The article research is the cross text between female images and feminine interview. The analysis female image text will be related imprisons the mother mark by the Taiwan new cinema (1982-1986) primarily, because it present the female to obey feminine education under patriarchy and become an altruism "she": Mother. This article discusses behind the mother mark which was still many female subjects resistance, because the female image text during the 80's women movement beginning and development made the female to converses mutually and redeems each other, then went out the words from patriarchy to internalize the feminine mark being "the non-word mother" as women's destiny.


A rate-dependent constitutive model for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers was developed by assuming that the rate-dependent characteristics of the composite could be described by stress relaxation of the polymer matrix. Relaxation functions in longitudinal, transverse, and in-plane shear modes were derived in terms of separate matrix and fiber properties and the rules of mixture. The epoxy was represented as two Maxwell elements in parallel with a linear elastic spring, while the carbon was modeled as a linear elastic spring. The rate-dependent, laminate stiffness matrix for a unidirectional IM6G/3501–6 carbon/epoxy laminate was found by fitting the rate-dependent constitutive equations to material test data at constant strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 2,500 s−1. The transient deformation response of a [(08/908)2/08]s IM6G/3501–6 carbon/epoxy composite laminate under dynamic in-plane loading could be predicted within 5% of experimental data using this laminate stiffness matrix. The rate-dependent constitutive equations were also incorporated into LS-DYNA3D via a user-defined material subroutine and used to predict the transient response of a 32 ply AS4/3501–6 carbon/epoxy laminate under projectile loading. The maximum contact force between the projectile and laminate was found to be 7% higher than the experimental data. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:513–528, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.


The starting point of this article was an ethnographic study conducted in 1997-1998 on the open outcry markets of the Matif (International term markets of France) located at the Brongniart Palace, the site of the Paris stock exchange. The idea arose that the systematic study of nicknames and their use might contribute to assessing the affect of social factors on operating of this type of market as well as the degree of social and cultural autonomy of the people directly involved in running them. An examination of motives and lexical fields brought to light local collective representations centred on professional practices as well as a generational social imagination through numerous references to "media culture". In conclusion, the author emphasises the ease of interpersonal relations suggested by nicknames as well as the creativity involved in their use for the people working in the physical and social setting of these markets.


Single eventupsetalongwiththetechnology scaling decreases thereliability ofthepresent CMOS circuits. It hasrecently beenshownthattheclockdistribution network isbecoming increasingly vulnerable tosingle event upset. Inthis paperanewtechnique isproposed, thatcaneliminate morethan90% ofSEU inclock distribution network. Theproposed technique incurs minimal areaoverhead andrequires negligible design effort. afilter circuit attheclock leaf nodeonlyintheclock distribution network (CDN), sothat ithasless impact on theCDN design methodology. Moreover, theclock leaf nodemustbedesigned insuchawaythatitisvery resilient toradiation strikes.


Presenting a clear and authentic introduction to the Korean national sport, this book explores both the physical and the intellectual essence of Tae Kwon Do.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the role of women in local civil society peacebuilding organisations in Bukavu, South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's. Situating the study in post-liberal peacebuilding theory it examines the questions of whom has an agency to articulate local knowledge and needs in local peacebuilding processes and how. The paper concludes that while local civil society peacebuilding organisations present women with opportunities to participate in peacebuilding processes at the grassroots level, that these organisations do not have the capacity to challenge entrenched power and gender norms.


Transmission ultrasound is not in widespread use, partially because of the time and expense of acquiring the data. We are addressing this problem with an optically parallel ultrasound sensor. The core of the sensor is a thin silicon nitride membrane patterned with gold to create 'acoustic pixels' over a large area. Each acoustic pixel vibrates at the frequency of the acoustic excitation. The thin membrane, supported by short walls over an optical substrate, with one side immersed in the ultrasound medium and the supported side exposed to air, flexes when an ultrasound pressure wave encounters it. This flexing causes the air gap between the optical substrate and the membrane to change. The change in the air gap modulates the reflection of an optical beam by frustrated total internal reflection. By strobing the optical beam, the deflection of the membrane can be detected and measured at any point through the acoustic period. Acquiring a sequence of images allow us to extract the relative pressure phase and amplitude. Proof of principle experiments have shown that we can build this sensor, and we are currently using a small aperture version to examine simple test objects.


It is important to dispute that magnetic resonance imaging caused coronary stent dislodgement in the patient described by Parthasarathy and colleagues.1 The BX Velocity stent used in the Cypher device in their report is composed of 316 L stainless steel,2 which is weakly ferromagnetic. According to the industry standard applied in its commercial development,3 a …


Multiple imputation (MI) is a commonly used technique for handling missing data in large-scale medical and public health studies. An important and longstanding statistical problem is how to conduct variable selection on the multiply-imputed data. If a variable selection method is applied to each imputed dataset separately, it may select different variables in different imputed datasets and make it difficult to interpret the final model or draw the scientific conclusions. In this paper, we propose two novel variable selection methods for the multiply-imputed data. Both methods jointly fit models on multiple imputed datasets and yield a consistent selection of variables across all imputed datasets. The first method is called MI-stepwise method, which is an extension of the stepwise selection method. It is implemented by first obtaining combined p-values using Rubin's rules for MI inference (Rubin 1987; Little and Rubin 2002) and then selecting variables base on the combined p-values in each step of selection. The second method is called MI-lasso method, which is an extension of the lasso method (Tibshrani, 1996). It treats the estimated regression coefficients of the same variable across all imputed datasets as a group, and applies the group lasso penalty (Yuan and Lin 2006) to yield a consistent variable selection across multiple imputed datasets. The proposed methods are demonstrated using simulation studies. We also apply the two methods to the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES) to identify important environmental exposure factors that are associated with serum dioxin concentrations.


Coupled dynamic analysis of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is predicted with in-house ITU-WAVE computational tool. The hydrodynamic parameters are approximated with time marching of boundary integral equation whilst aerodynamic parameters are solved with unsteady blade element momentum method. In addition, forces on FOWT due to mooring lines are predicted with quasi-static analysis whilst hydrodynamic viscous effects are included with Morison equation. FOWT's blades are considered as an elastic structure whilst tower is considered as a rigid structure. The effects of steady wind speed on surge motion spectrum decrease the spectrum amplitude over wave frequency ranges, but this effect is not significant. The duration of time domain simulation plays significant role in the region of surge and pitch resonant frequencies. The numerical results of in-house ITU-WAVE computational code for eigenfrequencies of blades, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics parameters are validated against other numerical results which shows satisfactory agreements.


The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was studied by measuring the amylase activity of leaf extracts and the starch content of chloroplasts in Stellaria media-plants cultivated for five days in solutions containing different quantities of BAP.

Small amounts of BAP decreased amylase activity in weak-growing plants. In strong-growing ones the effect was variable. However, in all experiments very high amount of this growth regulator caused a great increase in amylase activity which was accompanied by a relatively high concentration of starch in the chloroplasts. The induction of amylase activity was thus not high enough to diminish the starch content. This is supposed to be due to the lack of a sink organ since the growth of roots and shoots was greatly inhibited in concentrated BAP-solutions (10-5M or more). In these cases the plants usually died during the first week.

In some cases small amounts of BAP increased the growth of S. media, and high concentrations inhibited it causing characteristic morphological changes, such as creeping growth pattern, small, thick leaves and the turning up of the leaf margins.

Benzylaminopurine also caused increased resistance to aging, especially in low concentrations (10–7–10–6M).


An electronic auction protocol will only be used by those who trust that it operates correctly. Therefore, e-auction protocols must be verifiable: seller, buyer and losing bidders must all be able to determine that the result was correct. We pose that the importance of verifiability for e-auctions necessitates a formal analysis. Consequently, in the first part of the talk, we identify notions of verifiability for each stakeholder. We formalize these and then use the developed framework to study the verifiability of several examples. We provide an analysis of the protocol by Sako in the applied pi-calculus with help of ProVerif, finding it to be correct. Additionally we identify issues with the protocols due to Curtis et al. and Brandt. In the second part, we will analyze the protocol by Brandt in more detail. We show first that this protocol – when using malleable interactive zero-knowledge proofs – is vulnerable to attacks by dishonest bidders. Such bidders can manipulate the publicly available data in a way that allows the seller to deduce all participants' bids. Additionally we discuss attacks on non-repudiation, fairness and the privacy of individual bidders exploiting authentication problems.


The invention relates to a method for preparing stable gelatin preparations. The aim of the invention is to stabilize aqueous gelatin systems so that little or no change in yourself their physical properties during storage. It was found that the mechanism of "aging" by adding compounds with amine and / or amide groups is prevented.


From cultures of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca in addition to variegatic acid (1), methyl variegate (2) and variegatorubin (5), three new derivatives of pulvinic acid have been isolated. They were identified as 3-O-methylvariegatic acid (3), its methyl ester 4 and 3-O-methylvariegatorubin (6) by means of spectroscopy and comparison with synthetic samples.


The Ross procedure involves the replacement of the aortic valve or aortic root with a pulmonary autograft in patients with aortic valve disease, particularly growing children and young adults with active lifestyles (Frigiola et al. 2010). However, concerns regarding progressive dilatation of the neoaortic root (pulmonary autograft) with or without concomitant neoaortic valve regurgitation have been raised in patients who undergo this procedure (Pasquali et al. 2007). To our knowledge, no case reports regarding the anaesthetic management of labour in women with neoaortic root after the Ross procedure have been published. Here, we present the first such case.


Article propels the problem of user data mining algorithms integration with the environment SQL Server Analysis Services. The indispensable steps to work out and the initiating the algorithm with use of platform .NET were introduced. The formal requirements of organization of procedures as well as method of encapsulation were showed in case of use of language different than C++. The methods of data transfers to preventative unit were showed as well as her formal organization.


(57) Abstract: diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in a subject, or prognosis, or subject is a method for determining whether show increased risk of Alzheimer's disease develops, the sample from the subject the value in the (i) cystatin C gene or (ii) cystatin C transcription products polymorphic variant of a gene and / or translation product, or activity, or to determine both the value and the activity, and the the value of the transfer product and / or said translation product, or said activity, or comparing both the value and the activity to a reference value representing a known disease or health status, thereby Alzheimer's disease in said subject a the method comprising diagnosing, or prognosing, or the subject to determine whether show increased risk of Alzheimer's disease will develop.


Synopsis : A new tensile test method to obtain a true stress - true strain curve was developed, in which a CCD camera and an image analysis device were equipped to enable the in-situ measuring of the change in shape of test specimen until the very end of the fracture. A smooth round bar tensile test specimen was adopted. The dynamic change in the necking geometry was observed continuously with a CCD camera and the measured data was simultaneously processed by an image analyzer. Tensile tests were carried out using SS400 steel and 5.0%Mn steel. The data of the radius of cross sections perpendicular to the specimen axis around the necking portion, the radius of curvature on the longitudinal section of necking surface, and the load applied to the specimen were obtained continuously until the specimen ruptures. The change in the minimum radius of the neck and the necking curvature were calculated from the data obtained, and they were confirmed to be accurate. According to the Bridgman's model, true stress – true strain curve after necking can be obtained from the minimum neck radius, the neck curvature and the load. The data was analyzed based on the Bridgman's model. True stress – true strain curves of SS400 and 5.0%Mn steels were determined by this method. True stress – true strain behavior after necking was thus elucidated. This newly developed test method is confirmed to be ap-plicable for the accurate measurements of true stress – true strain curves until up to fracture of specimen.


The present invention relates to a signal for transmission on multiple antennas (160, 162, 164, 166) a method and apparatus for phase hopping and space-time coding. The method and apparatus for enabling transmission of a code block in sikgonggan N 'over several inequality (diversity) antenna Using the phase hopping for the space-time block code, a symbol, when that M> N, A space time block code It should be able to expand into the space-time block code. Results of the M antenna inequality can be achieved for the M transmit antennas.


An efficient method for the production of haploid plants or cell lines would open new avenues for citrus genetics and breeding. In view. of the limited success obtained with androgenesis as described in the literature, we have instead experimentally induced #in situ# parthenogenesis. Flowers of Clementines were pollinated in the field with pollen of.Meyer lemon (#C. limon#) irradiated at 0, 300, 600 and 900 Gray. The rate of #in vitro# pollen germination was not modified by irradiation up to 900 Gray. Fruit set was slightly affected only by the 900 Gray dose. However, the number per fruit and size of seeds was drastically reduced by the 300 Gray dose and higher. Embryos found in the small seeds of irradiated treatments were saved #in vitro# and the ploidy level of the plantlets obtained was evaluated by- flow cytometry. Some haploid plantlets were identified and some mixoploid structures (haploid/diploid) were observed. From embryos cultivated in a medium favourable to callogenesis two embryogenic haploid callus lines were obtained which have produced many secondary haploid embryos. Isoenzyme profiles of the haploid plants and calli studied were consistent with the theoretical profiles for haploid Clementine. The #in vitro# growth of haploid plantlets was very slow but grafting haploid shoots onto one year old #C. macrophylla# has resulted in the satisfactory development of haploid Clementine. Moreover these haploid embryogenic calli create the opportunity for triploid synthesis by 'diploid+haploid'somatic hybridisation and also have uses in genetic transformation programmes. (Resume d'auteur)


Based on the data obtained from the triforlium lawn,the population dynamics of Adelphocoris saturalis Jakovlev and its natural enemies were studied.In order to find the key factors which effected the population of Adelphocoris saturalis Jakovlev,the regression analysis was used.The result showed that Adelphocoris saturalis Jakovlev,spider,Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)and Chrysopa formosa Brauer all distributed spatially in the triforlium lawn.The correlation coefficient of the three natural enemies are 0.9269,while the spider is the most import-ant factor which effected the population dynamics of Adelphocoris saturalis Jakovlev.


In peer-to-peer networks, free-riding is an inherently critical problem due to the unwillingness of peers to contribute their resources to the communities. The situation is deteriorated in live streaming services with stringent time limitation constructed on peer-to-peer overlays, in this paper, we introduce a postponed-payment based incentive mechanism by adopting game theory perspective for peer-to-peer live streaming systems. In our proposed mechanism, contributors to the system will be rewarded with the opportunity of paying their consumed resources in subsequent streaming sessions augmenting the utilities of both peers and system, therefore resulting in higher quality of live streaming services. Simulations show that our incentive mechanism can effectively reduce free-riders in live streaming services and significantly improve the streaming quality of cooperative peers.


With the remarkable increase in whether heat in many countries, many scientific researchers aim to deal with this problem by developing polymeric materials that have good mechanical and thermal properties and are resistant to heat and fire. Polyvinyl chloride is used for decoration and construction materials. This article goals to the usage of waste polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) as based polymer composites containing zinc borate particles (ZnB) prepared via two different techniques equipped by melt mixing WPVC/ZnB (M) and casting WPVC/ZnB (C). The fabricated composites by the two methods were irradiated in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 30 kGy. A comparative study of the mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as the rate of heat burning for the two methods, has been performed. Furthermore, activation energy calculation, FTIR, and XRD have been considered. The observed improvement in the mechanical, thermal, and flammability behavior of the samples was reached by the incorporation of ZnB particles and EB irradiation. Also, composites films prepared by melt mixing reveal superior properties than those equipped by casting for the most investigated factors.


Vortex-induced oscillations. often of concern when a bluff structure is exposed to fluid cross-flow, are considered herein using a semi-empirical modeling approach. Based an the fluid momentum theorem, the model involves a highly simplified abstraction of the complex flow field. and major assumptions concerning the nature of the coupling between the fluid and the oscillating structure.

Three prototype problems are studied. including harmonically forced cylinders, spring-mounted cylinders. and taut elastic cables; in each case the structure is assumed to be of circular cross-section and situated in a uniform cross-flow. Only oscillations transverse to the flow are considered. The problem of modal interaction for elastic cables, typically of interest when the fluid flow excites high-mode-number resonances is given particular attention.

The model produces a set of nonlinear, ordinary differential equations describing the coupled fluid/structure oscillations. Steady-state oscillatory solutions to these equations are found analytically and are examined for stability. Using various regression techniques, the steady-state solutions are then fit to experimental data for forced and spring-mounted cylinders. Finally, the model's predictions for elastic cables are used to postulate a qualitative picture of modal interaction, certain features of which have been observed experimentally.


Abstract : This report describes the basic aspects of a laser. It includes a quantitative discussion of the major properties and the different types of lasers, as well as the basic laser mechanism - stimulated emission. Not included are detailed discussions of items that will be soon outdated. Several applications are presented in order to illustrate the properties of the laser.


[Objective]In order to further confirm that LWT1 gene is involved in the regulation of low temperature and drought stress responses,the transgenic lines of LWT1 overexpression were generated. [Method] The full-length LWT1 coding sequence was amplified through PCR from c DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana( Col-0) using specific primers and cloned into the p ART27 vector. The resulting construct was transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 for transformation into the Col-0 plants by the floral dip method. The transgenic lines were isolated through antibiotic screening and genetic identification. [Result] The PCR product is 990 bp which is the same as the full-length LWT1 CDS. The transgenic plants is gained and verified by genetic identification. [Conclusion] The vector was constructed successfully,and transgenic plants were obtained. The study will lay a foundation for further study.


Significance The role of restriction–modification (R-M) as bacteria's innate immune system, and a barrier to sexual exchange, has often been challenged. Recent works suggested that the diversification of these systems might have driven the evolution of highly virulent bacterial lineages. Here, we showed that R-M systems were more abundant in species enduring more DNA exchanges and that within-species flux of genetic material was higher when cognate systems were present. Presumably, bacteria enduring frequent infections by mobile elements select for the presence of more numerous R-M systems, but rapid diversification of R-M systems leads to varying patterns of sexual exchanges between bacterial lineages. Restriction–modification (R-M) systems are often regarded as bacteria's innate immune systems, protecting cells from infection by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Their diversification has been recently associated with the emergence of particularly virulent lineages. However, we have previously found more R-M systems in genomes carrying more MGEs. Furthermore, it has been suggested that R-M systems might favor genetic transfer by producing recombinogenic double-stranded DNA ends. To test whether R-M systems favor or disfavor genetic exchanges, we analyzed their frequency with respect to the inferred events of homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer within 79 bacterial species. Genetic exchanges were more frequent in bacteria with larger genomes and in those encoding more R-M systems. We created a recognition target motif predictor for Type II R-M systems that identifies genomes encoding systems with similar restriction sites. We found more genetic exchanges between these genomes, independently of their evolutionary distance. Our results reconcile previous studies by showing that R-M systems are more abundant in promiscuous species, wherein they establish preferential paths of genetic exchange within and between lineages with cognate R-M systems. Because the repertoire and/or specificity of R-M systems in bacterial lineages vary quickly, the preferential fluxes of genetic transfer within species are expected to constantly change, producing time-dependent networks of gene transfer.


A UK team found multiple targets of non-coding mutations, highlighting the importance of broadening the search for cancer drivers into the regulatory genome.


A pot experiment was conducted with two rice genotypes having different Cd concentrationsin their grains to study the effect of soil Cd level on biomass, Cd and Fe, Zn, Cr andPb accumulation in different plant parts. Cd was added into soil to form 4 levels, i.e.,0, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5mgkg-1, respectively. The results showed that the Cd-induced reductionin biomass accumulation varied in both genotypes and growth stages. The Cd-inducedreduction in biomass became less with the progress of growth, and Xiushui63, a genotypewith relatively higher grain Cd concentration, was more severely inhibited than Xiushui217,a relatively lower Cd concentration. Both Cd concentration and accumulation in thevarious plant parts increased substantially with the increase of Cd levels. The differencebetween two genotypes in Cd concentration and accumulation became more pronounced withincreased Cd level as well as prolonged duration of exposure. Xuishui63 had much greaterCd accumulation than Xiushui217, in particular at late growth stage. Xuishui63 had aremarkably higher Cd translocation of roots to shoots than Xiushui217 in all Cd levels.The effect of Cd addition on four microelement concentrations in straw and milled ricealso varied in genotypes and Cd levels. Without Cd addition, Xiushui63 was significantlylower than Xiushui217 in the concentrations of all four elements in straw, while the casewas just opposite in milled rice. Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations decreased in milled ricewith the increase of Cd level, although the reduction extent differed in two genotypes.The results indicated that Cd concentration in rice grain is primarily dependent on theshoot Cd concentration, which is in turn mainly determined by Cd translocation from rootsto shoots.


The microbiota terminologyis used in the meaning of microorganism' group living in the strictly determined location. In the light of intestine we can observe around 1013–1014 bacteria, mainly from Firmicutes and Bacteroides gender that grow up to 1,5–2 kg. Present reports point out its substantial role among others in retaining correct functions of immune system, production of neurotransmitters or digestive processes. The growing number of scientific evidences signalizes substantial role of correct nutrition in keeping homeostasis of intestine's microbiota. The mentioned below review features impact of chosen diets' alternatives such as: lowFODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, ketogenic diet, plants diet, mediter ranean diet and inter mittent fasting. The proposed nutrition solutions seem to be promising approach. However there should be more essential researches to determine a certain impact of implemented nutrition models to specific bacteria grafts thus the health risk.


A newly developed anti-schistosomal drug, EMBAY 8440 (Praziquantel), by E. Merck and Bayer A. G., a marked characteristic of which consisted in the only one day administration per os, needed a tolerance test to know the side-effect in patients of schistosomiasis japonica by double blind method.By treating these patients with 20 mg/kg dose, side-effects increased remarkably when the dose came to three times a day. The major side-effects were two, i.e., subjective complaints on the central nervous system such as mild headache or drowsiness, and a transient mild anemia in small number of cases.However, in the evaluation of the tolerance test, there was found no poor case. The number of cases evaluated as good in the group of the true drug was significantly larger than that in the placebo group, although the number of the excellent cases was smaller in the group of the true drug than in the placebo group.Therefore, authors concluded this remedy was clinically usable, if an attention was given to the subjective symptoms and the hemopoietic function.The significance of results above, is that they confirmed the basis for wider applications of the drug to patients of schistosomiasis in the future.


PROPERTIES OF THE ZERO FORCING NUMBER Kayla Owens Department of Mathematics Master of Science The zero forcing number is a graph parameter first introduced as a tool for solving the minimum rank problem, which is: Given a simple, undirected graph G, and a field F , let S(F,G) denote the set of all symmetric matrices A = [aij ] with entries in F such that aij 6= 0 if and only if ij is an edge in G. Find the minimum possible rank of a matrix in S(F,G). It is known that the zero forcing number Z(G) provides an upper bound for the maximum nullity of a graph. I investigate properties of the zero forcing number, including its behavior under various graph operations.


Abstract A Queen Air, instrumented to make 1-Hz measurements of the kinematic, dynamic, and thermodynamic fields, and radar, mesonet, and soundings from the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment 1981 is used to monitor the evolution of the updraft at cloud base of a large cumulus congestus over the High Plains. The environment is characterized by modest instability and strong horizontal wind shear. Twelve passes completed by the Queen Air just below cloud base from the late growth to the dissipation stage reveal that the main updraft splits into two with the south updraft rotating cyclonically and moving to the right of the mean winds. This cell is associated with a pressure perturbation in excess of 1 mb that is most likely caused by the interaction of the updraft with the shear of the horizontal wind. Saturation-point analyses of the updraft and the subcloud layer demonstrate that in the early stages air from near the surface ascended into the cloud, but as the cloud ages, air from the upper s...


abstract Real-time location applications are mainly desktop based and costly for development and maintenance. In this project we worked on a Web service based architecture for monitoring and driving real-time analysis of fire truck missions. We used Web 2.0 technologies on the client side and SAP NetWeaver enterprise service oriented platform on the server side.


The recent article titled 'The optimal timing to resect pulmonary metastasis' [1] arouses some questions. Management of pulmonary metastasis (PM) is certainly challenging and I agree with authors that standardization is needed for surgical indications. In a multivariate analysis, the interval from PM detection to resection, and the interval from PM resection until recurrence were significant independent prognostic factors. Then the authors made two groups of patients: those who relapsed within 1 year after PM resection (group A), vs those who did not (group B). Finally, a comparison of mean interval from PM detection to resection between the two groups shows a significant difference: 2.9 months in group A vs 7.1 months in group B, p = 0.003. Authors conclude that performing metastasectomy at least 3 months after detection of PM may significantly improve the prognosis of patients. In the study, the population of patients has more than 12 different metastatic histologies: colorectal, kidney, lung, esophagus, breast, etc. Thus, a major statistical bias clearly appears here: the population is not homogenous, and comparable groups cannot be created. Another bias is in the discussion; the exclusive reference in the literature consistent with their results is a previous study reported by our authors. Here are the reasons why I do not share the conclusion of Tanaka et al. In fact, the authors have approached the well known topic that patients with short tumor doubling time (TDT) have worse outcomes than patients with a long TDT in pulmonary metastatic disease [2]. TDT in pulmonary metastasis recently caused new interest, since as demonstrated by Tomimaru et al., it is an independent predictor of intrapulmonary recurrence after pulmonary resection of solitary pulmonary metastasis [3]. Mean metastatic TDT is known to be faster than primary tumor TDT. But contrary to primary tumors [4], survivalrelated TDT in pulmonary metastasis has not been analyzed by histological sub-groups. In conclusion, taking into account histology of primary tumor and tumor doubling time appears to be crucial in management of pulmonary metastasis. We will in further randomized and prospective studies have to answer questions such as 'does it make sense to remove a short-TDT pulmonary metastasis?' References


Pulp and paper production consumes a large amount of water and steam. In particular, water is used in brown stock washing system (BSWS) to separate spent white liquor from the pulp stream. The wastewater stream generated from BSWS, known as black liquor, is a potential biomass. In the current practice, black liquor is concentrated and burned in a recovery boiler to produce steam and electricity. However, recent development in an integrated biorefinery offers increased marketability in pulp and paper mills through the generation of both bioproducts and bioenergy. It is common practice for steam generated from the combustion of black liquor to be integrated with pulp and paper mill to satisfy its heating demands. Note that the water consumption in BSWS directly affects the quantity and quality of black liquor. This will later affect the potential for steam generation and integration in pulp and paper mill. Thus, in this work, water and heat integration is performed for a pulp and paper mill with biorefinery. An integrated pulp and paper biorefinery (IPPB) is proposed which accounts for different conversion pathways of pulp and paper mill biomass. Apart from combustion, several gasification pathways are considered. A nonlinear program (NLP) is formulated to synthesize an optimum IPPB with maximum resources conservation. Sensitivity analysis is then carried out based on the most significant parameters to analyze the robustness of the proposed IPPB.


Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. is a dominant dwarf tree in alpine regions of Japan. The possible factors limiting the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the needles of P. pumila were examined in the snow-melting (May) and the summer (August) seasons. In August, in situ maximum Pn was 20 μmol kg−1 needle s−1 in the current-year needles and 25 μmol kg−1 needle s−1 in the 1-year-old needles. Diurnal trends of Pn in August were positively related to fluctuations in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and no midday depression of Pn was found, indicating that a decrease in PPFD rather than an increase in needle-to-air vapor pressure deficit (ΔW) might cause the reduction of Pn. Both stomatal conductance (gs) and Pn were lower in May than in August. In May, Pn and gs were almost zero in the morning, but gradually increased with decreasing ΔW, reaching maximum Pn values (4 μmol kg−1 needle s−1) and gs (60 mmol kg−1 needle s−1) at 16.00 hours. The daytime Pn in May was positively related to gs. Relative water content in the exposed needles above the snow in May was 83%, which was far above the lethal level. This indicates that the water flow from stems or soils to needles was enough to compensate for a small amount of water loss due to the low gs in May, although the water supplied to needles would be impeded by the low temperatures. Thus, the reduced gs in May would be important for avoiding needle desiccation, and would result in a reduced Pn.


Extracting citrus flavonoids extract from by-products of the juice extraction process, describes a method of producing a citrus extract rich in flavonoids. The extraction method according to the invention, without affecting the flavonoid content of naturally occurring, it is possible to reduce the amount of limonin and / or bitter substances. Flavonoids spontaneous be added to beverages other than citrus-based or citrus-based can also be used as a juice alone.


As server software is getting bigger and more complex, two major problems that server software involves in terms of safety come to the surface. One is an attack against server software and the other is its instability. Most of these problems are caused by software flaws. Since finding all software flaws is difficult, unknown flaws are left in a lot of server software. Therefore, there are serious demands on the facility that minimizes damages in case that server software becomes insane. We call this facility safety net. Since server software must handle requests from various users simultaneously and performance is important as well as safety, it needs to dynamically change the range of a safety net depending on the situations. However, it is not easy to achieve such a safety net in terms of security and performance. ...


IntroductIon More and more organisations are using projects as a means of managing their business; increasingly, 'new initiatives' are the focus of organisational life. Such initiatives could include cultural change programmes, organisation redesigns, or process improvements. Tackling the sociological and psychological aspects of the project is a great enough challenge, but there is often a requirement to develop a technological dimension too. Accelerating technical advancements brings an extra level of complexity to the projects so that, in general, projects have become more complex—not only do they tend to have a wider variety of customers to satisfy, but they also tend to utilise more sophisticated technology and have more far-reaching implications than ever before. It is not too surprising that some projects 'fail'; the increased complexity of projects brings an obvious rise in the associated risks. However, the increased complexity of projects also brings a rise in the opportunities for learning through the management of knowledge therein. These are opportunities that are not being fully exploited at present, as illustrated by the continuation of the 'failure-to-learn' and 'learning-to-fail' themes in a more active stance would consciously draw lessons from projects, from 'successes' and 'failures' alike. Parallel to the growing emphasis on projects in organisational life and their changing nature, there is growing recognition of the interplay between the fields of project management (PM) and knowledge management (KM). Reference has already been made to the opportunities for more effectively managing knowledge within a project 2737 The Contribution of Communities of Practice to Project Management setting. This article operates at a finer level of detail and draws attention to the potential synergy between project teams and a much popularised social network derived from the KM arena—that of communities of practice (CoP). In doing so, the disciplines of PM and KM are explicitly bridged and, it is put forward, the prospect of breaking the 'learning-to fail' and 'failing-to learn' loops is raised.


This paper analyses present situation of medium and small-sized machine shop quality management,and indicates that machine shop can't control working procedure quality effectively without enough quality statistic information.So it is necessary to develop working procedure quality data analysis software in medium and small-sized machine shop.This paper starts off present demands of medium and small-sized machine shop,analyses system functions and brings forward this software function chart,then dissertates designs of each module,language selection and problems in programming details.This paper enumerates application instance of the machine shop and pionts out improved aspect of this software along with technic increasing.


The economic reforms carried out in socialist Vietnam since 1986 have made it a favorite of multilateral lenders and development agencies. The movement away from a planned, state-controlled economy has brought this once impoverished, war-torn country economic growth rates close to those of China. At the same time, the government has implemented a poverty-reduction program that has made real strides in reducing the gap between the newly rich and the poor. Two decades ago Hanoi was a crumbling French colonial city, with a few drab socialist apartment buildings on its fringes. Now it is spreading far beyond its old limits. From the top of one of the upscale high-rise hotels in central Hanoi, one can look out over the red-tiled rooftops of the old city, to the Red River and beyond, where middle-class housing developments are sprouting up in the suburban rice paddies, nearby to new factories constructed by Japanese firms. Ho Chi Minh City, formerly Saigon and now often called just "the City," has returned to its vibrant, chaotic self. Its streets are so choked with motorbikes that some city planners have considered banning them, though no one in the city's leadership seems willing to risk such a radical and potentially unpopular move. As in China, political and intellectual reform in Vietnam has lagged behind the stunning transformation of the economy. It is true that greater contact with the outside world, Internet access, and the government's growing self-assurance have brought a more relaxed attitude toward once-taboo authors and Western cultural ways, especially in dress and music. Foreigners now travel freely to most parts of the country. Yet there remains a sharp distinction between the two kinds of reform. Economic reform enjoys broad-based support and now feels irreversible. Its progress can be measured by hard data, and it is benefiting the whole population, from party cadres to street vendors. Political reform, in contrast, remains ambiguous and hard to evaluate, without clear boundaries or guarantees of individual rights. Talk of democratization here usually refers to the opening up of the Communist Party's structures. Although the National Assembly now plays a more visible role in debating legislation, it is elected from carefully pre-selected candidates, most of whom are party members. The rights guaranteed by Vietnam's 1992 constitution are consistent with modern democratic practice, but they can be overruled if individual actions are judged to have damaged the party. Vietnamese intellectuals say that this situation has led to an impasse in which new, unconventional ideas are stifled by pressure to conform to the status quo. As the country looks to the future after its tenth party congress in June 2006, there is considerable uncertainty about what the next phase of reform will look like.


A method is presented for the simultaneous determination of the residues of five pyrethroids: fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin, in tobacco, and their collection of shifting efficiency by capillary gas chromatography. The pyrethroids in sample were extracted by acetone, then reextracted by petroleum ether. The petroleum ether extract was purified by solid phase extraction through a florisil column and eluted with a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. Chromatographic analysis was performed with Shimadzu GC _ 14B equipped HP _ 5(30 m×0.32 mm id×0.25 μm) and 63Ni electron capture detector. The pyrethroids were quantified by external standard method. The recoveries were in the range of 90%~102% and relative standard deviations(n=10) were from 4.4% to 13%.


The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that binds structurally diverse molecules from the environment, including pollutants, dietary factors, and chemicals from microorganisms. AHR-binding compounds alter adaptive immune responses, but the cellular components affected and governing mechanisms are not fully defined. For instance, AHR activation affects antibody responses; a process for which T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) are critical. We recently discovered that AHR activation alters the percentage and number of Tfh cells during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Yet, how the AHR modulates Tfh cells is not known. The present work shows that AHR-mediated changes to Tfh cells are due to changes in CD4+ T cell proliferation and BCL6 expression, an essential transcription factor for Tfh cell differentiation. Utilizing conditional AHR knockout mice, we show that changes to Tfh cells require AHR expression in CD4+ T cells. The AHR regulates gene expression directly, via its DNA-binding domain (DBD), and indirectly via other signaling molecules. To delineate which pathways it uses to modulate Tfh cells, we used mice with a mutated AHR DBD and demonstrate that it requires its cognate DBD to regulate Tfh cells during infection. This supports that AHR modulates Tfh cells by directly regulating gene expression. Overall, these findings provide new information about how AHR signaling influences humoral immunity to a common respiratory pathogen. Given that exposure to AHR-binding pollutants impacts immune responses to infections and vaccines, better understanding of the mechanisms that control Tfh cell responses has broad reaching impact on immune defenses and immune-mediated diseases.


Abstract Limiting solutions are derived for the flexure of simply supported many-sided regular polygons, as the number of sides is increased indefinitely. It is shown that these solutions are different from those for simply supported circular plates. For axisymmetric loading, circular plate solutions overestimate the deflexions and the moments by significant factors.


The utility model discloses a novel multi-functional cardiovascular expanding device and belongs to the technical field of medical apparatuses and instruments. The novel multi-functional cardiovascular expanding device comprises a catheter, a cone-shaped connector is fixed on the catheter, a net-shaped support frame is arranged at the front end of the catheter, the net-shaped support frame is fixedly connected with the catheter through the cone-shaped connector, an air bag is fixed on the catheter, the air bag is connected with an air guide pipe, and a pressure gage is arranged on the air guide pipe. Compared with the prior art, the novel multi-functional cardiovascular expanding device is simple in structure, reasonable in design and convenient to operate, the net-shaped support frame which is arranged at the front end of the catheter can play a role of expanding blood vessels, medical personnel can aerate the air bag according to requirements of a surgery at the same time, further conduct cardiovascular expansion, and conveniently conduct a cardiovascular surgery in time, and pain of a patient can be reduced.


We studied the influence factors and the process of solidification numerical simulation in casting process. We used the technology to simulate the solidification of a Bearing cover with two different casting simulation softwares: Intecast and ProCAST and compared the application of the two softwares. Through comparing of the solidification simulation results and the casting defects,we concluded that the simplified condition which the casting mold being filled up with liquid of iron instantaneously is effective and got other useful results.


【Objective】 Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is one kind of serious agricultural pests in the world and is harmful to soybean. It is important to understand the relationship between whitefly resistance and agronomic traits of soybean for whitefly resistant soybean breeding. 【Method】 The number of whitefly nymphs per leaf and per plant of 213 Chinese and foreign soybean germplasms were identified in experimental farm of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2004. Meanwhile the agronomic traits including stem termination, seed coat color, cotyledon color, plant height, stem nods number, stem diameter, branch number, pod number, seed number, seed weight per plant, 100-seed-weight, pod length, pod width, seed protein content and fat content of these germplasm were identified. And the relationship between the number of whitefly nymphs and agronomic traits were analyzed with SPSS 16.0. 【Result】 The Mean of Whitefly Per Leaf(MWPL) of soybean varieties with different stem termination were significantly different. The order of MWPL was determinate varieties semi-determinate indeterminate. Correlation between MWPL and stem diameter was significant at 0.01 level. Correlation between MWPL and seed weight per plant and seed protein content were significant at 0.05 level. The Pearson Correlations were 0.282**, 0.165*, and 0.166*. And the correlation between MWPL and seed coat color, cotyledon color, branch number, seeds fat content, pod length, and pod width were insignificant.【Conclusion】 The resistance to whitefly was affected by agronomic and quality traits of soybean.


Rapid assessment of cardiac chest pain by a specialist is soon to become the norm, changing traditional referral practices for diagnosis and management of angina pectoris in the community.1 Patients presenting to general practitioners with chest pain considered to be exertional angina, will be assessed quickly through the Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinics (RACPCs) rolling out nationwide; at least 50 this year and 100 by April 2002.2 Those with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary disease will still be sent directly to Casualty, preferably by ambulance. If hospital admission is not required, patients with symptoms of angina can then be directly referred to the RACPC, rather than given a traditional out‐patient appointment or sent back to their general practitioner without any form of specialist assessment. These RACPCs will thus close the loop between community and hospital for chest pain assessment. Whatever the point of first medical contact, general practitioner or casualty, all patients with their first presentation of exertional angina could ultimately be reviewed in a RACPC—conservatively estimated to be about 22600 consultations per annum in the UK.3

The rationale for rapid assessment of angina is simple: cardiac chest pain is …


A review of recent literature focusing on the networks of relationship in international marketing. Dyadic relationships and networks and system and unit perspective, conceptual development, and network strategies are embraced. How organisations can adapt their structures and managerial practices to meet requirements imposed by global sourcing operations is discussed.


Abstract : The application of polyimide resin as a matrix for glass filament-wound thin metal-lined pressure vessels was studied over a temperature range of -320 to 600 degrees F. Keramid 601 polyimide was found to perform quite well over the entire range of temperature. Hoop stress values of 425 ksi were determined at 75 degrees F which is equivalent to epoxy resin in similar structures. At -320 and 600 degrees F, 125 and 80% of this strength was retained. Thermal ageing at 500 degrees F for up to 50 hours was studied with severe reduction in strength, but there is evidence that this reduction could be improved. Another polyimide resin studied was P10PA which was found to have processing characteristics inappropriate for filament-winding. NOL ring tensile and shear data was determined from both resins with S-glass. Pressure vessel design, fabrication and test procedures are described in detail. (MM)


Abstract Objective This study was conducted to understand the association between the AKT2 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 2) gene polymorphism (rs2304186) and PCOS. Methods In total, 1287 participants were included. Six genotype models (Dominant model: TT + TG vs. GG; Recessive model: TT vs. TG + GG; Over-dominant model: TT + GG vs. TG; Co-dominant model: TT vs. TG; Co-dominant TT vs. GG; Allele analysis: T vs. G) were applied in the analysis. According to the races and obesity, subgroup analyses were also performed. Results No significant association between rs2304186 and PCOS was identified in the whole sample or the Han groups, even after multi-adjustments. Only in the Zhuang groups was it suggested that rs2304186 might promote the risk of PCOS to some extent (Unadjusted: Over-dominant TT + GG vs. TG, OR = 1.522, 95%CI = 1.076–2.152, p = .018; Age-adjusted: Over-dominant TT + GG vs. TG, OR = 1.543, 95%CI = 1.069–2.228, p = .021; Multi-adjusted: OR = 1.497, 95%CI = 1.024–2.188, p = .037). The risk effect was also detected in the non-obesity group (BMI <24.0 kg/m2) for the Co-dominant model (TT vs. TG: OR = 1.355, 95%CI = 1.001–1.835, p = .050). Conclusions In summary, we first discovered that rs2304186 might significantly elevate the PCOS risk, especially in the Chinese Zhuang population and the non-obesity group. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.


Terephthalate (TA) is one of the top 50 chemicals produced worldwide. Its production results in aTA-containing wastewater that is treated by anaerobic processes through a poorly understoodmethanogenic syntrophy. Using metagenomics, we characterized the methanogenic consortiuminside a hyper-mesophilic (that is, between mesophilic and thermophilic), TA-degrading bioreactor.We identified genes belonging to dominant Pelotomaculum species presumably involved in TAdegradation through decarboxylation, dearomatization, and modified b-oxidation to H


We report the first measurements of the linear thermal expansion coefficient αt of hydrogenated amorphous Ge thin films. We have utilized optical reflection interference fringes to measure the gap between the film and a fused quartz substrate in a segment of the film which lifted from the substrate due to intrinsic compressive strain. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of αt=1.7×10−5 K−1 for 300 K <T< 420 K is ∼3 times larger than that of crystalline Ge.


The depression at the Ukrainian shield (48о 04′ N, 32о 45′E) was drilled at first in 1976 and confirmed to be an astrobleme [1] by the geology, geophysics and shock-metamorphic changing of minerals (PDF of quartz etc.) including the founding of impact diamond grains. At first one supposed the simple form of the crater with the diameter 1.4 km on the surface level of crystalline rocks. Later additional drilling and geophysical observations let us to permit the partly overlapped double structure with the diameters of craters 0.9(NW) and 0.7(SE) km [2] (fig.1).


The article deals with the questions of reliability analysis of electrical systems with
long term developments close to the assigned resource or it exceeding


Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to identify specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, in combination with epidemiologic investigation, has shattered old dogmas and yielded new insights into the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis. In several cities in the United States, RFLP studies and epidemiologic analysis have shown that 19% to 54% of tuberculosis cases probably result from recent infection. 1-4 Effective tuberculosis control measures should reduce this percentage. Yet, in this issue of THE JOURNAL, Bishai and colleagues 5 suggest that recent transmission accounted for 32% of tuberculosis cases in Baltimore, Md, where an excellent tuberculosis control program has used community-based directly observed therapy (DOT) since 1981. How can these results be explained? First, during the 5 years preceding the study period, 33% of patients diagnosed as having tuberculosis in Baltimore were not in the DOT program, 6 and suboptimal therapy for these patients may have contributed to continued disease transmission. Second, limiting transmission of tuberculosis requires a multifaceted program that includes timely identification of cases, isolation of contagious cases, aggressive contact investigation, and preventive therapy for persons infected with M tuberculosis .I t is difficult to assess these aspects of a tuberculosis control program, and suboptimal performance in these areas also may have contributed to ongoing tuberculosis transmission.


The use of haptics is growing in the area of science education. Haptics appears to convey information to students in a manner that influences their learning and ways of thinking. This document outl ...


In-circuit testers are widely used for manufacturing tests and for the measurement of printed circuit board (PCB) systems. In-circuit testers can also program and verify programmable logic devices (PLDs) that support in-system programmability (ISP). Using in-circuit testers to program ISP-capable devices allows device programming to fit into the standard manufacturing flow, reducing time-to-market.


This article outlines some of the ideas, insights, and strategies arising from developing and teaching for two years a multimedia, on-line, World Wide Web futures studies course designed for interactive learning. Praxis links to consulting are also outlined. The content area of futures studies at the master's level and delivery via the Web are in line with a key strategic direction in university development, namely, moving from a classroom-teaching to an "elsewhere-learning" organization. Principles of future learning experiences via consulting and course development for on-line WWW delivery are discussed.


Galls are produced by the interaction between a plant and a different kind of organism, commonly an insect. Many galls, especially those involving an insect, have a very specific and often complex shape, comparable to the specific and often complex shape of organisms capable of reproduction. Galls, however, do not reproduce –each individual gall takes origin from a new interaction between the plant and the external agent. To some extent, the same applies to lichens: the specific and sometimes complex structure of their thallus may have transgenerational continuity through fragmentation or another kind of vegetative reproduction, but gets completely disrupted by sexual reproduction, following which a new lichen is reconstructed by a newly established symbiosis between a fungus and an algal partner. How far is their form constrained by the structure of the two partners? How can natural selection act on their form?


How on earth does the chief nursing officer expect more school nurses to be employed without extra funding (news August 11)?


Modern computers make it possible to calculate the characteristics of the stirling cycle by numerical methods. This paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of these methods with respect to the spacial subdivision and time step intervals. A convective influence coefficients in defined to judge the dispersion of temperature distributions introduced by the upsteam finite difference method.


In recent years, mobile terminals such as mobile phones and PDAs have evolved into functionally powerful devices that can be used to store, process, and communicate valuable information. The access to this information should be properly secured, and hence a great demand for security systems exists. The security issue emphasised in this thesis is the necessity to ensure that the current user of the terminal is its legitimate user. The importance of this issue stems from the fact that a number of mobile terminals are lost or stolen daily: the unauthorised use of such a terminal by a masquerader impersonating the legitimate user may involve abuse of sensitive information kept locally on the terminal or accessible over a network connection. The aim of the reported research is to develop a conceptual basis for differentiating between the legitimate user of the terminal and other individuals by analysing the information about user behaviour and environment, and to address the practical issue of applying it to the problem of mobile-masquerader detection. The main contribution of this thesis is a three-part model of mobile-masquerader detection developed and verified empirically in the thesis. In this model, the problem of mobile-masquerader detection is approached as a classification problem. The first part of the model identifies behav-ioural and environmental characteristics and measures that can be used for differentiating the user from other individuals. The second part of the model defines how the values of the identified measures can be classified by a set of one-class classifiers each analysing a subset of the measures. The third part addresses the issue of combining the outputs of the classifiers so that accurate final classification can be achieved; a new combining technique is proposed and validated using numerical experiments. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed mobile-masquerader detection model is experimentally validated on a real-world dataset describing the behaviour and environment of smart-phone users.


Last Sunday's elections in Greece saw the pro-bailout New Democracy party gain the largest share of the vote, reassuring many commentators who had been fearing a default by Greece or even its ejection from the Eurozone. Daphne Halikiopoulou and Sofia Vasilopoulou argue, however, that anti-bailout parties in Greece received widespread support – there is still a deep division in Greek politics. This cannot be solved until the underlying problems of corruption, nepotism and clientelism in Greece are addressed.


INTRODUCTION
Dysphonia due to compression of the intrathoracic part of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is usually the result of invasion by a malignant tumour. Compression due to an intrapulmonary hydatid cyst is uncommon.

CASE REPORT
We report the case of a 56 year old man who presented with cough, dyspnoea and progressive dysphonia. The chest x-ray and thoracic CT scan showed a cystic mass in the left upper lobe in close contact with the arch of the aorta. At surgery the mass proved to be a hydatid cyst of the lung. The treatment was by cystectomy and histological examination confirmed a hydatid cyst. The post-operative result was satisfactory with relief of the compression and improvement in phonation.

CONCLUSION
This report illustrates that hydatid cyst of the lung may occasionally present with signs of mediastinal compression.


THERE has long been recognized in the cell walls of plant tissues, and particularly in the thickened walls of bast and xylem elements in woody plants, a central layer or plate, sharply distinguishable by its optical and staining properties from other regions of the wall. To account for the origin of this layer, apparently homogeneous and equally closely related to each of the cells between which it occurs, various theories have been advanced, and the names "primary cell wall," "intercellular substance," and "middle lamella " indicate the diversity of opinion that has prevailed as to its real nature. The theories of the origin of this " middle lamella," adopting as most convenient its commonest designation, may (i), generally speaking, be grouped under three heads: (i) those which hold it to have been originally a common matrix in which the cells were imbedded; (2) the theory that the middle lamella is the original cell wall, laid down in common by the two daughter cells in the process of cell division, and remaining distinct from the secondary thickening layers deposited upon its either face ; and (3) the view that it is a substance excreted by the daughter cells into a space left between them after their formation, or into a space formed by their rounding up and drawing apart. The first theory, that the middle lamella is an original common matrix of the cells, was shown to be groundless as soon as


Currently, the Colombian Health system is in crisis because of its inefficiency in attending the users. This inefficiency is particularly perceived in the medical-hospital emergency attention and has led to what is ironically known as ride to the death (paseo de la muerte), sarcastic denomination which describes the calvary of people who travel from hospital to hospital begging for some attention, until their diseases get worse and they die. The worst part of this reality isn t the lack of money, since government has enough resources destined to attend hospital emergency cases, regardless of the circumstances. The problem lies on the fact that resources are stolen through mechanisms called carousels (carruseles), and that neither the government nor the Control Entities, do enough to stop the looting, a fact that has turned Health into a business in which Fundamental Rights of patients do not count at all.


This article discusses nonuniform sampling specifically for the case of finite-length sets of data. The approach exploits the features of a finite interval and this restriction makes it possible to obtain the results presented using very simple analytical techniques. Much more complex methods have been used previously when the problem was treated over an infinite domain, followed by windowing to introduce the finite data length requirement. The emphasis is on the properties of the spectra of nonuniformly sampled data, particularly in relationship to the results obtained with uniform sampling. In this form of representation the uniform sampling appears as a highly degenerate and very fortuitous special case of nonuniform sampling. The results obtained are also used to develop approximate methods of inverting such spectra including an approximate interpolation function. The theory is illustrated using simulation examples relating to oblique incidence measurement of surface profiles.


The disciplines related to art in Chinese sports colleges and universities have experienced vigorous devel opment during period of the 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan of Science and Education,and the vigorous development is closely associated with the socio-economic environment,the influence of national policies,and the nature as well as features of art and physical education.The authors of this paper argue that,in a social and ecological sense,the principle of"developing the strong and improving the weak"can be adopted as the core concept of development,while"coordinated development"should be the overall objective.This paper also regards symbiotic harmony togeth er with synergetic evolution are the strategic prospect of the flourishing disciplines related to art.


The chick middle ear bone, columella, derives from neural crest mesenchyme located proximally in the second pharyngeal arch. Subjacent pharyngeal endoderm is hypothesized as the source of the local signals that specify the pre‐chondrogenic identity of this tissue. Sox9 is induced and maintained in pre‐chondrogenic cells during condensation formation and endochondral ossification. We show that pharyngeal endoderm was sufficient, but not necessary for specifying pre‐chondrogenic identity. Many Fgf genes are expressed specifically in the pharyngeal endoderm subjacent to neural crest derived mesenchyme. Our results show that FGF signaling is both sufficient and required for specification of Sox9 expression and specification of pre‐chondrogenic identity. Further, FGF signaling, by itself, is insufficient for the induction of the chondrogenic marker, Col2a1. BMP4 signaling can induce Sox9 expression, but only in combination with FGF signaling induced Col2a1 expression and, thus, chondrogenesis. Given the spatio‐temporal expression patterns of FGFs and BMPs in the pharyngeal arches, we suggest that this may represent a general mechanism of specifying pre‐chondrogenic identity and chondrogenesis.


This essay introduceds the design method of the flushing pressure head with a rectangular hole that distributes according to certain rule and that is used for blanking, the ramming mold as well as the necessary equipment that can adjusts the position. It makes a detailed exposition of this device's general structure, the characteristic and the work process.


In order to detect multi-ship encounter situations and improve the safety of navigation, this paper proposed a model which was able to mine multi-ship encounter situations from Automatic identification system (AIS) data and analyze the encounter spatial-temporal process and make collision avoidance decisions. Pairwise encounters identification results and ship motion index were combined into a ship encounter graph network which can use the complex network theory to describe the encounter spatial-temporal process. Network average degree, network average distance and network average clustering coefficient were selected. Based on the recognition results of pairwise encounter identification results, a discrete multi-ship encounter network is constructed. The process of multi-ship encounters from simple to complex to simple is mined based on the process of average network degree from 0 to 0 to obtain a continuous spatial-temporal process. The results can be used for multi-ship encounter situation awareness, multi-ship collision avoidance decision-making and channel navigation evaluation, and also provide data for machine learning. Quaternary dynamic ship domain, fuzzy logic and the weighted PageRank algorithm were used to rank the whole network risk, which is critical to "key ship collision avoidance." This method overcame the problem that the traditional collision risk evaluation method is only applicable to the difference between two ships and ship perception. The risk rank combined with the artificial potential field method was used. Compared with the traditional artificial potential field method, this method has fewer turns and a smoother trajectory.


In this paper, the parasitic inductance and capacitance of integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs) were modeled using Maxwell Q3D extractor. The IPEMs were then measured using impedance analyzer. A set of impedance curves was obtained under different measurement conditions, such as different DC bias voltages. Together with the device model, the Maxwell Q3D extractor results were simulated in Saber to get the impedance curves, which were compared with impedance measurement results. The comparison showed good agreement between simulation and measurement results.


In Monitoring Temperature and humidity for Server Room is a system based an IoT, which provides information while regulating temperature and humidity inside the server room. There are various types of sensors in the prototype, using all parameters of temperature and humidity that can be measured. This system can be used to monitor the temperature or humidity of a particular room or place. The proposed system continuously sends data to the cloud to monitor data from anywhere. For direct monitoring and regulation, the system is equipped with features to provide notifications to users through the telegram application dynamically. The prototype brain is a Raspberry and Arduino module. Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11) are connected to Raspberry. Every time these values exceed the threshold selected for each notification given to the user via the telegram application by utilizing the telegram API. Based on the notification, the user can remotely set the room temperature by giving an order via the telegram application. The Proposed System effectively monitors and dynamically controls commands via telegram applications or through web server applications.


Pulpectomy is a common treatment for severe carious lesions in primary molars. Care should be taken during pulpectomy of the primary teeth for successive permanent teeth. This case series report aimed to describe the cases of three patients who experienced excessive extrusion of canal filling materials and file separation during primary molar pulpectomy. The presence of separated files or excessive overfilling materials observed around successive permanent tooth germs leads to underdevelopment and may trigger cystic changes owing to abscess formation. The most important aspect is to preserve the unerupted successive developing permanent tooth. Therefore, clinicians should consider the anatomy of the primary molars prior to endodontic treatment, be careful when manipulating instruments during pulpectomy, provide appropriate treatment if iatrogenic incidents occur during endodontic treatment, and perform close follow-up to ensure the successful development and eruption of subsequent permanent teeth.


SANDS, GRAVEL, AND ROCK FROM AN AREA OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD, SOME 200 MILES NORTH OF TORONTO, CONSISTED MAINLY OF GRAYWACKES, ARGILLITES, AND RELATED ROCKS. ON THE BASIS OF THE QUICK CHEMICAL TEST (ASTM C 289), THESE ROCKS APPEARED ACCEPTABLE FOR USE AS CONCRETE AGGREGATES. MORTAR BARS, HOWEVER, DEVELOP ALKALI-SILICA GEL AND SHOW EXPANSION GREATER THAN 0.10 PERCENT AFTER BEING TESTED FOR MORE THAN ONE YEAR. A CONCRETE DAM IN THE AREA CONTAINING SIMILAR ROCKS AS AGGREGATE ALSO SHOWED SIGNS OF ALKALI-SILICA REACTIONS WITH GEL FORMATION, PATTERN CRACKING, AND WIDE- OPEN CRACKS. MORTAR BARS MADE WITH SELECTED VARVED ARGILLITES USED AS PART OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE IN THIS DAM EXPANDED MORE THAN 0.10 PERCENT IN 24 WEEKS. ASTM METHOD C 586-66T APPEARS APPLICABLE FOR DETERMINATION OF EXPANSION OF THESE SILICA ROCKS. LIKE CARBONATE ROCKS, THE SEEMINGLY UNIFORM VARVED ARGILLITES DO NOT RESPOND UNIFORMLY TO IMMERSION IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE. MOST ROCK CYLINDERS SHRINK SLIGHTLY BEFORE STARTING TO EXPAND. THE MAXIMUM EXPANSION OBSERVED IN ONE CYLINDER WAS 0.152 PERCENT IN 36 WEEKS. A COMPARISON OF THE CYLINDERS WITH MORTAR BARS MADE FROM THE SAME TYPE OF ARGILLITE AND FROM OTHER SAMPLES CONTAINING SOME ARGILLITE SHOWS THAT THE RANGE OF EXPANSION OF CYCIN- DERS IS GREATER THAN THAT OF MORTAR BARS. THIN SECTIONS AND CYLINDER TESTS INDICATE THAT THE LESS METAMORPHOSED GRAY ARGILLITE VARIETY IS GENERALLY MORE EXPANSIVE THAN THE MORE METAMORPHOSED GREENISH GRAY VARIETY. THIS IS THE FIRST KNOWN INDICATION THAT ARGILLITES ARE ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVE, ALTHOUGH THESE ROCKS ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO PHYLLITES AND SLATES, SOME OF WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE REACTIVE. THERE ARE INDICATIONS THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF GRAYWACKE OCCURRING IN THE AREA ARE REACTIVE TO A LESSER DEGREE. /AUTHOR/


The quinazolones I (Ar1 = mono- or polycyclic arylene, optionally alkyl-substituted; Ar2 = polynuclear, carbocyclic or heterocyclic, divalent arom. group) have softening points sufficiently low that polymn. of the ethynyl groups begins in the molten state. Adding 2.45 g Me3SiCCH dropwise to 6.04 g 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-benxoxazin-4-one, 25 mg Pd(OAc)2, 50 mg Ph3P, 80 mL THF, and 20 mL Et3N and allowing the reaction to proceed for 8 h gave 65% 2-[4-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl]-1,3-benxoazin-4-one (II). Heating 8.85 g II, 3.87 g 2,6-bis(3-aminophenoxy)pyridine, and 4.5 g (PhO)3P in 20 mL pyridine at 100 for 10 h and removing trimethylsilyl groups gave 65% 3,3'-(2,6-pyridinediyldioxydi-1,3-phenylene)bis[2-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-quinazolone] (III). Heating III at 230 for 2 h and 320 for 1 h gave a polymer with glass temp. 290


As the feature sizes decrease, understanding manufacturing variations becomes essential to effectively design robust circuits. Manufacturing variations occur when process parameters deviate from their ideal or expected values, resulting in variations in device characteristics. Variations in the device characteristics cause the circuit to deviate from its expected behavior resulting in circuit instability, performance degradation, and yield loss. Both from an economic and performance standpoint, the yield and performance of Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) are of great importance to the modern System-onChip designs. SRAM bitcells typically employ well-matched, minimum-sized transistors which make them highly sensitive to process variations. To overcome these challenges, researchers have proposed different topologies for SRAMs with 8T and 10T SRAM designs. These designs improve the cell stability but suffer from bitline-leakage noise, placing constraints on the number of cells shared by each bitline. These designs also have substantial area overhead when compared to the traditional 6T design. In this work, the published SRAM designs are characterized using commercial CMOS 65 nm models and are compared based on critical SRAM parameters like read stability, write stability, bitline leakage and the impact of process variations. Furthermore, a single-ended 9T SRAM design is proposed that enhances data stability and simultaneously addresses the bitline leakage problem. The proposed design also satisfies the yield criterion to achieve 90% yield for a 1Mb SRAM array in the presence of process variations.


This chapter explores the methodology of ethnography in postcolonial Africa, with specific reference to anthropological media research. The chapter draws on an ethnography of a local radio station in South Africa as a starting point from which to make several observations about media ethnographies and anthropological approaches to media production and consumption. It outlines how the chosen methodology revealed unique characteristics of the local, as well as how the findings and experiences could be related to national and regional contexts. Moreover, the chapter explores notions of reflexive "backyard" or "native" ethnographies, and reveals the complex relational issues that can arise from this approach. This case study is premised on the notion of media as a collective mediation of culture; and argues that the practice of ethnography allows for a refreshing departure from the more common armchair textual analyses that permeate media studies.

Keywords:

Media anthropology;
ethnography;
local radio;
South Africa;
media production;
gender


What happens to the countless projects forsaken by the federal government after it has poured millions into them? A national study, funded by the fed eral government, was undertaken to determine the current status of federally terminated Title III pro jects of the Elementary and Sec ondary Education Act of 1965. This article is based on that study, which queried Title III project directors in pursuit of significant data for an appraisal of the ESE A Title III program. Title III was designed to help local school districts relate research to practice through the support of creative supplementary centers and services. In this program, known as PACE (Projects to Advance Creativity in Education), school districts are encouraged to take a "bold new look" at their educa tional needs and to develop pro grams which illustrate innovative ideas as well as enrich curriculum. PACE is designed to stimulate and assist local school districts to meet vital needs of education by: 1) en couraging flexibility, innovation, and experimentation throughout the educational establishment; 2) pro viding better services than are now available; and 3) supplementing existing educational programs and facilities.


A mobile ad hoc network is a group of wireless mobile nodes with no infrastructure, in which individual mobile nodes are able to self organize and self configure in order to communicate within a direct wireless transmission range. However, the vulnerable nature of the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) makes them very prone to an adversary's malicious attacks such as dropping data or sending fake data etc. As the demand of MANETs is increasing day by day, the problem of security especially in the network layer must be solved appropriately and in accordance with the special characteristics of MANETs. In this paper, we present some attacks against routing in MANETs, and we focus on analyzing the working process of AODV routing protocol which is a representative protocol of on-demand routing protocols in ad-hoc. Then we propose an enhancement design to AODV based on authentication, using digital signatures, in order to prevent potential routing attacks against this protocol from intruders and malicious nodes. Finally, we compare the effectiveness of our improved protocol with some related secure routing protocols from literature, and against some well known attacks.


There are a lot of research on automobile dependency and the factors influencing it that has been done. However, these studies were mostly conducted in developed countries by using a car as the object of research. While the growth in the use of motorcycles in developing countries, especially in Asia has become a phenomenon that is inevitable now, not much is known about the processes and factors that affect motorcycle ownership and dependency in developing countries. Yet according to some studies the majority of motorcyclists are low-income people who should have get more attention from the policy maker. There are allegations that low income people are forced to have a motorcycle because their specific needs cannot be met by existing public transport services. Therefore, by using the urban areas of Yogyakarta as a case study, this study intends to: 1) demonstrate the occurrence of motorcycle dependency in low income people; and 2) model the process of motorcycle dependency in low-income people in terms of spatial and socio-economic factors that influence it. The process of data collection is done through a questionnaire to a sample of 437 low-income households, and interviews with 40 informants. Data from the questionnaire is processed using descriptive and inferential statistics method, while the interview data processed by content analysis method. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that the motorcycle dependency has occurred in low-income people in Yogyakarta urbanized area. The information from the interview was also used for modelling the process of someone becoming a captive users of motorcycle based on their spatial and socioeconomic characteristics. It was found out that there is the different processes that occur for low-income people living in areas with good transport service and the poor one. This assessment of the factors that affect motorcycle dependency on low-income people are expected to give a picture of the areas that should be prioritized in an inclusive policy to increase accessibility of a region, either through improved public transport services or the provision of public facilities that are accessible within a walking distance.


Solvent extraction studies of copper and zinc have been carried out using Versatic 10 acid, Cyanex 272 and LIX 984N separately from a model brass pickle liquor. Various parameters for the extraction and separation of copper and zinc such as effect of pH, extractant concentration, phase ratio etc. have been optimized. The results show that extraction of copper and zinc from acid free solution increased with increase in pH and their pH0.5 values were found to be 4.0 and 5.6, 3.5 and 4.6, and 2.5 and 5.5 with Versatic 10 acid, Cyanex 272 and LIX 984N, respectively. Versatic 10 acid and LIX 984N shows greater selectivity for copper compared to zinc. By McCabe Thiele diagram, number of stages required for the counter current extraction of copper and zinc has been determined for each of the solvents. The stripping study showed that 1 mol/L H2SO4 was sufficient to strip metal ions in a single contact from each of the extractant.


In recent years the rise of Islamic banking has been one of the most important trends in the economic sphere, with an estimated 1.5 billion Muslims in the world, this arena has plenty of room for expansion.
Conforming to Shariah (Islamic Law) puts a huge demand among Muslims looking for financial products and services that adhere to their beliefs. If it weren't for the creation of such alter-natives to conventional banking and finance, Muslims would find it hard to participate in our globalized world without violating their religious principles.
There are currently over 300 financial Institutions across the global sphere providing some type of Islamic financial product. According to some experts, the assets that are currently being managed under Shariah law, which range from investment to commercial banks and investment funds, are estimated to be no less than 300 billion.
Other experts in the industry estimate the assets under mana-gement to be much larger. The FSA (Financial Services Authority), a regulator for financial services based out of London, estimates the total amount associated with Shariah banking to be as much as 500 billion. Even the U.S rating agency, S & P, estimates the sukuk (deed) market has reached over 75 billion and will likely be over 150 billion by the end of the decade. It used to be that Islamic fi-nancial products were more of a niche market but over time they are now considered mainstream, with many well-known interna-tional financial institutions battling to get a little piece of the pie.


ABSTRACT The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) has been recommended by the interagency Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Outcome Workgroup as an outcome measure for TBI research. A new symptom exaggeration index—the NSI Validity-10—can be calculated from its items, but its utility has not been evaluated in a malingering simulation study. Data from a prior analogue study were reanalyzed to examine the NSI Validity-10 test properties. The data were from a sample of 85 Australian undergraduate students. A battery of measures was completed under 1 of 3 experimental conditions: control (i.e., honest responding, n = 24), feign postconcussional disorder (PCD; n = 29), and feign posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 32). Participants who feigned PTSD or PCD had significantly higher scores on the NSI Validity-10 compared with controls. There were minimal differences between the 2 feigning groups. Using the combined data from the feigning groups and assuming a 35% symptom exaggeration base rate, the optimal NSI Validity-10 cutoff score was ≥10. This cutoff score identified "probable exaggeration" (sensitivity = .75, specificity = 1.0, positive predictive power = 1.0, negative predictive power = .88). Diagnostic efficiency statistics for 25% and 45% base rates were also generated. The cutoff score identified in this study is lower than previously reported. Its properties are promising, but its usage requires careful consideration.


Compressed sensing deals with efficient recovery of analog signals from linear encodings. This paper presents a statistical study of compressed sensing by modeling the input signal as an i.i.d. random process. Three classes of encoders are considered, namely, optimal nonlinear, optimal linear and random linear encoders. Focusing on optimal decoders, we investigate the fundamental tradeoff between measurement rate and reconstruction fidelity gauged by the noise sensitivity. The optimal phase-transition threshold is determined as a functional of the input distribution and compared to suboptimal thresholds achieved by popular reconstruction algorithms. In particular, we show that Gaussian sensing matrices incur no penalty on the phase-transition threshold with respect to optimal nonlinear encoding. Our results also provide a rigorous justification of previous results based on replica heuristics in the weak-noise regime.


The paper evaluated, for the first time, the level of seed dormancy of mainly bread winter varieties grown in Romania from 1933 and to the present and for winter triticale since 1984, when fierst triticale variety has been regietrered in Romania, till present. In this study are used two criteria to appreciate the level of dormancy, germination index and number of days till 85% seed germinated (own method). The level of dormancy in the older extensive Romanian varieties grown till beginig of 1970 years, like A 15, Odvos 241 etc. was midium and in the fierst realized short strow varieties in the beginning of 1980 years, Flamura 85, Fundulea 4 and Dropia the seed dormancy deacresed drasticaly. The long trem selection for pre-harvest sprouting in artificial conditions, applied after 1980 years, segnificativly has been improved seed dormancy in last three decade of registered bread wheat and even of triticale varieties. The present grown varieties of bread wheat like Glosa, Otilia, FDL Miranda and triticale varieties Negoiu and Haiduc represented realy genetic progress for seed dormancy. Selection presure for pre-harvest sprouting it is a good choise for seed dormancy improvemet (the correlations between this traits was strong enough (0.61* and 0.81** in wheat and in triticalea respectively). In the next period it is expected futher improvemet in seed dormancy and pre-harhest sprouting using the new sources for those traits, like Romanian line 00628G34, and also applied the MAS.


"Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be," wrote Robert Browning in his poem Rabbi Ben Ezra. A century later, Robert Butler, a former director of the National Institute of Aging, took a more dismal view of aging, epitomized in the title of his book Why Survive? Being Old in America (1975). Why the change in perspective? One possible reason is that an elderly person was a rarity in Browning's time; as the twentieth century drew to a close, however, mortality tables showed that three out of four Americans would reach the biblical "three score and ten." Just being old no longer carries any special distinction…


We perform a comparative study of the scaling of polymer size and diffusion dynamics with changing molecular weight N for melts comprised of ring- and linear polymers in a broad interval of chain lengths, 10 ≤ N ≤ 2048 and observe a qualitative difference caused by distinct topology. Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of a bead-spring coarse grained model, we find that the Flory exponent for linear chains in a dense solution, νL = 1/2, varies in the case of rings from νR = 1/2 for short rings, over νR = 2/5 for rings with intermediate length, down to ν R = 1/3 for long rings 800 ≤ N ≤ 2048, confirming thus recent findings of the behavior of such long rings in a melt effectively as compact globules. In our studies of ring dynamics we allow for the hydrodynamic interactions in the system by using Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) and find that cyclic polymers (rings) diffuse faster than linear chains with the same molecular weight owing to the absence of chain ends that would otherwise lead to reptation dynamics as for linear chains. In presence of hydrodynamics interactions when the Zimm model of polymer dynamics is valid, we find that the relaxation time τ R scales as τR ∝ N ^{−7/3} for big rings in agreement with arecent theoretical prediction.


PURPOSE The decision and ability of primary care clinician to make recommendations for routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are shaped by knowledge of their patient's risk behaviors. For men who have sex with men, such knowledge requires disclosure of same-sex sexual behavior or sexual identity. METHODS Data were analyzed from a national survey of rural men who have sex with men (N = 319) to understand whether the disclosure of sexual identity to clinicians was associated with increased uptake of HIV testing and hepatitis vaccinations. RESULTS We found that disclosure of sexual identity to clinicians was significantly associated (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.08–1.47) with uptake of routine HIV testing and HAV/HBV vaccination. CONCLUSION Our finding reinforces the need for safe, nonjudgmental settings for patients to discuss their sexual identities freely with their clinicians.


As technology advances and the number of construction applications requiring high-precision position attributes increases, contractors increasingly require spatial data services with higher accuracy and availability. Moreover, spiralling machine fuel, labour and material costs are increasing the focus towards productivity tools and construction accuracy. Positioning equipment manufacturers have responded by developing advanced machine control systems capable of using positional information from a variety of sources, including conventional terrestrial total-stations, singleand dual-grade lasers, and increasingly real-time GNSS positioning.


Computer games often operate with the term »world«. Some games, from Super Mario World (Nintendo 1990) to World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment 2004), use the term »world« in their title, others like The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion (Bethesda Softworks 2006) include at least a world-map. As Aarseth (2008) has shown, these worlds are not comparable in size or content to our »real« world but to theme parks. For reasons of playability they offer a compression of space and experiences. While films and novels compress time by omitting unimportant or boring events, games compress the space. »World« only seems to be the term to connote wholeness. Other games, for example the GTA-series, do not use the term »world« in their title but consider certain cities like Vice City, San Andreas or Liberty City, as the whole gameworld, for which they deliver city maps. The maps represent the whole (game)world. In my paper I will explore how these world-or city maps relate to the places and territories in which the avatar moves. The aim is to describe the interaction between the maps and their territory and the world and the places in this world, respectively. Computer games as well as other digital media combine both manifestations of space. They constantly mediate between world and place. While the avatar moves and acts in the places, the player gains an overview over the world on the map. As a basic difference I will draw upon the distinction between the »lived space« and the rational space of the map that Ryan (2001) proposes. According to Ryan the lived space in fiction (including computer games) is marked by a thick description and the impression that this space is habitable by a body located in that space. The space of the map on the contrary, is placeless and marked by relational descriptions (Ryan 2001, 121-130). Her description of the lived space resembles Relph's (1976) phenomenological approach to places as sites that are established by (social) (inter)actions and can be differentiated by the potential they offer for (social) (inter)actions. Both approaches will be used as theoretical background to describe the establishment of places in computer games. Since the use of maps and territory varies in different genres, I will conduct a close reading of The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion combined with a short prospect on strategy games (example: Civilization IV). In strategy games the player can use the world as …


We describe the magnetic and transport properties of Fe(001)/Cr(001) superlattices grown on GaAs (001) by molecular‐beam epitaxy and characterized by reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. For Cr layers thinner than about 30 A the magnetic behavior reveals strong antiferromagnetic couplings between the Fe layers across the Cr layers. Polarized neutron diffraction experiments confirm the existence of an antiferromagnetic superstructure. We discuss the origin of the antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling. The Fe/Cr superlattices with AF interlayer coupling exhibit a giant magnetoresistance: when an applied field aligns the magnetizations of the Fe layers, the resistivity drops by a factor of 2 for some samples. This giant magnetoresistance can be ascribed to the spin dependence of the electron scattering by interfaces. We compare our results with the predictions of two recent theoretical models.


Nonprofi t leaders should be ready for changes brought about by the increasing interest, opportunity, and ability of stakeholders to make decisions in prevailing nonprofi t organizational structures and governance, as well as in management and leadership practices. The future that has already happened is not within [the organization]; it is outside: a change in society, knowledge, culture, industry, or economic structure. It is, moreover, a break in the pattern rather than a variation in it. —Peter F. Drucker D rucker wants organizational leaders to focus on the opportunities and challenges presented by changes in the external environment that are ongoing or have already occurred but have yet to be widely perceived. I argue that just such a " future " is underway: In the cultural sphere, people now create and publish their own books, movies, and music; they eagerly customize orders on restaurant meals; and blogging, " pod-casting, " and other forms of targeted media are displacing mass media through satellite-and Internet-based communications. In the business world, shareholder revolts have skyrocketed; self-organizing teams, stakeholder analysis, and self-employment have steadily increased; organizational structures have fl attened; and corporate democracy is beginning to take hold. In government, the devolution of power, public disclosure agreements, community score cards, public audits, and citizen satisfaction surveys are becoming ever more commonplace. And in politics, key elements of direct democracy, including citizen ballot initiatives , recalls, open primaries, and super majority and voter-approval rules for tax increases have all become increasingly popular. These seemingly unconnected developments collectively point to a generalized surge in participatory practices and values throughout society. Thanks to an array of ongoing large-scale social changes, stakeholders now increasingly possess the capacity, interest, and opportunity to play a key role in decision making at the individual, organizational, and community levels alike. This growing propensity for participation has in turn begun to change prevailing nonprofi t structures and management practices. A bona fide participatory society is emerging—and non-profi t leaders must be up to the challenge. The skyrocketing levels of education in the post–World War II era constitute the primary long-term driving force of greater participation. Since 1940, the percentage of Ameri-cans aged twenty-fi ve years and over who have completed high school has jumped from 24.1 percent to 83.6 percent, while that for those who have completed at least four years of college has increased from 4.6 percent to 26.5 percent. More than …