subject at conferences such as ACL/EACL, AAAI, ECAI, IJCAI, and SIGIR point to a growing interest in research in this field. Several commercial summarization products have also appeared. There have been several workshops in the past on this subject: in Dagstuhl (1994), Madrid (1997), and Stanford (1998). It is our great pleasure to bring the fourth such event to you.

While the field continues to progress, there are also many problems that need to be addressed before the promises of automatic text summarization can be fully realized. The papers included in this volume present a snapshot of recent progress in solving some of the problems: concept identification, identification of discourse markers, multi-document summarization, content visualization, evaluation, and use. Out of 29 submissions to the workshop, 10 are included in these proceedings.


Abstract Preliminary studies on three control streams (unaffected by logging) indicated that there were no significant intrastream differences in the total biomass of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) between discrete areas of similar habitat. Therefore, total salmonid biomass should be a good indicator of stream habitat quality for salmonids and useful in assessing the impacts of watershed practices. Total salmonid biomass was used to assess the effect of logging disturbances, including stream crossings, clear-cuts, and bank modification, on the salmonid populations of 10 streams in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This biomass was measured at pairs of logging-disturbed and upstream control areas of the 10 streams. Salmonid biomass decreased significantly downstream of two stream crossings, probably because of increased siltation, while seven clear-cuts and one bank modification along the other eight streams had no significant effect on salmo...


Purpose. Although carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) have been widely used for almost 30 years, their clinical and prognostic value is still not clear. Our aim was to investigate the correlation between high initial markers and clinicopathological characteristics. We also assess their role as prognostic factor; and their utility for early diagnosis of recurrence. Methods. Records of patients with localised colorectal cancer followed at the Institute Curie-Rene Huguenin were retrospectively reviewed. Eligible cases had CEA and CA19-9 levels determined at diagnosis before any treatment. Results. A total of 84 patients were collected. CEA and CA 19-9 were elevated prior to curative surgery in 24% and 15% of patients, respectively. High serum level was not correlated to any of the investigated clinicopathological characteristics (Age, site, stage, tumour differentiation, lymph node involvement). After a median follow-up of 60 months, patients with initial high level markers experienced more recurrences (40% vs 15%). DFS (p =0.002) and OS (p =0.031) were significantly lower among this group. Markers were useful for early diagnosis of recurrence but with no


The forces that drive the evolution of packaging are largely those that drive the rapid evolution of the power semiconductor themselves, i.e. higher efficiency, smaller size, the ability to operate reliably in hostile environments and, above all, lower cost. This paper intends to examine one half of the power semiconductor story in looking at how power semiconductor packaging has evolved by examining a brief history before taking a look at current trends and possible future developments.


This paper investigates the medium access control (MAC) stratifies for communication systems. Since the signals are naturally superposed in public medium, we introduce physical layer network coding into MAC system and propose the physical layer network coded MAC (PNC-MAC) to utilize the collisions occurring in the MAC process. The implicit expressions of the throughput and average delay of the system operated with the new algorithm are derived in an iterative way. To show the performance of the algorithm, we compare the throughput and average delay induced by the new algorithm with current schemes via simulations. The results show that when operated with our proposed PNC-MAC, MAC system can achieve a larger throughput while the frames bear shorter average delay. Moreover, in many users case, the throughput increases slightly while the average delay ascends drastically.


Let A1A2A3A4, be a planar convex quadrangle with diagonals A1A3 and A2A4. Is there a quadrangle B1B2B3B4 in Euclidean space such that A1A3 < B1B3, A2A4 < B2B4 but AiAj > BiBj for other edges? The answer is "no". It seems to be obvious but the proof is more difficult. In this paper we shall solve similar more complicated problems by using a higher dimensional geometric inequality which is a generalisation of the well-known Pedoe inequality (Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.38 (1942), 397–398) and an interesting result by L.M. Blumenthal and B.E. Gillam (Amer. Math. Monthly50 (1943), 181–185).


Continuing ongoing efforts to urge the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to undertake more clinical research to help people with severe psychiatric disorders, the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC) released a new report published Aug. 1 in Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders.


Plankton samples collected from two sampling stations (station I and II) of Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site, during November 2002 to October 2003, revealed occurrence of 59 species of phytoplankton belonging to 55 genera with species rich Chlorophyta > Bacillariophyta. They indicated monthly richness varying between 34 - 53 (39±6) species and 36 - 45 (39±3) species, and recorded 39.4 - 87.4% and 52.8 - 79.6% community similarities (vide Sorensen index) at two sampling stations, respectively. Phytoplankton formed 42.1 ± 9.0% and 43.6 ± 8.8% of net plankton abundance at stations I and II, respectively. Chlorophyta > Bacillariophyta influenced quantitative variations; Dinophyta and Cyanophyta were subdominant groups; Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta showed low abundance, while Ceratium hirudinella, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dinobryon sociale, Cosmarium granatum, Closterium sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Spirogyra sp. were important taxa. Phytoplankton recorded high species diversity, high equitability and low dominance. Individual abiotic factors exerted limited influence on richness and abundance of phytoplankton and their constituent groups. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with ten abiotic factors explained 55.3% and 77.9% cumulative variance of phytoplankton along axis 1 and 2 with importance of different factors at two sampling stations, respectively and thus affirmed micro-environmental differences between them.


At the opening ceremony, the system was praised by leading figures invited from the Oceanic non-oil-producing countries. The power generation test of the OTEC demonstration plant was completed with many new records attained. As engineers who have participated in this project, the authors believe that they have gained confidence in their ability to construct a first-stage commercial OTEC plant of the built-on-land type, though admitting that there still remain some points to be improved. Subjects requiring further study are improvements of material and installation methods enabling the use of water intake piping with larger diameters, further improvement of heat transfer performance at the seawater side (tube inside) of the heat transfer tubes, etc. Since the commercialization of an OTEC system depends mainly on the economical level of the system, cost reduction in the manufacture of equipment and construction is also required.


We present an algorithm to build self‐avoiding lattice models of chain molecules with low RMS deviation from their actual 3D structures. To find the optimal coordinates for the lattice chain model, we minimize a function that consists of three terms: (1) the sum of squared deviations of link coordinates on a lattice from their off‐lattice values, (2) the sum of "short‐range" terms, penalizing violation of chain connectivity, and (3) the sum of "long‐range" repulsive terms, penalizing chain self‐intersections. We treat this function as a chain molecule "energy" and minimize it using self‐consistent field (SCF) theory to represent the pairwise link repulsions as 3D fields acting on the links. The statistical mechanics of chain molecules enables computation of the chain distribution in this field on the lattice. The field is refined by iteration to become self‐consistent with the chain distribution, then dynamic programming is used to find the optimal lattice model as the "lowest‐energy" chain pathway in this SCF. We have tested the method on one of the coarsest (and most difficult) lattices used for model building on proteins of all structural types and show that the method is adequate for building self‐avoiding models of proteins with low RMS deviations from the actual structures. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


To assess the impact of congenital malformations in Down syndrome (DS) on morbidity, mortality and outcome at birth, information on all children with DS born in the northern part of Sweden in 1973-80 (n=211) and 1995-98 (n=88) was collected. Most common were congenital heart defects (CHD), dominated by atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). Up to age 10 years, morbidity and mortality were more than 10 times higher in DS children with CHD than in healthy DS children. The DS children seemed more vulnerable at birth than Swedish children in general: they had increased frequencies of Cesarean sections, premature birth, asphyxia, and low birthweight, and higher proportions of children small for gestational age, regardless of the presence of CHD. Infant mortality decreased from 14.2% to 2.3% between the two periods.All children with AVSD with and without DS born in Sweden 1973-1997 (n=801) were followed up retrospectively to 2001. Children with isolated AVSD without complex additional CHDs were studied more closely (n=502). A reduction in age at operation and postoperative mortality (from 28 to 1%) was observed. No significant difference in 5-year postoperative mortality between genders or between DS and non-DS children was found. The 5-year postoperative mortality in DS decreased from 35% in 1973-77 to about 10% in 1993-97. CHD had a major influence on morbidity, infectionrate and mortality in DS, but not on DS birth variables. The formerly high mortality in CHD is now reduced. In isolated AVSD measures seem equally successful in DS and non-DS children. Mortality is still 3 times higher in DS children with isolated AVSD than in healthy DS children.


Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition caused by a heterozygous mutation or deletion of the ZEB2 gene. The syndrome occurs in both sexes but is potentially more frequently diagnosed in males. The number of new cases is estimated to be 1 in 50,000-70,000 born children. MWS is characterised by a distinctive facial appearance in association with intellectual disability (ID) and a range of other features including epilepsy, and Hirschsprung disease, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum and congenital heart defects. Epilepsy is considered a main manifestation of the syndrome and affects approximately 80% of individuals with MWS. Developmental milestones are delayed, and speech is limited to a few words. Behavioural and emotional difficulties have also been reported. This scoping review aimed to identify the existing literature on interventions targeting individuals with MWS and identify gaps in order to guide future research. A search yielded six studies that encompassed a total of 34 participants, both males and females, with an age span of three months to 45-years-old. The focus of the studies included was medical treatment of epilepsy and surgery for Hirschsprung's disease, with mixed results. One study reported improvement of behavioural problems using psychopharmacological management. Four of the six selected studies had a case-report design. The quality appraisal revealed heterogeneity in the level of details reported and the overall quality of the studies. Hence, the generalisability of the results should be interpreted with caution. This scoping review shows that studies of interventions targeting symptoms in individuals with MWS are still very scarce. As MWS is a rare disease, it is difficult to conduct randomized controlled trials at a group level. One viable alternative could be single case experimental design studies (SCED) which can reveal experimental effects with just one case. Aggregated findings from such designs can also facilitate recommendations of evidence-based interventions for individuals with rare disorders. The studies included mainly examined physical health, but other factors also may improve an individual's well-being. Intervention studies in other research areas, for instance, communication, motor functioning, learning and behaviour and participation in daily life activities are therefore called for. It would also be of interest to further examine how functioning in different areas correlates with quality of life for individuals with MWS.


In the field of HVDC, the main causes of insulation aging are due to the space charge and PD phenomena. In particular, the purpose of the present work is to verify a possibility to measure simultaneously the space charge and the PDs under DC stress in order to evaluate the correlation between both phenomena. The space charge was measured by using a modified PEA cell and PDs were measured by using a novel wireless sensor system. The space charge profile and the PD pulses carried out simultaneously have been reported and discussed.


The recent inflow of foreign workers was similar to the one experienced in the early seventies, both as far as the quantity and the time span is concerned. The sharp increase in labour supply, particularly for manufacturing and service jobs of average and low qualification is reflected in a slowdown of overall productivity growth and contributed to a rise in unemployment.


Abstract. The value of return on stock prices is often used in predicting profits in the process of buying and selling shares based on the calculation of the return on investment. The calculation of the value of return on stock prices can be predicted automatically at certain periods, both weekly and daily
Purpose: The problem faced is determining a good algorithm for making predictions due to fluctuating data on stock prices making it difficult to predict.
Methods: The stages carried out by the researcher include the data preprocessing stage and then proceed to the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) stage to get a pattern from the data, followed by the modeling stage on the data. This research was developed using the Python programming language where the models used to make predictions can be obtained in real-time.
Result: The results obtained in this study show that the Voting Regressor has the best model with an error rate of 0.032523 using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results of this study can be further developed to automatically predict stock return values in the future.


This paper examines whether investors receive compensation for holding crash-sensitive stocks. We capture the crash sensitivity of stocks by their lower tail dependence (LTD) with the market based on copulas. We find that stocks with weak LTD serve as a hedge during crises, but, overall, stocks with strong LTD have higher average future returns. This effect cannot be explained by traditional risk factors and is different from the impact of beta, downside beta, coskewness, and cokurtosis. Our findings are consistent with results from the empirical option pricing literature and support the notion that investors are crash-averse.


This paper presents a theoretical study of magnetostatic wave propagation as a function of the strength and orientation of an applied magnetic field. The dispersion relation is derived for an isolated ferrimagnetic plate with either cubic or uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. In the crystal symmetry planes where the magnetization is coplanar with the plate normal and the applied field the dispersion relation has a simple analytic form valid for propagation in any direction. The frequency limits for propagation of various modes are readily evaluated from this expression. Selected plots of these frequency bands and the associated dispersion curves are presented to illustrate the effects of field strength and orientation. Particular emphasis is given to applied fields less than the saturation magnetization oriented near the normal to the plate. This case is important for the potential use of magnetostatic waves to detect magnetic bubbles.


A new approach to the development of energy saving methods during distillation is considered. A quantitative assessment of the internal energy saving during distillation, i.e. the efficiency of multiple use of the heat of the steam flow on the plates of the rectification column is proposed. A rule for searching for optimal schemes of the separation of multicomponent mixtures is formulated.


Introduction During the early reign of Liu Che 劉徹, posthumously honored as Emperor Wu 武 帝 (r. 141–87) of the Han, a severe struggle for infl uence and power seems to have arisen among competing groups of experts concerned with the establishment of new imperial rites. This is at least the impression which the Shiji 史記 (The Scribe's Record) conveys to the reader in its chapter 28, the "Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifi ces" (Fengshan shu 封禪書). According to the account given there, the competing partners in this struggle were mainly the ru 儒 (here used in the sense of scholars who maintained that any advice in the question of ritual should entirely be based upon evidence drawn from the "Classics") and a group of specialists called fangshi 方士 (a term which should be translated by "masters of techniques" rather than the often used, but rather biased term magicians).


A complex of studies was used in 4 groups of premature babies to study lung tissue morphological changes in hyaline membrane disease, by applying exogenous surfactants during mechanical ventilation. Background diseases, pre- and intranatal risk factors, the babies' longevity, and the specific features of lung tissue and forming hyaline membranes were ascertained. Exogenous surfactants were found to have a blocking effect on the formation of hyaline membranes under mechanical ventilation.


Application of tunable infrared lasers to the spectroscopic investigation of equilibrium, gaseous hydrogen-bonded systems is demonstrated. Broadband spectra of the nν6 + ν1 − nν6 vibrations in and ...


This paper consists of two sections. In section one, I explore Val Plumwood's description of the features of normative dualism, and briefly discuss how these features are manifest in Immanuel Kant's view of nature. In section two, I evaluate the claims of Holly L. Wilson, who argues that Kant is not a normative dualist. Against Wilson, I will argue that Kant maintains normative dualisms between humans/nature, humans/animals, humans I culture, and men/women. As such, Kant's philosophy is antithetical to the aims of ecofeminism, which seeks to expose and dismantle such dualistic thinking.


Background: Pleural effusion occurs lung expansion was not optimal, because there is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. As a result, patients with pleural effusion complain shortness of breath and cause problems ineffectiveness of breathing pattern. Measures to overcome
these conditions is oxygen therapy (oxygenation) and pursed lips breathing exercises.
Objective: To provide an overview nursing care of fulfilling oxygenation need to Mrs. S with ineffectiveness of breathing pattern in Teratai Ward, Dr. Soedirman Hospital of Kebumen.
Nursing care: Assesment has been held on Monday, May 30th, 2016. The patient complain shortness of breath, the result of lung examination was abnormal and x-rays showed pleural
effusion dextra. The main nursing diagnosis was ineffectiveness of breathing patterns related to lung expansion was not optimal (hyperventilation syndrome). The implementation is based on the intervention made that assess breathing patterns, monitor vital signs, reposition semifowler, train pursed lips breathing exercise, give oxygen therapy. The evaluation done on the third day that the ineffectiveness of breathing patterns related to lung expansion was not optimal (hyperventilation syndrome) has not been resolved.
Analysis action: Pursed lips breathing breathing exercises recommended to overcome the ineffectiveness of breathing pattern especially pleural effusion.


Triflic acid‐catalyzed regioselective enone synthesis from intermolecular coupling of aldehydes and alkynes has been developed. The present reaction is very efficient, effective, simple in nature and mild. Substrate scope is very diverse. This metathesis reaction exclusively provided trans product using aryl and aliphatic aldehydes and internal and terminal alkynes.


Background : Toxic neuropathy is a global health problem affecting many people over the world, annually. Lead poisoning (LP) represents neurological complaints and neurobehavioral disorders. Therefore, its significances, especially its neurological consequences, can be misdiagnosed as other neuropathies like syndromes. Case Presentation : In this case report, we aim at describing a 45-year-old woman with Guillain-Barre-like syndrome (GBS), who was admitted to the hospital with peripheral neuropathy and complaints of paresthesia in the lower and upper limbs. Suffering from GBS-like syndrome, she incidentally showed opium consumption during the hospitalization and taking her history. Serum lead levels were precisely elevated (88.6 µg/dL). To assess the neurologic effects, the brain CT, MRI, EMG, and NCV were performed, indicating severe sensory-motor demyelinating polyradiculopathy. The patient was admitted to the hospital again after 2 years with severe radicular pain in the lower and upper limbs and with positive myoclonus and tremor. While treated with plasma exchange and pregabalin at the first stage of admission, signs were normal and again recurred after 2 years, suggesting the reversibility of the histological findings and misdiagnosis. At the second stage, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was prescribed. The patient recovered and was discharged with chelation therapy of CaNa2EDTA for LP. The most frequent neurological complication induced by LP is severe sensory-motor demyelinating polyradiculopathy and axonal polyneuropathy. But, the clinical examination and the electrophysiological findings may also suggest a GBS-like syndrome. Conclusions: Any discrepancies in this regard should be reconsidered to confirm LP diagnosis.


Certain gl'OUpS of Cremolla transformations isomorphic with the symmetric group of order n ! are discussed in this paper. They are seen to define formproblems in much the same way as groups of collineations, the known quantities or parameters in the problem being the invariants of the n-ic llnder linear transformation. The wbell-known theory of binary folms is thus utilized to the utmost in leducing the number of parameters that occur in the general equation of degree n. The earlier paragraphs are devoted to a detailed study of the quintic. These have close contact at many pOilltS with KLEIN'S Ikosaeder. In §1 alld § 2 Cremona groups of ordel 120 and their invariants are given. In § 3 the formproblems deterrllined by these growlps are formulated. They contain as parameters two absolute invariants of the qllintic. For want of a more direct method,t in § 4 the Cremona form-problem is made to depend on KLEIN'S problem of


Pressure vessel is used in medical organization as a kind of special medical equipment. It's easy to cause injury when improperly used. By analyzing technical performance, product security, accident threat that weakness element of MTF is pointed out and some suggestions of prevention accidents are produced.


Xiphinema diversicaudatum induced similar morphological changes in root-tips of strawberry, a good host, and ryegrass, a poorer host. After nematodes had fed for 1, 2, and 4 days the feeding site became surrounded by multinucleate hypertrophied cells with amoeboid-shaped nuclei, enlarged nucleoli and dense cytoplasm. Cell complexes also developed in association with the stelar initials in strawberry but not in rycgrass. There was an increase in the proportion of cytoplasm, from 47% to 56% of the root-tip volume, and a reduction in the proportion of vacuole from 40% to 28% after 1 day in strawberry. There was no change in the proportion of these components in ryegrass after nematodes had fed for 1 day. The total volume of the root-tip increased more in strawberry (8.5 x ) than in ryegrass (3.6 x ), but the concentrations of RNA and protein progressively decreased. Total RNA and protein both increased 3.4 x after 4 days in strawberry, but in ryegrass protein increased 2.7 x and RNA 5.4 x after 4 days. These results support an earlier hypothesis that strawberry nuclei are more transcriptionally active than ryegrass nuclei, and suggest that the metabolism of the two host plants had responded differently to feeding by X. diversicaudatum.


Or" the many biochemical tests done 011 the blood for clinical purposes, the estimation of blood urea is one of the most important. This is indicated in nephritis, uraemia, enlarged prostate, obstruction to the urinary flow, and various other conditions and throws considerable light on the condition of the patient. In normal healthy Bengalees it is rare to find a blood urea-nitroge11 value greater than 14 mg. per 100 c.c. of the blood. In uraemia, and in other conditions wit}1 impaired kidney function, notably in cholera? is greatly increased. Values as great as 100 per 100 c.c. of blood may be met with in these conditions and indicate a very bad prognosis. There are many excellent methods for the estimation of the blood urea, but as they requii*e considerable laboratory facilities and apparatus, they are not suitable for patients in the remote mofussil. In the present paper a very simp'e method for estimating the blood urea is given which can be easily performed in the mofussil of


A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala at a constant dietary cystine level. Six semipurified diets were formulated to contain graded dietary methionine levels from 3.9 to 15.4 g kg−1 in about 2.5 g kg−1 increments in the presence of 2.2 g kg−1 cystine. Results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly increased with increasing dietary methionine levels from 3.9 to 12.4 g kg−1 and thereafter kept stable. Maximum protein productive value (PPV), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) and liver weight were observed in 8.5 g methionine kg−1 diet. Protein contents in whole fish body were positively correlated with dietary methionine level, while lipid contents were negatively correlated with it. Morphological index and hepatic glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were independent of dietary methionine levels. However, dietary methionine supplementation significantly improved haematological parameters, plasma methionine and total essential amino acid contents and hepatic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities. Analysis of dose response using broken-line regression on the basis of SGR and PPV versus dietary methionine level estimated the optimum dietary methionine requirements of juvenile M. amblycephala to be between 8.5 and 8.4 g kg−1 of diet (25.0 and 24.7 g kg−1 of protein) in the presence of 2.2 g kg−1 cystine, respectively. Hence, the corresponding total sulphur amino acids requirements of this species were calculated to be 10.7 and 10.6 g kg−1 of diet (31.5 and 31.2 g kg−1 of dietary protein).


Site-specific mutagenesis of proteins was extended to incorporate nonnatural amino acids through in vitro cell-free translation or through in vivo translation in the living cells. To this end, a va...


ABSTRACT Species composition and richness of fish assemblages in altered and unaltered littoral habitats in Lake St. Clair, Michigan, differed between areas. A percid-cyprinid-cyprinodontid assemblage dominated in the unaltered area, Muscamoot Bay, which has a natural shoreline (with almost no alteration due to dredging or bulkheading), high water quality, and high species richness of aquatic macrophytes. A centrarchid assemblage dominated in the altered area, Belvidere Bay, which has a bulkheaded shoreline, many dredged areas, reduced water quality due to inputs of nutrients from a nearby river, and relatively low species richness of aquatic macrophytes. Habitat factors, species richness and abundance of aquatic macrophytes, had the most influence on fish community structure in both areas. The percid-cyprinid-cyprinodontid assemblage was significantly correlated with six species of macrophytes whereas the centrarchid assemblage was significantly correlated with only four. These patterns suggested that pr...


A rainfall‐runoff model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) is presented for the Blue Nile catchment. The best geometry of the ANN rainfall‐runoff model in terms of number of hidden layers and nodes is identified through a sensitivity analysis. The Blue Nile catchment (about 300 000 km2) in the Nile basin is selected here as a case study. The catchment is classified into seven subcatchments, and the mean areal precipitation over those subcatchments is computed as a main input to the ANN model. The available daily data (1992–99) are divided into two sets for model calibration (1992–96) and for validation (1997–99). The results of the ANN model are compared with one of physical distributed rainfall‐runoff models that apply hydraulic and hydrologic fundamental equations in a grid base. The results over the case study area and the comparative analysis with the physically based distributed model show that the ANN technique has great potential in simulating the rainfall‐runoff process adequately. Because the available record used in the calibration of the ANN model is too short, the ANN model is biased compared with the distributed model, especially for high flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


During a 4-year period, 29 fetal nuchal edemas were observed, associated with other ultrasound abnormalities in 7 cases (24%). Fetal karyotypes were abnormal in 10 cases: 6 trisomy 21; 3 trisomy 18, a


BACKGROUND
Various therapeutic iron preparations are available in the market, which differ in their pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. There is insufficient evidence regarding the superior safety or efficacy of one over the other.

OBJECTIVES
To study the effects of iron preparations on various parameters like hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and serum ferritin.

STUDY DESIGN
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted from inception till 3 June, 2022.

DATA SOURCES AND SELECTION CRITERIA
Databases like MEDLINE and COCHRANE were searched for RCTs evaluating the effects and safety profile of various iron salts in the management of iron deficiency anemia in children and adolescents.

MAIN RESULTS
Eight studies with a total of 495 children were included the review. Pooled analysis showed ferrous sulphate to cause a significant increase in hemoglobin compared with other iron compounds [mean difference (95% CI) 0.53 (0.22 to 0.83; P <0.001]. Also ferrous sulphate is superior to iron polymaltose complex (IPC) (P<0.001). However, there was a significant increase in gastrointestinal adverse effects with ferrous sulphate compared to IPC (P=0.03). Other iron compounds were more efficacious than IPC in raising hemoglobin levels (P<0.001). Among the few studies evaluating iron indices like MCV, MCH, and serum ferritin, there was no significant difference between the iron preparations (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION
A low quality evidence suggests that ferrous sulphate is more efficacious than other compounds (P<0.001), though, there is an increase in gastrointestinal side effects with ferrous sulphate.


Several developments related to Hydroxyurea (HU) were described at the 12th World AIDS Conference. HU was shown effective in combination with other drugs in substantially reducing viral loads. One study showed that HU increases the capacity of two new drugs, adefovir and PMPA, to achieve viral suppression, even with the multi- drug resistant form of the virus. Some presentations described how HU enhances the activity of nucleoside analogs, and others discussed HU's effects on salvage therapy with drug experienced patients. Information is included on the results of the ACTG-307 trial and on opportunities for the study participants to roll over to new trials. HU is now being studied at several dosage levels, which will help determine the smallest, yet most effective dose to use.


In 1980 the US Congress passed legislation creating the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), a 10-year research program. NAPAP is a multiagency effort and its organization includes an Interagency Science Committee, an Interagency Policy Committee, and seven task groups. The focus of this paper is on the NAPAP Integrated Model Set (IMS). The IMS must reflect the state-of-science in modeling and must be documented and compared with other approaches in the literature in a NAPAP State-of-Science report. The IMS has been developed for use in the NAPAP assessment planned for 1990. The components of the IMS include economic and energy scenario driver modules, sectoral energy use and emissions models, feedback loops, and integration connections. Each of the model components and the economic and energy drive modules and the integration approach have undergone third party review. 19 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.


RESPECT THE INVENTION LIPOSOMES CONTAINING ACTIVE MATERIAL, INCLUDING DRUG OF ACTIVE. THEY INCLUDE MEMBRANE WALLS FORMED FROM MATERIAL CONTAINING BASE AT LEAST ONE AND ONE PHOSPHOLIPID OILY SUBSTANCE, SO PRODUCING LIPOSOMES HAVING WALLS MEMBRANES HIGH STRENGTH AND FOR DELAY THE RELEASE IMPORTANT TO OUTSIDE THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE INCLUDED IN THEIR BLISTERS.


Maintenance of economic stability of any subject of managing in which role in article versatile town-planning complexes act, is objectively accompanied by its concentration. Concentration of administrative process as an important condition of growth of its efficiency is considered.


David Nussbaum CA, CEO of WWF UK and soon to be CEO of human rights organisation The Elders speaks to CA Today ahead of his appearance at the ICAS Conference.


Objective To explore the effect of prevention and treatment of external application of Algoplaque for controlling phlebitis caused by peripheral indewelling needle in vein for patients. Methods This research was divided into two parts,prevention and treatment. As for prevention research,patients were randomly divided into the experimental and the control groups,each group included 30 patients. In the experimental group,we applied directly external application of Algoplaque at the upper of needle puncture site of the vein and nearby the eye. In the control group,we applied the film directly to fix the indwelling needle. As for the treatment research, it was carried out in patients with occurred phlebitis, who were randomly divided into two groups,the experimental group included 30 cases of patients and the control group included 28 cases of patients. Observation time was one to five days. Results The incidence of phlebitis in the experimental group of prevention research was 23%, in the control group it was 90%. The incidence of phlebitis in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The effective rate in the experimental group of treatment research was 96.7% and it was 67.9% in the control group. The difference was very significant. Conclusions External application of Algoplaque can effectively control phlebitis caused by peripheral indewelling needle in vein.

Key words:
Peripheral indwelling needle in vein; Algoplaque;  Phlebitis


The main research is to get the distance by use of 3D-camera. This article will explain some key technologies,such as camera calibration,stereo rectification,SAD( Sum of Absolute Differences),threedimensional reconstruction and so on. The chessboard pictures are taken by the 3D camera from different angles, then saved to computer,and used to corner detection and camera calibration in order to get the parameters of the camera. Bouguet algorithm is selected as the stereo rectification algorithm. Stereo matching use SAD method. When we get the disparity map and the points clouds we start three-dimensional reconstruction work,then the distance between the target and camera is calculated based on similar triangles principle. The experiment is finished by OpenCV2. 4. 3( C + +) and VS2010. This system only need an ordinary 3D-camera,which is not expensive. This system is time-saving and accurate when it is used.


The goal of the paper consists in investigating if comovements in some selected time series are common to various countries and periods of time. To do so, we use 18 economic time series between 1960: I- 1998: IV for 17 European countries. We found "regularity" in terms of comovements and periodicity with respect to the GDP, in slightly most of the series. In particular, consumption and investment among the aggregate demand components, employment and productivity, and, to a lesser degree, the consumers' and GDP price indexes, their inflation rates and the stock market index, are stable across countries, while the "exogenous" component of the national income series, the monetary variables, the interest rates and the nominal wage level are not. Cyclical movements of some series certainly are policy and institutional specific, as previous studies argued. Moreover, we investigated if GDP-comovements are robust within each single country, by comparing the various cyclical phases. As regards the cycle-specific approach, we found that only the real series are stable: prices, interest rates and wages are very irregular. Our results puzzle the "one-sided" impulse-propagation approach to fluctuations: The main message which emerges from this paper is that business cycle are not all alike, but some characteristics are very robust.


【Objective】To investigate the effects of simvastatin on blood adiponectin and hypersensitive C reactive protein(hsCRP) levels in patients with unstable angina.【Methods】Sixty-three patients with unstable angina were randomly divided into two groups: control group(n=31) and simvastatin group(n=32) treated for 2 weeks.Serum adiponectin and hsCRP levels were measured before and after 2 weeks' intervention.Fifty healthy persons were enrolled as controls.Adiponectin was measured with ELISA and hsCRP with immune turbidimetry.【Results】① Compared with healthy controls,serum adiponectin levels in patients with unstable angina were significantly lower(P0.01) and levels of hsCRP were higher(P0.01);②Patients in simvastatin group had higher adiponectin and lower hsCRP levels compared with control group(P0.05).【Conclusion】Patients with unstable angina have lower adiponectin and higher hsCRP levels than healthy controls,and treatment with simvastatin has beneficial effects on the above cytokines.


This paper discusses the process of Educational Modernization from French bourgeois revolution to the First World War in terms of educational law and curriculum revolution. From those aspects analyzing the obvious Characters of reversal and radicalness of Modernization of French Education.


Data given in our investigation put questions important for clinical aspects of transplantation on efficacy of perfusional immunosorption for subsequent kidney transplantation with a temporarily reduced level of preexistent antibodies, on the character of evolution of the secondary response under the same conditions, on the level of immunodepression required in treating such patients etc.


【Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of superficial acupuncture to deep acupuncture on normal muscle function. Methods : In Group A, 12 healthy subjects had been treated by deep acupuncture(10mm). In Group B, 12-healthful subjects had been treated by superficial acupuncture(5mm). Each session took 10 minutes. Before and after the treatment, outcomes were assessed by Algometer for muscle tenderness, dynamometer for grasping power and Meridian-Electromyograph(MEMG) for extensor muscles. Results : The Contraction power of finger extensor muscles assessed by MEMG had decreased significantly in both groups. The muscle fatigue of finger extensor muscles assessed by MEMG had increased significantly in Deep acupuncture group. Grasping power assessed by dynamometer had no significant change in both groups. Conclusions : According to above results, superficial acupuncture is more effective on reducing muscle fatigue.】


We examine the potential of third-person effects to influence editorial behavior. Two studies investigated college students' judgments about a controversial advertisement and its suitability for publication in their college newspaper. The advertisement in question, printed in many college newspapers in the early 1990s, claimed that the Nazi campaign against the Jews in the World War II was an exaggeration. Study 1 confirmed a correlation between students' third-person effect perceptions and opposition to publishing the advertisement. Jewish students produced larger third-person effects and were significantly less willing to print the advertisement. These results suggest that those with interests at stake perceived the message as especially likely to influence others, and thus dangerous. However, a closer inspection of the data, followed up experimentally in study 2, suggests that both third-person effects and publication decisions were primarily a function of variance in subjects' perceived impact of the message on themselves, not on others. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.


The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, in the composition of Presiding [Judge] T. G. Morshchakova and Judges E. M. Ametistov, M. V. Baglai, N. V. Vitruk, G. A. Gadzhiev, Iu. M. Danilov, V. D. Zor'kin, A. L. Kononov, N. V. Seleznev, V. G. Strekozov, O. I. Tiunov, O. S. Khokhriakova, B. S. Ebzeev, and V. G. Iaroslavstev, with the participation of the representatives of the parties that submitted the inquiries to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: M. A. Mitiukov-;-epresentative of the President of the Russian Federation; A. N. Mal'tsev, M. L Piskotin, and S. A. Popov-;-epresentatives of a group of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly; and A. N. Vedemikov and S. B. Kriukova----i"epresentatives of a group of citizens of the city oflzhevsk who made recourse with a complaint; and the representatives of the State Council of the Udmurt Republic as the party that adopted the challenged act-A. A. Volkov, A. S. Borzenkov, and V. V. Lazarev, being guided by Article 125 (point "b" of part 2 and part 4) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, subpoint "b" of point 1 and point


In order to study the effect of slurry on the bearing performance of bored piles,the function and the effect mechanism of slurry were analyzed.Through the analysis on the static load test results of piles of a bridge,some conclusions could be drawn: the quality of slurry would have direct effect on the thickness of settled materials of pile tip and the thickness of slurry skin on piles,and further would have great effect on the bearing performance of bored piles.So the quality of slurry should be in cluded into the bearing performance analysis model of bored piles.Finally,the experiences in principles and methods of preparation,management and arrangement of construction of fine quality slurry were summerized.


This article is about spirulina and how it can be used as a nutrient supplement, a therapeutic agent, trace metal supplement, antioxidant, pigments, enviroment protector and a source of enzymes.


Vitamin C plays a crucial role in the suppression of proliferation of several types of cancer. Over‐expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and type I insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) receptor are important for proliferation and protection from apoptosis in malignancies. However, its specific mechanisms, especially the interaction between COX‐2 expression and IGF‐I axis mediated by vitamin C, remain yet to be clarified. Therefore, we investigated the effects of vitamin C on the proliferation of melanoma cells via the modulation of COX‐2 expression and IGF‐I axis. As a result, we found that 1.0 mM vitamin C inhibits the proliferation of SK‐MEL‐2 without induction of apoptosis. At that moment, IGF‐II production was decreased, followed by the inhibition of COX‐2 activity. IGF‐IR expression was also down‐regulated by vitamin C treatment. It coincided with the result from the inhibition of COX‐2 by NS‐398 and COX‐2 siRNA. In addition, the decreased IGF‐IR expression by vitamin C was restored by the treatment of recombinant prostaglandin E2. Finally, we determined whether the signal pathway would be involved in vitamin C‐induced IGF‐II and IGF‐IR down‐regulation. When the cells were exposed to SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, COX‐2 expression was dramatically recovered. In addition, phosphorylated p38 MAPK was increased after vitamin C treatment. Taken together, vitamin C suppresses proliferation of the human melanoma cell line SK‐MEL2 via the down‐regulation of IGF‐II production and IGF‐IR expression, which is followed by the activation of p38 MAPK and the inhibition of COX‐2 expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 180–188, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The UK's new Bribery Act, which took effect in April, seems to be having a knock on effect in Germany, where at least one German subsidiary of a UK based drug company has announced it will no longer pay for doctors to attend international conferences.

Kai Richter, medical director for AstraZeneca Deutschland, told the Financial Times Deutschland that beginning in the second half of the year the company will not cover the cost of hotels and travel or conference fees for doctors attending medical science events.

Dr Richter was not quoted in the article as specifically saying the decision was taken on account …


The Republic of Korea came to realize the acute necessity of launching the public-private partnership (PPP) at the turn of the 90s, the country happened to fall short of such infra facilities as roadways, railroads, sea ports and airports and the government found itself unable to fully finance their construction works. Although the PPP institutional framework started to get purposely and mostly formed in the first half of the 90s in Korea the PPP itself actually came into occasional practice even before, owing to some legislation, covering roadways and sea ports. There are four main stages to be noted in the development of PPP, consecutively ranging from 1968 to 1994, from 1994 to 1999, from 1999 to 2004 and since 2005 till now. The PPP periods are much related to various amendments to the basic PPP law, initially adopted in August 1994 as the Act on Promotion of Private Capital Investment in Social Overhead Capital which was transformed into the Act on Private Participation in Infrastructure (briefly called the PPP Act) in December 1998. Along with this Act, Korea's PPP institutional basis currently laid by the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure, the PPP Basic Plan and the PPP Implementation Guidelines. It is the PPP Act that determines 49 types of PPP project-eligible infra facilities, categorized into 15 groups such as roads, railroads, ports, airports, communications, water resources, energy, environment, forestry, logistics, welfare, public housing, military housing, education, culture/tourism. In the aspect of the globally-recognized types of PPP procurement methods, the PPP Act primarily determines the use of such mechanisms as BTL, BTO, BOT, BOO.


In reflecting on the huge disasters of a series of war including World War I, World War II, and the cold war, there have been many attempts to stop and prevent recurring conflicts among major states as well as civil wars and genocides. Since then the concept of conflict resolution has been emerged and transformed accordingly to respond to the change of the world order. Though there is no full guarantee that a single theory will ensure the conflict settlement, mediation, facilitation, and rights to protect (R2P) and forceful intervention by international coalition or bodies like United Nation have gained much recognition in a way of resolving conflicts. Though they have been proven successfully in some conflict cases, there are also evidences of their failure and escalation of more tensions. Hence, this paper attempts to address the effectiveness of these conflict resolution theories in reflecting to reality of recently ongoing wars. It will examine their success and failure and seek how these theories are contested in the real practice. At the same time, this paper will go beyond these theories by exploring other alternatives and seeking effective solutions to current unsolved conflicts as well as future clashes.


Although electric, ultrasonic and acoustic toothbrushes are now becoming available in shops, the effects and functions of those toothbrushes are not fully understood and consumer information is limited. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of plaque control, we examined and compared the characters, functions and effects of one hand toothbrush, two types of electric toothbrushes, one ultrasonic toothbrush and three types of acoustic toothbrushes. As a result, it showed that each type of toothbrush has its own characteristic features which affects its degree of efficiency in removing plaque. This shows that the training in the use of acoustic toothbrushes is needed, as well as the training with hand toothbrushes.


Purpose. Study of the content ofprotein HER2 and gene HER2, CEP17 in conjunction with clinical and morphological parameters and survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Material and methods. Investigated 218 surgery samples of non-small cell lung cancer. HER2 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry (clone 4B5, «Ventana») andgene HER2, CEP17 by hybridization in situ (SISH, «Ventana»). Results. Found relationship between the clinical and morphological parameters on the TNM system with protein HER2 status and CEP17 (for value N), protein HER2 status and gene HER2 amplification (for tumor histogenesis). Survival ofpatients with protein HER2 negative status better than positive status. Found better survival in the absence of gene HER2 amplification and increase CEP17 or gene HER2 amplification in conjunction with increase CEP17, the worse survival gene HER2 amplification or increase CEP17. In univariate regression analysis protein HER2 status had an impact on survival. Multivariate regression analysis showed no relationship protein HER2 status and gene HER2, CEP17 with patient survival. Conclusion. The content ofprotein HER2 and gene HER2, CEP17 correlated with clinical and morphological parameters and survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients.


In this study 3-month SPI data from 59 stations over the Korean peninsula are analyzed by deriving and spatially characterizing the EOFs. Also, the coefficient time series of EOF are applied to the multi-variate time series model to generate the time series of 10,000 years, to average them to estimate the areal average, and to decide the maximum drought severity for given return periods. Finally, the drought prevention ability is evaluated by considering the effective storage of dam within the basin and the size of agricultural area. Especially for the return period of 30 years, only the Han river basin has the potential to overcome the drought. Other river basins like the Youngsan river basin, which has a large portion of agricultural area but less water storage, are found to be very vulnerable to the rainfall-sensitive agricultural drought.


In this paper, we introduce an image processing tool, Video Spatialization, as a new approach to navigate through a "virtualized" scene, only known by a limited set of uncalibrated images (i.e without any CAD model). We develop this approach in the context of an interactive appli cation: a multipoint teleconferencing system for very low bit rate links (internet, mobile communications), based on the immersion of the virtual models of all the participants, in a common virtualized meeting place controlled by video spatialization. This article contains (i) the recallof an efficient "mesh-oriented" algorithm for the reconstructio n of real views and the synthesis of virtual ones from a triplet of uncalibrated views; (ii) some extensions of the original approach from one to triplets of views to simulate navigation and (iii) preliminary investigations using vid eo spatialization for background control within the context o f our virtual teleconferencing application.


In this study, we aimed to synthesize some new benzoxazole derivatives bearing amide moiety and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. A set of seven novel compounds of 2-methyl-5-[4(substituted-piperazin-/piperidin)acetamido]benzoxazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting 2-Chloro-N-(2-methylbenzoxazol-5yl)acetamide with corresponding piperidine or piperazine derivatives in acetone. The structures of the final compounds were confirmed by spectral data (IR, 1 H-NMR and MS). The antimicrobial activity of the compounds were determined by using the microbroth dilution method. Antimicrobial activity results revealed that synthesized compounds not exhibited remarkable activity.


Professor K. Ya. Kondratyev made a significant contribution to soils and vegetation research using data from airspace observations. This paper is a brief review of the part of Kondratyev's versatile activity dealing with radiation transfer theory for the atmospheric correction of multispectral satellite images. New opportunity is outlined of remote sensing data applications developing the elaborated techniques of multispectral imagery processing. The applications are presented by classification procedures of natural objects in the processed images and by retrieval procedures of quantitative parameters of forest and other types of vegetation such as the amount of green phytomass together with discrimination of forest species (coniferous, deciduous, mixed) for each individual pixel. Some results are shown of the relevant applications for multispectral satellite images of medium and high spatial resolution.


Nowadays, mobility is a crucial factor in society. Along with the increases in mobility, obstacles influencing it are increasing as well. Therefore, technology to support mobility continues to develope, one of which is Global Positioning System (GPS). Nowadays, GPS already has decent features and comes with accurate and comprehensive information. The title of this thesis is "Comparison of Floyd-Warshall and Dijkstra's Algorithm on Hunt The Wumpus Game ". The goal is to compare Floyd-Warshall's algorithm and Dijkstra's algorithm on "Hunt The Wumpus" game to find out the shortest path. This thesis is expected to be used to enhance the capabilities of GPS technology in order to deliver the shortest path and fastest path features that can be run in real time. Research is carried out by designing and implementing program based on "Hunt The Wumpus" game to compare both algorithms. They are compared on the basis of four criterias which are completeness, optimality, time complexity, and space complexity.The experiments revealed that Dijkstra's and Floyd-Warshall's algorithms are both complete and optimal. Also known that Floyd-Warshall's algorithm is superior in term of speed, but Dijkstra's Algorithm is superior in term of space usage.


This paper describes the design and application of a simple transducer developed by the Cement and Concrete Association to study the properties of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Minimal surface preparation and a simple method of fixing was required. The transducer was to be able to span any cracks that may develop in the specimen, have an output comparable with the Demec gauge, be capable of easy construction and repair. The transducer evolved was basically a clip gauge, and was made in three lengths: 50 mm, 100 mm and 200 mm. A flexible strip is used, mounted on two blocks with conical pins driven into them to provide a means of location to the Demec stand. The assembly is attached to the specimen by means of tension springs hooked into short lengths of aluminium angle bonded onto the specimen. A bridge circuit, energised by 5 V DC, is used to give full scale output of approximately plus or minus 10 millivolts corresponding to plus or minus 12700 microstrain. The author describes a calibration rig and shows that the transducers can be made to meet the specification for a grade C extensometer. (TRRL)


The present work investigates the concentrations and distrabutions of Nitrogen in the eastern Jiaozhou Bay based on the data of four cruises from Nov.1990 to Aug.1991.The concentration of dissolved inorgenic nitrogen(DIN) ranges from 1.12 μmol/dm 3 to 34.8 μmol/dm 3,the annunal average is 11.1 μmol/dm 3.Nitration is the main forms of DIN, about 68 %, in autumn and 68 percent of DIN,average is 11.2 μmol/dm 3. The concentration of NH 4 N is highest.The concentration of dissolved nitrogen is higher,especially in winter and spring,77 percent and 72 percent of total nitrogen,the annunal average is 42.3 μmol/dm 3.The concentration of dissolved orgenic nitrogen is 69 % and 66 % in the two seasons. The distributions of different nitrogen show higher along the seashore. The higher value zone is spotted in eastern and northerneast of Jiaozhou Bay.


The paper studies the foundation of industrial recycle economy system in Qinhuangdao from transversal and vertical aspects. Transversal study starts from foundation theory of recycle economy system. Firstly it considers under which economic structure recycle economy should found in order to get optimal benefit, and then studies how many bottle-neck factors affecting the foundation of recycle economy there are. Vertical study is based on concrete circumstances of Qinhuangdao city, studies the foundation mainly from three aspects, namely, transforming traditional industry, regional cooperation on recycle economy and the foundation of recycle economy in small towns.


The influence of adhesive rigidity on the stress distribution in a prefabricated plywood wall panel subject to a racking load has been investigated. A typical low-cost housing wall panel, joined by means of a thick-layer adhesive, was studied analytically and experimentally. The results of stress analyses of the panel were performed with two different adhesive rigidities—a rigid adhesive and a relatively flexible adhesive. For each analysis, the stresses in the plane of the sheathing were compared. The analytically predicted critcal rolling shear stress between framing and sheathing was found to be three times greater in the panel joined by the rigid adhesive than in the panel joined by a flexible adhesive. The flexible adhesive serves to reduce stress concentrations by distributing loads uniformly throughout the structural system. The results of a limited testing program partially substantiate the results of the analytical study. A wall panel was fabricated and constructed with a material similar to a flexible thick-layer adhesive. The agreement was good which in part substantiates the conclusions drawn from the finite element analysis.


Locating transcription factor binding sites in genomic sequences is a key step in deciphering transcription networks. Currently available software for site search is mostly server-based, limiting the range and flexibility of this type of analysis. xFITOM is a fully customizable program for locating binding sites in genomic sequences written in C++. Through an easy-to-use interface, xFITOM that allows users an unprecedented degree of flexibility in site search. Among other features,it enables users to define motifs by mixing real sites and IUPAC consensus sequences,to search the annotated sequences of unfinished genomes and to choose among 11 different search algorithms. Availability xFITOM is available for download at: http://research.umbc.edu/˜erill


Early attack detection in wireless networks generally requires a lot of computational steps, and pre-emptive calculations, which in turn reduce the quality of service (QoS) parameters like end to end delay of communication, the packet delivery ratio and most importantly the lifetime of the network. Such networks usually have high security performance, but compromise on crucial and time sensitive parameters, thereby making the networks inefficient for real time applications. In this paper, we propose a machine learning (ML) layer for optimization of the QoS parameters for early stage attack detection networks. The proposed protocol uses multiple one-time computational parameters which can be evaluated before network deployment, and then used recursively throughout the network's lifetime without much modifications. Evaluation of the proposed protocol was done on various network scenarios, which indicated a 9% performance improvement in terms of end-toend communication delay, and more than 15% improvement in terms of network lifetime, while it also shows about3% improvement in network throughput and packet delivery ratio, which is due to a trade-off in the fitness function of the proposed machine learning algorithm, and can be fine tuned as per the application's requirements. These optimizations are achieved without compromising on the network's attack detection probability. Machine Learning For Qos Optimization In Early Attack Detection Networks 027 It selects the most optimal medium access protocol to be applied in the network Due to these 2 properties of the machine learning algorithm, the network's QoS improves, and thus even after all the computational complexities which are presented by the early attack detection algorithm, the proposed network has a QoS which is as close to optimal as possible. The next section describes various early attack detection techniques, followed by the proposed early attack detection with QoS optimizing machine learning layer, and later followed by the comparison of QoS parameters which are presented by standard protocols, and we finally conclude this text with some good observations about our work, and how it can be taken further. 2. PROPOSED ALGORITHM We first define the early attack detection protocol based on the DADCQ technique, followed by the proposed machine learning layer. The proposed DADCQ protocol takes advantage of the multiple thresholds supported by the protocol in order to evaluate the attackers in the system. The proposed protocol can be elaborated using the following modules, a. Removal of Eavesdropping Attacks Eavesdropping attacks occurs when the data is transmitted by authorized user and it is been read or received by the unauthorized user. So for this the DADCQ proposes the concept of adding the trusted nodes in the network those are fixed at the fixed distance in the network and these nodes are arranged in such a way that they cover the entire network. So the proposed method says that whenever the communication takes place it should satisfy the following equation: Ecn max > (Ecs , Ecr) (1) Where Ecn is the communication node via which the communication is taking place and is also called as hop node, Ecs is the communicating source node; Ecr is the communicating receiver node. Ecn must follow the given condition. Ecn ε (Etrusted) (2) Where Etrusted is the set of trusted nodes placed in the network. During the communication cycle the energy content of the Entrusted nodes is changed stochastically due to the rapid charging and discharging cycles so the attacker is not able to replicate it very easily. Also the node distance should follow the given equation: Dcsnr > Dcsn + Dcrn (3) Dcsn ˂ Dcsr (4) Dcrn ˂ Dcsr (5) In the equations above Dcsnr is the Euclidean distance between the sources to communication node to receiver, Dcsn is the distance between the sources to communication node, Dcrn is the distance between the receiver and the selected node, Dcsr is the direct distance between source and destination. The equations 3, 4 & 5 make sure that follows 6 Pc ε (Ptrusted) (6) Where Pc is the position of the selected node and Ptrusted is the set of the trusted nodes which are placed by in the network. Due to an infinite number of possible combinations of energy variations and an infinite number of nodes placements there is almost insignificant probability of eves-dropping attack by any node. 2.1 Removal of DDoS Attacks DDoS attacks occur when lots to nodes try to communicate with the single entity node in the network. In order to remove DDoS attacks DADCQ uses the pattern analysis technique. In this technique the node patterns are evaluated and the patterns being transmitted by the nodes are evaluated. This technique works in 2 level of threshold comparison in the first level of threshold comparison the number of packets communicated by the node per unit time are monitored and the following threshold is applied as Pputn < 1.5 * Σ Pputi /N (7) Where Pput is the number of packets transmitted per unit time by node n is number of node being screened for DDoS. N is the total number of nodes in the network. The selected constant is 1.5 is fixed for healthy communication so number of nodes communicated at any time by a single node is at most 1.5 times the mean value of packets communicated by all nodes. The factor 1.5 is fixed after performing more than 1000 communications in the network and observing the ratio of the packets communicated by a node to the mean of packets communicated in the network for a total of 200 nodes in each communication. The nodes which do not satisfy the above constraints are being identified and are marked as level DDoS attackers they are not blocked from communication but DADCQ gives lesser priority to these nodes while the re-broadcasting of the packets. Nodes can regain the trust values by sending the lower than threshold packets in the consecutive communications. Post the level1 marking the nodes whose trust values are found to be satisfying equation are marked as DDoS nodes and are given the lowest DADCQ priority in the communication sequence Tvn < Σ Tvi /2* N (8) Where Tvn is the trust value of the scanned node post level 1 screening and Tv is the trust value of all the nodes and N is the total number of node. The factor 2*N is considered as to be sure that the identified node has as trust value lower than at least half of the trust values of all scanned nodes which do not satisfy the level 1 constraints in the network.The factor 2*N is considered, so as to be sure, that the identified node has a trust value lower than at least half of the mean of the trust values of Dharmaveer P. Choudhari1, Sanjay. S. Dorle 028 all scanned nodes which do not satisfy level 1 constraints in the network. So initially each node has a fixed factor until 0.1, if the nodes do not follow the equation (8).Where Tvn is the trust value of the scanned node post level 1 screening, and Tvi is the trust value of all the nodes, N is the total number of nodes.Due to the dynamic nature of thresholds, it is very easy for the network designer to identify DDOS affected nodes, and make sure that they are not a part of the communication sequenceThe nodes which satisfy the constraints given by both the eves-dropping and DDOS techniques are further allowed to perform communication, while others are dropped from the communication sequence. Before application of the early attack detection algorithm on the network, the machine learning layer is applied for communication and medium access control in order to get optimum QoS. 3. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT The network parameters used are defined as follows, Parameter Value Routing algorithm AODV Number of nodes 30 to 100 Network type P2P Queue Priority drop tail Network size 300 m x 300 m MAC Type 802.11 No.of communications 1-50 Protocols used p-persistence, DCB, AAG, ML with DADCQ (proposed) Table .1. Network parameters