Reviewed by: Nathan Andrews, Queen's University, email@example.com is no dearth of books on Canadian foreign policy toward Africa. Some recent examples include David Black's Canada and Africa in the New Millennium (2015), Edward Akuffo's Canadian Foreign Policy in Africa (2012), and Canada-Africa Relations, edited by the Centre for International Governance Innovation's president Rohinton Medhora and Yiagadeesen Samy (2013). However, missing from these discussions is an engagement with such sensitive topics as race and imperialism. With a focus on a particularly thriving sector of Canada's engagement with Africa, Butler's Colonial Extractions draws our attention to how race and culture inform both the negotiation and determination of who gets what, when, and how with regard to Africa's mineral resources.Butler creates a disconcerting picture of Canada as a colonizer-state, contrary to the popular depictions as "partner," "friend," "helper," or "rescuer" in mainstream discourses. Situating her discussion in the historical negotiations around the relationship between Indigenous and First Nations communities and the Canadian state, Butler employs both post-colonial and critical race theory to underscore the representation of "Canada as not only a 'white settler state' and a 'racial state' but also as a contemporary colonizer-nation" (21-22). The objective is to link Canada's contemporary global mining involvements to the longer historical trajectory of European and Euro-American imperialism.The crux of the evidence that supports the author's claims is not provided until chapter 6, mid-way through the book. In the next three chapters, Butler examines narratives of Canadian mining professionals that view Canadians as "just rock-jocks," "doing good wherever we are," "quite sensitive people," and "environmentally responsible." Combined, these discourses play "a central role in the construction and maintenance of colonialist moral superiority and economic power, in the sense that [they do] not critically examine the historical and structural causes of poverty and economic inequality" (202). Butler argues in the concluding chapter that these discourses, bolstered by new practices such as cross-sectoral public-private partnerships and corporate social responsibility activities, entrench exploitation in Africa's mining industry.Overall, the clear writing style makes the book accessible. The account is also both historically rich and culturally relevant. However, there are some concerns. First, the book strips Africa of its agency by presenting an entirely gloomy picture of racialized engagements. Butler claims to write out of the recognition of her own guilt as a "phenotypically 'white' non-Indigenous author" (5) who is implicated in the story of Canadian colonialism, and she uses "we" throughout the analysis. This a priori disposition leads her to ignore both what is working and the internal factors contributing to the perpetuation of implicit and explicit forms of white supremacy and its implications for poverty/well-being. For instance, could elites in some African countries be involved in the continuities of imperialism and, if so, how might we adjust claims about whom we should hold responsible? This question basically points to the fact that "Africa" cannot be uncritically depicted as a victim, especially given the plethora of factors and forces at work in the continent's socio-economic, cultural, and political milieu. …


Removal of toluene using cobalt oxide supported on sepiolite catalysts was investigated. Deposition precipitation method was used to prepare the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller methods. The results of catalytic testing showed that 20% cobalt oxide/sepiolite (Co20/Sep) had higher catalytic activity for degradation of toluene. A temperature of 400 °C was found to be the optimum calcination temperature for Co20/Sep, since it achieved 90% toluene conversion at about 300 °C. The results showed that the selectivity of the catalysts towards CO2 was complete and no byproducts were detected. Stability tests also indicated that Co20/Sep remains stable at 320 °C with complete conversion of toluene after 24 h. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed sepiolitesupported cobalt oxide catalyst as an efficient catalyst for degradation of toluene.


Abstract The career patterns of two distinguished sociologists, Arnold and Caroline Rose, exemplify male-female differentials in academic career patterns in sociology. Arnold's career was a straight and steep line of progression; Caroline's, despite her record of scholarly productivity, existed on the fringes of academia—night school, correspondence courses, and extension and part-time teaching. Examination of the authors and reviews in the American Journal of Sociology and the American Sociological Review confirms this model of women at the academic margins: over the years, women have written a far greater proportion of the book reviews than of the articles. This pattern parallels that women in academic life generally, although not all of it can be attributed to discriminatory factors. While the participation of women in mainstream academic life has increased in very recent years, these historic patterns indicate the possible need for different formal models of male and female academic careers.


Every year worldwide, dozens of people are injured or killed due to the non-alert for vehicle drivers of oncoming trains or trams. This paper proposes a telemetry network approach for addressing this situation. The concept of real-time traffic management utilizing a virtual road crossing controller system is described. Using mobile communication technologies, the power of cloud computing technology and the ability to perform real time data analysis is combined with decision-making algorithms, which enables a workable solution to be demonstrated. Some additional technologies include vehicle addressing, highly accurate geo-positioning, the TMP messaging protocol, a cloud based controller concept and ad-hoc group negotiations.


This is the final report published as part of the project "Regional Strategies for Green Growth and Innovation". This is the final publication of the project Regional Strategies for Green Growth an ...


Objective:Resveratrol has been positively associated with cardiovascular prevention. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of regular consumption of a fixed-dose of Resveratrol in arterial stiffness (AS) and central hemodynamics and in young and healthy individuals.Design and method:Thirty part


This paper briefly analyzes the existent situation and the problems of 10 kV electric circuit in the oil field and all sidely introduces the main structure and key applied functions of the electric circuit distribution automatial subsystem.From the execution of the design plan,not only the electric circuit is effectively guaranteed to be common regulation and survey,is duly and correctly located the position and rcovered power supply,but also the electric circuit attrition is abated farthest to achieve the aim of costcutting of power utilization.


Author Bui Van Thanh Title Proactive Maintenance Solution for Industrial Robots Year 2018 Language English Pages 54 Name of Supervisor Timo Kankaanpää This thesis was done based on the requirements provided by Co-Automation Oy to develop an effective maintenance and monitoring solution for industrial robots, which is able to collect and store data, monitor and display alerts using IoT Ticket. Industrial production requires robots to operate through hours every day, which will eventually cause damage in the robots' parts and may affect the whole operation of the factory. The monitoring process is very time consuming if it is done on the robots one by one. This thesis proposes a solution which helps to improve in monitoring the performance of robots and also give prediction on the time that the robot may break down using the Internet of Thing system or IoT. IoT has been developed and applied in many different fields. IoT provides better access and control for the users on each device connected to an IoT system. IoTTicket is a platform developed by Wapice Ltd which provides a user-friendly interface for the users to access and interact remotely with their devices. This thesis covers the requirement specifications, analyzing process, planning, implementing and the testing process of the solution. This document will focus mainly on the analyzing phase and the implementing phase.


When working together using CSCW tools, people have a "work context" within which they perform their work. A work context includes the tools they are using to perform the work, the work artefacts being modified, the tools used to communicate with collaborators, and the other people they are collaborating with.We describe our recent work with trying to represent work context information in a workflow system. We then describe our current work which tries to determine work context information, rather than requiring it to be explicitly specified, by monitoring user activities. We describe how both approaches allow work context information to be communicated between collaborating users, allowing users to better coordinate their work and understand why others have done certain things or are doing certain things. We claim such facilities are necessary in order to enable the next generation of workflow-based CSCW systems to better support work coordination amoung multiple users.


In the context of accelerating housing development for low-income people (MBR), the government makes simplification efforts in simplifying licensing for low-income housing development. To expedite this, the government issued Government Regulation Number 64 of 2016 concerning Low-Income Community Housing Development, then to accelerate its implementation in the regions, it is regulated in Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 55 of 2017 concerning Implementation of Licensing and Non-Permitting Housing Development for Low-Income Communities (MBR) in the Region. This study aims to determine government policies related to the implementation of MBR housing development and to determine the performance of the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 55 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Licensing and Non-Licensing of Housing Development for Low-Income Communities (MBR) in the Regions, especially in the city of Palembang.


Increasing requirements for scalability and elasticity of data storage for web applications has made Not Structured Query Language NoSQL databases more invaluable to web developers. One of such NoSQL Database solutions is Redis. A budding alternative to Redis database is the SSDB database, which is also a key-value store but is disk-based. The aim of this research work is to benchmark both databases (Redis and SSDB) using the Yahoo Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB). YCSB is a platform that has been used to compare and benchmark similar NoSQL database systems. Both databases were given variable workloads to identify the throughput of all given operations. The results obtained shows that SSDB gives a better throughput for majority of operations to Redis's performance.


A new planthopper genus, Mucillnata, is established with a new species, Mucillnata rava sp. nov. as the type species, in the tribe Tropidocephalini, subfamily Delphacinae from southern China. A key to the known genera of the tribe from China is also provided and the differences between the new genus and closely related genera are discussed.


Civil society activism in traditional non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is seen as one of the cornerstones of a vibrant participatory liberal democracy in most Western democratic states. Wherea ...


In this article, we consider the problem of multirotor flying robots physically interacting with the environment under influence of wind. The results are the first algorithms for simultaneous online estimation of contact and aerodynamic wrenches acting on the robot based on real-world data, without the need for dedicated sensors. For this purpose, we investigated two model-based techniques for discriminating between aerodynamic and interaction forces. The first technique is based on aerodynamic and contact torque models, and uses the external force to estimate wind speed. Contacts are then detected based on the residual between estimated external torque and expected (modeled) aerodynamic torque. Upon detecting contact, wind speed is assumed to change very slowly. From the estimated interaction wrench, we are also able to determine the contact location. This is embedded into a particle filter framework to further improve contact location estimation. The second algorithm uses the propeller aerodynamic power and angular speed as measured by the speed controllers to obtain an estimate of the airspeed. An aerodynamics model is then used to determine the aerodynamic wrench. Both methods rely on accurate aerodynamics models. Therefore, we evaluate data-driven and physics-based models as well as offline system identification for flying robots. For obtaining ground-truth data, we performed autonomous flights in a 3D wind tunnel. Using this data, aerodynamic model selection, parameter identification, and discrimination between aerodynamic and contact forces could be performed. Finally, the developed methods could serve as useful estimators for interaction control schemes with simultaneous compensation of wind disturbances.


The Korean Conflict (as it is sometimes known) dramatically changed the way that Americans viewed war. The lack of a clear-cut victory inspired filmmakers to try to make sense of fighting another country's civil war and risking American lives for a largely unpopular cause. More than 50 movies about the Korean War appeared in the 15 years after it ended, and dozens more have appeared since then.This filmography details more than 90 English - language films that chronicle or depict the Korean War and its consequences. Each film entry includes complete cast and credit listings, a plot synopsis, evaluation, review snippets, and notice of video availability. This book places each Korean War film in its historical context, assesses the essential truthfulness and relevance of each film, evaluates each film's entertainment value, and discusses how - and why - Korean War films differ from other Hollywood war genres.The book also provides information on themes and subjects that appear in the films and an outline of the war and those films which portray historical events. The first four appendices list the films by chronology, production company and studio, level of historical accuracy and subject and theme. The following appendices provide a listing of films with superficial or incidental references to the Korean War, a film listing of documentaries on the Korean War and a film listing of South Korean films about the Korean War. Also included are photographs from each film and its marketing campaign, a bibliography, and an index.


Background and objectives: The treatment of humeral shaft fractures might include plate osteosynthesis or intramedullary nailing. The fracture hematoma is maintained using intramedullary nails because they are placed in a closed way, allowing for early fracture consolidation and decreased infection rates. Interlocking provides rotational stability, allowing nearby joints to mobilize more quickly. Antegrade nailing, on the other hand, has the side effect of tightening the shoulder. in this study, we wanted to see how humeral shaft fractures treated with closed Antegrade Intramedullary nailing fared in terms of time to union, functional results, and comorbidities. Methods: Twenty adult patients with acute humeral shaft fractures were treated using antegrade closed intramedullary nailing. With an average age of 38.4 yrs., there had been 17 men and 3 females (21-65 yrs.). These patients had tracked for two years as well as the outcomes were assessed. Results: 1 (5%) fracture failed to union after an average consolidation time of 13.78 weeks (11-16 weeks). There were three occurrences of intraoperative fracture comminution (15%) that had no impact on fracture healing. 2 (10%) of the patients experienced nail impingement, 1 (5%) had shoulder stiffness, and 1 (5%) had a superficial infection. Functional outcomes were good in 17 (85%), moderate in 2 (10%), and poor in 1 (5%). Conclusion: Closed Antegrade intramedullary nailing is a safe and easy way to fix fracture shaft of humerus, resulting in early fracture consolidation as well as a rate much higher of union. It allows for early recovery and shortens hospital stays.


In the last decade, the banking credit has grown significantly in Peru, a partial dollarized economy. That imposed some challenges to the financial regulators to mitigate the risks derived from both excessive economic growth and currency mismatches of banks' debtors. This document assesses the effectiveness of two macroprudential measures implemented by the financial regulators: dynamic provisioning and conditional reserve requirements. By using a credit register data, there is evidence that dynamic provisioning has a dampening impact on commercial credit growth. Moreover, mortgage dollarization has declined more rapidly after the implementation of the Conditional Reserve Requirement scheme, but there is no clear evidence about its impact on banks' assets quality. In the case of dynamic provisioning, its effect over non-performing loans is asymmetric. ∗Economist, Monetary Programming Department †Senior Economist, Financial Stability Department Division ‡Head of the Financial System's Analysis Department The authors would like to thank to Leonardo Gambacorta, Paul Castillo, Derry Quintana and the participants of CGDFS Working Group for their useful comments and suggestions. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru.


Estimation of flow duration characteristics is key in assessing hydropower potential in natural catchments. However, such analysis is not usually straightforward, especially in ungauged sites and/or in complex catchment areas. In this study we evaluate the feasibility of revamping of a small hydroelectric power plant, located in a karst plateau in central Italy, by assessing the hydropower potential of its feeding surface and subsurface stream network. A thorough analysis of runoff processes occurring in the examined area is carried out in order to corroborate regionalization studies based on measured specific flows in neighboring homogeneous basins. The results show an appreciable availability of water resources to be exploited for hydropower purposes.


Objective To analyze the acute effect of air pollutants on preterm birth of newborn. Methods The pregnancy outcome data were from the birth surveillance system, perinatal heath data and hospital birth records of a city of Guangdong province. Meteorological data and air pollution data were collected from the weather bureau of the investigated city and the environmental monitoring station respectively. Generalized additive model (GAM) and Poisson regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between air pollution and preterm birth in a city of Guangdong province, controlled with time trends, weather and the day of week. Results The average concentration of NO2, PM10 and SO2 in 2007 were 61.04, 82.51 and 51.67 μg/m3 respectively. The average daily count of preterm birth of newborn in 2007 was 21.47 /daily. Pearson correlation analysis presented that there was a negative correlation between the concentration of NO2, PM10, SO2 and both the temperature and relative humidity of atmospheric. The lagged and accumulation effect of GAM suggested the single pollutant models was significant. The lagged effect of both three kinds of pollutants could only be maintained on a day. An increase of 100 μg/m3 of NO2, PM10 and SO2 corresponded to 1.042 5 (95%CI:1.006 8~1.078 1), 1.051 2 (95%CI:1.008 7 ~1.093 8), 1.111 8 (95%CI:1.047 9 ~1.175 7)relative risk of preterm birth respectively. The cumulative effects of NO2, SO2 also reached the maximum in three days later. An increase of 100 μg/m3 of NO2 and SO2 corresponded to 1.054 2(95%CI:1.008 0~1.100 3)and 1.129 8(95%CI:1.048 0 ~1.211 6)relative risk of preterm birth respectively. The cumulative effects of PM10 also reached the maximum in four days later. An increase of 100 μg/m3 of PM10 corresponded to 1.068 8 (95%CI:1.007 4~1.130 1)relative risk of preterm birth. The results of multiple air pollutants GAM showed that the lagged effect of SO2 were all strongest when NO2 were included in GAM, while the effect of NO2 and PM10 were weakened in multiple air pollutants GAM. Conclusion Air pollutants of NO2, PM10 and SO2 have potential acute effect on preterm birth in the investigated city in Guangdong.


We report here a detailed study of sacrificial layer dissolution of photoresist by acetone in microchannels. The effects of channel geometry as well as photoresist characteristics such as thermal cycles and UV exposure are considered and tested. Test channels were designed and fabricated ranging in height from 2 /spl mu/m to 6 /spl mu/m, widths from 10 /spl mu/m to 80 /spl mu/m, and lengths up to 2 mm. Channels were formed by encapsulating a sacrificial photoresist layer between two layers of parylene. Sacrificial layer dissolution in acetone was monitored using time lapse digital photography through a microscope and the captured data plotted and analyzed. The data support a diffusion limited model for photoresist dissolution in acetone. Individual parameters in the diffusion limited model are tested and validated through a number of controlled experiments. These results and the final model are important for the design and fabrication of micro-fluidic systems based on the parylene-photoresist sacrificial system.


Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) is a powerful traffic simulation program which can work at different scales, from sub-microscopic to macroscopic. Depending on the available input dataset, it is possible to build lots of different configurations, changing routing and car-follow algorithms, and many parameters. Building a basic SUMO scenario is a multi-step activity involving the followings: preparing the transportation network, traffic definition, setting a routing algorithm, and running the simulation. The aim of the present work is to show a detailed real case study explaining how to build a complete scenario and run simulations, starting from the preparation of the network from Open Street Map. The last part of the present paper is about how to use the SUMO output files with MongoDB in order to keep track of significant information resulting from each simulation.


At present,the government puts emphasis on developing general medicine and advancing reform in the primary health care system.With decades of efforts,much progress has been made in the urban health care system.However,problems still exist in community health service,such as deficiency and low quality of general practitioners,and insufficient use of the sanitation service system.By sampling investigating the actuality of community health service in Wenzhou City,we hope to offer some useful advice for its development.


The invention relates to a foaming PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) sheet and a preparation method of the foaming PET sheet; the sheet is composed of the following components according to part by weight: 100 parts of PET resin, 0.1-10 parts of nucleating agent, 0.1-10 parts of foaming stabilizer and 1.5-18 parts of composite foaming agent; after being mixed by an extruding machine, the componentsare extruded, foamed and molded, so PET foam sheet is obtained, wherein the composite foaming agent comprises 1-10 parts of liquid carbon dioxide, 0.5-5 parts of second component foaming agent and 0-3 parts of third component foaming agent according to part by weight. In comparison with the prior art, the advantages are as follows: PET foaming packaging sheets with medium-low foaming ratio and good mechanical property can be prepared; the production process is highly continuous, steady and safe without environment pollution, so the production process is suitable for industrial production. Thefoaming ratio, cell size distribution and mechanical property of products have good comprehensive evaluation; and the main foaming agent is carbon dioxide so as not to affect the usability and safetyof products.


While alumina is the only material applied to all-ceramic joint prostheses, silicon carbide has high potential too because it has high wear resistance and biocompatibility. However, as wear of silicon carbide is increased by tribochemical reaction with oxygen, it is necessary to estimate the effect of dissolved oxygen on wear in order to develop joint prostheses of silicon carbide. In this study, wear test was carried out using end-face apparatus under five different dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mean contact pressure is 9.2 MPa, and sliding velocity is 40 mm/s. Wear test continued for 144 hours. After the test, the specific wear rate defined by (wear volume)/(load×sliding distance) was calculated. Worn surfaces and wear particles were also observed using optical microscope and SEM. The specific wear rate is lowest in normal distilled water. Though the specific wear rate increases both in oxygen rich environment and oxygen poor environment, the mechanisms of wear are different. According to SEM images, tribochemical reaction is dominant under the oxygen rich condition, while abrasive wear is dominant under the oxygen poor condition. REFERENCES [1] A B Nevelös, P A Evans, P Harrison, M Rainforth: Examination of alumina ceramic components from total hip arthroplasties. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, vol.207, 155-162 (1993) [2] Y. S. Zhou, M. Ohashi, K. Ikeuchi: Start up and steady state friction of alumina against alumina. Wear, 210 (1997), 112-119 [3] Y. S. Zhou, K. Ikeuchi, M. Ohashi: Comparison of the friction properties of four ceramic materials for joint replacement. Wear, 210 (1997), 171-177 [4] Jun Kusaka, Kazuto Takashima, Daisuke Yamane, Ken Ikeuchi: Fundamental study for all-ceramic artificial hip joint. Wear, 225-229 (1999), 734-742 [5] Knud Lund-Olesen: Oxygen Tension in Synovial Fluid. Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol.13, No.6 (1970), 769-776 [6] Alan I. Richman, Eugene Y. Su and George Ho: Reciprocal relationship of synovial fluid volume and oxygen tension. Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol.24, No.5 (1981), 701-705


In this study, a bicycle-rider system was developed. Model predictive control (MPC) is used to control the system follows reference roll-angle. Control inputs are steering torque on the handle bar and the leaning torque of rider's upper body. The performance of the controller, the interaction between rider's motion and the bicycle dynamics are discussed via simulation results.


BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high injury rate in the lower extremities among military recruits. A correlation has been shown between female gender or a low level of physical activity p ...


This paper presents a technology for high density and low parasitic capacitance electrical interconnects to arrays of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) on a silicon chip. Vertical wafer feedthroughs (vias) connect an array of sensors or actuators from the front side (transducer side) to the backside (packaging side) of the chip. A 20 to 1 high aspect ratio 20 /spl mu/m diameter via is achieved by using Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). Reduction of the parasitic capacitance of the polysilicon pads to the substrate can be achieved by using Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) operating in the depletion region. This three-dimensional architecture allows for elegant packaging through simple flip-chip bonding of the chip's back side to a printed circuit board (PCB) or a signal processing chip.


Objective: To establish an academic information literacy evaluation index system for medical postgraduate students.Methods: The connotation of academic information literacy was analyed. Based on the Delphi method,we completed the indexes screening and correction by the 15 experts for the 3 round questionnaire consultation. Results: The academic information literacy evaluation index system for the medical postgraduate students included 3 first level indexes,9 second level indexes,and 41 third level indexes. The positive coefficient of experts in 3 rounds were 100%,the mean of importance evaluation of all indexes were more than 0.3,and the rank correlation coefficient of Kendall w test were 0. 313,0. 451,and 0. 457 respectively( P 0. 05). Conclusions: The academic information literacy evaluation system for medical postgraduate students proposed by this study was scientific and reasonable.


Prospective authors of reanalyses of inter-laboratory single-crystal intensity projects are urged to contact members of these projects for access to the available unpublished information generated by the projects.


This study aims to describe the environmental ethical values of Maduranese traditional society. Their belief to nature, especially related to the land and sea landscape is manifestation form of shifting paradigm: from anthropocentrism to the spirit of biocentrism-ecocentrism, become the basis for the environmental ethics development. Based on the ethnographical approach, the moral view of Maduranese traditional society is obtained through participant observation and direct interaction, the results of this study revealed that Maduranese traditional society put forward two main principles in interacting to the nature, i.e. harmony and belief to the supernatural forces, which is led to the diversity of the land use typology and nature's rituals. For land use context, the cosmology of Maduranese traditional society is more complicated and rigorous, because the ecological factors of Madura are dominated by uneven mooring compared to the ecology of Java Island which is dominated by rice fields. The Maduranese's traditional society belief system to nature seems more syncretic than the tradition of the people in Java Island.


pontiμcal o ̧ce 'occasionally sought to test the boundaries of this dualism, the pontiμces appear to have withstood such challenges, at least until the identiμcation of the pontifex maximus with Imperial authority under Augustus' (p. 135). Bellemore (Chapter 8, pp. 225–57) shows plainly enough that Plutarch is a reliable guide to events in 59 b.c. but that he, followed by Appian and Dio, overly dramatises Cato's opposition to Caesar's legislative programme in that year. However, it would have been well to note that although 'all e¶ective opposition to Caesar' (p. 244) may have ended about May 59, with new elections due within a matter of weeks, Bibulus, Cato and others may have believed that e¶orts should rather be made to ensure the success of consular candidates inimical to Caesar who, as consuls designate, would have acted as a foil against him in the second half of the year. In this too their hopes were to be dashed. Krostenko's purpose (Chapter 10, pp. 279–312): 'is to explore ... connections between the style and the ideas and ideology' (p. 280) in Cicero's oration in support of Marcellus. Through a close examination of the text, with several perhaps otiose extended quotations, K. concludes that Cicero by laying it on thick, or in 'extended display' (p. 298), bluntly highlights Caesar's position as 'patron of the state' (p. 299), whose whim mattered more in the outcome of such legal encounters than the process itself. As in all such volumes, the quality is variable, but one should observe too, in particular, a quite noticeable disparity in the length of the chapters. Some of the longer contributions could have been made tighter, with a reduced page limit, while others err too much on the side of brevity, with a consequent lack of depth. The general index and that for passages quoted (pp. 339–44) are useful, but a consolidated bibliography might have been preferable to those situated at the end of each chapter, since there is considerable repetition in references. However, by and large, these topics will join the increasingly wide perspective that has become recently available for reader and researcher alike in the politics of the late Roman Republic.


A memory device, a data recording method and an IC tag are provided to simplify the structure and perform the manufacture of the memory device through the manufacture of the IC tag with a simple process since information can be recorded by operating a heater part only. A memory device(10) which records information by selectively heating a memory unit including conductive liquid crystalline compound and using molecular orientation of the liquid crystalline compound in liquid crystal state comprises a first electrode(13), a second electrode(16), a third electrode(18), and a memory unit(14) interposed between the first electrode and a heater part(15). The third electrode is arranged on the heater part. The second electrode is arranged on the side of the heater part. The memory unit includes conductive liquid crystalline compound having long rectilinear conjugated structure portion and smectic phase as the liquid-crystalline phase part. Information recording is performed by heating the memory unit with the heater part and selectively forming the memory unit having both optical anisotropism and conductivity.


Numerous laboratory studies have found that microleakage is usually unavoidable whilst clinical studies report substantially less pessimism about the sealing ability of dental restorations. This review of the literature is presented on various forms of leakage in dental restorations, distinguishing leakage, micro-leakage and nano-leakage. The phenomena, causes and methods to reduce leakage are described and the clinical relevance of in vitro and in vivo leakage studies evaluated. The authors' laboratory and clinical experience on the determinaton of microleakage is discussed and put into perspective with clinical performance.


The article examines the involvement of students in volunteer activities, examines the organization of students volunteer activities and volunteer projects realization at the university. The potential of volunteerism as an effective mechanism for addressing the urgent social problems is revealed.Theauthorstudiesexperience of volunteer services organization the I.A. Bunin State University in Yelets.


In this paper, we study properties for solutions of Riemann-Liouville (R-L) fractional differential systems with a delay. Some results on integral inequalities are first presented by Ho¨lder inequality. Then we investigate properties on solutions for R-L fractional systems with a delay by using the obtained inequalities and obtain upper bound of solutions. Finally, an illustrative example is considered to support our new results.


Takradhārā is very popular and effectively practiced in many clinical conditions. Different institutions and eminent scholars claim that the effect is because of its stimulations in the H P A Axis. But the same was not being proved by sound research works. Hence the present study titled "Effect of Takradhārā on Glucocorticoid Hormone in Psoriasis - RCT" was planned to take up the issue. Glucocorticoid, the stress hormone is regulated by the H P A Axis. Concentration of the hormone is found elevated in many stressful conditions like Psoriasis. Before treatment, the mean cortisol level was found elevated in all participants (13.08 ± 4.31). In the treatment group 23.86% reduction was observed in cortisol level, which was significant at 1% level. In the control group 5.40% reduction in cortisol level was insignificant (>0.05). Hence, Takradhārā is effective in reducing raised cortisol level in Psoriasis. Reduction in PASI score was significant in Takradhārā group in comparison with the control group (<0.01). Significant reduction observed in redness in both groups. Reduction in thickness and itching was significant in treatment group. Hence, the present R C T concludes with the information that Takradhārā reduces the elevated cortisol hormone in participants with Psoriasis.


Toxicologists are required to maintain high ethical standards in their studies in order to comply with regulations and to meet the expectations of colleagues and the public. Ethical standards are continually evolving, due to regulatory actions, recommendations of professional organizations and public perceptions. Toxicologists, as do the large majority of all adults, subscribe to the principles of 'animal welfare' as opposed to the principles of 'animal rights' which opposes all human use of animals. Animal welfare in the toxicology laboratory is based on veterinary standards, accreditation standards, professional society standards, and on principles, such as the '3 Rs': 'Reduction' (minimizing the number of animals used); 'Refinement' of procedures in order to minimize pain and distress; and 'Replacement' of animals by nonsentient models. Toxicologists strive to eliminate animal pain and distress, to use humane end points, to use humane methods for euthanasia and to provide for the health and safety of animal subjects. Toxicologists should also consider their responsibility to educate the public about what they do and why.

It is clear that the Animal Rights Movement, with the help of new and expanding, federal, state, and local laws, is rapidly making much animal research cost ineffective as well as extremely wasteful of the research scientist's time

(Guyton, 1988)

Keywords:

animal welfare;
animal toxicology;
ethics;
animal rights;
three Rs;
research regulations


Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has been playing a crucial role in understanding of physics behind high-temperature superconductivity. Our ARPES investigation of superconducting cuprates, performed over a decade and accomplished by very recent results, suggests a consistent view of electronic interactions in cuprates which provides natural explanation of both the origin of the pseudogap state and the mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity. Within this scenario, the uperconductivity


A physical understanding of both intrinsic and extrinsic noise mechanisms in a MOSFET is developed. Intrinsic noise mechanisms fundamental to device operation include channel thermal noise, induced gate noise, and induced substrate noise. While the effect of channel thermal noise is observable at zero drain-to-source voltage, the induced gate and substrate noise do not manifest themselves under these conditions. However, the attendant fluctuations in the channel charge are observable by the passage of electric current through the device. Extrinsic noise mechanisms manifested due to structural evolution of the MOSFET include the distributed gate resistance noise, distributed substrate resistance noise, bulk charge effects, substrate current supershot noise, gate current noise, excess channel noise, and 1/f noise. Where available, compact noise models covering these noise mechanisms are explained. Also, where possible, methods of suppression of these mechanisms are highlighted. A survey of current public domain MOS models is presented, and a lack of comprehensive coverage of noise models is noted. Open areas of MOSFET noise research in the sub-hundred-nanometer regime are also highlighted. With suitable adaptation, noise concepts elucidated in the context of MOS transistors have a much wider applicability to the operation of HEMTs, JFETs, MESFETs, and other field-effect devices


The Monte Carlo simulation assessment methods mostly adopt the classical probability measure or fuzzy measure to describe the occurrence possibility of cascading failures in power grids,and they need a large number of samplings to ensure a certain calculation premise.In order to avoid these deficiencies,a new fuzzy simulation assessment method to solve the occurrence possibility of cascading failures was proposed on the basis of credibility theory.Using the hidden failure model as the propagation mechanism of cascading failures,the physical and mathematical essence of cascading failures were analyzed in detail,and the credibility measure was applied to describe their occurrence possibilities.On the simulation analysis of the WSCC 9-bus test system and a western regional power grid,compared with some traditional methods,the results have proved that the proposed method can accurately identify the cascading failures with small possibilities only conditioned upon less sampling calculations,and it is characterized by adaptability,validity and accuracy.


The dependence of the band structure of lanthanum hybrides on hydrogen concentration is investigated by considering an approximate model Hamiltonian that takes into account the hybridization of the d and hydrogen-derived s bands. A Green's function technique is used to obtain the hybrid bands in the Hartree–Fock approximation. The model is used to discuss the role of H concentration and the s–d interaction on the observed metal–semiconductor phase transition in LaHx.


Direct seeding can be a useful method for creating new woodland on former agricultural sites. However, the success of the technique is variable when it is used to restore conifer plantation sites to native species. Seed predation by small mammals, particularly the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), has been identified as a factor potentially limiting success. Small mammals are known to exhibit preferential predation when presented with a range of tree and shrub seeds. This research demonstrated that, when seeds used in the direct seeding of woodlands were presented on the soil surface, small mammals showed a preference for large-seeded species such as oak (Quercus robur), hazel (Corylus avellana) beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). In the case of oak, the removal of seeds by predators was rapid and total, usually in less than 24 hours. Smaller-seeded species and those with greater physical protection were significantly less likely to be taken. The results showed that the pattern of preference remained consistent between several different sites. The burial of seeds is known to reduce predation by reducing the chance of seeds being detected and increasing the time required for predators to find and remove them. In our experiments, burial restricted predation to just the highly-preferred species while less-preferred species were left almost untouched. However, burial also significantly reduced predation risk overall. Research Note


The proposed paper is mainly aimed at passing the collected data from smart devices to a server to build a smarter university. The idea is to create the so-called Smart University. The smart university infrastructure includes two main components: IT infrastructure and intelligent engineering systems. Smart engineering systems include power supply systems, water supply, air conditioning, fire protection systems, lighting, access control and video surveillance systems. Part of the proposed systems as elements of smart infrastructure were built at University. Upgrading of the infrastructure with additional elements is forthcoming. The idea is to achieve full synchronization in the work of all university systems using an Internet service.


This paper will examine the verbalization patterns involving a- and en- prefixes and their suffixed counterparts (apresentar vs. empresentar, acontecer vs. contecer, asegurar vs. segurar, forrar vs. aforrar vs. enforrar). Although recent studies on the diachronic development of denominal and deadjectival verbs in Spanish have highlighted the need to take into account external factors or different varieties in order to explain the semantic overlapping of these derivatives, no such research has been undertaken. The present study is concerned with finding out if and to what extend these verbalization patterns are constrained by language use, paying special attention to dialectal divergences. The material has been extracted from the Corpus de Documentos Espanoles Anteriores a 1800. The interplay between morphological features and dialectology permits to draw some revealing facts, such as the dialectal character of suffixed derivatives.


In the process of smart transformation on conventional ammunition,traditional rate gyroscope can not work normally under harsh environment such as high overload and high-speed,so the rotating speed can be measured by magnetic sensor instead of the rate gyroscope in IMU.Then with the output signal of simulated single-axis magnetic sensor,it has been successfully applied for detecting bullet rotating speed by four time-frequency analysis methods.They are peak detection,inspect-zeros-period,the short time Fourier transform and sliding window Chirp-z transform.Finally,with the error analysis of simulation results,the most precise arithmetic is presented.


Introducing bond wire diagnosis for multichip insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is key to the health monitoring of modular multilevel converters (MMCs), which allow for improved field robustness, reliability, and reduced maintenance cost. This article leverages the crosstalk phenomenon during switching transitions to detect the chip open-circuit faults caused by the bond wire lift-off using typical half-bridge IGBT modules in a multichip-parallel configuration. The cycle-controlled, nonintrusive measurement is conducted under normal operation, when the device under test is in OFF-state and its complementary switch is during switching transitions. Two specialized health-sensitive parameters arising from the dynamic gate loop waveforms are identified and evaluated, including: 1) the gate voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {GE(t3)}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> when the declining collector voltage reaches zero and 2) the negative peak gate voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {GE(t4)}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The sensitivity and stability of these two parameters are compared through theoretical analysis, circuit simulation, and practical verification. The results show that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {GE(t4)}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is more suitable for online monitoring, while <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {GE(t3)}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is more sensitive than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {GE(t4)}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. With managed complexity in gate drives, this proposed health awareness approach is feasible in the submodules of MMC applications, but it can also be used in other power converter topologies incorporating the half-bridge structure.


Fe2O3/C nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using microwave assisted calcination method. Ferric (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl36H2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and dextrose monohydrate (C6H12O6H2O) were used as precursors. A microwave oven of 2.445 GHz with a power of 600 W for 20 minutes was employed during the syntheses. Calcination was performed in a simple furnace at 350 °C for 30 min. The molar ratio of C:Fe is the only process parameter. From Scanning Electron Microscope images, the average particle size were 199 nm and 74 nm for the samples with molar ratio of C:Fe of 1:2 and 1:1, respectively. X-ray diffractometer spectra showed that the obtained samples have γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) crystal structure. Using the Scherrer method, the crystallite size were 61.7, 58.8, 52.5, and 48.8 nm for the samples with the molar ratios of C:Fe of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1, respectively. It means that the crystallite size of the nanocomposite decreases with the increase of the molar ratio of carbon to iron (C:Fe). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller characterization showed that the surface area as high as 255.6 m2/g is achieved by of the Fe2O3/C nanocomposite with the molar ratio of C:Fe of 1:1.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
Although increased costs resulting from higher prices for energy-related needs on the farm appear to be the most obvious problem, world marketing complications resulting from the "energy crisis"—not production costs-will also create problems for U. S. agriculture in the next several years.


E -n IGHT years ago, at the invitation of the Institute of Early American History and Culture, a group of nine colonial historians met for a two-day conference at Princeton to consider the state of research and teaching in the field. The report of the conference took the form of a jeremiad, a joint and protracted wail over the low and languishing condition of Early American historical studies. Those of us who were at the conference were agreed "that there has been a steady decline in the teaching of colonial history.... That there has been a shrinking amount of research.... That this neglect is alarming....'' l One of the first things we longed for and looked after was to advance learning in Early American history and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate history faculty to the colleges when "the present group of able scholars"2 should lie in the dust. Professor Carl Bridenbaugh was appointed to preach the formal jeremiad to the profession, which he did at the Cleveland meeting of the American Historical Association in December, I947. His sermon was later published in the American Historical Review under the title "The Neglected First Half of American History."3 Mr. Bridenbaugh painted a sufficiently gloomy picture, highlighted with statistics showing, for example, a steady decline in the number of articles, notes, and documents dealing with Early American history in the American Historical Review since I920. I have one statistic to report for the period since I947, and it is only moderately encouraging. As against seventeen contributions on Early American history printed in the Review in the eight years before Mr. Bridenbaugh's report, there have been twenty-three in the eight years since-a fact which may be explained by Mr. Bridenbaugh's having been on the Board of Editors during that time.


This poster offers evidence of practice development activities undertaken to establish a clinical framework for making reasonable adjustments in acute hospital and application of the tool in a mortality audit.


w& ybmEtWwblyWow the aveage izuhUt the montl of July, but above it in the beginefA -mi aI.!qtc l~is not conned to any particular localities, hgh or low, ta firms or the ocean, is proved by its geographical history. It may have originated in the jungles of .esore in Bengal; but we have heard of it in the snowy paues of the Cacasus, along the sea-beach in various parts Of the globe, in sandy deserts traversed by caravans, on board-ship frequently, on alluvial plains, such as those on which Moscow stands, or in cities as elevated as that of Mexico, the loftiest in the world; in the fords of Norway and Scandinavi upon the shallow Baltic, the deep German Sea, and the broad Atlantic. But whenever authentic accounts have reached us respecting the state of the atmosphere during its prevalence, they are uniformly the same. It wrould be exceedlingly interesting, could we be placed in posseion of accurate meteorological accounts from Marseilles, visited so fearfully at present by this pestilence. The overcast sky during the prevalence of the disease has been, as far as my observations extend, of two kinds. One is that of thin cirro-strati, mackerd sky, as it is called, through which the sun shines with a pate watery light: these cirro-strati surround and follow the sun in his course. The second is that of dark smoky-looking cumuli, from N.W., moving up in a lowering manner. There is a calm, but no rain, all the while. Connected with the approach of the epidemic, there is an advanced guard of indigestion, marked by a disrelish for food, a sense of precordial heat, and headache. It is best relieved by the neutral salts, conjoined with a bitter and the dilute sulphuric acid. This kind of indigestion, thus relieved, and the dark hue of the blood during the collapse, seem to point in the direction of Dr. Stevens' saline treatment. Subacute gastritis, heartburn, pain across the forehead, slight giddiness, offensive breath, and depraved urinary excretion (the urates, the phosphates, or at last suppression), indicating disturbed assimilation and sanguification, axe (account for them as we please) not only the forerunning signs of the epidemic, but also those symptoms the most surely relieved by the neutral salts, a bitter, or the mineral acids. The question turns upon the therapeutics best suited for re-oxygenating the blood. Four articles of diet seem to be peculiarly obnoxious to the disease; namely, eggs, fish, wine, and potatoes-the last in particular. In putting forward these repeated observations in reference to cholera, I beg to say, that I have no favourite idea of my ownthat I am making a pet of. I shall only be too happy to be corrected, and to relinquish whatever I have advanced, the moment it can be shown to be erroneous and untenable.


The phenomena of cross polar cap potential (CPCP) and ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) saturation remain largely unexplained. In the present study, we expand upon the Alfvén wing model of CPCP saturation by investigating its impact on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere current system, particularly the Region 1 FAC input into the polar cap. Our hypothesis is that the ability of open flux tubes to deform in response to applied fluid stress from the magnetosheath is governed by the magnetosheath plasma beta, which in turn governs the Maxwell stress imposed on ionospheric plasma from the magnetosphere. We performed 32 MHD simulations with varying solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field strength and show that the plasma beta does govern the deformation of open field lines, as well as the nonlinear response of the Region 1 FAC system to increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field. Further, we show that the current‐voltage relationship in the ionosphere also shows a dependence on the plasma beta in the magnetosheath, with the ionosphere becoming more resistive at lower beta.


We applaud the comprehensive review by Otley et al. discussing the potential contraindications of skin cancer to organ transplantation (1). We were confronted with the paucity of guidelines in the literature when consulted to provide recommendations for postponing organ transplantation in a 41-year-old renal transplant candidate with recurrent, focally invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip. Our recommendations included a 3-year surveillance interval off the transplant list, which concurred with the recommendations of Otley et al. (1). The patient's case highlighted two additional issues that we encourage transplant physicians to consider in their efforts to maximize the likelihood that high-risk transplant candidates temporarily taken off the transplant list, ultimately proceed to organ transplantation.


An adaptive harmonic current detecting method based on the adaptive noise canceling technology is presented. The adaptive noise canceling technology is briefly introduced and the detecting circuit is analyzed. The proposed circuit is an ideal second-order notch filter. A simulation model of the proposed detecting system is put forward using MATLAB and the simulation curves are given. The simulation results verify the validity of the adaptive harmonic current detecting method. The advantages of the detecting method are simple detecting circuit, better adaptive ability, faster dynamic response and higher detecting precision and so on.


The invention relates to a pathological embedding paraffin supply nozzle, which belongs to the technical field of a pathological paraffin block manufacturing tool. The pathological embedding paraffin supply nozzle disclosed by the invention comprises a heating ring and a paraffin nozzle, and is characterized in that rotary shafts are arranged at two sides of the paraffin nozzle, each rotary shaft is provided with a clamp arm, the middle section of each clamp arm is provided with a nipping handle, each nipping handle is provided with a finger cushion, the left side of the heating ring is provided with a bent elastic arm, one end of the bent elastic arm is provided with a dehydrating-embedding box support, the side surface of the dehydrating-embedding box support is provided with a slender rod, and one end of the slender rod is provided with a heat insulation pad. The pathological embedding paraffin supply nozzle disclosed by the invention has a simple structure, the operation is simple, convenient, time-saving and labor-saving in pathological tissue embedding, and the working difficulty of medical staff is relieved.


To a great extent, economic development depends on the possibilities of a country to attract investments and stimulate a better business climate within the country. One of the substantial and deciding factors that influence the achievement of this strategic goal, given that the infrastructural sector is the largest sector of a country, is a faster and more efficient issuance of construction permits. A long-lasting problem of construction permits issuance, a problem that the Republic of Serbia was faced with, resulted in the deterioration of micro and macroeconomic factors and thus the decrease of GDP, poor business climate and lack of investments. After the reform of the issuance of construction permits and a substantial reduction of the procedure owing to the electronic system introduced, the construction and infrastructure sectors are recovering, investments are increasing and Serbia is becoming a leader in terms of the duration and manner of construction permit issuance. This paper analyzes the performance, results and the overall impact of the reform of construction permits issuance on the development of the country, and states a clear goal of the Republic of Serbia to pursue further reforms in the sector of infrastructure and to enhance business climate, attract foreign investments, all of which leads to a faster and more efficient growth and development. The paper also reflects on possible bottlenecks in achieving the aforementioned goal, which need to be overcome as a long-term or possibly short-term goal.


Current knowledge in nutrition is based largely on the use of appropriate animal models together with defined diets. Numerous examples are cited where animal models have been used to solve nutrient 3 nutrient interactions, to evaluate bioavailability of nutrients and nutrient precursors, and to test for nutrient tolerances and toxicities. Advantages, disadvantages, and idiosyncrasies of various animal species are discussed. J. Nutr. 138: 391‐396, 2008.


Smart meter monitors electricity consumption through modern metering devices connected to the Internet via Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which can provide intelligent and fast applications on-site such as arc fault protection based on nonintrusive monitoring load classification with fast safety responses for varying electric loads. Traditional three, four, and five layers of the IoT architecture cannot support such fast responses under loading variation. This article aims to propose six layers of IoT Cloud-Edge Infrastructure equipped with a reconfigurable mixed-signal controller as a smart meter platform for adaptation to different environments and, for example, deal with fast arc fault detection corresponding to different load characteristics. Such an architecture can reduce the processing time for safety, reduce bandwidth for communication, improve arc detection accuracy under different loading environments, and lower the overall computation cost.


A boost-driven high-power-factor AC/DC power converter is proposed. It possesses bidirectional power flow capability. A bias capacitor connected in series with the AC source provides a DC voltage boost at the input. Thus, a voltage that is always positive is applied at the input of a conventional boost DC/DC converter. A bidirectional DC/DC boost converter is employed to couple the AC side with the DC output. This converter may be controlled to draw sinusoidal average current at the AC side that is either in phase or 180/spl deg/ out of phase with the AC source. Hence, it can provide either unity power factor rectification or inversion. The topology was employed for the design of an AC/DC battery charger with a unity power factor for rated power of 6 kVA. IGBT devices with anti-parallel diodes are used as switches. The efficiency achieved was over 90% and the THD of the input current under 1.8%. This topology is superior to the conventional diode bridge rectifier followed by a DC/DC boost converter in the following points of comparison: (a) removal of the diode bridge eliminates crossover distortions that are inevitable in a conventional active power factor correction (APFC) circuit with diode rectification bridge at its front end; (b) removal of the diode bridge and usage of two bidirectional switches allows for bidirectional instantaneous power flow which makes possible operation in the inversion mode, in which power is transferred from the DC source to the AC source; and (c) at any instance of time only one semiconductor device conducts (as opposed to three or two in conventional rectifiers), which results in higher efficiency.


The incumbent party transfers and uses all the positive factors in order to enhance the ruling potency is ruling resources.Communist Party of China's ruling resources including populace resources,economical resources,authority resources and theory resources.Under the new historical conditions,Our party wants to consolidate own ruling status,maintains own advancing,must study the party 's ruling resources 'situation at present by to enhance the party's diligently the ruling ability.


The direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC),a variant of the proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cells,has been widely investigated in recent years because of its low pollution and high performance.Recent research of DMFC focuses on finding new catalysts with low price,high catalytic activity and better anti-poisoning ability.Based on the density functional theory(DFT) of the first principles,this paper combines DFT and the periodic slab model,using the Materimals Studio4.0 software,to simulate methanol,CO and H2O adsorption on Pt(111) surface,and calculates the adsorption energy state density at various sites and produces an energy band analysis graph.


Objective To compare the difference of syndrome manifestation in C57BL/6N mice with H22 liver cancer and Lewis lung carcinoma.Methods Mice models with H22 liver cancer and Lewis lung carcinoma were established by inoculating H22 liver cancer ascites or cell suspension of Lewis lung carcinoma in armpit of C57BL/6N mice.C57BL/6N mice inoculated with normal sodium were taken as normal control. The four diagnostic methods workstation was used to collect the information which was adopted to practice quantitative syndrome differentiation.Results From the 11thd to the 21thd, the tumor growth and death speed of Lewis lung carcinoma mice were faster than those of H22 liver cancer mice. The survival rate was 43.75%(7/16)and 25.0 %(5/20)in H22 liver cancer mice and Lewis lung carcinoma mice on the 21th day.The asthenia syndrome developed spontaneously in both H22 liver cancer mice and Lewis lung carcinoma mice. And the asthenia syndrome in Lewis lung carcinoma mice occurred early and seriously, and developed quickly.Conclusion Just like the human being,H22 liver cancer mice and Lewis lung carcinoma mice present spontaneity and development of syndrome manifestation, which can be applied to imitate the development of syndrome manifestation in clinical tumor patients and can be used to study about the treatment based on syndrome differentiation. In addition, the quantitative syndrome differentiation adopted by us is helpful to treatment based on syndrome differentiation individually in tumor mice and to evaluate the curative effect objectively and quantitatively.


Evidence derived from functional imaging and brain-lesion studies has shown a strong left lateralization for language, and a complementary right hemisphere dominance for visuospatial abilities. Nevertheless, the symmetrical functional division of the two hemispheres gives no reason for the complexity of the cognitive operations involved in carrying out a linguistic task. In fact, a growing number of neuroimaging and neurostimulation studies suggest a possible right hemisphere involvement in language processing. The objective of this work was to verify the contribution of the left and right parietal areas in a phonological task. We applied anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the right or left inferior parietal lobe, during a syllabic reordering task. After having learnt a combination of images of real objects and trisyllabic pseudowords with a simple consonant–vowel (CV) syllabic structure (e.g., tu-ru-cu), participants were shown the same images paired to two different pseudowords: one correct but with transposed syllables, and one alternative, never before seen. The participant's task was to orally produce the chosen pseudoword, after having rearranged the order of its syllables. Two types of error were considered: transposition (correct pseudoword but incorrectly reordered) and identity (incorrect pseudoword). The results showed that right anodal stimulation significantly reduced the number of transposition errors, whereas left anodal stimulation significantly reduced the number of identity errors. These results suggested that both left and right inferior parietal areas were differentially involved in a syllabic reordering task, and, crucially, they demonstrated that visuospatial processes served by the right inferior parietal area could be competent for establishing the correct syllabic order within a word.


Proposed solar array designs and manufacturing methods are evaluated to identify options which show the greatest promise of leading up to the develpment of a cost-effective SPS solar cell array design. The key program elements which have to be accomplished as part of an SPS solar cell array development program are defined. The issues focussed on are: (1) definition of one or more designs of a candidate SPS solar array module, using results from current system studies; (2) development of the necessary manufacturing requirements for the candidate SPS solar cell arrays and an assessment of the market size, timing, and industry infrastructure needed to produce the arrays for the SPS program; (3) evaluation of current DOE, NASA and DOD photovoltaic programs to determine the impacts of recent advances in solar cell materials, array designs and manufacturing technology on the candidate SPS solar cell arrays; and (4) definition of key program elements for the development of the most promising solar cell arrays for the SPS program.


Variable speed constant frequency (hereafter referred to as VSCF) power conversion schemes use wound rotor induction or synchronous machines for power generation. With the advent of high power density permanent magnets, the synchronous generators can be built with a very high power density compared to the wound rotor type resulting in the elimination of an external dc supply for rotor excitation, the slip rings and brushes. Such machines are ideal for aircraft, naval on-board ship power systems and remote station applications such as in an island or a ranch. This paper, realizing the need for such applications, contains the steady state modeling, performance evaluation and experimental verification of the key results of a VSCF power conversion scheme with permanent magnet synchronous generator (hereafter referred to as PMSG). The constant frequency power conversion is effected with a line-commutated converter. Full-wave converters are considered in this study. Design of the power conversion scheme including the ratings of the power converters is systematically developed and given in this paper. The merits and demerits of this power conversion scheme are described.


This paper has summed up the 30 years'historical procedures and experiences in Longyan since the Reform and Opening-up from the viewpoint of industrial policies,has discussed the 30 years' specific conditions of industrial development and the corresponding policies in different periods in Longyan as well as the existing problems in recent industrial development in Longyan.


Upgrade of the Umm Shaif gas project, commissioned last November, will increase the number of gas-producing wells and boost gas production to 1,045 from 400 MMscfd. This production rate will meet Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Co. Ltd.`s (Adgas) requirements for its new third LNG train on Das Island. To reach the higher production level, Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (Adnoc) applied a variety of modern technology and techniques at Umm Shaif field. The scope of work comprises the installation of new facilities and plant modifications as follows: drilling and completion of 14 gas producers and injectors wells; three new wellhead platforms NT1, NT3, and NT4; modification of the four existing wellhead platforms US-88, US-109, US-116, and US-120; four new flow lines; new gas treatment platform; existing facilities USSC modifications; New 46-in. main gas line; and modifications to the gas and condensate treatment facilities on Das Island.


Introduction Estuaries are highly vulnerable systems and increasingly exposed to a number of environmental, climatic and human-induced stressors. The Knysna estuary and lagoon complex, on the south coast of South Africa, is regarded as environmentally and economically important, yet faces regional impacts resulting from ongoing urbanisation and land use change as well as the significant global threats of rising sea levels and changing climate. Although the estuary has been reasonably well studied in terms of modern ecological processes, little is known of how the system has responded to changes in the longer term, not least the impact of European colonization and subsequent population growth and economic development. Methods In order to address this shortcoming, a series of shallow (<1 m) cores was extracted from a range of representative habitats and marine influences in the estuary and three of these (namely KNY-19A, KNY-19B, KNY-19G) selected for detailed analysis, including organic matter content, magnetic susceptibility, selected elemental analysis and particle size. Results and Discussion Notwithstanding the challenges of dating estuarine sediments due to the possibility of erosion and resuspension, combined modelling of 210Pb and 14C ages is successfully deployed to develop an age-depth relationship for each core, providing a chronological framework for late Holocene environmental changes. Sedimentary characteristics of the three cores, taken in contrasting estuarine conditions, yield insights as to how different parts of the estuary responded to changes in sea level and anthropogenic activities in and around the Knysna basin, as well as in the wider catchment.


Antibiotics are widely used in farm animals especially pig and poultry, however,they are poorly absorbed by the animals and entered the environment mainly via the
application of manure for crops production. This thesis aimed to i) investigate the status of the use of antibiotic by pig and poultry farmers in Malaysia, ii) evaluate the
environmental risks when manures contaminated by antibiotic are used as fertilizer in soils and iii) propose a possible method to accelerate the degradation of antibiotic in the environment.
To achieve the first objective, a survey on the use of the antibiotics by Malaysian pig and poultry farmers was conducted. The results indicated that tetracyclines (TCs)
and sulfanimines (SAs) were the most widely used antibiotics in the Malaysian pig and poultry farms. Among the highest concentrations detected in the diets were 51,948.5 and 28,791.1 ng/g of sulfamethazine in diets of grower pigs and broilers, respectively, while in the fecal samples collected, 130.0 ng/g sulfamethazine and
129.2 ng/g chlortetracycline were detected in the finisher pigs and 380.4 ng/g sulfamethazine in grower broilers.
To evaluate the environmental risks of antibiotic residues in the soil-plant system, three experiments were carried out. The first experiment examined the effect of different concentrations of TCs and SAs on the environmentally beneficial bacteria, and Shewanella decolorationis S12 was used as the model bacteria for the study. The results showed that the antibiotics significantly inhibited Fe (III) reduction and dye decoloration activities of S. decolorationis S12 in the reduction system. The above
inhibition was suggested to be due to a decrease in live S. decolorationis S12 population and/or modifications of their cell structures in the presence of antibiotics.
The second experiment studied the effects of sulfadiazine (SD) residues on soil nitrogen mineralization and soil microbial community. The results showed that SD
significantly inhibited the mineralization of N and microbial parameters including ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria population, microbial biomass N, urease and
nitrate reductase and soil microbial communities activities, however, the activities of soil microbial communities can be used as the sole indicator to monitor changes of soil N mineralized under SD pollution. The third experiment investigated the toxicity effects of SD residues on vegetable lettuce. The results clearly showed that SD were absorbed and accumulated in the different organs of the lettuce and adversely affected their growth. It is suggested that high concentrations of SD caused
physiological damages to roots of the lettuce, allowing easy translocation of SD from the roots to the leaves and caused damages to the leaf cells and thus prohibited
photosynthesis.
A goethite (�-FeOOH)-oxalate Fonten-like system was evaluated to accelerate the photodegradation of antibitotics under UV irradiation. The results indicated the
optimal pH value and initial concentration of oxalic acid in the system were 3.5 and 4.0 mM, respectively. The eco-toxicity of the intermediate products was found to be
lower than the mother SD compound, thus suggesting the positive effect of photodegradation on the impact of SD on the environment. These results can help to better understand the natural degradation of SD (possibly other antibiotics as well) and offer the possibility of treating effluents, including livestock wastewater, contaminated with antibiotics at low cost since goethite, oxalate and light exist in natural environment.


Health systems everywhere are shaped by powerful political forces, with governments, clinicians and major suppliers such as pharmaceutical and IT firms negotiating with one another. Yet the quality of political debate about these forces is generally disappointing. There are a few high quality academic analyses of the politics of health systems – but only a few. James C Scott's Seeing Like A State is worth a second look because it adds to the too-short list of useful texts and, unlike some others, is written in clear and accessible language. At first sight, Scott's interests seem a far cry from health systems. His research is rooted in the politics of Southeast Asia, and in the Introduction to the book he explains that he started out by asking why there were such great tensions between national regimes and peoples who are naturally mobile, or nomadic. He came to realise that similar tensions were evident in many parts of the world. That led him to ask some searching questions, particularly concerning the aims of governments. What were they trying to achieve and how were they going about it? The questions took him on an intellectual journey that led to a study of large scale social engineering projects and on the ways in which they fail. As so often, the best documented examples are the ones that go badly wrong. The book covers schemes dreamed up and executed by authoritarian regimes, including the creation of highly ordered cities such as Chandigarh and Brasilia, the compulsory settlement of nomadic peoples in villages in Tanzania, the creation of collectives in the former Soviet Union and the promotion of monocultures in agriculture. The accounts are interesting in their own right. But the relevance of the book to readers of this journal lies in Scott's analysis of the circumstances that led to these projects getting off the ground and of the reasons why they fail. He argues that the problems stem from the desire of states to bring order to parts of societies that are not ordered, such as nomadic and other mobile social groups. Social engineering initiatives require four elements to come together. The first is the capacity of a state to create an administrative infrastructure, in itself an unexceptional point, involving the use of laws, taxes, markets and so on. The second element is what Scott calls High Modernist ideology, based on the belief that societies should be rationally designed. These only become problematic when combined with the third and fourth elements, namely authoritarian states willing and able to use their coercive power and civil societies lacking the capacity to resist. Social engineering projects are likely to fail because the plans are schematic. They ignore key features of any functioning society, whether nomadic, agrarian or anything else. Indeed, Scott argues that the lack of detail is an essential pre-requisite for large scale planning exercises. The more the exercise treats people as abstract, standardized units the easier it is to devise High Modernist plans, and to create quantitative models showing how those newly standardized people will behave when the programme has been implemented. Scott goes on to observe that programmes do not fail altogether. People who find themselves living in housing utopias, or in soviets, find ways to make them work, albeit within the limits set by the bricks and ideologies surrounding them. The paradox is that these limited successes, or work rounds, depend on the very practical knowledge that social engineering ignores. Most of us live in elective democracies and will feel that we have come a long way, in time and geography, from soviets or from Brasilia, but Scott argues that authoritarianism lives on in more subtle forms. He might find common cause with Moran, who talks about hyper-active states, particularly characteristic of Anglo-Saxon polities, where governments are constantly seeking new ways of exerting control over our private lives. Scott himself points out that market forces are a combination of technology and ideology, a point that has been all too easy to grasp since the financial meltdown of 2007–8. Justin Keen, PhD Professor of Health Politics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, 101 Clarendon Road, Leeds, LS2 9LJ, UK


The methodology for this study was quantitative research. A total of 319 employees who completed an online survey examining innovation management (IM) and the leader's intellectual arousal (LIA) were included in the sample. The results revealed that there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between innovation management and the leader's intellectual arousal. IM has a crucial role in fostering and encouraging LIA. The study offered a thorough insight into the leader's personal conduct as seen by followers. This study added new scientific understanding to a subject that had previously only been studied by subordinates, as well as new information to the notion of innovation management. The results show that enhancing innovation management is an effective strategy to raise a leader's intellectual arousal, which could ultimately increase both individual and organizational performance. The need for courage, justice, wisdom, and humanity in the leader as a necessary condition for knowledge management efficacy is the study's main point of emphasis.


Objective: The aims of this paper are to provide a description of a newly available service the Mental Health Screening Unit (MHSU), within the NSW prison system and to present the first 12 months in terms of the patients, its adaptations and its limitations. Methods: The first section of this paper provides a thorough description of the MHSU. The second looks at data collected for the period 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. A variety of databases were utilized as sources. Results: There were a total of 604 admissions. The most common primary diagnoses were schizophrenia-related disorders. There were relatively few adverse incidents, and 18% of the acute unit population were transferred to the Long Bay Prison Hospital. Conclusion: The MHSU had a considerable throughput of patients and managed a range of severe mental illnesses. The initial objectives of the MHSU have broadly been achieved. There are several future areas of research discussed.


Aiming at the current market situation of China P2P industry, this work establishes the evolutionary game model between regulator and P2P lending enterprises, and analyzes the dynamic game characteristics between them. Research results show that strengthening the punishment force for the illegal P2P lending enterprises is beneficial to construct a stable and excellent balance. Setting up reasonable system, suitable reward and punishment mechanism, decreasing supervision cost, increasing the utility of the regulators, can achieve a satisfying game balance. This work can provide theory base and reference for the financial regulators to legislate the supervision policies and design relative rules for the P2P lending platform.


The risk of dying is the highest in newborns and infants. This is one of the most vulnerable periods in development because newborns and infants are exposed to the influence of many risk factors, such as genetics, family or socioeconomic environmental factors. Annual statistics for the first decade of the 20th century showed that one quarter of liveborns died during the first year of life. Data also showed a higher mortality of small children in the country compared to urban areas. Poor food hygiene was the major cause of newborns' death, both at birth and during the first few months. The last decade of the 20th century was particularly interesting and important to perceive mortality of newborns and infants, because of significant political and socioeconomic disturbances after international sanctions against Serbia and bombing in 1999. Sudden rise of mortality rate of newborns and infants was noticed in all parts of Serbia in 1992 and 1993. It has constantly been decreasing ever since. Acta Medica Medianae 2013;52(3):61-66.


Abstract. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can largely impact regional and global climate. Still, studies on the interannual variation in atmospheric BC over the TP and associated variation in BC sources and controlling factors are rather limited. In this study, we characterize the variations in atmospheric BC over the TP surface layer through analysis of 20-year (1995–2014) simulations from a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. The results show that, of all areas in the TP, surface BC concentrations are highest over the eastern and southern TP, where surface BC are susceptible respectively to BC transport from East Asia and South Asia. Combining the GEOS-Chem simulations and trajectories from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, we assess the contributions of different source regions to surface BC in the TP. On the 20-year average, over 90 % surface BC in the TP comes from South Asia (47 %) and East Asia (46 %). Regarding seasonal variation in foreign influences, South Asia and East Asia are dominant source regions in winter and summer, respectively, in terms of both magnitude and affected areas in the TP. In spring and autumn, the influences from the two source regions are somewhat comparable. Interannually, surface BC over the TP is largely modulated by atmospheric transport of BC from foreign regions year-round and by biomass burning in South Asia, mostly in spring. We find that the extremely strong biomass burning in South Asia in the spring of 1999 greatly enhanced surface BC concentrations in the TP (31 % relative to the climatology). We find that the strength of the Asian monsoon correlates significantly with the interannual variation in the amount of BC transported to the TP from foreign regions. In summer, strong East Asian summer monsoon and South Asian summer monsoon tend to, respectively, increase BC transport from central China and northeast South Asia to the TP. In winter, BC transport from central China is enhanced in years with strong East Asia winter monsoon or Siberian High. A strong Siberian High can also increase BC transport from northern South Asia to the TP. This study underscores the impacts of atmospheric transport and biomass burning on the interannual variation in surface BC over the TP. It reveals a close connection between the atmospheric transport of BC from foreign regions to the TP and the Asian monsoon.


Several decades of ice‐penetrating radar surveys of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have observed numerous widespread internal reflections. Analysis of this radiostratigraphy has produced valuable insights into ice sheet dynamics and motivates additional mapping of these reflections. Here we present a comprehensive deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne deep ice‐penetrating radar data collected over Greenland by The University of Kansas between 1993 and 2013. To map this radiostratigraphy efficiently, we developed new techniques for predicting reflection slope from the phase recorded by coherent radars. When integrated along track, these slope fields predict the radiostratigraphy and simplify semiautomatic reflection tracing. Core‐intersecting reflections were dated using synchronized depth‐age relationships for six deep ice cores. Additional reflections were dated by matching reflections between transects and by extending reflection‐inferred depth‐age relationships using the local effective vertical strain rate. The oldest reflections, dating to the Eemian period, are found mostly in the northern part of the ice sheet. Within the onset regions of several fast‐flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams, reflections typically do not conform to the bed topography. Disrupted radiostratigraphy is also observed in a region north of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream that is not presently flowing rapidly. Dated reflections are used to generate a gridded age volume for most of the ice sheet and also to determine the depths of key climate transitions that were not observed directly. This radiostratigraphy provides a new constraint on the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.


In their textbook on criminal procedure Bekker et al point out that a person may be arrested only for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court of law to face due prosecution. If a person is arrested for any other purpose, that arrest will be unlawful (see Bekker et al Criminal Procedure Handbook (2007) at 102).


We consider Hecke eigenforms and their allied L-functions from three aspects in this thesis. First we generalize the Iwaniec's spectral large sieve estimates of Maass cusp form to the local version for all congruence groups Γ0(q). Our approach is based on an inequality [[33], Proposition] for a general bilinear form involving Kloosterman sums and Bessel functions. The exceptional eigenvalues emerge in the course of the proof. In the second part, we extend Luo's result [29] to prove a general optimal bound for L−norms of the dihedral Maass forms associated to Hecke's grossencharacters of a fixed real quadratic field. Given a fixed quadratic field K = Q( √ D) with discriminant D, we remove the condition that the narrow class number of K is 1. The key ingredients are Watson [45] and Ichino [15]'s formula and the local spectral large sieve inequality established in the first part. Finally we obtain a long equation intended to establish an upper bound for the second moment of symmetric square L-functions. Petersson trace formula plays an important role and we study thoroughly an analogue of Estermann series using Hurwitz zeta function and establish its meromorphic extension and functional equation. This work provides a useful approach to the further study of L( 2 , sym(f)).


This paper analysed current situation in monitoring of construction of deep foundation pit engineering,put forward the monitoring issue based on dual requirement for bracket structure-soil space non-linear co-action displacement anti-analysis and safety forecast,i.e.,meeting the requirement of displacement anti-analysis for monitoring data by broadening the traditional safety forecast-dominated monitoring work without increasing much work content and cost.The role and purpose of monitoring were made definite,including the design rule of monitoring system,basic requirement and preparatory work of monitoring.It focused on study of arrangement of displacement-measuring points and data processing,and argued that planar arrangement should be based on the spatial effect expression law of deep foundation pit,and sectional arrangement on the conditions of soil layer and bracket structure.


To assess the influence of hypoxia on the state of mucociliary system in 50 patients with moderate asthma the values of gas-transport function of the peripheral blood and the structure of the bronchial tree epithelium which reflect the morphofunctional state of mucociliary system were studied. The results of the research showed that the patients with moderate asthma had a decreased level of рО 2 till 63.9±1.50 mm of mercury in the peripheral arterial blood and in the erythrocytes there was a high content of 2.3-BPG till 6.52±0.4 mcm/ml at the decrease of ATP till 0.48±0.02 mcm/ml. At the same time in the bronchial mucosa there is a suppression of succinate dehydrogenase and ATP activity in the cilia and mucosa cells. There is also an accumulation of histamine and peroxidation products in the mucosa cells. These changes in the mucosa lead to the oppression of activity of mucociliary system of airways.


The reaction yield of sodium dioleyl sulfosuccinate (SDSS) was greatly improved by increasing the sulfonation reaction time, by replenishing NaHSO3 during the reaction and by purifying the product using extraction instead of recrystallization. The geometry and electronic structure of the anionic surfactant SDSS were fully optimized with density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G* level. The trans isomer was more steady than the cis isomer. This was explained by protein extraction with reversed micelles of SDSS. The interaction between the anionic SDSS with H2O was also calculated at B3LYP/6-31G* level. The geometry, electronic structure and hydration energy of this interaction is also reported. The hydrophilic mechanism of the anionic SDSS was also determined.


This paper proposes the approach to development of real time digital pulse analyzer of diamond detector for ITER Vertical Neutron Camera. It consists in the hardware implementation of data pre-processing unit. This approach reduces requirements of communication channels bandwidth and requirements of computing performance. Analyzer hardware platform is ADC12500PXIe recorder (2 channels, 12-bit, 500 MHz, PXI Express). The article describes the architecture of digital signal processing unit.


Computer software was developed to control an electromechanical wave generator to accurately simulate random wave fields derived from mathematical spectral models. The software algorithm makes use of a spectral feedback control technique to improve accuracy and reliability in the continuous generation of random waves in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted to investigate the advantages of this closed-loop control technique over more commonly used open-loop random wave generation methods. The results show a decided advantage in using closed-loop control for the generation of random waves, especially for double-peak wave spectra and model testing purposes.


In orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, a cyclic prefix (CP) is often added at the transmitter and discarded at the receiver. When the length of the CP exceeds the delay spread of the channel, a portion of the CP can be used to recover additional signal energy. In the past, Nyquist windowing techniques have been proposed to recover signal energy, thereby improving performance. In this paper, linear maximum-likelihood (ML) and minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) approaches are developed, which further improve performance, particularly when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Simpler two-valued windowing (TVW) solutions are also provided, which generally employ one or two non-Nyquist windows.


Through the 2020 US Election Twitter's frontline defense against misinformation was its "This claim has been disputed" tags. The utility of such tags, however, remains unclear. An experiment with 318 US participants revealed that tags modestly reduce the tendency to share misinformation among Democrats and Independents—but not Republicans. For no group did we find evidence that tags reduced belief in fake news. Moreover, we found that tags induced ideological responding relative to untagged fake news. We conclude that Twitter's "disputed" tags are not enough to significantly reduce the spread of fake news on the platform; a more robust intervention is necessary.


Distribution Adjustment of Primary Schools is the key to improvement of conditions for school-running,education quality,and school-running benefits in China.Such problems as irrational distribution of schools,poor transportation,mess,and lodgings,finding employment for surplus teachers,handing assets have to be solved so as to improve primary school education in the Western rural areas of China.


Global agreement exists for the policy of the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive wastes, provided that there is public consent. To gain consent, social scientists recommend the less competitive approach of consensus rather than the majority rule (MR) of democracies. But, we hypothesize, competition for public consent from MR best improves the quality and stability of choice.


UBVRIphotometry in the Kron-Cousins sys- tem for 272 stars of the Extension Catalogue of the Fifth Fundamental Star Catalogue (FK5 stars) in the declina- tion zone +7 to 90 is presented.


A method is presented to consistently tie future mean sea level rise (MSLR) scenario projections to local geodetic and tidal datums. This extends the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) guidance for incorporating the effects of future MSLR into coastal projects. While USACE relies on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 19-year National Tidal Datum Epoch (NTDE) for its datum relationships,theapproachproposedhereingeneralizesthisguidancebychoosingtheappropriate19-yearepochcenteredonthestartyearofthe MSLR scenario under consideration. The procedure takes into account the local annual sea level variability, which confounds the matching to any given single year while generalizing and preserving the 19-year averaging long used by NOAA to calculate the NTDE. Examples of the MSLR scenario matching procedure are given using actual data and projections for La Jolla, California, and Sewells Point (Hampton Roads), Virginia. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000145. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Sea level; Datum; Tidal currents. Author keywords: Sea level; Sea level rise projections; Sea level rise scenarios; Geodetic datums; Tidal datums.


This article reports certain facts about the educational progress of twenty-five children in the schools of the Panama Canal Zone who were given special promotions of one entire grade in the upper elementary school. The data are too limited to serve as a basis for generalization, but they may contribute to such generalization when considered with the findings of other studies. The special promotion of these children was a routine matter, and the data reported, with the exception of the teachers' opinions, were taken from routine school records. The twenty-five cases represent all the specially promoted pupils who were in Grades IV or V at the time of the promotion and who were still in school eight semesters later. These pupils were given promotions because on standard tests they exceeded the median of the next grade and otherwise satisfied the rules for special promotions that had been set up in the school system. As the policy of giving special promotions was not inaugurated until after the opening of the schools in October, 1930, these special promotions were not actually made until December of that year. During the balance of that school year the pupils who were promoted were placed in groups made up entirely of specially promoted children, and their instruction, instead of skipping part of a year's work, was speeded up to cover two years in one. After the first year no further effort was made to give special instruction to these children.