AppendixA. Computation AppendixA.1. Computing the value function AppendixA.1.1. Setting up the state and control grids Rather than include consumption as a control variable and the budget constraint as a test of feasibility, we save on computation cost by excluding consumption from the control space and computing consumption as the value that causes the budget constraint to bind. The two variables of interest are then h and b. The remaining variables are discrete, while these two variables have to be discretized. We take b to be the maximum net wealth that the household can hold. Given ! p , h is set at that value such that hpJ = b. We set the number of points on the housing grid to 121 with the housing grid points evenly spaced. The wealth grid is set conditional on the housing grid and the discrete choices such that the net wealth of the household does not exceed b. The lower bound on the wealth grid is 0 for renters and given by the borrowing constraint for owners. For the mover's problem, the grid for cash-in-hand, b m , has its lower bound set to l, since a household has to have positive cash-in-hand in order to move. The upper bound is set to b. The number of island productivities is finite, and so is the set of idiosyncratic household states since households are finitely lived. The fixed effect is drawn from the distribution over the fixed effects as given in the calibration section. Finally, the initial wealth of newborn households is drawn from the distribution of b0. Section (AppendixA.1.2) explains why we do not have to pick the initial wealth from a discrete grid. Rather, we treat it as a continuous variable.


Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases display a variety of molecular structures. For instance, in Escherichia coli the molecular weights of native aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases range from 44,000 in the case of cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase to 265,000 in the case of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (Fayat et al. 1974). Moreover, depending on the enzyme considered, the synthetases consist of a single polypeptide chain or result from the assembly of identical or nonidentical subunits. Structures of the α , α 2 , and α 2 β 2 types can be distinguished (for a review, see Ofengand 1977). Until recently, this complex pattern of structures has defied any attempt to find a unifying trait within this class of isofunctional enzymes. In the past few years it has been shown that several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases exhibit extensive sequence duplication inside polypeptide chains. Those enzymes that have so far been shown to possess this property are composed of one or more 100,000-m.w. polypeptide chain. On the basis of this observation, the bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases can be schematically grouped into a minimum of four nonexclusive classes based on protomer number and degree of sequence duplication. The first class groups the enzymes composed of two identical subunits that do not have internal repeats. The molecular weights of the protomers are in the range of 35,000–55,000. The second class are monomeric enzymes of about 100,000 m.w. with extensive duplication (Kula 1973; Koch et al. 1974; Waterson and Konigsberg 1974; Bruton 1975). The third class is represented by the bacterial methionyl-tRNA synthetase. This enzyme is a dimer (2 × 85,000) composed of...


In recent years, sociological examinations of genetics, therapeutic cloning, neuroscience and tissue engineering have suggested that 'life itself' is currently being transformed through technique with profound implications for the ways in which we understand and govern ourselves and others. In this paper, argue that a growing focus on frontier technologies in the life sciences in discussions about bio-power today has come at the cost of empirical investigations into how, for example, 'quality of life' came to be a crucial object of bio-power in the 20th century. Just as Foucault outlined the emergence of a multiple body—the population—in the 18th century, I suggest, building on work by Rose, Rabinow and Hacking, that we can also discern the emergence of a multiple subjectivity—state of civilisation, public opinion, human capability, national attitudes, culture—as scientific and political problem. If bio-politics deals with the population as a biological and political problem, then what we might think of as an anthropo-politics deals with a collective subjectivity as a psychological, sociological and/or anthropological problem that can be measured, mapped out and intervened upon in much the same way that mortality rates, life expectancy or morbidity rates can. By analysing the concrete ways in which human progress has been globally measured and taxonomised in the past two centuries or so, I will show how global stratifications of countries according to their states of 'civilisation', 'development' and more recently 'human capability', have relied not just on the population as biological object, but also on a collective subjectivity. Using this analysis, I will go on to conclude that the politics of life is in no way limited to biological contestations and problems, but equally importantly includes psychological, sociological and anthropological problematisations about what a 'good', 'healthy' or 'quality' life is and how they might be measured.


The recent nine-volume edition of the Early Greek Philosophy by Andre Laks and Glenn W. Most for the "Loeb Classical Library" collection (Harvard University Press) is announced as the new reference work. This work aims to replace the canonical edition of Diels and Kranz (1952). For this reason it includes new historiographical and doxographic perspectives. Due to the importance of the work, in this short bibliographical note I would like to review the edition of the fragments of Protagoras in comparison with previous editions of the sophist of Abdera. First, I make a historical overview of the construction of the corpus protagoreum . Then, I will concentrate on the novelties presented by the new edition of Laks and Most with respect to that of Diels and Kranz. Finally, I will make some ending remarks regarding this new collection.


HE FLOTRAC/VIGILEO (FTV) (Edwards LifescienceCorp, Irvine, CA) is a pulse contour analysis–based devicethat measures cardiac output (CO) from a standard arterialcatheter. Advantages of this system include the ability to mea-sure CO using an existing arterial catheter and eliminating theneed for system calibration. Disadvantages include the inabilityto provide data regarding right-sided heart pressures, pulmo-nary artery pressures, and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Inaddition, the validity and reproducibility of the data providedby this system have been questioned in the literature.Since being introduced in 1970, pulmonary artery catheter-ization has been considered the gold standard for the measure-ment of CO. The utility, accuracy, and safety of this technologyhave been challenged by several observational and randomizedcontrolled studies.


The linear stability of steadily moving bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell is investigated. It is shown analytically that without the effect of surface tension, the bubbles are linearly unstable with the stability operator having a continuous spectrum. For small bubbles that are circular, analytical calculations also show that any amount of surface tension stabilizes a bubble. Numerical calculations suggest that the branch of bubble solutions that, in the limit of large area, corresponds to the McLean–Saffman finger is stable for any nonzero surface tension. However, the decay rate of disturbances on the McLean–Saffman branch depends appreciably on the bubble size even for large bubbles. This suggests that the stability results on this branch cannot be immediately extrapolated to the McLean–Saffman fingers. For another branch of bubble solution, which in the limit or large area corresponds to the first of the Romero–Vanden-Broeck finger solutions, numerical evidence suggests that it is unstable to one symmetric and one antisymmetric mode for any surface tension. The symmetric unstable mode tends to break the tip of the bubble and the growth rate of this mode is unaffected by further increase in bubble size, once the bubble is large enough. This suggests that there is an analogous instability for the finger, and this agrees with the numerical findings of Kessler and Levine [Phys. Rev. A 33, 2632 (1986)]. Agreement is noted in the quantitative comparison of the growth rate with the predictions [Tanveer, Phys. Fluids 30, 2318 (1987)] on the limiting growth rate for the symmetric unstable mode for the first Romero–Vanden-Broeck branch of finger solution.


24 Judging the writing quality of students is often stressful and time consuming. The need to give students supportive and motivational feedback, yet to grade the writing in an objective way are two seemingly contradictory tasks. Teachers may find themselves washing dishes, vacuuming rugs, and sweeping floors to avoid confronting the real chore of evaluating these papers. With the advent of writing-across-the curriculum and writing process programs, the frustrations which I have felt as a high school and college English teacher about evaluating final written products are now being experienced by language arts and content area teachers in the middle school. The purpose of this article is to provide some time-saving and purposeful evaluation strategies which can be used with various writing projects and reports.


It is well known that US aggregate union election activity under the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has fallen for several years. It is also well known that NLRB win rates have increased moderately during the Sweeney era relative to the later part of the Kirkland years. This article sheds new light on organising activity and win rates, by examining these data on a national union basis. The results show that several unions, including most of the largest nationals, experienced both increases in organising activity and increased win rates for the period of 1999 to 2004 compared with the years 1990–95 (the end of the Kirkland era). While explanations of variations in inter-union organising success remain elusive, understanding and building on the experience of these 'resurging unions' holds the promise of union renewal more generally.


A numerical framework implemented in the open-source tool OpenFOAM is presented in this work combining a hybrid, pressure-based solver with a vapor-liquid equilibrium model based on the cubic equation of state. This framework is used in the present work to investigate underexpanded jets at engine-relevant conditions where real-gas effects and mixture induced phase separation are probable to occur. A thorough validation and discussion of the applied vapor-liquid equilibrium model is conducted by means of general thermodynamic relations and measurement data available in the literature. Engine-relevant simulation cases for two different fuels were defined. Analyses of the flow field show that the used fuel has a first order effect on the occurrence of phase separation. In the case of phase separation two different effects could be revealed causing the single-phase instability, namely the strong expansion and the mixing of the fuel with the chamber gas. A comparison of single-phase and two-phase jets disclosed that the phase separation leads to a completely different penetration depth in contrast to single-phase injection and therefore commonly used analytical approaches fail to predict the penetration depth.


This thesis argues that Nietzsche's thought takes two paths toward overcoming the nihilism of modern culture. It shows that affirmation is alternatively conceived as a revaluation of life and as a transfiguration of it, introducing an ambiguity at the heart of Nietzsche's philosophy. Nietzsche's aspiration to cultural regeneration prevents him from recognising the implications of affirmation as it is best conceived, as transfiguration, an aesthetic condition that cannot be imposed or designed in the service of human elevation. Nietzsche's own revaluation, by which he accords positive value to life, culminates in the vitalistic ontology of will to power. Affirmation as revaluation rests on a notion of life as it is, reproducing the dichotomy of truth and illusion that Nietzsche identifies in nihilism. His project of cultural regeneration draws on the ontology of vitalism in the figure of the legislator who creates affirmative values reflecting the evaluative dynamic of life itself. Affirmation is here understood as the self-affirmation of will to power, in which life seeks to expand its dominion. But this aspect of Nietzsche's thought enables an abhorrent politics of domination that objectifies human beings as it reshapes the forms of human life. Affirmation as transfiguration, on the other hand, emerges in the aesthetic sublime, furnishing an alternative conception of will to power, which augments existence in artistic form. Aesthetic rapture is for Nietzsche a state of joyous self-surpassing, in which the superfluity of fullness in existence is given symbolic form. Whereas vitalistic will to power constitutes existence as mastery, goal and calculation, aesthetic will to power opens upon self-dissolution, recollection and free bestowal. In the distinctively aesthetic mode of affirmation, existence is consecrated as it gains in meaning. Outcomes of cultural change are incidental to this form of affirmation, which eternalizes itself rather than seeking human transformation. In contrast to value-legislation, the philosopher-artist of the aesthetic sublime creates a new horizon of meaning for human life. Although Nietzsche makes the strongest self-transformative claims for aesthetic affirmation, his recourse to a vitalistic creation of values to secure cultural renewal distorts affirmation by joining it to an instrumentalist project of refashioning the human.


Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease which is often associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis or rheumatoid arthritis [1]. Scleritis often is the first symptom to present in connective tissue diseases [1–2]. In HIV positive patients, infections such as syphilis [3], tuberculosis [4] or toxoplasmosis are considered as the classical causes of scleritis.


Size effects in field‐effect induced wires imposed upon a high‐mobility Si/Si0.7Ge0.3 heterostructure were studied by magnetotransport. Spatial separation of the electron channels was accomplished by means of a periodically modulated Schottky gate. The magnetoresistance parallel to the wires shows a well‐pronounced peak at magnetic fields <0.3 T at a gate bias ≤0 V. This maximum results from diffuse boundary scattering and proves the existence of spatially separated electron channels. From its position wire widths varying from 0.14 to 0.28 μm can be estimated.


This study was conducted at the livestock/wildlife interface areas of national parks and traditional cattle grazing areas. The main aim of the study was to establish the occurrence of Escherichia coli serogroups isolated from Kafue lechwe antelopes (Kobus leche kafuensis) and pastoral cattle. A total of 593 faecal samples from lechwe (232) and pastoral cattle (361) were conveniently picked from the grazing pastures in the interface areas and cultured for E. coli. From each faecal sample, two or three presumptive E. coli isolates were picked to constitute 1,283 isolates with 574 from lechwe and 708 from cattle. Some of these isolates were found to be similar to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 on CHROMagar and sorbitol MacConkey agar. Only 18 E. coli isolates from Kafue lechwe antelopes were grouped into eight serogroups while 32 from pastoral cattle were grouped into 16 serogroups. The most prevalent type-able serogroups from lechwe antelopes and pastoral cattle were O125 (5.8%) and O29 (4.2%), respectively. On further analysis by fermentation of various sugars, some isolates showed a similar pattern suggesting that the strains were indistinguishable.

 Key words: Escherichia coli, diarrheagenic, Shiga toxin, Kobus leche kafuensis, pastoral cattle.


AbstractHydroeconomic models have been used to determine policies for efficient allocation of scarce water resources. Hydropower benefits are typically represented through exogenous electricity prices, but these do not consider the effect that the power market can have on the hydropower release policy and vice versa. To improve the representation of hydropower benefits in hydroeconomic models, an application of stochastic dynamic programming, known as the water value method, was used to maximize irrigation benefits while minimizing the costs of power generation within a power market. The method yields optimal operation rules that maximize current and expected future benefits as a function of reservoir level, week of the year, and inflow state. The method was tested on the Iberian Peninsula and performed better than traditional approaches that use exogenous prices: resulting operation rules were more realistic and sensitive to hydrological variability. Internally calculated hydropower prices provided bette...


When considering multivariate time series in the context of dynamic vector autoregressive modeling, how do we determine the structure of the relationships? In the simple case of 2 variables, say x and y, and few lags under consideration, the problem is relatively straightforward. For few predictors and lags, combinatorial evaluation of all possible subsets (responses and predictors) is not very computationally intensive. As long as both variables are stationary (I (0)), we can use multivariate least squares regression. Under the usual assumption of Gaussianity, the VAR(q) model is written as in equation 1.1. ∣∣∣∣y′ t xt ∣∣∣∣ = ∣∣∣∣b01 b02 ∣∣∣∣ + q ∑


An example of targeted modification of chemical structure in order to extent utilisation of diketo–pyrrolo–pyrroles in organic electronics is presented. The introduction of solubilising groups opens solution–based techniques for device preparation and therefore reduces the manufacturing cost. The influence of the substitution on the optical activity is discussed.


The Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 (PRC2) plays important roles in regulating gene expression through its histone H3 lysine methyl transferase activity. Dysregulation of PRC2 is observed in multiple cancers. For example, gain of function mutations of the EZH2 catalytic subunit of PRC2 have been reported in B-cell lymphomas, melanoma and parathyroid carcinoma. Components of the complex are also overexpressed in a number of cancers. The PRC2-complex have therefore become a major target for anti-cancer drug discovery. We and others, have reported anti-tumor activity of small molecular weight agents targeting the SAM-binding pocket of EZH2 in preclinical models and a number of EZH2 inhibitors ore showing promising activity in clinical trials. EED and SUZ12 are two additional components of the PRC2 core complex required for regulation of its catalytic function. High resolution structures and other reports have showed that binding of EED to tri-methylated histone H3 Lysine 27 (H3K27Me3) further stimulates the catalytic effect of EZh2. This suggests that small molecular weight compounds binding to and interfering with the EED stimulatory effect on Ezh2 may be able to modulate PRC2 activity. Following this possibility, we launched a comprehensive effort to discover non-catalytic site PRC2 binders. The discovery and characterization of EED226, a highly potent and selective EED-binding inhibitor of PRC2 will be presented. Data will be presented to demonstrate that EED226 inhibits PRC2 function via a distinct allosteric mechanism by binding to the H3K27Me3 binding pocket of EED. Furthermore, EED226 potently inhibits cellular H3K27Me3 levels, modulates target gene expression similar to the SAM competitive Ezh2 inhibitors and inhibits the proliferation of cell lines carrying mutant Ezh2. Oral administration of EED226 to EZH2-mutant tumor bearing mice leads to profound tumor regression. Our data therefore demonstrates that the multi-subunit PRC2 complex can be targeted at non-catalytic binding pockets to achieve anti-tumor activity. Some unique features of the anti-tumor activity achieved through targeting PRC2 will be discussed. Citation Format: Peter W. Atadja. Targeting the PRC2 complex through EED for anti-cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference: New Frontiers in Cancer Research; 2017 Jan 18-22; Cape Town, South Africa. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(22 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.


We study the ground state phase diagram of a frustrated spin-1/2 four-leg tube. Using a variety of complementary techniques, namely density matrix renormalization group, exact diagonalization, Schwinger boson mean field theory, quantum Monte-Carlo and series expansion, we explore the parameter space of this model in the regime of all-antiferromagnetic exchange. In contrast to unfrustrated four-leg tubes we uncover a rich phase diagram. Apart from the Luttinger liquid fixed point in the limit of decoupled legs, this comprises several gapped ground states, namely a plaquette, an incommensurate, and an antiferromagnetic quasi spin-2 chain phase. The transitions between these phases are analyzed in terms of total energy and static structure factor calculations and are found to be of (weak) first order. Despite the absence of long range order in the quantum case, remarkable similarities to the classical phase diagram are uncovered, with the exception of the icommensurate regime, which is strongly renormalized by quantum fluctuations. In the limit of large leg exchange the tube exhibits a deconfinement cross-over from gapped magnon like excitations to spinons.


Bullying has become a matter of concern in schools and the ® rst two articles in this issue of Research Papers in Education describe research in this under-investigated ® eld. Newspaper accounts suggest that bullies are evil characters tormenting their hapless victims, but research, as ever, tries to penetrate these easy stereotypes. Helen Sweeting and Patrick West studied 11-year-olds in Glasgow over a period of time. More pupils reported being t̀eased' (44%) than `bullied' (17%). Children with some kind of distinguishing feature, such as a disability or obesity, were most likely to become the victims. In the second paper in this issue Xin Ma, Len Stewin and Devida Mah of the University of Alberta offer a most thorough review of international research on bullying, showing, among other ® ndings, how male bullies are more likely to use physical abuse, the characteristics of the bystanders who like to watch, and how victims at home can become bullies at school. Teaching literacy is a worldwide concern, and some teachers seem to be more pro® cient at achieving success than others. Louise Poulson and her four co-authors describe a study of over 200 primary school teachers thought to be particularly successful at teaching literacy to see what distinguishing features and beliefs they might have. Using an orientation to reading pro® le they compared these expert teachers to a smaller sample of teachers covering the whole range of competence. The `effective' teachers tended to emphasise communication and composition activities more than phonic worksheets. Like literacy, the notion of `democracy' has been an important one in many countries. Doug Harwood includes a typology of different approaches over forty years in his interesting review of the ® eld, showing the theory, aims, methods and roles employed by different practitioners. Among the many roles played are `participant' , `devil' s advocate' , f̀acilitator' , ìnstructor' , ìnterviewer', `observer' , and àdvocate' . Lipman's `Philosophy for Children' and Stenhouse's Humanities Curriculum Project are two curriculum initiatives mentioned as illustrative of the teacher playing a ® xed role of ìmpartial chair' when the class is engaged in democratic discussion. Professor E C Wragg Exeter University


The first of its kind! An essential new book for all healthcare providers treating golfers, this comprehensive text offers important information on the diagnosis and treatment of golf injuries. Dr. Blanchard combines his unique practitioner expertise with his actual play experience as a competitive golf professional to offer readers a more complete understanding of taking care of patients who love to play golf.


Significance The immune system can produce enormous varieties of antibodies to counter infections. In this study, we devised a method to harness the power of the immune system to produce therapeutic antibodies. We used this method to generate antibodies against human PD1, a negative regulator of T cell activity. Available anti-PD1 therapeutic antibodies inhibit the function of PD1, thereby boosting T cell activity against tumor cells. We diversified one such anti-PD1 antibody and obtained multiple anti-PD1 antibodies, some of which can stimulate, rather than inhibit, PD1 function in vitro. Such PD1-stimulatory antibodies could potentially be used to suppress pathogenic T cell activities in autoimmune diseases. This method could be used to diversify the functions of other therapeutic antibodies. V(D)J recombination generates mature B cells that express huge repertoires of primary antibodies as diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IgH) and light chain (IgL) of their B cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Cognate antigen binding to BCR variable region domains activates B cells into the germinal center (GC) reaction in which somatic hypermutation (SHM) modifies primary variable region-encoding sequences, with subsequent selection for mutations that improve antigen-binding affinity, ultimately leading to antibody affinity maturation. Based on these principles, we developed a humanized mouse model approach to diversify an anti-PD1 therapeutic antibody and allow isolation of variants with novel properties. In this approach, component Ig gene segments of the anti-PD1 antibody underwent de novo V(D)J recombination to diversify the anti-PD1 antibody in the primary antibody repertoire in the mouse models. Immunization of these mouse models further modified the anti-PD1 antibodies through SHM. Known anti-PD1 antibodies block interaction of PD1 with its ligands to alleviate PD1-mediated T cell suppression, thereby boosting antitumor T cell responses. By diversifying one such anti-PD1 antibody, we derived many anti-PD1 antibodies, including anti-PD1 antibodies with the opposite activity of enhancing PD1/ligand interaction. Such antibodies theoretically might suppress deleterious T cell activities in autoimmune diseases. The approach we describe should be generally applicable for diversifying other therapeutic antibodies.


The invention discloses a high-power electromagnetic surveying transmitter system which comprises a generator set, a three-phase rectification bridge, a filter capacitor, an H type inversion bridge, a booster transformer, a single-phase rectification bridge, a transmitting bridge, an electrode, a temperature detection circuit, a first voltage detection circuit, a second voltage detection circuit, a first current detection circuit, a second current detection circuit, a first central processing unit, a second central processing unit and a transmitting control platform. Transmitting voltage parameter and transmitting current parameter are transferred through communication, and actual transmitting voltage and actual transmitting current are displayed in real time through parameter feedback; transmitting parameters of the transmitting control platform are received to control the transmitting of the transmitting bridge, and transmitting voltage and transmitting current signals are acquired and fed back to the transmitting control platform in real time; the PWM (pulse-width modulation) of the H type inversion bridge is realized to obtain stable and reliable transmitting signals; and the electrode is the signal transmitting port of the system. Thus, the accuracy and response speed of the transmitted waveform are improved.


This paper describes methodology for determining user needs within the design process currently being used by the University of Cincinnati's Medical Device Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program. Topics such as ethnography (user observation and interviews), task analysis, and human factors for product embodiment are discussed. Specific tools for data gathering, analysis and synthesis towards determining design considerations, requirements and specifications are defined.


Objective: To explorethe the protection of losartan,nifedipine controlled-release tablets and LiuWei DiHuangWan on renal function of patients with senile hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Method: Patients with senile hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus were treated with losartan,nifedipine controlled-release tablets and LiuWei DiHuangWan,Changes including blood pressure,blood glucose,renal function and others were observed before and after treating.Result: Comparisons before and after treating had differences with statistical meaning in blood pressure and blood glucose(P0.05).Indexes of renal function after treating were superior to that before treating and comparisons showed statistical meaning(P0.05).Conclusion: On the basis of routine glucose-lowering treatment,combination of losartan,nifedipine controlled-release tablets and LiuWei DiHuangWan can effectively control blood pressure and protect renal function.


It is common knowledge that the human breath contains metabolites allowing to infer a patient's health status, especially for diseases related to the respiratory system. This information is encoded in the "volatolom", a combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the human metabolism and environmental perturbations. Nevertheless, due to a lack of alternative analytical techniques most of the traditional diagnostic methods are still based on invasive techniques, e.g. using blood or tissue samples. During the last decade, the ion mobility spectrometer combined with a multi-capillary column (MCC/IMS) has become an established, inexpensive, and non-invasive bioanalytics technique for detecting VOCs with various potential applications in medical research. To pave the way for this technology towards daily usage in medical practice, different challenges still have to be solved. One of the main challenges is to establish an automated framework optimizing the processing algorithms in the pipeline yielding to an optimal performance for the final goals: Disease prediction and biomarker detection. Although equivalent computational methods and standard procedures exist for other biomedical applications (e.g. sequence and microarray analysis) we still are lacking such a standard protocol in breath research. In four recently published papers presented here[HBJ12, HKD13, HSP12, SHBB13] we aimed at solving this challenge.


The facultative halophile Vibrio parahaemolyticus, since its first isolation, has been shown to be toxic for mice and has produced experimental infection when fed to animals and humans. Pathogenicity has been shown to be associated with the presence of a heat-stable hemolysin-the Kanagawa-hemolysin. Previously, investigators reported that most strains of V. parahaemolyticus, regardless of virulence, could produce dilatation in the ligated rabbit gut. We have shown however, that ileal loop reactivity is strongly associated with Kanagawa-hemolysin and, thus, with virulence. Reactivity is obtained with live cell suspensions and the reaction time is dose dependent. Other investigators have reported that preparations of heated cells, cell lysates, culture filtrates, and purified Kanagawa-hemolysin will not produce dilatation in rabbit ileum nor edema in the mouse foot pad. In our studies, cell-free culture filtrates were without effect in the ligated ileal loop, suggesting absence of enterotoxin. Cell wall and...


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a simple transportation device for an agricultural greenhouse to easily transport harvested crops, fertilizers, agricultural machines and implements and other materials. SOLUTION: A rotary shaft is rotatably extended along the direction of the ridge of the greenhouse on a beam placed at the ceiling of the greenhouse, and a rotation transmission device is attached to an end of the rotary shaft to enable the change of the position of the rotary shaft by rolling the shaft toward the opening of the greenhouse. A rail extending in the direction of the rotary shaft is almost horizontally suspended from the rotary shaft with a plurality of suspending members having a structure to allow the rolling of the rotary shaft. A container, etc., suspended from a trolley traveling on the rail is transported in the directions of the ridge and width of the greenhouse. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO


The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood. A growing body of literature suggests that amyloid beta oligomers (AβO) as the root cause of this disease. Here, we describe new translational in vitro and in vivo models of AD, induced by minute amount of in‐house preparation of human AβO.


A new triterpenoid was isolated from the roots of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and HRESIMS. This compound exhibited potent in vitro anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50's of 193.5 μM for 24 h and 154.6 μM for 48 h.


Machine translation is a technology for the automatic translation of text or speech from one natural language to another. Since there is a need for translation of sentences between English-Wolaytta language to make available the English documents in Wolaytta language and minimize the language barrier. Thus, this study in the development of a English-Wolaytta machine translation system using statistical approach. In order to achieve the objective of this research work, 30,000 bilingual corpus is collected from spiritual domain and 39,893 monolingual corpus from different sources. And also prepared in a format suitable for use in the development process (normalization, tokenization, lower-case and clean) and classified as training, tunning and testing set. Aligned parallel sentences manually and used freely available tools for the different purposes such as SRILM toolkit for language model, MGIZA++ align the corpus at word level by using IBM models (1-5), Decoding has been done using Moses, and Ubuntu operating system which is suitable for Moses environment has been used. In addition, unsupervised morpheme segmentation tool Morfessor is used for segmentation of Wolaytta text. The experiments were taken separately, one for the unsegmented and the other for segmented corpus. The parallel sentences divided by 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000. The unsegmented corpus performs BLEU score of 4.91%, 6.30%, 7.21%, 7.60%, 7.96% and 8.46% used the above divided parallel sentences. The segmented corpus performs BLEU score of 9.83%, 11.38%, 12.70%, 12.77%, 12.93% and 13.21% used the above divided parallel sentences. Its performance improved by increased the size of the corpus and segmented parallel sentences. Base on the experiments done, the researcher observed that there will be a better performance when increase the size of the corpus and morphological segmentation. Therefore future research should focus to further improve the performance of the system increase the size of the corpus and morphological segmentation.


Background: In this article, we decided to introduce an available, affordable and biocompatible material from human teeth using nanotechnology to repair bone defects. Totally impacted wisdom teeth of human, which had been removed by surgery, were prepared as powder in two particle sizes of 500 microns and nano (up to 100 nm) after sterilization. Method: Test cases were eight white rabbits of New Zealand species that were divided into 2 groups. Pores with 6 × 6 mm dimensions were created at hamstring area of tibia bone. In left leg tibia's pore, nanoparticles powder and in the right leg tibia's pore, micro particles powders were placed. The groups of two were sacrificed after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Samples underwent histomorphometric analysis and radiological analysis. The results showed the superiority of nanogroups in the percentage of new bone formation (26.62±10.88) over micro-groups (14.36±8.4) to (P-value = 0.015). Obtained Hounsfield number for micro-particle group was 2477±480 and for nanoparticle group was 1387±429 (p-value = 0.001). The differences in value soft bone vitality, inflammation, and foreign body reaction were not significant between the two groups of micro and nano. In micro particle group, despite suitable biocompatibility and Osseo integration, due to higher density and degree of crystalline, absorption and replacement rates by new bone and overall percentage of new bone formed were lower than nano group.


The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between oil price and real GDP growth of Pakistan from 1980-2012. All the variables are found to be stationary at first difference. Therefore Johnson Co- integration and error correction method is utilized to check long-run and short-run relationship among variables. There exists both long-run and short-run relationship. The results show the oil price influence agriculture GDP negatively in Pakistan.


The rowing machine is widely touted as the home fitness equipment that confers the most all-around benefits, but it has its drawbacks.


Al-doped Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte is a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium battery (ASSB) due to its high ionic conductivity and stability against lithium metal. Dense LLZO pellets were prepared by high-temperature sintering and a Li 3 BO 3 melting agent was used to control the microstructure (grain size and grain boundary chemistry). An ionic conductivity of 0.49 mS·cm − 1 was measured at room temperature. The LLZO/Li interface was modi fi ed by introducing an aluminum layer. The impact of the microstructure of LLZO ceramics and the chemistry of the LLZO/Li interface were discussed by measuring the critical current density (CCD). Even though secondary phases at the grain boundary lead to an increase of the electronic conductivity, no signi fi cant in fl uence of the microstructure on the CCD value (50 μ A·cm − 2 ) has been established. The low CCD value has been improved by forming an Al-Li alloy interlayer at the LLZO/Li interface, due to a better homogenization of the Li current at the interface. In parallel, the applied pressure (0.09 MPa vs. 0.4 MPa) has been studied and did impact the CCD. A value of 0.35 μ A·cm − 2 was measured. These results highlight the conditions needed for keeping a good electrolyte/Li interface during the cycling of a solid state battery. growth in LLZO solid electrolyte is still not fully understood. to previous which study separately the impact of the microstructure of a densi fi ed LLZO pellet and the Li/LLZO interface, in this we studied the dendrite formation via the modi fi cation of the chemistry of the Li/LLZO interface and the grain boundaries of a densi fi ed LLZO pellet. The objective was to de fi ne which of the two factors is preponderant on the formation of dendrites. To do so, we modi fi ed the composition at the grain boundaries via the addition of Li 3 BO 3 and the Li/LLZO interface by adding a thin layer of Al. To discuss the formation of dendrites via the measurement of the CCD, we studied the structure and the microstructure by SEM and XRD analyses of the LLZO pellets and we have estimated the electronic conductivity at the grain boundaries by impedance spectroscopy. Our results show that the formation of dendrites seems to be mainly in fl uenced by the Li/LLZO interface chemistry. In particular, the nucleation growth processes and indirectly the dendrite formation is controlled by the chemistry and the applied pressure.


The ray-wave geometric beams (RWGBs) are fantastic structured light field with multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). These DoFs endow countless application prospects for RWGBs in optical communication, quantum entanglement, optical tweezers. Meantime, the intricate orbital angular momentum (OAM) structures and intensity shape brought by these DoFs have caused great difficulty in its sort and limited its application. We propose a new digital holographic method to identify multi-DoFs RWGBs based on the conjugated modulation theory, thus called conjugated modulation identification (CMI). The experiment results indicate that the RWGBs were fully resolved, and the reconstructed correlation degree shows good agreement with the theoretical values. Furthermore, the 8-bit and 16-bit multi-RWGBs shift keying encoding were demonstrated. The signal is well recovered with no error, demonstrating the proposed method with good data transmission performance. Our work reveals wide potential applications of RWGBs in realizing high-speed, high-dimensional time-varying modes multiplexed encoding and high-capacity multi-channel communication..


Key Points • A considerable subset of classic Hodgkin lymphoma recurrences represents clonally unrelated second primary lymphoma.• Assessment of T-cell clonality combined with pathogenic mutation analysis can identify TCL mimicking cHL.


The purpose of this study was to explore the possible comparative in-vitro effects of two anthroposophical complex preparations on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of these two anthroposophical complexes, the first being Echinacea/ Quartz Complex Single Dose Eyedrops (Wala), and the second being a preparation called Euphrasia Single Dose Eyedrops (Wala) on Staphylococcus aureus in-vitro had not yet been established. The two methods employed were the agar dilution method and the disc diffusion method. These tests measured the in-vitro susceptibility of the Staphylococcus aureus to the anthroposophical complexes and to chloramphenicol (a broad spectrum allopathic antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection). The experiments were conducted on twenty Staphylococcus aureus isolates, obtained from Van Drimmelin Laboratories. All experimentation was conducted in triplicate in order to eliminate laboratory error. In the agar dilution method, broth cultures of the twenty isolates were prepared and equal amounts of the cultures were plated out onto the agar media individually treated with the antimicrobial of choice, or onto unmedicated agar. After 24 hours of incubation the number of colonies per plate were counted. In the disc diffusion test, discs individually impregnated with the antimicrobial of choice and unmedicated discs were placed onto inoculated nutrient agar plates. After 24 hours of incubation the zone diameters were measured. The results were compared using a two-way analysis of variance. They showed that neither of the anthroposophical complexes had a significant in-vitro effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the agar dilution method, and neither complex displayed any anti-bacterial action in the disc diffusion test. However, studies have shown that patients using these eyedrops to treat bacterial conjunctivitis have experienced significant symptomatic relief. Therefore, it is recommended that a follow on in-vivo study be conducted using these anthroposophical complexes as treatment and then growing bacterial cultures from swabs taken from the patients' eyes at various stages of treatment to examine any anti-bacterial effects these complexes may have on Staphylococcus aureus in-vivo.


Effects of different concentrations of nano-meter TiO2(0,150,300,450 mg·L-1)on diurnal variation of photosynthesis of Indocalamus barbatus McClure were examined by foliar spraying in October.The results showed that compared to the control,all treatments of different concentrations of TiO2 could increase net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr) and stomatal conductance(Gs) which eased the photosynthetic "midday depression".Among them,the 150 mg·L-1group could get the best effect.Compared to control,the Pn、Gs and Tr of the 150 mg·L-1group increased by 9.7%,30.41%,17.97% and 41.84%,20.79%,18.57% respectively at 10:00 and midday depression at 12:00,which were significantly different from the control.The improvement of photosynthetic capacity of I.barbatus were resulted from both stomatal and non stomatal limitation factors.The improvement of photosynthetic "midday depression" was mainly resulted from non-stomatal limitation,and the increase of the maximum photosynthetic capacity was caused primarily by stomatal factors.


Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metallic nanostructures attract great attention for their potential applications such as highly sensitive optical sensors. However, the performance of LSPR sensors is strongly hampered by their low quality (Q) factors due to the intrinsic ohmic losses and far‐field radiation losses. Here, a kind of all‐metal metasurfaces that can achieve high‐Q and high figure of merit (FOM) resonances based on bound states in the continuum (BICs), is theoretically designed and experimentally demonstrated. The devices can simultaneously exhibit symmetry‐protected and Friedrich–Wintgen quasi‐BICs features at normal incidence, leading to higher Q‐factors than those solely inspired by single quasi‐BIC. Additionally, the constraint of symmetrical dielectric environment for common metasurfaces can be released by utilizing a metal substrate rather than a dielectric one. The proof‐of‐concept experiments demonstrate the high performances of such dual quasi‐BIC based plasmonic refractive index sensors with the Q‐factor of 145, the sensitivity of 657 nm RIU‐1, and the FOM of 109 RIU‐1. These findings may stimulate some promising applications, such as biosensing, optical lasing, and light absorption.


1. An introduction to mice 2. Town mouse, country mouse 3. Laboratory mice 4. Reproduction and breeding 5. The mouse genome 6. Mutagenesis and transgenesis 7. Mapping in the mouse: An overview 8. Genetic markers 9. Classical linkage analysis and mapping panels 10. Non-breeding mapping strategies Appendices A. Suppliers of mice B. Computational tools and electronic databases C. Source materials for further reading D. Statistics E. Glossary


Background: diabetes mellitus (DM ) is associated with a markedly increased mortality rate from cardiovascular and renal disease, not explainable by traditional risk factors. Although data are not yet conclusive, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, glycemic control and possibly lipid peroxidation has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic microand macrovascular disease. Little is known, however, about the role of copper in type 2 diabetes. Aim: The present study includes measurement of free radical activity marker (lipid peroxides expressed as malondialdehyde MDA) along with the serum and urine copper, serum lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) in addition to urinary protien : creatinine ratio in 55 patients with type 2 DM ( T2DM ) . Results: The patients were divided according to the spot urine albumin excretion (urinary albumin ug / mg creatinine ratio) into two groups:microalbuminurics & normoalbuminurics. The results were compared with those obtained from 37 age-matched apparently healthy control subjects. There was a significant elevation in serum malondialdehyde MDA , the percentage of oxidized non high-density lipoprotien (ox. non-HDL%) and serum copper with a significant reduction in the percentage of oxidized high-density lipoprotien (ox. HDL%) in the diabetic patients (particulary in the microalbuminurics) as compared with the control subjects. Serum MDA was significantly and positively correlated with serum copper in microalbuminurics and HbA1c% in both diabetic groups. LDL size index was significantly increased in microalbuminuric T2DM patients as compared to the controls and normoalbuminurics indicating smaller LDL size in the diabetics in general and in microalbuminuric in particular. Conclusion: the results of present study suggest an increase in free radical activity , dyslipidaemia and serum copper level favoring atherosclerotic state more in poor glycemic control in type 2 DM particularly in microalbuminurics. The suggested mechanisms underlying these events are discussed.


Accounts of Paul's ethics or his attitude towards the Jewish law regularly identify and discuss the connection between law (νόμος) and love (ἀγάπη) in Galatians 5.13–14.1 Building on the fundamental assertion of 5:1—that Christ has liberated 'us' from slavery with the result that 'we' are free—Paul contemplates two possible manifestations of the Galatians' freedom.2 While there is the potential for behaviour that arises from continued slavery to the flesh (εἰς ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί), another form of slavery is also possible: one characterized by mutual love (διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις).3 The ethical dualism that Paul articulates at 5:13 and then fleshes out in 5:14–6:10 has already been hinted at in 5:6. In the new order established by Christ's saving work apart from the law (5:4–5), and so now available to the Gentile Galatians in Christ without the need for circumcision (5:6), the only thing that matters is a faith that is worked out through love (πίστις δι ̓ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη, cf. Gal 6:15).4 At first glance, therefore, the relationship between law and love can be neatly explained with reference to strongly antithetical tenor of Paul's account of salvation history in the context of the Galatian crisis. Law belongs to the period before the arrival of faith (3:23–25) and is therefore aligned with slavery to the flesh. Faith is the hallmark of the new creation (3:26) and is made visible through slavery to one another through love (5:13). If these were the only things that Paul said, then we might conclude that law and love relate to each other as another example of the apocalyptic antimonies that drive Paul's theology as it comes to expression in Galatians.5


A printing system comprising at least one printer for printing images on sheets in accordance with electrical image and control signals to be fed to the printer, control means for feeding electrical image and control signals to the at least one printer and inputting means for receiving and feeding the electrical image signals to the control means. The control means comprise operating means for generating control signals relating to a document finishing operation on sheets for printing by the at least one printer and display means adapted to display operating information. The display means are adapted to display a representation of a sheet or document in accordance with more than one selectable document finishing operation in one adaptable visual representation which adaptable visual representation is provided with selection areas which represent selectable document finishing operations. A document finishing operation can be selected by activating an associated selection area. The visual representation of the sheet or document is continuously adapted to a newly selected document finishing operation.


Calibration is an important step of 3D structured light laser scanners to be able to obtain an accurate measuring result. During the calibration a relation between the pixels in 3D laser scanner camera image and the real world units is made. Laser line detection method as part of the calibration process plays an important role in this calibration process, but this aspect has not been investigated before. In this paper the calibration and measurement result dependency from the laser line detection with pixel or sub-pixel resolution in the calibration process has been investigated. The calibration process of the developed 3D laser scanner has been described. The results show dependency between the laser line detection method in the calibration process and the final measurement results. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.21.6.13765


We demonstrate simultaneous multiplexing/demultiplexing operation of a 2x2 all-optical packet switch loaded with a random iMix stream of asynchronous variable-length 40Gbps optically-labelled packets. Layer-2 performance shows ≫ 95% optical label and ≫ 90% packet throughput for both ports.


Objective To explore the pathophysiological role of gastric leptin in helicobacter associated gastritis.Methods Patients undergoing gastroscopy were involved in the study.Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed by use of Hp-ureA-PCR,~(14)C urea breath test and rapid urease-nessler′s test. The level of leptin in local gastric mucosa and plasma were detected by ELISA. The level of IL-1β and IL-1ra in local gastric mucosa were detected by RIA.Results Total of 31 H pylori positive and 30 H pylori negative patients with chronic gastritis were founded. The level of Leptin and IL-1ra in the gastric mucosa in H pylori positive patients were significantly increased as compared with that in H pylori negative group (P 0.01). The level of plasma leptin and IL-1β were no statistically different between two groups(P 0.05).Gastric leptin closely related to IL-1β in H pylori positive group(r= -0.78,P 0.01), but not to that in H pylori negative group .Conclusions Gastric leptin may influence the gastric function by pacrcrine and autocrine roles; Gastric leptin may play a role in the development of helicobacter pylori associated gastritis by modulation the balance of IL-1β/IL-1ra.


IT has been repeatedly observed in connection with the poisonous action of dissolved substances that the harmful effects are much more marked when the roots of the plants under test are immersed in the solutions than when these are grown in sand cultures which are watered with like or even more concentrated solutions (i). Upon this point the practice advocated by NXGELI (2) for removing traces of metals from distilled water may be cited. When to distilled water, rendered harmful for algae by the presence of traces of copper, crushed graphite, shredded filter paper, paraffin shavings, and other insoluble substances are added, the copper is removed from the water by some process dependent to a degree upon the amount of surface offered by the insoluble substance. In connection with experiments carried out in I902 by TRUE and GIES (3) at the Plant Physiological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., on the modification of the action of poisons by the presence of other compounds, some preliminary experiments were made bearing on the effect exerted by the presence of insoluble materials on the behavior of seedlings of Lupinus albus. A concentration of copper sulfate was experimentally determined in which growth for twenty-four hours was possible, though at a somewhat diminished rate. When to duplicate cultures insoluble substances were added, in nearly all cases a marked increase in the growth rate was noted.


The P1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}-P2/c ferroelastic phase transition in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.75}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.25}$${\mathrm{WO}}_{4}$ has been studied as a function of temperature by infrared spectroscopy. Many of the midinfrared features (associated with ${\mathrm{WO}}_{6}$ octahedral vibrations) do not show coupling to the transition. However, the Jahn-Teller distortion of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{6}$ octahedra induces a large change in the frequency of the 1190-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ phonon near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(=570\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 K). Concomitant broadening of this absorption band in the vicinty of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ arises either from a dynamic isospin-flip mode at the Cu site, or solitonic excitations associated with the ferroelastic microstructure. The high-temperature phase does not appear to consist of disordered P1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} domains; rather, the transition appears essentially displacive in character.


Summary From analysis of the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey data, the changing patterns of demographic and socioeconomic determinants of infant and child mortality are generalized. The pattern for infant mortality is: (1) in a traditional society demographic factors affect infant mortality more than socioeconomic factors; (2) at the early stage of development, demographic factors are replaced by socioeconomic factors as the main determinants; (3) when the difference in living standards between social classes narrows, the socioeconomic differentials in mortality also diminish; and (4) at the stage of high development the effects of demographic factors remain although the absolute differences are very small. But the pattern of changing determinants of child mortality is nearly the reverse of that of infant mortality.


Plant germplasm has become a topic of interest and concern at the highest levels of our government and in many other parts of our society. Part of this concern no doubt relates to the increased awareness by leaders in the government and in the public at large that U.S. agricultural productivity and stability is dependent on plant resources that are not native to the United States. The United States, as compared to many agricultural producers in the world, has no centers of origin for important food and fiber crops. In fact, the United States has no major crop native to its geographical area. Of all the crops important to U.S. agriculture, only sunflower (Helianthus spp.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), grape (Vitis spp.), pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] and other hickories (Carya spp.), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), and a few other miscellaneous species of minor importance are native to the United States.


The study of classical art offers an interesting example of exclusions in the practice of art history.1 While the focus of this essay is the art of ancient Greece and Rome, those who deal with ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern art face many of the same institutional and disciplinary exclusions. Although the subjects are represented in a range of departments and programs and in professional organizations and journals with broad audiences, that representation is often marginal.Historians of classical art occupy a no-man' s-land that exists uneasily among the fields of art history, classics, and archaeology. The borders are established both by disciplinary definitions and by institutional structures. Classical art is frequently excluded from departments of art history on the grounds that, by virtue of chronology or cultural specificity, it is better handled by classics or archaeology. Many departments of classics exclude the study of art on the grounds that the proper focus of classics is texts, that is to say, language, and that classical art belongs instead in the realm of art history or archaeology. A not uncommon assumption, for example, is that students in classics deal with texts and can therefore not be expected to take courses in ancient art or archaeology. In turn, many departments and practitioners of archaeology exclude the study of classical art and, with it, even the general field of 'classical archaeology' because the scientific analysis of human behaviour based on the contextual analysis of excavated remains has no place for a field that remains focussed on monuments and art and relies on texts for its interpretations - in other words, for a subject that belongs either to art history or to classics. Where do these circular exclusions leave historians of classical art? The archaeologists have an answer ready to hand: the study of ancient art is, in reality, no more than antiquarianism, that is to say, a pre-scientific and dilettantish interest in objects from the past, an ancestral and decidedly outmoded stage in the development of thought and practice in modem, professional archaeology.2 This assessment of the current state of the discipline is accepted even for 'classical archaeology', which, as Ingo Herklotz observed, has 'found its way back from the history of style to the analysis of ancient material culture'.3But should students of ancient art not accept the label of antiquarian and wear it proudly? For recent years have seen a rehabilitation of antiquarianism that would place its practices at the very forefront of current approaches to the study of culture. Such an evaluation is the premise, for example, of the volume of essays published in 2007 with the title of Momigliano and Antiquarianism. Foundations of the Modern Cultural SciencesA For it is, of course, to the great historian Amaldo Momigliano (1908-87) that is owed this positive evaluation of the methods of antiquarianism and its contributions to history. What greater vindication could be desired by the historian of classical art? It is possible to offer an ungrateful answer to that question. Momigliano's classic analysis of historical method, in which he traces the relationship between antiquarianism and history, has the surprising effect of excluding the study of classical art from the realm of history. His characterization of antiquarianism and history - terms that in his formulation exist in a comfortable polarity that breaks down in the face of demands for precise definitions - and his conception of the relationship between them are more deeply flawed than any of his critics has yet recognized. Examination of his argumentation calls into question the authority of his formulation as the justification for some of the disciplinary exclusions that follow from it. It must be emphasized that disagreement with this part of his work in no way signals any lack of respect for his immense contributions to scholarship. The criticism reflects, rather, a particular set of questions and evidence. …


Objective To establish a sensitive and specific LC-MS /MS method for the determination of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in Beagle dog plasma and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile. Methods The concentration of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride was determined by LC-MS / MS with XTerra @ MS C18 column( 5 μm,2. 1 mm × 150 mm). The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water( 50∶ 50,v / v) with the flow rate of 0. 2 mL / min. The injection volume was 10 μL. Ions of moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin were m / z 402. 1→m / z 384. 3( F = 120 V,CE = 25),m / z 332. 2→m / z 314. 2( 135 V,CE = 20). Results Standard calibration graph for moxifloxacin hydrochloride was linear over a curve range of 10 μg / L ~ 2 000 μg / L( R2 0. 99) and the low limit of quantification was 10 μg / L using a plasma sample of 100 μL. The intra-day and inter-day precision( RSD) were in line with analysis of the biological samples. RSD were less than 11. 6%,the extraction recoveries were greater than 80%. The concentration-time curves of moxifloxacin hydrochloride were best fitted to a two compartment model. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of t1 /2,tmax,AUC0- t,AUC0- ∞and CL were 10. 7 h,2. 1 h,3 943 μg / L·h,4 177 μg / L·h and10. 5 L / h·kg respectively. Conclusions The method was specific and suitable for the determination of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in Beagle dog plasma and to study the pharmacokinetic character.


In the recent paper (Monshizadeh et al. in IEEE Trans Control Netw Syst 1(2):145–154, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2014.2311883), model reduction of leader–follower multi-agent networks by clustering was studied. For such multi-agent networks, a reduced order network is obtained by partitioning the set of nodes in the graph into disjoint sets, called clusters, and associating with each cluster a single, new, node in a reduced network graph. In Monshizadeh et al. (2014), this method was studied for the special case that the agents have single integrator dynamics. For a special class of graph partitions, called almost equitable partitions, an explicit formula was derived for the H 2 model reduction error. In the present paper, we will extend and generalize the results from Monshizadeh et al. (2014) in a number of directions.


Introduction Chloroquine supplementation may show some potential in improving the efficacy for glioblastoma, and this meta-analysis aimed to identify the efficacy of chloroquine supplementation for patients with glioblastoma. Methods Several databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases have been systematically searched through August 2022, and we included randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of chloroquine supplementation for glioblastoma. This meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model based on the heterogeneity. Results Four randomized controlled trials were finally included in this meta-analysis. In comparison with control group for glioblastoma, chloroquine supplementation was associated with substantially decreased mortality (odd ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06–0.53; P = 0.002), improved survival time (mean difference, 15.63; 95% CI, 2.27–28.99; P = 0.02), and remission (OR, 15.63; 95% CI, 2.27–28.99; P = 0.02), but unraveled no obvious impact on the incidence of adverse events (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 0.29–36.44; P = 0.34) or seizure (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 0.05–127.68; P = 0.64). Conclusions Chloroquine supplementation may be effective to improve the treatment efficacy for glioblastoma.


Several experiments were conducted to improve our understanding of the properties of aerosol particles generated by detonation of conventional explosive and explosives prepared from nanophase materials. Initial number concentrations (∼ 10 6 −10 7 cm −3 ) of particles produced by detonations of the nano-explosives were comparable to that produced by conventional explosive. In general, data taken by a time-of-flight aerodynamic sizer and a scanning differential mobility analyzer for the first sample indicate a multi-modal distribution that there were a peak between 0.7 and 0.9 μm, and one and/or two peaks smaller than 100 nm depending upon the explosive used. The material properties and formulation of the explosive appear to play a significant role in the enhanced particle growth and increased deposition velocity leading to a higher reduction rate of total particle concentrations. Furthermore, the high level of ultrafine particles and nanoparticles in addition to the enriched toxic metals, the biological properties (e.g., the cellular toxicity) of the detonation particles need to be investigated in the near future.


The volume absorption rate of the region containing it surrounds the hemodialysis access site directly (alpha) and the absorption rate of the tissue itself So that the total number of light emitter and light detector element is at least 3, and at least one light emitter element and at least one photodetector element is provided. Light emitters and light detector elements are arranged alternately on the same straight line, thereby making it possible to directly percutaneously measure vascular access blood flow.


The synthesis of trans-4-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butene (7) constituting a partial structure of zeatin has been extensively studied. The reaction of isoprene with tert-butylhypochlorite in acetic acid gave trans-4-acetoxy-1-chloro-2-methyl-2-butene (1) followed by hydrolysis with barium hydroxide to afford trans-1-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butene (2). Compound (2) reacted with benzyltrimethylammonium benzoate and benzyltrimethylammonium acetate to give the corresponding trans-1-benzoyloxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butene (3) and trans-1-acetoxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butene(3'), respectively. The bromination of (3) and (3') with phosphorus tribromide afforded trans-1-benzoyloxy-4-bromo-2-methyl-2-butene (4) and trans-1-acetoxy-4-bromo-2-methyl-2-butene (4') which were treated with potassium phthalimide to give the corresponding trans-1-benzoyloxy-2-methyl-4-phthalimido-2-butene (5) and trans-1-acetoxy-2-methyl-4-phthalimido-2-butene (5'), respectively. The hydrolysis of (5) and (5') with barium hydroxide gave (7) in good yield.


Abstract Research was conducted to determine whether a new sanitizer, Timsen (N-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride-ADBAC) was effective for killing populations of bacteria that are of concern to the poultry industry. Populations of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes), spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, P. fragi, and Shewanella putrfaciens), aerobic bacteria, and coliform bacteria were exposed to various levels of ADBAC, then monitored to determine their survival rate. ADBAC was able to completely eliminate the pathogenic bacteria tested at concentrations of 150 ppm or less, which is much lower than the allowable use concentration of 400 ppm. ADBAC eliminated or reduced the growth of spoilage bacteria at a level of 200 ppm or less. ADBAC eliminated Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100 ppm. ADBAC significantly inhibited the growth of aerobic and coliform populations of bacteria. Therefore, Timsen (ADBAC) appears to be an effective means of eliminating pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, and the feral indicator E. coli.


How to create a safe,convenient e-business application environment,to ensure the business's security of the information,making Internet-based electronic trading methods are as secure as traditional transactions,This article analyzed the preventive measures of e-commerce from the internal level of technology to enhance preventive measures and management from the external environment to strengthen preventive measures starting with the faced problems with e-commerce development.


cia Bayer Richard and John Booth in turn illuminate the contradictory role civil society has played in Central America's ongoing democratic transition. They highlight civil society's "darker side" by showing how certain forms of communal activism apparently stymied the democratization process. Armony's concluding essay compares the region's democratic transition with similar processes in South America and Europe. His article provides a stimulating conceptual map for future comparative analysis.


This article is a self-contained account of some new results on some nonlinear Gronwall type inequalities which also include some logarithmic terms. These extend many known results including some results used by [4, 5] and are generalizations of the main result of [9]. An example of the type of inequality we study is (1) u(t)  c0 + Z t 0 2c1(s)u(s) + 2c2(s)u (s) + 2c3u (s) log(u(s)) ds, where ci, i = 1, 2, 3 are non-negative L 1 functions. We establish an explicit L1 bound for u in terms of the coe cients ci, i = 0, . . . , 3. An inequality such as (1) may also be written in terms of fractional powers, for example in the form (2) v(t)  c0 + Z t 0 c1(s)v (s) + c2(s)v(s) + c3v(s) log(v(s)) ds, but we prefer the version with integer powers for which we can give an elementary inductive proof. We also give some new results when the coe cients ci depend on the t variable too. In one case we generalize a result used in [7], in another we generalize a result of [3].


Electrides are electron-rich compounds with a range of potential applications as catalysts and reducing agents. A new computer-assisted design methodology has been developed which can efficiently identify potential inorganic electrides and has found 89 new candidates.


This project consists of an analysis of the two main methods used to calibrate acoustic transducers: the comparison method and the reciprocity method. The first one has the advantage that the procedure to take the measurements is simple. Its disadvantage is that it's needed that at least one of the two transducers required is previously calibrated. On the other hand, the reciprocity method, which requires three transducers, has the advantage that allows to make calibrations having no calibrated transducer. Usually, calibrations are performed in laboratories, where the transducers are located opposite each other when applying the comparison method, and placed in an equilateral triangle geometry when applying the reciprocity method. However, sometimes it's needed to calibrate transducers belonging to submarine acoustic sensor networks like ANTARES and KM3NeT, located deep under the sea, and it's not possible to place them in the traditional symmetric geometries. Besides not requiring previously calibrated transducer, the reciprocity method also allows to work with asymmetric geometries, and that makes this method the most interesting one to calibrate transducers in situ on sensor networks.


Topology discovery in sensor network is useful in any practical deployment of the network. Topology information helps the administrators monitor, debug and perform proactive control and management obtaining topology for dense wireless sensor network is expensive due to limited bandwidth and contention for the wireless channel. In this paper, we consider the problem of efficiently obtaining network topology where the locations and associated node identifiers are known by the central controller (sink). Although the locations of the nodes are known, the connectivity between any two nodes cannot be determined by distance information alone due to irregular radio coverage and obstacles. We propose a location-aided topology discovery algorithm (LAD) that requires O(log(|M|)) data units per node in common cases, and O(|M|) data units per node in the worst case, where M is the set of directly communicable neighbors of a particular node. Simulation results show that the overhead reduction ranges from 70% to over 95%.


Orbital complications of sinus disease continue to appear in clinical practice. A clear appraisal of the situation requires identification of the offending sinus area, the pathogenic bacterial agent, and the appropriate choice of drug therapy.


The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) in partnership with the South African Institute of Environmental Health met with institutions of higher learning on the 5th of October 2016 to formalise and implement SALGA conference resolutions which impact on academic institutions. The aim of the meeting was to further involve universities to assist with other work which is affecting the profession and subsequent service delivery agendas.
The Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) were allocated the task to conduct a MHS systems analysis to identify failures and successes impacting on the implementation of MHS in SA.


Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI or TAVR) is a newly introduced medical procedure enabled by a new device. Although its introduction does not represent that of all medical devices, it does illustrate a situation in which a device provides a new alternative to standard care in a specific group of patients. Unlike drugs, the medical device category is highly heterogeneous and includes both diagnostic and treatment (accessories, implantable, enablers) and capital equipment. The TAVI- case was discussed as one of the examples in the Policy Forum Meeting and the authors were acting as facilitators that summed up both the case as presented and the discussion between the members that followed. We wish to give a special thanks to the participants of the group work for their input to the discussion.


A series of polysiloxane-based negative resists will be described which are applicable to both electron-beam and ion-beam lithography. Compositional changes have been made to vary the sensitivity, to 20 keV electrons from 40 to 180 yC/cm . A sensitivity of Q.4 yC/cm (2.5 x 10 ions/cm ) has been obtained with 150 keV silicon ions for the 40 jjiC/cm E-beam resist. The resists have high glass transition temperatures and are effective top layers of a bilevel resist system. A thin polysiloxane layer (400A to 1000A) makes an effective mask layer over 1 to 2 jam AZ type leveling layer. After the polysiloxane pattern was developed, the images were transferred to the AZ layer by reactive ion etching with oxygen. By properly adjusting the etching parameters, extremely high anisotropy and excellent selectivity (25:1 ratio between bottom and top layers) were achieved. Using this polysiloxane-topped bilevel system, good quality images have been prepared using both electron-beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion-beam lithography (FIBL). With a 600 - 700A thick polysiloxane layer over 1 jam of AZ1370 we have produced a 600o8 wide gap with parallel side walls in a 2 ym pitch image by EBL. The same process has also demonstrated high quality images over 5000° steps. For FIBL a resist system consisting of 400A of polysiloxane over 1 ym AZ1370 was used with a focused 50 keV gallium2ion bearru Resist lines 0.12 ym wide and 1 ym high were produced with an exposure of 8 x 10 ions/cm .


Idioms are the core and essence of a language.Because of their characteristics of being short humorous and full of philosophic meaning,idioms are widely used in daily communications,newspapers,magazines and mass media.Idioms in both English and Chinese are very rich-full and they are essentially national in character,that is to say,their components are mostly native elements.English and Chinese idioms possess their own national culture.As different nations possess different cultures,it may difficult to do a good translation.However,if one has enough background knowledge of the idioms,it may help one to do a good translation.


Abstract A 19-year-old male golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) presented for an abnormal heart rhythm on auscultation. An electrocardiogram was performed on the patient and demonstrated frequent supraventricular premature complexes. While an echocardiogram on the same patient revealed marked systolic dysfunction of the severely enlarged left ventricle as well as severely enlarged left atrium. No clinical evidence of left-sided congestive heart failure was noted. Treatment with isoxsuprine and atenolol was initiated. After 2 weeks, no significant changes were appreciable on repeat examination. The medical therapy was modified to isoxsuprine, sotalol, and pimobendan. Following 4 weeks of the new treatment plan, chamber sizes of the left ventricle and atrium were reduced, and the cardiac rhythm had converted to a normal rhythm. A computed tomography angiography (CTA) was conducted and identified substantial narrowing of the internal diameter of the right brachiocephalic artery. Fifteen months after initial diagnosis, the patient continues to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, normal cardiac size, and appropriate systolic function of the left ventricle despite no changes observed in the right brachiocephalic arterial diameter on repeat CTA. This case report demonstrates the therapeutic potential of sotalol at 1 mg/kg PO BID for the treatment of supraventricular premature complexes and a diagnostic utility of CTA for the case of suspected atherosclerosis.


In order to measure the material properties in the conditions of metal cutting, wire drawing and missile penetration, a biaxial shear experiment has been performed at very large strains C4) and at very high strain rate (0.4xl0 s) using a special specimen having a thin (0.25 mm) ring-shaped gauge part. The loading device is a tension-torsion Hopkinson bar apparatus which can be used also at low and medium strain rate. A special electroptical technique has been developed for the direct measurement on the specimen of the axial and angular displacements and of the shear stresses. Equivalent stress strain curves from shear tests of AISI 316 have been compared with tension curves.


Abstract BOTANICAL DATA FROM EXCAVATIONS are one of several sources of evidence that can be brought to bear on studies of medieval agriculture, food, diet, trade and environment. Reliable reconstructions of these aspects of medieval life are dependent on the quality of the datasets currently available for study. Here these are assessed and lacunae highlighted. The focus lies on sites where macro-remains of food and agricultural products have been found (eg seeds, grains, chaff and fruit stones). The research has raised several areas of concern, some of which relate to changes in the funding of archaeological projects since 1990 (the rise of development-led archaeology). Research priorities are formulated and suggestions for good practice recommended.


The study shows the expediency of post mortem (PM) cardiac blood samples in forensic DNA profiling. Sufficient quantities of DNA were extracted from the PM cardiac blood samples taken from the dead bodies at various time intervals. PM blood samples were easy to obtain and with lesser incubation periods, were analyzed in a short span of time. Samples were taken from the accidental cases and burn cases, which included electric and thermal burns. Total of 35 cases were studied which included accidental cases at various time intervals and burn cases, in all the cases the samples showed positive amplification, which further lead to the successful genotyping. Complete and balanced DNA profiles were generated with the commercially available kits, AmpFlSTR Identifiler Plus, PowerPlex 16HS, PowerPlex Y 23 and Investigator Argus X-12 multiplex kit, which are being commonly used in forensic DNA typing.


Introduction. The title refers to analytic functions s(x) which behave like nonconstant logarithmic monomials M(x) = cxmo(log x)ml ... (log, x)mr (where c is a complex number 0, the mi are real, and logN is the N-fold iterate of the principal determination of log) in the sense that s(x)/M(x)-*1 as x-* oo in the complex plane. DEFINITION. An analytic function E is said to -3O rapidly enough for M if E- O and (M/M')E'- O as x- oo. Theorem 2 states that if s = M(1 +E) where E-*O rapidly enough for M, then s is 1-1 in some neighborhood of infinity. The neighborhood bases for oo with which we shall be concerned are families F(a, ,B) whose elements are sector-like regions V(ax, ,B, t) defined as follows: Let -r?a< <3 r. Let t(3) be a real-valued function defined and bounded below on some subinterval (0, y) of (0, (j3-a)/2). Let T(ax+S, B-3, t(S)ei) be the sector {z:ax+3


The DACIA-PLAN (Danube and Carpathian Integrated Action on Processes in the Lithosphere and Neotectonics) deep seismic reflection survey was performed in August–September 2001, with the objective of obtaining new information on the deep structure of the external Carpathians nappe system and the architecture of the Tertiary/Quaternary basins developed within and adjacent to the Vrancea zone, including the rapidly subsiding Focsani Basin. The DACIA-PLAN profile is about 140 km long,


Present invention discloses a control computer logging equipment and method. Said equipment includes server side, client-side and hardware unit, wherein server side including data storage device, centralized management device and network communication device, client-side including network communication device, authentication device and logging device. Said method includes first the administrator registering hardware unit in server side, user inserting hardware unit client-side computer interface and inputting password in logging, client-side computer obtaining hardware unit information and requesting to server for obtaining said hardware unit registry information, according to server information judging whether user being legal, allowing authorized subscriber logging and preventing illegally user logging. Present invention raises system safety and reduces administrator workload due to hardware unit registry and management completed by server.


The kinetic studies of the reactions of -chloroacetanilides (5)) with pyridines have been carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide at 95 . The pyridinolysis rates are faster with 4 than with 5 whereas the aminolysis rates with benzylamines are faster with 5 than with 4. The Bronsted values are in the range from 0.30 to 0.32 and the cross-interaction constants, , are small negative values; = -0.06 and -0.10 for 4 and 5, respectively. Based on these and other results, the pyridinolyses of -chloroacetanilides are proposed to proceed via a stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group to form zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate () followed by a bridged type transition state to expel the leaving group.


During the Qing dynasty, Liulichang became a prominent bookselling and publishing district in the imperial capital. Yet, most historical and scholarly writing on Liulichang has addressed only the antiquarian and rare book trade, and has neglected the prominence of commercial publishing of informational texts in Beijing. Commercial bookseller-printers formed a significant presence in Liulichang, and their research, publishing, and marketing practices were attuned to the changing dynamics of life in the capital. For clerks, merchants, and aspirant officials, Liulichang publishers offered books such as guidebooks, official directories, examination results, forensic handbooks, and administrative anthologies. Based on an examination of hundreds of books published in Liulichang and focusing on official directories (  jinshen lu ) and guidebooks, this paper demonstrates how publishers managed connections with the state, cultivated sources, recycled texts, and crafted printing practices. It argues that publishing practices in Liulichang became more standardized during the dynasty, both in reaction to the state's loosening of controls on publishing and to the growth in the market for informational texts.


It is well known that solar radiation accelerates skin photoaging. To evaluate subclinical photodamage in the skin especially from the early phase of ultraviolet (UV)‐induced damage, we have focused on ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also called biophotons. Our previous study reported that the amount of long‐lasting UPE induced by UV, predominantly from lipid peroxidation, is a valuable indicator to assess cutaneous photodamage even at a suberythemal dose, although it was only applied to evaluate acute UV damage. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether long‐lasting UPE could also be a useful marker to assess subclinical chronic sun damage in the course of skin photoaging.


Glia maturation factor β (GMF‐β) is a 17‐kDa acidic protein isolated from the brain. When added to cultured cells, GMF‐β promotes the phenotypic expression of glia and neurons and inhibits the proliferation of their respective tumors. Although astrocytes produce GMF‐β and store it inside the cells, they do not secrete the protein into the cultured medium. This poses a question as to how GMF‐β mediates intercellular communication. This paper provides an answer by demonstrating the presence of GMF‐β on the surface of astrocytes, using gold‐labeled antibody enhanced with silver. It appears that cell‐surface GMF‐β acts on the target cells at close range when cells are in direct contact. In contrast to astrocytes, we failed to detect GMF‐β on the surface of C6 glioma cells, although these cells, like astrocytes, possess endogenous intracellular GMF‐β and are also responsive to GMF‐β added to the medium. The lack of cell‐surface expression of GMF‐β in C6 cells may reflect a breakdown in intercellular communication in these malignant cells.—Lim, R.; Liu, Y.; Zaheer, A. Cell‐surface expression of glia maturation factor β in astrocytes. FASEB J. 4: 3360–3363; 1990.


The aim of this article is to clear the principle of marking form and the correlation between marking form and contents of works in《Ak-Hak-Gye-Bu m》&《Ak-Jang-Ga-Sa》. The result is as follows : First, according to the inscription medium from Chinese character to Korean alphabet, the position of the locutionary object is lower, namely gods, kings and general people ; Second, the focus changed from locutionary object to speaker and the two beings are united in the end. Third, poetic speakers' feelings and locutionary objects are several in the Korean alphabet poetry using both two kinds of letters. It shows the transfiguration of language from Chinese character to Korean alphabet in Joseon Dynasty.


In this paper we highlight the experience of a mathematics teacher educator (MTE) and their preservice teachers (PTs) in a middle school mathematics methods course during the 2020 shift to online instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe it is valuable to report how the MTE reflected on their instructional decision-making in response to this massive transition to remote instruction. We also report that PTs needed support and guidance to employ new teaching practices they had learned in the methods course instead of reverting to familiar teaching methods.


ABSTRACT These two cross-sectional studies examined whether trauma impacts disaster survivors' psychological well-being through its influence on positive and negative religious coping and on dispositional forgivingness and hope. Colombia was selected because it is a highly religious country that has endured a protracted armed conflict (1964-present) and recent, devastating natural disaster (2017 Mocoa landslide). Study 1 focused on 272 conflict survivors in Monteria; Study 2 focused on 1,651 landslide survivors. All participants completed Spanish versions of the PTSD CheckList-5, Kessler-10, Brief RCOPE, Trait Forgivingness Scale, Herth Hope Index, and Positive Psychotherapy Inventory. In Study 1, survivors' trauma contributed to greater negative religious coping, then to lower dispositional forgivingness and hope, and ultimately to lower well-being. Study 2 results replicated this finding and also revealed evidence that survivors' trauma contributed to higher positive religious coping, then greater dispositional forgivingness and hope, and ultimately better well-being. Implications for disaster research and practice are discussed.


This paper investigates the stochastic stability and stabilization for a class of singular stochastic systems of Itô‐type with Markovian switching, the transition rates (TRs) in the jumping processes are uncertain. The aims are to establish sufficient conditions to ensure the considered system to be stochastically stable in the mean square sense, which is supported by a detailed proof of existence and uniqueness of the system solution, and to propose a controller such that the system can be stabilizable. The controller is first proposed and has advantage over traditional ones, the controller gain matrices are obtained by solving a strict linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the validity of the obtained methodology.


Abstract : The wake-survey method of measuring viscous drag is analyzed for flows with surface waves and the result is obtained that the separation of wave and viscous drag is possible and that the method of separation is, without consideration of practical aspects, identical for submerged and surface flows.


Although positive and negative assessments of tying health insurance to employment abound, most scholars and policymakers have acknowledged that our long history in this area predicts our future. What they have largely ignored, however, is the extent to which individual attachment to employment-based insurance is at the root of our inability to make broader health reforms. The attachment (1) harms exchange-based insurance and (2) denies employers the ability to use Health Reimbursement Arrangements ("HRAs") to subsidize the purchase of insurance by their employees on the exchanges. This Article advocates reducing or eliminating workers' overvaluation of their health insurance and increasing their exposure to health insurance offered outside of employment. First, the Article details how our attachment to employer-sponsored health insurance developed and why the attachment persists. I explain that law and behavioral science scholars have missed an opportunity to apply their theories to prevent the overvaluation of employee benefits. Next, I discuss how the attachment to ESI has raised fears that the ACA will result in employers "dumping" employees on the exchanges and how this is motivating the administration to take further steps to preserve the current system while implementing health reform. Finally, the Article provides background on the growth of defined contribution plans in health financing backed by the notion of increasing consumer choice and how recent IRS guidance halts innovation in this area. I argue that employers should be allowed to use HRAs to subsidize employees' purchase of health insurance on the exchanges because it would reduce the attachment to employer-sponsored insurance and create larger, more diverse exchanges.


In this paper the author presents some aspects of a more comprehensive analysis on the macroeconomic effects it generates new regulations on energy efficiency in the European Union. Are presented for this purpose EU targets 20% of primary energy consumption by 2020 and those relating to improving energy efficiency in the perspective of 2030. The analysis consists in determining and assessing costs, benefits and energy efficiency is completed by develop conclusions and recommendations in order to help build a power system efficient, safe, competitive, reducing dependence on energy imports and create new opportunities for growth.


Aim To explore the surgical methods of the sublingual gland cyst and the causes and prevention of its postoperative complication.Methods 38 cases of sublingual gland cyst were analyzed retrospectively.Results 37 cases were cured but 1 case relapsed postoperatively.1 case complicated by submandibular gland inflammation and 2 cases were complicated by submandibular gland duct rupture.Conclusion Removing sublingual gland completely is the juncture of surgical treatment to sublingual gland cyst.The surgical treatment of the sublingual gland cyst may complic submandibular gland inflammation.


: In order to evaluate the digestive ability of different protein ingredients for juvenile 284 kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) , the test diets were consisted of 70% basal diet and 30% test 285 ingredients, including fish meal, chick meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, corn gluten meal 286 and canola meal, and using 0.4% titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) as an indicator to determine the 287 apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy and amino acid s . The 288 juvenile kaluga with an average body weight of (66.79±2.18) g were randomly divided into 7 289 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The test fish fed the basal diet for 2 290 weeks, then fed the test diets for 1 weeks, and the fecal samples were collected for 10 days with a 291 fine mesh net. The results showed that the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, 292 crude lipid, gross energy and total amino acid s in fish meal, chick meal, meat and bone meal, 293 feather meal, canola meal and corn gluten meal were 54.79 % to 88.07%, 73.62% to 89.47%, 294 99.8% to 100.74%, 66.62% to 103.18% and 51.27% to 98.62%, respectively. Among the six 295 protein ingredient s , the apparent digestibility of crude lipid was ≥ 99%, the highe r apparent 296 digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy w as observed in fish meal and chick 297 meal, followed by corn gluten meal and canola meal, and feather meal and meat and bone meal 298 presented the worse. The crude protein apparent digestibility of fish meal was the highest, at 299 89.47%, which was significant higher than other protein ingredients ( P < 0.05 ) . The chicken 300 meal was followed by 81.14%, and there was no significant difference compared with meat and 301 bone meal, canola meal and corn gluten meal ( P > 0.05 ) ; the crude protein apparent 302 digestibility of feather meal was the lowest, at 73.62


Microchannel model, water-cool laser diode, ANSYS software in design of microchannel condenser. Number of microchannel in unit area is inversely proportional to total area of channel walls, and abnormity channel was converted into rectangular channel, if calculated result is as big as scheduled count, must correct it till its power for heat of emission is veracious.


RHD gen of the fetus was examined by a non-invasive method in pregnant woman with a high titre of anti-D antibody, developed during previous pregnancy, which resulted in haemolytic disease of the newborn. For RHD gene evaluation, the DNA from maternal plasma was examined, by the use of real-time PCR. RHD gene was not detected. Additional detection of gen GSTM1 in maternal plasma,which was present in the father but absent in the mother, assured us that we examined the fetal, not maternal RHD gene. Thus, the cordocentesis was not performed. The mother delivered healthy RhD negative daughter.


1Neurosurgeon, Associate Professor of Neurology at Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil 2Graduation Students of Medicine at Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil 3Neurosurgeon at Unimed Hospital, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. ABSTRACT Introduction: Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, and it is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans. This genetic condition is characterized by multiple skeletal abnormalities, including atlantoaxial instability that occurs in 9-31% of patients presenting clinical consequences in 1-3% of them. This study aims to report a case of atlantoaxial instability with clinical repercussions of quadriparesia. Case Report: A case of a 10-year-old boy, with Down syndrome, who could not get up for three months is reported. Clinical examination revealed quadriparesis. The lateral radiograph of the cervical spine showed a atlanto-odontoid distance of 6mm, confirming atlantoaxial instability.


Chewing gum has been used for centuries to clean the mouth or refresh the breath. Chewing gum was patented for first time on filed in 1869 and the first medicated chewing gum was commercially made available 1928. In 1991 The European Pharmacopoeia defines medicated chewing gum as ''solid, single-dose preparations with a base consisting mainly of gum that are intended to be chewed but not swallowed''. Chewing gum is an excellent drug delivery system for self-medication as it is convenient and can be administered discretely without water or any other liquid. Basics of the gum formulation, quality control tests, regulatory and safety issues have been addressed to ensure desired therapeutic effects. The release of a drug from chewing gum is dependent upon its water solubility. Water soluble substances are released rapidly and completely from chewing gum and methods are available which retard their release from chewing gum to provide an extended release profile. Slightly watersoluble drugs are released slowly and incompletely from chewing gum and require special formulation techniques to produce a satisfactory release profile.