To investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of leukemic arthritis(LA)and to provide basis for early diagnosis of LA.Methods Eight cases of LA in our hospital during 2002-2006 were analyzed retrospectively.Clinical features including initial presentation,involved joints,and laboratory tests were analyzed.Results Among the 8 cases,2 were children and 6 were adults,5 patients had acute lymphoid leukemia and 3 had acute myeloid leukemia.LA could be polyarthritis or oligoarthritis.The joints most commonly involved were knee,followed by hip,wrist,shoulder,ankle,sacroiliac,and elbow,as well as small joints in feet.The involved joints were asymmetric.Joint pains were severe and refractory to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.The abnormalities of the blood routine test were low white blood cell count,lymphocyteosis,or anemia.The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were all abnormal.Serum calcium,phosphate,and alkaline phosphatase were normal.The rheumatoid factor was negative,while anti-nuclear antibody could be negative or positive.LA delayed the diagnosis of leukemia, with an average time of 4.8(range,0.5-9)months.Conclusion Patient with arthralgia or arthritis which has undefined cause and poor response to standard management should be considered the possibility of leukemia even when the blood routine is normal.Related examinations should be taken.


On a mountain road close to Fribourg, Switzerland, the Zollhaus bridge, a reinforced concrete bridge built in 1917, has to be replaced. This bridge crossed the river Singine chaude perpendicularly with a span of 12 m. The new bridge span is 25 m, and the bridge deck is characterised by a strong skew of 52° in order to allow higher traffic speed and to increase the clear space above the river, reducing the risk of flooding in the neighbourhood.


Tuberous  roots  of  sweet  potato,  belonging  to  clone  CEMSA  78-354,  coming  from  banks  of  seeds  and  collected, keeping  in  mind  their  sanity  and  uniformity  in  the  size,  were  used.  They  were  transferred  to  laboratory  under semicontrolled conditions and placed in glass flasks with 300 mg.l -1  of tap water (control treatment) and in flasks with the some volume of water and different pectimorf concentration (5, 10, 15 and 0 mg.l -1 ). At different time the following indicators: number of sprouts per tuber, length of sprouts and number of buds per sprouts. Evaluated indicators were achieved with the use of 15 mg.l -1  Pectimorf overcoming those reached by the control treatment. Key words: buds,  Pectimorf, sprouts, sweet potato


Packet collision is a well-known severe impairment in ALOHA-based networks and, more generally, in any random access network. As a consequence, several methodologies have been considered with the aim of lowering the resulting performance degradation. A novel multiuser detection scheme exploiting channel diversity to separate collided signals is proposed here to enable multiple packet reception capability in random access schemes. The performance of this approach is analytically derived and optimized in terms of network throughput, and compared with that of different alternatives. The overall performance in terms of throughput shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in different operating conditions.


The vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) process is a cost-effective technique for manufacturing lightweight large complex composite components. It belongs to the liquid composite molding (LCM) family. In this process, a fibrous preform is placed into a mold cavity, and covered by a vacuum bag, then a sealant tape is used to adhere it to the mold in order to avoid air-resin leakage. A vacuum pump is used to evacuate the air from the closed cavity which leads to compact the fabric preform. The inlet gate is opened and resin impregnates the preform under atmospheric pressure. Based on the tripping of compaction and resin infusion phases, several manufacturing routes manifest and have influence on the process time, resin pressure distribution and preform thickness uniformity. In this paper, a numerical simulation, based on the finite difference method, is conducted to investigate the effect of four major manufacturing routes of VARI process on the aforementioned parameters. The obtained results reveal that the merging of the air vacuuming and resin infusion phases has no mentioned effect on the reduction of the process time. While, the fourth manufacturing route, where the resin injection precedes vacuuming phase, is the best practice of vacuum assisted resin infusion process. In its optimum scenario, this route can reduce the process time with 19.9% as compared to the optimum scenario of the first manufacturing route.


Generic drugs are significantly less expensive than their brand name counterparts, and the use of generic drugs has increased drastically in recent years, representing upwards of 75% of all prescriptions filled in the United States. A large amount of this increase is due to states' adoptions of generic substitution laws, or laws that allow for the substitution of generic drug formulations in place of their brand name counterparts. Theoretically, generic drugs are just as effective as their brand name alternatives; in fact, the FDA requires that generic formulations demonstrate "bioequivalence," meaning that they show absorption rates of active ingredients that are within a range of 80-125% of that of brand name drugs. Despite their theoretical equivalence, generic and brand name drugs can produce disparate results and side effects. This is problematic when states employ substitution schemes in which no notification of either the physician or patient is necessary for the pharmacist to substitute, and is especially problematic when these conditions are met and substitution is mandated. This problem may be exacerbated for individuals with chronic mental illness, where reduced effectiveness of generic medications can produce individually and societally detrimental outcomes and where differential side effects might interfere with already poor medication compliance rates. This Article examines the effectiveness of generic versus brand name drug formulations in terms of treating mental illness, discusses possible implications of their ∗* Jaymes Fairfax-Columbo is a J.D./Ph.D. student in the Drexel University School of Law and College of Arts and Sciences; JD expected 2019, PhD expected 2020; B.A., Swarthmore College. David DeMatteo, J.D., Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Psychology and Law at Drexel University, where he is also Director of the J.D./Ph.D. Program in Law and Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/18964 282 INDIANA HEALTH LAW REVIEW Vol. 12:1 differential effectiveness, and proposes several solutions for policy change to combat these issues.


The mechanical model of mast of special rotary drilling rig for transmission line is established in this paper. The ultimate loads of mast of rotary drilling rig are designed for drilling condition and lifting drill condition, and the simulation of the mast is done under these typical working conditions. According to the analysis of the stress and deformation of mast, the weaknesses of mast is studied which can provide basis for the further optimization and improvement of mast structure.


Recently, new materials have been developed in the field of bridge design, one of which is FRP composite. To investigate this topic, the Polish National Centre for Research and Development has founded a research project, whose objectives are to develop, manufacture and test a typical FRP bridge superstructures. Two innovative ideas of FRP composite girder-deck structural systems for small and medium span bridges have been proposed. This paper describes the demonstrative bridges and presents the research results on their development and deployment. The finite element analysis and design procedure, structural evaluation in the laboratory and some results of the proof tests carried out on both bridge systems have been briefly presented.


Obtaining vitamin D is critical for space travelers because they lack ultraviolet light exposure and have an insufficient dietary supply of vitamin D. Despite the provision of 400 IU vitamin D supplements to International Space Station (ISS) early crewmembers, vitamin D status was consistently lower after flight than before flight, and in several crewmembers has decreased to levels considered clinically significant. Vitamin D has long been known to play a role in calcium metabolism, and more recently its non-calcitropic functions have been recognized. According to the results of several recent studies, functionally relevant measures indicate that the lower limit of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (a marker of vitamin D status) should be raised from the current 23 nmol/L to 80 nmol/L. The mean preflight serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vit D) for U.S. ISS crewmembers to date is 63 +/- 16 nmol/L, and after a 4- to 6-mo space flight it typically decreases 25-30% despite supplementation (400 IU/d). The sub-optimal pre- and postflight vitamin D status is an issue that needs to be addressed, to allow NASA to better define the appropriate amount of supplemental vitamin D to serve as a countermeasure against vitamin D deficiency in astronaut crews. A series of ground-based and flight studies in multiple models have been conducted, including Antarctica in winter months when UV-B radiation levels are essentially zero, bed rest where subjects are not exposed to UV-B radiation for 60-90 days, in free-living individuals in Houston, and in International Space Station crewmembers. In these studies, we looked at dose regimen and efficacy, compliance issues, as well as toxicity. Preliminary results from these studies will be presented. Together, the data from these studies will enable us to provide space crews with evidence-based recommendations for vitamin D supplementation. The findings also have implications for other persons with limited UV light exposure, including polar workers and the elderly.


Practicability of cleaning Thomson scattering windows by a laser blow‐off method is demonstrated and discussed in terms of sweep speed and window damage probability. Optimum sweep speeds of ∼6 cm2/s are obtainable with a 30‐Hz, 0.4‐J/pulse Nd:YAG laser.


My Dear Brother, The inclosed account was drawn up at the request of Robert Græme, Esq. when all the circumstances were fresh in my own recollection, and that of all with whom I had occasion to confer on the subject. Since you requested me to send you a correct copy of the whole case, I have renewed my inquiries among the friends of the young woman, and submitted my account to several persons, who were most capable of supplying any omissions, or correcting any mistakes. I can confidently vouch for the general accuracy of the statement; but would not wish its credibility to rest entirely on my single testimony.


Citrus groves in Indian River County in Florida, irrigated by crown-flooding, have provided an extensive new habitat for the mosquito Aedes vexans (Meigen).

Eggs are laid mainly under tree canopies at the crowns of citrus grove furrows and require inundation as a hatching stimulus. Normal rainfall provides insufficient water depth in the furrows to hatch many eggs, but crown-flood irrigation hatches large numbers. Therefore, irrigation during periods of drought stimulates mosquito production.


Indium arsenide phosphide (InAsP) nanowires (NWs), a member of the III–V semiconductor family, have been used in various photonic and optoelectronic applications thanks to their unique electrical and optical properties such as high carrier mobility and adjustable band gap. In this work, we synthesize InAsP NWs and further explore their nonlinear optical properties. The ultrafast carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical response are thoroughly studied based on the nondegenerate pump probe and Z-scan experimental measurements. Two different characteristic carrier lifetimes (∼2 and ∼15  ps) from InAsP NWs are observed during the excited-carrier relaxation process. Based on the physical model analysis, the relaxation process can be ascribed to the carrier cooling process via carrier-phonon scattering and Auger recombination. In addition, based on the measured excited-carrier lifetime and Pauli-blocking principle, we discover that InAsP NWs show strong saturable absorption properties at the wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm. Last, we demonstrate for the first time a femtosecond (∼426  fs) solid-state laser based on an InAsP NWs saturable absorber at 1.04 μm. We believe that our work provides a better understanding of the InAsP NWs optical properties and will further advance their photonic applications in the near-infrared range.


As the practical range of SAW Device extended into various fields including physical sensor, chemical sensor and ID Tag, the platform for various SAW Devices is required more than ever. While SAW ID or Sensors advanced remarkably, the development of platform which applies to SAW Sensor left much to be desired. Therefore this paper represents the SAW platform in order to use SAW ID such as ID Tag or Sensors more conveniently. The SAW platform consists of a RF module which can recognize SAW ID and a main module which has a hish performance processor in order to process the response signal of SAW ID. The main module which has a high performance processor is designed by GUI environmental type to ensure that users are able to use the platform more easily. In this paper, the SAW platform, which is based on ARM9 core processor, used Windows Embedded CE 6.0 OS which brings friendly interface to users. Also the developers can make less effort to design various applications with sensors.


Drinking a cup of tea is not just about quenching thirst;it is relaxing and a highly pleasurable experience.In this article,Women of China offers tips so you can make the most out of your cup of tea.


Discusses new rules on forced marriages and domestic abuse. Consider three pieces of legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2011 dealing with abusive family relationships, namely the Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2011, the Forced Marriage etc. (Protection and Jurisdiction) (Scotland) Act 2011 and the Children's Hearing (Scotland) Act 2011.


The number of persons traveling to and working in locations where their native language is not used has increased significantly. Thus, communication via symbols has become important for many reasons, including safety. Previous research has shown that a symbol indicating that something is to be done may significantly increase understanding of symbols indicating behavior to be avoided (Leonard, 2000). The symbol indicating that an activity was permitted or to be done was the enclosure of the symbol for the activity in a pentagon. One of the present studies expanded on this result by examining the ability of individuals to learn the meaning of the symbol from a small number of presentations. The second study compared the usefulness of the pentagon symbol with another approach to presenting to do information. The pentagon was superior in drawing attention to the behavior to be performed, especially when no negative symbol was involved. Taken together the two studies provide further support for the usefulness of the pentagon symbol as an indicator of the acceptability or need to perform an activity.


The invention discloses a realization circuit of adaptive compensation of a sensor dynamic response. To be specific, the invention relates to the instrument, electronic measurement and automatic controlling fields, particularly to a hardware realization method of the adaptive compensation of sensor dynamic response. The provided circuit is mainly used for solving technical problems of time delay, noise interference, complex data processing and the like due to utilization of the dynamic compensator. With the dynamic compensation circuit, utilization of a complex software processing algorithm and a high-end DSP processing chip can be avoided; the data process complex response speed is fast; and the production cost is low.


The present research is aimed to enhance the dissol ution rate of risperidone, low soluble drug. The ab sorption rate of risperidone is often controlled by the dissoluti on rate in the GIT due to its poor solubility. The liquisolid compacts (LSC), a promising technique, was employed to overc me low solubility issue. Different formulations we re developed using carriers (Neusilin and Fugicalin), coating (aerosil 200) and vehicle (propylene glycol ). The empirical method as introduced by Spireas and Bolto n was applied to calculate the amounts of carrier a nd coating materials. Using this method, improved flow charact eristics and hardness of the formulation has been a chieved by changing the proportion of carrier and coating mate rials. Further, a 23 factorial design is used and d eveloped LSC using Neusilin (LSC-N1 to LSC-N8) and Fugicalin (LS C-F1 to LSC-F8). The In vitro drug release from the se LSC were evaluated in 0.1N HCl and the optimized formul ation (LSC-N8) was compared with pure drug (capsule ) and marketed product (tablet). The release studies prov ed that the liquisolid tablets produced higher rele as profile than pure drug and marketed product due to increase in s urface and wetting properties of drug. Thus, LSC co nfirmed the enhanced dissolution rate of risperidone which in t urn helps in improving bioavailability.


We investigated yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) growth patterns and disturbance frequency before and after the advent of selection harvesting at the Ford Forestry Center in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, through the use of tree-ring analysis. Based on the boundary-line release detection procedure, 88% of the trees in our sample (n = 67) displayed evidence of at least one moderate or major release. Prior to active forest management, releases were infrequent, and trees that originated during that period had growth histories consistent with establishment after large-scale disturbances (i.e., large canopy gaps, >200 m2). Conversely, tree cohorts that recruited to the canopy more recently displayed a growth pattern suggestive of periodic small gap expansion. Given the declining representation of yellow birch in these forests, the latter strategy, although probably sufficient to prevent extirpation, is unlikely to ensure a sustainable and harvestable population of this and other midtolerants ...


The objective of this paper is to identify the moderator role of age in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: Intention to Use internet banking in Sudan. To achieve this objective the researchers adopted the questionnaire to data collection. A total of 375 questionnaires are distributed 207 respondents are well-responded. Used SPSS, Excel, SmartPLS to analysis the data collected. The results indicate that the age (34yrs and less) does prove as a moderator in effort expectancy, social influence, and intention to use Internet banking. Also, the age generally does not prove as a moderator in internet banking awareness and intention to use internet banking. The study recommended to study the effect of income and education level on acceptance of e-banking services.


This article focuses on the theme of alienation in three works by F. M. Dostoevsky, Notes from the Underground (1864), Crime and Punishment (1866), and The Dream of a Ridiculous Man (1877). This article will argue that despite the overall different set of circumstances, Dostoevsky's literary works nevertheless provide some insight into the coping mechanisms we can utilize when dealing with loneliness and alienation-related problems during social isolation.


Introduction. Current practices to prepare potatoes for sale have significant drawbacks. The aerodynamic method of potato treatment eliminates them owing to its design features. IEEP – branch of FSAC VIM has manufactured an experimental model of the installation POKAS-1 IEEP to test this method. The required power, energy inputs and productivity of the installation were determined and optimized with the aim to achieve highly efficient treatment of potato tubers.
Materials and Methods.Various operating modes of the installation were studied in the experiments according to the developed program and methodology with the use of theoretical modeling methods based on the insight of the processes occurring during the potato treatment.
Results. The experimental studies revealed the patterns how the required power, productivity and energy intensity of potato treatment process varied with the nozzle outlet air temperature. The empirical relationship was found to determine the mass of soil particles removed from the potato surface depending on the air temperature.
Discussion and Сonclusion. The most efficient pre-sale potato treatment by the aerodynamic method was found at the drum rotation frequency of 20 min–1 and the nozzle output temperature of 40 °C, with the optimal required power of the installation being 5.68 kW. When the installation productivity increased from 0.025 t/h to 0.030 t/h, the energy intensity of the technological process was also going up; with the further increase in the productivity from 0.030 t/h to 0.036 t/h the energy intensity of the process dropped drastically. The energy intensity of the process varied from 794.5 to 1124.3 MJ/t depending upon the temperature regime and high power consumption of the installation. The developed method allowed calculating the required power and productivity of the aerodynamic installation and the energy inputs for the process under consideration.


Metadata is Data Warehouse's important component,it can help Data Warehouse information in understanding lurking data source physics layout and all data basic business definition,helping the Data Warehouse consumer to use a storehouse effectively clear and definite but all-round.The main body of a book is discussed how,to be hit by the correct introduction and to be realized metadata technology in Data Warehouse project.


In the field of 60 GHz high data rate wireless communications a new method for indoor localization at 60 GHz is proposed. This method is based on the extraction of the TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival), using a MISO system. With this method, unlike conventional TDOA measurements, it is possible to perform communication and localization at the same time by transmitting two identical UWB OFDM signals using two antennas at the TX and extracting TDOA from the interference spectrum of these two signals at the RX. TDOA. In addition, The NLOS (Non line of sight) influence on the TDOA and the localization precision is investigated for different cases. This whole study is made within the framework of the WiGig alliance specifications.


The PPVT-R and the WISC-R were administered to 101 special needs students; 55 of the referrals were new and 46 were reevaluation. Concurrent validity within the moderate range (.53 to .67) was established; however, when form L and form M were correlated with the WISC-R, form L yielded consistently higher correlations than did form M. Level of performance as reflected by average performance on the PPVT-R and WISC-R was comparable. No significant difference between instruments was observed except, as anticipated, for the PPVT-R and the WISC-R Performance Scale. No sex differences were observed. Further research focusing on the equivalency of forms L and M and the PPVT-R is recommended, particularly since such equivalence or "lack of" may interact with age of student or nature of classifying condition.


Based on the projects of Shanghai Freeway Network,a question of ambiguous path was presented.A path identification method was put forward based on license plates recognition technique.The function expansion of the present manual toll collection system was needed in the license plate recognition system,which provided a reference for the establishment of the electronic toll collection system mode.


Dr. Annalisa Bracco is an Associate Professor at Georgia Tech with extensive background in computational fluid dynamics and physical oceanography. Her research interests include coastal ocean circulation, with focus on meso- and submesoscale processes, ocean predictability and inverse dynamics, impacts of physical forcing on ecosystems, and climate model validation.


In this paper, we have designed and fabricated a new type of bandpass-filter that used rectangular ring and interdigital capacitive feeding-structure. The filter is applied the modified rectangular ring and interdigital capacitive feeding-structure in patch, which reduce rho size of filter and IEEE 802. 11 correspond to wireless LAN domain(2.45GHz and 5.2GHz) for operating. As a result, the design and fabrication process of the filter become simple and the size of it is reduced more than 60% compared with RF filter are available conventional PEMBF(Parallel Edge-coupled Microstrip Bandpass Filter) of accounted circuit by minimum stage, measurement result of fabricated filter, center frequence is down 2.408GHz and 5.075GHz. input return loss is -39.169dB at 2.408GHz, -40.922dB at 5.075GHz. insertion loss is -0.437dB at 2.408GHz, -1.669dB at 5.075GHz.


This study tries to reconstruct the living conditions in America of contemporary Chinese students during the Nanjing Nationalist Government(NNG). Students went to America to study as part of their patriotic duty to 'construct a rich and powerful country by learning modern sciences'. While most had substantial difficulty communicating in English and endured poor living conditions due to lack of money while they were abroad, they acquired new theories and advanced skills through the quality education in US colleges. It was feasible to acquaint themselves with democratic thinking and behaviour by way of experiencing western constitutionalism and civic consciousness in every life outside of class. They also experienced severe racism and saw the gap between rich and poor for themselves, noticing the weakness of democracies like America. They in effect had a strong progressive inclinations in their field of study and politically supported civil rights. Their experiences taught people that capitalism was limited economically. They showed a socially intense nationalistic, anti-discriminational disposition. As such, they generally kept their attitude of Chinese Morality while making use of western advances in the sciences and technology.


Linear systems on Lie groups are a natural generalization of linear system on Euclidian spaces. When the state space is a solvable connected Lie group, controllability of the linear system is assured if the ad-rank condition holds.


Housing is one of those fundamental social conditions that determine not only the quality of life and welfare of people but also that of places. It follows that where homes are located, how well designed and built, and how well they are woven into the environmental, social, cultural and economic fabric of communities are factors that, affect both the present and future generations. To this end, the position of Nigeria in relation to housing sustainability was examined through the self-administration of one hundred wellstructured questionnaires to the participants at the 2013 Conference/Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Institute of Building. Housing sustainability parameters such as empowerment of poor communities, reform unsustainable policies and legislation that constrain the provision of sustainable housing, consideration of women relationship with housing, beneficial policies and legislation for the low income earners and availability of mortgage instruments for the low income earners had mean scores of 1.54, 1.74, 1.89, 1.89 and 1.90 respectively. The implication of this is that Nigeria as a country has not shown enough commitment in this direction. All stakeholders must therefore be alive to their responsibilities so that the housing sustainability position of Nigeria could be improved significantly in the nearest future.


The aim of the invention is to use a slow dissolving ceramic substrate for components mounted according to the Flip-Clip method, particularly surface wave components, whereby multi-layered metallisations are optionally produced thereon by metal deposition. The bumps can also be produced by self-adjusting metal deposition.


The article presents a brief description and criticism of the current state of the emergy analysis for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and a new index for the assessment of environmental facilities. As well as in the analysis of economic systems, the assessment of systems and plants for the protection of the environment, provided in the literature, is based on the calculation of basic emergy indices (the emergy yield ratio (EYR) is the ratio of the sum of renewable kinds of emergy, non-renewable ones and purchased or free resources to the emergy of purchased resources; the environmental loading ratio (ELR) is defined as the ratio of the sum of nonrenewable and imported (purchased) emergy to renewable emergy; the emergy sustainability index (ESI) equal to the ratio of economy (EYR) to depletion (ELR) determines the degree of viability of the facility), which does not take into consideration a fundamental difference of production facilities and facilities designed to protect the environment from pollution. The environmental performance of the facilities, calculated as the ratio of the difference between the emergy estimates of preventable damage and caused damage to the preventable damage, must serve as the main emergy index for the assessment of treatment facilities. © 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk


Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an operation research technique based relative efficiency measurement tool. In this paper, a modified DEA model, based on expert's opinion as well as the available economic parameters, has been formulated to analyze the operational performance of the hydropower plants in Nepal. The results are then compared against those from conventional DEA model. The categorical variables in the proposed model are treated in a non-conventional way by identifying additional variable sets to replace them. The modified DEA model formed in this study includes a wide range of variables that comprehensively describe the electricity production process in hydropower plants. Sensitivity analysis is carried out in order to investigate the robustness of the results and to identify the improvement directions for each hydropower plant. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, strengths and weaknesses of individual plants are identified. The results are ultimately used to rank the Nepalese hydropower plants according to the overall average efficiency of individual plants.


This study investigates the life of Yi Kyugyong- the writer of Oju Yunmun Jangjeon Sango(五洲衍文長箋散稿) and Siga Jeomdeng(詩家 點燈) - in order to fill out gaps in the chronolgical record of him. Findings and resulsts of the investigation are as follows. 1. Studies so far on Yi Kyugyong -well known under the nom de plume of O Ju - have primarily highlighted influences from the paternal side of his family including Yi Deokmu and Yi Gwanggyu and necessarily failed to notice influences exerted by his mother and the mother's side of the family. This study explored his life in childhood and found out that his academic career in early stage was heavily informed particularly by his maternal grandfather, Jeong Uidong, and his mother did as well. 2. This study also enabled us to document the entire life course of Yi Kyugyong that has not fully known until now for all the articles relevant to his life and scholarship. He moved out from Seoul and lived in Bongam, Seocheon, with his family from 34 through to 39(1821~1826). And then he came back and had resided in Seoul from 1826 up to 1832. Finally he removed at the age of 45 in 1826 and had lived in Gongju, Chungju or Jecheon. Such removals includes not only long-distance ones such as from Seoul to Seocheon; Seocheon to Seoul; Seoul to Gongju; Gongju to Chungju; and Chunju to Jeocheon but also several ones around Chungju and Jeocheon. 3. The Baggyudong village of Gongju province where he began to live around 45 was just a tiny residence composed of only 10 houses. From this fact it can be inferred that he had already started a secluded life. The settlement in the village is a circumstantial evidence that he did not have economic foldhold around the area. It could be assumed that Yugu of Gwangjumok -where his wife was buried- and Docheon of Ryenwonyeok -where his mother was buried- and Ducksanmyen of Jeocheon- where his own tomb was located- were places that was chosen after his family moved in there, not ones that they had long-time connections before their moves-in. 4. The span that Yi Kyugyong had lived in Jeocheon is a important key to tracking his academic life. This is because crucial references for studying his life and academia, such as Oju Yunmun Jangjeon Sango (五洲衍文長箋散稿) and Siga Jeomdeng(詩家點燈), are estimated to have been written when he was living in Jeocheon.


Objective The objective of this study was to investigate association of genetic polymorphism of glutathione peroxidase 1 (rs1050450) with liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library from the start of the database to 2017. The initial search presented 215 articles of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. The articles studied the relation between glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and liver fibrosis and HCC. Extraction was performed, including the assessment of the quality and the validity of the papers that met with the prior criteria that describe the review. If the studies did not fulfil the inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included when ethical approval was obtained, eligibility criteria defined, sufficient information, convenient controls and known assessment measures. Each study was reviewed independently; the data obtained were rebuilt in a new manner according to the need of the researcher and arranged into topics through the article. Then, comparisons were made with the results tabulated. Results In total, 20 potentially relevant publications were included. The studies indicate a significant association between GPX1 polymorphism and liver diseases. Conclusion We found that the GPX1 Pro198Leu (rs1050450) GPX1 polymorphism plays a major role in liver fibrosis progression and HCC development.


. A semigroup over a tree is a compact semigroup S such that H is a congruence on S and S/K is an abelian tree with idempotent endpoints. Each such semigroup is characterized as being constructible from cylindrical subsemi-groups of S and the tree S/K in a manner similar to the construction of the hormos. Indeed, the hormos is shown to be a particular example of the construction given herein when S/K is an /-semigroup. Several results about semigroups whose underlying space is a tree are also established as lemmata for the main results.


Recent empirical research into humour and memory attests to the fact that people remember better when they perceive a word, phrase or image to be humorous. When the proximity of multiple ethnic groups engenders jokes displaying diverse perspectives and what Henri Bergson described as 'corrective' satire, such jokes can help remedy racism and fear of the other. Taking a humorous or satirical stance allows artists and writers to explore alternatives to contemporary reality and to uncover truths overlooked or consciously elided by government and mass media discourse. Such is the case with the recent publications on humour discussed here. Although they vary widely by topic and time period, all focus on how power struggles, oppression and violence are represented by means of humour and satire, as well as by the not necessarily jocular but nevertheless related genres of comics and the graphic novel. Recent historical research demonstrates how these creative genres not only critique political events and figures but also preserve, in a sophisticated cultural format, their readers' short-term everyday working memory and long-term cultural memory of prejudice, subjugation and mass murder. In these texts the authors spotlight how the primary source creators commented on historical events, incorporated historical artefacts in their works and generated countercultural memories that fill gaps in historical narratives from other sources.


The invention relates a graphene-silicon-graphene composite material and its preparation method and use. The preparation method of the graphene-silicon-graphene composite material directly utilizes a gaseous carbon source and a gaseous silicon source as raw materials and the graphene-silicon-graphene composite material is prepared by alternate feeding of the gaseous carbon source and the gaseous silicon source through a chemical vapor deposition method. The preparation method of the graphene-silicon-graphene composite material has low equipment requirements, can be operated simply, can be controlled easily, has short operation time, can effectively improve production efficiency, directly utilizes the gaseous carbon source and the gaseous silicon source as the raw materials, does not produce impurities, produces gaseous by-products which can be directly discharged, produces high-purity products, avoids complex purification processes, prevents a product loss and realizes a high yield.


Sleep plays a significant role in our health and well-being. We can see an increasing amount of work in HCI exploring the design for better sleep. However, most of these works only focus on sleep tracking and reminding. The social perspective of sleep is rarely explored. We believe that sleep is tightly associated with social connection and intimacy. This work explores how sleep sharing can facilitate social bonding over a distance. We present SleepyFlora, an interactive system that enables a user to know the other user's real-time sleep stages via a flower-shaped installation and augment their sleep by sending soothing aromas and playing music remotely. With SleepyFlora, we hope to further the understanding of interaction design around sleep by considering its social perspective. Moreover, we hope our work can provide a novel approach, i.e, enabling sleep sharing, for facilitating social bonding over a distance.


OBJECTIVES: This course aims to describe the effects of colored noise in the parallel MRI [1– 3] experiment and how to perform a reconstruction, which takes the noise distribution into consideration. Techniques for SNR scaled reconstruction [4] are described for Cartesian and non-Cartesian imaging. The course will also describe iterative reconstruction algorithms and their regularized forms. Software for all the described reconstruction processes will also be introduced.


In the present study, the fatigue life of solder joints of plastic ball grid array packages (PBGA) under thermal cycling condition is evaluated using the finite element method. A unified, viscoplastic constitutive model for solder joints of plastic ball grid array packages is employed to improve accuracy of reliability prediction. The constitutive model is then implemented into the commercial finite element analysis software, ABAQUS, to predict the thermo-mechanical behaviour of solder balls in PBGA package subjected to thermal cycling. Damage parameters are obtained from the FEA results and are used to estimate the thermal fatigue life of solder balls. The Coffin-Manson equation is employed. The predicted thermal fatigue lives are discussed in detail.


In RFID systems, one of the problems that we must solve is the collision between tags which lowers their efficiency. Two main approaches to tag collision are generally adopted: ALOHA and Tree algorithms. This paper reviews several existing anti-collision algorithms and compares their performances through different simulation experiments.


This paper examines the development of managerial control throughout the course of a flagship outsourced contract and discusses the implications of outsourcing for trade union strategy. Outsourcing provides a productive insecurity, enabling the contractor to link individual performance with contract renewal. However, this needs to co-exist with some semblance of stability, and under fixed-term contracting, the inherent contradiction between these two aims is exposed over time. Employee priorities become bounded by the workplace and by the term of the contract. Consequently, bargaining relationships, which were sustainable 'in-house', are called into question. The dilemma for trade unions arises from the need to re-build a wider agenda from this focus on the here-and-now.


The current-DLTS in enhancement-mode MOSFETs is an adequate and suitable technique for the characterization of deep traps in thin SOI films. An approach is proposed which improves the modeling of the transient current by including a time-dependent mobility law and provides a modified/simplified measurement technique which avoids temperature scanning. CMOS devices have been fabricated on partially-depleted SIMOX films. Measurements have been performed on five-terminal transistors in order to avoid the parasitic influence of the current overshoot.<<ETX>>


As a result of safer blood products and more effective treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C infection (HCV), the life expectancy of those with haemophilia is approaching that of the general population. This was predicted over 20 years ago by Dutch epidemiologists who assessed the mortality of haemophilic men, after controlling for HIV and HCV infections (1). Thus, if trends in haemophilia follow the world population, 20% will be over 60 years of age by the year 2050 (2). To meet the challenges of the aging haemophilia population, it will be critical to plan for the treatment and prevention of diseases previously uncommon in haemophilia, but not uncommon in the general population, chief among which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). This may seem counter-intuitive, given the well-known 50% to 80% lower ASHD mortality in men with haemophilia than in the general population (1, 3, 4). The protection against ASHD mortality is attributed to hypocoagulability, that is, low factor VIII or IX, which reduces thrombus formation on a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and fatal myocardial infarction (5, 6). Yet, whether hypocoagulability is protective against development of ASHD the disease, and whether ASHD will increase as the haemophilia population ages is controversial. What is the evidence that haemophilic men may be at risk for ASHD? At a molecular level, atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response directed at the arterial wall, at specific sites where fatty streaks have progressed to lipid plaques, with lipid accumulation in macrophages, so-called macrophage foam cells, and foam cell trapping within the arterial intima (2, 7). In animal models, in fact, it is mice deficient in regulators of lipid trafficking, not those with haemophilia or von Willebrand disease, that are protected against atherosclerosis. Specifically, hyperlipidaemic mice deficient in CD36, a scavenger receptor that modulates migration of macrophages and traps oxidised LDL in arterial intima (2), are protected from lipid atheroma, but atherosclerotic-prone apolipoprotein E – factor VIII knockout mice (8) and pigs with von Willebrand disease (9) develop atherosclerotic plaques indistinguishable from unaffected animals. Thus, hypocoagulability in animals does not appear to protect against ASHD. Is this true for the aging man with haemophilia? Evidence has been increasing that both atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic risk factors are not uncommon or new in haemophilia. First, the frequency of pathogenic coronary atherosclerosis was recently shown to be similar to that in the general population. In an autopsy study of men with haemophilia, most of whom died of HIV or hepatitis, the degree of intraluminal coronary stenosis was similar to that in age-, sex-, race-matched controls (10). Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia, in those cases were similar to controls (10). These findings were further supported by a statewide analysis of inpatient ASHD discharge data in haemophilic men showing disease prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to controls (11). Further, a six-state CDC (Centres for Disease Control) study of hospitalised haemophilic men found that 15% over age 60 had ischaemic heart disease, independently associated with traditional risk factors, as well as factor infusion and HIV disease Correspondence to: Margaret V. Ragni, MD, MPH University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine Division Hematology/Oncology Director, Haemophilia Center of Western PA 3636 Boulevard of the Allies Pittsburgh, PA 15213–4306, USA Tel.: +1 412 209 7288, Fax: +1 412 209 7281 E-mail: email@example.com


In the stylus printer,the printing effect and capability are directly affected by the time table of acceleration and deceleration.The influence of the table on the printer is introduced first;and then the speed formula and the place difference formula,expressed by linear function and exponent function,are presented as well as the flow chart and method of relative parameters optimization.Finally,the algorithm of parameters optimization is studied,and optimized according to the difference between real and theoretical pulses.


The invention discloses a tablet composition containing citicoline sodium as a main drug and a preparation method of the composition. The tablet composition containing citicoline sodium as the main drug comprises citicoline, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose Avicel PH102, cross-linked povidone XL and magnesium stearate. The mass ratio of citicoline to lactose is 1:(0.1-5), the mass ratio of citicoline to microcrystalline cellulose Avicel PH102 is 1:(0.1-3), the mass ratio of citicoline to cross-linked povidone XL is (5-50):1, and the mass ratio of citicoline to magnesium stearate is (10-100):1. The tablet composition containing citicoline sodium is produced through the powder direct-pressing technology, the product is low in hygroscopicity and stable and controllable in quality, the preparation process is suitable for mass production, the key process parameter range is controllable, the validity time is long, granularity is good, and the composition is easy to disintegrate.


Abstract Children with developmental disorders frequently demonstrate serious social competence deficits. The majority of research indicates poor prognosis for later life for these children with significant social competence deficits. This article reviews the social and emotional development of children, with an emphasis on the processes that may be adversely impacted in children with hyperactivity, impulse control deficits, inattention, and/or perceptual deficits. The goal of this article is to encourage theoretically based empirical research that examines the underlying causes of social competence deficits in children so that more specific and targeted interventions can be developed in this area.


The aim of this study is to understand whether real earnings management (REM) and accruals earnings management (AM) can be used as substitute of one another in the context of Pakistan. Additionally, we also examine the effect of country-level political risk on earnings management. To achieve our desire objectives, we used a panel sample of 197 Pakistani firms for a period of 13 years (2007-2019). To measure REM, we follow Roychowdhury (2006) and to measure AM, we follow Jones (1991) and modified Jones (1995) model. For data analysis, we used simultaneous equation modelling and ordinary least square (OLS) regression with time and firm fixed effects.

The results indicate that when the cost associated with REM(AM) increases, the firm's inclination towards AM(REM) decreases which suggests that managers use both REM and AM approaches as substitutes of one another. Further, the results show that country-level political risks positively affect real REM while it has insignificant effect on AM. Moreover, the adoption of IFRS as accounting standards does not have any effect on the earnings management in Pakistan. This study can be extended to firm-level risk factors to examine their role in earnings management. Moreover, how manager use to adopt REM and AM in the highly regulated industries i.e., financial and services industries, also provides a promising opportunity for future research.


Background. To investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) alone and in combination with progesterone or oxytocin on contractile activity of term human myometrium in vitro.


Two factorial design experiments (sex × treatment) were conducted to determine the efficacy of enzyme and organic acid supplementation on improving the nutritive value of barley-based diets for both starter and finisher pigs. For exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (25.1 ± 2.8 kg) were fed either a barley-based control diet or a similar diet supplemented with 0.25% enzyme (Aspergillus niger; 750 units g−1 beta-glucanase), 2.5% propionic acid or a combination of these additives during a 77-d feeding trial. For exp. 2, 120 crossbred weaner pigs (8.1 ± 1.3 kg) were fed a hulless barley-based control diet or a similar diet supplemented with 0.25% enzyme (Aspergillus niger; 750 units g−1 beta-glucanase), 2.0% fumaric acid or both additives in combination for a 35-d feeding period. In exp. 1, supplementation with either enzyme or propionic acid alone, significantly (P < 0.05) increased dry matter digestibility. However, when the additives were fed in combination, the digestibility coefficient for dry matter was n...


The energy density formalism of Brueckner is extended to the complex domain with the use of a complex two-body effective interaction, so as to generate simultaneously the real and imaginary part of the ion-ion interaction potential. A simple effective interaction consisting of a density-dependent delta function repulsion and a Gaussian attraction is chosen for the real part of the complex effective interaction, whereas the imaginary component is derived by using the forward scattering amplitude approximation. In using this approximation, emphasis has been given to use the complex two-body matrix T, where the propagator has the nuclear many-body Hamiltonian rather than the free two-body matrix t. For the average nucleon-nucleon cross section , required in constructing the complex effective interaction, a modified version of the relation suggested by Bohr and Mottelson is used which compares quite well with that of Clemental and Villi. The real part of the ion-ion interaction potential calculated in this model has already been reported in an earlier work and the present work deals with the calculation of the imaginary part of the potential for five pairs of spherical nuclei. The region of the potential beyond the surface is parametrized into a Woods-Saxon shape. The calculated imaginarymore » potential for the system /sup 40/Ca-/sup 16/O is compared with the phenomenological one of Becchetti et al. and the agreement between the two sets of potentials is found to be quite good in the region beyond the strong absorption radius.« less


ABSTRACT This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Hebrew version of the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF) in an Israeli geriatric population. Twenty-seven inpatients with a diagnosis of major depression according to the DSM-IV criteria and 21 healthy volunteers were assessed with the GDS-SF Hebrew Version, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The GDS-SF Hebrew Version scores showed a substantial correlation with the HAM-D scores for both groups. Categorical analysis of diagnosed versus non-diagnosed depression yielded a higher sensitivity to depression in the elderly, detecting cases that the HAM-D identified as subclinical. Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were high, and results were not affected by mother tongue or MMSE scores. We conclude that the GDS-SF Hebrew Version is a valid and reliable rating instrument for depression in the Israeli geriatric population and may be used in clinical and epidemiological s...


References 11. Statistics South Africa (2009) General Household Survey 2008. Analysis by K Hall and DH Marera, Children's Institute, UCT. See www.childrencount.ci.org.za. 12. See no. 11. 13. Rodrigues E, Gie J & Haskins C (2006) Informal dwelling count (1993 – 2005) for Cape Town. City of Cape Town, Information and Knowledge Management Department. 14. Case A, Hosegood V & Lund F (2005) The reach and impact of Child Support Grants: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal. Development Southern Africa, 22(4), October 2005; Samson M, Lee U, Ndlebe A, Mac Quene K, van Niekerk I, Ghandi V, Harigaya T & Abrahams C (2004) The social and economic impact of South Africa's social security system. Cape Town: Economic Policy Research Institute. 15. South African Social Security Agency (2010) SOCPEN database. 16. See no. 11. 17. See no. 11. 18. See no. 11. 19. See no. 11. Children without access to piped drinking water on site, 2008


Fanconi's anemia is a classic marrow-failure disorder with an incidence of less than 1 case per 100,000 live births. Until now, female patients do not usuall...


This chapter defines public relations and its complexity. Public relations are an emerging profession with its modern-day origins in the late nineteenth century. In 1978, at the first World Assembly of Public Relations Associations agreed that public relations is the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counseling organisational leaders and implementing programmes of action that will serve both the organisations and the public interest. The year 2012 saw yet another definition when the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) consulted its members on how they would define PR, given the impact of social media. The industry is represented in the United Kingdom (UK) by two bodies. The chartered institute of public relations (CIPR) and the public relations consultancy association (PRCA). The chapter looks at the different ways of understanding public relations and introduces the idea of theory.


As crazy as this idea may seem, in the not-to-distant future, replacing brain cells with nonbiological neurons could enable humans to survive nearly any accident, and as a bonus, acquire new abilities. Researchers at USC's Viterbi School of Engineering have created a functioning synapse using neurons made from carbon nanotubes. In tests, their synapse circuits perform similar to normal biological neurons.


Cloning (ad hoc reuse by duplication of design or code) speeds up development, but also hinders future maintenance. Cloning also hints at reuse opportunities that, if exploited systematically, might have positive impact on development and maintenance productivity. Unstable requirements and tight schedules pose unique challenges for Web Application engineering that encourage cloning. We are conducting a systematic study of cloning in Web Applications of different sizes, developed using a range of Web technologies, and serving diverse purposes. Our initial results show cloning rates up to 63% in both newly developed and already maintained Web Applications. Expected contribution of this work is two-fold: (1) to confirm potential benefits of reuse-based methods in addressing clone related problems of Web engineering, and (2) to create a framework of metrics and presentation views to be used in other similar studies.


The fractal properties of propagating aqueous autocatalytic chemical reaction fronts are measured in a capillary‐wave (CW) flow at values of the ratio of the RMS intensity of the fluid velocity fluctuation (u') to the laminar propagation rate of the front (SL) up to 220. The images of the fronts are found to exhibit fractal behavior with a fractal dimension (d) of 1.31±0.06, which is very similar to some measurements in gaseous flame fronts, as well as isoscalar contours of passive dyes in CW and other randomly stirred flows. These results suggest that u'/SL, thermal expansion, variations of viscosity and diffusivity across the flame front, and the turbulence spectrum do not significantly affect d in randomly stirred flows.


Heroism requires acting altruistically in the face of considerable risk. Professions such as psychology are based on working toward a public good and accordingly provide offsetting privileges for the sacrifices expected. Consequently, psychologists occasionally face professional dilemmas that provide everyday heroic opportunities. Examples of such opportunities during one psychologist's career path are presented and implications for others in the profession are explored. These are put into the context of heroism as a transpersonal act that can be based on self-expansiveness in which someone goes beyond identifying with their self as an isolated entity and, instead, experiences a sense of interconnectedness with others, the world, and even the cosmos.


This critical review describes recent applications and instrumental trends in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), with particular (though not exclusive) attention to the period 2018–2019 and that the concept of GC × GC is inherently simple. The maturity of GC × GC and future developments are also discussed. Gas chromatographs today are easy to use. With modern web-based controls and data analysis, you don't even have to be in the laboratory to run the instrument and collect the data. In this first instalment on how this magic happens, we discuss signal generation and processing from a classical flame ionization detector (FID), so that you can use the data to make decisions. The fundamental operation and chemistry of signal generation in an FID is unchanged since the 1960s, yet the data are accessed, processed, and stored much more easily today. We will discuss analogue signal generation in the FID using historical references, analogue-to-digital conversion, and the storage and processing of digital data that happens with today's instruments. In future instalments, we discuss how the magic of controlling today's "smart" and remote controlled GC's works, more detail on how the analogue signal is converted to digital data for the computer, and more on best practices and tools that our data systems can do with chromatographic data. I write this column in my socially-distanced home office on a laptop computer, wirelessly connected to the internet, along with my cell phone music in the background and playing it on a Bluetooth-connected wireless speaker. I cannot help but at how easy these tasks have become since my first desktop computer in 1983, a TRS-80 Model III from now-defunct Radio Shack. I also cannot help but think about how far gas chromatographs and their data and control systems have come since I performed my first manual injection in 1985 with the chromatogram recorded on a strip-chart recorder. of and and In analytical a


This paper conducts a comparison between boiled beef in chili sauce(a famous dish in Sichuan cuisine)and the spicy hot pot in the aspects of flavors,cooking techniques,ingredients,and so on.Based on the analysis,the paper argues the assertion that Zigong is the birthplace for spicy hot pot is well grounded.


Among the several Invasive pulmonary aspergilloses is one of the clinical manifestations of the condition, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis, and chronic necrotizing aspergillosis. Hemoptysis is a severe pulmonary aspergillosis complication that frequently requires surgery. We report a 52-year-old man who had diabetes mellitus and pulmonary tuberculosis in the past, and hemoptysis when he arrived with a productive cough and hemoptysis for two months. Chest computed tomography revealed an upper lobe soft tissue mass with a diameter of 30 mm. Two weeks following the original episode, the patient experienced a further episode of chronic hemoptysis that bronchial arterial embolization could only partially treat. The centre and upper right lobes were eliminated. A histological analysis determined that the disease was a fungal cavitary lesion. At the 18-month checkup, the patient had fully healed after beginning voriconazole and had no recurrence.


An introduction is first given to the characteristics and security of mobile electronic commerce. ECMR signature scheme is applied in mobile electronic commerce because of mobile electronic terminals' lower processing power and small storage space. ECMR signature scheme can reduce the throughput and ensure the security of transactions since it encrypts the message at the time of signature. In addition, ECMR signature scheme based on ECC has advantages of high speed and small amount of calculation, so it is suitable for computing power of mobile electronic terminals and meets the requirements of mobile e-commerce. While timestamp's adding in the message can prevent replay attack.


Those who treat alcoholics have over the last decade observed an increase in the number of women and young people in their units.1 This has led to the idea that not only is the prevalence of all alcohol problems increasing but that the increase among women and the young may be proportionately steeper. But, as Roberta Ferrence has pointed out, "it is a well known psycho? logical phenomenon that people tend to overestimate the proportion of persons in a group who belong to a visible minority, particularly when their presence is unexpected."2 So are there more women and young people with alcohol problems, and if there are why should this be so ? Moreover, should these groups be placed in a special category when strategies for prevention and treatment are considered ?


SCR catalysts of MNOx/TiO2 was prepared based on Ce doped TiO2 powder as supporter and MNOxas active component.The catalysts were characterized by TG-DSC,XRD,SEM,EDS and the catalytic activities was examined with the device of simulated flue gas.The results showed that the doped Ce hindered the process of phase transition of TiO2 particles from anatase to rutile,and propagated the temperature ranges of anatase.TiO2 particles were well dispersed in the state of anatase,with no agglomerates observed,assured the high specific surface area and the catalysts activity improved obviously than no-doped.


Since income tax is levied on a progressive basis (depending on the income of each taxpayer), how we define the taxpayer or "tax unit" is of critical importance. In the 1960 ruling of Commissioner of Income Tax v. Indira Balakrishna, the Supreme Court was required to interpret and define a tax unit known as an 'Association of Persons' (AOP) which had no statutory definition under income tax law. In doing so, it made certain gender-based assumptions regarding the nature of economic activity taking place within the household. In the (rewritten) feminist dissent, Maithreyi Mulupuru challenges these gendered assumptions by adopting a different approach to the definition of an AOP. This article is a comment on the feminist dissent. I argue that the rewritten judgment recognizes the agency of the taxpayers by recognizing that economic intent sufficient to constitute an AOP can exist, not just in the taxpayers 'coming together' but also in them 'staying together.' In doing so, the dissent considers the female taxpayers not merely as passive recipients of property but as active agents exercising volition over their economic affairs. By a deeper engagement with, and a more contextual analysis of the volition question, both in the articulation and application of the AOP definition, Mulupuru's dissent narrows the difference between the treatment of male co-heirs (taxable by virtue of their status as a HUF) and female co-heirs (taxable only upon specified kinds of action, as an AOP). At a broader level, the rewritten dissent demonstrates how an engagement with feminist methods is of value and vital even in seemingly neutral areas such as tax law.


Abstract The occurrence of phase transitions in dynamical systems is intimately related to the analyticity properties of the thermodynamical functions. Such effects are believed to be of generic nature (for example, homoclinic tangency points). For one-dimensional maps, their existence has been proven for both the probabilistic and the dynamical scaling functions (that is, the / (a) and <P (A) spectra, respectively). With the help of simple model systems, we elucidate the different combinations in which the two types of phase transitions (namely, in the f(x) and <ϕ(λ) spectra) can appear. Moreover, we demonstrate the numerical evidence of phase-transition-like behavior in both spectra derived from experimental time series of laser and semiconductor systems. Finally, we discuss new aspects for the evaluation of the thermodynamic functions from time series


The local government behavior which is embodied in fiscal revenue and expenditure is the raising and distribution of financial resources among the central government, local governments and every micro economic body within specific financial system frame, and its essence is redividing and defining the bodies of social benefits and achieving equilibrium. From the endogenous growth model containing public expenditure, the author derives the Laffer curve which shows the relationship between macro tax and economic growth and then makes an empirical test of the Laffer curve by using the macro economic data of each province in the transformational period, and draws the conclusion that heavy macro tax is harmful to economic growth.


Pc3–4 (15–50 mHz) pulsations are often observed during daytime hours in the Earth's magnetosphere and on the ground. The ion foreshock region of the solar wind upstream of Earth is now understood to be a major source of these waves, and the general dependence of their occurrence in the magnetosphere on the cone angle of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is well attested. However, there have also been suggestions that the IMF clock angle should introduce latitudinal or local time asymmetries in wave occurrence, and in particular, that Pc3–4 pulsations might preferentially reach northern versus southern high-latitude regions. In order to test this latter suggestion, we have compared a full year's (1997) data from two cusp-latitude stations, Sondrestromfjord, Greenland, and South Pole, Antarctica, both near 74° corrected geomagnetic latitude. Our data show the usual strong IMF cone angle control of Pc3–4 wave occurrence/amplitude but also indicate that occurrence and relative amplitude are essentially identical near both cusps; any clock angle control is at most a second-order effect, not detectable in our analysis. We further find little seasonal dependence in the ratio of power in the two cusp regions other than that attributable to differences in solar illumination. These observations, in conjunction with the well-known sharp cutoff in wave activity for cone angles above 45°, indicate that only those perturbations occurring at the subsolar bow shock can reach the magnetopause and propagate to any location in the dayside magnetosphere. In addition, the absence of a clock angle effect supports earlier suggestions that Pc3–4 signals in the magnetosheath do not cross streamlines and thus do not propagate as waves, but are rather convected as spatial structures in the highly turbulent, high-beta downstream magnetosheath plasma.


Interaction of concrete slab and subsoil was performed by application of Finite element
method. Subsoil is inhomogeneous. Inhomogeneous half-space was used for analysis.
In inhomogeneous half-space the vertical stress concentration is different than in a homogeneous
half-space. That allows better capturing of stress-strain relationships of the loaded subsoil. Parametric
study provides comparison of deformations obtained by analysis of the homogeneous and
inhomogeneous half-space.


Visual media is now become one of the pre-eminent methods utilized for conveying feelings or suppositions on the web. A huge number of photographs are being transferred by individuals on popular social network platform for interpersonal communication. Visual sentiment analysis (VSA) has pulled in wide consideration since an ever increasing number of individuals will communicate their feeling and conclusions through visual substance via online media. The domain of visual emotion evaluation is impractical because-of the great degree of discrimination in the human realization measure. In this paper, a novel ensemble classifier for visual sentiment analysis, which will use few labelled training specimens to attain an effective SA model, is proposed. The classified output is provided by the Ensemble classifier. The steps adopted in the proposed Visual sentimental analysis for the effective classification are preprocessing and the classification. The pre-processing is accomplished by the Resnet-101, which will boost the potential of the classifier. The effectiveness of the proposed sentimental analysis method is revealed by the comparative analysis and it is expected that the proposed method outperforms all the comparative methods. Then, broad datasets enable the quick advancement of profound neural organizations for recognition process. However, the explanation of enormous scope datasets is over the top expensive and tedious. The efficacy of the proposed sentimental analysis method will be revealed by the comparative analysis and it is expected that the proposed method will exceed all the comparative methods.


In recent years, the European Union (EU) has developed a shared European vision of sustainable urban development. Towards this direction, holistic solutions and advanced energy management services are necessary, addressed to any local authority that has as purpose to implement sustainable energy action plans. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present an advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) platform for real-time monitoring and infrastructure efficiency at the city level, namely a Web Portal addressed to city authorities. The Web Portal will enable the city administration to collect data for energy management, real-time monitoring and billing purposes from city's infrastructure, sensors, meters and other energy sources and react to critical incidents or systems failure in an urban (city) environment. All the collected data will be handled by the "green" tools of the ICT platform, focused on the city's municipal buildings, pillars/poles and electric vehicle stations.


Knowledge sharing has been recognized as a key enhancement of supply chain performance. However, the sharing of knowledge may not take place easily and automatically among the supply chain partners. This study attempts to shed some light on the mechanisms underlying knowledge sharing in supply chains. In particular, we focus on knowledge sharing in a dyadic buyer-supplier relationship. We posit that trust and power are two important antecedents of two types of knowledge sharing between a buyer and its supplier, namely technical exchanges and technology transfer. A large scale mail survey was conducted in Singapore to test our research model.


. present two statements, which, as they say, 'reveal a surprisingly sim-ple unifying principle of backbone organization in protein folding' (1). Namely, they assert (i) 'that protein folding is a direct consequence of a narrow band of stoichiometric occurrences of amino-acids in primary sequences', and (ii) 'that "preferential interactions" between amino-acids do not drive protein folding, contrary to all prevalent views'. However, the first of these statements, presented quite ambiguously by Mittal


In the present work, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used for detection the forms of esterase in the last larval instar of Pectinophora gossypiella. The larvae were treated as newly hatched larvae with sublethal concentration(LC50) of three volatile oils (Petroselinum sativum, Coriandrum sativum and Cymbapoyon citratus). The larval tissues showed response towards α - naphthyl acetate and βnaphthyl acetate substrates. The esterase bands have been classified according to their reaction with three specific inhibitors (Eserine, Chlorphrifos and Fenitrothion). The results were showed great differences in number of zones of esterase activity and in substrate specificity between treated and untreated samples. Five, four, seven and six esterase bands in untreated and (P. sativum, C. sativum and C. citrates) treated samples respectively, show activity towards α- naphthyl acetate. Six, five, seven and seven esterases were able to hydrolyze β- naphthyl acetate in previous samples arrangement. In the case of α - naphthyl acetate, volatile oils caused the increasing of arylestrases and carboxylestrases activities, while cholinesterase activity was inhibited.


Date: 18–20 November 1999. Location: Nijmegen, The Netherlands. H. Brunner (Netherlands), A. Clarke (UK), D. Gracia (Spain), A. Lippman Lecturers: (Canada), P. Schotsmans (Belgium). Objective: Specialists from various countries will discuss ethical aspects of genetics. Subjects: Ethics and the Human Genome Project; genetic counselling; genetic screening; human gene therapy; geneticization. All lectures and plenary sessions wil be held in English. Course fee: Dfl. 575. B. Gordijn, Ph.D., Catholic University Nijmegen, 232 Dept. Ethics, Philosophy and For more information: History of Medicine, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-24-3615320; fax: +31-24 3540254; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; internet site: http://www.kun.nl/fmw/onderwys/ukgene.htm


In the 21st century, technology serves to reinforce the educational bedrock of any country. Technology has revolutionized the teaching learning process by integrating different source of knowledge - clearly visible from primary to post-tertiary level. This paper examines the introduction of ICT in early childhood years centred on the relationship of ICT with the cognitive, emotional and social development of children. The paper discusses various aspects of the ongoing debate around ICT usage in the early years and tries to answer some of the relevant issues namely, the rationale for early introduction of ICT, the perceived risks and benefits involved in its usage, the role of the parents, and fostering appropriate application of ICT in the early childhood classrooms.


Branded for its potential electronic ferroelectricity, charge-ordered LuFe 2 O 4 has a layered Fe triangular framework, whose topology is a source of degeneracy, both at the charge and spin levels. Here we present an in-depth characterization of LuFe 2 O 4 - hp , the high-pressure ( hp ) polymorph of LuFe 2 O 4 , using electron, x-ray, and neutron diffraction, combined with transport and magnetization measurements. We show that LuFe 2 O 4 - hp is characterized by a misfit -related monoclinic structure, accommodating a buckled triangular [Lu] ∞ layer and two shifted adjacent rectangular [Fe] ∞ planes belonging to a distorted rock salt–type layer. The release of the geometric frustration of the Fe magnetic lattice in the hp form leads to collinear antiferromagnetic ordering at T N = 380K. Possible coexistence of charge and magnetic orders in this material opens research pathways for the design of tunable multifunctional devices using high-pressure techniques.


To determine the degree of degradation of agricultural lands for a key values (humus content, mobile potassium, mobile phosphorus, PH), the use of multispectral UAV materials synchronized with ground-based spectrometric imagery is proposed. Spectroradiometer HandHeld 2, soil acidity (pH) meter, satellite GLONASS-GPS receiver of geodetic class were used for field survey. Multispectral orthophoto obtained at the time of ground surveys using multispectral cameras Tetracam Micro-MCA 4 and Tetracam ADC-micro installed on board of the Supercam-S350F UAV. In parallel with the spectrometric work, samples of soils of different soil varieties and washout degree were taken, in representative sites of elementary soil areas. Laboratory studies were carried out with the selected samples, in order to determine the main agrochemical parameters: humus (%), mobile phosphorus (mg), mobile potassium (mg), pH (H2O). The work was tested on two field sites located in the Chuvash Republic (Russia), on cultivated (arable land) forest-steppe zonal soils (leached chernozems, dark gray forest soils). As a result of mathematical data processing, statistically significant relationships were obtained between certain groups of agrochemical indicators and spectral data in different channels of UAV images for specific soil varieties. In the course of the study, relationships were found between the green, NDVI, NIR, red channels obtained using the Supercam-S350F unmanned aerial vehicle and laboratory data: humus, phosphorus, potassium and soil pH. In general, the results of the experiment prove the fundamental possibility of using multispectral UAV materials, together with ground spectrometric imagery for automated express determination of agrochemical indicators of agricultural lands.


Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS) has been used to investigate the adsorption of several synthetic polymers on AM-oxide. The polymers studied included polyvinylacetate (PVA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyvinylalcohol (PVOH). All of these are of importance in the field of adhesion, and were incorporated into AQ/Ag-oxide/Pb IET junctions for the first time by the technique of liquid-phase doping. Assigned IET spectra are presented and discussed. Evidence from these, and corresponding bulk IR spectra suggest that cleavage of the ester sidegroups of the former two polymers, catalysed by the hydrated AA-oxide, leads to their adsorption. It is believed that PVA is hydrolysed to PVOH and then adsorbed by hydrogen bonding between alcohol side groups and surface hydroxyls on the oxide; acetic acid is produced as a by-product which is also adsorbed. For PMMA, ester cleavage generates carboxylate anions on the polymer side-groups. Strong spectral evidence suggests that PMMA is subsequently adsorbed by the formation of a bidentate symmetrical bridging complex between the carboxylate anions, and AR cations in the oxide. Tentative evidence also exists to suggest that PVOH is adsorbed through the formation of an Ak-O-C monodentate bridge between the polymer and the oxide surface. Corresponding IET spectra of these, and other polymers have been obtained by the technique of glow-discharge polymerization (GDP); the spectra are in good agreement with their liquid-phase doped counterparts. GDP has proved to be a valuable complementary technique to liquid-phase doping since spectra are obtained without the use of solvents. An apparatus has been developed which allows glow-discharge polymerized films to be incorporated routinely into IET junctions under controlled atmospheres. Infusion doping, whereby dopant molecules are introduced into completed, undoped IET junctions through the top Pb electrode has been used to study certain monomers, and related solvents. Problems associated with formic acid contamination have been effectively eliminated by the implementation of a simple apparatus. Monomers investigated to date do not appear to adsorb when doped in this manner. Results from infusion doped solvents have allowed a model to be proposed which to a first approximation predicts the behaviour of IET junction conductance during infusion. IET junctions having hydrocarbon-free, and relatively anhydrous At-oxides have been prepared and doped in situ under controlled conditions. Suitable modifications to the vacuum evaporation system have been made to facilitate the above. Preliminary work to vapour-phase dope these oxides with D20, and the monomer ethylacrylate has been successful. Doping of the oxides with glow-discharge formed polymers is now feasible.


Vol. 15, No. 6 49 Since 2008, the FDA has cleared 4 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) devices for treating depression (Related Resources, page 56). In that time, the availability of TMS has steadily grown within and outside the United States. Parallel with increasing clinical utilization of this technology, research continues into the benefit of TMS for treatmentresistant depression; such research includes additional, supportive, acute, sham-controlled trials; comparison trials with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for more severe episodes of depression; shortand long-term real-world outcome studies; exploration of alternative treatment parameters to further enhance its efficacy; and the development of other TMS approaches. In this article, we review recent developments in the application of TMS to treat major depressive disorder—in particular, treatment-resistant depression (Box, page 50).


【Objective】 To explore the expression of T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of children with asthmatic disease.【Method】 Flow cytometry(FCM)was applied to measure the expression of T-lymphocytes in children within acute asthma group,asthmatic pneumonia group and healthy control group.【Results】 Percentages of CD3+lymphocytes of acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group were significantly lower than that of healthy control group(P0.01),with no statistical variance found between acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group(P0.05).Compared to healthy control group,percentage of CD4+lymphocytes in acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group were significantly higher(P0.05),with significant differences between asthmatic pneumonia group and healthy control group.Compared with healthy control group,percentages of CD8+lymphocytes was significantly lower than that in acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group(P0.05),with no significant difference between acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group(P0.05).CD3-CD19+and CD19+CD23+ lymphocytes of acute asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group were markedly increased than those of healthy control group(P0.05),but variances of these two subsets in exacerbation asthma group and asthmatic pneumonia group were not statistically significance(P0.05).【Conclusion】 Cellular immunity disorder was involved in the pathogenesis in children with asthma and asthmatic pneumonia.


We extend the general framework of perturbative quantum field theory developped for the pure Yang-Mills model to gravity. First we present a variant of the elimination procedure of the anomalies in the second order of perturbation theory. After that we prove that gauge invariance restricts severely the possible finite renormalizations, so at least in the second order of the perturbation theory, the model is renormalizable.


Abstract Background Bloodstream infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. No guidelines for the management of noncatheter-associated Gram-negative septicemia exist. There is considerable debate regarding the role of follow-up blood cultures. Studies have shown inadequate antibiotic therapy increases mortality in Gram-negative sepsis. We evaluated factors associated with a higher likelihood of positive follow-up blood cultures (FUBC). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to look at factors associated with an increased likelihood of positive FUBC. Data were obtained via Epic chart review. Empiric antimicrobial regimens were reviewed in all patients with MDRO infections. Results We identified 1,527 patients ≥18 years admitted with gram-negative septicemia from January 1, 2013 through January 1, 2018. A total of 8.4% had positive FUBC. Patients with positive FUBC had a younger median age than the no-growth group (64.7 vs. 69.4, P <0.001). Admission systolic blood pressure was lower in the group with positive FUBC than the no-growth group (107 vs. 116, P = 0.008). The odds ratio for positive FUBC for cardiac device was 2.08 (95% CI = [0.97, 4.35], P = 0.061); central line infection (vs. urinary tract infection) adjusted odds ratio was 2.08 (95% CI = [1.10, 3.95], P = 0.025). The positive FUBC group had a larger proportion of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) (21.9% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.001) with an odds ratio of 2.40 (95% CI = [1.53, 3.78]). In this group, those who received inadequate empiric antibiotics had a significantly higher percentage of repeat positive results (78.6% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.033). In summary, patients with either an MDRO, a central line infection (vs. urinary tract infection), or the presence of a cardiac device (vs. no cardiac device present) had over twice the odds of positive FUBC than those without. Conclusion Though the role of FUBC for Gram-negative septicemia has been brought into question, our results show that the presence of central lines, cardiac devices, infections with MDRO organisms, or inadequate empiric antibiotics on admission were factors strongly correlated with subsequent positive FUBC. Therefore, we believe that repeating blood cultures in this subset of patients require further study and consideration. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


INTRODUCTION The avascular environment of the articular chondrocyte dictates that metabolism is largely by anaerobic pathways, with the consequent production of large quantities of lactic acid. The lactic acid produced by chondrocytes must diffuse from the cells, through the extracellular matrix to the synovial fluid and thereafter to capillaries and the systemic circulation. There are reports of high, graded concentrations of lactic acid within the cartilage matrix [1], and we have previously described inhibition of matrix turnover by extracellular lactic acid [2]. At physiological pH values, lactic acid exists predominantly as the ionic species H and lactate. These charged lipophobic species will not readily cross the plasma membrane of cells, and their exchange between the cytoplasm and extracellular solution is commonly mediated by a family of membrane-bound H-lactate cotransport carrier proteins, called the monocarboxylate transporters, or MCT. To date, seven MCT isoforms have been reported, with tissue-specific distribution. For highly glycolytic tissues, such as 'white' skeletal muscle fibres and leukocytes, MCT-4 is the predominant isoform. This protein mediates H-lactate efflux from the cell, and demonstrates a low affinity for lactate and a high transport capacity, properties appropriate for cells producing large quantities of the substrate [3]. In the present study, the lactic acid transport properties of articular chondrocytes have been characterised. The efflux of lactic acid along with fixed charged density and the operation of other H extrusion proteins will be an important determinant of matrix pH, and hence macromolecular turnover. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from bovine metacarpophalangeal cartilage using collagenase (0.8mg ml, 18h) in DMEM. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator BCECF (BCECF-AM, 10μM, 37°C, 30min) using a spectrofluorimeter (EX = 490nm/439nm, EM = 535nm). The ratio 490nm/439nm was calibrated using nigericin (3μM) in a high-K solution [4]. Cells (1 × 10 ml) were suspended in a HEPES-buffered saline (pH 7.4) and pHi recorded at steady-state, or following the addition of lactic acid (1-20mM) to the extracellular solution. The effects of treatment with the MCT inhibitor α-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHC, 1-10mM) on steady-state pHi and on the response to lactic acid addition were also investigated. In experiments using α-CHC, the fluorescent signal was corrected for the concentration-dependent influence of the inhibitor on the fluorescent properties of BCECF. pHi changes were converted to acid equivalent fluxes (JH, mM min , ± SEM, n ≥ 3) using the equation JH = ∆pHi/∆t × buffering power (βi), where βi = 43.3pHi + 337 [5]. RESULTS Chondrocyte steady-state pHi was 7.1 7.2, consistent with previous reports for this cell type [4]. Addition of lactic acid (1-20mM) produced a rapid intracellular acidification (Figure 1a) which increased in magnitude with increasing concentrations of lactic acid, and saturated at the highest doses tested (Figure 1b). These data were used to determine Vmax and Km values for the influx, which were 19.2 ± 2 mmol (l cells) min and 10.5 ± 2.05mM respectively. For cells at steady-state pHi, treatment with α-CHC (1-10mM) produced an acidification, which was dependent on the concentration of α-CHC used (Figure 2). Treatment with α-CHC reduced the magnitude of acidification induced by addition of 10mM lactic acid (Figure 1b), with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor producing increasingly large effects. DISCUSSION For a predominantly anaerobic cell type, there must be an effective efflux from the cell of the large quantities of lactic acid produced if pHi is to be maintained. Given that the pKa of lactic acid means that it exists almost entirely as H and lactate ions at physiological pH, a carrier-mediated transport of these lipophobic species must be responsible for the efflux of the acid [3]. In this study, the pHi changes arising upon addition of lactic acid or of the MCT inhibitor α-CHC have been characterised in articular chondrocytes using an H-sensitive dye. Hence, the influx of H and lactate have been used here to assess the properties of a membrane transport system which would be expected to operate as an efflux pathway in vivo. Addition of increasing concentrations of lactic acid elicited a saturable intracellular acidification, indicative of a carrier-mediated process. This effect was inhibited by the well-characterised inhibitor of MCT, α-CHC, confirming that H-lactate cotransport mediated by this transporter is responsible for the acidification observed. The kinetic parameters of the MCT-mediated acidification are those of a high-capacity system (high Vmax) with low affinity (high Km) for lactate . Such properties are consistent with the MCT4 isoform, previously described in other glycolytic tissues [3], and are well-suited to the large quantities of lactic acid which must efflux from the anaerobic chondrocyte. The significant acidification of steady-state pHi which was observed upon addition of α-CHC indicates that there is a high basal level of lactic acid extrusion from these cells under resting conditions and is consistent with the high rates of acid production which have been reported by other workers [1]. This study is a first step towards the characterisation of a membrane transport process contributing to matrix pH, the activity of which will therefore dictate in part cartilage turnover. Figure 1 (a)


The article examines the process of emergence, formation and development of the constitutional justice institution in Russia. It carries out an analysis of organization and activities of the USSR Constitutional Control Committee, the RSFSR Constitutional Court and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The authors draw a conclusion of the need of conducting constitutional and legal reforms in Russia, introducing amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In order to increase efficiency of the constitutional jurisdiction, improving the organization and activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation, the Investigation Committee of the Russian Federation, the Executive Office of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation, the authors offer proposals of introducing amendments and additions to Articles 104, 125, 129 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law of 21.07.1994 № 1-ФКЗ «On Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation» in terms of authorizing the above-mentioned office-holders with the right of legislative initiative and making inquiries to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In particular, on issues of constitutionality of the laws, normative legal acts of the supreme bodies of the governmental power and office-holders of the Russian Federation and the entities of the Russian Federation; on solvation of disputes in terms of competence between the supreme bodies of the governmental power and office-holders of the Russian Federation and the entities of the Russian Federation; on violence of citizens constitutional rights. The authors also offer to expand the Article 129 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation up to a separate chapter of the Constitution in which to establish the place in the system of the governmental power the designation, system, structure, principles of organization and activity, the authorities of the prosecutors office bodies, including in the sphere of constitutional jurisdiction.


THE term congenital diaphragmatic hernia tends to be applied to the dramatic herniation of small intestine and other abdominal organs through the foramen of Bochdalek into the left pleural cavity with consequent acute respiratory disturbances. Such children commonly present as acute emergencies during the first few days of life. However, hiatus hernia is also frequently of congenital origin and this is not only a much more common condition but also one that can lead to much more morbidity and even mortality. Hiatus hernia can be defined as a displacement of the cardio-oesophageal junction above the level of the diaphragm, or a protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus. Both these types of the abnormality have been demonstrated in the newly born and are being demonstrated with increasing frequency in young children. It is difficult to regard similar conditions presenting in older patients as an entirely different disease but at the same time an explanation must be given to the fact that so many of these cases do not present until the patients reach the age of 50-60 years. The diagnosis can only be made positively by demonstrating cardiooesophageal displacement or herniation of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus; such demonstration may be achieved at necropsy, at surgical exploration or at radiological examination. The reported incidence of the condition thus tends to vary with the enthusiasm of the radiologist and the availability of special equipment but there is no doubt that continuing improvement in radiological techniques have brought to light many more cases of hiatus hernia in children than had previously been demonstrated as well as many more cases occurring in adults. The increased frequency with which supradiaphragmatic pouches of stomach have been demonstrated on radiological examination has led to an acceptance of the idea that gastro-oesophageal reflux in the newly born and young child is probably an early stage of hiatus hernia; indeed it might be that a hiatus hernia was present but had not been demonstrated. Both in adults and children it is increasingly accepted that the actual hiatus hernia is of far less importance than the consequent functional disturbance at the cardio-oesophageal junction leading to free gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophagitis and possibly oesophageal stricture.


Excessive use of pesticides in the process of cultivating shallots results in contamination of the soil. Indigenous bacteria in soil that contaminated with the chlorpyrifos pesticide suspected could used as bioremediation agent of soil contaminated with chlorpyrifos pesticide. The purpose of this study was to identify and obtain a consortium of bacteria capable in degrading pesticides on shallot fields contaminated with the pesticide chlorpyrifos. The method used in this research is the bacteria isolation using soil extract, morphological identification, molecullar identification using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), analysis of bacterial diversity index and consortium bacterial degradation test in order to reduce levels of the chlorpyrifos pesticide. The results of this study found 16 isolates of bacteria at each study site that were resistant to 100ppm of the pesticide chlorpyrifos so that these isolates were chosen to be used as a consortium of bacteria. Molecular identification of the bacterial consortium showed that there were 10 genera consisting of Cutibacterium, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Ensifer, Ochrobactrum, Achromobacter, Escherichia shigella, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas. The bacterial diversity index in shallot soils reached 2,040 and 1,467 on forest soils The reduction efficiency of the bacterial consortium using the method of growing cells and supernatant were 94.48% and 98.88%, respectively.