Transgenic mice that overexpress metal-lothionein-I (MT-I) accumulate more MT-I and zinc in major organs than do control mice. The effects of overexpression of MT-I on resistance to dietary zinc defi ciency were examined by feeding transgenic and con trol mice a zinc-deficient (0.5-1.5 ng/g) or a zinc-adequate (50 /tg/g) diet and by measuring effects on pregnancy. When pregnant mice were maintained un der conditions of dietary zinc deficiency, the number of résorptionsand teratogenic defects of fetuses was greatly reduced in transgenic compared with control mice. Differences between transgenic and controls were not apparent at d 8 of pregnancy (d 1 = vaginal plug) but were apparent by d 14. This result suggests that the larger maternal zinc pool in the transgenic females allows fetal development to progress normally for a longer period of time. However, neither transgenic nor control zinc-deficient mice could complete preg nancy. Pancreatic MT concentrations were the great est in zinc-adequate transgenic mice. Moreover, there was > 10-fold more MT per gram wet weight in the pancreas of transgenic mice than in any other organ examined. Pancreatic MT concentrations were an ex ceptionally sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency. Pan creatic MT declined 99.8% and zinc declined to basal levels by d 14 of pregnancy when transgenic and con trol mice were fed a zinc-deficient diet, whereas MT concentrations in other organs decreased only mod estly. We suggest that the larger pool of zinc MT in the transgenic mice provides a biologically important labile pool of zinc during periods of zinc deficiency. Nutr. 1996.


Adsorption kinetics of chromium (Cr) ion on char from banana stem has been studied. The char used in this research as obtained by pyrolisys at 4000C for 0,5 hours. The parameters studied included the surface area, which was determined by spectrophotometer UV-VIS using methylen blue method, equilibrium time, the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption capacity, the influence of pH on adsorption capacity, and the adsorption kinetics. The result showed that the surface area was 3,4559 m2/g. The adsorption capacity of banana stem (Musa paradisiaca) char on Cr6+ metal was 0,8019 mg/g, obtained at 40 minutes equilibrium time with initial concentration of Cr6+ metal (adsorption isotherm) of 75 ppm. At pH 4,00, it was obtained that the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent on Cr6+ metal was 0,9088 mg/g. The adsorption followed a second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0,0008 minute-1ppm-1


The invention provides an automatic page-turning scanning device and a method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: arranging a book to be scanned on the two table tops of a book shelving device, controlling the book shelving device to horizontally move to an appropriate position below a glass plate, lifting the two table tops to jack up the book to cling to the glass plate so as to finish scanning, drawing back the two table tops to enable the book shelving device to horizontally move back to an appropriate position to jack up the book so as to cling to a baffle and the page-turning pulley of the glass plate, moving the vacuum chuck device of a page-turning device downwards in the vertical direction to the page of the book to be sucked, sucking up, sucking up and pulling back a single page, moving the two table tops towards the glass plate simultaneously to release the single page which is drawn up, drawing down the two table tops when the page falls on the page-turning pulley at the left end of the glass plate, continuing to move the book shelving device to finish page turning, and then scanning a new page. The automatic page-turning scanning can be realized by repeating the actions of horizontal moving and page sucking. The device has the advantages of no damage to the page, low cost, simple manufacturing, convenient operation, labor and material saving, safetyand reliability.


Objective To probe the effects of health education during the conduct of the examination of magnetic resonance(MR).Methods A total of 240 patients receiving MR examinations in the out patient department for special procurement adverse were given the health,education and investigated about adverse psychological reactions.Results Only one patient's examination was interrupted because of claustrophobia a rest and detailed interpretation him Other patients successfully cooperated with the MR examination.Conclusion This paper attaching importance to psychological status providing health education before examination and keeping a suitable interaction with patients are the bases and key points of a successful examination.


This paper provides an assessment of the consistency of unemployment and output forecasts. We show that, consistent with Okun's Law, forecasts of real GDP growth and the change in unemployment are negatively correlated. The Okun coefficient—the responsiveness of unemployment to growth—from forecasts is fairly similar to that in the data for various countries. Furthermore, revisions to unemployment forecasts are negatively correlated with revisions to real GDP forecasts. These results are based on forecasts taken from Consensus Economics for nine advanced countries since 1989.


The richness and frequency of Italian and English proverbs containing terms as head - testa, capo, eye - occhio, forehead - fronte , nose - naso, mouth - bocca, hand - mano, arm - braccio leg/foot piede, etc. all referring to different parts of the body, are well known. The aim of the present paper is to make a detailed contrastive analysis of the proverbs containing these terms as a dominant term in the two languages, based on their semantic classification. Moreover, the second part of the paper makes some useful suggestions for teaching and learning such proverbs.


Hu Sheng's appraisals of Hu Shi in his whole life showed stage features.In this article the author divides these appraisals into three periods,and tries to analyze their periodic stage features.The appraisals showed the process of sure-negation-negation of negation,from the early understanding and treating each other as friends to a complete break and from negative criticism to self-denial and historical re-evaluation.In these periodic appraisals,there were not only Hu Sheng's unique insights and interpretation of the current situation,but also the print of the times.These appraisals which gradually become objective,comprehensive and scientific can help to clarify some historical truth and have referential significance for the future practice,although the Chinese communists went through the hard journey during this process.


In the operation of robots in regular human lives, the capability of object handling is of fundamental importance. Robotic manipulation has gone from handling single rigid body objects with firm grasping to handling soft objects and dealing with slip and contact. Meanwhile, technologies such as robot learning from demonstration has enabled intuitive human-to-robot teaching. This paper discusses a new level of robotic learning-based manipulation. Instead of the single form of learning from demonstration, we propose a polymorphic learning scheme that integrates additional types of robot skill acquiring, including adaptive definition and evaluation. In addition, compared to the current studies of handling pure rigid or soft objects in a pseudo-static manner, our work aims to allow robots to learn to manipulate objects that are partly soft partly rigid, require time-critical dynamic skills and subtle contact control, such as handling tethered tools and even using martial arts instruments. This type of tasks, once successfully robotized, open a variety of new possibilities in robot-human coexistence.


The work aims to solve the problem of predicting magnetic properties on the example of Sm-Co alloy using artificial intelligence. In particular, the authors solved the Sm-Co alloys maximum energy product prediction task using the feature bagging technique. To implement this approach, we have chosen the Random Forest algorithm, which efficiently processes short data sets by reducing variance and, as a result, reducing the impact/avoidance of overfitting. Experimental modelling was based on a short set of data (190 observations) collected by the authors with many independent attributes. As a result, it has been experimentally established that the studied machine learning method provides a high value of the coefficient of determination - 0.78 when solving Sm-Co alloy's maximum energy product prediction task. Furthermore, by comparing with other ensemble methods from different classes, the highest accuracy of the researched process is established based on various performance indicators.


Government of India has formed National Green Tribunal (NGT) during the year 2010. NGT is a 'quasi-judicial' body exclusively deals with the environment related civil litigations. Before NGT has evolved, there were two previous efforts to establish green courts in India. These were National Environment Tribunal Act, of 1995 (NETA) and National Environment Appellate Authority Act, of 1997 (NEAA). However, the most effective environment court in the form of NGT has come into reality in 2010. After its establishment, NGT has settled many environmental issues and has got overwhelm response from different corners. This study conducted an empirical analysis of NGT judgments since its inception in October 2010 to December 2013. It analyzes the impact of NGT, the locations of conflicts. Special emphasis is given to the Coastal Zone management related conflicts settled in NGT. Although there many limitations in NGT act and its procedures, it can be viewed as a positive step towards the environmental justice in India.


The Lactobacillus in the sausages inoculated Lactobacillus plantarum is absolutely pre-ponderant during its ripening process, and the pH and TVB-N of sausages inoculated Lactobacil-lus plantarum are obviously lower than those of non-inoculated sausages. No obvious difference in the quantities of Lactobacillus counts, bacteria counts, pH or TVB-N has been observed between the sausages with papain and without papain. However, obvious difference of the A_w has been observed since the 5th day in the sausages with papain in contrast to those without papain.


The Floridian Plateau is that projection of North America which separates the deep water of the Atlantic Ocean from the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico (Vaughan, 1910). According to Cooke (1945) the Plateau includes both the State of Florida and an equally great or greater area that lies submerged in water less than 50 fathoms deep. Gunter (1929) called this submerged portion the Florida Shelf. The shelf width in the vicinity of Pinellas County is approximately 105 miles. The offshore slope is gradual in certain areas and at a distance of 40 miles offshore in the Gulf of Mexico the bottom may be under approximately 100 feet of water. The present report contains a discussion of the benthic algal flora collected 9 20 miles offshore at depths from 35 60 feet. It is not known if attached algae occur to the offshore edge of the shelf, however, the fact that they are found so far offshore is significant. It is probable that algal growth will be found at distances further offshore and in water deeper than investigated at the present. Several papers contain information on the marine algae of the Gulf coast of Florida. These are: Taylor (1928, 1936, 1954, 1954a), Nielsen and Madsen (1949, 1949a), Madsen and Nielsen (1950), Humm (1953), and Earle (1956). Humm (1956) listed algal records from inshore and offshore waters in an unpublished general checklist of the St. Georges Sound-Apalachee Bay region in northwest Florida. Excepting Humm (1956) and Taylor (1928), all the other papers cited here concern work confined to bay and close-shore waters.


In order to increase the efficiency of advanced coal-fired power systems, higher working, fluid temperatures must be reached. To protect some system surfaces, they are covered with corrosion-resistant refractories. Corrosion is the degradation of material surfaces or grain boundaries by chemical reactions with melts, liquids, or gases, causing loss of material and, consequently, a decrease in strength of the structure. In order to develop methods of reducing corrosion, the microstructure that is attacked must be identified along with the mechanism and rates of the attack. Once identified, methods for reducing corrosion rates can be developed. In order to determine the reactivity of a refractory to a slag, several tests have been developed. The most common are the cup slag test, drip slag test American Society for Testing and Materials ([ASTM] C768), gradient slag test, rotary slag test (ASTM C874)and the dip-and- spin test. Among these tests, the cup slag test is the only static test method and the most commonly used. Previous static testing at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has shown that alumina-based castable refractories are among the least expensive and most corrosion-resistant materials for the highest-temperature coal-fired power system applications.


The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a herbal formulation for oral administration of the novel, cyclosporine in detail. The compositions of the present invention includes mixtures and hydrophilic surfactant in the cyclosporin, 1,2-propylene glycol, monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. In addition, the present invention provides a purified glycerol as a mixture of monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides suitable for the novel formulation - provides the transesterification of corn oil. Dosage form of the composition according to the present invention are specifically includes an oral dosage form.


Objective To investigate the value of the expression of FⅧ RAg and CD34 and the measurement of microvascular density(MVD) in prostatic carcinoma(PC).Methods 30 cases of PC and 30 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) were studied for FⅧ RAg and CD34 expression by immunohistochemistry(S P),MVD was measured as well.Results The value of MVD with CD34 high expression was higher than that of with FⅧ RAg high expression.There were significant differences in CD34 and FⅧ RAg determined MVD value between PC and BPH,different clinical stages,differentiation degrees and prognosis of PC( P 0.01 ).Conclusion MVD is closely related to the differentiation,clinical stage and prognosis of PC.The measurvements of MVD combined with CD34 and FⅧ RAg expression in PC can improve its accuracy.


Tool eccentricity has a significant impact on machining quality, accuracy, and operation status of machine tool. It is difficult to accurately identify tool eccentricity. In this paper, the mathematical models of instantaneous undeformed cutting thickness and cutting force considering tool eccentricity are determined by theoretical method. Based on the model, the identification method for eccentricity parameters is proposed, and the eccentricity parameters of disc milling cutter is identified. According to the identified parameters, the cutting force is verified. The results show that most of the values of measured cutting forces are greater than the predicted ones considering tool eccentricity. In the future, it is necessary to establish a new cutting force model considering both tool eccentricity and tool wear.


Methods of inoculum delivery and timing of test-row planting were assessed for efficacy in promoting development of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in susceptible maize, and for cost of implementation in terms of personnel and labour. Direct inoculation of pre-germinated seed of spreader rows resulted in consistent and high incidence of downy mildew infected plants and required substantially less labour and inoculum than the spray inoculation of spreader rows. The optimum time to plant test rows was around 15 days after inoculation of spreader rows. Eight breeding lines were screened for resistance to downy mildew using the revised inoculation method. After one cycle of screening with the new method, resistance levels improved by a range of 0–44% over the previous cycle.


A gas turbine engine comprising a housing and an exhaust passage, an exhaust passage defined in the housing to guide the exhaust gas stream from the turbine section of the gas turbine engine. Associated with the outer surface of the housing cooling channel, the cooling channel having a channel inlet and a channel outlet. Provided pipe structure comprising an inlet end and an outlet end, the inlet end in fluid communication with the outlet passage, an outlet end in communication with the fluid relative to the pressure reduction region of the inlet end of the pipe structure. Outlet end of the outlet pipe structure located in the cavity, wherein the outlet end of the outlet cavity to achieve a reduction of the pressure to the cooling passage from the air suction intake pipe.


This project aims at highlighting the importance of household public goods - i.e. joint expenditure that affect the utility of all household members – as a mechanism of insurance between household members. We show theoretically that those goods automatically provide a consumption smoothing mechanism in the household even when members behave in a very non-cooperative way. Furthermore, we characterize equilibrium allocations in presence of asymmetries of information and income shocks. We use the US PSID panel dataset to test the extent to which this mechanism is relevant. We use exogenous variation in divorce legislation across states to identify the level of resource sharing within households. We then use economic shocks at the time of marriage to predict the number of children, which are considered as one of the main household public goods.  Exploiting these two levels of variation, we investigate whether divorced spouses with a higher number of children display a higher correlation of individual consumption levels than couples with fewer children.


An organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell and preparation process, a hybrid solar cell belongs to technical field. The overall hierarchy of order of the transparent conductive substrate, a seed layer of zinc oxide, a zinc oxide-dimensional material, the mixed layer and the organic semiconductor, organic semiconductor layer and a metal thin film; prepared according to the solar cell structure layer by layer, using a mask when the metal thin film tape process, the resultant photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell of the present invention is greatly improved.


This article first took the famous network bookstore –DANGDANG internet bookstore as a document,utilized the SWOT matrix to analyze its environment,under its enterprise management director and operation model. In this foundation,this article finally discussed the success strategies of the internet bookstore.The success strategies included: advancing uses' loyalty, netting alliance,ensuring safe trade,fasting delivery,optimizing database and improving service quality.


In-situ stress measurement was carried out near the eastern segment of Wanyaogou Fault,western segment of Yamalike Fault,and middle-eastern segment of Xishan Fault in the urban area of Urumqi.The characteristics of tectonic stress magnitude,direction and distribution were obtained.The borehole HFZK3 is located on the south side of the eastern segment of Wanyaogou Fault,the depth is 62.13m;The borehole HFZK5 is located on the south side of the western segment of Yamalike Fault,and the depth is 30m;The boreholes HFZK9 and HFZK12 are located on the middle and eastern segment of Xishan Fault,and the depth are 34m and 54.5m,separately.According to stress measurement data,the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress is NE-NEE,different with the direction of regional tectonic stress of SN-NNE.This indicates that,effected by fault activity,the stress state near fault is obvious different with the regional tectonic stress field.The activity of fault zone is discussed using stress measurement data.The horizontal stress increases with depth,and its relation with vertical stress is σHσhσV.Such stress state is propitious to reverse faulting.The result is consistent with geological study.According to Coulomb friction criteria and taking m=0.6~1.0,the stress state near fault reaches or exceeds the critical value of generating frictional sliding along reverse fault,indicating that the current tectonic activity is reverse faulting.


This research is meant to test the influence of external and internal factors to the stock return. The internal factor is proxy by Return on Assets (ROA), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Earnings per Share (EPS), Operating Cash Flow (OCF) whereas the external factor is proxy by inflation and interest rate through the annual financial statement which has been prepared by property and real estate companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange and the monthly report of Bank Indonesia.The samples are property and real estate companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange by using purposive sampling method. The observation period is in 2011- 2015 periods. The analysis method has been carried out by using multiple linear regressions analysis. The result of the research shows that: (a) the ROA does not give any influence to the stock return, (b) the DER does give any influence to the stock return, (c) the EPS give positive influence to the stock return, it means when earnings per share is getting high, (d) the OCF does not give any influence to the stock return, (e) the inflation give positive influence to the stock return, (f) the interest rate give negative influence to the stock return. Keywords: Financial ratio, operating cash flow, inflation, interest rate, stock return


Despite the advantages that ocean surface Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have over traditional ocean monitoring methods, ocean WSN research suffers from lack of an accurate model that describes the stability of wireless links among sensor nodes. In this paper, we are going to investigate ocean surface waves' effects on the Line-of-Sight (LoS) link between sensors in a homogeneous WSN. Specifically, we will derive the blockage probability of LoS links between a transmitter and receiver pair due to wave movements, and analyze how environmental effects like wind speed affect it. Simulation results along with oceanographic measurements validate our analyses, making our model applicable in design and planning of WSN in the ocean environment.


A software architecture is proposed for hybrid packet/optical data centers employing programmable NETCONF-enabled optical switching matrix, and a performance evaluation is presented comparing hybrid and electrical-only architectures for elephant flows under different traffic patterns. Network throughput and jitter are evaluated on an emulation environment, and benefits for the hybrid scenario are demonstrated.


In this paper two calibration techniques for the error mapping of a 2D sensor – a cross grid encoder – are presented: a mathematical correction to assess the squareness errors and a self-calibration of the cross grid encoder itself. The calibration setup includes a metrology frame made of Zerodur®, a very low thermal expansion coefficient material in order to reduce thermal errors. Additionally, an analysis by means of a finite element analysis software has been carried out for an adequate design of the set up. Finally, uncertainty values for the 2D cross-grid encoder system are estimated.


A portrait of Justice Robert Martin Douglas. Image from the North Carolina Museum of History. [2]Robert Martin Douglas, associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court [3], was born near Douglas, Rockingham County [4], the son of Stephen A. Douglas [5] of Illinois, prominent U.S. senator and Democratic presidential candidate in 1860, and Martha D. Martin. His maternal grandfather, Robert Martin, had large plantations on the Dan River and on the Pearl River in Mississippi. When Robert Douglas was four years old his mother died, leaving him and his brother Stephen A. Douglas, Jr., in the care of their grandmother, Mary Martin. After their father's marriage to Adèle Cutts, the boys lived primarily in Washington, D.C. Following the death of his father in 1861, Robert was reared by his stepmother. He became a Roman Catholic [6] and was educated in private schools, Loyola College, and Georgetown University. From Georgetown he was awarded an A.B. in 1867, a master's degree in 1870, and an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1897.


Korean dramas that triggered Korean Wave have played a very important role in Japan; making Japanese people see Korea in a new light and motivating them to be interested in Korean culture. The study shows that Japanese people tend to experience or perceive Korean life-style through a medium of drama. This paper also reveals that Korean dramas have become the center of public interest regardless of age and class, and had a positive influence on the change of Koreans' image long established in Japan such as misconception and prejudice about Korea. This change started from middle-aged women and finally reached younger generation.


This study examines students' satisfaction with ability grouping in university TOEIC classes. The research questions were as follows: 1) What was the...


The inertia and damping of traditional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) are constant parameters, which leads to poor dynamic adjustment ability and poor power quality. A micro-grid inverter control strategy based on VSG's moment of inertia and damping coefficient adaptive adjustment is adopted to dynamically adjust the moment of inertia and damping coefficient according to the power fluctuations of the system. First, the basic structure of VSG is constructed, the working principle of VSG and the influence of various parameters on the system dynamic adjustment performance are analyzed, and then combined with the output characteristics of synchronous generator, the inertia and damping parameters adaptive adjustment control strategy is used. In order to ensure the stable operation of the load, this paper simulates the influence of the load on the frequency and current when it is connected to the system. Finally, Matlab/Simulink simulation is used to compare the dynamic adjustment characteristics of power and frequency and the adjustment characteristics of adaptive parameters of VSG control under constant parameters and adaptive parameters, as well as the effective reduction of frequency fluctuation value of0.03Hz during load access.


Magnetic properties of the high-latitude tail boundary are examined with IMP 8 magnetometer data. The high-latitude tail boundary separates the tail lobe from the magnetosheath. Magnetic fields are stable in the tail lobe, but very irregular in the magnetosheath. Boundary crossings are marked by the rotation of magnetic components parallel to the boundary plane. The magnetic component normal to the boundary, if any, is very small in comparison to this rotational change. Despite large magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosheath, the magnetosheath-side field orientation is consistent with the draping of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) against the magnetotail. The boundary current has a component parallel to the lobe field (tail-aligned current), as well as a circumferential component. The IMF orientation controls the sheath-side BY, while the lobe-side field has a more rigid configuration flaring antisunward. Accordingly, the polarity of the tail-aligned current is primarily determined by the sign of IMF BY; in other words, the tail-aligned current shields the magnetotail against the IMF Y component. The current polarity is antisunward for positive IMF BY and sunward for negative IMF BY in the northern hemisphere. The tail-aligned current is also discussed in terms of the cusp (mantle) current system.


Objective To explore the impact of IFN-γ+874 polymorphisms on the outcome in HLA matched sibling HSCT. Methods We used PCR-sequence-specific primer analysis(PCR-SSP) to analyze the polymorphisms of IFN-γ+874 T/A in 80 recipient and donor pairs from


Wide-area networks extend the benefits of shared computer resources, electronic mail, and the sharing of work completed on personal computers among a wider audience than that of a local-area network. Libraries with an integrated system to manage circulation and acquisitions and to provide an online catalog among libraries in several locations have the potential to reduce the cost of installing a wide-area network. A wide-area network can be installed as part of an improved data communications network to support a library's integrated system.


This poster presents a pilot project on non-conventional learning strategies based on students? active participation in real-life FLOSS projects. The aim of the project is to validate the hypothesis that the peer-production model, which underlies most FLOSS projects, can enhance the learning-teaching process based on extensive and systematic collaborative practices.
 Consisting of a semester-long experiment with a class of 23 Master Information and Technology (MSc IT) students, organized in small groups, this pilot project aims at exploiting FLOSS communities and the respective FLOSS projects as learning opportunities. This pilot project is part of a course assignment on Teaching Software Engineering in the Master in Informatics taking place during the spring semester of 2013, at the University of Minho, in Portugal. The students participate in real FLOSS projects by choosing one of the following roles: 1) requirement analyst, writing software requirements; 2) programmer, developing source code; or 3) tester, writing bug reports.
 As a real-life experience conducted with students in Portugal, the project enables the systematic study of the dynamics of peer-to-peer learning and assessment of the didactic value and potential of this kind of non-standard learning experiences. Moreover, as a beneficial side effect, students have the opportunity to experience full immersion in a real FLOSS community and learn about project management and organized participation.


Hybrid assembly production sequencing directly affects the continuity, balance and punctuality of production process. First, the sets of sequencing scheme of minimum makespan was selected. Furthermore, workshop simulation models with Flexsim software were established, then obtained the value of makespan, the number of WIP and equipment utilization rate. Finally, according to the evaluation criterion of minimum makespan and number of WIP and maximum equipment utilization rate, evaluation performance function of hybrid assembly sequencing scheme was built and the optimal overall performance sequencing scheme was selected. In this paper, the car seat hybrid assembly production line was employed to analyze the sequencing as an example, and the obtained car seat production line sequencing scheme improves production capacity.


Studies on the populations of small mammals and their fleas are very suitable for school biology projects at varying levels. The field work itself, its methods and the handling of the data obtained, can be directly dealt with only by the brighter senior pupils, but some relevant studies of the general biology and habitat preferences of the small mammal hosts can be usefully appreciated at Grammar School third-form level. The information can be used to demonstrate general biological and particular ecological principles from first-hand experience. A considerable amount of live trapping for all species of small mammals was undertaken in a variety of habitats around Keighley and in other areas of the country using Longworth Small Mammal Traps. The most intensive work was from November 1964 to June 1966 at Crookrise near Skipton, Yorkshire, on the field vole Microtus agrestis. Each trapping session, of which there were generally two per month, consisted of three visits to the area, the first to lay the traps, varying in number from about 120 to 160, the second and third to examine the captures, after which they were released, and finally the return of the traps to the school laboratory for cleaning and preparation for the next visit. The purpose was partly to determine the numbers of field mice, voles and shrews present in the area throughout the year, and their habits, but chiefly to gain information concerning their fleas. Mead-Briggs (1960, 1964), Rothschild (Rothschild & Ford, 1964, 1966) and other workers have recently shown that the rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi requires hormones produced by the host to trigger off and maintain its own breeding cycle. This survey showed, however, that this is probably not the case with most small-mammal fleas. It appears as though in Microtus agrestis, the bankvole Clethrionomys glareolus, and in particular the woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus, in the summer months it is mature males which are more often infested and carry a larger population of fleas than do mature females and immatures of both sexes. No


The role of zeolite topology in the stepwise methylation of ethene by surface methoxides was investigated. Density functional theory was employed in the determination of reaction mechanisms and energy barriers. Elementary steps were studied across multiple frameworks (i.e., BEA, CHA, FER, MFI, and MOR) constituting a wide variety of confinement environments. Surface methoxides were found to react with ethene through a transition state containing planar CH3 species, which was best stabilized at the intersection of the 10-membered ring channels of MFI. A cyclopropane reaction intermediate was found in all cases; its decomposition necessitated a transition state containing a primary carbocation, which was best stabilized within the 8-membered ring side pockets of MOR. The activation energies corresponding to each transition state geometry depend upon different aspects of the local pore topology, implying that confinement effects can not be simply correlated to pore size.


Objective Construction of recombinant Bacillus subtilis for secreted expression of the porcine urate oxidase (pUOX). Methods pUOX-encoding gene pUOX was placed under the control of the P43 promoter and Bacillus subtilis signal peptide-encoding sequence. The pUOX was connected with a nprB signal peptide by SOE-PCR, then imported the shuttle vector pP43X. High-level expression and secretion of mature, authentic, and stable pUOX were achieved using the protease-deficient strain B. subtilis WB800 as the host. Results SDS-PAGE detected shows a clear protein band of about 34 kD, which is consistent with the expected molecular weight. Determination of enzyme activity of the recombinant protein is 2.322 U/ml. Conclusions Construction of recombinant Bacillus subtilis for secreted expression of the porcine urate oxidase is successful. Porcine urate oxisase can be expressed with a high activity.


In this report, we study within the context of general relativity with one extra dimension compactified either on a circle or an orbifold, how radion fluctuations interact with metric fluctuations in the three noncompact directions. The background is nonsingular and can either describe an extra dimension on its way to stabilization, or immediately before and after a series of nonsingular bounces. We find that the metric fluctuations transfer undisturbed through the bounces or through the transients of the stabilization epoch. Our background is obtained by considering the effects of a gas of massless string modes in the context of a consistent ``massless background'' (or low energy effective theory) limit of string theory. We discuss applications to various approaches to early universe cosmology, including the ekpyrotic/cyclic universe scenario and string gas cosmology.


A number of buming procedures were investigated over three seasons for their potential to kill individual sifton bushes (Cassinia arcuata). The methods compared were an unburnt control, a foliage-only bum and a factorial arrangement of two basal buming energies (20 and 56 kW) for three durations (3, 6 and 9 seconds). Burning shrub bases generally killed more shrubs than burning the foliage. This was attributed to thin bark and lack of below-ground shoot meristems. Within the range of intensities used (195 kW/m and 545 kW/m), duration of the basal bum had more influence than intensity in killing shrubs. Small shrubs (<800 mrn) were generally more easily killed by buming. Shrubs were more susceptible to all burning treatments in spring 1990. Subsequent dry conditions were suggested as a probable reason for this. The results and observations following fires in stands of sifton bush indicate that it is a seed regenerator following fire. Unless some means of controlling seedlings is available, caution should be exercised when using fire to control this species.


Gate CD (Critical Dimension) control is an important factor in determining semiconductor manufacturing yield. Therefore, its verification prior to mask tape-out is essential to save development time and cost. Not only is fatal-error detection required to ensure high yield, tight CD control in the gate region is equally critical in sub-micron IC manufacturing. As fast turn around time is achieved for very large data through scalable distributed processing, model-based lithography verification has been utilized for checking the post mask synthesis data quality before mask tape out and RET/OPC process development. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive methodology to study and qualify Poly mask layer using a model based lithography verification tool. This flow will include CD checks on both gate-width and gate- length dimensions. Gate CD distribution plots on the poly layer will be done across a complete range of target CDs in order to investigate wafer CD uniformity errors on full-chip level under various process conditions. In addition, the traditional edge-placement detection will be discussed and compared to absolute CD verification process.


This experiment investigated whether there are age differences in implicit learning of non-spatially arranged sequential patterns. We tested 12 young and 12 old participants for five sessions each in a non-spatial alternating serial reaction time (ASRT) task, in which predictable pattern events alternated with random, unpredictable ones. People of both ages were able to learn the sequence, but older people showed less pattern sensitivity than younger ones. Neither group was able to exhibit declarative knowledge of the pattern or to discriminate between pattern and random sequences on a recognition test, suggesting that the learning was indeed implicit. These findings indicate that the age deficits previously observed in the learning of spatial sequences are not due solely to age-related deficits in visuo-spatial attention or control of eye movements, but rather reflect a more general deficit in the ability to learn subtle sequential regularities.


A low ON-state voltage (V An embodiment of the present invention is the Fermi level (or surface potential) of the GaN material that is not fixed to Step manufacturing Schottky barrier diode 10. Metal-to-barrier potential 33 of the semiconductor junction is variable depending on the kind of metal 16 is used, the use of a particular metal being a Schottky barrier potential 33 of the diode decreases, the 0.1 to 0.3 range of V In another embodiment (40), the Schottky trench structure (45) on the semiconductor material (44) of the diode are formed reduce the reverse leakage current, the trench structure includes a plurality of trenches which leave the parallel and the same distance (46) to having a, between adjacent trenches (46) has a mesa area (49). The third embodiment of the present invention provides a GaN tunnel diode is V Embodiment of the tunnel diode 120 may also include a trench structure 121 to reduce reverse current leakage.


We report the fabrication of long period gratings in fluid-cladding microfibers by directly focusing a femtosecond laser beam on the microfibers surface to induce periodical modification a long one side of the microfibers. A long period grating is fabricated in a water-cladding microfiber with a diameter of ∼ 5 μm, which demonstrates a resonant attenuation of 28.53 dB at wavelength of 1588.1 nm with 10 pitches. When water cladding is changed to be refractive index oil of n= 1.33 and alcohol solution with concentration of 5%, the resonance wavelength shifts to 1575.1 nm with resonant attenuation of 24.91 dB and 1594.1 nm with resonant attenuation of 35.9 dB, respectively. The long period grating demonstrates different temperature sensitivities of −0.524 nm/◦C, −0.767 nm/◦C and −1.316 nm/◦C for water, alcohol solution and refractive index oil cladding microfibers, respectively, which means the alterable liquid cladding allows the availability of tunable wavelength and sensitivity. The fluid-cladding protects the microfibers from external disturbance and contamination and allows more flexibility in controlling the transmission property and sensing characteristics of long period gratings, which can be used as fiber devices and sensors for chemical, biological, and environmental applications.


Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology allows us to peer inside the cell in exquisite detail, revealing new insights into biology, evolution, and disease that would have been impossible to find just a few years ago. The enormous volumes of data produced by NGS experiments present many computational challenges that we are working to address. In this talk, I will discuss solutions to two basic alignment problems: (1) mapping sequences onto the human genome at very high speed, and (2) mapping and assembling transcripts from RNA-seq experiments. I will also discuss some of the problems that can arise during alignment and how these can lead to mistaken conclusions about genetic variation and gene expression.
 My group has developed algorithms to solve each of these problems, including the widely-used Bowtie and Bowtie2 programs for fast alignment and the TopHat and Cufflinks programs for assembly and quantification of genes in transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments. This talk describes joint work with current and former lab members including Ben Langmead, Cole Trapnell, Daehwan Kim, and Geo Pertea; and with collaborators including Mihai Pop and Lior Pachter.


The article reviles possibilities of a regulated electric drive for increasing the energy efficiency of agricultural mechanisms and pumps. The transition to regulated AC drive can significantly reduce operating costs, both reducing power consumption, and increasing reliability of electric motor, in whose windings currents close to nominal values are passed through sections of starting and braking modes. It has been established that agricultural regulated electric drive of blowing mechanisms consumes energy that is (50-70%) lower than with throttle control and (20-30%) lower than controlled directing devices. The shown effect can be significantly refined if one takes into account that reliability of system parameters in transition regulated AC electric drive increases. The agricultural electric drive, which operates at rated starting currents, according data in, has an increased resource approximately (30-40%).


Hyponatremia is a very common electrolyte imbalance in admitted diabetic patients which leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. There is no existing record for profiling of hyponatremia in Bangladeshi diabetic subjects. The objective of this study was to find out the factors influencing hyponatremia and associated co-morbidities in admitted diabetic patients of a tertiary care hospital. Samples were selected from all adult nonpregnant diabetic patients with serum sodium level < 135 mmol/L irrespective of their cause of admission. A total number of 115 admitted diabetic patients with hyponatremia were studied. Informations were collected in a semi structured data collection form for analysis. Hyponatremia was found to be more common in the aged (47%) and female populations (63.5%). Vomiting was found to be the most common factor (51.3%) causing hyponatremia in the admitted diabetic patients. Other common factors influencing hyponatremia were diarrhea, sweating, severe hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and drugs especially diuretics. The commonest co-morbid condition associated with diabetes was hypertension. Thiazide diuretics should be used with caution in the elderly who are prone to develop hyponatremia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v26i1.21301 Medicine Today 2014 Vol.26(1): 04-08


Studies on the role of cell division during neuronal differentiation in P19 EC cells Jo Hae Park Department of Biological Sciences The Graduate School Seoul National University Cell cycle progression must be tightly coordinated with cell fate choice. In this regard, cell division is one of the crucial factors that ensure differentiation process, as exemplified by mitotic clonal expansion during adipogenesis. However, there is not much of evidence and underlying mechanism that help us understand how cell division might play role in other types of differentiation , ensuring controlled tissue development and homeostasis . Here, I focused on the involvement of cell division during neuronal differentiation. I used retinoic acid (RA) -induced in vitro neurogenesis system of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells to examine the direct link between cell division and neuronal differentiation. I observed that cell cycle blockers inhibited neuronal dif ferentiation of P19 cells. In order to


Government micro blog has become an important platform and channel for the government to communicate with users, listen to the voice of the people. As a new social management model, although it plays a positive role in the "network governance", but at present it does not play its due value. Through in-depth analysis of the development status, summed up the existence of "function and positioning is not clear, regulatory and organizational security deletions, the lack of motivation to maintain long-term, the lack of the necessary marketing tool, development region and application areas is not balanced, content and form stiff" and other problem. To fully understand the current development status of government micro blog and solve the problems, with the participation and concerns of the Internet users to the social public affairs, government micro blog management will penetrate into the actual work of government.


The theory of commutator machines is indeed very old, the machine performances well-known, the commutating phenomena widely described. The paper deals only with commutator machines with parallel symmetrical inner brances.


Breast cancer has an extremely heterogeneous clinical course, but the specific causes for this diversity are largely unknown. Understanding the basis for extreme long-term survival with incurable cancer can be of value for prognosis or possible interventions if they arise from modifiable factors. Methods: We identified patients at our institution with persistent and distant metastases who are alive greater than 5 years from initial diagnosis, and evaluated the clinical characteristics of this population. Additionally we evaluated the published METABRIC cohort of patients who died of cancer to compare patients with greater than median survival (late) to those who died with less than median survival (early). In doing so, we evaluated the non-exclusive alternative hypotheses that long-survival is dictated by cancer genomes versus by host immunity. To do this, we grouped somatic mutations into 11 common pathways and compared the likelihood of being present in the tumors causing early versus late death, when stratified for hormone receptor [HR] status. To evaluate the effect of immune infiltration, we used gene expression profiles using the CIBERSORT algorithm (Nat Methods 12:453, 2015). Results: We identified 53 individuals who are alive with metastatic breast cancer greater than 5 years from the original diagnosis. The four longest-term survivors were diagnosed with breast cancer in 1978, 1978, 1979, and 1980 and developed metastasis in 1982, 2007, 1996, and 2000 respectively. The median time to metastasis was 4.5 years. Of these, 80% had ER and/or PR-positive breast cancer, 9% triple negative and 18% had HER2+ disease. The longest-term survivors tend to have well-differentiated histology. Analysis of the METABRIC data, demonstrated, as expected, that long survival correlates with hormone-receptor-positive disease. Among 647 subjects who died of cancer, 192 were HR-negative (median survival 36 mo.) and 455 were HR-positive (median survival 76 mo.). Among HR-positive there were no statistical differences in genome profiles between long-versus-short survivors. By contrast, among HR-negative tumors, mutations PI3K-pathway genes and microenvironment maintenance were associated with longer survival (p=0.041 and p=0.047, respectively). CIBERSORT was used to provide quantitative estimates of infiltrating tumor cells, allowing patient groups to be divided by quartiles. However, no significant differences were found in survival among quartiles in T-cell infiltration, in T-cell subsets (activated CD4 memory, CD8, and Tregs) or in monocyte/macrophage subsets. Conclusions: Some patients live for extended periods of time with metastatic breast cancer. Long-term survival of breast cancer can be explained, in part, by the cell-autonomous features of the tumor, including HR status and genes involved in PI3K signaling and microenvironment maintenance, but no major differences were found in immune infiltrates. Although these data are representative of longer-than-median survivors, extreme long-term survivors may have additional unique features in genomic and immune characteristics. Citation Format: Ejebe IH, Denu RA, Longhurst C, Bauman JD, MacGregor S, Lee K, Burkard ME. Outliers—extreme long-term survivors with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-05.


As part of reclamation activities, 1,459 trees and shrubs were transplanted on the Climax Mine property during the summers of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The majority of transplants were Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), the dominant tree species on the Climax property. Other transplanted species included subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), several willow species (Salix spp.), shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa), dwarf birch (Betula nana), and currant species (Ribes spp.). Trees and shrubs with 32 – 60-in root balls were harvested using a tree spade within the mine's affected area and placed in burlap-lined cages for transport and temporary storage before planting in reclaimed areas. Transplants were placed in holes deep enough to cover to the root crown, backfilled with a mixture of topsoil, old woodchips, and composted biosolids (4:1:1), and mulched with woodchips. All transplants were watered in within 2 days of planting and treated with a general mycorrhizal inoculant. Each transplanted tree and shrub was monitored for survival and growth in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012. Overall, transplanting was relatively successful with 68% total survival as of 2012. Shrubs were more successful than trees with 96% of shrubs surviving compared to only 63% of trees. Survival was greater for spruce trees (64%) than fir trees (41%). Also, survival was greater in shorter (<6 ft tall) trees with 72% still alive in 2012 compared to only 56% of taller trees. Tree survival dropped substantially between 2010 and 2012 from 71% to 63%, likely due to drought conditions and heavy elk damage. Elk damaged 25% of the trees, but only 26% of damaged trees died. There was also a significant difference in survival for different planting locations and soil types. The goal for this project was 50% survival after the first growing season. Thus, survival is better than expected and the goal has been surpassed after several growing seasons. Additional


Freire's pedagogy is commonly applied to the education of those relegated to known dangerous socio-economic exploitation locally and globally. In contrast, we apply his concerns to ourselves as among the seemingly privileged humans on this Earth. Through this essay, we challenge uncritical assumptions embedded in the forms of The Global Market normalized (and only occasionally challenged) in much business school education. We personalize 'The Global Market' as a particular representation of 'Moloch', an ancient deity demanding human sacrifice. We depict 'Democracy' as Moloch's Handmaiden. Informed by Freire's emancipatory values, we offer a contribution to management education that is responsive to, responsible for and response- able in the realization of global justice exemplified in (but not unique to) the aspirations of the United Nations. We offer an interpretation of the radical ethics of Emanuel Levinas whose attention lies with those countless people he claims each of us to have responsibilities for. Applied to the field of management education, we reflect on whether the United Nations-led Principles for Responsible Management Education offer opportunities to progress Freire's Pedagogy of Hope to enhance forms of management learning infused with courageous love for universal emancipation from Moloch's harms, an emancipation we express as universal justice.


Background: Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most common solid neoplasm in neonates with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 40000 live births. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical characteristics and determine the outcome of surgical treatment ofneonates and children with SCT in our environment.Methods: A retrospective review of all patients treated for SCT at the paediatric surgery unit between January 2006 and February 2010 was conducted and the results analysed.Results: In all, 18 children were treated over the study period with a female preponderance of 3.5:1. Eleven patients (61%) presented by the 2nd week of life with a modal age of 5 days. The oldest child was 2.5yrs. Fifteen (83%) tumours were classified as Altman typeI whilst 16 (88.9%) and 17 (94.4%) were respectively cystic and benign. Ultrasonography was the imaging investigative tool used. The largest tumour measured 35cm by 26cm. There was no correlation between age and size of tumour. Excision of tumour was by sacralapproach via a chevron incision mostly as an elective procedure. Six (33.3%) were done as emergency procedures for various reasons. There was 89.9% surgical site infection with varying degrees of wound dehiscence. One child had a sigmoid colostomy on accountof repeated wound breakdown from faecal contamination. Most patients do not comply with follow-up appointments.Conclusion: Sacrococcygeal teratoma is mostly a benign tumour and prompt and complete surgical excision will provide good prognosis. Complex investigative tools are usually not necessary in the management of patients with this tumour. We recommend education of parents on the necessity to comply with followup appointments in order to capture long term sequelae.


Single-photon sensors measure light signals at the finest possible resolution — individual photons. These sensors introduce two major challenges in the form of strong Poisson noise and extremely large data acquisition rates, which are also inherited by downstream computer vision tasks. Previous work has largely focused on solving the image reconstruction problem first and then using off-the-shelf methods for downstream tasks, but the most general solutions that account for motion are costly and not scalable to large data volumes produced by single-photon sensors. This work forgoes the image reconstruction problem. Instead, we demonstrate computationally light-weight phase-based algorithms for the tasks of edge detection and motion estimation. These methods directly process the raw single-photon data as a 3D volume with a bank of velocity-tuned filters, achieving speed-ups of more than two orders of magnitude compared to explicit reconstruction-based methods.


RIZKI AMILIA. Nonpolar Fractions of Duranta repens Fruit's Methanol Extract. Supervised by PURWANTININGSIH SUGITA and BUDI ARIFIN. Air-dried simplicia of Duranta repens from Jombang, East Java was extracted by maceration with n-hexane followed by re-extraction of the unsaponifialbe n-hexane ectract with methanol. Based on phytochemical test results, the unsaponifiable n-hexane extract contained only steroids as the secondary metabolite, wheres the methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Gas chromatogram-mass spectrum of the unsaponifiable n-hexane extract was dominated by alkanes with eicosane as the most abundant compound. Tannin-free methanol extract resulted 10 fractions by using vacuum liquid chromatography. Fraction B was further fractionated by radial chromatography yielding 6 fractions. Fractionation of fraction B2 using preparative thin layer chromatography obtained B21 and B22 fractions which showed single spot. The gas chromatogram-mass spectrum, however, still showed many compounds dominated by carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively.


Three commonly used anesthetic agents (pentobarbital, chloralose‐urethane, and inactin) were studied in a rat model. The radiolabeled microsphere technique was used to evaluate rats anesthetized (no reaction to pain stimulus) with the three drugs as compared to awake unanesthetized animals. Of the three anesthetic agents studied, pentobarbital caused the smallest alteration in central hemodynamic parameters. Chloralose‐urethane significantly lowered cardiac output (56%), stroke volume (35%), and minute work (51%). Chloralose‐urethane also significantly increased total peripheral resistance (59%). Inactin at the concentration used in the present study had very little effect on cardiac index, heart rate, stroke volume, and minute work but significantly increased total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure. All three anesthetic agents reduced cerebral and skeletal muscle blood flows equally. While pentobarbital and chloralose‐urethane significantly decreased renal blood flow (33%), inactin did not change flow to the kidney. It is concluded that anesthetic agents used in small animal experiments should be chosen carefully so that they do not influence blood flow to the organ being studied.


During 1990 and 1991, nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was documented in four hospitals in New York and Florida. Subsequently, additional MDR-TB outbreaks have been investigated by CDC. This report summarizes preliminary results of an investigation of transmission of MDR-TB in a correctional facility in New York.


Background: The salt pan workers are exposed to severe health hazards like extreme heat, intense manual labour, direct contact with salt, sunlight glare from salt crystals. This paper describes their knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding their work related hazards as well as availability and use of personal protective equipments (PPEs).Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in 4 randomly selected villages among the 10 salt worker villages in Marakkanam, Tamil Nadu.  A house to house survey of the selected villages enrolled 331 salt workers.  The data was collected using a pre designed and pre tested questionnaire.Results: Majority of salt worker (78.5%) reported of being aware of one or more hazards like physical stress (70.7%), direct sunlight (38.7%) and glare from salt crystals (16%) in salt work that resulted in musculoskeletal problems, ophthalmic problems, headache and giddiness. 87% of the salt workers were aware of one or the other personal protective equipments.  However, only less than 10% were using the conventional PPEs. The reasons for not using PPE were mainly inconvenience in using and PPE not provided by the employer.Conclusions: Most of the study population is aware of the hazards as well as one or the other methods of protective equipment but actual use of PPE is very low because of non-availability and perception of inconvenience in using them. There is a large gap between awareness and practice regarding PPE usage among these salt workers.


Given recent indications of additional neutrino species and cosmologically significant neutrino masses, we analyze their signatures in the weak lensing shear power spectrum. We find that a shear deficit in the 20-40% range or excess in the 20-60% range cannot be explained by variations in parameters of the flat LambdaCDM model that are allowed by current observations of the expansion history from Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and local measures of the Hubble constant H_0, coupled with observations of the cosmic microwave background from WMAP9 and the SPT 2500 square degree survey. Hence such a shear deficit or excess would indicate large masses or extra species, respectively, and we find this to be independent of the flatness assumption. We also discuss the robustness of these predictions to cosmic acceleration physics and the means by which shear degeneracies in joint variation of mass and species can be broken.


The domestic work of consumption has only recently become a subject of research for labour historians. Feminist work in fields as disparate as film, architecture, material culture and historical studies has drawn attention to the neglect of this largely female area of unpaid and unregulated labour. As industrialisation increasingly penetrated the household, so housewives became increasingly implicated in the market. There has, however, been little attention to the processes whereby these changes occurred. This article examines consumption through the history of marketing a basic household item and raises issues about its implications for labour.


Feedback control theory is a discipline based on mathematics and widely used in engineering. Clo- sed-loop controllers are essential for the proper operation and management of computer systems and data networks, but it happens that computer science practitioners usually only focus on the custom design of these controllers for each particular case, with ad hoc techniques. Control theory provides a systematic approach to design stable feedback control, preventing large fluctuations, reaching their targets with accuracy, and with fast response that enables them to quickly stabilize around the final steady-state value. This article provides a brief introduction to the fundamentals of control theory for computer science practitioners that focus their activities in applications with web server systems, database systems, email systems, systems real time and others.


The author has found that linear approximations in heat transfer, elasticity and optics are powerful tools that are adequate for solving the great majority of optomechanical engineering design problems. In his experience the analytical errors are minimized by assuming linearity in the equations and unifying the solution into a single analytical code. He suggest that organizations planning optomechanical analyses perform top-down error budgets of the processes involved in order to design the most cost-effective analysis for the project. An ISO standard is recommended as a guide to the error budgeting process.


This thesis explores the potential benefits of a GaAs-based heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with stepwise alloy-graded base. The step height is slightly greater than the longitidinal optical (LO) phonon energy hwLo in order to facilitate LO-phonon-enhanced forward diffusion of minority carriers in the base. The intuitive theoretical approach of carrier transport in the base, as proposed by other workers for this type of alloy-grading, did not incorporate in detail the various mechanisms of transport. In this work, we solved the Botzmann transport equation (BTE) in one dimension across the base for arbritrary frequencies. Impurity and LO phonon scattering were considered as the dominant scattering mechanisms. The intrinsic and extrinsic elements were combined and a small-signal equivalent circuit was proposed for the evaluation of the high-frequency performance of the device. The unique feature of this HBT is that the base transport factor undergoes a moderate magnitude attenuation and phase delay. By choosing a suitable collector delay, a band-limited negative output resistance can emerge in the microwave/millimeter-wave regime. The main benefit of the device is its inherent property as a transit-time high-frequency oscillator. Using our device simulator, we selected the material parameters for epitaxial growth (MBE) of the device wafer and we investigated various device layouts. We implemented the complete microfabrication of 2 Pm x 15 pm, self-aligned, emitter-up HBTs with micro-airbridges for device isolation purposes. We performed DC measurements of various devices and they provided us with feedback for modifications in the MBE design and growth conditions of the device wafer. We finally fabricated HBTs with favorable DC features but the device self-heating turned out to be crucial for the longevity of the base microairbridges. The short lifetime of the base micro-airbridges was prohibitive for the realization of high frequency measurements. This work serves as the foundation for the implementation of robust HBT transit-time oscillators with the incorporation of slight modifications in the fabrication process. Thesis Supervisor: Qing Hu Title: Professor


In Situ Observations of Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth of Silicon Nanowires, S. Kodambaka Introduction Experimental 4 Silicon Nanowire Nucleation Kinetics Silicon Nanowire Growth Kinetics Summary and Outlook Growth of Germanium, Silicon, and Ge-Si Heterostructured Nanowires, Shadi A. Dayeh and S. Thomas Picraux Introduction 23 The VLS Growth Mechanism Size Effects in Nanowire Growth Temperature Effects on Nanowire Growth Pressure Effects on Nanowire Growth Dopant Precursor Influence on Nanowire Growth Defects during VLS Growth of Semiconductor Nanowires Ge Core/Si Shell Heterostructured Nanowires Unique Opportunities for Bandgap Engineering in Semiconductor Nanowires Conclusions Transition Metal Silicide Nanowires: Synthetic Methods and Applications, Jeremy M. Higgins, Andrew L. Schmitt, and Song Jin Introduction Formation of Bulk and Thin-Film Metal Silicides in Diffusion Couples Silicide Nanowire Growth Techniques Conclusion Metal Silicide Nanowires: Growth and Properties, L. J. Chen and W. W. Wu Introduction Epitaxial Growth of Silicide Nanowires on Si Substrate Growth of Free-Standing Silicide Nanowires and Their Properties Formation of Silicide/Si/Silicide Nano-Heterostructures from Si Nanowires Conclusions Formation of Epitaxial Silicide in Silicon Nanowires, Yi-Chia Chou, Kuo-Chang Lu, and King-Ning Tu Introduction Introduction to Solid-State Phase Transformation in Thin Film Nanoscale Silicide Formation by Point Contact Reaction between Ni/Co and Si Nanowires Homogeneous Nucleation of Nanoscale Silicide Formation Conclusion Interaction between Inverse Kirkendall Effect and Kirkendall Effect in Nanoshells and Nanowires, A. M. Gusak and T. V. Zaporozhets Introduction Basic Notions Instability of Hollow Nanostructures Formation of Hollow Shells Cross-Over from Formation to Collapse Electrical Transport Properties of Doped Silicon Nanowires, Aya Seike and Iwao Ohdomari Introduction Fabrication Processes and Electrical Measurements Introduction of Strain into Nanowire Channels by Oxidation, and Evaluation of Stress within Individual Nanowires Electrical Characterization of Nanowire FETs Summary Silicon Nanowires and Related Nanostructures as Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes, Liangbing Hu, Lifeng Cui, Seung Sae Hong, James McDonough, and Yi Cui Lithium-Ion Batteries and Different Types of Anodes Advantages and Challenges of Silicon Anodes Thin Film Silicon Anodes and Microsized Particles Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS)-Grown SiNWs as High-Capacity Anode Surface Characterization and Electrochemical Analysis of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) on Silicon Nanowires Si Core-Shell Structures for Anodes Other Si Nanostructures Solution-Processed Si Nanostructures Some Fundamental Aspects Remaining Challenges and Commercialization Porous Silicon Nanowires, Yongquan Qu and Xiangfeng Duan Introduction Synthesis of Porous Silicon Nanowires Properties of Porous Silicon Nanowire Applications of Porous Silicon Nanowire Conclusion Nanoscale Contact Engineering for Si Nanowire Devices, Yung-Chen Lin and Yu Huang Scope of the Chapter Introduction Synthetic Approaches to Nanoscale Silicides Contact Formation through Solid-State Reaction Silicide Growth Mechanism New Technical Approaches or Structures for Low-Contact Resistance FET and Short-Channel Device Electronic Properties of Silicide NWs and Silicide/Si/Silicide Heterostructures Conclusion Index


The invention discloses a prostration type crawl exercising machine. The prostration type crawl exercising machine comprises a main frame, an angle uplift mechanism, a hand movement mechanism, a waist and abdomen support device and a foot movement mechanism, the hand movement mechanism, the waist and abdomen support device and the foot movement mechanism are arranged on the main frame sequentially according to a front, middle and rear sequence, and the angle uplift mechanism is arranged at the position, corresponding to the hand movement mechanism, bellow the front end of the main frame. The hand movement mechanism comprises a motor, a transmission belt, a roller, a left woven belt and a right woven belt, the motor drives the transmission belt to drive the roller to rotate, and the woven belts are arranged on the roller. The foot movement mechanism comprises a left slider and a right slider, a left slide rail and a right slide rail are arranged on the main frame, and the sliders are mounted on the slide rails respectively. The prostration type crawl exercising machine is capable of enabling a person to achieve multiple crawl exercising modes on the exercising machine so as to achieve exercise and fitness effects.


O p e n learning environments give users a h igh degree of freedom and control to explore. T h i s freedom and cont ro l is beneficial for some students, resul t ing i n a deeper understanding of the mater ia l than they would gain through t rad i t iona l means of ins t ruc t ion . For others, this type of environment is problemat ic , since for various reasons, these students are not able to explore effectively. One way to address this problem is to augment the environments w i t h ta i lored support . T o provide feedback ta i lored to the student 's difficulties, the environment must have some way of moni to r ing and assessing her explora t ion. T h i s thesis investigates the creat ion of a student model that assesses the effectiveness of the student 's exploratory behaviour . M o n i t o r i n g user behaviour i n an open learning environment is difficult since there is typ ica l ly l i t t le informat ion available to the model to make its assessment. T h e model can view w i t h which items the student experiments, but does not have direct access to the effects of those experiments on her understanding of the domain . A s a result, how to mode l effective exploratory behaviour has not been extensively researched. T h e Student M o d e l in this thesis has been implemented and evaluated in the context of the A d a p t i v e C o a c h for E x p l o r a t i o n ( A C E ) . T h e model monitors the student's explora t ion of A C E ' s activit ies to generate an assessment of how effectively the learner is explor ing . Us ing this assessment, A C E ' s Coach provides ta i lored feedback to guide the student's explora t ion process. To handle the large amount of uncer ta inty present in the model l ing task, the Student M o d e l is based on Bayesian Networks . T h e features of A C E ' s Student M o d e l have been developed and refined using two evaluations of A C E w i t h human subjects. T h e first evaluat ion was used to evaluate the effects of inc lud ing tai lored support in an open learning environment, and also provided insight into ways to improve the Student M o d e l ' s p re l iminary design. T h e second evaluat ion tested those improvements. Resul ts of the evaluations found that both the frequency w i t h which students accessed the ta i lored feedback and the number of activit ies that they explored effectively (as determined by the Student M o d e l ) were posi t ively correlated w i t h learning.


This paper examines the structure of cost-effectiveness tests to illustrate how they can accurately reflect the costs and benefits of CHP systems. This paper begins with a general background discussion on cost-effectiveness analysis of DER and then describes how cost-effectiveness tests can be applied to CHP. Cost-effectiveness results are then calculated and analyzed for CHP projects in five states: Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, and North Carolina. Based on the results obtained for these five states, this paper offers four considerations to inform regulators in the application of cost-effectiveness tests in developing CHP programs.


The reason behind evolution of our concept-Popularity of wireless sensor network that consist of nodes that can communicate with each other without centralized authority. This all is possible due to concept of MANETs which have two important properties i.e. dynamic topology due to which it does not require of centralized administration. Sometimes nodes are loosely coupled nodes due to which issue of dishonest and noncooperative nodes are caused . By which the problem of security has been arise like packet dropping, bandwidth, various types of security attacks. Denial of service is one of the important categories due to which all important attacks are categories i.e. Black hole and Gray hole. In this paper we were discussing about black hole characteristics, types, techniques for detection and prevention of black hole. Keywords—MANETs ,ADOV, Gray Hole Attack, DOS, Black Hole Attack


Objective To explore the effects of down-regulation of Survivin protein on the invasion in ovarian cancer cell line(SKOV3) by transfecting anti-survivin oligonucleotides(survivinASODN).Methods SKOV3 cells were transfected with anti-Survivin oligonucleotides(ASODN) by LipofectamineTM2000 transfection reagent,and the rate of transfection were determined by FCM.The changes of Survivn protein were detected by flow cytometry(FCM),and the invasion ability was detected by Transwell.Results Transfection rate of ASODN in SKOV3 cells was above 95%.The protein levels of Survivin was significantly down-regulated after 48 hours of transfection with 600 nm/L ASODN,(t=7.8146,P0.01),The number of invasive cells was also reduced(t=27.416,P0.01).Conclusion Down regulation of Survivin protein can reduce the invasive ability of ovarian cancer cells.Survivin could be a crucial factor in regulating invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells,and may play an important role in the molecular mechanism of the metastases of ovarian cancer.


This work aims at analyzing the role USA played in the Middle East during the John Fitzger-ald Kennedy Administration (1961-1963). First of all, I will start examining the two Eisenhower man-dates (1953-1960) in order to establish whether, with JFK serving as a President, a change occurred in the U.S. politics in the area. Secondly, I will illustrate the analysis JFK carried out about the Middle East problems during that period, with a view to understand the choices he made after becoming President. Finally, I will take into account the position the United States held as regards the ongoing major conflicts in the Middle East during the democratic Administration, namely the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Arab Cold War (specifically, in the Yemen Civil War starting from September 1962).


This study was conducted in 2005 and took place in West Java. The objectives of study were (a) to identify characteristics of farmers and mango cultivation practice, (b) to analyze the economical visibility of mango farm, (c) to describe the marketing channels and the manner of each institution, and (d) to analyze the marketing margin and farmers share. The results showed that based on partial analysis, mango farm spent cost of Rp.6.4 million, gave farm return of Rp.30.1 million and farm benefit of Rp.23.6 million per hectare per year. The mango farm was suitable economically with R/C ratio of 4.64. In farm level, mango was classified into two grades, namely grade A/B (70%) and non grade (30%) which was named grade C (rucahan). For West Java area, grade A/B was marketed through three channels, namely (1) farmer ? collection trader ? agent ? central market ? traditional market ? consumer, (2) farmer ? collection trader ? agent ? central market ? shop/mangostand ? consumer, (3) farmer ? collection trader ? agent ? central market ? supplier ? super market ? consumer. While non grade (C) was marketed through one channel, namely farmer ? collection trader ? agent ? local traditional market ? consumer. The farmers faced a structure of imperfect competitive market with some indicators such as a lot of seller and a little of buyer, farmer's marketing information was low, and the mango price was determined by buyer. The central market took place as a referee market; the mango price offered by central market would be an arithmetical standard to determine the purchasing price by formerly institutions until the farmer level. In marketing grade A/B, agent reached a highest margin, namely Rp.2, 500,-. They spent a highest cost of marketing and took a higher risk caused by fluctuation of price. The third channel was longest channel and took a farmers share of 29.4 percent. While the first and second channels were shorter than that of the third one and they took the farmers share of 41, 7 and 40.0 percent, respectively.


Abstract Entities reporting under IFRSs are required to determine a value in use in accordance with IAS 36: Impairment of Assets. The value in use is the present value of the expected future cash flows. Appendix A to the standard gives guidance on how to apply the DCF calculus in the context of IAS 36. In order to determine a suitable discount rate, the reporting entity is given the choice between three alternative starting points. The requirements of IAS 36 are, in this respect, quite different from the accounting requirements of US GAAP. In this paper we analyse these starting points and demonstrate the functional interrelation between them. Given that the interrelation is complex even under simple assumptions, we will provide guidance to practitioners as to which starting point should be used. We will demonstrate that the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the only suitable starting point. Based on this analysis, we also show that the other alternative starting points are not sufficiently clear. When used in practice, the guidance may even give rise to substantial measurement errors and make earnings management possible. Thus, our recommendation to the IASB is to shorten the guidance and delete the other two starting points.


Several application scenarios of wireless sensor networks require coverage of a given region of interest to be guaranteed. In order to establish a coverage preserving configuration, sensor nodes must coordinate and thus invest precious energy resources for both computation and communication. Reducing this overhead is particularly important in applications requiring frequent recomputations of the coverage configuration. In this paper, we focus on these applications and on a particularly efficient coverage configuration protocol, known as CCP. By introducing a novel adaptive sensor ranking technique, we enable CCP to perform a timely selection of the nodes whose activation guarantees for the fulfillment of the coverage requirement. Simulation results show that our approach achieves a 10% reduction of the communication overhead of CCP.


Mathematics is one of the most important cultural goods of our civilization. Its presence is tangible in all the fields of human activity: from scientific activity to daily life. We are probably agreed on that. Once the importance of Mathematics is accepted it is unavoidable that teachers and students make an effort, the former to tech it, the latter to learn it. However, do our educational system and all the people involved in it give an effective response to this need? To begin with, there is no unanimity in questions such as What to teach? How to teach? What training should those who teach have?, etc. In this article, different aspects of Mathematics and its teaching are dealt with. (English version of the article: "Ensenar y aprender Matematicas", published in the Revista de Educacion del Ministerio de Educacion).


List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Making Noise and Stomping Feet 2. Jazz from the Trenches 3. Le Jazz-Hot: The Roaring Twenties 4. Jim Crow: Sans Domicile Fixe 5. The Golden Age: The Thirties 6. Le Jazz-Cold: The Silent Forties 7. Final Notes: The Liberation of Jazz Coda Appendix: Zazou Chants Notes Bibliography Index


The phenomenon of invasion of the plant new species right is more predominant,which was due to insufficient dissemination of the law knowledge and defective legislation in the system of the plant new species right.Law protection of understanding the new species right in plant is the emphasis on extent of protection of species right,recognition of tort,legal obligation,and succoring of tort.At the same time,these are problems of imperfections of protection chain,too high of rank of administrative jurisdiction in tort,and not enough in legal punishment.It makes these problems perfect in legislation.


This article focuses on the successes and challenges experienced by a social work program offering experiential learning opportunities to bachelor in social work (BSW) students. As part of the BSW Experiential Learning (BEL) Program, policy students collaborated with politically active older adults to develop compelling letters to the editor of a newspaper and influential letters to state-level legislators concerning policies impacting older adults. Using a two-year quasi-experimental design, one section of the course paired students with older adults while the other section served as the control group. Although no significant differences were found in influencing student interest in working with older adults, students paired with older adults showed greater confidence in and learning of the content. Lessons learned from this experience and implications for future implementation will be detailed.


We report the growth and preferred structures of heteroepitaxial CuInS2 films on (001)GaP grown by evaporation of elemental Cu, In and S in vacuum. Monocrystalline CuInS2 thin films were successfully grown at 500 and 570 °C substrate temperatures. The c -axis Cu-Au ordering was the preferred orientation for slightly Cu-rich films deposited at 500 °C as revealed by XRD and RHEED results. The slightly Cu-rich films grown at 570 °C exhibited prominent c -axis orientation of chalcopyrite structure. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Vanness et al. (8) propose that persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be classified into different categories according to their V̇O2max values. Since subjects with "mild" to "severe" CFS terminated exercise at progressively lower peak heart rates and peak systolic blood pressures, the authors conclude that cardiac autonomic dysfunction or silent cardiac pathology may explain the poor exercise tolerance of CFS patients. In contrast, Sargent et al. (6) found no evidence for impaired exercise performance in Australian patients with CFS. An alternate interpretation allows these apparently disparate findings to be reconciled. A key teaching in muscle biology is that, in contrast to cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is unable to increase its contractility to any significant extent (3). As a result, skeletal muscle force output varies almost exclusively through changes in the extent of motor unit recruitment in the active muscles (3). Yet current teaching in the exercise sciences largely ignores this core teaching, preferring the hypothesis that skeletal muscle performance is directly determined by its supply of oxygen (1), independent of the extent of skeletal muscle motor unit recruitment (2,4). This model therefore assumes that fatigue during maximum exercise occurs when all the available motor units in the active muscles are recruited, despite contrary evidence (2,4). Since Vanness et al. (8) did not measure skeletal muscle motor unit recruitment, they cannot disprove the alternate explanation that patients with "severe" CFS recruit many fewer skeletal muscle motor units at exhaustion than do those with a more normal exercise tolerance. If this is correct, the different findings in the two studies could simply be explained by the ability of the Australian patients (6) to recruit a more normal number of motor units at exercise termination than were the majority of the patients studied by Vanness et al. (8). Already in 1939 Lehmann et al. (5) speculated that exercise terminates when the discomfort of exercise outweighs the motivation to continue. The finding that naloxone, which has a central brain effect opposite to that of the amphetamines, reduces maximum exercise performance without altering cardiovascular or metabolic function (7) would seem to confirm this theory. These findings are especially relevant to patients with CFS who typically exhibit heightened sensations of discomfort and fatigue both at rest and during exercise. Accordingly the poor exercise tolerance of some patients with CFS may result from an abnormal sensitivity to the perceptions of discomfort during exercise. Hence, at any V̇O2, such subjects report higher ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). As a consequence some patients with this condition terminate exercise at lower V̇O2 but at similar RPE ratings as do other CFS patients (Table 2; page 911). Since they terminate exercise prematurely at lower levels of skeletal muscle recruitment because of this altered central perception of effort, so their cardiovascular function is also submaximal at exhaustion. But this is the result and not the cause of their reduced exercise tolerance.


The Visually Impaired face a lot of problems while they carry out their day-to-day activities. Even though there are various ways that technologies have been used together to come up with a solution, there is still no proper, efficient, user-friendly, low-cost solution crafted just for them. Mobile Phones these days are beyond smartness, and they could be used to achieve so many things now compared to before. In this application, the camera of the mobile phone acts as the eyes for the Visually Impaired. The main purpose of this system is to intelligently navigate the visually impaired. This research covers some components namely, intelligent environmental identification by using the YOLOv4 object detection algorithm, calculation of distance by using the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors, focusing, guiding and detecting the expiry date of packaged products, identifying and enhancing objects in a low-light environment. The communication between the system and the Visually Impaired will be a verbal voice communication through the microphones and the speakers of the mobile phone. The results presented show that the proposed application successfully achieves its goals by providing the required functionality.


This paper design a PID controller with variable arguments based on nonlinear function of Gauss according to the nonlinearity,system delay and interference issue of the the control system of heater supply. The Matlab simulation results verify that the PID controller with variable arguments is better than the traditional PID controller for the control effect,time- delay compensation ability and anti- interference ability of the model identified before. The wind tunnel running results that the control effect of the PID controller with variable arguments is good.


The scope of this paper, is to provide a starting point for discussion and sharing of our understandings of crime statistics for the use in both, local-national levels and comparatively.


Preventive maintenance of bridge and culvert structures is an essential component of effective infrastructure management. The ODOT Office of Structural Engineering recognized the need to further develop reference materials and training resources in this area. Therefore, this research project was developed to complete the following objectives: 1. Develop a web-based Bridge Maintenance Manual that can be used as a reference and training tool for ODOT district and county personnel. 2. Define and illustrate the common components of typical bridge structures found in Ohio. 3. Establish uniform guidelines for recognizing and identifying Preventive Maintenance needs during the bridge inspection process. 4. Provide information regarding Repair options for different types of distress/deterioration, including description of common causes, recommended repairs, initial cost, and expected life. 5. In addition to addressing bridge structures, describe Preventive Maintenance and Repair procedures for typical culvert types found in Ohio.


There are a number of research works into alternative conceptions for the purposes of identifying, categorising, and designing instructional approaches to help address them. The current study sought to find out high school students' alternative conceptions in the introduction of H2O, H+, and OHin oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic and basic media when balancing the chemical equations using the ion-electron method. Two of the 20 two-tier diagnostic test items were used to survey the conceptions of 213 students in balancing oxidation-reduction reactions. The 213 students were randomly selected from three of the seven elective science schools in three districts assemblies of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The findings from the descriptive quantitative data analysis show that the students have conceptual difficulties in the concept. Qualitatively, the identified students' alternative conceptions included introduction of H2O molecules in acidic medium is to dilute the system; H+ ions in a basic medium is to neutralise the OHions of the base; and OHions is to make the system basic. It is therefore recommended that the chemical instructional designers should design a pedagogical content knowledge for the teaching and learning of balancing oxidation-reduction reactions.


Theoretically, isogenic hybrids should not present any differences in their genetic makeup due to recombinant DNA technology. However, these materials may behave differently in relation to adaptability and stability. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance of transgenic corn and their isogenic hybrids in two locations in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Three isogenic simple hybrids and two transgenic varieties of each hybrid were evaluated. The first and second corn crop of 2013/14 were simultaneously analyzed in Dourados and Caarapo, two locations in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, totaling four environments x season conditions that were evaluated. A randomized complete block design with three replicates per location was used, and the treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design (three genetically modified and three conventional hybrids), with three replicates per site. Characteristics such as plant height, ear height, male flowers, female flowers, and grain yield were evaluated. The parameters adaptability and stability were estimated using the Eberhart and Russell model. In all environments, transgenic hybrids showed higher average grain yield. Considering the environments, AG 7000, a conventional isogenic hybrid, obtained the highest average grain yield. The most stable and productive hybrids were DKB 390 VT PRO and AG 7000 YG, both transgenic. All assessed hybrids exhibited greater average plant height, ear height, and grain yield in Caarapo during the second corn crop, demonstrating that the environment at that site and time was more favorable.


Adopting a structural violence approach, we analyzed 2004 Canadian General Social Survey data to examine Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal inequalities in postseparation intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. Aboriginal women had 4.12 times higher odds of postseparation IPV than non-Aboriginal women (p < .001). Coercive control and age explained most of this inequality. The final model included Aboriginal status, age, a seven-item coercive control index, and stalking, which reduced the odds ratio for Aboriginal status to 1.92 (p = .085) and explained 70.5% of the Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal inequality in postseparation IPV. Research and action are needed that challenge structural violence, especially colonialism and its negative consequences.


Computer simulation of crash events has become a valuable and necessary tool in the design and improvement of automotive structures for better crashworthiness behaviour. Crashworthiness analysis has evolved through rapid improvements in computer technology, as well as through theoretical improvements in solid mechanics concerning large deformation dynamics and contact. Significant applications involve full car analysis such as frontal, rear, and side impact, as well as the analysis of components such as longitudinal beams, steering wheel systems, knee bolsters, seat belts and airbag–dummy interaction. The theoretical background needed in crashworthiness analysis is outlined. Current capabilities are shown on real applications; limitations and future technologies are discussed.


A test structure and a simplified distribution base resistance model (SDM) are proposed to identify each component of the base resistance and to obtain the dominant one. This model separates the parasitic base resistance into one straight path and two surrounding paths. It is clarified that the link base resistance is dominant in a short emitter and the surrounding polysilicon base electrode resistance is dominant in a long emitter.


In this work, a novel biomass, the extraction residue of Sapindus pericarp (SP), was torrefied by using an electronic oven under a wide range of temperature (i.e., 200–320 °C) and residence times (i.e., 0–60 min). From the results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of SP, a significant weight loss was observed in the temperature range of 200–400 °C, which can be divided into the decompositions of hemicellulose (major)/lignin (minor) (200–320 °C) and cellulose (major)/lignin (minor) (320–400 °C). Based on the fuel properties of the feedstock SP and SP-torrefied products, the optimal torrefaction conditions can be found at around 280 °C for holding 30 min, showing that the calorific value, enhancement factor and energy yield of the torrefied biomass were enhanced to be 28.60 MJ/kg, 1.36 and 82.04 wt%, respectively. Consistently, the values of the calorific value, carbon content and molar carbon/hydrogen (C/H) ratio indicated an increasing trend at higher torrefaction temperatures and/or longer residence times. The findings showed that some SP-torrefied solids can be grouped into the characteristics of a lignite-like biomass by a van Krevelen diagram for all the SP-torrefied products. However, the SP-torrefied fuels would be particularly susceptible to the problems of slagging and fouling because of the relatively high contents of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) based on the analytical results of the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).


This paper starts with the importance of engineering-geological data to urban and rural planning,then it examines the situation of engineering-geological data storage and the limits in the application in urban and rural planning.It proposes the idea of developing geological engineering database based on GIS technology and explores its other application in planning in accordance with the requirements.


Academics are increasingly encouraged to share their scholarly articles via social media, as part of a wider drive to maximize their dissemination and engagement. But what effect does this have? Xianwen Wang has studied the referral data of academic papers, with particular focus on social media referrals and how these change over time. Referrals from social media do indeed account for a significant number of visits to articles, especially in the days immediately following publication. But this fast initial accumulation soon gives way to a rapid decay.


Figure 6. Map of the coastal slope variable for the New York to New Jersey region. The coastal slope is relatively steep (low risk) throughout much of this area, but is quite low (high risk) in southern New Jersey. Figure 5. Map of the geomorphology variable for the New York to New Jersey region. The open-ocean shoreline is composed primarily of high-risk sandy barrier islands, while risk due to geomorphology is lower for lagoons and along the bluffs of northern Long


The spectrum of mercury, excited in an electrodeless discharge, has been measured from 400 to 11,000 A. From these data the analysis of Hg III has been extended to include 77 new terms of the configurations 5d86s2, 5d86s6p, 5d97s, 5d98s, 5d97p, 5d96d, 5d97d, 5d95f, and seven unidentified even terms Isotope shifts have been observed in 11 lines and confirm the classifications of these lines.


In this work we study a generalization of the well known Fisher equation from the point of view of the theory of symmetry reductions in partial differential equations. We determine the class of these equations which are nonlinear self-adjoint. By using a general theorem on conservation laws proved by Nail Ibragimov we find conservation laws for some of these partial differential equations without classical Lagrangians.