Vulvar varices are reported in 4% of women [1], and most of them may be secondary to pregnancy from other anatomical and pathological diseases such as Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome or pelvic congestion syndrome. However, the vaginal varices, located in the vaginal and periurethral wall, are reported less frequently. Vaginal varix in non-pregnant women does not exhibit a serious threat; however, during pregnancy, the spontaneous laceration of the vaginal varix can cause significant blood loss. Therefore, an obstetrician should be aware of its clinical importance. We report a case of vaginal varix during pregnancy and its clinical features for the fi rst time in Korea.


This paper deals with an original example of a 2-dimensional naked singularity. It is only a toy model and as such it is only a mathematical story . A naked singularity or gravitational singularity can be observed from infinity. It has been stated as the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture [1] that the collapse of a generic and physically realistic star in general relativity would never lead to a space-time singularity which is visible to faraway observers. All singularities formed from the collapse are always behind a curtain known as the event horizon and hence invisible to outside observers. Many mathematical attempts have been made to prove the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture. On the other hand, there is a rigorous mathematical proof of the formation of black hole singularities in general relativity [2]. Naked singularities, for example, appear in four dimensions in the Reissner-Nordstr öm metric [4]. They have certain properties and have been studied extensively. For example, an ingoing particle in the Reissner-Nordstr öm metric is repelled in the vicinity of the naked singularity at a minimum r = rmin, an accelerates back as an outgoing particle [5]. Besides Reissner-Nordstr öm, naked singularities have been studied in the literature quite a lot, from the classical point of view to the quantum one [6]. The example we present here has the peculiarity that it is surprisingly simple, completely new to our knowledge, and with similar properties to Reissner-Nordstr öm but also with important differences. For instance, in our toy model there is only gravity (or curvature) and no charge, that is, nothing which gives place to another field. We will also have the property that ingoing particles are repelled in the vicinity of the naked singularity at a minimumr = rmin, an accelerate back as outgoing ones. The aim of this paper is not necessarily physical but purely mathematical. We do not deal with the problem of cosmic censorship, we only deal with a toy mathematical example, and the mathematics work perfectly. The following paper is divided as follows: In Sec. 2 we introduce the space-time naked singularity. In Sec. 3 we study its properties. In Sec. 4 we change coordinates to Kruskal like ones and construct its Penrose Diagram in order to understand a bit deeper this naked singularity. In Sec. 5 we conclude with a brief discussion on the similarities and differences to Reissner-Nordstr öm geometry and to 1+3 general relativity in general.


Objective: Sonography of the chest has traditionally been focused on chest wall and pleural space. Over time, clinicians have developed a practice of bedside lung ultrasonography (LUS) to supplement physical examination. In the wake of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, clinicians have increasingly turned to LUS as a tool to assess a patient's condition. Methods: A literature search was performed using Google Scholar with access to articles through a major Midwestern university. Results: Computed tomography (CT) and radiographs are not always available in all treatment centers. While LUS may be limited, it is important to correlate findings with compatible imaging modalities. This review summarizes lung pathologies and the sonographic appearance of lung abnormalities. Conclusions: Radiology professionals have largely questioned the practice and findings of LUS. However, now, as the most qualified experts in the use of ultrasound, sonographers and radiologists have a duty to be educated in the use of LUS.


Experiments on the continuous measurement and the countermeasures which improve the accuracy of the measurement for torque and thrust were conducted, using strain gauges, slip ring and signal transmitter. The results showed that it was possible to measure the torque continuously over a long time. To understand the effect which the torsional moment exerts on the strain gauges for thrust was useful to improve the accuracy of the measurement. From the result, it was suggested that the methods which supplies the electric power using a pair of slip rings and transmits the signal of strain are suitable for the measuring system of stress on the running shaft.


A composition in form of an emulsion is provided, which comprising at least one fatty phase, at least one aqueous phase, and a) a combination of at least two surfactants chosen from the group consisting of: i) C8-C22 alkyl dimethicone copolyols; ii) dimethicone copolyols, which is different from i); iii) poly oxyalkylenated silicone elastomers, which is different from i) or ii); iv) or a mixture thereof; b) at least one third surfactant, different from the surfactant a), chosen from polydialkyl silicones containing polyglycerol or glycerol side and/or end groups; and c) at least one UV filter.


Globally, many built environments fail to meet the accessibility needs of people with disability. This is despite people with disability agitating for built environment accessibility improvement for many decades. This paper critically reviews global literature to determine what constitutes an accessible and inclusive city and to discover global benchmarks of accessible and inclusive cities. We identified five (composite) domains that an accessible and inclusive city would include: 1.Connectivity (spatial & digital); 2.Economic participation, employment and education; 3.Housing; 4.Community and social infrastructure; and 5. Processes of engagement and inclusion. We also identified a number of global accessible and inclusive city exemplars, including Breda, the Netherlands and Gdynia, Poland. From the global review of exemplars and definitions, domains and indicators, a number of areas of practical action were identified that require multi-entity, multisector collaborations with influential partners addressing all prioritised domains. These actions included: the need to include those with lived experience of disability in the planning and design of environments and services; the need to work across the linked domains of the built form, services, attitudes and economic participation; and the need to revise construction, design, planning and architectural education to foreground the needs and requirements of those with disability.


In this note we show how to extend Mathon's cyclotomic colorings of the edges of some complete graphs without increasing the maximum order of monochromatic complete subgraphs. This improves the well known lower bound construction for multicolor Ramsey numbers, in particular we obtain R3(7) 3214.


The main contribution of this paper is the use of the evolutionary multi-objective methodology based on the complex search algorithm and geometric approaches to optimise a parallel kinematic structure. The design optimisation scheme includes the kinematic (collisions free workspace), elastostatic (Cartesian stiffness in the Y direction) and elastodynamic (first resonance frequency) properties of the PKM as the objectives. The optimisation constraints are the support frame lengths, actuator positions, end-effector's kinematic parameters and the robot's arm lengths. The optimisation results are presented in this paper.


With the growth of technology, more and more applications and experiments need to be run in distribute d environment. Data collection as an application and experiment fact begins to become more and more important. However, data collection will confront a lot of difficulties in grid-based distributed simu lation platform because the running environment of grid is different with that of the traditional simulation platform. In order to overcome these disadvantages, we present a data collection mechanism of grid-bas ed distributed simulation platform. In order to justif y the feasibility and the availability of this data collection mechanism, a series of experiments have been done. The results show that it is feasible to collect dat a resource in grid-based distributed simulation platf orm.


We present an algorithm for blind estimation of the magnitude response of an acoustic channel from single microphone observations of a speech signal. The algorithm employs channel robust RASTA filtered Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients as features to train a Gaussian mixture model based classifier and average clean speech spectra are associated with each mixture; these are then used to blindly estimate the acoustic channel magnitude response from speech that has undergone spectral modification due to the channel. Experimental results using a variety of simulated and measured acoustic channels and additive babble noise, car noise and white Gaussian noise are presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to estimate a variety of channel magnitude responses to within an Itakura distance of dI ≤0.5 for SNR ≥10 dB.


Objective To explore the clinical effectiveness of bedside handover sheet and verbal handover note in hepatobiliary surgery. Methods A comparative study was conducted between the bedside handover sheet designed for patients in department of hepatobiliary surgery and verbal handover note. N-A handovers from January to June in 2017 in the Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University were included into the controlled group and N-A handovers from July to December were into the observation group. Handover time, unclear handovers, handover omission and adverse events in the two groups were observed and recorded. Results N-A handover duration in the observation group was 28.1±3.57s and no unclear handover was observed. The occurrence of handover omission and adverse events in the observation group was much lower than that of the controlled group (P<0.05) but nurse satisfaction was much higher. Conclusions Handover sheet of hepatobiliary surgery is of much more advantages than verbal handover note thus are worth of being generalized.


Several nondestructive test techniques were developed for electroexplosive devices. The bridgewire responds, when pulsed with a safe level current, by generating a characteristic heating curve. The response is indicative of the electrothermal behavior of the bridgewire-explosive interface. Bridgewires which deviate from the characteristic heating curve were dissected and examined to determine the cause of the abnormality. Deliberate faults were fabricated into squibs. The relationship of the specific abnormality and the fault associated with it is demonstrated.


A method, device, and operating system for hardware resource access. The method comprises: configuring a permission for one or multiple privileged instructions used for accessing hardware, thus allowing access to a hardware resource without having to go into a kernel when the privileged instructions are available for use by a user-mode application, where the application schedules, at a code level, a privileged application programming interface (API) that is in a user mode and encapsulates the privileged instructions; and, executing the privileged instructions encapsulated in the privileged API scheduled at the code level by the application, thus allowing the application to access the hardware resource without having to go into the kernel. By having a privileged instruction for direct access to a hardware resource configured and encapsulated into an API that is deployed in a user space to implement reduced system overhead for accessing a hardware resource, processing efficiency is increased.


DARPA carries out several R&D programs for hypersonic vehicles to maintain the U.S. military superiority in air and space. Falcon program is the core of the DARPA's activitiy for the hypersonics including the long-term step-by-step approach from HTV-1, HTV-2, HTV-3X to HCV. Hypersonic Turbo-Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) engine technologies research and development programs, HiSTED, FaCET and Vulcan, are also the parts of their activities. Present article presents the summarized review on the backgrounds, technologies and relationships of those programs.


This article intends to analize the relationship between the city of Brasilia´s youth and the institutional politics. We show what is behind the rejection to professional politicians and to the institutions they control. Instead of stereotipyze the critical behavior of the youth, we first analyze the context where this refusal takes place. We find an established democracy, with stable elections, but not corresponding to the expectations created during its implementation, added to a population that is well informed about the youth, it is necessary to ask if this lack of trust on institutional politics shows disconected worlds or a opened space to the emergence of new forms of political organization. This article is based on 2005 PNAD (National Research by Housing sample) data and the Youth Development Index of UNESCO, to describe the city of Brasilia youth, and on Electoral Supreme Court, about youth voting registering.


The electronic of government documents transmission and processing has greatly improved working efficiency. However, because the network has openness, connectivity and other features, resulting the network vulnerable to be attacked by hacker and viruses, and also resulting in information of electronic documents disclosure, counterfeiting, tampering, repudiation and many other issues. This paper firstly points out the status of secure transfer of electronic documents under e-government environment and security needs, on this basis, the authors propose the solution to the problem on the secure transfer of documents under e-government environment, building computer and network systems security and hybrid encryption technology, combining an integrated encryption system to ensure the security delivery of electronic document.


What is happening to al-Qaida: does it still constitute a threat to its adversaries, and if so how grave? Fawaz A Gerges, author of "The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global", uses extensive survey evidence to examine the movement's standing in the Muslim world and take the measure of its ability to continue its campaign


This study aims to observe the implementation of internal communication within the company and how the company implements the work-life balance of its employees. This study utilises the Organisational Control Theory from Phillip Tompkins and George Cheney in Littlejohn and Foss, which is stated in four ways: simple control, technical control, bureaucracy, and conservative control, and uses the concept of work-life balance from Fisher et al., where there are four dimensions of forming a work-life balance: work interference with personal life, personal life interference with work, work enhancement of personal life, and personal life enhancement of work. The results of the study found that employees' work-life balance is obtained unequally by all employees. A hierarchy within the company shows no equal position in the organisation. The managerial position levels and above feel like they have more work-life balance than ordinary employees.


Archaeology has recently revealed the existence of a new urban revitalization in Cordova during the Almohad Caliphate, barely treated until now by historiography, frequently focused on its Umayyad past. On the one hand, there was a significant investment by Almohad rulers in palaces and fortress, perhaps because Cordova was a key city in the historic conceptualization of al-Andalus and a very important place to fight against the Christian Kingdoms. On the other hand, a significant organic and private growth outside the walls has been detected. All this matches with its choice as the Andalusian capital in 557/1162 by 'Abd al-Mu'min to legitimize his new caliphate. After his death a few months later, Abū Ya'qūb Yūsuf moved the court back to Seville, creating a major shift in Almohad policy that did not affect the urban revival of the former Umayyad capital. In fact, during the Almohad government, Cordova would still remain in Andalusian collective mind as the main referent of ancient splendor, and as the essential nucleus of the Mālikī tradition.


The anti-hyperglycemic effects of tea are well documented. However, the effects of tea on the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), the major glucose transporter for glucose uptake in the postprandial period, in skeletal muscle and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the translocation of GLUT4 and its related signaling pathways in skeletal muscle of animals given fermented tea. In long-term feeding experiment, green and black tea improved postprandial hyperglycemia by stimulating glucose uptake activity accompanied by the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in muscle of high-fat diet-fed mice. In short-term feeding experiment, oolong, black and pu-erh tea activates both PI3K/Aktand AMPK-dependent signaling pathways to induce GLUT4 translocation, and increases the expression of insulin receptor to improve glucose intolerance. In conclusion, tea may prevent hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus by promoting glucose uptake accompanying with GLUT4 translocation in muscle. Both PI3K/Aktand AMPK-dependent signaling pathways are involved in the tea-induced GLUT4 translocation.


Topiciality. Flora of Azerbaijan has a diverse vegetation cover and is rich in choice. However, today these sources of raw materials are not fully used to meet the needs of medicine and national economy. We conducted a resource reconnaissance survey of species of the genus Medicago in Azerbaijan and identified regions of mass growth. New natural habitats are located in different environmental conditions and it is possible to change the diagnostic features of the morphological and anatomical structure of plant materials, as well as the chemical composition. The combination of additional morphological and anatomical features allows a more accurate determination of the authenticity of the raw material. Aim. To study the diagnostic signs of morphological and anatomical structure of Medicago falcata L. raw materials from the flora of Azerbaijan. Materials and methods. Plant samples were fixed in a solution made in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4), containing 2.5 % glutar-aldehyde, 2 % paraformal-aldehyde, 4 % sucrose, and 0.1 % picric acid. The fixed materials have been submitted to the Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Azerbaijan Medical University for study by electron microscopy. Samples have been postfixed in 1 %-osmium tetraoxide solution prepared in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) within two hours after being left in the same fixer for one day. Araldite-Epon blocks made from materials using general methods adopted in electron microscopy. The semi-thin (1-2  µm) sections from the blocks taken on a EM UC7 (Leica, Germany) ultramicrotome, stained with methylene blue, azure II, and basic fuchsin were observed under microscope Primo Star (Zeiss, Germany) and images of required parts were shot with EOS D650 (Canon, Chine) digital camera. Results and discussion. Multicellular trichome covered on both leaf sides. Adaxial epidermis a sheet plate have sinuous cells, and abaxial epidermis have differed slightly sinuous cells with clear-shaped walls. In leaflet anatomy of plant vascular bundles are of the collateral type. Stomatas are located from both sides of a leaf. Stomata belong to anisocytic structure. The epidermis of the stem consists of elongated thick-walled cells with anisocytic stomata. The calyx is densely covered by trichomes. The outer epidermis of cross-section of the keel petals cells is the wing horns cells form. And inner epidermis consists of oval cells. Mesophyll cells inside the leaf consist of loose spongy cells on the underside with several conducting bundles (dorsoventral). Conclusions . Morphological and anatomical studying of raw material Medicago falcata L. has shown, that there are prominent features of a structure:four large conductive bundles are located on the cross section of the stem at the corners of the ribs on two sides. Between angular conductive bundles, there are three conductive bundles, and the other two sides are located along one conductive bundle. Therefore, M. Falcata L. differs from M. Sativa L. The epidermis of the stem consists of elongated thickened-walls cells with anisocytic stomata. The indicated diagnostic morphological and anatomical characters could be used in the compilation of a monograph and in identifying plant materials on the raw material of Medicago falcata L.


Objective Attempt to apply PBL teaching model in experiment education of fundamental nursing,and compare with the traditional model.Methods 2 classes of the year 2007 students of our college were selected at random,they were divided into experimental group(51 students) and control group(49 students),adopted PBL teaching model and traditional method separately.Results PBL teaching method is superior to the traditional method,students′ selflearning ability and practical ability were been improved.Conclusion Experimental group get remarkable achievements,the abilities of analysis and problem-solving were higher than the control group.However,this way is conditioned by multiple.


The relationship formula between electrical resistivity of soil contaminated by landfill leachate and constituent concentrations in it has not been established in the past studies.To make the electrical resistivity model of contaminated soil clear,the resistivity of some leachate-polluted soil samples has been tested in laboratory.Tested soil samples are made of different particle sizes,compositions and water contents.According to test results,electrical mechanism of contaminated soil is studied.Experimental results show that resistivity of contaminated soil decreases with increasing leachate content.Comparing with uncontaminated soil of the same water content,resistivity of leachate contaminated soil decreases obviously.It is due to the resistivity of pore fluid decreasing and the pore water content increasing after soils being contaminated by leachate.Meanwhile,the pollution process also makes the resistivity of contaminated soil increase,and the increasing range is related with the kind of soil and initial water content.All these factors have been taken into the Archie type formula of the leachate-contaminated soil.It's important to hold indicators of soil physical properties in analysis of the contamination content from the tested electrical resistivity of the contaminated soil.


Ceramides are enriched in atherosclerotic plaques, and a set of circulating ceramides including Cer(d18:1/16:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0), Cer(d18:1/24:1), and Cer(d18:1/24:0) has recently emerged as predictors of cardiovascular outcomes in coronary artery disease patients.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate their power to predict cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD).

 We measured the serum concentrations of the above mentioned ceramides in a cohort of 380 patients with sonographically proven PAD, of whom 107 had type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Prospectively, we recorded 221 cardiovascular events over a mean follow-up time of 6.3±2.3 years.

 Cardiovascular event risk was higher in T2DM patients than in those who did not have diabetes (69 vs. 52%, p=0.001). The ceramides Cer(18:1/16:0) and Cer(18:1/24:1) and the respective ratios Cer(18:1/16:0) / Cer(18:1/24:0) and Cer(18:1/24:1) / Cer(18:1/24:0) were significant predictors of cardiovascular events both univariately and after multivariate adjustment including the presence of T2DM (figure). Conversely, T2DM predicted cardiovascular events independently from the investigated ceramides (adjusted HR 1.76 [1.31–2.35], p<0.001).

 We conclude that the investigated ceramides and T2DM are mutually independent predictors of cardiovascular events in PAD patients.


The simulation method was used to study the fuel supply and injection characteristics of diesel top clearance plunger pump. The results show that the top clearance plunger pump relative advance of fuel supply is larger than that of the traditional plunger, and it can achieve the purpose of injection advance when the oil pump operate at 600~1000rpm. Through optimizing the structure of top clearance plunger, the amount of the injection advance can become larger and the advanced range of speed is increased. After optimized, the BSFC (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) is 4.3% lower than that before when the diesel engine matched the top clearance plunger, which shows its advantage especially in working at high-speed.


The advent of computer networks makes network protocols — running on this unprotected environment — vulnerable against various attacks and malefactions. Hence, methods for automatic security verification of protocols in the early stages of protocol design are absolutely required and cause efficiency and security enhancement. Much work has been carried out in the context of protocol vulnerability analysis using model checking, but most of them focus on security protocols that aim to provide data security and integrity, whereas there are other communication network protocols, that need a specific level of security and have their own safety characteristics. These kinds of network protocols often send some control packets and use the timing information to obtain the appropriate degree of security. However, time is abstracted away in most proposed methods for protocol vulnerability analysis to avoid state space explosion. Therefore, it is not possible to verify timing behaviors. In this article, we propose timed automata-based method for formal verification of network protocols' security properties with the appropriate abstraction level. We apply our method to analyze Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 and show how to avoid state space explosion using time concepts in the protocol model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The object of research is the ability to combine a previously trained model of a deep neural network of direct propagation with user data when used in problems of determining the class of one object in the image. That is, the processes of transfer learning in convolutional neural networks in classification problems are considered. The conducted researches are based on application of a method of comparison of theoretical and practical results received at training of convolutional neural networks. The main objective of this research is to conduct two different learning processes. Traditional training during which in each epoch of training there is an adjustment of values of all weights of each layer of a network. After that there is a process of training of a neural network on a sample of the data presented by images. The second process is learning using transfer learning methods, when initializing a pre-trained network, the weights of all its layers are «frozen» except for the last fully connected layer. This layer will be replaced by a new one with the number of outputs, which should be equal to the number of classes in the sample. After that, to initialize its parameters by the random values distributed according to the normal law. Then conduct training of such convolutional neural network on the set sample. When the training was conducted, the results were compared. In conclusion, learning from convolutional neural networks using transfer learning techniques can be applied to a variety of classification tasks, ranging from numbers to space objects (stars and quasars). The amount of computer resources spent on research is also quite important. Because not all model of a convolutional neural network can be fully taught without powerful computer systems and a large number of images in the training sample.


Electrical measurement of the activity of individual neurons is a primary goal for many invasive neural electrodes. Making these "single unit" measurements requires that we fabricate electrodes small enough so that only a few neurons contribute to the signal, but not so small that the impedance of the electrode creates overwhelming noise or signal attenuation. Thus, neural electrode design often must strike a balance between electrode size and electrode impedance, where the impedance is often assumed to scale linearly with electrode area. Here we test this assumption by measuring the impedance at 1 kHz for differently sized electrodes. Surprisingly, we find that for Pt electrodes (but not Au electrodes) this assumption breaks down for electrodes with diameters of less than 10 microns. For these small sizes, Pt electrodes have impedance values that are up to 3-fold lower than expected. By investigating the impedance spectrum of Pt and Au electrodes we find a transition between planar and spherical diffusion for small electrodes combined with the pseudo-capacitance of proton adsorption at the Pt surface can explain this anomalous low impedance. These results provide important intuition for designing small, single unit recording electrodes. Specifically, for materials that have a pseudocapacitance or when diffusional capacitance dominates the total impedance, we should expect small electrodes will have lower-than-expected impedance values allowing us to scale these devices down further than previously thought before thermal noise or voltage division limits the ability to acquire high-quality single-unit recordings.


Network visualization paints a vivid picture of a virtual network using images. This enables a comprehensive study of network functions and its operational characteristics. In this paper we introduce this concept and the steps needed not only to define it but to apply it to virtual laboratories for distance learning and wireless networks. Network Visualization is recommended for Network Administrators because it provides the necessary tools for analyzing and troubleshooting a network.


Objective To obtain scientific knowledge of the perinatal factors that affect the degree of anemia in premature children. Method 86 preterm children diagnosed as cases of anemia were divided into two groups for study,namely,group A( n = 69) of patients with moderate symptom of anemia and group B( n = 17) of children with sever symptom of anemia,according to the degree of anemia each group were experiencing. Examining the perinatal factors that may affect the degree of anemia in premature children. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors was then conducted. Findings The degree of anemia was found to be correlated to such variables as gestational age,birth weight,birth hemoglobin value,the volume of blood within 2 weeks,and the diseases the subjects experienced. Logistic regression analysis showed that the volume of blood within 2 weeks,duration of hospitalization,infection in premature children with severe anemia were independent risk factors.Conclusion The factors affecting the degree of anemia in premature children are complex. Clinical doctors should reduce the amount of blood sources,shorten the patients' hospital stay,and actively control the infection in premature children.


The number of medication toxicities has been steadily increasing with more patients presenting to the emergency department for both intentional and unintentional overdoses. Oral hypoglycemics, atypical antipsychotics, betablockers, calcium channel blockers and digoxin overdoses are some of the more common medication toxicities health care professionals may see in practice. Toxic doses of oral hypoglycemic agents, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and digoxin have more definitive options for treatment, while atypical antipsychotic overdoses are managed with supportive care. Pharmacists in particular play a pivotal role in identifying presenting symptoms and recommending appropriate treatment options in toxicological emergencies. Introduction While incidences of toxic exposure to medications may be intentional or unintentional, trends are indicative of a rise in medication overdoses.1 Emphasis on opioid and prescription analgesic abuse remains a high priority. However, several other medication classes may be overlooked. In 2004, there were upwards of 10,000 cases of oral hypoglycemic overdose used in the treatment of diabetes.2,3 A significant number of atypical antipsychotic overdoses were reported from 2001 to 2005, some of which ended in fatality.4 Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers show a combined incidence of over 30,000 overdoses, 57 of which were fatal.5,19,20 The cardiac glycoside digoxin has also been associated with severe toxic events and patient fatalities.6 Pharmacists, as drug experts, should be aware of toxicity potential for all medications and should be prepared with the knowledge for treatment. Oral Hypoglycemics Epidemiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a disease on the rise, affecting over 190 million patients in 2006, with a projected population of over 325 million by 2025.3 In the attempt to treat DM2, the use of oral hypoglycemics has steadily risen with the disease prevalence. A variety of medication classes are available including sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. While such therapy choices are appropriate for controlling blood glucose levels in the insulin-resistant patient, several of these classes have been shown to reach toxic levels, thereby causing severe adverse effects. Biguanides, for example, accounted for 40 percent of the 10,000+ cases, as did sulfonylureas; a majority of which were seen in children.2,3 Mechanism As there are several classes of oral hypoglycemics, it is important to make distinctions by which their mechanisms work so that toxic levels can be more readily identified and treated. Sulfonylureas work by lowering potassium channel permeability in pancreatic beta cells, leading to release of intracellular calcium and release of insulin-containing granules. The result is a lowered threshold at which insulin will be secreted in the presence of glucose.7 It should be noted that the second generation sulfonylureas, including glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride, have a shorter half-life (t1/2) and duration of action (DOA).2 Meglitinides work similarly in lowering the potassium channel permeability allowing for intracellular calcium to depolarize pancreatic beta cells.8 By stimulating the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) in adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue, thiazolidinediones promote the expression of glucose controlling genes in the presence of insulin.9 In order to increase insulin sensitivity, biguanides will increase the ability to metabolize glucose, and decrease glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose.10 Alphaglucosidase inhibitors will slow the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, thereby lowering the rise in post-prandial blood glucose levels. By this process, glycosylated hemoglobin will be decreased.11 In recognizing the basic mechanisms for the varying classes of oral hypoglycemics, identifying appropriate treatment becomes more clear. Presenting Symptoms of Toxicity Upon over-ingestion of oral hypoglycemics, patients will tend This knowledge-based activity is targeted for all pharmacists and is acceptable for 1.0 hour (0.1 CEU) of continuing education credit. This course requires completion of the program evaluation and at least a 70 percent grade on the program assessment questions. ACPE Universal Activity Number (UAN): 0048-0000-14-197-H01-P


A palladium-catalysed, tandem cyclopropanol rearrangement and direct arylation approach for the synthesis of 1-indanones is reported. The reaction is generally high yielding, uses oxygen as the terminal oxidant and tolerates a range of functional groups on the aryl ring.


The supervisors have played important roles in the ideological and political education of college students since its foundation in China.The supervisors who work in international studies universities shoulder more responsibilities because their students play an unique role in the area of economic construction,international association,and cultural spread.International studies universities emphasize more on the cultivation of their students' ideological and political quality.Under the trend of economic globalization ,internet information and pluralistic culture,students majored in foreign languages are deeply influenced,thus their supervisors are facing new challenges.In order to cultivate high quality foreign-related talents,the supervisors must reevaluate their character,clear their work thoughts,pioneer work methods,and constantly study the new situation and problems facing their students to meet the professional and specialized demands.


Contributions to the absorptive ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\mu}$ amplitude coming from intermediate $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ states are estimated on the basis of recent soft-pion results for the process $3\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$. These contributions turn out to be far too small, by 4 orders of magnitude, to resolve the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\mu}$ puzzle.


. Increased N and K rates resulted in higher acid content in juice of 'Temple' orange (Citrus hybrid). P fertilization lowered both soluble solids and acid contents, but the influence on acid was more pronounced as it was reflected in higher soluble solids-acid ratio. High N vs. low N treatment also caused a small but consistent reduction in juice content. Spring irrigation resulted in higher soluble solids content than fall irrigation. N treat ments decreased and K treatments increased both fruit size and weight; irrigation treatments showed no consis tent trends. High N and spring irrigation treatments caused increased intensity of orange color in rind. Incidence of creased fruit was increased by high N, low K, and spring irrigation treatments. No consistent trends were found in fruit storage decay with grove treatments and the data were significant only in certain years. Temple' is an excellent eating orange and is produced pri marily for fresh fruit market. It has relatively high juice acid content and it usually will not meet minimum maturity stand ards until Jan. — Feb. Frequently 'Temple' oranges are at their prime externally but the juice will not meet the minimum maturity standard. It would be desirable if maturity can be hastened so fruit can be harvested at their prime both in ternally and externally and thus extend the season.


As the electronics industry continues to push for high performance and miniaturization, the demand for higher current densities, which may cause electromigration failures in an IC, interconnects. Electromigration is a phenomenon that metallic atoms constructing the line are transported by electron wind. The damage induced by electromigration appears as the formation of voids and hillocks. A numerical simulation method for electromigration void incubation, and afterwards, void propagation, based on commercial software ANSYS Multiphysics and FORTRAN code, is presented in this paper. The electronic migration formulation considering the effects of the electron wind force, stress gradients, temperature gradients, and the atomic concentration gradient has been developed for the electromigration failure mechanisms. Due to introducing the atomic concentration gradient driving force in atomic flux formulations, the conventional atomic flux divergence method is no longer valid in electromigration (EM) simulation. Therefore, the corresponding EM atomic concentration redistribution algorithm is proposed using FORTRAN code. Finally, the comparison of voids generation through the numerical example of a standard wafer electromigration accelerated test (SWEAT) structure with the measurement result is discussed.


Abstract I contend the Mladenoff et al. (2006) rebuttal to my article (Mech 2006), "Prediction failure of a wolf landscape model," itself fails. Mladenoff et al. (2006:878) provide no data to support their claim that the model "...continues to successfully predict wolf recolonization in Wisconsin, USA, over more than 25 years." I find this critical lack of supporting data puzzling, and it substantiates why I felt obligated to publish my original cursory analysis (Mech 2006). Prior to preparing my manuscript, I tried for several years to persuade Mladenoff et al. to conduct a Geographic Information Systems test of their model using the data available from 101 new wolf-pack territories. I believe in the absence of these data, my analysis is appropriate.


We present detailed results of unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) calculations for up to eight electrons in a parabolic quantum dot. The UHF energies are shown to provide rather accurate estimates of the ground-state energy in the entire range of parameters from high densities with shell model characteristics to low densities with Wigner molecule features. To elucidate the significance of breaking the rotational symmetry, we compare restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and UHF calculations. While UHF symmetry breaking admits lower ground-state energies, misconceptions in the interpretation of UHF densities are pointed out. An analysis of the orbital energies shows that for very strong interaction the UHF Hamiltonian is equivalent to a tight-binding Hamiltonian. This explains why the UHF energies become nearly spin independent in this regime while the RHF energies do not. The UHF densities display an even-odd effect which is related to the angular momentum of the Wigner molecule. In a weak transversal magnetic field this even-odd effect disappears.


Research on using Web-GIS for Modeling of Infrastructure Interdependency, based on Ph.D. Research at York University, Toronto. Summarized a unique world-class approach that was integrated using GIS modeling capabilities. The core of the book has been awarded ERSI Best Scientific Paper, 2nd Place, a world-class award by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2008. This work has received NSERC Canada and Public Safety Canada grant in a very competitive process.


This article presents an analysis of manifestations of nationalism in everyday life and examines the tools for representation of the national community and for supporting the sense of identity among its members. The author uses the concept of ethno-symbolism to explain the reasons for the popularity of the national idea in the world today, despite the increasing globalization.


Based on the research of sedimentology and ichnology,the upper Triassic Taishanmiao Formation in Li-ushan basin of Henan province is considered to be a set of terrestrial fluvial—lacustrine and coal-bearing deposi-tional system under a warm and moist climate conditions.During the late Triassic,the environmental evolution of this basin was a process as fluvial—lucustrine and swamp—lake shore and shallow lacustrine—deep lacustrine—lake shore and shallow lacustrine—semi-deep lacustrine—lake shore and shallow lacustrine.Therefore,the basin went through such two evolutionary stages of sedimentary cycles as "subside—rise—subside—rise".In this work,4 ichnogenera and 4 ichnospecies,such as Beaconites coronus,Cochlichnus surpuliformis,Palaeophycus tubularis and Planolites montanus,have been identified in the Taishanmiao Formation.This paper especially discusses the developing features of the Beaconites coronus in different micro-facies,and speculates that the trace-makers of Beaconites adapt best to the shore lake environment.The research result provides the theoretical support to not only the compilation of late Triassic lithofacies palaeogeography map but also the evaluation and development of poten-tial mineral resources in this area.


Non-local equations cannot be treated using classical ODE theorems. Nevertheless, several new methods have been introduced in the non-local gluing scheme of our previous article "On higher dimensional singularities for the fractional Yamabe problem: a non-local Mazzeo-Pacard program"; we survey and improve those, and present new applications as well. First, from the explicit symbol of the conformal fractional Laplacian, a variation of constants formula is obtained for fractional Hardy operators. We thus develop, in addition to a suitable extension in the spirit of Caffarelli--Silvestre, an equivalent formulation as an infinite system of second order constant coefficient ODEs. Classical ODE quantities like the Hamiltonian and Wronskian may then be utilized. As applications, we obtain a Frobenius theorem and establish new Poho\vzaev identities. We also give a detailed proof for the non-degeneracy of the fast-decay singular solution of the fractional Lane-Emden equation.


LaMnO3 compositions possessing orthorhombic, rhombohedral and cubic structures and containing 12, 24 and 33% Mn4+ respectively have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy. The study shows that the defect structure of LaMnO3 is best described in terms of the random distribution of La and Mn vacancies, rather than by anion excess. Density measurements confirm the cation vacancy model involving an equal number of La and Mn vacancies.


OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated that the central cholinergic system may actively participate in blood pressure control. It was shown that the decrease in the acetylcholine (ACh) content of the hypothalamus, striatum and brain stem caused by hemicholinium-3 (an inhibitor of ACh synthesis) was associated with a reduction in systemic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The finding also suggests a possible involvement of the central cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the


A bar device capable of storing chopsticks, comprising a bar window (12) disposed on a door (20) of a refrigerator (100), and a bar plate (11) disposed on the door (20) for opening and closing the bar window (12). The bar plate (11) comprises chopstick storage space (110) used to store chopsticks; and a cover plate (119) used to open and close an opening of the chopstick storage space (110). When the bar plate (11) is in a closed state, the cover plate (119) closes the opening of the chopstick storage space (110), and the chopstick storage space (110) can perform a heat/cold exchange with a refrigeration chamber of the refrigerator (100).


Objective To observe the clinical effect of hemicraniectomy and brain-temporalis muscle sticking surgery (EMS) in massive cerebral infarction.Methods Selected 30 cases patients with massive cerebral infarction from January in our hospital as operation group,selected 30 cases patients with massive cerebral infarction over the same period as medication group.Operation group was treated by hemicraniectomy and brain-temporalis muscle sticking surgery (EMS),medication group was treated by medical treatment.Compared the clinical effect of two group.Results The survival rate of operation group was higher than that of medication group,the intensive care time was shorter than that of medication group,the quality of life score was higher than that of medication group,the difference was statistically significant (P0.05).Conclusion Hemicraniectomy and EMS can significantly reduce mortality in patients with massive cerebral infarction,worthy of clinical application.


Canale and Swain in Leech and Svartvik (2002) stress that communicative competence is a
composite competence which includes grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and
communication strategies. These competences and strategies have their specific roles in communication,
and no one of them is less or more important in successful communication. A language user of English
should have good grammar competence besides being fluent in speaking. The main problem faced by the
English teachers nowadays is their students' low motivation in learning English grammar. Providing
materials which can attract students' attention to learn more beyond classroom hours is thus important.
This article reports the result of a study of developing sets of computer-based exercises as independent
study materials. As they are used for independent study, they include interactive feedbacks which give
inputs for the users about their answers. Four sets of software prototypes are developed based on the
result of the needs analysis; they are in the forms of: completion (multiple-choice), count-non-count
formation, function identification, and noun-phrase exercise. The result of the try-out shows that the users
found the software useful in giving inputs to them and can be done in their free time, and the same time,
they found them attractive.


In this paper, we present an abstract framework for Web site verification which improves the performance of a previous, rewriting-based Web verification methodology. The approximated framework is formalized as a source-to-source transformation which is parametric w.r.t. the chosen abstraction. This transformation significantly reduces the size of the Web documents by dropping or merging contents that do not influence the properties to be checked. This allows us to reuse all verification facilities of the previous system WebVerdi-M to efficiently analyze Web sites. In order to ensure that the verified properties are not affected by the abstraction, we develop a methodology which derives the abstraction of Web sites from their Web specification. An experimental implementation shows a huge speedup w.r.t. a previous methodology which did not use this transformation.


Low cost passive power factor correction solutions and single-stage integrated converters cannot draw a sinusoidal input current and are only suitable solutions for low power levels. Power factor correctors (PFC) with a multiplier solve this drawback, but need a second-stage DC/DC converter to obtain fast output voltage dynamics. However, the output voltage response of a PFC can be improved by increasing the bandwidth of the error amplifier of the output voltage feedback loop. So, a one-stage PFC can be used as complete power supply when an extremely fast output response is not required. Nevertheless, increasing error amplifier bandwidth compromises design, making it more difficult to comply with IEC 61000-3-2 standards. This paper analyzes the application limits of the Flyback PFC as a complete power supply. The thrust of the paper is to establish the Flyback PFC as a solution for PFC topologies depending on power level, input voltage range, output voltage, output response and line current harmonic content. Static and dynamic models have been included in this study. Finally, theoretical results are validated using a 600 W prototype.


Rating Curve is a equation to describe correlation between of the stage-discharge in AWLR (Automatic Water Level Recorder). This equation (formula) is important for the planning of water resources and hidrology model. The equation in AWLR on the site Pantai Cermin Surb-Watershed Siak Hulu in years of 2002-2009 is not-available because it hasn't data of the rating curve equation based on it, This research was developed to predict the rating curve equation on the site Pantai Cermin.This Research using Matlab R2013a software as a tool with ANFIS Sugeno Model. The data in ANFIS Sugeno Model using combination between data of stage-discharge in years of 2002-2006. The output of that is the data discharge in year of 2008. Result of this research with using of these data that it consist of 70% of the training data, 30% of the testing data, and 100% of validation datais a very good of the correlation value. The correlation values of this research are 0.99999, 0.99998, and 0.99999. The equation of the rating curve in 2009 is the Q=22,279 x H1,3036 with the correlation value R=0,9999587.


Abstract The new motion of embedding a centre manifold in some higher-dimensional manifold leads to a practical approach to the rational low-dimensional approximation of a wide class of dynamical systems; it also provides a simple geometric picture for these approximations. In particular, I consider the problem of finding an approximate, but accurate, description of the evolution of a two-dimensional planform of convection. Inspired by a simple example, the straightforward adiabatic iteration is proposed to estimate an embedding manifold and arguments are presented for its effectiveness. Upon applying the procedure to a model convective planform problem I find that the resulting approximations perform remarkably well–much better than the traditional Swift-Hohenberg approximation for planform evolution.


This study aims to analyze and critically evaluate the land policy for food security in Indonesia. This study explains descriptively about the implementation of the management of the policy now practiced in Indonesia. The method used in descriptive and quantitative approaches describes critically evaluating the implementation of land policy in Indonesia in the approach of Islamic Economics. This study uses secondary data derived from books, literature, journal articles and other information related to land policy. The results of the study show that Indonesian land politics are not carried out in accordance with Islamic economics. The fact also shows that the management of agricultural land is still a lot in the form of unproductive and abandoned agricultural land and land and this endangers Indonesia's food security. As a result, farmers continue to suffer losses and dependence on food from abroad. This study suggests that the government in reforming the Agrarian Law implements land politics in the Islamic economy to achieve sustainable food security in


To maintain the continuing growth of bit density in magnetic recording media, the disk industry will have to change technologies. Shingled write disks are expected to be the next generation of high capacity magnetic disks and alreadyin prototype. Shingled write technology is not disruptive at the level of disk design and manufacturing, but as shingled writes prevent updates in place, the technology is disruptive at the level of usage. It is possible to design a disk device driver or disk firmware that allows a shingled write disk to be used as a drop in replacement for traditional disks. Database implementations however have traditionally bypassed the file system and accessed the disk directly in order to achieve better performance. We discuss here adaptation of B+-trees and linear hash tables to shingled write disk to support indexed database tables and secondary indices. Our proposal is based on dividing the disk in low-capacity Random Access Zones (RAZ) and high capacity Log Access Zones (LAZ). The LAZ use the shingled disk effectively while RAZ places guard bands around each track in the zone in order to regain the capacity of in-place updates at the costs of loosing capacity.


The wild reindeer is one of the most valuable species of our country's natural resources. With the intensive development of the Far North and Far East, the problems of protecting and propagating this species have become more complicated. Therefore, the reserves of wild reindeer, their protection and a scientifically based approach to the management of the populations being utilized are the question with which Soviet theriologists and game management experts are most concerned. Because of the measures taken by our country to protect wild reindeer, their numbers have increased more than 3-fold over the past 20 years, from 308 000 head in 1965 to 980 000 head in 1985. Reindeer are the most abundant of all the wild hoofed mammals in the USSR. It should also be said that in comparison with other countries, northern reindeer breeding is quite a developed industry in the USSR. Besides the 980 000 head of wild reindeer, we have 2 230 000 head of domestic reindeer, which naturally poses certain difficulties in determining the ecological policy regarding this species. Whereas the numbers of domestic reindeer have remained stable over the past 10 years, those of wild reindeer have shown a tendency to increase and to occupy the ecological niches free of domestic animals. The solution to this problem in different regions of the country is coordinated with the given situation. In the European North as a whole, there are 30 000 33 000 head of wild reindeer and 380 000 head of domestic reindeer, and we observe a definite regeneration of reindeer populations. We also observe the revival of the Kola population which was undermined by unreasonable utilization at the beginning of the 1970's, as well as a growth in the numbers of forest reindeer in the Karelian and Komi taiga pastures which are free of domestic reindeer. Reindeer hunting is prohibited. The ecological capacity of the reindeer areas of the European North allows for a 4 to 5-fold increase in the number of wild reindeer in this region. Western Siberia is a region with well-developed reindeer husbandry numbering 450 000 animals in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The wild reindeer in this region occupies the taiga pastures at the watersheds of the Western Siberian lowland. Its numbers are fairly stable and stand at 24 000 25 000 head. Reindeer hunting is prohibited, and a number of zakazniki has been set up at the calving and wintering grounds.1 O n the whole, the taiga zone of this region has all the prerequisites for a significant increase in the number of wild reindeer. The mountainous areas of southern Siberia are populated by wild reindeer in individual isolate localities, predominantly in the alpine or mountain tundra and in the taiga at its upper boundary. Approximately 25 000 head ot reindeer inhabit the extensions of the Altai, the [{astern and Western Savan mountains and the mountain ranges of the eastern coast of Lake


A project of ultrasonic contactless support is put forward,and its principle is detailed introduced.The theory basis of ultrasonic contactless support is achieved by studying the sound radiant theory.According the sound radiant theory,we choose the contractless support structure by experimentation.Experimentation validates that this ultrasonic contractless support scheme is viable.


Theorem 2. If hKn has a Hamilton Ck-bowtie decomposition, then (sA)Kn, has a Hamilton Ck-bowtie decomposition for every s. Let K, denote the complete graph of n vertices. The complete multi-graph AKn is the complete graph Kn in which every edge is taken A times. Let Ck be the k-cycle (or the cycle on k vertices). The Ckbowtie is a graph of 2 edge-disjoint Ck's with a common vertex and the common vertex is called the center of the Ck-bowtie. In particular, a Ck-bowtie satisfying n = 2(k 1) + 1 is called the Hamilton Ckbowtie because the Ck-bowtie spans AKn,. When AKn,is decomposed into edge-disjoint sum of Hamilton Ck-bowties, we say that AKn has a Hamilton Ck-bowtie decomposition. This Hamilton Ckbowtie decomposition of AK," is called a Hamilton Ck-bowtie design.


The research status of the meat flavor was discussed in this paper.It included natural spices,reaction flavor,enzyme technology flavor,etc,the attentions in use and development trend of flavor.


This in vitro spectrophotometric study aimed to investigate the tooth discolouration potential of Well Root ST, MTA Fill apex and Dia-Proseal root canal sealers. The crowns of sixty human maxillary central and lateral incisor teeth were sectioned and coronal pulps were removed. Pulp chambers were filled with selected root canal sealer except the control group (n = 15). The colour changes were determined using spectrophotometer at prior to filling, 1 week after filling, after 1 month and after 3 months. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for data analysis. All sealers caused clinically perceptible discolouration after 1 month showing significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among Well Root ST, Dia-Proseal and MTA Fill apex root canal sealers (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study our data indicate Well Root ST, Dia-Proseal and MTA Fill apex induce a similar amount of perceptible tooth discolouration.


Objective To study the application value of lightweight mesh in the ventral hernia tension-free herniarepair in middle-age and elderly patients. Methods The retrospective cohort study method was used to analyze the clinicaldata and followed information about 284 cases of tension-free hernia repair in our hospital. The patients were randomly divid-ed into experimental group and control group. The lightweight mesh and heavyweight mesh were used in experimental groupand control group respectively. The information was collected including age, sex, inguinal hernia type, combined chronic dis-ease, operative time, blood loss, the duration of hospitalization, surgical expenses and other indicators. Data were followed upin patients including postoperative chronic pain, limited mobility, surgical numbness, the recurrent, foreign body sensation.Results The average cost of surgery was higher in experimental group[(9 404.54±314.87) yuan]than that in control group[(7 613.94±329.68) yuan]. There were no significant differences in the operative time, blood loss and length of hospital staybetween two groups. Results of follow-up data showed that the early postoperative chronic pain, early and long-term activitylimitation, long-term surgery area numbness and foreign body sensation were lower in experimental group than those in con-trol group. Conclusion The cost of lightweight mesh was higher than that of heavyweight mesh in the ventral tension-freehernia repair therapy. It is worth to apply the lightweight mesh, which can reduce the incidence of postoperative pain, numb-ness and other adverse reactions.


Here's a look at what's coming up in the July 2017 issue of JoVE: The World's Premier Video Journal
Summer fruits are our first video-appetizer this month, specifically, berries. Publishing in JoVE Biology, our Authors present a method for extracting polyphenols from freeze-dried blackberry and raspberry powder. Polyphenols have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-Inflammatory and cardio-protective properties. After extraction utilizing ethanol and sonication, our authors investigate the effects of both crude and purified extracts on cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. This extraction method can be applied to a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, and that's berry cool!
Eating healthily pairs with working out as we move to our second video highlight this month, from JoVE Chemistry. Here, our Authors describe a short-term resistance-training program focusing the elderly. The group used an isokinetic dynamometer to obtain detailed information on changes in strength and power, muscle biopsies to assess aerobic capacity, and monitored changes in glucose tolerance. They conclude that strength training in seniors may be more efficient and less physically stressful than endurance exercise for combatting common age related issues like diabetes, and reduce the risk of injury.
At the opposite end of the health spectrum our next study, from JoVE Neuroscience, looks at anti-smoking media. Our Authors examined the emotional and cerebral reactions of subjects towards a selection of Public Service Announcements, or PSA's, aired in the USA and Europe between 1998 and 2015. Using a combination of electroencephalography, heart rate monitoring, and galvanic skin response, the researchers measured the physical and emotional effects of the commercials on the participants to gauge their effectiveness. These data may be used to design more effective PSA's in the future, and help reduce the number of current and new smokers.
All eyes are on a cool new technological application for our final highlight this month. In JoVE Medicine, our Authors describe a simple method to record images of the ocular fundus using a smartphone camera and a conventional, hand-held ophthalmoscopy lens. This snappy trick allows clear documentation of macula and optic nerve changes in settings not previously available due to the lack of access to a professional fundus camera. I think we can all see how smart that is!
You've just had a sneak peek of the July 2017 issue of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in JoVE: The World's Premier Video Journal.


The family as a major social institution has historically played important roles such as socialization, preservation of social cohesion, the transfer of cultural heritage to future generations, social control and monitoring, the reduction of external pressure and the formation of cultural-social personality and identity. However, recently, chronic disease of divorce has become prevalent and families have been changed into the crisis centers in the contemporary world. Attitude toward divorce is like a mirror that reflects the evolving trends and perspectives of the family's future and it can be used as an indicator for measuring family health and stability. This study aims to investigate the attitude toward divorce in couples referring to welfare centers as well as the social and cultural factors affecting its formation using survey and Kineard's Attitude Measurement Questionnaire and Life Style Questionnaire based on random sampling method on 282 couples applicant for divorce. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic status of couples, the level of parental education and the father's job, lifestyle and attitude toward divorce. Multiple regression analysis shows that the lifestyle and educational level of couples in total explain 34% of the variance in the attitude to divorce.


Phytoremediaion is an effective and affordable technology used to remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This research study was designed to assess the naturally enhanced phyto extraction potential of three different vegetable plant species from heavy-metal contaminated soil. The uptake ofZn, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb by plant species in a heavy metal contaminated soil was studied in pot culture experiment. Five metals Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd andPb contents of root, stem and leaf in the three plant varieties okra (Abelmoschusesculentus), amaranthus (Amaranthus dubius) and rosselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) were determined using pot experiments. The highest average metal concentration of1.11 ± 0.01 (mg/kg) were found in okra and0.87 ± 0.03 (mg/kg) in rosselle plants. They both showed higher tendency to accumulate all the five metals studied, while amaranthus has the lowest affinity towards these metals. Transfer factor (T F) index also gave supporting values, the result indicate that okra and rosselle have the high tendency of accumulation of the heavy metals investigated than amaranthus, CF values > 1 and TF values > 1 indicating that the metals were stored in the stems and leaves of these vegetable plants. The plant species showed relatively good response to the higher level of heavy metal concentration in the roots> stem > leafs suggest that these plant species can be good metal excluders with the possibility of extracting these heavy metals from artificially contaminated soils.


This paper presents a photovoltaic energy conversion project for the production of electricity to the electrical grid, using a multilevel converter, optimizing power transfer and improving the AC current form shape. Multilevel conversion is a topology which has some advantages over the 2-level topology, in particular it allows to work with higher voltage levels and improves the power quality. The neutral-point-clamped (NPC) multilevel converter uses capacitors to create the voltage levels that, in this project, will be used to connect the panels, thus optimizing power transfer. Control methods are applied to AC currents to have the alternating and sinusoidal waveform and to be in phase with the grid voltage, as well as to regulate DC voltage. The simulation (Matlab/Simulink) and experimental results (lab prototype) showed that the used control methods allowed to extract the photovoltaic power, where the state variables converge to its references, according to the solar irradiation and the panels temperature conditions.


This article aims to analyze the provision of services and the form of management of Cedae offered to the population of the State of Rio de Janeiro, conducting a survey that seeks to reveal how the service is and the type of management practiced for resolving cases. With a very reflective question: What are the biggest deficiencies in CEDAE's service provision? The research aims to signal the importance of attending the service and management in the development of the demands of the reported cases. The adopted methodology is a research of a basic, descriptive nature, through the qualitative approach to the problem through the literature review, using articles, books, theses, monographs and other means, and the data collection you gave through Reclame Aqui website, analyzing the main complaints by category. As a result, there was an undue charge, lack of water supply and its bad quality. It was possible to observe that, despite the deficiencies in the provision of the service, the positive point was the agility in the service.


Since the first food bank was founded in 1967 in Phoenix, AZ, USA(1), food banks and food pantries have been established all over the world, organized in several national and global networks such as Feeding America(2), Food Banks Canada(3), the European Food Banks Federation(4) and The Global Food Banking Network(5). Food pantries in high-income countries vary substantially in their size, distribution schemes, eligibility criteria, organization, and financial and food sources between and even within countries(6,7). Some food pantries provide predetermined bags, whereas others allow clients to choose the foods they prefer; that is, so-called choice-based food pantries(8,9). Although users of food pantries are very heterogeneous in terms of educational background, age and household size(7), they share a high risk of being food insecure(10–13), of being overweight or obese(14,15) and of having at least one chronic disease such as hypertension or diabetes(14,15). Dietary quality plays an important role in relation to food insecurity(16,17) and most of the common diseases observed among food pantry users(18,19). However, a systematic review revealed that dietary quality among food pantry users tended to be low as reflected by inadequate mean group intakes of energy, fruits and vegetables, dairy products and calcium(20). At the same time, food pantries present important settings for diet-related intervention measures through their low-level services and their nationwide structures throughout high-income countries such as the USA(21) and Germany(22).


Glacial meltwater and ice calving contribute to the flood volume of glacial lakes such as Lake Merzbacher in the Tian Shan Mountains of central Asia. In this study, we simulated the lake's volume by constructing an empirical relationship between the area of Lake Merzbacher, determined from satellite images, and the lake's water storage, derived from digital elevation models. Results showed that the lake water supply rate before Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) generally agreed well with those during the GLOFs from 2009 to 2012 but not in 2008 and 2015. Furthermore, we found that the combination of glacial meltwater and ice calving is not enough to fully explain the supply rate during GLOFs in 1996 and 1999, suggesting other factors affect the supply rate during GLOFs as well. To examine this further, we compared the water supply rate before and during GLOF events in 1999 and 2008. We inferred that quickly released short‐term and intermediate‐term water storage by glaciers have likely contributed to both flood events in those years. This study highlights the need to improve our understanding of the supply component of outburst floods, such as irregularly released stored water may lead to GLOF events with generally three different types: case I (singular event‐triggered englacial water release), case II (glacier melt due to temperature changes), and case III (englacial water release mixed with glacier melt).


Objective To establish a HPLC method for determination of geniposide content in Qingkailing Capsule. Methods HPLC with Gracesmart C18 was used and detection wavelength was 238 nm with acetonitrile-water (15∶85) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Results The standard curve was linear over the range of 0.060 4~0.302 0 μg (r=0.999 8). The average recovery was 98.73%, and RSD was 1.61%. Conclusion This method is reliable, accurate and suitable for the determination of geniposide in Qingkailing Capsule.


The new edition of Care of the Acutely Ill Adult enables nursing staff to develop an in-depth understanding of the knowledge required to care for patients whose condition is deteriorating. The book emphasizes the importance of systematic assessment, interpretation of clinical signs of deterioration, and the need to escalate the patient in a timely manner. Current evidence-based practice and up-to-date guidelines are included in each systems-based chapter and case studies are used throughout the book to enable nurses to apply knowledge to patient scenarios. In recognition of the dynamic nature of acute care delivery, new chapters have been included that focus on pain management and planning for care when recovery is unlikely. This book remains an essential purchase for any nurse working in an acute care setting.


The experiments on the attraction of female fruit flies Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to the extracts of different vegetables as lures was conducted at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design. There were seven treatments including a control and each treatment was replicated three times. The lures were first tested in the field cages (controlled conditions) initially and then at Farmer's field. The treatments included the combination of round gourd and bitter gourd in ratios of 20:80 (T1), 40:60 (T2), 60:40 (T3), 80:20 (T4), 00:100 (T5), 100:00 (T6), respectively, and a control (T7). Overall results revealed that extracts of bitter gourd (T6) and round gourd (T5) were significantly more attractive to female fruit flies than its other different combinations. These extracts reduced the infestation to 11.63% and 31.05% in experimental field and in farmer's field, respectively. However, no significant difference in yield was found between farmer and experimental field. Thus extracts of bitter gourd as well as round gourd were found to be effective in attracting the females of B. cucurbitae and can be used for effective control of fruit fly in IPM programs.


Embodiments of the present invention provide a processing method and device for optimizing a communication network. The method comprises: a small cell base station determines to optimize a cell selection bias (CSB) value according to the capacity and coverage of the small cell base station; the small cell base station updates a current CSB value of the small cell base station into an optimized CSB value; and the small cell base station sends the optimized CSB value of the small cell base station to at least one terminal. By means of the method and device, the adjusting frequency of the CSB value does not need to be kept the same as the adjusting frequency of an ABS value, and a first network element can adjust the CSB value at a small time interval, so as to timely optimize a communication network that dynamically changes and not to result in large signaling overheads.


Oidiomycosis of the tongue, characterized by an ulcerating granuloma, is apparently a rare affection. We have not been able to find any description of cases similar to the one recently studied here, in which both the pathologic lesion of the tongue and the micro-organism concerned in its development presented unusual features. REPORT OF CASE History. —H. L., a male infant, had been under feeding care at the Harriet Lane Dispensary from the age of 4 months. The family history was negative. The mother had been compelled to wean the baby when he was 2 weeks old, and he had never gained weight. July 15, 1922, when first seen, he weighed 8 pounds and 14 ounces (4,025.6 gm.). His feedings were adjusted and he gained slowly until September 12, when he weighed 9 pounds and 12 ounces (4,422.5 gm.). September 17, he became suddenly ill, with vomiting, diarrhea and fever. He


The differential decay spectrum dΓ/dEedq 2 for the semileptonic decay of an unpolarized hadron containing a b-quark, and the decay spectrum dΓ/dEedq dcos θ for polarized Λb decay are computed to second order in the 1/mb expansion. Most of the 1/m 2 b corrections have a simple physical interpretation, which is discussed in detail. The implications of the results for the determination of Vub are discussed. The decay spectra for semileptonic decay of hadrons containing a c-quark are also given. There is a subtlety in the use of the equations of motion at order 1/mb in the heavy quark expansion which is explained. UCSD/PTH 93-14 CALT-68-1883 hep-ph/9308246 August 1993


The 1993 United Nations System for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) aimed at measuring the - environmental - sustainability of economic performance and growth in terms of produced and natural capital maintenance. To this end it advanced "greened" economic indicators, notably Environmentally-adjusted net Domestic Product (EDP) and Capital Formation (ECF). A revised (draft) version of the 1993 handbook, entitled "Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003" (IEEA), is now available on the web site of the United Nations Statistics Division. Despite its extensive discussion of sustainable development, the IEEA 2003 fails in measuring overall sustainability as it shuns monetary valuation of environmental impacts in a modular framework for physical, hybrid and - selective - monetary accounts. The revision thus missed an opportunity to bridge the persisting dichotomy between ecological and economic sustainability analysis. Future work should explore and test the capability of material flow and environmentally adjusted economic indicators to capture the elusive notions of strong and weak sustainability of economic activity.


The disposal of scrap tires has become an international concern. In Canada and the USA, hundreds of thousands of tires have been stockpiled with some authorities banning its landfill. The construction industry can beneficiate substantial volumes of shredded and crumb tire. This article is an overview of recycling tire rubber in concrete. It is shown that concrete with 20-30 MPa incorporating crumb and chipped tire rubber particles can be produced with a tire rubber aggregate replacement content less than 20%. Such a rubcrete can have adequate workability and air content, relatively low compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, high impact strength, high ductility and fracture toughness, and reasonable freeze-thaw resistance. The major concern with rubcrete is the significant loss of compressive strength and stiffness at high levels of aggregate replacement with tire rubber particles. However, surface treatments to enhance the bond of tire rubber particles to cement paste represent an efficient approach for enhancing the mechanical properties of rubcrete. Replacing coarse and/or fine aggregate with tire rubber particles results in increasing the strain capacity of concrete. Significant increase in material ductility and ability to absorb energy with increasing tire rubber particle content was reported. It is shown that rubcrete has a clear potential where flexibility and ductility are sought after, for example in tunnel linings, shock barriers, etc.


Recent studies have shown cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivity to be widely distributed throughout the cortex, midbrain, and brainstem.'-' The highest concentration of CCK has been reported to be in the cerebral in which CCK-positive perikarya, fibers, and terminals are localized to most areas of both neoand a l l o ~ o r t i c e s . ~ ~ ' ~ ' ~ I n this study, we have investigated the pattern of cortical CCK innervation including cortico-cortical, cortico-subcortical, and subcortico-cortical connections using the double-labeling technique of immunofluorescence combined with fluorescence retrograde tracing. Adult female albino rats were used in all experiments. The localization and distribution of CCK fibers and neurons were plotted throughout the rostro-caudal part of the cerebral cortex in both untreated and colchicine-treated animals. In the doublc-labeling experiments, the rats received .04-.20 p1 injections (sometimes with multiple placement) of onc or more of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue, True Blue/ Granular Blue, SITS, or Propidium Iodide into various neocortical, allocortical, limbic, striatal, and/or thalamic structures. This was followed, 1 to 3 days later, by intraventricular and localized injections of 1% colchicine to enable visualization of CCK-containing cell bodies. The animals were sacrificed 1 to 2 days later and processed for indirect immunofluorescence using primary antisera directed against CCK octapeptide. The following connections were visualized: 1 ) numerous CCK neurons in the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) were double-labeled after dye injection into prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex, and piriform cortex; 2) a small number of frontal cortical neurons were double-labeled following injection into midline thalamus; 3) neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were doublelabeled after dye injection into area 17 of visual cortex; and 4) double-labeled cortical neurons were observed, only rarely, following injection of tracers into cortex, striatum, or other subcortical structures. These results indicate that the majority of the CCK innervation of cortex is from local circuit neurons, with the exception of the prefrontal, anterior cingulate. and piriform cortical areas, and of the visual cortex, which receive relatively strong CCK projections from midbrain and diencephalic structures, respectively (FIG. 1). Another observation in this study, however, was that after colchicine damage or cannula damage to cortical or subcortical tracts (such as the corpus callosum, internal capsule, external capsule, or anterior commissure) numerous CCK-like immunoreactive fibers would appear. This result, which would seem to


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that determine exchange rates in Somalia and how those factors influence the exchange rates. To examine the relationship, a Monetary Approach to Exchange rate is employed to estimate the effects of trade balance, money supply, external debt and lack of government on exchange rate in Somalia for the period from 1970 to 2014 using MRA under OLS method. Main findings indicate that trade balance, money supply and external debt has a negative significant relationship to exchange rate in Somalia while lack of Government has a positive relationship to exchange rate. Also, this study examined some variables. Exchange rates also may be affected by some other factors that have not been considered in this study, so that this study recommends that central bank of Somalia should enact policies that improve the political factors it contributes towards gaining value of the Somalia shilling. This study adds lack of government to Monetary Approach Model, which has not been found in the scholarly literature.


Based on the characteristics of binary image whose value is 0 or 1 and in which just less information can be hidden,A large capacity hiding information scheme is proposed.In this scheme we divides the binary image into blocks of size 2×2,and then determine adaptively the bit number which can be embedded in it in order to reduce the negative impact to it according to the difference of black pixel number and white pixel number.Extracting hidden information is absolutely blind Extracting without the original host image and other information.Experiment demonstrates that this scheme sufficiently increases hidden information capacity more than percent 100 compared with the general hiding information algorithm.


ABSTRACT Background The prevalence of spinal pain is high in children and adolescents attending school. There are no evidence-based guidelines to promote spinal health (spinal pain and spinal well-being) in schools Purpose This study aimed to 1) determine the usefulness of school-based interventions in promoting spinal health in children and adolescents and 2) synthesize the evidence in a user-friendly infographic. Methods A search was performed across eight databases from the inception of the databases to August 2019 for full-text English-language articles which assessed the effect of school-based interventions on spinal health. Spinal health outcomes included pain limited to the spinal area including lower back, upper back, neck, and neck-shoulder pain, and impacts of spinal pain (e.g., absenteeism from school). Studies were appraised for methodological quality (PEDro scale and Johanna Briggs Institute checklist). The usefulness of interventions was based on meta-analyses; calculated effect size; the number of spinal health outcomes; and the direction of the (summary) effect of the intervention. Results Twenty-two studies were included. Four interventions were identified: 1) exercise; 2) education; 3) the combination of exercise and education; and 4) furniture. Conclusion School-based exercise is most useful to promote spinal health in the short term, followed by a combination of exercise and education, and education-only interventions.


is an excellent method for studying vessels of the upper abdomen since it can easily demonstrate, in a noninvasive way, both their normal anatomy and their pathological changes


Objective To investigate the change characteristics of rehabilitation behaviors and the influential factors of patients with lumbar degeneration disease who underwent lumbar spine fusion surgery within one year.Methods The prospective cohort study and questionnaire survey were employed.The data of the patients 1 month,3 months,6 months,and 12 months after the surgery were collected by telephone interview or personal interview.The main contents of follow-up included the performance of major rehabilitation behavior and the self-evaluated influential factors.Results A total 169 patients had been followed up successfully.(1) 85.8%(145/169) and 92.3%(156/169) of the patients had been doing "ankle-pump" exercise and "straight leg raising" exercise every day respectively within one month after the treatment;91.1%(154/169) had been practicing exercise to strengthen the low back muscle after the surgery;however only 45.5%(70/154) of them kept the practicing for more than 6 months.(2) During the first 3 months after surgery,the crucial influential factors for the patients were "possible low back pain or leg pain when exercising","possible break-up of internal fixation when exercising" and "pain around the operative incision when exercising",of which for 84 patients was in one-month and for 114 patients in three-month after the surgery.Conclusion The compliances of "ankle-pump" and "straight leg raising" behaviors are good generally.However,the consistency of exercise to strengthen the low back muscle is poor.The main crucial influential factors to the pot-operative rehabilitation behavior are the pain or harmful result possibly induced by the exercise during the first 3 months after the surgery.This implicates that the community intervention is indispensable for patients who underwent the lumbar spine fusion surgery.


Uganda inherited a socialized medical services system from the British colonial rule. The government through the ministry of health is the main provider of health services in the country. Besides the government, missionary health organizations also provide health services in rural and urban areas of Uganda through cost sharing. Socialized medicine provision is influenced by several factors. The most important factors affecting provision of socialized health services are the prevailing economic and political conditions in the country. This paper examines the relationship between health services provision and political instability in Uganda in the last 25 years (1972-1997). It is argued that political instability and lack of proper planning on the part of the government(s) contributed to the decline in health services. The resurgence and emergence of old and new diseases is one of the indicators of inadequate health services. Malaria, upper and lower respiratory diseases, and measles prevalence and incidences show an upward trend; the outmigration of medical personnel is also indicative of the less than attractive working conditions prevailing in the country. This paper contributes to the literature and calls for the reshaping of priorities in the developing countries' health research, funding, and decentralization of the health sector.


In linguistics, a homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share spelling and pronunciation but may have different meanings. Thus homonyms are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling) [1].One can find easily a name in medicine which be perceived as 2 different meanings [2]. Table 1, list few examples, and Table 2 [2-6], focus on few eponyms which can be misunderstood as related to countries.Acronyms might be considered a major source for homonyms. Acronyms such as CHILD, CLOVE, KID, LEOPARD, NAME, and POEM might cause confusion to the patient as to the relation to the other meanings of these acronyms [7]. CLOVE syndrome stands for (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, and epidermal nevus) [8].The Eponyms are the most common type of medical names which may cause confusion with other names, inside and outside medical field [1]. A previous paper in this journal highlighted on this issue1. From which I am copying the following segment; Similar name might be thought for and confused with another person, for example verrucous carcinoma of Ackerman is named after Lauren Vedder Ackerman (1905-1993) and not, A. Bernard Ackerman (1936-2008).One may see also identical names for 2 different eponyms.For examples "Sjogren" in "Sjogren's syndrome" (Sicca syndrome), is named after Henrik Samuel Conrad Sjogren (1899-1986), Swedish ophthalmologist. Whereas, "Sjogren", in "Sjogren-Larsson syndrome",


After studying this article ( Murphy and Manning 2003 ) I understand better the complex difficulties experienced by clients who have an eating disorder. It has provided me with a frame- work to guide interventions. I had not fully under- stood that food refusal is not the central problem but rather a maladaptive strategy used to cope with psychological and/ or emotional trauma.


China The choice of reading materials partly decides the effectiveness of classroom reading instructions in TESL. This paper analyses the cognitive process of reading and some problems in classroom reading instructions of reading course, and suggests three basic principles for choosing reading materials, including the principle of comprehensibility reading materials, readers' familiarity with the topics of the reading materials, and the sufficiency of reading


Objective To establish an efficient mtDNA nt16519 typing method using real-time quantitative PCR technique. Methods A pair of Taqman MGB probes labelled with fluorescent dye FAM and VIC at the 5′ end respectively, and a pair of specific primers, targeting the mtDNA nt16519, were designed using the Primer Express 3.0 software. Then, the mtDNA nt16519 polymorpism was detected using the real-time quantitative PCR and sequencing methods respectively in 80 biological samples including 62 blood samples and 18 hair shaft samples. Results All of the 80 samples were typed successfully, and all of the type results were consistent with two different methods used. Conclusion The mtDNA nt16519 polymorphism typing method based on the real-time quantitative PCR is simple and valid, and can be applied to forensic practice.


Abstract F. Mansfeld discusses "Effectiveness of Ion Vapor-Deposited Aluminum as a Primer for Epoxy and Urethane Topcoats," by J.F. McIntyre and L. Hang, which was published in Corrosion 50, 1 (1994): pp. 26–38. A reply from McIntyre follows.


Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths ("imperfect fifths"), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.


A novel two dimensional model to characterize the electromagnetic behavior of trees has been developed with the purpose of being used in ray-tracing based simulation platforms. This model uses various point scatterers with specific radiation characteristics to describe the effect of the trees present in the radiowave propagation path. The method to extract the parameters of the point scatterers from measurements is presented. The performance of this novel formulation is assessed in a tree formation scenario against measurements results obtained in a controlled environment, inside an anechoic chamber, at 20 and 62.4 GHz. Additionally, a comparison analysis with a discretized radiative energy transfer (dRET) approach is conducted, where a relatively good agreement has been found. The absence of readily plug-in models considering propagation through and/or around vegetation makes this new tool interesting for radio planning purposes.


The use of lighting designers is a growing trend, bringing with it well considered, designed and implemented installations to many projects. The author describes how there are still, however, many opponents to the use of lighting designers, often seeing their use as a threat to fee income, losing the "nice" part of electrical engineering or just mistrust.


In this paper, we explore how to use a small amount of new data to update a model when the desired output for some examples has changed. When making updates in this way, one potential problem that arises is the presence of conflicting data, or out-of-date labels in the original training set. To evaluate the impact of this problem, we propose an experimental setup for simulating changes to a neural semantic parser. We show that the presence of conflicting data greatly hinders learning of an update, then explore several methods to mitigate its effect. Our methods lead to large improvements in model accuracy compared to a naive mixing strategy, and our best method closes 86% of the accuracy gap between this baseline and an oracle upper bound.


How is a poet, stepping up to the podium, affected by the "format of the poetry reading" as a generic event built upon presuppositions of performance? Alternatively, how might a poet affect, resist, or even transform the format of the poetry reading by challenging such presuppositions? The present essay will pursue answers to these questions by focusing on some of the more common features of the poetry reading as it existed in the late 1960s—what I have just called the format of the poetry reading—and the poet Robert Creeley's reflective, artistic relationship to that historically specific format at a key transitional moment in his approach both to writing and performance. Working with the contents of an archive of audio materials that partially documents the Sir George Williams Poetry Series—a sequence of poetry readings that ran in Montreal from 1966 to 1974 and featured over sixty poets from across North America—my essay will listen closely to two recorded readings of Creeley, in particular, for answers, to show how these reading events worked to stage and model the format of the 1960s poetry reading and to present an account of Creeley's resistance to the "standardized and university-accredited poetry reading" at this transitional moment in his career (Lazer 119). Robert Creeley in Transition 1967/1970: Changing Formats for the Public Poetry Reading