This paper provides discussion around commonly used, but often misunderstood, concepts of Cyber Situational Awareness (Cyber SA), relating relevant UK military doctrine to the widely recognised Endsley [1] model of situation awareness (SA). The key finding is that, in the context of UK military, Cyber SA is important but not sufficient. Furthermore that the concept of SA has evolved and been developed for more traditional military operational environments as opposed to the ethereal and more complex Socio-Technical System of Systems(STSOS) environments that define cyberspace, often referred to as the 5 battlespace [2]. This has led to divergent technical views between those who use the Endsley model (e.g. Academia and Industry) and those governed by military doctrine, and supporting models, such as the armed forces. To close this gap, arguments are provided in the paper to highlight the critical importance of Situational Understanding. That cyberspace 'understanding' is required to support decision making, and 'understanding' is underpinned by SA. There is a need for the community to shift its language and approach to move from a desire to achieve Cyber SA to a desire to achieve (and apply) true cyberspace Understanding within the context of complex STSOS. Rationale for this approach and current technical thinking is articulated in this paper. It details the challenges facing UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) in understanding cyberspace and developing understanding to operate in (or through) cyberspace. 1.0 BACKGROUND This paper is not intended to provide a lengthy debate on what may be meant by 'cyberspace' – this is available elsewhere [3]. In many cases the term cyberspace has become a conventional means to describe anything associated with the internet and internet culture; with the advent of wide range of internet enabled consumer technologies cyberspace is, unknowingly to consumers in some cases, growing not only in breadth and diversity, but also in socio-technical complexity. The following definitions are used by UK MOD [5]: Cyber To operate and project power in and from cyberspace to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Cyberspace An operating environment consisting of the interdependent network of digital technology infrastructures (including platforms, the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, as well as embedded processors and controllers), and the data therein spanning the physical, virtual and cognitive domains. Understanding Cyberspace Through Cyber Situational Awareness 1 2 STO-MP-IST-148 Importantly, the MOD definition for cyberspace intentionally includes more than just the internet and associated Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and networking, and as such mirrors diversity in consumer/industrial technology to include control and management systems, such as building management systems (e.g. heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control systems). Additionally, this definition includes the data hosted on such systems. Cyberspace is, therefore, a complex SocioTechnical System of Systems (STSOS) with the connective threads and information fabric enabling and shaping the modern world, its societies, cultures, economies, technologies and industries. It comprises physical, logical and cognitive elements, the digital assets that connect functions and direct data/information/decision flows (see Figure 1) [2]. Unconstrained by borders or geography, cyberspace is omnipresent, it permeates most, if not all, civil and military sectors and is difficult, if not impossible, to regulate and impose national authority on. It is ethereal and complex offering a diversity of opportunities to do good as well as bad. The most serious of which is cyberattack compromising nation's security and defences by exploiting vulnerabilities of people, processes and technologies enabling its digital enterprise (i.e. the STSOS) [2]. Hence in 2015, UK reaffirmed cyber threat as one of the highest level risks (Tier 1) [4] to the security of the UK, and UK MOD treats cyberspace as the fifth operating environment in addition to the land, maritime, air and space environments [5]. As such, MOD aims to preserve its freedom of action and manoeuvre in, or through, cyberspace; prioritising effort and accepting risk where necessary. In order to achieve this it must be able to understand cyberspace and make effective decisions relating to its own, or an adversary's, use of cyberspace. This understanding of the STSOS and its many attributes, see Figure 1, underpins and is critical to decisions and actions. Figure 1: Layered view of cyberspace. 2.0 SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Situational Awareness (SA) is the perception of a particular area of interest, problem or situation bounded by time and space in the context of a mission or task. It provides the ability to identify what has happened and what is happening, but not necessarily why it has happened [6]. Typically SA usually supports military decision makers in relation to knowing about the state of an operating environment and relevant entities within it. For example SA may be described as having three main components, with the additional attributes, as shown in the columns of Table 1. Understanding Cyberspace Through Cyber Situational Awareness STO-MP-IST-148 1 3 Table 1: Components of SA. Operating Environment Awareness Adversary Awareness Mission / Business Awareness • Own Position • Environmental Factors, Landscape & Geography • Location of Other Entities • Adversary Position • Adversary Capability • Adversary Posture • Indicators & Warnings • Status of Desired Outcome or Mission Objective • Progress Against Desired Outcome or Mission Objective Cyber SA, as a concept, typically tries to apply these traditional SA concepts in the context of cyberspace and operating in cyberspace. There are several complex challenges surrounding SA relating to cyberspace. Not all of these challenges are unique to SA in cyberspace but, if the challenge is not unique, the nature of cyberspace often confounds the issue because of the complexity of STSOS. SA challenges in cyberspace include: • Complex cyberspace STSOS architecture:the socio-technical architecture includes intangible artefacts that are relevant in understanding the cyberspace operating environment. How easy is it, for example, to observe and make sense of what is fundamentally a stream of formatted units of data, bits or symbols within digital transmission; • Persistence and pervasiveness:with many technologies directly or indirectly connected, on a continual or intermittent basis, to the networked world the result is unknown/poorly understood relationships between physical, cognitive and virtual entities (a characteristic that adversaries with malicious intent will consistently aim to exploit). In addition, cyberspace is not just the wired and wireless connection environment but also includes digital interaction through the Electromagnetic Environment (EME). It will become increasingly important to understand both cyberspace and the EME as they have intrinsic and pervasive touch points and system relationships; • 'Big data':the volume, velocity, variety of data generated in cyberspace often overwhelms the ability to analyse it in depth and therefore truly understand; • Geospatial and temporal aspects:relating cyberspace activities to physical geography at commensurate spatial and temporal scales is required. The physical area of operation is just one of the important layers in cyberspace, and a small subset of it (see Figure 1). The persistent, pervasive and borderless nature of cyber activities allows both simultaneous global and local operations and effects; • Speed of effect:whilst the propagation speed of transmission in cyberspace is dependent on the physical medium used, suffice it to say that effects in cyber systems can be rapid and real-time, at the 'speed of light', and propagate through the system almost instantaneously. This requires operators and decision makers across the enterprise to be able to direct, coordinate, authorise and execute action in a timely manner to exploit opportunity and manage threat. This drives a pace of decision making at all levels that could challenge current operational tempo and associated command assumptions; • Attribution:cyber activity is notoriously difficult to trace and, despite technological developments, many cyber incidents are likely to be deniable and some untraceable. Whilst in some cases an adversary may specifically want their effect to be overt and 'flagged' as originating from a certain geographical region or threat actor, in other cases effects will be combined with efforts to obfuscate and/or deceive in order to manipulate the cognitive domain decision making; and 1 Number of V's is often debated, with Doug Laney often given credit for originally describing Big Data challenges relating to Volume, Velocity & Variety. Other V's, such as Veracity and Variability are sometimes included. https://blogs.gartner.com/ doug-laney/files/2012/01/ad949-3D-Data-Management-Controlling-Data-Volume-Velocity-and-Variety.pdf Understanding Cyberspace Through Cyber Situational Awareness 1 4 STO-MP-IST-148 • Operational effect:recognising the reach, speed, and impact of propagation, cyber capabilities may be seen to be flattening traditional hierarchy of strategic, operational and tactical actions, with local and tactical actions given global reach and potentially strategic impact. Cyber SA therefore requires broad integration of awareness at all STSOS layers, systems scales, spatial and temporal scales, and operational levels. 3.0 SA IN DECISION MAKING The above challenges need to be considered with respect to current UK Military doctrine as defined in MOD's Joint Doctrine Publication 04, JDP 04, [6]. In UK military, decision-making at all levels comprises several basic steps: direction; consultation; consideration; de


On the hypothesis that in certain solutions termolecular as well as bimolecular complexes are formed between π-donor and π*-acceptor molecules, the apparent, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1 association constants have been estimated for the series of donors: benzene, toluene, p-xylene, mesitylene, durene, pentamethylbenzene, and hexamethylbenzene with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in cyclohexane, and of the same series of donors with fluoranil in carbon tetrachloride. The results indicate that within these two groups of complexes of a set of structurally related donors and a common acceptor the apparent association constant is directly proportional to the 1 : 1 association constant (and also to the corresponding 2 : 1 association constant). This observation suggests that a number of published values of apparent association constants for such series of complexes are of use in making comparisons within the particular group, although the evidence given in the present paper suggests that such comparisons between groups might be misleading. The same comments apply to quantities which are dependent in their experimental estimation on an implicit or explicit knowledge of the concentration of the complex in solution (e.g. the molar absorption coefficient of the complex).


Introduction. In [8] and [9] it is shown that the theory of semialgebraic spaces developed by H. Delfs and M. Knebusch (see [3, 4]) can be extended by the theory of real closed spaces much as Grothendieck's theory of schemes extends the classical theory of varieties. In this paper the systematic study of real closed spaces is continued by looking at open and generalizing morphisms. The reason for the interest in these morphisms is that in the theory of schemes openness implies that there is some regularity in the behavior of the fibres of a morphism (see [6]).


Seen from the practices of world parties' politics,the nature,belief,and guiding principles of different party is different,while their ideas in running the party and the country have some in common when holding the power as the ruling party.In the current era,the fast development of globalization,Informationization,market and democracy,European social democratic parties follow the tide wave,strengthen their own party construction and have significant achievements,which is worthy of research and study.


The purpose of the reseach is to create an english instructional desain social learning network (SLN)-based platform Edmodo using Auction (interestedbased negotiation) strategy. It can be one of creative solutions to overcome a limited time in english learning process in a lesson plan package. The method of developing is used in this research is Lee & Owen (2004). The 5 development steps are as follow : 1) analysis; 2) design; 3) development; 4) implementation; 5) evaluation. The product was evaluated by the experts which is the everage is 89,3% and 24 students from Indonesian Air Force Abd Saleh Language School Malang is 89,8%. In conclusion, the product is completly valid and could be implemented in learning proses.


The problem we study is a generalization of a problem first solved by Tonolo (6), then generalized successively by Schouten (5), Nijenhuis (4), Haantjes (3), and Nijenhuis-Frölicher (2). The Tonolo- Schouten approach is distinct from that of Nijenhuis-Haantjes-Frölicher in the sense that the former consider the problem on a Riemannian space, while the latter consider it on a manifold without any further structure. The object of investigation is the integrability of the distribution θ of vector subspaces θP of the tangent space Tp to a manifold M, when θP is intrinsically related to a given field h on M, of linear transformations hp on Tv . The research has so far been restricted to certain types of h.


The critical issue of floods in Brazilian cities is a consequence of an accelerated and disordered occupation and urbanization process, which results in excessive soil waterproofing, removal of riparian vegetation, silting of rivers and streams, water pollution, among others. In the last decades, the use of conventional drainage techniques has resulted in many problems, due to the fast flow of water to downstream and the pollutant loads that flow to the watercourses. Through Green Infrastructure it is possible to promote urban rainwater storage and infiltration, reducing the probability of flooding, and allowing for the retention of pollutants and consequent improvement of water quality in urban water systems. In this study, the application of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) techniques for the reduction of peak flow and improve the water quality are proposed for the Jacarezinho watershed, located in the Municipality of São Paulo. Hydrological simulations of the proposed solutions indicated a reduction of about 36% of the peak flow, which highlights the relevance of BGI. Unlike the Brazilian conventional drainage that practice the construction of monofunctional flood storage reservoirs (called in Brazil as "piscinões"), the BGI also promotes a harmonious and balanced interaction between the population and the urban landscape.


Joints of copper and stainless steels are used in a er ospace applications. Production of these joints by fusion welding faces many dif ficulties. This may be due to the differences in their physical, metallurgical a nd mechanical properties. Electron Beam Welding (EBW) process has been found to be especially well suited in this area. Selection of the appropriate welding par ameters needs thorough investigations. These parameters include: preheat tempera ture (℃), welding current (I w), focusing current (...


Juno's six‐channel MWR measurements might reveal information about the structure of the wind profile below the cloud level. These measurements are used to calculate the nadir brightness temperature (T b ), a profile determined by temperature and by the opacity of the atmosphere. This opacity for the relevant frequencies of the MWR is determined mostly by ammonia abundance. The T b vary considerably between the different channels (indicating on different depths) and between latitudes. Here, we take the T b as an indicator for ammonia concentration and examine the relation to the zonal jets. We find that different theoretical mechanisms can explain this relation at different latitudes. At the equatorial region, the superrotation is accompanied by vertical upwelling. This vertical advection, driven by a convergence of eddy fluxes directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation, is shown to explain the equatorial ammonia enrichment. At the mid-latitudes, assuming that the ammonia is enriched with depth, alternating Ferrel-like cells framed by opposite vertical velocities redistributes the ammonia, maximizing its meridional gradient where the jet peaks. This hypothesis is well apparent in the data, using both correlation analysis and theoretical arguments. We find that dynamical reasoning, suggesting on vertical velocities through the cloud-level zonal jets, can explain the latitudinal variations in T b, under the assumption that they are caused by ammonia abundance anomalies.


Justice Blackmun made unique contributions to law and medicine. In particular, he had a vision of the relationship between doctors and patients that respected both the professional integrity of the physician and the autonomy of the patient. Examination of several of Justice Blackmun's opinions yields a nuanced view of the complex ties between professional care givers and the patients whom they serve. In particular, the Justice valued maintaining the confidentiality of medical information, respecting the role played by allied health professionals in providing comprehensive care to patients, and ensuring that patients give informed consent to medical care. Most important, Justice Blackmun saw the patient as a whole person rather than as an assortment of disease processes. Justice Blackmun's sense of the individuality of patients and his compassion for those who had limited access to care gave him a powerful vision of the relationship between patients and physicians. His appreciation for the complexities of modern medicine was even more complete because his understanding of quantitative data gave him an unusual appreciation for the physician's obligation to tailor medicine to public health ends. The Justice's empirical jurisprudence, as evidenced in his opinions in Barefoot v. Estelle and McCleskey v. Kemp, demonstrates an ease with statistics and an understanding of the principles that govern the practices of evidence-based medicine and epidemiology. Justice Blackmun's unique perspective on physicians' obligations both to the individual patients for whom they care and to populations and public health made him appreciate the tensions between the physician's obligations to individual patients and his obligations to society.


The video data transmitted in video surveillance system must have high requirement of real-time characteristics and work well on different network status, even if the network is congested. A video surveillance system with adaptability is developed by using the technology of RTP/RTCP, XMPP and H.264. By adjusting its behavior according to the quality of data distribution, such a system can provide delivery services for video data with best real-time characteristics. Firstly, this paper indicates the adaptability of video surveillance system is very important according to its characteristics, then it illustrates the design method and technical implementation, and the system realization and function quality is described finally.


The field of Artificial Intelligence is based on research activities for simulating human-thinking and behaviors, thanks to advanced mathematical approaches. In this field, there are many different kinds of interest areas in which researchers perform different studies to obtain effective solutions for especially real-world based problems. At this point, Swarm Intelligence is one of the most remarkable interest areas, which attract researchers' attention. The research scope of Swarm Intelligence is associated with problem solution approaches, which employ collective behavior of natural or artificial self-organized systems. In this context, different types of algorithms have been designed and developed by researchers in order to provide alternative solutions for the problems. Regarding to the research activities in Swarm Intelligence, it has been a trend to design and develop new algorithms aiming to ensure better solution ways for certain problems. In order to achieve this, researchers has spent their time on examining natural dynamics of different swarms and tried to design some mathematical algorithms to provide similar models of natural dynamics while obtaining general solution frameworks. It is important that the nature has a great, inspiring role on creating new algorithmic structures to combine both mathematics and physical events, which we witness in the real life. When the present literature is examined, it can be seen that some widely used Swarm Intelligence algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) have important popularity to be used among different problems. In addition to these algorithms, there are also many different algorithms, which have been already introduced in the related literature. These algorithms are generally based on natural dynamics and may include some additional working mechanisms based on evolutionary approaches or models, which have been introduced before. Anyone, who wants to understand present state of the literature and have ideas on future directions, should examine general approaches of the algorithms and learn working mechanisms employed in them. The primary mission of this article is to figure out present state of the literature on Swarm Intelligence, and express some ideas about future directions. For this aim, it has been organized as a study, which explains basics of well-known and widely-used algorithms on Swarm Intelligence, and discusses about some comparative aspects; making it better to understand more about the present state. After explaining basics of the algorithms, the article employs some sections to introduce some recent comparative studies, in order to enable readers to have ideas on which algorithms are better than others. In this way, it is aimed to show more about present status and have some preliminary ideas before talking about potential works in the future. As general, the article supports the idea of last sentence in previous paragraph; and makes it easier for people, who are interested in Swarm Intelligence, to understand present state of the literature and have ideas on future directions.


An essential goal of recommendation systems is to provide users with accurate and personalized recommendations that meet their preferences. With the rapid growth of IoT-connected sensors, the availability of contextual information has increased, and this has necessitated the fast development of Context-Aware Recommendation Systems (CARS). Context-Aware recommenders are different from traditional recommenders because of their ability to predict the ratings of target users/items by exploiting the knowledge of contextual information. Context-aware recommenders define the context as any information that characterizes the situations of items and users at a particular interaction. They are essential for some contexts where prediction can be more precise in generating specific personalized recommendations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of context-based recommendation systems in IoT environments, namely IoT-CARS, and sheds light on their requirements, characteristics, and applications. We characterize context-aware recommenders in terms of the different IoT contexts and how these contexts are modeled. We also highlight the used metrics to evaluate the performance of various context-based recommenders.


A series of polyester-based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) aqueous dispersions with well-defined hard segments were prepared from polyester polyol, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, 1,4-butanediol, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic-type aqueous dispersions had good dispersity in water and were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 1 year. For these aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the hard-segment content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.10). Films prepared with the PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 5.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 103 (this led to a hydrophobic surface). The water-resistant property of these waterborne PUU films could be well correlated with some crystallites and ordered structures of the well-defined hard segments formed by hydrogen bonding between the urethane/urethane groups and urethane/ester groups, as well as the degree of microphase separation between the hard and soft segments in the PUU systems.


R. Albert Mohler speaks about Baptist tradition and evangelicalism. He gives an overview of Baptist beliefs and controversies with an historical perspective.


An unusual two-dimensional mixed (TM) state of a superconductor, whose possible occurrence was pointed out by L. Landau,[2] was observed in the experiments of I. Landau and Sharvin(1) concerning the intermediate state in hollow cylinders with current. In a hollow cylinder with a current exceeding the value at which the thermodynamic structure of the intermediate state vanishes, the magnetic field is nevertheless equal to zero near the inside surface of the cylinder. Therefore, in this region the conditions for the formation of a thin superconducting layer on the inside boundary of the metal still exist. In fact, in experiment P ] it was found that the current-voltage characteristic in the indicated current range is given by 1= R-ly + Is, where R-ly is the ohmic part, and over a wide range of voltages (currents) the value of Is is close to the critical current, calculated with the radius of the inner region, In other words this somewhat unexpected result indicates that the nondissipative current Is is large and close to the surface density of the superconducting current, which is flowing on the boundary between the normal and the superconducting phases. In this connection the magnetic field increases jumpwise in the layer to the value Hc.


Roberto, Mikhail, and Nat are college friends and all want to be police officers. Roberto is quiet and shy, lacks selfconfidence, and usually follows others. He is a kind person, but lacks motivation. Mikhail is loud and boisterous, a leader. He works hard, but is impulsive and drinks too much on the weekends. Nat is thoughtful and well liked. He is trustworthy, but sometimes he has difficulty making quick decisions. Of these three men, who would make the best police officer? What qualities and personality factors make someone a good police officer? What makes someone a bad or dangerous police officer?


As big data techniques become widespread in journalism, both as the subject of reporting and as newsgathering tools, the ethics of data science must inform and be informed by media ethics. This article explores emerging problems in ethical research using big data techniques. It does so using the duty-based framework advanced by W.D. Ross, who has significantly influenced both research science and media ethics. A successful framework must provide stability and flexibility. Without stability, ethical precommitments will vanish as technology rapidly shifts costs. Without flexibility, traditional approaches will rapidly become obsolete in the face of technological change. The article concludes that Ross's duty-based approach both provides stability in the face of rapid technological change and flexibility to innovate to achieve the original purpose of basic ethical principles.


In this paper, a new method for the calculation of electromagnetic fields around a transmission line subjected to a lightning strike is described and discussed. The electric fields and magnetic fields are presented graphically as a function of spatial coordinate, as a function of time and as a function of both. It is believed that this exact solution has not been published before. First, a double exponential lightning surge current is injected into a transmission line. Once the temporal variations of current is known, then electric and magnetic fields can be calculated by using the field expressions for electric dipoles over infinitely conducting ground. As the calculation was done for each frequency, temporal and spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all these responses.


M Y PURPOSE HERE IS, first of all, to urge that a more modern and relevant approach to Comedia criticism is desirable, specifically one that will offer a realistic perspective on the relationship between traditional scholarship and modern literary criticism; second, to advocate greater critical rigor, which will encompass eschewing the intentional fallacy, hierarchies, cults of personality, biographical and cultural determinism, and moralizing; and, finally, to insist on the autonomy of the critic and on viewing criticism as a cumulative enterprise. When I speak of critics and criticism here and 'throughout, I have in mind academic critics and academic criticism; that is, the type of literary criticism practiced in the academy. A distinction needs to be made between -the academic critic's role when he deals with primary source material and when he writes reviews. In the latter capacity, he will almost invariably reach some conclusion concerning the value of the secondary source material being reviewed. In -the role of reviewer, he functions much like the drama and film critics who review current offerings in those areas. In reviews, of whatever kind, relatively subjective and negative criticism tends to flourish. In literary cri'ticism, the task should always be viewed and the criticism expressed in objective and consistently positive terms. Let me summarize briefly the current situation. With the exception of those of the British School who have been influenced at least indirectly by I. A. Richards' Principles of Literary Criticism (1924), it is clear that the majority of Comedia scholars are precisely that: scholars, rather than literary critics.' Among American Comediantes, a disproportionate amount of energy has traditionally been devoted to activities marginal to 'the explication of the literary artifact; specifically, to editing, biography, bibliography, staging, questions of influence and authorship, and preoccupation with antiquarianism and extrinsic concerns in general.2 The second truly significant book of this century, in point of its influence upon critical theory, has been largely ignored by those who publish on Golden-Age drama, and indeed by Hispanists at large. I refer to Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism (1957). There have been a few attempts at interpretation based on myth and archetype, but these have looked more directly to Jung, or perhaps Frazer, than to Frye; in other words, they look more to psychology and anthropology than to the myths and archetypes of literature itself. There have also been a few Freudian and Marxist interpretations, but, except for Noel Salomon's work, none of the lot has been particularly productive or convincing." The point I would make is the obvious one that we are, in the majority, at some distance from the mainstream of modern critical theory and


A HPLC method was developed for the determination of uric acid in human urine.Urine samples were successfully separated on an ACE 5 AQ hydrophilic column with mobi1e phase of acetic acid solution(pH3.2).The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm.The linear curve of uric acid concentration was within the range of 7.1~224.6 μg/mL and the average spiked recoveries were 99.7%~100.5% with the RSD below 1.4%.The analysis results of urine samples showed that there was no significant difference in urinary uric acid concentration levels between healthy persons and liver cirrhosis patients.The established HPLC method is simple,fast,accurate,and reliable,and thus can be applied to the determination of uric acid in clinical urine samples.


THE charming "Victory binding her sandal" and her sisters of the parapet (generally misnamed "balustrade ") of the temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis have justly been ranked, both by the public at large and by specialists in the field of sculpture, among the most beautiful and epoch-making creations that have survived from Greek antiquity. It is, however, as individual pieces that we have been forced to admire them; the problem of their adjustment to each other, and of the composition of the whole, has seemingly remained insoluble. For, while the number of sculptured pieces has increased since the first discoveries of 1835,-so that instead of the five pieces originally published by Ross we now have forty-four (not counting separately those which have been joined together),2yet at the same time the extent over which this material was distributed has been lengthened by more attentive studies of the temple and its surroundings. Hence those who have intensively studied the problem, Ross in 1839, Michaelis in 1862, Kekulh in 1869 and 1881, Petersen in 1881, Yorke in 1893, Casson in 1921, and Heberdey in 1910 and 1923, have been faced by the same uncertainties with regard to the sequence of the extant pieces.3 It is because of these uncertainties, due chiefly to the fact that attention has been concentrated on matters of composition, to the exclusion of the equally important elements of technical structure and style, that the entire scheme resulting from the cumulative studies of Kekulh and his successors falls to the ground. Thus, while Heberdey's final plan shows thirty-eight pieces in their respective positions,4 it can be


Organic–inorganic perovskites have demonstrated an impressive potential for the design of the next generation of solar cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently considered for scaling up and commercialization. Many of the lab‐scale preparation methods are however difficult to scale up or are environmentally unfriendly. The highest efficient PSCs are currently prepared using the antisolvent method, which utilizes a significant amount of an organic solvent to induce perovskite crystallization in a thin film. An antisolvent‐free method is developed in this work using flash infrared annealing (FIRA) to prepare methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) PSCs with a record stabilized power conversion efficiency of 18.3%. With an irradiation time of fewer than 2 s, FIRA enables the coating of glass and plastic substrates with pinhole‐free perovskite films that exhibit micrometer‐size crystalline domains. This work discusses the FIRA‐induced crystallization mechanism and unveils the main parameters controlling the film morphology. The replacement of the antisolvent method and the larger crystalline domains resulting from flash annealing make FIRA a highly promising method for the scale‐up of PSC manufacture.


This paper presents Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of a Twisted Savonius rotor. Simulations were performed in a CFD software Flow-3D, using Reynold's Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE) solver with structured rectangular mesh. The proposed rotor has 180° twist with two endplates and no central shaft. Expected performance of the twisted Savonius rotor has been determined, this includes starting characteristics, static torque and rotational speed of the turbine. Simulation results show better performance of twisted Savonius rotor as compared to the other conventional Savonius rotors. Designed twisted rotor will be used in a small seafloor power generation system.


As well as highlighting why macro prudential policy tools serve as vital complements to monetary policy tools, this paper aims to highlight why the question relating to the suitability of monetary policy as a tool for facilitating financial stability has constituted a topic of contentious debates in several spheres.

The introduction of the 2010 Basel III leverage ratios was intended not only to address shortcomings of the previous Basel capital framework, but also intended to serve as a complement to the risk based capital adequacy framework. However, as with many implementation challenges, other issues which involve calibration between the risk based and leverage based frameworks continue to constitute areas of concern for regulators – and supervisors. So also matters relating to disclosures – as evidenced by ongoing initiatives in respect of Pillar 3.

This paper also aims to highlight progress and developments being made since 2010 – as well as accentuate challenges still being encountered by the leverage based framework. Herein lies the importance of continued collaborative efforts aimed at facilitating comparability, consistency, understanding and communication between national and federal regulators and supervisors from different jurisdictions – in efforts aimed at realizing not just Basel III initiatives and objectives, but also the Federal Reserve's dual mandate of price stability and maximum employment.


The compound, dimethyl[5-tert-butyl-2-(6-methyl-1H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenolato]gallium (1), crystallizes in triclinic with space group P1 and a = 7.4515(15)A, b = 10.525(2)A, c = 12.535(3)A, α = 74.18(3)°, β = 74.32(3)°, γ = 84.27(3)°, V = 910.3(3)A3, Z = 2. The gallium atom is bonded by one oxygen atom and coordinated by a nitrogen atom, forming one six-member ring. It forms a central four-member ring composed of two gallium and two oxygen atoms.


Rate constants for self-exchange of electrons between semiquinone radical ions and their parent quinones were measured for four benzoquinone derivatives in aqueous solutions (containing 5 M 2-propanol and 1 M acetone at pH 7). This was accomplished by measuring the effect of the concentration of the quinone on the ESR line width of the semiquinone radical ion produced by in situ photolysis. The quinones studied were benzoquinone, 2,5- and 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, and duroquinone. The rate constants for the electron exchange for these couples were found to be in the range of 0.5 to 2 x 10/sup 8/ M/sup -1/s/sup -1/. Electron transfer from one semiquinone to another quinone in this group of benzoquinone derivatives was measured using kinetic spectrophotometry and pulse radiolysis. Since one-electron reduction potentials for all of these quinone/semiquinone couples are known from pulse radiolysis determination of the equilibria, electron transfer rates can be predicted using the Marcus theory from rates of the self-exchange reactions. The calculated rates thus obtained are in good agreement with the experimentally measured rate constants. Reaction radii could be estimated and further correlations between the rates of electron transfer and the free energy changes were checked.


The Au/n–CdTe Schottky diodes with a high rectification factor (107–108 at |V| = 0.5 V), low reverse current (10−12–10−9 A at V = −1 V) and an open-circuit voltage of 0.75–0.85 V are investigated. Depending on the semiconductor resistivity (102–104 Ω cm at 300 K) and treatment of the surface of a single crystal before the vacuum deposition of Au, the observed current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of diodes exhibit a wide variety of shapes. The obtained experimental data on the charge transport mechanism in Schottky diodes based on both n- and p-type CdTe are summarized taking into account the results reported earlier. The variety of the observed I–V characteristics is explained in the framework of the Sah–Noyce–Shockley theory for generation recombination in the space-charge region of a p–n junction adapted to a Schottky diode.


1. The typology of secret data and information collection Bearing in mind current national, European and global crime rates as well as the globalizing tendencies of organized crime, we can state for certain that the traditional, open methods of investigation are not efficient for successful criminal prosecution. Against conspired criminal networks working with wide-scale distribution of work, using significant human and material resources, one can step up successfully only with secret methods of covering, and an extensive spectrum of human and technical devices. The detailed criminal tactical and criminal technical methodology of these devices and strategies is defined by criminalistics. Criminal procedure law provides the legal framework. Act XIX of 1998 on Criminal Procedures (hereinafter the Criminal Procedures Law, CPL), form-fitted to Rule of Law requirements, includes the regulations for secret data and information collection. This is a novelty in Hungary, as there had been no such directions in the criminal procedure codes. The investigating authorities used to act on the basis of secret, internal commands even though their operation affected fundamental rights. The breakthrough came with Act X of the year 1990 (already annulled by Act CXXV of 1995), which– at the dawn of the political transition–was the first to regulate secret service operations. This was followed by Act XXXIV of 1994 on the Police, Act C of 1995 on Customs law, customs procedures, and customs administration, Act CXXV of 1995 on National Security Services, and Act XXXII of 1997, on the Border Guard Services, and finally the recent modification of the law on prosecutor's office, which gave a detailed authorization for secret information collection,. (Altogether, at present there are four agencies performing investiga


The invention relates to a burner element (10, 12, 18), comprising a surface (23) that potentially comes into contact with a fuel. The surface (23) potentially coming into contact with the fuel has a coating (21) comprising aluminum oxide. The invention further relates to a burner (1, 107) comprising a burner element (10, 12, 18) according to the invention. Further, a method for coating a surface of a burner element (10, 12, 18) potentially coming into contact with a fuel is described, wherein the surface (23) potentially coming into contact with the fuel is coated with aluminum oxide (21).


The synchronized behavior of large schools of fish can be a fascinating sight and has caught the attention of researchers for decades. Schools of thousands, or even millions of fish can seemingly function as a single entity, by mechanisms that are still not entirely understood. Models describing the individual behavior (individual based models) have been shown to predict certain schooling features such as predator avoidance, whereas experiments with fish schools in tanks have revealed rules governing the interaction between neighboring fish. However, the step from an individual based model or a school of a limited number of fish in a tank experiment, to large free swimming schools in the ocean, may include challenges with regards to the observation techniques and to conditions of the environment that are not necessarily reproduced in the individual based model or in the tank. The latest technological advances in underwater acoustic observation has introduced the potential of observing schools of fish of size up to a few hundred meters by threedimensional images generated by multi-beam sonars. The Simrad MS70 multi-beam sonar provides true three-dimensional images at a temporal resolution down to approximately one image per second, enabling observations of the dynamic behavior of large fish schools in situ, at a spatial and temporal resolution that has not been previously available. In this thesis, data from the MS70 sonar are analyzed by means of simulation, and steps are taken towards establishing a link between the modeled behavior of an individual and the observed behavior of real fish schools. The principal analytical tool utilized in the thesis is a simulation model developed by the author (and co-authors), which simulates observations from multi-beam sonars based on the positions, orientations, and acoustical properties of arbitrary groups of individual fish, and the configuration and acoustical properties of the sonar and the environment. The framework of the simulation model is presented in the first of three papers in the thesis, along with examples of its use as implemented for the EK60 multi-frequency echosounder, the ME70 multi-beam echosounder, and the MS70 multi-beam sonar, all manufactured by Simrad. The simulation experiments shown in the first paper illustrate for example the potential of the MS70 sonar to provide information about the behavior of fish schools. Specifically, in one of the experiments, a herring school with original mean heading perpendicular to the central sonar beams is modified to represent eight different idealized orientation scenarios, obtained by rotating the fish in specific sections of the school by 90◦ towards the sonar. This produced reduced backscatter in the sections of the school which were rotated, due to the directionality of the scattering from herring at the acoustic frequencies of the sonar, showing the potential for falsely interpreting orientation changes as fish density changes, but also the potential for extracting


The media containing new complex organic substrates suggested that Mirabilis jalapa tuber powder (MJTP), shrimp wastes powder (SWP) and sardinella peptone could be used as an alternative source of cheaper carbon and nitrogen substrates for production of enzymes by Bacillus mojavensis A21. The use of 40 g/L MJTP as a sole carbon and nitrogen sources resulted in a proteases and α-amylases production of 730 and 3 U/ml, respectively. A two fold higher production of proteases by A21 strain was achieved with 4 g/L of sardinella peptones added in the MJTP medium. More interestingly, SWP supplementation in a medium containing of MJTP resulted in maximum growth and highest α-amylase production.


How are fragrances made? Scented body lotions, soaps, and hair shampoos with smells that extend beyond the packaging seem very popular


Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? We offer some conjectures, review the literature, and set the course for forthcoming research.


France has always been considered as one of the leading nations in the field of Mine Warfare, and this reputation was reconfirmed during the recent operations in the Oman Sea and the Gulf, where excellent results were obtained. Nevertheless, these were coastal operations and the mines which were found were not of up-to-date technology. The recent revolution of mines has led the French Navy to ask the French Ministry of Defence Agency for an original solution for protection against mines over the whole Continental shelf and especially to protect the submarines of the nuclear deterrence force. Needless to say, cost-effectiveness was a prime requirement. The purpose of this presentation is to give the highlights of both the initial requirements and the solutions which were chosen to meet them.


One of the causes of traffic jams in Yogyakarta is the surplus of vehicles that isn't
equalized with the length of the roads in the city. This can affect the decreasing of the air
quality in Yogyakarta city. Pollution that is caused by the vehicles is consider as an
external cost. This is way the pollution has to be value as an amount of money so it can
be charged to the society that caused it in the first time. The purpose of this experiment is
to know how much pollution that is caused by CO (carbon monoxide) which is caused by
vehicles with 2 or 4 whells that uses gasoline for its fuel in Yogyakarta, and then followed
by an analysis about the willingness to pay (WTP) with Contingent Valuation Method
(CVM) of the society to decrease the emission level until it suits the threshold level. This
experiment uses area under discussion sampling and surveys. Area under discussion
sampling is done to measure the emission in Yogyakarta. Survey is done using quetioner
that is spread to the drivers of the 2 or 4 whells that uses gasoline for its fuel in
Yogyakarta. The infraction of the CO emission shows that during this experiment shows
there are 59,13% infraction from the 4 wheel vehicle and 38,84% from the 2 wheel
vehicle, and the willingness to pay from the vehicles owner is about Rp. 100.000 < WTP
< 150.000 for the 4 wheel vehicle and Rp. 20.000 < WTP < 50.000 for the 2 wheel
vehicle.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To identify patients' symptoms following completion of radiotherapy for common cancers by a nurse-managed telephone interview.

DESIGN
Quality assurance project.

SETTING
Radiation therapy department in a community hospital in a large midwestern city.

SAMPLE
One hundred eleven patients treated by radiotherapy for primary cancer of the prostate, head/neck, lung, and breast.

METHODS
Two time points of data collection: nurses completed an end-of-treatment symptom evaluation within the last five days of treatment and conducted telephone interviews 14-21 days post-therapy. Interview questions were based on each individual's end-of-treatment symptoms and common site-specific side effects.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Symptoms at end of treatment and 14-21 days after therapy completion, nursing assessments and interventions, and length of telephone interview.

FINDINGS
At the end of treatment, 104 (94%) patients were experiencing symptoms. Nurses contacted 106 (95%) patients by telephone 14-21 days after therapy completion and assessed symptoms in 84 (79%) patients. Nineteen (18%) patients reported the development of a new symptom. Nurses independently managed 95% of the calls.

CONCLUSIONS
The majority of patients experienced symptoms in the immediate post-therapy period. Telephone follow-up interviews served as a mechanism for evaluating short-term morbidity and provided the opportunity for nurses to intervene with many patients.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
A nurse-managed telephone follow-up program can be used as a component of a quality improvement process in radiation centers to assess patients' post-treatment symptoms and provide education and support.


SummaryThe specific desensibilisation of allergy to pollen seems to he the best method, since it brings a very great improvement in 60 % of the cases in a scries of patients particularly affected and never improved previously by other treatments.In less severely struck patients one gets generally good results in 75 and 80 % of the cases. Moreover, persistance of the good results for a few years or even definitively can he hoped for using this method.


The central role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, p110α) signaling in allowing cancer cells to bypass normal growth-limiting controls has led to the development of PI3K(p110α) inhibitors. A challenge in targeting PI3K(p110α) relates to the diverse actions of the PI3K pathway in numerous cell types. Recent findings in mice deficient in PI3K(p110α) activity in the heart, demonstrate the critical role of this pathway in protecting the heart against pathological insults. Mice deficient in PI3K(p110α) displayed accelerated heart failure in response to dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results help explain the association of cardiomyopathy in cancer patients given tyrosine kinase inhibitors and raise concerns for the use of PI3K(p110α) inhibitors in cancer patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Interestingly, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (a downstream effector of PI3K), did not have adverse effects on the heart. A more complete understanding of the complex arms and interactions of the PI3K pathway will hopefully lead to the development of anti-cancer agents without cardiac complications.


Vision-related complaints are among the earliest symptoms in dementia. Examination of the eye has anatomical advantages over the brain because of its transparent ocular media and direct retinal neuronal connections with the brain. Various animal and clinical studies have made associations between Alzheimer's disease and retinal nerve fibre layer thinning, as well as reduction in retinal function. Considerable research effort is directed toward Alzheimer's disease and its associated ocular abnormalities, but little is known about vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and whether there are any associated ocular changes. The term VCI encompasses a number of syndromes characterised by a decline in cognition due to damage in cerebral vessels, including post-stroke dementia, and vascular dementia, and both are agerelated conditions. With populations ageing in developed countries, optometrists as primary care providers need to be well informed of ocular health and functional deficits associated with age-related systemic diseases. Herein, a case of VCI and ocular findings are presented.


Aromatic and α,β-unsaturated methyl esters undergo efficient transesterification at ambient temperature or below with primary, secondary, or (particularly) tertiary alcohols in the presence of butyl-lithium in tetrahydrofuran solution.


The aim of this thesis is to design and implement a web portal for joint activities with elements of social networks. The introductory parts are dedicated to history and analysis of current situation in context of social networks. The next part is dedicated to analysis, design and implementation of web portal for joint activities. The final part is dedicated to testing and deployment of the web portal on a production server.


In the order picking process of the warehouse center, considering the rapid increase in the volume of orders arriving at the picking center at the time of the promotional festival, a hybrid operation mode with multiple picking tables is used to meet the picking requirements of the huge number of real-time orders. Therefore, in this paper, a hybrid picking mode is proposed, taking into account both the idle degree of picking stations and their order item centers of gravity, and a new reinforcement learning algorithm embedding mechanism (PRL) with placeholder control is designed to solve the problem of a huge number of real-time item orders arriving at the picking center system on promotional holidays and in inconsistent quantities, and numerical simulations are performed for this algorithm. The experimental results show that the PRL algorithm in hybrid picking mode can handle a huge number of orders simultaneously and improve picking efficiency effectively.


Martini, Manuela, Fedelia alla Terra. Scelle economiche e attività pubbliche di una famiglia nobile bolognese nell' Ottocento (Il Mulino, 1999). Maume, Patrick, The Long Gestation. Irish Nationalist Life 1891-1918 (St Martin's Press, 2000). Murray, Alexander, Suicide in the Middle Ages, vol. II: The Curse on Self-Murder (Oxford University Press, 2000). Niezen, Ronald, Spirit Wars. Native North American Religions in the Age of Nation Building (University of California Press, 2000). Nobles, Melissa, Shades of Citizenship. Race and the Census in Modem Politics (Stanford University Press, 2000). sPflugfelder, Gregory M., Cartographies of Desire (University of California Press, 1999). Phillips, Laura, Bolsheviks and the Bottle (Northern Illinois University Press, 2000). Prashad,Vijay, Untouchable Freedom. A Social History of a Dalit Community (Oxford University Press, 2000). Richardson, R.C., The Study of History. A Bibliographical Guide, 2nd edn (Manchester University Press, 2000). Ackerman, Peter and Duvall, Jack, A Force More Powerful. A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (St Martin's Press, 2000). Amadiume, In, Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women Struggle for Culture, Power and Democracy (Zed Books, 2000). Bolster, Richard, Marie d'Agoult. The Rebel Countess (Yale University Press, 2000). Bono, Salvatore, It Mediterraneo. Da Lepanto a Barcellona (Morlacchi Editore, 1999). Bonus, Rick, Locating Filipino Americans. Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space (Temple University Press, 2000). Brendon, Piers, The Dark Valley. A Panorama of the 1930s (Knopf, 2000). Curtin, Mary Ellen, Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900 (University Press of Virginia, 2000). Derné, Steve, Movies, Masculinity, and Modernity. An Ethnography of Men's Filmgoing in India (Greenwood Press, 2000). Engerman, Stanley and Gallman, Robert (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. Ill: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Fabian, Ann, The Unvarnished Truth. Personal Narratives in Nineteenth-Century America (University of California Press, 2000). Falconbridge, Anna Maria, Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone, ed. Christopher Fyfe (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Favez, Jean-Claude, The Red Cross and the Holocaust (Cambridge University Press, 1999). George, Susan, Liverpool Park Estates (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Gleadle, Kathryn and Richardson, Sarah (eds), Women in British Politics, 1760-1860. The Power of the Petticoat (St Martin's Press, 2000). Service, Robert, Lenin. A Biography (Harvard University Press, 2000). Spink, Ian, Henry Lawes. Cavalier Songwriter (Oxford University Press, 2000). Vanita, Ruth and Kidwai, Saleem (eds), Same-Sex Love in India. Readings from Literature and History (St Martin's Press, 2000). Wilford, John, The Mapmakers. The Story of the Creat Pioneers in Cartography - From Antiquity to the Space Age, rev. edn (Knopf, 2000). Green, James, Taking History to Heart. The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements (University of Massachusetts Press, 2000). Grofman, Bernard (ed.), Legacies of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (University Press of Virginia, 2000). Harding, Susan, The Book of Jerry Falwell (Princeton University Press, 2000). Hart, Mitchell, Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity (Stanford University Press, 2000). Honeyman, Katrina, Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England, 1700-1870 (St Martin's Press, 2000). Jardine, Lisa and Brotton, Jerry, Global Interests. Renaissance Art between East & West (Cornell University Press, 2000). Kelly, Gail (ed.), French Colonial Education. Essays on Vietnam and West Africa (AMS Press, 2000). Kersten, Andrew, Race, Jobs and the War. The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941-46 (University of Illinois Press, 2000). Kinloch, Graham and Mohan, Raj (eds), Ideology and the Social Sciences (Greenwood Press, 2000).


Based on interviews with second-generation Indo-Canadians, this paper argues that communication with family in the homeland leads the second generation to construct their identities through a series of material and symbolic flows across the borders of India and Canada. Through the consumption of cross-border shopping, fashion, advice, and interactions, the children of migrants develop identities within a transnational social field that includes people, information and goods in both Canada and India. For the second generation, their sense of self is inherently located within and between national borders, and they express this multi-belonging through emotions, appearances and allegiances. This paper concludes that transnationalism is not a one generation phenomenon. A series of informal family networks are developed between second generation Indo-Canadians and kin in the country of origin, which act as conduits for identity construction. These identities are malleable and further modified through ongoing transnational interactions. Findings provide insights into the self-expression of migrant youth in today's globalized world. © Kamla-Raj 2008 Youth and Migration Journal of Social Sciences Special Volume No. 10: 23-33 (2008) Anand Singh (Guest Editor) Author's Address: Kara Somerville, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Sociology, 1019-9 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5 Telephone: 306-966-7437, Fax: 306-966-6950, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


This paper is intended to show how a single reality, that is the continuation of war in Iraq by the American troops, is presented and viewed by the two major American political parties' (Republican and Democratic) candidates of the US presidential primaries of 2008. In this study, van Dijk's (2004) framework adopted from Politics, ideology and discourse is used to detect discursive structures within the transcripts of the candidates' speeches and discover the ideologies underlying them. The macro strategies of 'positive self-representation' and 'negative other- representation' (which are intimately tied up with 'Polarization' of in group vs. out group ideologies or US-THEM) plus the other 25 more subtle strategies have turned out to be very accurate criteria for the evaluation of attitudes, and opinions. The findings of this study can be conducive to expanding readers' critical thinking abilities in comprehension and production of language.


Lejeuneaceae are the most species rich family of leafy liverworts and arguably the most difficult group in terms of generic delimitation. Although much progress has been made in recent years, the generic classification of Lejeuneaceae has not yet been satisfactorily solved. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses of a three marker dataset (nrITS, cp DNA rbc L and trn L- trn F) derived from 113 accessions of Lejeuneeae and 13 outgroup species. Based on maximum parsimony analyses and Bayesian inference of phylogeny, we propose the new subtribes Pycnolejeuneinae and Xylolejeuneinae, reinstate the genera Cystolejeunea and Cyrtolejeunea , and transfer Otolejeunea from Cyclolejeuneinae to Lepidolejeuneinae.


Conventional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compare treatment effectiveness to provide a basis for evidence-based treatments that can be generalized to the average patient. However, this information may not always be useful for treating individual patients. We present an alternative approach to identifying optimized treatments using experimental designs that focus on individuals. Personalized designs, or N-of-1 designs, provide both a functional analysis demonstrating that changes in patient symptoms are due to the treatment implemented and a comparative analysis of treatments. This approach is relevant in the zeitgeist of personalized medicine and provides clinicians with a paradigm for investigating optimal treatments for rare diseases in which RCTs are not feasible, identifying optimal treatments for patients with comorbidities who would be excluded from most RCTs, handling clinical situations in which patients respond idiosyncratically (either positively or negatively) to treatment, and shortening the gap between identification and implementation of an evidence-based treatment. These designs merge experimental analysis of behavior methods used for decades in psychology with new methodological and statistical advances to assess significance levels of change in individual patients, and they can be generalized to larger populations for meta-analytic purposes. This paper presents a case for why these models are needed, an overview of how to apply personalized designs for different types of clinical scenarios, and a brief discussion of issues associated with interpretation and implementation of personalized designs. Our goal is to empower pediatricians to take personalized trial designs into clinical practice to identify optimal treatments for their patients.


ABSTRACT Introduction Metastatic triple-negative breast cancers (mTNBC) are characterized by aggressive behavior and worse clinical outcomes than other breast cancer subtypes, as well as poor response to cytotoxic chemotherapies. The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has been investigated as a potential treatment strategy, particularly in heavily pretreated disease. Areas covered This article reviews the preclinical and clinical data supporting the use of the ADCs sacituzumab govitecan (SG), ladiratuzumab vedotin (LV), and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in mTNBC, and highlights ongoing clinical trials and future clinical applications. Expert opinion SG, LV, and T-DXd have demonstrated their potential to meaningfully improve clinical outcomes in patients with pretreated mTNBC, as demonstrated by notable response rates in phase I/II and, for SG, phase III clinical trials. Investigation of their use in combination with other agents, including PARP inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors, is ongoing in the metastatic setting, and their application in early-stage TNBCs are under investigation. ADCs are therefore expected to redefine treatment paradigms in TNBC.


Protein expression in mammalian cells is key for the production and manufacturing of bio‐therapeutics with human‐like properties and activities. As a molecular basis for reaching high protein expression levels, efficient promoter/enhancer systems are a prerequisite. Here we identify a novel enhancer from the mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early 2 (IE2) region as a strong expression‐promoting element. We further demonstrate its activity in bi‐directional promoter architecture and apply it to generate production clones for IL‐18BP, a protein with therapeutic indications in autoimmune diseases. These data show that the IE region from mouse CMV, and the IE2 enhancer/promoter in particular, have a broad potential for application in novel gene expression systems for research, development, and manufacturing of protein drugs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 106–117. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


As an essential dimension of our information space, time plays a very important role in every aspect of our lives. Temporal information is necessarily required in many applications, such as temporal constraint modeling in intelligent agents (Hritcu and Buraga, 2005), semantic web services (Pan and Hobbs, 2004), temporal content modeling and annotation for semantic video retrieval (QasemiZadeh et al., 2006), geographic information science (Agarwal, 2005), data integration of historical stock price databases (Zhu et al., 2004), ubiquitous and pervasive systems for modeling the time dimension of the context (Chen et al., 2004), and so on. Extracting temporal information from text is especially useful for increasing the temporal awareness for different natural language applications, such as question answering, information retrieval, and summarization. For example, in summarizing a story in terms of a timeline, a system may have to extract and chronologically order events in which a particular person participated. In answering a question as to a person's current occupation, a system may have to selectively determine which of several occupations reported for that person is the most recently reported one (Mani et al., 2004). This chapter presents recent advances in applying machine learning and data mining approaches to automatically extract explicit and implicit temporal information from natural language text. The extracted temporal information includes, for example, events, temporal expressions, temporal relations, (vague) event durations, event anchoring, and event orderings.


Three Mongolian groups (Elute, Bargud and Buriat) were investigated on seven asymmetric behavioral traits (handedness, hand clasping, arm folding, leg folding, foot preference, stride type and eye preference) in Hulun Buir League, Inner Mongolia, in September, 1997. The results were as follows: 1) In the Mongols of Hulun Buir League, handedness, leg folding, foot preference, stride type and eye preference showed obviously higher frequencies of right type than those of left type. 2) The seven traits except leg folding had no significant sexual difference. 3) The differences between Bargud and Elute were greater than those between Bargud and Buriat. 4) Compared with other groups, the Mongols in Hulun Buir League showed a lower frequency of right hand clasping, a higher frequency of right arm folding and a moderate frequency of right leg folding. 5) Statistically significant correlation was found between 12 pairs of the traits.


There is a growing need for a quantitative measure of inspection effectiveness as an input to quantitative risk-informed in-service inspection (RI-ISI). A Probability of Detection (POD) curve could provide a suitable metric. However there can be significant problems associated with generating realistic POD curves by practical trials. The ENIQ inspection qualification methodology can provide high assurance that an inspection system will achieve its objectives, but is not designed to provide a quantitative measure of the type that can be used in RI-ISI analysis. A project, led by Doosan Babcock, was therefore set up with main objectives to investigate approaches to quantifying the confidence associated with inspection qualification and to produce guidelines on how to relate inspection qualification results, risk reduction and inspection interval. This report discusses how a simplified POD curve, such as a step curve, could be used as the target for inspection qualification, or as an output from it. Work to investigate the sensitivity of relative risk reduction to the details of the POD curve is described from which it is concluded that use of a simplified POD curve could be justified. Two methods for quantifying the outcome from inspection qualification are described. The first method is a relatively simple process based on direct expert judgement. The second method is based on a more rigorous structured process employing Bayesian statistics, in which the subjective degree of belief in inspection capability derived from a Technical Justification (TJ) is expressed in probabilistic terms, and combined with data from practical trials results. Two pilot studies are described which involved a qualification body applying the quantification methods in practice. Recommendations for further work to make the approaches developed more robust are provided. The mission of the Joint Research Centre is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.


The bibliographic reference and citations which exist among documents in a given document collection can be used to study the history and scope of particular subject areas and to assess the importance of individual authors, documents, and journals. A clustering study of computer science literature is described, using bibliographic citations as a clustering criterion, and conclusions are drawn regarding the scope of computer science and the characteristics of individual documents in the area. In particular, the clustering characteristics lead to a distinction between core and fringe areas in the field and to the identification of particularly influential articles.


When the excited triplet states of disperse azo dyes with nitro groups abstract hydrogen to generate hydrazinyl (from azo groups) and nitrosyl hydroxide radicals (from nitro groups), both the radicals as H-acceptors carry out azo scission, conversion to nitrogen dioxide via disproportionation reactions and self-decomposition via rearrangement. A kinetic equation was formulated by the sum of these reactions, which describes the initial rates (KPA) of reductive fading. The KPA values were controlled by the rate constants of the reactions of hydrazinyl and nitrosyl hydroxide radicals as H-acceptors, which were estimated by thermochemical analyses of the reactants, intermediates and end products using the semiempirical molecular orbital PM5 method, and by the concentrations of the reactants: H-acceptors and H-donors. The KPA values observed for 12 dyes were explained semi-quantitatively by multiple routes of reactions depending upon to what extent each radical reaction was thermochemically favoured.


Deliberative Democrats have been criticised for promoting an overly consensual style of politics. Agonistic democrats argue that this is because they allow justice to displace 'the political' while others make the opposite charge: deliberative democrats pay insufficient attention to justice and the confrontational style of politics which may be necessary to secure social justice. I argue that the deliberative model aims at strengthening democratic legitimacy, not at producing consensus and that it is centrally concerned with stimulating the exercise of citizens' capacity for judgement. The duty of civility should be regarded as a duty to make impartial judgements, not as a duty to seek compromises. Citizens cannot abdicate their deliberative capacities to any democratic procedure, but must, in the final analysis, judge whether to consent to or dissent from the outcomes of any procedure and an impartial assessment may positively require dissent in some circumstances. 1 Schumpeter took a dim view of the deliberative capacities of the average


A 57-year-old male with hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia was admitted to the cardiology department due to chest pain lasting for 7 days. His physical examination, echocardiogram and cardiac enzyme were normal, except for pathological Q waves in II, III and aVF. The selective angiography showed totally occluded in mid left circumflex artery (LCX, red arrow) and also the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA, white arrow) arising from the left anterior descending artery (LAD, yellow arrow) after the second diagonal branches (Figure 1A and 1B). These findings were confirmed by multislice computed tomography (Figure 1C and 1D) and nonselective coronary angiography. The occluded LCX was recanalized using a 3.0×20 mm drug-eluting stent (blue arrow). The patient was discharged from the hospital on the sixth day of his hospitalization and recovered well.


Background: In Xenopus embryos, zygotically activated TGFβ signaling regulates the formation of three germ layers. Results: Vegetally enriched SCP3 is required for TGFβ signaling and germ layer induction and functions by removing the inhibitory linker phosphorylation on R-Smads. Conclusion: SCP3 ensures TGFβ-mediated germ layer formation. Significance: This work presents a novel mechanism by which maternal factors control the response of embryonic blastomeres toward morphogen signals. Germ layer induction is one of the earliest events shortly after fertilization that initiates body formation of vertebrate embryos. In Xenopus, the maternally deposited transcriptional factor VegT promotes the expression of zygotic Nodal/Activin ligands that further form a morphogen gradient along the vegetal-animal axis and trigger the induction of the three germ layers. Here we found that SCP3 (small C-terminal domain phosphatase 3) is maternally expressed and vegetally enriched in Xenopus embryos and is essential for the timely induction of germ layers. SCP3 is required for the full activation of Nodal/Activin and bone morphogenetic protein signals and functions via dephosphorylation in the linker regions of receptor-regulated Smads. Consistently, the linker regions of receptor-regulated Smads are heavily phosphorylated in fertilized eggs, and this phosphorylation is gradually removed when embryos approach the midblastula transition. Knockdown of maternal SCP3 attenuates these dephosphorylation events and the activation of Nodal/Activin and bone morphogenetic protein signals after midblastula transition. This study thus suggested that the maternal SCP3 serves as a vegetally enriched, intrinsic factor to ensure a prepared status of Smads for their activation by the upcoming ligands during germ layer induction of Xenopus embryos.


In this article, we aim at measuring a low-activity uranium contamination deposited on concrete surfaces of a nuclear facility and presenting varying enrichment levels. Considering this application field, CEA LIST, has developed an original approach, combining gamma-ray spectrometry based on high-purity germanium (HPGe) measurements and specific Bayesian algorithms. This methodology gives access to an indirect surface activity estimation, assuming that the ratio between the number of alpha particles to be quantified and the number of detected gamma rays is known. The Bayesian approach characteristic property is able to inject a representation of the physical context in the form of a probabilistic a priori. It enables to improve the tradeoff between the true detection rate (TDR) and the false alarm rate (FAR) at low count rates and takes benefit of a richer time-energy information structure than the algorithms used in the conventional detection procedures. The performance evaluation and characterization of Bayesian statistical tests are performed using classical receiver–operating characteristic (ROC) curves by comparison to frequentist hypothesis tests. Results indicate that the Bayesian approach has a superior detection performance for low-activity uranium contamination compared to the frequentist approach. The estimated gain is contained between 30% and 50%, considering a variable or stable radiological background. The Bayesian approach offers the best tradeoff between the TDR, FAR, and the response time and is compatible with the user's requirements.


j J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2005;12:249–255. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M1726. Limited Clinical Time and the Demands of Evidence-Based Practice The literature of information science and medicine is rife with concerns about the exponential growth of available medical information. However, the demands of everyday practice often preclude physicians from spending the time required to address many questions that arise during patient care. Lack of time echoes throughout the literature as one of the main barriers to the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM). As Davidoff and Florance assert, ''Physicians don't, and never will, have [one hour or more] to look for the answers to most of their clinical questions themselves.'' In addition to time constraints, Ely et al. and other investigators identified the limited coverage of information resources and lack of readily available syntheses of the voluminous primary literature as two major obstacles to successful evidence seeking. A recent Vanderbilt study supported these observations, finding limited ability of several synthesized EBM information resources to address adequately a random sampling of complex questions received from critical care specialists and from clinical pathway development teams. Thus, research indicates that physicians often encounter multiple questions during daily practice, yet many questions generated during patient care may never be pursued or answered. Pressed for time and inundated by information, clinicians are often unable to consult the plethora of evidence sources necessary to answer a complex clinical question. Paradoxically, clinicians with inadequate time to keep up with the literature face a growing demand for evidence-based practice and its core tenet of ''integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic research.'' Strategies to Integrate Information into Clinical Care To address this problem, the Eskind Biomedical Library (EBL) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) has developed several solutions to leverage the power of informatics tools and the advanced evidence retrieval and appraisal skills of librarians. These strategies, evolved from EBL's development of a clinical informationist model, center around integrating expert information provision with informatics systems. A clinical informationist is a professional member of the healthcare team who focuses on the intersection between clinical care and the evidence base contained in the literature and in biomedical databases and resources. The informationist acts as an expert in identifying and addressing the complex evidentiary needs of the team. 21,36–48 Affiliations of the authors: Eskind Biomedical Library, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (NBG, RNJ); Eskind Biomedical Library, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (TYK, MC, NAS, AW). Supported in part by funding from the National Library of Medicine (NIH Grant no. 5 R01 LM07849-02). The authors thank Dr. Dario Giuse, for editing assistance, Shannon Mueller for her work on the EBM Literature Request Service and guidelines linkages, and Garad Megan Davis and Marcia Epelbaum for their contributions to the Pathways project. Correspondence and reprints: Nunzia B. Giuse, MD, MLS, Eskind Biomedical Library, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2209 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8340; e-mail: <nunzia. email@example.com>. Received for publication: 10/28/04; accepted for publication: 01/24/05. 249 Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Volume 12 Number 3 May / Jun 2005


Rapid industrialization has been adversely affecting the environment. Industrial effluents containing toxic and heavy metals are the main source of water contamination. Heavy metal pollution poses a serious environmental threat to humans and other living creatures due to the toxic effects of these metals and their accumulation throughout the food chain. In the last few decades, the concentration of these heavy metals in river water and sediments has been increasing at an alarming rate. Build-up of these toxic metals in vegetables grown in contaminated soils is posing adverse effects on human health. Numerous research projects on metal remediation through physico-chemical methods have been explored. However, most of these methods are either expensive or unsuitable for cases of voluminous effluents containing complex organic matter and low metal concentrations. In recent years, biological techniques have been shown to be a promising approach towards metal remediation in the laboratory and on an industrial scale. Microorganisms including bacteria, algae, fungi and yeasts can efficiently accumulate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, especially when the metal concentrations in the effluent ranges from less than 1 to 20 mg L−1. Biological systems employing processes such as bio-reduction, bioaccumulation or biosorption using dead/pretreated microbial biomass have been extensively studied for their roles in heavy metal removal from synthetic and industrial wastewater. However, many a times, biosorption alone may not suffice for an effective metal remediation technique when real industrial effluent is tested. Under such situations, application of living microbial cells might be a better option as they offer the ability of self-replenishment and the potential for optimization through development of resistant species and immobilization of the cell surface. These issues form the theme of the present chapter in addition to a brief overview of the various physico-chemical methods available and a detailed illustration of the bioremediation technique used for toxic metal detoxification. In addition, focus has also been given to the applicability of an enriched consortium of living metal-resistant cells for metal scavenging. This effort is directed towards the development of a green and economically viable technique for treatment of metal-rich effluents.


The present paper argues that Diotima, the "teacher" of Socrates whose speech is reported by him in Plato's Symposium, is different from the figure of Beatrice in Dante's Divine Comedy in that while Beatrice remains a spiritualized erotic object, Diotima is a teacher who occupies a subject position, a position of authority. In the context of contemporary pedagogy, feminist philosophers are often marginalized and subjected to an academic museumization. The paper argues against such crypto-sexist attitudes that prevent the "female teacher" from occupying a subject position and enlightening male students, and instead push her to a Beatricean position, that of an erotically inspiring (but not instructing) woman.


Pentacarbonyl(dimethylvinylidene)chromium, [(CO)5CrCCMe2] (1), reacts with the alkynyl complexes [Cp(CO)2FeC⋮CR] (4a−e; R = nBu (a), Me (b), Ph (c), C6H4NO2-p (d), COOMe (e)), [Cp(CO){P(OMe)3}FeC⋮CnBu] (6), [Cp(CO){PPh3}FeC⋮CnBu] (8), and [Cp(PEt3)NiC⋮CnBu] (19) by cycloaddition of the C⋮C bond of the alkynyl complexes to the CC bond of 1 to give [(CO)5Cr C CR C(CMe2) Fe(CO)2Cp] (5a−e), [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C(CMe2) Fe(CO){P(OMe)3}Cp] (7), [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C(CMe2) Fe(CO){PPh3}Cp] (9), and [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C(CMe2) Ni(PEt3)Cp] (20), respectively. The analogous reaction of [(CO)5CrCC(CH2)5] (2) with 4a and 6 affords complexes with a spirocyclic bridging ligand:  [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C{C(CH2)5} Fe(CO)2Cp] (10) and [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C{C(CH2)5} Fe(CO){P(OMe)3}Cp] (11). Cycloaddition of 4a to [(CO)5CrCCPh2] (3) yields [(CO)5Cr C C(nBu) C(CPh2) Fe(CO)2Cp] (12). The spectroscopic data of these novel 1,3-heterobinuclear complexes indicate the delocalized π-system Cr C C C M (M = Fe, Ni). X-ray structural analyses of the...


In Brazil, the third sector emerged as an alternative to the crisis of the Social Welfare State and consolidated itself, in part, as a great ally in the realization of the social guarantees defined in the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic. Despite advances in the areas of education, social assistance and health, when converted to government guidelines, many of the non-profit organizations, pre-existing to the redemocratization of the country of the 1980s, distanced themselves from the autonomous community bases, weakening the expansion of public spaces for discussion and evaluation of the role of the State. This study aims to contribute to this discussion, presenting epistemological an theoretical propositions that question the Brazilian experience, as well as suggestions for investigative lines arising from them, especially in view of the formulation of national public policies, the implementation of which depends, due to the available infrastructure, the complementation exercised by non-profit organizations.
Keywords: Third sector. Philanthropy. Social guarantees.


Background Depression commonly develops as a comorbid disorder related to glioma, which affects the patients' physical function and prognosis. Circulating inflammatory cytokines are potential predictors of depression in disparate cancers. However, less research has specifically investigated this aspect within the context of glioma. Study objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of depression in patients with glioma and draw a comparison of the ability to predict it through diverse inflammatory cytokines. Methods A total of 203 patients with stage I–IV glioma were enrolled in this study. Depression was evaluated according to the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the plasma inflammatory cytokines levels were simultaneously measured. We performed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to confirm the abilities of identified inflammatory cytokines to predict depression. Results Among the 203 patients with glioma, 135 (66.5%) showed obvious depressive symptoms. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.76) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (AUC = 0.75), showed good performance in accurately predicting depression in patients with glioma. These inflammatory cytokines indicated great potential to be depression biomarkers regardless of the patients' disparate treatment experience. Conclusion With their relatively simple and time-saving measurement procedures, inflammatory cytokines should be seriously considered effective clinical screening and diagnostic tools, as well as potential biomarkers for depression in patients with glioma.


The interface structure of Be/HR-1 stainless steel (SS) joint following diffusion bonding was investigated. Metallurgical observation, electron scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning Auger microspectroscopy were performed for basic evaluation of bonded joints. There are intermetallic compounds such as Be11Fe and Be12Cr in the interface region of Be/SS joints, which drastically reduce the mechanical strength of the joints. Cu, Ag and Al barriers can block effective inter-diffusion of Be and HR-1 stainless steel, then forming brittle phases.


Herd behavior is one kind of non-rational investment behaviors,displays the gambling process which the behavior strategies between investors affect and depend on each other mutually.This paper mainly aims at mutual study and imitation between the rational and the non-rational investors,and considers the study and imitation's probability can renew with the return and the change of information impact.The conclusions indicate that the mutual imitation behavior between the market investors is the intrinsic reason of fierce volatility in stock market,the return distribution has the characteristic of leptokurtosis and heavy tails,and the herd behavior is the important factor that causes the leverage effect.


Objectives: Perimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been used as an option for couples with the possibility of having a baby with a genetic disorder. The common method for performing this test involves isolating one cell from day 3 or a few cells from day 5 embryo and performing genetic studies on the cell extracted DNA. This performance method is invasive and can cause abortion after implantation in the uterus. Because of this, non-invasive methods for performing a PGD have been studied. Two non-invasive methods that are recently under investigation for performing a PGD include PGD using blastocyst fluid and PGD using embryo culture medium. Methods: In this sudy, gender of 30 embryo on day 5, were determined using embryonic DNA extraction from the culture medium and PCR technique for evalution of genes SRY and FMRP. Then their accuracy wsa assessed by means of ultrasound. Results: The results of the PCR technique showed that 7 embryos were male, but ultrasound revealed that 13 were male. Conclusions: The given results indicated that becaused of the low amount of DNA extracted from the culture medium, diagnosis of existence of the chromosome-Y by this method doesn't still have enough accuracy to diagnose the gender of the embryo.


A module similarity measure method of the mechanical and electrical products is studied in this paper. First this paper proposes the module assembly type coding method and network modeling method, and establishes its weighted network model by taking typical module as an example; then it studies the assembly relationship similarity, node similarity and network similarity; finally it provides the module similarity measure method based on the assembly relationship.


The invention relates to a cladding shell for covering a visible member (1, 7) of a vehicle seat belt device. The cladding shell (6a, 6b) has at least a partial area of so on at least a portion of the visible item (1, 7) can be fastened, that the cladding shell (6a, 6b) of the visible element (1, 7) on at least one a viewer-facing side entirely or partially. A second aspect of the invention relates to an arrangement with a visible element (1, 7) of a vehicle seat belt device and a cladding shell (6a, 6b) for covering at least a partial region of the visible element (1, 7). According to the invention, the visible element (1, 7) and the cladding shell (6a, 6b) each fastening structures comprising a compound of the fairing shell (6a, 6b) allow the visible element (1, 7).


We study a dynamic setting in which stochastic information about the value of a privately-informed seller's asset is gradually revealed to a market of buyers. We characterize the unique equilibrium in a continuous-time framework. The equilibrium involves periods of no trade or market failure. The no-trade period ends in one of two ways: either enough good news arrives restoring confidence and markets re-open, or bad news arrives making buyers more pessimistic forcing market capitulation i.e., a partial sell-off of low-value assets. Reservation values arise endogenously from the option to sell in the future. Our model encompasses both lemons and signaling environments - in a dynamic setting with sufficiently informative news, the two environments have the same equilibrium structure.


This catalogue - accompanied by a website with substantial visual representation - documents an event within the "Printemps du Quebec en France", and brings together installations by five architects or firms with a critical vision in the debate on architecture as a matter of public interest. The publication is composed of an essay by Adamczyk about avenues of architectural experimentation, as well as project descriptions which include commentaries by the architects - a series of texts marked by the concerns of diffusion, experimentation, the architect-architecture dichotomy, transformation, the ephemeral character, the accessible and the dream. Brief biographical notes. 19 bibl. ref.


To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver variability of an online quantitative coronary angiographic system, 166 lesions were measured three times by each of two independent observers before and after angioplasty. Before angioplasty 95% of the values for percent stenosis obtained by observers 1 and 2 were within a range of 13.2% and 15.5%, respectively, but these respective ranges increased to 19.2% and 16.8% after angioplasty. For measurements of absolute diameters of the minimal luminal diameter 95% limits of agreement between both observers were -0.26 to 0.28 before and -0.38 to 0.37 after PTCA. These ranges were independent of stenosis severity or vessel size.<<ETX>>


Summary. The record of Commiphora pedunculata from Tanzania is shown to belong to another species. C. kilimandscharica and C. porensis, described by Engler from Tanzania, but never subsequently referred to by him, are considered and disposed of in synonymy in two other families. In attempting to revise any part of Commiphora many difficulties arise. These are in part due to the nature of the plants and the difficulty of obtaining complete material showing male and female (or hermaphrodite) flowers, leaves, fruit and bark; in part to the destruction of many types in the air raid on Berlin in I943; and in part to the practice of describing species from inadaquate, often sterile, material adopted by both the two chief workers on the genus, A. Engler and E. Chiovenda. A fourth type of difficulty is that certain names published by Engler simply disappear and are not mentioned in works where they would normally be expected to occur. Three instances of such disappearance, affecting the Flora of Tropical East Africa, are C. pedunculata recorded by Engler from what is now Tanzania in 1899, but never subsequently, and C. kilimandscharica (1895) and C. porensis (1899) described by Engler in the years stated, but never mentioned again, in particular not dealt with in his account of all species of the genus published in 1912. The first step in solving this problem is to ask ourselves the question, 'Did Engler never discover that some of the plants which he had described as Commiphora did not in fact belong to that genus ?' and the subsidiary question, 'If he did discover such facts, what did he do about them ?' H. Wild (1959: 75) published a list showing that six plants described by Engler as new species of Commiphora belonged in fact to other genera, two to Lannea and two to Sclerocarya (Anacardiaceae) one to Platycelyphium (Papilionaceae) and one to Combretum. It is significant that, although these species were described between 1895 and 1912, in no case was doubt as to their status in Commiphora expressed in print before Engler's death in 1930, in spite of the number and eminence of the botanists who used the Berlin herbarium, where the types were preserved. The revelations started with B. D. Burtt's paper of I935, followed by Mattick (Dec. I935) and Wild (I959). It is difficult to avoid at least the suspicion that there was at Berlin a reluctance to point out that the leading figure of German (indeed of world) plant taxonomy at that time occasionally made a mistake. While such reluctance may seem abnormal today it must be remembered that the 3-4 decades from 188o onwards were a period in which rivalries between European nations and between different botanical institutions, involving


This paper describes the development of a low-emission, 50-kW turbine-driven generator called a turbogenerator. It gives a detailed description of the key design features that benefit hybrid electric vehicles driven in various driving cycles. Although the turbogenerator is designed for hybrid electric vehicles, other applications such as standby and primary electric power generation will benefit from its characteristics. These include very-low-exhaust emissions, low cost, high reliability, high fuel efficiency, compact design, and low noise levels. The turbogenerator is relatively unique in that the turbine wheel, compressor impeller, and electrical generator are all mounted on a single, common shaft which is supported on air bearings. These features eliminate the need for both the gearbox and oil lubrication commonly found on conventional automotive and gas turbine engines. AlliedSignal developed the 50-kW turbogenerator for Ford Motor Company under the DOE Hybrid Electric Vehicle Propulsion Program. The turbogenerator is designed to fit into the engine compartment of a Mercury Sable. AlliedSignal originally proved this innovative concept in an APU development program for the U.S. Army. The unit developed for that program has accumulated over 600 hours of operation in laboratory and Army vehicle tests.Copyright © 1998 by ASME