Significance Drug resistance is a major health problem, especially in quickly evolving disease targets including HIV-1 protease. Treatment regimens including HIV-1 protease inhibitors select for viral variants carrying mutations both in the protease and the substrates to confer drug resistance. We report the molecular mechanisms of this protease–substrate coevolution based on complex crystal structures of protease–substrate variants, complemented with molecular dynamics simulations. Specific interactions with I50V/A71V protease are observed to be lost or formed in response to coevolution mutations in the p1-p6 substrate cleavage site. Our structural analysis provides insights into how coevolution in HIV-1 may contribute to thwarting the effectiveness of available drug regimens. Drug resistance mutations in response to HIV-1 protease inhibitors are selected not only in the drug target but elsewhere in the viral genome, especially at the protease cleavage sites in the precursor protein Gag. To understand the molecular basis of this protease–substrate coevolution, we solved the crystal structures of drug resistant I50V/A71V HIV-1 protease with p1-p6 substrates bearing coevolved mutations. Analyses of the protease–substrate interactions reveal that compensatory coevolved mutations in the substrate do not restore interactions lost due to protease mutations, but instead establish other interactions that are not restricted to the site of mutation. Mutation of a substrate residue has distal effects on other residues' interactions as well, including through the induction of a conformational change in the protease. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that restoration of active site dynamics is an additional constraint in the selection of coevolved mutations. Hence, protease–substrate coevolution permits mutational, structural, and dynamic changes via molecular mechanisms that involve distal effects contributing to drug resistance.


On the basis of describing EDI ,the paper discusses the new model of logistics EDI which copes with the needs of modern logistics information.


In this presentation, we deal with the design of a filter based on the geodesic distance affinity which can able to suppress the low frequency artifacts as a post-processing step after the main Winner filter restoration. We consider the multispectral signal model in the case of the Winner filter restoration independently in each image channel. The impulse response of the obtained filter is a linear combination of generalized filters optimized with respect to different criteria. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is based on assumption that low frequency outliers and the additional noise in the different image channels are not correlate to each other, thus the affinity space formed by of the opposite channels can effectively suppress the main restoration artifacts. The performance of the proposed filter analyzed and compared in terms of the PSNR accuracy. The proposed method demonstrates the ability to suppress distortion due to the low frequency artifacts.


Introduction: The formation of gullies during Mars' more recent geological history has remained an active topic of debate for nearly the past decade and a half. Several global studies have provided information on their distribution and have inspired numerous hypotheses to explain gully formation (for a recent review see [1]). However, the variety of gully morphologies present on the surface of Mars has led many to conclude that gullies likely formed by multiple processes. Therefore to better understand the relative importance of various gully formation and modification processes, we have been conducting detailed morphologic and morphometric studies of gullies in a variety of environmental settings on Mars using HiRISE images and DTMs. Here we present some of our results from our research of several integrated gully sites as well as two dune gully systems. Drainage Maps: Using HiRISE and CTX images, we produced detailed drainage maps of gullies on the slopes of Corozal crater (Fig.1a), Moni crater (Fig. 1b) (located along the southern floor of Kaiser crater), and Palikir Crater (Fig.2a)(located on the floor of Newton crater), on the central peak of Lyot crater (Fig. 2b, 3b), a gully system on the central peak of Hale crater (Fig. 3a), and one on the western rim of Hale crater, on the western wall of Sisyphi Cavi, in addition to the large Matara dune gully, and a gully located on the Kaiser dunes for comparison.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic status of the weed diversity of China. Weed diversity of the arable land in China could be outlined at the following three levels:the diversities of weed species, weed occurrence and infestation and weed vegetation. At the first level of diversities, there are about 1,486 weed species belonging to 105 families in the arable land of China. According to the occurrence-density and distribution-areas, these weeds are divided into four groups:37 species of the worst weeds, 105 species of the worst regional weeds, the others of the common weeds and the secondary weeds. According to the season and types of crop fields of weed occurrence, all weeds could roughly be classified into the paddy weeds, the weeds of summer crop fields, the weeds of autumn dry-land crops, and the weeds of orchard, tea plantation and tropical fruit plantation, which belong to the second level of diversity. Finally, weed flora and vegetation of the arable land in China might be regionalized into the five regions of weed flora and vegetation as follows:The northeastern humid temperate Echinochloa-Avena fatua-Setaria weed region; the northern warm temperate Digitaria-Descurainia-Galium weed region; the northern and western arid to semi-arid Avena fatua-Chenopodium weed region; the south central subtropical Echinochloa- Alopecurus-Digitaria weed region; the southern tropical Echinochloa-Digitaria weed region. The following principles are the main bases of the regionalization:1) weed community complex indicating combination of different real and potential weed communities in time and space; 2) the dominant species of weed communities and other main compositions of weed flora and communities; 3) biological characters and life forms of the main weeds; 4) the natural conditions of agriculture and cropping system in the region


ABSTRACT The article presents the European distribution of Salvia hispanica, or chia, a plant species native to Central America. The species is very popular as a nutritional additive in the diet of the western world. The first reports of species occurrence are from 2013 and it is now reported in eight European countries. We present the ecology, habitat, possible pathways of introduction and limits of potential invasion. We assessed the species invasive potential using three different risk assessment methods.


The library in higher vocational college offers a large collection of documents,a good environment for learning,good equipment and technology.It is a good place to cultivate and improve students' all-round competence.Quality-oriented education can be developed by increasing document resources in the library,organizing all kinds of activities,enhancing the library's attraction to the students,cooperation between library and departments and arranging students to take part time jobs in the library,thus improving college students' comprehensive ability.


of attenuated poliovirus-2 in water beneath an ice sheet remained relatively stationary as long as 15 min after it was introduced into quiet water, but the virus titer decreased rapidly in a strong water current.8 Also a higher degree of bacterial pollution was observed in stagnant waters at docks and estuaries than at open lake beaches where continuous exchange of water occurred. Although no viruses were isolated throughout the summer of 1962, from water offshore a Lake Ontario bathing beach that was located one mi west of a sewer outfall, the increase of coliform indexes that were


Inclusive neutron spectra from the decay of [sup 156]Er compound nucleus populated at [ital E][sub [ital x]]=47 MeV excitation energy by the [sup 12]C+[sup 144]Sm and [sup 64]Ni+[sup 92]Zr reactions have been measured. The neutron spectra from the [sup 64]Ni-induced reaction are strongly contaminated by other reactions different from fusion evaporation so that inclusive spectra cannot be used to test nonstatistical or entrance channel effects in the compound nucleus decay.


ABSTRACT: Cinnamon, one of the most widely used spices in the world, has been shown to have various biological functions including antidiabetic and antitumor activities. Its antidiabetic and antitumor effects were linked with its strong antioxidant activity. In the present study we aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and possible protective effect of Cinnamomum cassia bark water extract against H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage. Viability of lymphocytes was determined by Trypan Blue test. For the evaluation of the antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibitory activity of the extract were determined. DNA damage was determined by alkaline comet assay in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocytes exhibited >86 % survival up till the concentration of 800 μg/ml of the extract. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were calculated as 10.6 g ± 0.001 gallic acid equivalents/ 100 g dry weight and 2.25±0.004 g quercetin equivalents/100 g dry weight of the extract, respectively. The extract concentration providing 50 % inhibition of DPPH was found as 76.68 μg/ml. Cinnamomum cassia bark water extract at ≥100 μg/ml concentrations caused significant protection against H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes. Our results support the suggestions that Cinnamomum cassia bark water extract could be beneficial as a prophylactic agent in prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. KEYWORDS: Cinnamomum cassia; DPPH; total phenol; total flavonoid; alkaline comet assay.


A backlight unit for full color LED(Light Emitting Diode) control is provided to configure four cases for controlling ON/OFF of LEDs using a combination of transistors, and integrate the LEDs, thereby reducing space and manufacturing cost and reducing power consumption. A first AND logic device(110) inputs an AND output signal of ON/OFF signals in first power(140) and ON/OFF signals in second power(142) to a red LED(R). A second AND logic device(112) inputs the AND output signal of the ON/OFF signals in the first power and the ON/OFF signals in the second power to a blue LED(B). A third AND logic device(114) inputs the AND output signal of the ON/OFF signals in the first power and the ON/OFF signals in the second power to a green LED(G). The first power transmits the ON/OFF signals to the first AND logic device and the third AND logic device, and inverts the ON/OFF signals and transmits the inverted ON/OFF signals to the second AND logic device. The second power transmits the ON/OFF signals to the second AND logic device and the third AND logic device, and inverts the ON/OFF signals and transmits the inverted ON/OFF signals to the first AND logic device.


The government,enterprises,individuals and society should share the costs of higher vocational education.The government should bear main part of the cost,then enterprises and individuals play important roles in it.The article points out a new type of composition and sharing mechanism.Regarding the optimized allocation of the ost,the article suggests that the government should add financial input,adjust individuals' expenses and strengthen enterprises' investment.Meantime it is encouraged to develop private higher vocational education.


The reason is obvious when you consider the increasing dependency on web technologies in all facets of company operations. Everything from customer sales to Human Resources is being moved to the web browser as a client. However, as the end-client becomes mobile and easier to manage, the burden on the server architecture increases. Whether it is a web server, an application server, or a database, the superior performance and scalability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux has been demonstrated in physical and virtual deployments.


This study investigates the effects of fiber type, fiber loading, and coupling agent on the performance of oil palm biomass (OPB) fiber composites. Fiber composition and fiber morphology were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Grinded fiber was compounded into polypropylene by means of a twin-screw compounder. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a coupling agent during compounding. The incorporated fiber contents for OPB composites were up to 40% (by weight). The compounded samples were prepared into test specimens by injection moulder. The composites were characterized by tensile testing, flexural testing, impact testing, melt flow index, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The most significant effect on strength and modulus were found by the addition of coupling agent. This was attributed to the thermodynamic segregation of the MAPP toward the interface, resulting in the formation of covalent bonding to the –OH groups of the fiber surface. Composites with MAPP also provided better thermal stability.


We have recomputed the activation barriers for the different modes of ring opening of the cyclobutene radical cation (see:  Sastry, G. N.; Bally, T.; Hrouda, V.; Carsky, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9323) in CHCl 3 , a typical solvent for studies of radical cation reactions, by a polarizable continuum model. Thereby, we found a clear preference for the reaction leading directly to trans-butadiene radical cation via a cyclopropenyl−carbinyl type radical cation, in contrast to expectations of a normal "electrocyclic" pathway leading to cis-butadiene radical cation.


A new dikraneurine leafhopper, Idona dmitrievi sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Mexico. An annotated checklist and a key for Mexican species are also provided.


Uterus didelphys or true double cervix is a congenital anatomical defect of the female genital tract of monotocous species, including cattle and humans (1). The defect is characterized by presence of completely separated cervices, each one leading to a separate uterine horn. The condition has been attributed to failure of fusion of the caudal portions of the paramesonephric ducts during embryonic development, resulting in a double cervix or a divided uterine funds (2). These cases could conceive normally, but may show dystocia due to a fetal limb entering each cervical canal (3). Case reports of uterus didelphys in cows are sporadic (4,5). Fig 1: A- Buffalo heifer reproductive tract showing two cervical canals, B- two cervical canals leading to separate uterine horns. In the present case and during routine collection of reproductive tracts from Mosul abattoir a uterus didelphys was diagnosed through the post mortem examination of the reproductive tract of a buffalo heifer. Macroscopically, the genital tract had two cervical canals without any connections between them; they were separately opened into separated uterine horns (Figure 1). This is the first record of such a case in buffalo cows.


In the present automotive scenario, along with hybridization, GDI technology is progressively spreading in order to improve the powertrain thermal efficiency. In order to properly match the fuel spray development with the combustion chamber design, using robust and accurate diagnostics is required. In particular, for the evaluation of the injection quality in terms of spray shape, vision tests are crucial for GDI injection systems. By vision tests, parameters such as spray tip penetration and cone angles can be measured, as the operating conditions in terms of mainly injection pressure, injection strategy, and chamber counter-pressure are varied. Provided that a complete experimental spray characterization requires the acquisition of several thousand spray images, an automated methodology for analyzing spray images objectively and automatically is mandatory. A decisive step in a spray image analysis procedure is binarization, i.e., the extraction of the spray structure from the background. Binarization is particularly challenging for GDI sprays, given their lower compactness with respect to diesel sprays. In the present paper, two of the most diffused automated binarization algorithms, namely the Otsu and Yen methods, are comparatively validated with an innovative approach derived from the Triangle method—the Last Minimum Criterion—for the analysis of high-pressure GDI sprays. GDI spray images acquired with three injection pressure levels (up to 600 bar) and two different optical setups (backlight and front illumination) were used to validate the considered algorithms in challenging conditions, obtaining encouraging results in terms of accuracy and robustness for the proposed approach.


The work is dedicated to the investigation of spectral reflectance function of agricultural Brassica napus taking into account the degree of soil moisture. When most of the agricultural lands in Belarus are covered with vegetation in summer, employing the optical properties of agricultural vegetation for deciphering the soil depends on the degree of soil moisture. Insufficient numbers of days in year when the soil is not covered by vegetation or is in a plowed state requires in-situ optical measurements, because there are more than 50 % cloudy conditions in the year, especially in spring and autumn time.


The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the growth of Helminthosporium fulvum were investigated. Various temperature regimes of 10oC, 15oC, 20oC, 25oC, 30oC, 35oC and 40¢aC
were used to determine the temperature effect on the growth of H. fulvum. Maximum growth of H. fulvum was obtained at 25¢aC and 30¢aC temperatures. The fungus was also cultured on 100, 92.5, 85, 74 and 32.5% relative humidity regimes. The fungus showed maximum growth at 92.5 and 100% relative humidity. The growth of the fungus was observed to increase with increase in relative humidity and vice versa. There were significant differences (PiÂ0.05) in the growth of the fungus at different temperature and relative humidity regimes. The implication of these findings were discussed


Introduction The influence the nonlinear evolution of a large vortex structure in a shear flow of a molecular gas with moderate exciting of internal degrees of freedom was studied in [1]. In this case, the energy distribution among dynamic modes is characterized by a unified temperature. The model flow was calculated using full Navier-Stoke equations for a compressible gas in which thermal nonequilibrium was taken into account by the bulk viscosity in the divergent part of the stress tensor. However, the model used in [1] does not cover an initial stage of generation of structures by the small perturbations, which amplify owing to the kinetic energy of a stream flow. It did not allow to estimate influence evolution vortex perturbations through thermal non-equilibrium in more detail. In the paper a nonlinear development of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability with formation and subsequent dissipation of the "cat's-eye" structure in a shear flow with inflection point on the velocity profile is considered. The calculations is carried out within framework of the full Navier−Stokes equations of compressible viscous heat−conducting gas. Statement of problem and basic equations In a coordinate plane , a shear current is examined in which a basic flow of uniform density 1 x 2 x


The dimer yields in the radiolysis of the neo-C5H12-cyclo-C5H10 (1 mol%) mixtures at 77 and 4 K have been measured by capillary gas chromatography. Analysis of the results indicates that cyclopentyl radicals are produced selectively at 77 K, while their selective formation is suppressed at 4 K. This result coincides well with the data obtained by ESR spectroscopy.


The Taimyr Reindeer Herd (TRH) is the largest wild reindeer population in the world, and is located in the northern central region of Arctic Russia. Previous detailed research on the spatiotemporal dynamics of this herd have been conducted involving aerial population censuses for two of the three seasons for reindeer: calving (Meerdink, 2012) and summer (Cooney, 2014). The first part of this study continues with the methods of the previous studies, analyzing the spatiotemporal fidelity of the TRH in the winter season. This was completed using geospatial analysis of digitized historical aerial census data of reindeer locations, and analyzing areas of repeated reoccurrence by the herd. Findings included evidence of four regions of high reoccurrence within the winter range: three plateaus, two of similar latitude and one located to the northeast, and an outlier area in close proximity to human development. Using NASA's remote sensed Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological dataset for three chosen winter census years, a statistical analysis of the conditions and patterns of usage by reindeer for the areas of high fidelity were assessed. Results of this analysis suggest that weather variables, low surface temperatures, high total precipitation (snow) and snow depth, are deterrents for reindeer presence in specific areas of their wintering grounds. The second study within this thesis used data from the first ever satellite biotelemetry collaring of the TRH. By employing Argos collars, almost 11 months of location data was collected during the fall migration, winter season and spring migration of 2013-2014. These efforts produced data for eleven successfully monitored reindeer. A subset of reindeer within this sample were analyzed further to determine behavior of seasonal movements and migration distance. Analyses produced clear evidence of patterned fall and spring migration, as well as winter seasonal behavior. The subset of reindeer provided data regarding potential categorization of different sexes between reindeer by movement patterns alone. The results from both parts of the thesis were utilized to better understand site selection for the TRH's winter season and migrations, giving clues to understanding the activities and survival of the herd during the extreme Siberian winter. ANALYZING WINTER MIGRATION FIDELITY AND MOVEMENT OF THE WILD TAIMYR REINDEER HERD, RANGIFER T. TARANDUS


Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is an established model of early life adversity that mimics stressful conditions experienced by newborn and infants. NMS disrupts brain development and as adults, individuals show sex‐dependent abnormal neuroendocrine response, predisposing them to physiological/psychological disorders. Concerning the neural control of respiration, studies in rats revealed that NMS causes respiratory instability and increased levels of corticosterone that remained during adulthood. Moreover, increased ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR) but decreased to hypercapnia (HcVR) was observed in male animals, while decreased HVR but increased HcVR was observed in female rats.


Abstract. In aeronautics, buckling has long been considered as a structural phenomenon to be avoided, because characterized by large out-of-plane displacements and therefore by losing the ability to sustain the designed loads. Several recent studies show the possibility to allow composite stiffened panels of primary aeronautical components to work in the post-buckling field so to potentially reduce the structural weight. The present study aims to control buckling behavior of composite structural components for future adaptive wings using novel tailorable and effective mechanisms. Instead of the traditional design against buckling, the idea is to use the nonlinear post-buckling response to control stiffness changes which redistribute the load in the wing structure. Numerical studies are at first conducted on a composite plate and then implemented in a simplified thin-walled composite wing box, where stiffness changes is controlled using buckling.


Soft cheeses were prepared from milk modified by membrane technologies to modify the casein level (CN, 27-37 g.kg -1 ) and the whey protein to casein ratio (WP/CN, 0.12 -0.24). Char- acterisation of milk coagulation, of whey drainage kinetics and of the drained curd was performed to quantify the effect of the parameters on the process. Moreover, the effect of pasteurisation was tested at 2 casein levels. No effect of WP/CN was observed on coagulation nor drainage. Pasteurisation induced a decrease in the drainage rate at the beginning of the process finally resulting in the same amount of whey expelled. CN had an effect on coagulation, on drainage and on drained curd com- position. whey drainage / casein / whey protein / pasteurisation / soft cheese manufacture


In-plane strain anisotropy was clearly observed by the X-ray Bragg-surface diffraction technique in the silicon lattice surrounded by nanoparticles that were synthesized by an ion-beam-induced epitaxial recrystallization process of Fe-implanted amorphous Si layer. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images have shown the occurrence of metallic spherical and plate-like γ-FeSi 2 nanoparticles in the implanted/recrystallized region. These were found in different orientations within the sample, being responsible for the strain anisotropy detected. The striking anisotropy effect, due to mainly the plate-like nanoparticles in the recrystallized region, appears when comparing two (-6.04° and 83.96°) (002) rocking curves at Bragg-surface diffraction exact condition. Furthermore, the mappings of the (111) Bragg-surface diffraction reflections show an evident anisotropy between φ -6.04° and 83.96° mappings and also a marked broadening of the implanted sample profile as compared to that of the Si (matrix). Reciprocal space maps obtained for both perpendicular directions clearly exhibit this anisotropic effect in the q x direction, thus confirming the Bragg-surface diffraction results.


Epikarst exerts a strong control on run‐off generation in karst regions, but it is still unclear in karst regions. Our study aimed to demonstrate the effect of epikarst on near‐surface hydrological processes in a subtropical cockpit karst region of southwest China, using plot‐scale rainfall simulation experiments with different rainfall intensities (low and high) and antecedent moisture conditions (dry and wet). A trench excavated to the epikarst lower boundary allowed identification of flow pathways in the entire soil–epikarst architecture system, thus facilitating the water balance calculations using a conceptual model with the assumption of a two‐stage hydrological evolution. More than 70% of the total rainfall water moved vertically through the shallow soil layer and then was redistributed by the epikarst as subsurface flow occurring on the soil–epikarst interface, depression filling on epikarst surface, water held by epikarst and deep percolation. Epikarst water regulation capacity, defined as the sum of depression filling on epikarst surface, water held by epikarst, epikarst seepage flow and deep percolation, was 58 mm (wet antecedent condition) and 223 mm (dry antecedent condition). Total run‐off from the soil–epikarst system was dominated by saturated subsurface flow showing a threshold process controlled by epikarst storage capacity (storing as much as 181 mm of rainfall water under dry antecedent condition). Our study proved that despite the epikarst being relatively poorly developed and covered by a soil mantle, it still exerted a strong influence on near‐surface hydrological processes and thus should be adequately considered in future modelling of water recharge and depletion dynamics in this integrated soil–epikarst system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is one of the most important parameters reflecting the ecological health of the river. DO supply must be maintained to support the life of aquatic organisms. DO supply obtained by oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to water. This research aimed to determine reaeration (continuous addition of oxygen) coefficients (KR) of Bedadung Downstream using the exchange of DO deficit. This approach uses the rate of mass transfer of oxygen from the air to the river water. The raw data was obtained by measuring stream-flow, temperature, and DO at three observed stations segment Balung district, Jember. The result showed the values of the reaeration coefficient (3 stations) were 36,084, 47,397, and 83,114 /day sequentially and tended to line up. The amount of KR obtained from the oxygen deficit and travel time of river water. The average KR was 55.532/day. High KR values indicate the ability of rivers that can supply oxygen naturally.


The split delivery vehicle routing problem is a variant of the well-known vehicle routing problem, where each customer can be visited by several vehicles. The problem has many practical applications, but it is computationally challenging. This paper presents an effective memetic algorithm for solving the problem with a fleet of limited or unlimited vehicles. The algorithm features a general edge assembly crossover to generate promising offspring solutions from the perspective of assembling suitable edges and an effective local search to improve each offspring solution. The algorithm is further reinforced by a feasibility-restoring procedure, a diversification-oriented mutation, and a quality-and-distance pool updating technique. Extensive experiments on 324 benchmark instances indicate that our algorithm is able to update 143 best upper bounds in the literature and match the best results for 156 other instances. Additional experiments are presented to obtain insight into the roles of the key search ingredients of the algorithm. The method was ranked second in the SDVRP track at the 12th DIMACS Implementation Challenge on Vehicle Routing Problems.


Building off the previous chapter's focus on wild natural spaces, this chapter offers an extended case study of one of the earliest and most influential post-horror films, It Follows, whose overall aesthetic is rooted in its specifically urban, postindustrial setting. Through the film's ironic critique of monogamy as a monstrous force, the chapter argues that the film advances, by way of negative example, a queer ethics of open, responsible sexuality—albeit an ethics constrained by the film's class-based setting in a neoliberal Detroit increasingly stripped of public services. By examining the film's ambivalent nostalgia for both a generic and urban past, this chapter argues that It Follows's queer aesthetic achieves its affective tenor through imaging Detroit's decrepit (sub)urban spaces as "ruin porn" haunted by polyvalent sexualities and socioeconomic inequalities.


W44 (G34.7-0.4) is one of the most studied Supernova Remnants (SNRs) because it is an ideal system to study Cosmic-Ray (CR) production, acceleration and propagation. In the last years, SNR study showed an increasingly complex scenario with a continuous rielaboration of theoretical models; moreover, until now, providing an experimental unambiguous proof of the CR origin has been elusive, despite many decades of attempts and controversial analysis. In this context the AGILE γ-ray satellite has an important role. During its five years of life it observed a great amount of different astrophysical sources, including SNRs. In case of W44 AGILE observed a spectrum extending to energies below E = 200 MeV that allows us to exclude leptonic emission as the main contribution to the γ-ray emission [36]. Moreover, refined AGILE data show that W44 spectrum could be the sum of two (or more) contributions from two different regions of the remnant where different processes influence CR acceleration and propagation. Future AGILE data will lead us to understand the intricate link between SNRs and CRs.


Simple Summary Bio-sustainability is one of the more attractive challenges of this era. About one-third of the food placed on the market is wasted, bringing economic and environmental implications. This review focuses on the role of natural derivatives from agri-food by-products to encourage the processes of the circular economy. Activities related to the reuse of agricultural processing waste could contribute to the birth of innovative companies and start-ups able to work for environmental sustainability. Agri-food by-products contain bioactive compounds that could be employed in the production of enriched food, cosmetics, and drugs by pharmaceutics companies. Furthermore, this manuscript aims to assess the main targets of these natural derivatives with particular attention on Epidermal growth factor receptor in breast, prostate and colorectal cancers. Abstract The globalization and the changes in consumer lifestyles are forcing us to face a deep transformation in food demand and in the organization of the entire food production system. In this new era, the food-loss and food-waste security nexus is relevant in the global debate and avoiding unsustainable waste in agri-food systems as well as the supply chain is a big challenge. "Food waste" is useful for the recovery of its valuable components, thus it can assume the connotation of a "food by-product". Sustainable utilization of agri-food waste by-products provides a great opportunity. Increasing evidence shows that agri-food by-products are a source of different bioactive molecules that lower the inflammatory state and, hence, the aggressiveness of several proliferative diseases. This review aims to summarize the effects of agri-food by-products derivatives, already recognized as promising therapeutics in human diseases, including different cancer types, such as breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Here, we examine products modulating or interfering in the signaling mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor.


METAL complexes of macrocyclic ligands containing porphyrin, corrin and phthalocyanine ring systems and a number of synthetic monoand poly-macrocycles of varying ring sizes with nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen as donor atoms have been investigatedl-9. Boron halides have strong affinity for oxime protons and these have been found to link the adjacent coordinated oximes in bis(dioximato )metallates to give halo-borobridged macrocycles10-16• Rose and coworkers17 have isolated in situ five low-spin Fe(H) clathrochelates from alcoholic and aqueous solutions using Fe(H) salts, dimethylglyoxime and boric acid. Recently we have reported two series of low-spin alkoxy boron bridged encapsulation compounds of iron(lI) with pentane2,4-dione dioxime and I,2-diphenylethane-1 ,2-dione dioxime by following a metal ion directed template syntheses and have proposed structures for the complexes intermediate between octahedral and trigonalprismatic18. In the present paper we report the syntheses of nickel(II) and coba1t(H) complexes with the macrocyclic ligands 1,9-diboro-1, 1,9,9-tetrafluoro2,8,10, 16-tetraoxa-3, 7,11,15-tetraaza-4,6, 12,14-tetramethy1cyclohexadeca-3,6, II, 14-tetraene [abbr. bofaphcyclaene (16)](1), I ,8-diboro-1, 1,8,8-tetrafluoro-2, 7, 9, 14-tetraoxa-3,6, 10,13-tetraaza-4,5, 11,12tetraphenylcyclotetradeca-3,5, 10,12-tetraene [abbr. bofaphcyc1aene(14)](II)), and 1,8-diboro-I,I,8,8-tetrafluoro2,7,9, 14-tetraoxa-3,6, 10,13-tetraaza4,5, 11,12-tetrafury1cyclotetradeca-3,5, 10, 12-tetraene abbr. bofafucylaene(14)] (H). A novel macrocyclic complex of Cu(H) with the ligand, bofaphcyclaene(14) has also been synthesized during the present work. One of these complexes Ni[bofaphcyclaene(14)] has been


This study examined the impact of children's disabilities on the time use of mothers of young children. 45 mothers of young children with multiple disabilities and significant functional impairments and 45 mothers of children with Down syndrome were compared with 45 mothers of typically developing children. The children were aged between six months and five years. Using a seven‐day time diary (the CARE inventory), it was found that mothers of children with multiple disabilities spent significantly more hours on child‐related activities than did mothers of children with Down syndrome and controls. There were no significant differences between groups in the amount of time that mothers spent in recreational leisure activities; however, control mothers spent significantly more time socializing with other people than did mothers of children with disabilities.


Ultrathin epitaxial superconducting NbN (18 nm) films, exhibiting a superconducting transition temperature of 14 K and a critical current density as high as 5.2 MA cm(-2) at 5 K under zero magnetic field, were grown on SrTiO(3) (STO) by a chemical solution technique, polymer assisted deposition (PAD).


The invention provides a serial bus communication online reconstruction method based on an FPGA (field programmable gate array). The serial bus communication online reconstruction method based on the FPGA includes the following steps that (1) regional division is performed on the FPGA in a slave station device, and the FPGA is divided into a static region and a communication reconstruction region; (2) the slave station device identifies a communication protocol type of a serial bus, and activates a reconstruction control module when the communication protocol type of the serial bus is inconsistent with a communication protocol type of the communication reconstruction region; (3) the reconstruction control module in the slave station device sends a reconstitution request to a reconstitution main control module, the reconstitution main control module sends out a complete preparation signal to the reconstruction control module, and the reconstruction control module performs online dynamic reconfiguration on the communication reconstruction region after receives the complete preparation signal, and enables the communication protocol type of the communication reconstruction region to be consistent with the communication protocol type of the serial bus. The serial bus communication online reconstruction method based on the FPGA enables a serial bus communication device based on the FPGA to have online network protocol change automatic adaptation ability, improves flexibility and interchangeability of a network communication device, and has great significance for the industrial control field where various network communication protocols coexist.


HE degree of heterozygosity carried by competing genotypes in single generTation cultures of Drosophila meknogaster segregating for ebony (ell) and wild type has been shown to be a factor affecting their relative fitnesses (DAWOOD and STRICKBERGER 1964). Since these results also indicated that the fitness advantages of at least one of the segregating genotypes (+/e) was associated with rapid development, the present experiments set out to explore the effects caused by different larval ages among competing genotypes.


Detection at (pure‐tone) auditory thresholds is shown to require the lossless delivery of travelling wave power to the single receptor cell of appropriate CF. Present theories of cochlear mechanics cannot acount for such "focusing"; signal power is instead dissipated over the effective width of the travelling wave. Resolution of this paradox is possible if outer hair cell stereocilia are active elements in a "cochlear antenna": mechanically tuned stereocilia (Schweitzer and Bialek, November 1980 ASA meeting) will scatter the travelling wave, and may thus act to diffract and focus acoustic power. Focusing "gains" of 40–50 dB are realized. Principles derived from recent theories of broadband (radio) antenna performance may be expressed in cochlear design. Critical band phenomena and psychophysical integration times may have a simple interpretation in this context. Regulation of focusing is possible if efferents effect outer hair cell mechanical activity. Threshold microstructure will arise if diffracting el...


The results of the survey on the influence of tool wear on the cutting torque and axial force in the milling of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy are presented. The tests were carried out by selecting cutting inserts with different degree of wear. The influence of the wear value on the flank surface and the cutting speed on the value of axial force and cutting torque is visible.


Most theories of pragmatics take as the basic unit of communication the verbal content of spoken or written utterances. However, many of these theories have overlooked the fact that important information about an utterance's meaning can be conveyed nonverbally. In the present study, we investigate the pragmatic role that hand gestures play in language comprehension and memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that people were more likely to interpret an utterance as an indirect request when speech was accompanied by a relevant pointing gesture than when speech or gesture was presented alone. Following up on this, Experiment 3 supported the idea that speech and gesture mutually disambiguate the meanings of one another. Finally, Experiment 4 generalized the findings to different types of speech acts (recollection of events) with a different type of gesture (iconic gestures). The results from these experiments suggest that broader units of analysis beyond the verbal message may be needed in studying pragmatic understanding.


A description of the history of the presidential papers in the U.S.A., the development and functions of the presidential library system, and a brief look at future developments.


The number of ``carries'' when $n$ random integers are added forms a Markov chain [23]. We show that this Markov chain has the same transition matrix as the descent process when a deck of $n$ cards is repeatedly riffle shuffled. This gives new results for the statistics of carries and shuffling.


References I Stell PM, Missotten F, Singh SD, Ramadan MF, Morton RP. Mortality after surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer. Brit J Surg 1983;70:713-8. 2 Harrison DEM. Reconstruction after pharyngoesophageal resection. Head Neck Surg 1983;5:92. 3 Meyers WC, Seigler HF, HanksJB et al. Post-operative functions of 'free' jejunal transplants for replacement of the cervical oesophagus. Ann Surg 1980;192:439-50. 4 Gluckman JL, McDonough J, Donegan JO. The role of the free jejunal graft on reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical oesophagus. Head Neck Surg 1982;4:360-9. 5 Birchall JP, Hattab M, Pearman K, Mathias DB, Black MJM. Microvascular free jejunal transfer reconstruction following pharyngolaryngectomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1983;65:209-1 1.


BACKGROUND
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the treatment option of choice for almost all pathologies of the descending thoracic aorta. The aim of the present study is to determine the impact of aortic pathology on the occurrence of post-implantation syndrome (PIS) after TEVAR.

METHODS
Seventy-four patients undergoing TEVAR for aortic dissection (TAD, 25), aortic aneurysm (TAA, 26), and aortic rupture or perforated ulcer (TAR/PAU, 23) were included in this retrospective study. The clinical outcome measures were persistent inflammation at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality.

RESULTS
PIS was assessed in 22.97% of all patients, predominantly in the TAD group (p=0.03). CRP increased after TEVAR (156.6± 94.5, p< 0.001; 108.1±57.7, p< 0.01 and 117.8±70.4, p< 0.05) vs. baseline (58.1±77.5, 31.94±52.1 and 31.9±52.1 mg/L, in TAD, TAA and TAR/PAU, respectively) and this increase was more accentuated in TAD group (p< 0.05). Stent-length was similar in all groups (p=0.226), but correlated with postoperative CRP only in TAD (R=0.576, p=0.013). Fresh parietal thrombus correlated with CRP (R=0.4507, p=0.0005) and is (OR=1.0883, p=0.0001), together with the pathology of aortic dissection (OR=6.2268, p=0.0288), a predictor of PIS after TEVAR. Whereas mortality (5.4%) did not correlate with PIS (p=0.38) either with aortic pathology (p=0.225), hospital stay after TEVAR was significantly prolonged by PIS (p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic dissection is associated with more inflammation after TEVAR than aortic aneurysm, rupture or perforated ulcer, with the amount of fresh parietal thrombus playing the most significant role in the occurrence of PIS. Importantly, PIS prolongs hospital stay but not mortality after TEVAR.


Oral exam is one of the major parts of English test.This paper aims to illustrate the necessity of testing oral English ability in college English test by studying the status quo of college English teaching,backwash effect and validity,then puts forward some suggestions on oral English testing methods and how to improve college students' oral English ability.


The need arises to conduct this research in order to determine the level of knowledge on the management of acute respiratory diseases in mothers of children under 5 years of age, due that it was shown that these conditions were the main cause of pediatric consultations at the Subcenter health of Santa Clara, with most recurrent cases, in order to enable them to make immediate achieve home care, danger signs detected if present and prevent children from reaching a state of complication. The research design was cross-sectional, descriptive, and bibliographic and field fixed, the technique used was a survey that was applied to 45 mothers and observation guides for review of medical records. As a result it was found that 40% of mothers are teenagers, 53% have a low level of knowledge about the disease among the most important risk factors for the presence of smokers in the household was determined with 47 % only 24% of children have a varied diet and 58 % have recurrent respiratory problems. it was determined a significant number of mothers are teenagers, they do not know about respiratory disease and feeding children is poor, for which a training plan was designed with the aim to increase knowledge of mothers on the management of this pathology. The research process was among one year
KEYWORDS: Acute respiratory diseases, Children under 5 years, Knowledge


A defocusing collision sequence with initial energy greater than the focusing energy can be converted into a focused collision sequence. This is demonstrated in the "hard sphere approximation" by taking account of the energy loss due to interaction with neighbouring lattice rows.


Taking Qinzhuanggou Watershed in the dry upland to the north of the Weihe River for an example, terrain factor data and land use data were overlaid and extracted based on the map of the terrain,with the support of ArcGIS software.The relationship between land use distribution and terrain factors was studied by land distribution index.Results showed that there is a close relationship between spatial distribution of land types and the terrain data of elevation,gradient and gully density.The predominant area of farmland are 900~1 100mabove sea level,5°~25°slope and 0~4km/km2 gully density;the predominant area of garden plot,800~1 200mabove sea level,0°~15°slope and 0~2and 4~6km/km2 gully density;the predominant area of woodland,1 100~1 250mabove sea level,15°~25°and25°slope and 2~6km/km2 gully density; the advantages of bare land,800~1 000and 1 100~1 200mabove sea level,25°slope and 4~8km/km2 gully density;and the predominant area of rural residential land use,900~1 000mabove sea level,0°~5° slope and 0~2km/km2 gully density.


We measured the transverse magnetoresistance and de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillation in the ferromagnetic compounds U 3 As 4 and U 3 P 4 . The magnetoresistance in both compounds increases as a f...


In this study, recent developments regarding the modeling of microstructural evolution during recrystallization are reviewed, and this paper highlights a unified theory for continuous and discontinuous annealing phenomena by means of the subgrain growth mechanism. In Sec. 3.2, the mean field analysis based on the unified theory is reviewed. In the analysis, the possibility of abnormal subgrain and/or grain growth based on non-uniform grain boundary mobility and energy has been clearly shown. With the developments in the unified subgrain growth theory, a number of Monte Carlo, vertex, and phase-field simulations have been performed, in order to investigate the microstructural evolution during recrystallization by considering the local alignment of the subgrain structure. Then, in Sec. 3.3, the numerical simulation results based on the unified theory are outlined. Finally, in Chap. 4, the numerical simulation results of static recrystallization in two-dimensional polycrystalline structures by coupling the unified sub-grain growth theory with the phase-field methodology are reviewed. In particular, the effects of the microstructural inhomogeneities formed during the deformation state on the recrystallization kinetics are discussed.


Objective To investigate the effects of Zhushao Yiji Capsule(SYC) on the expression of 5-Hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor(5-HT3R)in colonic mucosa of diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome(D-IBS) rats,and to explore its possible underlying mechanisms.Method 48 female rats were randomly divided into six groups:normal group,untreated group,pinaverium treated group,high,medium,low dose of SYC treated group.Each group received 0.9% NaCl,0.9% NaCl,Dicetel(pinaverium),high,medium,low dose of SYC.Immunohistochemical method was used to determine the expressions of 5-HT and 5-HT3R in colonic mucosa of D-IBS rats.Results The expressions of 5-HT and 5-HT3R were significantly lower in the model rats being treated with high dose of SYC than those in the untreated model rats(P0.05 or P0.01),but these indexes were insignificantly different between the model rats treated with low,medium dose of SYC and untreated model rats(P0.05).Conclusion SYC effectively decrease the expressions of 5-HT and 5-HT3R in colonic mucosa of D-IBS model rats.This may be the mechanism of SYC in the treatment of D-IBS.


In order to measure bio-signals, it is desirable to build a fully implantable system which connects directly to neural pathways or body tissue. A design scheme for fully implementable measurement system is proposed in this paper. Consisting of an implanted module and an external system, the proposed scheme delivers power and data between the two modules. The external module sends power via inductive link using a simple H-bridge type oscillator. Also, the implanted module sends measured data to the external system utilizing R/F communication technique at a frequency of ISM band. A stable communication and operation is achieved as the two types of channels are separated. Implemented in a compact size enough to be implanted in human body, the system exhibits good performance in experimental studies.


It is widely accepted that America's oceans are in crisis. They face a barrage of daily threats including habitat degradation, overfishing, and increased runoff from coastal development. However, progress instituting and implementing conservation solutions has been stymied by a lack of public involvement and pressure for conservation measures. Aquariums are uniquely positioned to help build a broad, nationwide public constituency for marine conservation. With millions of visitors each year, aquariums can leverage their educational, entertainment and authority brand to support conservation education, action and policy. Drawing on case studies of three institutions – the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the New England Aquarium and the Seattle Aquarium – the purpose of this study is to evaluate challenges and opportunities associated with expanding aquarium conservation programs to promote personal and civic oriented actions aimed at protecting marine resources. The results indicate that while each aquarium has established its conservation niche, other aquariums can follow suit by: 1) focusing their exhibits, education and outreach on a specific biophysical environment; 2) collaborating with a diverse range of academic, scientific and advocacy organizations; 3) formally participating in the governmental process responsible for establishing and implementing State and Federal ocean policy; and 4) recognizing and celebrating the historic legacy of human uses of the marine environment as a way to connect people to and inspire protection of the ocean. These four elements have allowed the Monterey Bay Aquarium, New England Aquarium and the Seattle Aquarium to begin building a public constituency for the ocean. It is time for other aquariums to take the plunge.


If Mach's Principle explains the Newtonian inertial reaction to acceleration then the role of the 'fixed stars' should also be manifest through Hamilton's formulation of mechanics. This consistency may be achieved if the expression for relativistic energy contains a cosmological coefficient that is (currently) equal to one. The presence of the required cosmological term exactly identifies the rest energy of a body as its gravitational potential energy due to the mass of the Universe.


We investigate the sources, scope, and implications of landowner market power. We show how zoning regulations generate spillovers through increased markups and derive conditions under which restricting landownership concentration reduces rents. Using newbuilding-level data from New York City, we find that a 10% increase in ownership concentration in a Census tract is correlated with a 1% increase in rent. Market power is substantial: on average, markups account for nearly a third of rents in Manhattan. Furthermore, pecuniary spillovers between zoning constraints and markups at other buildings are appreciable. Up-zoning that results in 417 additional housing units at zoning-constrained buildings reduces markups on policy-unconstrained units and generates between 5 and 19 additional units through increased competition.


Maternal supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy has been recommended due to its role in infant development, but its effect on materno-fetal DHA status is not well established. We evaluated the associations between DHA supplementation in pregnant women with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal and neonatal DHA status. Serum fatty acids (FA) were analyzed in 641 pregnant women (24 weeks of gestation) and in 345 venous and 166 arterial cord blood samples of participants of the NELA cohort. Obese women (n = 47) presented lower DHA in serum than those lean (n = 397) or overweight (n = 116) before pregnancy. Linoleic acid in arterial cord was elevated in obese women, which indicates lower fetal retention. Maternal DHA supplementation (200 mg/d) during pregnancy was associated with enhanced maternal and fetal DHA levels regardless of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), although higher arterial DHA in overweight women indicated an attenuated response. Maternal DHA supplementation was not associated with cord venous DHA in neonates of mothers with GDM. The cord arteriovenous difference was similar for DHA between GDM and controls. In conclusion, maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy enhanced fetal DHA status regardless of the pre-pregnancy BMI while GDM may reduce the effect of DHA supplementation in newborns.


A location and tracking system becomes very important to our future world of pervasive computing, where information is all around us. Location is one of the most needed information for emerging and future applications. Since the public use of GPS satellite is allowed, several state-of-the-art devices become part of our life, e.g. a car navigator and a mobile phone with a built-in GPS receiver. However, location information for indoor environments is still very limited. Several techniques are proposed to get location information in buildings such as using a radio signal triangulation, a radio signal (beacon) emitter, or signal fingerprinting. Using radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is a new way of giving location information to users. Due to its passive communication circuit, RFID tags can be embedded almost anywhere without an energy source. The tags stores location information and gives it to any reader that is within a proximity range which can be up to 10-15 meters for UHF RFID systems. We propose an RFID-based system for navigation in a building for blind people or visually impaired. The system relies on the location information on the tag, a userpsilas destination, and a routing server where the shortest route from the userpsilas current location to the destination. The navigation device communicates with the routing server using GPRS networks. We build a prototype based on our design and show some results. We found that there are some delay problems in the devices which are the communication delay due to the cold start cycle of a GPRS modem and the voice delay due to the file transfer delay from a MMC module.


The Griffith-Woodley satellite rain estimation technique and Takacs new PMP method (Possible Maximum Precipitation, or PoMP) were tested over the Carpathian Basin during heavy rain events in 1998 and 1999. The satellite estimation technique and the PoMP methodology are outlined. A flood-producing, heavy rainfall event that occurred in Hungary in July 1999 is contrasted with a case from 1998.


The cognitive interview (CI) is a set of forensic evaluation procedures that has proven its efficiency. Nevertheless, little investigation has been made into its usage on witnesses with the intention of lying. With the aim of proving whether the efficiency of the CI is maintained where the witness is lying we carried out two experiments and we included instructions to tell the truth or to lie as independent variables. We used a 2 Type of interview (SI/CI)×2 Statement Condition (True/False)×2 Interviewee Gender (Male/Female) design with 18 interviewers in a sample group of 240 gender-matched university students being interviewed and the classic measures from the CI as dependent variables: the total number of details, details of actions, details about people and details concerning objects. In a first experiment, participants who lied exculpated the protagonist of a film fragment from rape, whereas in a second, those who lied accused an innocent protagonist. The results, in accordance with previous studies, showed a globally better efficiency for CI. Nevertheless, analysing the material based on type of details, this efficiency is only found in details concerning actions and objects. We discuss the forensic importance of these findings.


Trapped in a US-dominated environment, the Syria of Bashar al-Assad lives under a strong injunction to democratize. What kind of political and social reactions does such international pressure arouse in the domestic arena? The regime itself adopted a reformist stance and pretends to aim at political liberalization. However, it gave priority to economic growth and the kind of unruly capitalism it enhances leaves little hope for a democratic transition. Non-Governmental Organizations and secular political parties are caught between governmental strategies of cooperation and exclusion. As for the Islamic movements, outlawed for the past 25 years, they might mobilize a frustrated eighty percent of the Sunni population. In this critical juncture, the ruling coalition appears weakened.


In order to improve the thermal comfort of an indoor space, a passive thermal comfort strategy combining a solar chimney with a water wall is introduced. A transient heat balance model (THBM) is adopted to evaluate the performance of this structure in terms of its ability to induce ventilation and provide thermal buffering. Calculations are performed for a representative winter weather condition in Sydney. The impacts of wind and glass panel thickness on the performance of the proposed system are both considered. The results show that the proposed system can effectively improve the thermal comfort level of the attached room by raising room temperature as well as providing considerable ventilation. In addition, wind can help increase the ventilation rate but will also reduce the room temperature. Compared to the thermal performance obtained with the 25mm-thick glass panels, a glass panel thickness of 19mm is preferred for the present application.


Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus carried by several tick species including the common Ixodes scapularis, can be transmitted to a human host in as


In the reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline and stannic chloride, the 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline is protonated, yielding the disolvated title salt, (C10H10NO)[SnCl4(C9H6NO)]·2CH3OH. The SnIV atom in the anion is N,O-chelated by the hydroxyquinolinate in a cis-SnNOCl4 octahedral geometry. In the crystal, the cation, anion and solvent molecules are linked by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.


The storage structure and resources control technology can be applied for real-time visualization of three-dimensional scenes. This mode is very important for many problems in the area of 3D games programming, computer simulating and so on. This article is devoted to some problems of declaring and storing information for objects' visualization.


Land is the basic natural resource that provides habitat and sustenance for living organisms, as well as being a major focus of economic activities. It is a finite resource and put to many competing uses. In India land is a source of livelihood for 60 % of the population through agriculture and related activities. Urbanization and resultant population growth has led to the consequent demand for land, water and biological resources and has put tremendous pressure on land. The objective of this paper is to document how this urbanization process has expanded throughout the study area and to explore how lands comprising the natural resource base, particularly agriculture and wetlands were lost and replaced by a matrix of the built and other uses of urban demand. The present study was carried out by making use of two time land use/ land cover maps of 1971 and 2010 and associated change due to urbanization was calculated. An extensive accuracy assessments of the satellite-derived maps was conducted, most of which were produced by using widely available multi-temporal Landsat imagery. The change in urbanization was derived from built-up expansion maps (the built environment) for 1971 and 2010, from which the loss in agricultural and wetland resource lands that occurred during the last forty years were calculated. The analysis revealed that there is a fast intrusion of urban activities in the agricultural landscape of the peri-urban areas. Further, wetlands are at the verge of extinction owing to their high susceptibility to encroachment which has not only resulted in threat to their ecology but also reduced their capacity as flood absorption basin.


The angular correlation of a stirrer in a reverberation chamber (RC) can be used to evaluate the performance of a stirrer and control the communication channel in an RC. However, there are different definitions for the angular correlation; it can be defined using the received power of an antenna, or using the complex $\boldsymbol{S}$-parameters between a transmitting and a receiving antennas. To investigate these definitions, we measure the angular correlation in an RC using different definitions. Equivalences among these definitions are verified and concluded.


Abstract Given the political nature of back-office integration, should cross-organizational back-office integration be seen as a command and control challenge or a process management challenge? Comparative case study research has primarily shown that integration is the outcome of a process in which offices have been able to create a shared understanding about the necessity of integration and in which conflicting rationalities, with their own core values, internal logic and legitimacy, have to be weighed against each other. It is a goal-searching, incremental process, which should anticipate a changing political agenda in order to gain support. Understanding is reached through the ongoing recognition of the interdependencies among back offices, and as a result of a focus on the content of the problem and not on jurisdictions and costs. Trust and political and legal pressure are the lubricants that facilitate this process. In terms of project management, command and control approaches play an important role, but not a decisive one.


In order to adapt to the rapid development of domestic power industry and to meet the new demand on engineering talent of electrical engineering, it is of significance to reform traditional practical teaching system and pay attention to engineering ability cultivation. In this paper, aiming at the new requirement of social development for engineering talent cultivation of electrical engineering field, a diversified and multi-layer practical teaching system is constructed. Through multi-layer of humanistic quality practice, natural science practice and engineering ability practice, diversified methods and means of undergraduates' engineering ability training are discussed, with a result of improved talent cultivation quality.


In traditional Africa, beads function as adornments, as designation of royalty, and in many activities that have to do with commerce, religion, and healing among others. The use of beads has however found it ways into modern artistic expression. Literature abounds on the traditional use of beads, whereas there is a dearth of literature on creative usage of beads in contemporary Nigerian art. This study therefore examines creativity in the beadworks of David Herbert Dale. Data were collected through oral interviews with David Herbert Dale and relevant key informants such as art connoiseurs and gallery owners. This study relies on the theory of aesthetic response and functional theories of art; it also adopts the visual analysis approach to evince the aesthetics and deconstruct the contents of the beadworks. The paper argues that the beadworks of Dale are visual chronicles of historical, religious, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of Nigeria in particular, and Africa as a whole.

Received: 7 September 2021 / Accepted: 24 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021


A novel polypropylene(PP) fiber was prepared by using gel spinning from dilute solutions of ultrahigh molecular weight isotactic polypropylene(i-UHMWPP),and subsequently drawing at various temperatures draw ratio.Effects of drawing temperature on the mechanical property of the resulted fibers were investigated.The results showed that the tensile behavior of UHMWPP fiber belongs to crystalline polymer at room temperature low draw ratio,but hard elastic materials at high temperature.The fracture stress and Young's modulus are decided by draw ratio and independent of our set drawing temperature,however breaking elongation is decided by the both.


A review essay discussing James Loeffler's Rooted Cosmopolitans, and bringing it into discussion with new books by Michael Sfard and Gideon Sapir.


Between the credit crunch and the greek debt crisis, the cohead of emea global finance kindly found time to walk me through the fixed-income trading floor of Barclays Capital. I noted no vestige of bull pen or bear pit in what seemed a high-end call center, but mainly I listened. At one point, in relation to derivatives trading, my guide spoke of "real money," "less real money," and "barely real money." Perhaps prompted by the economic historian Robert Brenner's assurance that "the real economy" retains links to manufacture (1), I asked what made money real. The ensuing rebuke, graciously delivered, continues to give pause: "You sound like my father." He had a point: given that I am a child of Britain's long postwar recovery through manufacture (there was no economic miracle here), might not my allegiance to a labor theory of value in matters literary be no more than an archaic, conditioned response? Karl Marx and Frederick Engels define language as "practical consciousness" made from "agitated layers of air" (51) and acting on a reality whose elements it renders inseparable from its processes. Their definition, in its subsumption of the intellectual in the laborious, might have been made for the academic son of a printer.


Geometric design is a factor of the utmost importance in highway safety. In this regard, sight distance is a fundamental principle to establish criteria both for the geometric design of new highways and to evaluate the alignment of in-service highways. The outcome of most current sight distance estimation methods may underestimate or overestimate the available sight distance. Only in a few cases, high-performance methods of proven accuracy have been applied to in-service highways, and none of them has been applied to establish linkage between sight distance and highway safety. Moreover, the relationship between sight distance and highway safety is not always clear and the literature shows diversity of results. The present work develops a methodology for the study of sight distance in three dimensions in order to assess the alignment of in-service highways through sight distance, from the point of view of highway safety. For that purpose, the high performance of a geographic information system is exploited, where more comprehensive analyses can be performed (including sight distance, design consistency, traffic volume, collision frequency, etc.). In total, 11 two-lane rural highways and a motorway section have been examined. First, the difference between the available sight distance and the stopping sight distance has been studied considering different elevation models as inputs. It was observed that the use of digital elevation models that comprise other elements besides the bare ground, such as vegetation, road furniture or buildings, produce more lifelike results. The differences between the available sight distance values on the models used were found to be statistically significant. These results were then used in conjunction with reliability theory to research the implications of available sight distance on highway safety. Two methods are presented contemplating the difference between the available sight distance and the stopping sight distance as the LSF to compute the probability of non-compliance. The variables involved are incorporated by means of a probabilistic approach instead of the classical deterministic models still in force in highway geometric design standards. The first method conducted a continuous study of the stopping sight distance along a highway section. The second one analyzes the stopping sight distance in horizontal curves from the available sight distance outputs in two and three dimensions. It was observed that the differences in the probability of non-compliance results, derived from each of the modelling methods contemplated, are statistically even more significant than in the values of the available sight distance. The results of the latter method are also used to fit a generalized linear model in horizontal curves that enables the evaluation of the accident risk caused by insufficient available sight distance. The probability and exposure variables used were statistically significant. Finally, the three-dimensional alignment coordination of highways and its possible implications on traffic safety are broached. For two-lane highways, the effect of the use of different elevation models on both the detection of these design shortcomings and on their characteristic parameter values was studied. In addition, the alignment coordination variables which most often favor the existence of sight-hidden dips have been identified as well as their relation to the characteristic parameters. On the other hand, the three-dimensional alignment coordination of motorways, where the horizontal and vertical alignments and the cross section are larger, is studied to develop design criteria that prevent the appearance of the main spatial alignment deficits related to sight distance and the perspective of the motorway.


"Normal foot model" is a geometric model of a healthy human foot. As the comparison of the processed feet requires a reference ideal healthy foot parameterization it was necessary to create such a model by defining skeleton geometric features and generating the feature set on a dataset population. Manual positioning of such number of landmarks is both a complex and time consuming task for a skilled radiologist, not to mention the total cost of such a procedure. Thus it was recommended to formulate an automated computer algorithm to perform this procedure with accuracy at a comparable level as the manual process. The following paper describes our approach based on automatic landmark positioning in a volumetric foot dataset. The proposed automated procedure is based on four main steps: manual landmark positioning on a reference dataset, registration of the reference dataset with the examined study, transformation of landmark positions from the reference dataset space into the examined dataset space, and calculation of the geometric features on the basis of landmarks positions. The results of our algorithm are presented and discussed in the context of pros and cons of the automated method itself as well as in the context of the generated normal foot model.


Abstract Little is known about how posttraumatic growth (PTG) can be fostered and controversy surrounds how it is best measured. We designed and tested an intervention, prospective writing, to facilitate PTG by encouraging people to explore new possibilities after adversity. Adults (N = 188) with recent adverse experiences were randomly assigned to do prospective writing, factual writing, or no writing weekly for one month. PTG was assessed with both retrospective and current-standing measures. Hierarchical linear modeling and response profile analysis were used to assess the intervention's impact, and latent growth curve modeling was used to test mediation. Prospective writing participants showed the greatest gains in PTG as assessed by the current-standing measure, but did not reliably show greater retrospective PTG than controls. Although large effect sizes for the mediation paths suggested that engagement with new possibilities may be a plausible mechanism, this result fell short of statistical significance. Prospection-based interventions merit further investigation.


This report details the results of a test series which investigated the sensitivity of small light-weight packages to the crush environment. Deformations resulting from dynamic crush environments, from a static crush environment, and from a drop impact environment were investigated. These external deformations are compared for each of eight types of packagings tested. Additionally, the current test results are compared to those previously obtained in a simulated accident test. 6 refs., 20 figs., 13 tabs.


Hybrid jets (laser guided by water jet) are commonly used in the area of microelectronics for cutting thin wafer plates and for the design of special pieces. In this context, the hybrid jet works with a low power and low pressure. Efforts are made to apply and to improve this hybrid technology for cutting thicker metallic materials. In order to facilitate this development, we have studied the effects induced by a water jet–laser system coupled to the same point on a metallic material. The pressure of the water jet is about 1 MPa and the power of the laser source is about 400 W, which is much higher than the actual hybrid jet power. As a result, in the case of 301 L steel plates, we have noticed the formation of a magnetite layer around the cut in accordance with the high temperature reactions between water and iron, but, surprisingly, in this case, the reaction is practically instantaneous. A small percentage of hematite also appears, from a secondary reaction of reduction of magnetite. By using different techniques (Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, SEM, XRD…) we have observed, firstly, that the width of the oxidized zone is proportional to the cutting speed and on the other hand, that there exists a phase transformation in a small heat-affected zone, consistent with the hybrid jets literature.


The invention relates to a method for producing a seat cover (2), which at least one body contact surface (7, 9) and adjacent thereto side walls surfaces (8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2), wherein before cutting a blank part (3.1, 3.2) for is the seat cover (2) a receiving member (4) in the region of the blank part (3.1, 3.2) on a material (1) disposed and fixed In addition, from a raw material (1) are processed at least one body contact surface (7, 9) and the adjacent side walls surfaces (8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2) as a one-piece blank part (3.1, 3.2) are cut and a seat cover (2).


Well, we were off to a bad start as the Wellington weather intervened with our Monday morning flights cancelled. We weren't the only ones affected but at least we made it down in time for the most delicious fish and chips before everything closed!


Few issues have made such an impact on the public imagination recently as that of the environment. Concern about the environment embraces many issues - from pesticides to toxic waste, from the greenhouse effect to the motor car - but for most of us it is difficult to decide, amidst all the claims and counter claims, which are the most important. We feel emotionally caught up in the race to save the planet but do not know where our priorities should lie. Environment 2000 surveys the key environmental issues and explains in a way that is easy to understand what the problems are and what is being done (or can be done) to put matters right. Some of the book's conclusions are controversial, particularly because James Wilkinson finds the nuclear industry less of a threat to the future of the planet than many environmental organizations like to claim.


In traditional social network analysis-based large-scale group decision making (LSGDM), decision makers (DMs) often trust others based on social prestige/status without sufficient information to understand others' credibility. Notably, this ignores the inherent risks of trust, resulting in the LSGDM process being subject to trust risk behaviors (blind trust/lack of trust), which ultimately causes unreasonable aggregation weights allocation and unreliable decision results. Therefore, this article develops a trust risk analysis-based social network LSGDM model to mine and manage trust risk behaviors, reasonably assign aggregation weights and reach consensus. In this model, DMs are divided into different communities by a clustering method. The performances of DMs in each community are observed during the decision-making process and their credibility is evaluated. Community's credibility is modeled by a multicriteria credibility assessment matrix (MCAM). Combined with external network structure information, community's synthetical trust assessment matrix (STAM) is constructed. Furthermore, group's MCAM and STAM are obtained by information collection from all communities. The aggregation weights of communities and DMs are dynamically derived from STAMs of group and communities, respectively. Afterward, a trust risk behaviors mining and detection method is presented to mine communities' different behaviors and determine the trust risk degree of the group. When the group is deemed too risky, the trust risk behaviors management mechanism allows to compensate or punish the weights of communities with different behaviors, and give recommendations for information modification. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis, as well as a case study, verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed methods.


Abstract A hybrid method of edge detection of radar images and classification of fused infrared and microwave SAR images is developed for automatic detection of the main road network in a dense urban area. Fusion of the infrared and microwave SAR images effectively reduces the noise in the edge detection and also effectively removes possible confusion with non-road objects, i.e. linearly featured rivers in the classification. Possible road candidates are further processed using the morphological thinning algorithm. Road linking and extension are carried out hierarchically according to the characteristics of the main roads as well as their connections. Finally, the main road network is successfully established from the SAR image. The approach is effective and accurate in detecting road segments and linking without complicated mathematic models, e.g. the Snake or Genetic Algorithms. As an example, using the ERS-2 SAR image data, automatic detection of the main road network in Shanghai Pudong area is presented.


Many public libraries have rules against strong body odor, bringing large amounts of luggage into the library, sleeping, and bathing in restrooms. These rules disproportionately affect library patrons who are experiencing homelessness. This article reviews recent literature that considers legal and social justice perspectives on homelessness and libraries, as well as the policies of four urban public library systems. Although these rules may be legal and are widely used, people without homes have no other access to information and thus have an even stronger need for the resources of public libraries than other members of the general public. The author concludes that blocking their access conflicts with the mission of public libraries to provide information to all.


The ejected-electron spectra of Ba atoms were measured in an electron impact energy range 15-100 eV. By comparative analysis of experimental and calculated data on excitation dynamics and excitation thresholds of lines the complete spectroscopic classification and decay channels for autoionizing states in 5p55d6s2 and 5p55d26s configurations were determined.


Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been a successful method that is been used for extracting keywords. This paper presents a full method by which keywords can be derived from the various corpuses. We have built equations that exploit the structure of the documents from which the keywords need to be extracted. The procedures are been broken into two distinguished profiles: one is to weigh the words in the whole document content and the other is to explore the possibilities of the occurrence of key terms by using genetic algorithm. The basic equations of the heuristic mechanism is been varied to allow the complete exploitation of document. The Genetic Algorithm and the enhanced standard deviation method is used in full potential to enable the generation of the key terms that describe the given text document. The new technique has an enhanced performance and better time complexities.


SAGE I/II ozone data from the period 1979–1991 have been used to derive global trends in both stratospheric column ozone and as a function of altitude. A statistical model containing quasibiennial, seasonal, and semiannual oscillations, a linear component, and a first-order autoregressive noise process was fit to the time series of SAGE I/II monthly zonal mean data. The linear trend in column ozone above 17 km altitude, averaged between 65°S and 65°N, is −0.30 ± 0.19%/year or −3.6% over the time period February 1979 through April 1991. The data further show that the column trend above 17 km is nearly zero in the tropics and increases towards the high latitudes with values of −0.6%/year at 60°S and −0.35%/year at 60°N. Both these results are in agreement with the recent TOMS results. Furthermore, the profile trend analyses show the column ozone losses are occurring below 25 km, with most of the loss coming from the region between 17 and 20 km. Negative trend values on the order of −2%/year are found at 17 km in mid-latitudes.


We describe the resonance correction scheme that will be implemented on the AGS-Booster. This scheme will correct: (1) the quadrupole stop bandwidth resonances 2ux=9 and 2uY=9; (2) the skew quadrupole coupling and sum resonances ux-v =0 and u +u =9; and (3) the sextupole third integer resonances Y 3ux=13, u +2u =13, ,,;=I: and u +2u =14. Additionally, the tune and the X Y x Y chromaticity remain unchanged. The configuration we chose depended partly on the hardware available. That is, 48 quadrupole correctors in each of the main quadrupoles, 24 skew quadrupole correctors located in some of the correction trim coil assemblies and 48 sextupole correctors in each of the main sextupoles. Due to the strength limitations of these correctors the configuration we chose must be as efficient as possible. Since, some of the correction trim coil assemblies were missing (because of injection and extraction requirements, etc.), the location of the skew quadrupole correctors was another constraint. Furthermore, the number of power supplies required must be kept to a minimum to reduce the total cost. Introduction. The AGS-Booster is required to accelerate high intensity protons, polarized protons and heavy ions in order to extend the capabilities of the AGS. These requirements lead to a fast cycling machine with a large space charge tune shift, especially with the high intensity protons'. This large tune shift can cause particles to cross several second and third order resonances as seen from the tune diagram given in Fig. 1. Thus, in order to reduce the possibility of beam loss, we need to correct the following three classes of resonances: (11 the quadrupole stop bandwidth resonances 2ux=9 and 2uY=9; (21 the skew quadrupole coupling and sum resonances v -u =0 and u +uy=9; and (3) the sextupole third order resonances 3u =13, ux+2: =13, 3~~114 and X u +2u =14. We do not expect any problems with skew X Y X Y sextupole resonances or resonances that are induced by off momentum particles, however these can be dealt with if it proves necessary after commissioning. In order to devise a correction scheme, we need to relate the corrector strength with the resonance strength2-8. To do this, we define the following functions related to the phase advance: s s px(s) = s 2a ,x;'r, c uxs* cly(sl = I 2n 8% c uys 0 oy where 8 (s) and 8 (s) are the betatron functions, u and u are the tunes, C X Y X Y is the circumference and s is the azimuthal position in the accelerator. using a thin lens approximation, the resonance strengths can be approximated as a sum over each corrector strength with coefficients depending on the 8 and p functions at the centers of each corrector. Next, we consider the correctors. The AGS-Booster consist of six superperiods and each superperiod contains eight correction trim coil assemblies of which four of these assemblies will contain the skew quadrupole correctors. Furthermore, each of the Boosters 48 quadrupoles contain trim coils for half integer stop bandwidth correction and the 48 sextupoles contain trim coils for third integer resonance correction. Using these correctors we want to generate resonances that cancels those resonances excited by the errors. Due to the superperiodicity of the AGS-Booster, the S and ~1 functions and the lattice are periodic with the azimuth s. Thus, the sums to find the resonance strengths can be simplified. Firstly, we define


Motion parameterization of complex joint model is the foundation of virtual human motion simulation. The classical parameterization methods of 3D rotation,such as rotation matrix,Euler angle,and quaternion,which bear several drawbacks,cannot resolve the motion parameterization of complex joint model. Based on the improvement of exponential map,a novel motion parameterization method called Dual Exponential Map (DEM) which can depict translation and rotation,linear velocity and angular velocity simultaneously was proposed. The motion description as well as parameters computation capabilities of the DEM were introduced. Finally a simulation on maintenance operation training was implemented. The experimental results illustrate that the DEM method bears powerful capability on derivation,solution to differential and ODEs,optimization control and interpolation.


Objective
To analyze the characteristics and the effect of nursing invention on repeated sebaceous cyst infection.

Methods
38 cases of repeated sebaceous cyst infection were selected from February 2013 to February 2014, and surveyed the demographic data, living habits and diet structure, location, primary disease control, local wound treatment and other aspects. They were given the nursing intervention for 6 months of follow up and observed the effects.

Results
Within the patients, most of them were at the age from 18 to 30 years old or over 50 years old. 65.79% patients were male. The hip infection accounted for 44.73% patients. Staphylococcus aureus infection accounted for 71.05% patients. 52.63% patients had hyperglycemia, and 47.36% patients had dyslipidemia. The nursing intervention included dietary guidance, exercise instruction and local wound care nursing intervention. 38 patients all had the wound healed. The healing time were (25.71±10.66) days and had no relapse within 6 months of follow up.

Conclusions
The relapse of sebaceous cyst infection was associated with male gender, inappropriate living habits, blood glucose and dyslipidemia. Balanced diet, appropriate activities, control of blood glucose and blood lipid, individualized wound care is helpful for wound healing and recurrence control.

Key words:
Infection; Sebaceous cyst; Wound care; Charateristics


Senescence is a ubiquitous developmental process that leads to the death of a cell, an organ, or an organism and occurs at the final stage of their development. There is a striking divergence and convergence between plants and animals regarding senescence regulation (Kenyon, 2001). The mechanisms of regulation of ageing in animals including p53, telomerase and telomere dynamics, DNA damage sensing and repair, and transcriptional activation and inactivation by histone acetylation/deacetylation are either not present or do not appear to play an important role in plant ageing. On the contrary, plants have evolved their own unique senescence-regulating mechanisms. These include the modulation of senescence by phytohormones, photosynthetic machinery, and protein degradation. In plants, the chloroplast is reported to be the first origin and target for initiating senescence (Misra and Biswal, 1980, 1981; 1982a, b, c, Biswal et al., 2001; Dilnawaz et al. 2001; Misra et al. 2011a), whereas in animals the mitochondrion serves as the initiator (Thomas, 2002). Thus, we may infer that plants and animals have evolved conserved strategies for the regulation of senescence, while employing diverse molecular mechanisms that have been shaped during the long history of evolution. Senescence is a genetically-controlled developmental programme, but it has no adaptive advantages in animals, except that in plants leaf senescence is a recruited nutrient recycle programme and hence is considered to have a strong adaptive advantage (Bleecker, 1998). This is the final developmental phase of a leaf which starts with nutrient salvage and ends with cell death. However, until late in senescence the process requires cell viability and is often reversible (Thomas et al., 2003). There has been some debate about the degree of overlap of senescence and PCD (Thomas et al., 2003; van Doorn & Woltering, 2004, 2008). van Doorn & Woltering (2004, 2008) identified three positions regarding the overlap in senescence and PCD. Some authors assumed total overlap (Nooden, 2004), but van Doorn & Woltering (2004, 2008) postulated that overlap is complete and senescence and PCD are synchronous. However a minority, argued that there was no overlap (Delorme et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2003). van Doorn & Woltering (2008)


In steel production, an automated particle workflow can increase the efficiency and statistical relevance of nanosized precipitate analyses, resulting in increased productivity and accuracy.


A new design of a compact ultra-wide band (UWB) monopole antenna with triple-band, triple-sense circular polarisation (CP) is presented here. It is composed of a compact quad-circular monopole, a fractal parasitic ring resonator, a triangular ring resonator, rectangular ring resonator, and modified `T' and `I' shaped slots on the ground plane along with a rectangular stub with `E'-shaped slot on the right side of the monopole. The proposed antenna radiates left-hand circularly polarised (LHCP) wave at lower and mid-frequency bands, while right-hand circularly polarised (RHCP) wave at upper frequency band. The results show that the antenna covers an ultra-wide bandwidth from 3.1 to 11 GHz (112%). Moreover, the proposed antenna achieves good CP characteristics at Citizens Broadband Radio Services in USA (3.55-3.72 GHz), artificial magnetic conductors and WLAN upper frequency spectrum (4.81-5.61 GHz), VSAT services & Satellite Communication and Ground Surveillance RADAR (9.29-10.95 GHz), respectively. Novelty of this article lies in designing a compact printed UWB monopole antenna with combined triple band CP characteristics controllable by adjusting the antenna design parameters. The simulated and measured results of the antenna have been compared and seen to be in reasonable agreement.


An experiment was conducted at the Floriculture Shade Net House under Horticulture Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during 2020-21 to evaluate the effect of different substrates on growth, flowering, yield and quality of anthurium. Six treatments were used viz,. T1: Soil (control), T2: Cocodust, T3: Perlite, T4: Sawdust, T5: Cocodust + Perlite (1:1), and T6: Cocodust + Sawdust (1:1). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with five replications. The result showed that Cocodust + perlite (1:1) followed by Cocodust singly performed the best in respect of growth, flower number and quality characteristics of anthurium. Poor performance of all characteristics of anthurium was exhibited in control treatment. Gross return and BCR was the highest in T5 treatment. The result suggested that Perlite + Cocodust (1:1 ratio) followed by Cocodust (100%) could be used for flower yield maximization and quality improvement of anthurium in pot cultivation.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(4): 435-443, December 2021


Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) have enabled or enhanced many historic and current space missions. Concepts for future missions that could be powered by RPS include insitu missions to the atmospheres, surfaces, and interiors of Europa, Titan, and other destinations. Such mission concepts are often tightly constrained on mass and volume, while still needing to support the instrument packages necessary to carry out ambitious science investigations, such as the search for signs of life. The physical proximity of RPS to payloads and to the in-situ environment has the potential to impact science instruments and science measurements. Radiation, thermal, vibration, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and magnetic fields impacts must all be considered carefully. This paper looks at existing and potential future RPS designs that could support insitu missions, and discusses possible interactions with in-situ instruments, including those under development to open up new avenues of scientific discovery. In-situ operations have additional complications compared to in-space operations, including unique environments, and packaging and form factor requirements that drive spacecraft designs. Radiation, EMI, and magnetic fields from RPS could be an order of magnitude higher than for orbital spacecraft, if the RPS must be packaged within the element instead of mounted externally. Waste heat from RPS could cause changes to the local environment around the spacecraft, particularly in an atmospheric or subsurface environment. Vibrations produced by potential future dynamic RPS could interfere with seismic measurements. In addition, in-situ investigations can require different instrument technologies and measurement approaches. Many of these instrument types have not yet flown and require additional development to make them flight capable in the small volumes available for payloads. These developments will have implications for the instruments and their interactions with the RPS environment. Furthermore, all this is complicated by the fact that in-situ mission concepts can vary wildly from one another. Balloon elements have very different requirements compared to melt probes and submarines. Mission designers must consider these characteristics along with RPS and instrument accommodations.


Abstract Members of the 16-membered macrolide antibiotic class show activity against Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma gondii, which are associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Using carbomycin A as a substrate, we report a new semi-synthetic route for the production of forocidin.


With the development of industrial economy, more and more enterprises use machine vision and artificial intelligence to replace manual detection. Therefore, the research of steel surface defect detection based on artificial intelligence is of great significance to promote the rapid development of intelligent factory and intelligent manufacturing system. In this paper, Yolov5 deep learning algorithm is used to build a classification model of steel surface defects to realize the classification and detection of steel surface defects. At the same time, on the basis of Yolov5, combined with the attention mechanism, the backbone network is improved to further improve the classification model of steel surface defects. The experiment shows that the Recall and mAP of improved Yolov5 perform better on the steel surface defect data set. Compared with Yolov5, the number of C3CA-Yolov5 parameters decreased by 13.02%, and the size of pt files decreased by 12.72%; the number of C3ECA-Yolov5 parameters decreased by 13.36%, and the size of pt files decreased by 13.22%.