Welcome to the 32nd ACM SIGIR International Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval. This year's conference reflects the growing diversity of the field, with papers on a wide range of topics that reach well beyond the traditional problems of search on large collections of text.

The conference received 494 submissions of full papers from 34 countries, a similar number to previous years and similarly distributed, with around a third from each of North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Of these, 78 were accepted for full presentation, and a further 26 were offered the opportunity of presentation as posters. There were in addition 256 poster submissions, of which 86 were selected, and 12 of the 36 submissions of candidate demonstrations were successful. SIGIR has had a long-standing tradition of experimental rigor, and in 2009, as in the past, we have required that successful submissions meet equally our expectations of originality and of demonstrated validity. We believe that we have been successful in choosing a program of high standard.

The SIGIR program involves not only papers, posters, and demonstrations, but also six tutorials, eight workshops, a doctoral consortium with 12 students selected from 24 applicants, and two invited talks. One invited talk is given by the 2009 Salton Award winner. This award is a triennial event at SIGIR and we celebrate Susan T. Dumais' contribution to our community. The other invited talk is given by Albert-Laszlo Barabasi. We are deeply grateful to Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Susan T. Dumais for their participation in SIGIR this year and for the opportunity this gives to our attendees.


IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterized by lymphoplasmocellular infiltration and storiform fibrosis. Pancreas, biliary tract, lacrimal and salivary glands, lymph nodes and retroperitoneum are frequently involved, although the clinical presentation may vary [1].The aim of this study is to retrospectively describe the clinical manifestations of a monocentric cohort of patients with IgG4-RD and analyze their clinical course by applying the validated IgG4-Related Disease Responder Index (RI) [2].We enrolled 22 IgG4-RD patients classified with 2011 diagnostic criteria [3] and/or 2019 classification criteria [4].22 IgG4-RD patients (M/F=3.4/1), mostly Caucasian (91%), were diagnosed at a mean age of 59 years (44-74) with a median IgG4 concentration at diagnosis of 239 mg/dl (IQR 106-391 mg/dL). 14/22 (64%) patients fulfilled the 2011 classification criteria, while 8/22 (36%) were classified as possible (2), probable (5) or definitive (1) according to the diagnostic criteria of 2011. Organ involvement at diagnosis (T0) is described in Table 1. The organs most involved were lymph nodes, salivary glands and retroperitoneum. Patients were followed for a median of 49 months (IQR 16-88). Three patients were lost to follow-up. One patient died for pneumonia 96 months after diagnosis. During the follow-up 5 (23%) patients didn't receive specific treatment, 1 (5%) was treated surgically, 6 (27%) with steroid only, 10 (45%) with steroid and immunosuppressants (with methotrexate and/or rituximab, tocilizumab, mycophenolate, cyclosporine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine) and/or surgical resection. A statistically significant reduction in RI between T0 and last follow-up (TLF) was observed in all the patients [from 6 (3-6) to 3 (1-4) p=0.010]. A significant reduction was also observed in the group of pharmacologically treated patients [from 6 (3-6) to 3 (1-4) p=0.035] but not in the group of patients without drug treatment (p = 0.174).Table 1.Organ involvement at diagnosisOrgan involvement T0N. Patients (%)Pancreas2 (9)Lymph nodes14 (64)Salivary glands13 (59)Lungs1 (5)Aorta and large blood vessels4 (18)Retroperitoneum, mediastinum, mesentery6 (27)Bile duct and liver3 (14)Kidneys2 (9)Pachymeninges1 (5)Orbits and lacrimal glands3 (14)Paranasal sinuses and / or nasal mucosa5 (23)In our cohort, patients were predominantly male with mean age at diagnosis of 59 years, consistent with literature data [1]. A statistically significant reduction in disease activity defined by reduction of RI was observed in patients who received immunosuppressive therapy. No significant reduction was observed in patients not pharmacologically treated.[1]Dai Inoue et al. Medicine, 2015[2]Carruthers M.N. et al. Int J Rheumatol, 2012[3]Umehara H. et al. Mod Rheumatol, 2012[4]Wallace Z.S. et al. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020None declared


This article, in celebration of the bicentennial of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, provides a detailed historical account of the impact Lincoln had on railroad transportation in the U.S. It also relates how railroading played an important role in Lincoln's life, beginning with his first campaign for public office, through his Illinois law practice, into his presidency, and ending with his funeral procession.


Background and objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the common psychiatric disorder in childhood and it affects on children socially and academically. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among the studied population, describe its association with certain socio-demographic characteristics, and to identify factors that might affect the disease. Methods : A cross sectional study conducted among 400 children aged more than six year attending outpatient clinic of Psychiatric Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, from the 1st of April 2015 to the 30th of April 2016. The questionnaire was completed through direct interview. A Chi square test of association was used to compare proportions. A P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant Results: The overall prevalence of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was 35 (8.75%). Among males 22 (9.2%) were had ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD was significantly associated with paternal and maternal high education (28.9%) and (24%) respectively. Among the medical diseases trauma and mental retardation showed significant association with the prevalence of the disease as they may have no role as a factor or as a cause of the disease. While family history of medical disease were positive in only 4 (7.8%). Conclusion: The prevalence of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was higher among boys. It showed significant association with higher educational level and higher socioeconomic status of the family. Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, prevalence, Hawler psychiatric teaching hospital.


An association between acute relapsing pancreatitis and the contraceptive pill has recently been suggested (Bank and Marks, 1970; Davidoff, Tishler and Rosoff, 1973). We wish to report a further case of acute pancreatitis in a patient taking the pill. In contrast to previous cases the serum lipids were normal and the pancreatitis was severe and ultimately fatal.


The structure of scilliglaucoside, a cardiac active squill glycoside, is revised. The assignment of the new structural formula 1 is made on the basis of NMR. spectral data.


The article describes and specifies the role of financial planning at trade commercial enterprises. The author considers the financial system models and the needs of the non-financial sector in selecting the financial system model. The role of financial planning in the enterprise management strategy is determined. The main problems of financial planning are considered. The results of surveys dedicated to planning held at small and medium commercial enterprises in Kharkiv and Kharkiv Region are given. The main results of corporate lending market development in 2013 are studied. The main results of financial reporting indicators in the first half of 2013 and the same period of the previous year in Kharkiv and Kharkiv Region are identified. The factors limiting the usage of financial planning at an enterprise in current conditions are identified.


Objective To investigate the expression of soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 ( sTREM-1 ) in intraperitoneal drainage fluid of patients with abdorminal trauma and its predictive value for post-traumatic sepsis. Methods A total of 80 abdominal trauma patients were served as the trauma group and 25 patients treated with subtotal gastrectomy as the control group.Intraperitoneal drainage fluid sTREM-1,serum sTREM-1,procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP)at 0,24,48,72 hours after admission were determined in two groups for assessing their value in early prediction of post-traumatic sepsis. Results The levels of drainage fluid sTREM-1,serum sTREM-1,PCT and CRP in the trauma group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05 ).Drainage fluid sTREM-1 showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve,sensitivity and specificity for 0.84,77%,and 83% in the prediction of post-traumatic sepsis,which was superior to the serum sTREM-1,PCT and CRP. Conclusion Intraperitoneal drainage fluid sTREM-1 has high accuracy in predicting the sepsis in abdominal trauma patients.

Key words:
Abdominal injuries; Sepsis; Soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1


The paper analyzes the various macro-economy indexes of the six central cities——Wuhan,Changsha, Nanchang,Hefei,Zhenzhou,and Taiyuan in the middle part of China.It suggests that Wuhan has the integrated superiority to the other cities in central China to take the historical responsibility to be a strategic fulcrum in the rising of the middle part of China.


To produce human ferritins in yeast, human H-chain and L-chain ferritins were amplified from previously cloned vectors. Each amplified ferritin gene was inserted into the pYES2.1/V5-His-TOPO yeast expression vector under the control of the GAL1 promoter. Western blot analysis of the recombinant'yeast cells revealed that H-and L-chain subunits of human ferritin were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analysis demonstrated that the intracellular content of iron in the ferritin transformant was 1.6 to 1.8-fold higher than that of the control strain. Ferritin transformants could potentially supply iron-fortified nutrients for food and feed.


P.Herc. 1384 preserves an ethical work focusing on the wise man's lifestyle. This work, which had formerly been attributed to the Epicurean Philodemus, has recently been proven to be Stoic instead, and has been assigned to either an early or a second-century BC Cynicising Stoic philosopher. This article, while confirming the Stoic authorship of P.Herc. 1384, shows that it can only belong to Chrysippus or one of his immediate successors and brings forward new evidence in favour of Chrysippus himself. In particular, several arguments allow us to advance an identification with book 1 of his lost Peri biōn.


According to the regulations for international competitions all organizers of international championships and competitions are obliged to carry out doping control tests (blood tests, urine tests etc.) on athletes. The administration of hormones to athletes with the intention of improving performance has been a common practice for many years, and in the last ten years this practice has reached serious proportions internationally, and recently also in Norway. We are therefore very pleased that anabolic steroids have been added to the International Olympic Committee Medical Commissions list of banned classes of drugs because laboratory means of detecting anabolic steroids by use of radio-immunoassay techniques and chromatography/mass spectrometry systems have become available.


Background  Decompensated liver cirrhosis is characterized by activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS). We investigated whether compartmentalization of these components occurs in ascitic fluid.


Anderson's Constitutions (1723) can be considered as the founding charter of modern non-operative Freemasonry. Meanwhile, between the building sites for the cathedrals and the philosophy of Enlightenment, between the Regius Manuscript and Anderson's Constitutions , Europe had been the theatre of bloody religious wars. It is shown that the constitutions of the masonic order emphasised the loyalty of the Freemason to his native country. During the eighteenth century numerous military lodges began to appear and the only difference between them and civilian lodges is that the former are itinerant; the same brotherhood, the same practice of virtue unites all the members. The most effective of the masonic resistance networks were put together gradually over the period of occupation and some of them evolved into complete masonic lodges after the war. Freemasonry is believed to be a school of virtue. Keywords: Anderson's Constitutions ; Freemasonry; masonic lodges; masonic resistance networks; religious wars


The crystal structure as well as the optical properties in the band gap region of (CuInTe 2 ) 1-x (2 ZnTe) x solid solution single crystals grown by directional freezing have been studied. The lattice constants exhibit a linear dependence on crystal composition. The chalcopyrite-sphalerite phase transition was observed between x = 0.3 and x = 0.4. The variation of the band gap with respect to crystal composition can be described by a quadratic expression.


The ever-increasing consumption of ammonium fertilizer threatens aquatic environments and will require low-power water treatment processes. With a focus on the treatment of drinking water, the scope of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a sequential Anammox zeolite-biofilter with an anaerobic river and tap water mixture (NH4+: 4.3 mg/L; NO2−: 5.7 mg/L). When the filter velocity was set to 0.032 m/h, NH4+ and NO2− were removed with efficiencies of 86% and 76%, respectively. Remarkably, lowering the substrate concentrations and operating temperatures only resulted in a minor reduction in the efficiencies of nitrogen removal compared to wastewater treatment plants. The coupling of the zeolite and Anammox processes influenced the NO2−/NH4+-ratio as the zeolites removed NH4+ at a higher rate. Reliable process monitoring can be achieved by correlating the electrical conductivity and the removal of nitrogen compounds (R2 = 0.982). The WHO threshold values of all nitrogen compounds could be met using this setup, and thus, it could lead to a significant improvement in drinking water quality around the world. Thus, the Anammox zeolite-biofilter is promising as a cost-effective and low-power technology, especially for decentralized use in threshold and developing countries, and should therefore be the subject of further investigation.


This paper examines whether hedging can affect multinationals' firm value. Employing pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis of manually collected data of US multinational corporations from 2008 to 2015, this manuscript finds that (i) hedging activities are positively related to the firm value of multinational companies as implied by firm value maximisation theories; (ii) hedging significantly increases firm value by above 10% over the full-sample and the post-crisis sub-sample periods; but (iii) hedging appears insignificant and irrelevant during the global financial crisis period, which may indicate that global economic conditions could dominate any firm-level hedging activity effect. This is a new finding that contributes to the current hedging literature.


Recently, multimodal retrieval has attracted increasing attention in remote sensing community. in particular, text-image retrieval showed a promising research topic due to its ability to enable a flexible retrieval experience. To achieve this end, we propose a transformer-based multilingual text-image retrieval approach. Specifically, we employ the transformer encoder for both textual and visual modalities. At the text encoder, we jointly train four languages: English, Arabic, French, and Italian. We conduct experiments on fine-grained multimodal datasets named RSITMD. The experimental studies of the proposed method demonstrate its superior performance on both single and multiple languages modalities compared with the state-of-the-art methods.


A field study was conducted in an office building to assess the effectiveness of photoluminescent material to facilitate occupant evacuation. The office building's four identical stairwells were set with different conditions; one had full lighting, one had reduced lighting, another one had reduced lighting with photoluminescent wayguidance signs and one had photoluminescent wayguidance signs with no other lighting output. Non-informed occupants evacuated through the 4 stairwells. Speed of movement recorded using video cameras showed a similar speed of movement when considering the different density of the 4 stairwells.


Recent advances in technology have enabled to the use of wireless sensor networks for environmental monitoring and surveillance. Wireless sensor networks are particularly beneficial for monitoring environments that are unsuitable for human presence, such as those arising in the monitoring of permafrost, volcanos, forest fires, and battlefields. Mobile agents called data mules can be used to enhance sensor networks by visiting individual sensors to collect measurements. In this thesis, the mobility of the data collector is exploited to mitigate energy depletion of the stationary nodes and allow for sparse deployments at the cost of additional data latency. This motivates us to seek efficient strategies for the mobile vehicle in order to alleviate this data latency.
The policies developed here apply directly to an acoustic source localization problem in which the objective is to localize the source of a transient acoustic event using measurements from a group of unattended ground sensors. First we study the optimal sensor placement of acoustic time of arrival sensors for localization using techniques from information theory and optimization. A sparse sensor configuration is shown to be optimal when maximizing the expected determinant of the Fisher information matrix for truncated, radially-symmetric source distributions. Next, we use ideas from optimal sensor placement and optimal sensor selection to adaptively adjust the route of the data mule to minimize the time to localize events of interest. When the data mule is a small fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), this algorithm can be improved by including the kinematic constraints of the UAV and exploring the ability of the UAV to communicate with faraway sensors within its line of sight. Finally, we provide data mule routing policies for acoustic source localization over a large area involving many sources and sensors and analyze their performance.


There has been a dramatic growth in organizations aiming to leverage the power of platform business models and capture the vast amounts of value stemming from external innovation. Thus, actors are required to open up their innovation processes to third-party developers, and make sure these external resources are incentivized to both enter and remain in the ecosystem. So far, there has been a limited understanding of what considerations have to be made to cre-ate an optimal developer environment, with research being limited to specific aspects of plat-form establishment. By applying a process perspective, this study has identified the three high level phases of such platform establishment as (1) Understanding Developers, (2) Platform Design and (3) Governance and Control, which all come with certain considerations. The pro-cess has been examined through six interviews with different experts in the field, to create a comprehensive list of the key considerations for each phase. Using diffusion of innovation theo-ry, the study does not only list various factors, but also explains their impact on platform diffu-sion. Key findings highlight discrepancies between literature and empiricism, with addressable market and brand equity of a firm being the primary motivations for third-party developers. Additionally, the study identifies strategic partnerships as an impactful factor in all phases and a necessity for successful platform establishment.


The purpose of this work is to present the results of the financial prospecting and the social, cultural and educational impact of a project through the use of solar panels and LED technology that work in the visible light spectrum, whose implementation would favor the improvement of quality of life of the inhabitants of the original communities of an isolated area of the Province of San Juan, Argentina, Photovoltaic energy not only allows lighting and the possibility of using appliances, but also access LIFI technology that offers a possible solution to the problem of communications in a community that has few services that do not have access to the Internet, nor do they have telephony mobile and whose only communication is the provincial radio network provided by the government and that has its connection in the only school that exists in the place. Interviews were conducted with the inhabitants of the place to gather information on the expenses they must make to access different education, health, production, marketing services and other procedures for what should be moved to the capital of the province or the main city of the department of Caucete. The installation of a transceiver that allows the transmission of data is proposed, thus favoring the concretion of the activities, corresponding to each service, necessary for the development of the productive life of the community, in less time, with lower expenses and achieving greater efficiency.


While producing speech, talkers monitor both somatosensory and auditory feedback. Many studies have demonstrated that if auditory feedback is manipulated in real-time (e.g., using an effects processor to shift the frequency spectrum), subjects compensate by modifying their F0 in the direction opposite to the perturbation. However, shifting the entire frequency spectrum alters both F0 and formant frequencies. While compensations for real-time formant perturbations have been previously observed, these studies have used a paradigm that is very different from that of traditional pitchperturbation experiments. In the present study, compensations in both F0 and formant frequencies were observed for perturbations of sustained vowels using a traditional pitch-perturbation paradigm. Within a sustained utterance, the auditory feedback was increased or decreased by 100 cents for a short duration. Previous studies have suggested that the large variability in compensation across individuals may be due to individual differences in weighting somatosensory and auditory feedback. Following this hypothesis, individuals' compensations in F0 and formant frequency should be correlated. However, only a weak correlation was observed.


Teams consist of two or more individuals who interact or coordinate with each other to achieve a common goal (Baker & Salas, 1997). Teams, which have various positive effects on organizational outcomes, have gained ground in organizations in today's world. However, teamwork is a complicated issue, and organizations need to develop team-based strategies in order to achieve organizational goals (Gundlach, Zivnuska, & Stoner, 2006). Team collectivism refers to the shared perception of the members within the same team on how important common interests and welfare are compared to the individual interests, and how important the concepts of cohesion and collaboration are as team values (Colquitt, Noe, & Jackson, 2002; Lai, Lam, & Lam, 2013). Though various studies have shown that team collectivism has an effect on team member behavior, there are very few studies (e.g., Bell, 2007; Colquitt et al., 2002; Dayan & Colak, 2008) that examined collectivism as a team-level variable. In the previous studies, it has been shown that team collectivism has an impact on procedural justice climate (Colquitt et al., 2002; Dayan & Colak, 2008). However, to our knowledge, a study on the effect of team collectivism on peer procedural justice has not been conducted yet. Cropanzano, Li, and Benson (2011) conducted the first study related to peer procedural justice, and this concept refers to the shared perception of justice regarding how fairly the team members treat one another in the decision-making process. Though it has been determined that procedural justice, which has been evaluated at the team level, has a positive relationship with team task performance and team citizenship behavior (e.g., Cropanzano et al., 2011), the potential factors which may affect such relationships have not been examined yet. Team task performance, which refers to the degree to which a team fulfills its objectives or tasks (Bell, 2007), is the most important indicator of a team's success. Team members need to fulfill their tasks in cooperation through cognitive, verbal, and behavioral activities to show successful performance (Marks, Mathieu, & Zaccaro, 2001). One of the effective elements in the cooperation of individuals with one another in the team context is collectivism (Wagner, 1995). In the previous studies conducted at the team level, it has been found that team collectivism had a positive effect on team effectiveness (Kirkman & Shapiro, 2001) and team task performance through team collaboration (Eby & Dobbins, 1997). Furthermore, a meta-analysis study at the team level conducted by Bell (2007) showed that team collectivism had a positive effect on team task performance. Team citizenship behavior refers to team members' shared perceptions on the behaviors performed within the team such as voluntarily helping, sharing work load, participating in extra duties for the team success, and such, provides an empirical guide on how to behave in the future (Cropanzano et. al., 2011; Ehrhart, 2004). Team citizenship behavior is a concept considered different from the concept of organizational citizenship behavior at the individual level (toward organization or coworkers) because it regulates social interaction and affects social identity (Ehrhart, 2004; Ehrhart, Bliese, & Thomas, 2006). In a study conducted at the individual level of analysis, Jackson, Colquitt, Wesson, and Zapata-Phelon (2006) found that psychological collectivism had a positive effect on team members' citizenship behaviors. In the same vein, the research conducted by Finkelstein (2012, 2014) demonstrated that collectivism had a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. However, to our knowledge, there is no study that examined the effects of collectivism as a team level construct on team citizenship behavior.


Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of an employee under certain aspects of consideration and to understand the potential of a person for further growth and development of an employee in an organization with specific ratings. This paper presents a design and implementation of a performance appraisal system using the fuzzy logic.  It extracts the performance of an employee at each level, thereby generating the ratings automatically with respect to the amount of work completed by them. An automated employee rating system is used for this purpose to track the employee work performance. The performance will be measured based on certain factors such as technical knowledge, quality and quantity of output, etc. Based on these attributes, it automatically separates them into three categories such as high-level performers, mid-level and low-level performers.


Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an emerging class of well-ordered porous materials that precisely reticulate organic units into extended networks and have been at the forefront of porous materials research over the past decade. In the quest to expand the reticular chemistry and develop next-generation COFs with peculiar material properties, sp2 carbon-conjugated COFs (sp2c-COFs) have garnered a surge of interest since their inception in 2016 due to the unparalleled features of continuous π-conjugation, high crystallinity, permanent porosity, unique optoelectronic properties, and extraordinary chemical stability. A rapidly growing number of 2D sp2c-COFs (more than 40 in total within just 4 years) have been hitherto constructed and broadly used in various areas. In this review, we scrutinize the design principles, synthetic routes, key features, and mechanistic investigations of sp2c-COFs. We survey the advances in their broad applications spanning heterogeneous catalysis, radionuclide sequestration, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and optical applications, and rationalize their superior performance against structurally analogous imine-linked COFs. We further discuss the unsettled scientific challenges and provide future perspectives of sp2c-COFs.


The effect of temperature (T) and pressure (P) was studied on the emission zero-phonon lines (ZPLs) corresponding to 5D0 → 7F0,1,2 electronic transitions in Eu3+ centres of trigonal symmetry in the CaF2 crystal. In the T-range 112–493 K at ambient P, all the lines shift to the blue and broaden. Both effects are explained by the dephasing of electronic transitions due to the Raman scattering of acoustic phonons by impurity ions. The T-shift of the lines is caused not only by the change of the electron–phonon interaction (EPI) in impurity centres, but also by the thermal expansion of the host crystal. In the P-range 0.001–7.3 kbar at room temperature, the width of all lines somewhat decreases, most lines shift to the red, the splitting of 7F1,2 multiplet levels in the crystal field increases, and the energy distance between the 5D0 level and the barycentre of the crystal-field sublevels of 7F0, 7F1 and 7F2 levels decreases. The P-narrowing of the ZPLs can be explained by the P-induced decrease of the EPI coefficient in the framework of the Raman mechanism and also by the decrease in the density of states for acoustic phonons due to the P-induced increase in the Debye T of the crystal. The P-shift of the ZPLs is supposedly caused mainly by changes in the direct interaction of external pressure with impurity centres and not by the P-induced contraction of the host crystal.


Abstract Populations of Rhagoletis mendax with novel late flight period, in August–September, have been found in two commercial highbush blueberry fields in New Jersey, thriving in fruit left behind after the harvest of a late blueberry cultivar. A small number of flies with similar late flight period have also been captured in several locations where blueberry maggot infests wild hosts. Using allozyme markers, we found that allele frequencies in wild blueberry maggot populations are constant from June to September, and distinct from those found in populations infesting the two commercial fields. The populations in the commercial fields present a pattern of decreased genetic diversity, including lower heterozygosity and distortions in allele frequency distribution. These data suggest that a founder effect, the loss of genetic diversity caused by the establishment of a small sample of individuals as a newly isolated entity, is responsible for the genetic differences between the populations in the commercial fields and in wild areas. The founder effect most likely occurred because only a small proportion of the flies present in wild areas possesses the late phenology required for the colonization of the commercial fields. The seasonal asynchrony between the populations in commercial fields and those in wild areas may also have contributed to maintain the founder effect by limiting gene flow. This study suggests that early in a phenological transition, if the onset of prezygotic reproductive isolation is relatively fast, evolution at the genetic level might be caused mostly by genetic drift. This study further confirms that the flight period is plastic in the blueberry maggot.


Objective: To examine the state of neurosurgical service in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The results of continuous study of hospital beds quantity, staffing and clinical work of neurosurgical units in Ukraine from 1998 to 2012 are given. Statistical data processing was carried out using time series analysis, correlation and regression analyzes. Results. In 2012 in Ukraine availability of neurosurgical beds was 0.86 per 10,000 (1 bed per 11,650 population), the availability of neurosurgeons — 1.82 per 100,000 (1 neurosurgeon per 54,813 population). 102,947 patients (2,260 per 1 million population) were treated in neurosurgical units and 45,350 of them (996 per 1 million population) have been operated. Surgical activity was 44.1%, postoperative lethality — 4.4%. Conclusion. The availability of neurosurgical beds and neurosurgeons in Ukraine is high enough. The intensity of beds use and operating load per one neurosurgeon are low. Indicators of highly specialized effective neurosurgical care providing have a strong positive trend in Ukraine. Ukrainian neurosurgery has a good reserve for intensive mastering of new areas of medical innovations.


Disclosed are a downlink data transmission method and device and a downlink data acquisition device. In the method, corresponding downlink control information is configured for downlink data on a first carrier in a preset manner; and the downlink data is transmitted according to the configured downlink control information. According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, downlink control information corresponding to downlink data on an FDD uplink carrier can be effectively configured in flexible duplex, complexity of a terminal is not increased, and performance of the downlink control information can be ensured.


Received July 1989, final version received January 1991 A tax-distorted real-business-cycle model is parameterized, calibrated, and solved numerically in an attempt to measure the size of Harberger Triangles relative to Okun Gaps. In particular, the model constructed is used to study, quantitatively, the impact of various distortional government tax and subsidy schemes. It is shown that the government can use tax policy to stabilize cyclical fluctuations, and this is done for the economy being studied. The benefits of implementing such a stabilization policy are calculated and compared with the size of the welfare gains realized from reducing various tax distortions. 'It takes a heap of Harberger Triangles to fill an Okun Gap.' Tobin (1977, p. 468) 'Our task as I see it.


The utility model discloses a tunnel detection radar scanning support which comprises a base plate, a stand leg and an underpan, wherein the stand leg is connected between the base plate and the underpan, the base plate is provided with a bolt for fastening a radar device, a universal bulb is arranged between the base plate and the stand leg, and a supporting device for adjusting the angle of the base plate is further arranged between the base plate and the stand leg. According to the support, during tunnel detection, a radar probe can be made to be tightly attached to a detection surface through the universal bulb and the supporting device, radar detection accuracy can be improved, the radar device is prevented from being damaged, safety of construction personnel is guaranteed, labor intensity is relieved, and labor efficiency is improved.


Health care systems are affected by sudden increases in demand that can be generated by factors such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, epidemics, among others. Patient demand can be divided between scheduled and walk-in and, in pandemic scenarios, both of them must be managed in order to avoid higher patient waiting times or number in queue. A discrete event simulation model is proposed in order to evaluate critical indicators like: patient waiting times, number in queue, resource utilization (doctors), using four different patient schedule appointment rules. In this study it was also considered patients impunctuality, walk-in patients and no-show in different scenarios. The best schedule appointment rules for each demand scenario were evaluated. After comparing six performance indicators, four schedule appointment rules in nine different scenarios it was found that the most known scheduling rule had the lowest queue sizes at scenarios with low or no walk-in patients, whereas, as the unpredictability of the scenarios rose, other rules outperformed it. It was also presented to exist an inverse relation between queue size and the physician idle time.
Keywords: discrete event simulation, idle-time, queue management, appointment scheduling, health care.


Objective:To discuss the diagnoses and therapy of chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH).Methods:The clinical characteristics,operation methods and cure results of 66 patients with CSDH were analyzed retrospectively.66 patients with symmetrical and low-density CSDH were cured by single-bore,and the deep-hematoma of theirs were not be rinsed.12 patients with miscellaneous-density CSDH were cured by double-bore.Only 2 patients were rinsed because of drainage jam,and the rest of theirs were not rinsed.Results:All the patients were cured.After 6monthes of acompanying visitation on average,11 patients had little subdural effusion.The effusion of 5 patients disappeared,and the effusion of 6 patients decreased or did not.Conclusion:We can choose different operation methods,according to the CT characteristics.Either single-bore or double-bore drainage is an effective method to cure CSDH.


In the equilibrium diffusion limit, transport effects vanish and the radiation pressure tensor is diagonal and isotropic. The radiation pressure ${P}_{r}$ and energy density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}$ are then related by ${P}_{r}=$$\frac{1}{3}$${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}.$ This assumption will fail near the boundary surface from which radiation escapes freely. This paper deals with a relativistic hydrodynamic approach of radiation phenomena taking into account the effects of the radiation pressure, energy density, and energy flux. From physical and geometrical considerations we derive an energy-momentum tensor for radiation. This tensor, which generalizes the isotropic case, may describe a certain model of radiation field which is of some interest for astrophysics and cosmology. Next, we examine the propagation of shock waves in the radiating fluid considered. The Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions are deduced. The case of a radiation-dominated gas is considered in detail. The study of Rankine-Hugoniot curves with Eddington's factor as a parameter allows us to point out the key role that this factor plays in radiation phenomena. In particular, the Eddington factor is used as a convenient parameter to study the deflagration waves.


A ground survey of red lechwe was carried out in the Linyanti swamps and the Chobe floodplains of northern Botswana in the dry and wet seasons of 2012 and 2013, respectively. We documented numbers, sex ratio and age structure of red lechwe within the linear strips of 25 km × 300 m along the Linyanti swamps and the Chobe floodplains. Results indicated a significant difference in the numbers of red lechwe between sites and seasons. About 66 and 755 red lechwe were estimated for Chobe in the dry and wet season, respectively, with 343 and 261 of them estimated for Linyanti in the dry and wet season, respectively. In Chobe, the red lechwe densities varied widely between seasons (9 red lechwe/km 2 – 101 red lechwe/km 2 ) compared with Linyanti, where the densities did not vary much between seasons (35 red lechwe/km 2 – 46 red lechwe/km 2 ). The lower densities of red lechwe in Chobe in the dry season when compared with the wet season suggest a possible seasonal shift in the distribution of red lechwe to the nearby Zambezi floodplains in Namibia. Conservation implications: The higher number of red lechwe in the Chobe floodplains in the wet season indicates the potential of the floodplains as a habitat for this species in that season. The dry season shift in the distribution of red lechwe in Chobe presents an opportunity for local communities in Namibia to engage in tourism, whereas the return of the red lechwe to the floodplains in the wet season ensures protection of the animals as well as boosts the tourism potential of the Chobe National Park.


The invention relates to a process for preparing phthalic anhydride by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of o-xylene and / or naphthalene, wherein said method is performed using a catalyst assembly comprising a first catalyst layer on the gas inlet side and at least one second catalyst zone according to the first catalyst zone in gas flow direction with a different having catalytic activity, characterized in that in carrying out the gas-phase oxidation in the first catalyst zone has a lower maximum temperature is formed as in the second catalyst zone. The invention further relates to a method for producing the catalytic converter arrangement according to the invention and also the catalyst arrangement according to the invention itself.


There are many control methods on the process control system during industry automatic production,but none of these methods is almighty.The most appropriate method shall be chosen according to mechanical and technical features,and the choose of control method has a great impact on the effect of system and the product quality,cost,labor intensity and other factors following up.This thesis introduces double-effect evaporator control system based on cascade control,which has self-adaptation characteristic and realizes high precision control with many interference factors existing including steam pressure fluctuation,unstable temperature of heated product,long time delayed of machine heat transfer.


Objective To detect the diagnostic value of 16-slices Spiral CT in the diseases of urological system. Methods 115 cases with urological system disease were performed CT scanning by 16-slices Spiral CT. There are 60 cases were performed only for 16-slices plain spiral scan and 51 cases for 4-phases scan (palin scan, cortex phase, parenchymal phase and pelvis phase). Within the 51cases, 30 were performed by Sure-Start software and the other 21 cases were performed conventional enhancement scan. Non-enhancement urography is 4 cases. Within the 115 cases, there were 17 cases of congenital malformation, 2 cases of walnut cramp sign, 10 cases of urologic tuberculosis, 3 cases of polycystic kidney, 10 cases of pure kidney cysts, 58 cases of urologic stone and 15 cases of urologic tumor. All the dates were sent to the workstation for 3D post processing and the whole urogram, including therenal calices, renal pelvis, nephric duct and bladder were acquired. Results The 16-slices Spiral CT can display the anatomic structure of the urological system and the renal function, as well as the spatial relation between the pathological changes and the urinary passage. Conclusion 16-slices Spiral CT can display the location of the urological system diseases and diagnose their characters and evaluate the degree of the urinary obstruction and renal function. It can also provide the whole urogram. Therefore, it can supply more detailed and accurate evidence for the clinic.


Research on employee voice has highlighted the different nature of promotive and prohibitive voice. However, only few studies have explicitly analysed the implications of this distinction for showing voice. Therefore, to enhance our knowledge regarding the formation of employee voice, our article focuses on the moderating role of the message content. In a scenario-based study, we show that employees' decision to speak up might differ depending on what the message is about. In addition, we found evidence that some effects might be the same for both promotive and prohibitive voice, indicating that the distinction between both types of message content might be more complex than research currently assumes. The findings underline the need for more comparative research on the different natures of promotive and prohibitive voice.


We are grateful to our partners who implemented the experiment analyzed in this paper: the Seattle and King County Housing Authorities (especially Andria Lazaga, Jenny Le, Sarah Oppenheimer, and Jodell Speer), MDRC (especially Gilda Azurdia, Jonathan Bigelow, David Greenberg, James Riccio, and Nandita Verma), and J-PAL North America (especially Jacob Binder, Graham Simpson, and Kristen Watkins). We thank Ingrid Gould Ellen, John Friedman, Edward Glaeser, Scott Kominers, Katherine O'Regan, Maisy Wong, Abigail Wozniak, and numerous seminar participants for helpful comments and discussions. We are indebted to Michael Droste, Federico Gonzalez Rodriguez, Jamie Gracie, Kai Matheson, Martin Koenen, Sarah Merchant, Max Pienkny, Peter Ruhm, James Stratton, and other Opportunity Insights pre-doctoral fellows for their outstanding contributions to this work, as well as the Johns Hopkins based fieldwork team who helped collect interviews, including: Paige Ackman, Christina Ambrosino, Divya Baron, Joseph Boselovic, Erin Carll, Devin Collins, Hannah Curtis, Christine Jang, Akanksha Jayathi, Nicole Kovski, Melanie Nadon, Kiara Nerenberg, Daphne Moraga, Bronte Nevins, Simon Robbennolt, Brianna So, Maria Vignau-Loria, Allison Young, and MEF Associates. This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative, Surgo Foundation, the William T. Grant Foundation, and Harvard University. This project and a pre-analysis plan were preregistered with the AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0002807). This study was approved under Harvard Institutional Review Board IRB18-1573, MDRC IRB 1030056-4 ABSTRACT Low-income families in the United States tend to live in neighborhoods that offer limited opportunities for upward income mobility. One potential explanation for this pattern is that families prefer such neighborhoods for other reasons, such as affordability or proximity to family and jobs. An alternative explanation is that they do not move to high-opportunity areas because of barriers that prevent them from making such moves. We test between these two explanations using a randomized controlled trial with housing voucher recipients in Seattle and King County. We provided services to reduce barriers to moving to high-upward-mobility neighborhoods: customized search assistance, landlord engagement, and short-term financial assistance. The intervention increased the fraction of families who moved to high-upward-mobility areas from 14% in the control group to 54% in the treatment group. Families induced to move to higher opportunity areas by the treatment do not make sacrifices on other dimensions of neighborhood quality and report much higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction. These findings imply that most low-income families do not have a strong preference to stay in low-opportunity areas; instead, barriers in the housing search process are a central driver of residential segregation by income. Interviews with families reveal that the capacity to address each family's needs in a specific manner – from emotional support to brokering with landlords to financial assistance – was critical to the program's success. Using quasi-experimental analyses and comparisons to other studies, we show that more standardized policies – increasing voucher payment standards in high-opportunity areas or informational interventions – have much smaller impacts. We conclude that redesigning affordable housing policies to provide customized assistance in housing search could reduce residential segregation and increase upward mobility substantially. off participants in the Moving to Opportunity experiment, focused on residents of very high-poverty public housing projects (Sanbonmatsu, Ludwig, Gennetian, Duncan, et al., 2011; Orr, Feins, Jacob, Beecroft, Sanbonmatsu, et al., Only 28% of MTO household heads employed at baseline as compared to 57% of CMTO household heads. MTO sample also had a much smaller White non-Hispanic share of 3%, compared with 24% in CMTO. CMTO participants' baseline neighborhoods were also not nearly as distressed as those of MTO families. Only 2% of CMTO families were living in extremely high-poverty tracts (40% or higher poverty rate) at baseline, as compared to 100% of MTO families.


We analyze a new class of microwave and millimeter-wave amplifiers, based on the deflection of collimated microscopic electron beams with high-current density and low-voltage from field-emission arrays. The deflection concept may be applied in two ways: as microelectronic amplifiers or as bunched beam cathodes to power conventional amplifier configurations such as Klystrodes and traveling wave tubes. We found that the gain-bandwidth product, f/sub T/, depends only on the electron beam energy, current density and emittance, and is independent of beam width and total current. For line current of 20 /spl mu/Aspl mu/m, emittance /spl epsivsub nspl les/1.4/spl times/10/sup -6/ mm, we find that f/sub T/>200 GHz.<<ETX>>


In this work, we investigate the performance of 18nm gate length AlInN/GaN Heterostructure Underlap Double Gate MOSFETs, using 2D Sentaurus TCAD simulation. The simulation is done using the hydrodynamic model and interface traps are also considered. Due to large twodimensional electron gas (2DEG) density and high velocity, the maximal drain current density achieved is very high. Extensive device simulation of major device performance metrics such as DIBL, SS, delay, and Ion/Ioff ratio have been done for varying gate length (Lg) and underlap length (Lun). Impressive results for Delay, Ion, and DIBL are obtained. The results indicate that there is a need to optimize the Ioff and SS values for specific logic design.


THE PHILOSOPHY of the Michigan Com¬ munity Health Services Study, especially those concepts which relate to comprehensive regional and statewide health planning, is con¬ sistent with the intent of Public Law 89-749, "Comprehensive Health Planning and Public Health Services Amendments of 1966" (1). The Federal approach is almost the same as that adopted by the Michigan study. In some respects, Michigan is 2 to 3 years ahead of most States in readiness to implement this legisla¬ tion. Not only have regional and statewide data been collected and analyzed, but 246 community leaders have been organized into regional task forces and have become informed by participat¬ ing in the study. For the first time in Michigan, leaders of the community have studied and identified health difficulties and have taken action to improve health services. After considering alternative ways of solving these difficulties, they have come up with a series of recommendations for the improvement of health services, especially as these health services relate to the work of of¬ ficial health departments on a local and region¬ al level. Members of the task forces have studied the work of voluntary agencies, health


In this study, we proposed an analysis method of ElectroMyoGraphic (EMG) signals in order to diagnose and to identify neuromuscular pathologies (i.e.; myopathy and neuropathy). Analysis is performed fully automatically without expert assistance and without prior segmentation of muscle contractions. The method is based on Huang-Hilbert transform (HHT) which is a data-driven algorithm that decomposes the signal in a natural way without prior knowledge. From real EMG records of both healthy and pathological subjects, the proposed method selected relevant intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and then extracted the most relevant features from their HHT. Thus, EMG signals were classified with support vector machine (SVM) basing on these selected features. Mean accuracy rate of 96.08% was obtained for classification of healthy and pathological EMG signals. However, myopathic and neuropathic pathologies were discriminated with a mean classification accuracy rate of 100%. These results proved efficiency of our features selection procedure and its adequacy to recognize the pathology origin automatically.


Mutazilism was the first school in Muslim theology. According to the Muslim calendar this school of thought was founded by Wasil ibn Ata in the end of the first or in the beginning of the second century in Bsra-a famous city of Iraq. The basic aim of a theologian is the affirmation, or defense, of the fundamentals of religion on the basis of religious manuscript, divine text, or Scripture only. But the Mutazilites started to use reason along with the sacred text to prove their stance. Use of reason along with revelation is the prominent feature of this school of thought. They tried to comprehend and interpret religious doctrines on rational grounds. They put their emphasis on reason along with divine text. It was the first theological movement based on reason along with revelation raised up on the horizon of the Muslim thought. We may say it a rational movement in the theological domain of the Muslim world. In the reaction of this movement and in the perspective of some specific political scenario another theological movement emerged on the horizon of Muslim world under the name Asharism. Its emphasis was on tradition rather than reason. Asharism took the way in Muslim world instead of Mutazilism. In nineteenth and twentieth centuries some renowned Muslim thinkers and reformers of Subcontinent adopted Mutazilism with some new interpretations. This article is an exposition of above said movement and its impacts on Subcontinent in modern era.


Geography is one of the important disciplines for the development of human society In comparison with the available large number of research about geography's future, a little is known about interpreting the digital space of the earth Based on the human social developing issues sustainable development, economic globalization and human actions in information society, the future of geography was studied by means of geographic analysis spatial view, time view, scale view, dynamic view, synthesis, and expression The results showed that there are four changes in future geography: first, research object of geography changes from real geographic space to digital geo space mainly; second, space time view of geographers changes from three dimensional space to multidimensional space and from un reversible time to reversible time; third, research tools change to remote sensing, geographic information system, global positioning system, web and computers;and fourth, the research methods change to simulation, optimization, and control of decision making This article puts forward that the surface of the earth will be studied comprehensively by interpreting the digital space of the earth, which it brings the quantitative analysis of geography to mature


Type R and S thermocouples are widely used not only for industrial temperature measurement but also for temperature standards. These types of thermocouples contain rhodium in the positive branch, so it is commonly known that oxidation occurs during high temperature operation and causes thermal electromotive force (E.M.F.) drift. In these days, Platinum/Palladium(Pt/Pd) thermocouple is occasionally substituted for type R and S because those are made of pure metals only and show more stability of thermal E.M.F. However, metal grain growth occurs on pure metals at high temperature operation, and creep rupture occurs even with relatively lower stress. Especially, the melting point of palladium is lower than that of platinum, thus palladium has a tendency to creep easily at high temperature rather than platinum. We applied the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (O.D.S.) technique on palladium in the negative branch of Pt/Pd thermocouples for further product improvements.


We present a practical approach for the numerical solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using high-order discontinuous Galerkin methods. Turbulence is modeled by the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation model. We introduce an artificial viscosity model for SA equation which is aimed at accommodating high-order RANS approximations on grids which would otherwise be too coarse. Generally, the model term is only active at the edge of the boundary layer, where the grid resolution is insufficient to capture the abrupt change in curvature required for the eddy viscosity profile to match its free-stream value. Furthermore, the amount of viscosity required decreases with the grid resolution and vanishes when the resolution is sufficiently high. For transonic computations, an additional shock-capturing artificial viscosity model term is required. Numerical predictions for turbulent flows past a flat plate and a NACA 0012 airfoil are presented via comparison with the experimental measurements. In the flat plate case, grid refinement studies are performed in order to assess the convergence properties and demonstrate the effectiveness of high-order approximations.


When just below the passivation potential, current densities can in fact be exacerbated by the presence of nitrate, with stable current oscillations having been observed in one-dimensional pit systems [3]. It has been suggested that a nitrate-rich salt film develops at the metal interface. By using synchrotron-generated X-ray diffraction, it is possible to analyze the surface of onedimensional pits in situ and characterize salt films during the corrosion process [4].


The enumeration of finite models of first order logic formulas is an indispensable tool in computational algebra. The task is hindered by the existence of isomorphic models, which are of no use to mathematicians and therefore are typically filtered out a posteriori. This paper proposes a divideand-conquer approach to speed up and parallelize this process. We design a series of invariant properties that enable us to partition existing models into mutually non-isomorphic blocks, which are then tackled separately. The presented approach is integrated into the popular tool Mace4, where it shows tremendous speed-ups for a variety of algebraic structures. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Computing methodologies; Theory of computation → Constraint and logic programming


The recent development in the field of electromagnetic induction (EMI) has made it easy to get rapid soil variability information, which can support precision agriculture. But the interpretation of the acquired ECa measurements is a complex process as ECa measurement depends on many influencing parameters. In this study the objective was to determine the main soil properties which influence the ECa measurement and to analyse the salinity levels after the 30 years of reclamation of salt affected areas in Wuqaio. Results show that for the irrigated sandy and non-saline fields, ECa maps correlate well with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable cation such as Na + (with R 2 of 0.89). The multiple linear regression (MLR) calibration model predicted ECe from EM38 readings with accuracy of R 2 ranging from 0.356 to


In this work, we developed four options of the algorithm for modeling the process for reverse water-oil emulsions destruction by cold stack incoming to a horizontal settler under a water pad.We made a model considering property of vector velocity sedimentation of dispersed particles in a moving fluid; with considering the summands of velocity vectors modular values; with considering the regime sedimentation of dispersed particles; with considering the replacement of the disperse phase on real emulsion/ This approach allows you to choose a reasonably standard sizes settling equipment.


Elicitation is a process during Requirements Engineering (RE) which intends to identify requirements and information about a system and its domain. It relies heavily on communications and interactions between engineers and stakeholders. One significant variable influencing the effectiveness of such communication is Trust. While this very idea has been widely covered in many fields of research, little attention has been paid in RE to the potential influence of trust on the elicitation effort, and therefore on the overall RE success. This paper intends to fill in this gap by providing a first empirical study on the impact of trust during requirements elicitation and by proposing a first definition of trust in the engineers and trust in the stakeholders during RE.


The process of die filling is a significant unit operation in many industries. The inhomogeneity of fill has been known to cause tablet and compact quality issues, such as lamination, capping, and distortion. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate and compare the uniformity of pressure distribution of four die filling methods, i.e., feed shoe, rotational rainy, point feed, and pneumatic. To study the powder deposition characteristics, rectangular (32 × 30 mm and 6.5 mm deep) and circular (35 mm in diameter and 6.5 mm deep) cross-sectional shallow dies of equal volume were used. Due to their industrial importance, test materials used were a battery powder mixture (BPM) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH102). A second-generation pressure deposition tester with circular and square feed shoe tube cross sections was used to measure the two powders' pressure distribution characteristics. To evaluate the symmetry of measured pressure distribution profiles, variance metrics and uniformity analysis were used. Analysis of results showed that: (1) contour plot analysis was the most reliable method for evaluating deposition characteristics; (2) for all filling methods, the circular die generated higher uniformity than the rectangular die; (3) PDT-II is capable of filling the die at very high speed and was determined to be the fastest filling method in this study; (4) the average uniformity pressure distribution for feed shoe, rainy, and point feed are 55%, 77%, and 64%, respectively; and (5) the rotational rainy fill method appears to be the most appropriate filling method to generate the highest uniformity pressure distribution inside the die.


no such thing. The Center Party permitted itself to close its books ignominiously. What shall one say about Briining as he reveals himself in his reflections on the past? Certainly he was no flaming democrat, although he was pro labor and might even have come to some kind of terms with German Communism, had not that been held in the grip of Stalin who to the bitter end refused to give it any freedom of action. In like manner he would have entered into an agreement with the Strasser wing of the National Socialist Party, or even with Hitler himself had he been willing to accept as a political basis the Rechtstaat, by which Briining meant a state which respected the moral law. He was the most intellectual, the most widely read, in many respects the most perceptive statesman of his time. But for the public outside his own Center Party he had little of what we call voter appeal. This may be attributed in part to the fact that while Von Hindenburg was a kind of idol to a considerable segment of the German people, his was no "father image" as Eisenhower's was in the United States. The truth of the matter is that with the passing of the monarchy neither Briining nor the vast majority of his compatriots had anything to put in its place. The abolition of that monarchy may have been a grave Wilsonian mistake.


The invention provides a preparation method of an okra wine, comprising the steps of slurrying, sugar degree adjustment, alcoholic fermentation and filtering. The preparation method is characterized in that after the slurrying step and before the sugar degree adjustment step, an enzymolysis step is included. The preparation method provided by the invention is low in production cost and high in conversion rate, and about 2 tons of beverage-type okra low-alcohol healthcare wine can be produced from 1 ton of raw materials, and has an alcoholic strength of 10.0-12.0%; the physiological activities of the multiple active ingredients of abundant vitamins, mineral substances, flavone, polysaccharides and the like in okra tender pods are kept; and the okra wine is a novel low-alcohol healthcare wine integrating the functions of nutrition, healthcare, dietary therapy and the like, and has a quality guarantee period of 18 months at normal temperature.


In this 21st century, the success of an organization depends on dynamic and diverse factors. One of these factors is organization justice. We can consider this as an important component that helps a firm or an organization to be healthy in long run. Similarly, Banking sectors are one of the major fragments in the financial sectors in an economy, thus in Nepal. To make these banking organizations competitive in this rapidly changing competitive business environment, one of the vital elements is Human resource. Given the importance of HRM, justice perception in the workplace and related employee attitude towards turnover is important aspect. This research study focuses on the perceptions of justice in an organization and its influences on employees' turnover intention. Particularly this study focuses to the banking industry in Nepal. A survey method is used to collect the data from multiple banking organizations in Nepal. CFA and SEM techniques are carried out to evaluate the influence of three justice system on employees' turnover intention. The research concludes showcasing the negative effects of organizational justice on the turnover behavioral decision of an employee in banking industry in Nepal.


CAMEX-5 is at an early phase of concept development. This future field deployment (2004 or 2005) concerning hurricanes could potentially benefit from collaboration with other programs within NASA. Specifically, the recently completed CRYSTAL- Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) offers a useful model of such a collaborative endeavor. CRYSTAL-FACE was concerned with deep tropical convection and its impact on the upper troposphere. Three separate NASA R&A Programs joined in supporting CRYSTAL-FACE, including the Radiation Sciences Program, the Atmospheric Chemistry, Modeling & Analysis Program, and the Upper Atmosphere Research Program as well as the EOS Validation Program. In addition, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy Atmospheric Measurements Programs were also substantive partners. Insights will be given into how this cooperative field experiment came to be and how it worked in the field. Possibilities for similar model for CAMEX-5 will be explored.


Although epiphytic habitats are more stressful and heterogeneous than terrestrial habitats, how facultative epiphytes acclimate to such contrasting environments has been poorly understood. Our study focused on the variation of functional traits between epiphytic and terrestrial individuals of Selliguea griffithiana, and provided considerable functional acclimation of this species to such contrasting environments. We sampled ramets of S. griffithiana from epiphytic and terrestrial habitats of a subtropical montane moist forest, SW China. Morphological and anatomical traits, photosynthesis, biomass and ramet density of S. griffithiana were measured and it was found that these traits differed significantly between the two habitats. Frond length, stipe length, spacer length (interramet distance), stomatal density, vein density, maximal chlorophyll fluorescence and relative chlorophyll content of fronds, and biomass per ramet were all lower in epiphytic habitat than those in terrestrial habitat, whereas frond thickness and ramet density were higher in the former. Photosynthetic light-response curves revealed a higher carbon assimilation capability of individuals in terrestrial habitat than in epiphytic habitat, whereas cumulative water loss curves showed a lower water loss rate in the latter. The findings demonstrate acclimation of S. griffithiana to both habitats, that is, epiphytic ramets can mitigate water scarcity at some cost of a reduced photosynthetic capacity, whereas terrestrial ramets can afford to improve the light capture to a higher photosynthetic capacity without any water stresses.


An analysis of information obtained from key informants in Dutch municipalities (N not specified) reveals that the social & professional position of the respondents considerably influences the completeness & validity of the information supplied. Also, most responses are biased, regardless of the informant's position. In view of these problems, it is concluded that information gathered from key informants should be combined with data acquired through other techniques & from other sources. 6 Tables, 22 References. Modified HA


A method for surgical treatment of children with oesophageal atresia was developed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Rostov State Medical University. The artificial oesophagus was formed from large bowel after double oesophagostomy to overcome impossibility of constructing direct oesophageal anastomosis. The intestine is stitched between the cervical and abdominal segments of oesophagus. In order to form oesophago-colonic anastomosis, the end of the intestine is connected with the lateral wall of the abdominal segment of the oesophagus by a continuous invaginated suture developed in our clinic. The suture makes it possible to preserve the natural antireflux valve in the oesophagogastric junction. This operation was used to treat 7 patients with good long-term results.


Mobile Internet is still a fairly new phenomenon and will be changing in the near future. Today, owners of advanced phones can access full web sites and sites tailored for the mobile with their mobile phone browsers. In addition to this, increasing number of other phone applications connect to Internet. A global online survey and a set of interviews were conducted in Hong Kong, London and New York in late spring 2007. 390 mobile Internet users took part in the study and in addition, 23 face to face interviews were carried out. This study revealed some interesting usage patterns of mobile Internet users: full web and mobile tailored web are used for slightly different reasons. Also the user profiles and usage patterns are different in different countries. In Asia, mobile Internet has hit the mass. Users are often female with non-technical background, where as in Europe and North America users are still early adopters. This leads to differentiation in the activities users do. Asian users often use mobile tailored operator portals where as European and American users are more familiar with full web and newest gadgets.


The problem of searching ways to enhance efficiency of cancer treatment is extremely important. One of the currently recognized methods of treatment is radiation therapy. However, efficiency of radiotherapy is limited by radiosensitivity of intact tissues surrounding the tumor on the one hand, and by radioresistance of the malignancy on the other hand. The problem of overcoming radiation resistance of tumors is a key element in the local control of tumor growth (1). Introduction of radiosensitizers into a tumor with subsequent irradiation results in secondary radiation inside the tumor, thus increasing the effect of radiotherapy. Various substances capable of converting ionizing radiation can serve as radiosensitizers. This may be diagnostic preparations containing heavy chemical elements, such as iodine, gadolinium, gold nanoparticles, platinum and other chemicals (5). The aim of our experiment was selection of a drug which would give a significant increase of the secondary radiation in biological tissues when irradiating with gamma rays (GR) with the energy of 1.25 MeV. We used as a radiation sensitizer a drug containing gold nanoparticles and iodine particles which, when introduced directly into a tumor, will increase energy of the radiation inside the tumor without increasing the dose permitted according to the plan of exposure.


The L.E. cell is recognized as a neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocyte whose nuclear lobes are compressed to the periphery of the cell by the inclusion of homogenous material which stains a reddish purple with the usual blood stains. There is much evidence in favour of the inclusion material being nuclear in origin. Occasionally cells are found in which an ingested cell can still be recognized; these cells are " tart" cells and must not be confused with L.E. cells, in which the ingested material has lost all its nuclear structure. The production of L.E. cells from bone marrow or blood of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) would appear to be essential for a complete diagnosis. Many methods have been devised for producing L.E. cells from venous blood, amongst which the one devised by Marten and Blackburn (1953) and used by us for some time has been found reliable. It often happens that L.E. cells are detected only after several specimens of blood have been examined, and these repeated venepunctures become very tiresome for patient and physician. The processing of venous blood specimens and the microscopical examination of the final blood smears are also time-consuming. A method in which capillary blood could be used would solve some of these problems, and in fact L.E.


Commentary on : Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, et al.; SIGENP (Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition) Working Group on Weaning and CD Risk. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1295–303.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]

The presence of gluten in the diet is required for the development of coeliac disease. In genetically predisposed individuals, coeliac disease may start from the introduction of gluten in infancy until any age.1 Early exposure to gluten in the diet has been scrutinised, driven by epidemic increases observed in Sweden in the 1980s after changes mainly in the dose of gluten at introduction.2 Observational studies in a high-risk cohort and in a population-based study have indicated that the timing of gluten …

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Single silica capped and uncapped gold nanoparticles are imaged using apertureless near-field optical microscopy (ANSOM) in the infrared frequency range (λ=9-11 μm). While visible frequency imaging can only allow identification of capped and uncapped particles, IR nearfield imaging also permits spectroscopic resolved imaging through vibrational resonances. Optical phonon resonances of the silica nanoparticles in pure silica and silica capped Au composite single nanoparticles are imaged in amplitude and phase. The phase spectra show larger contrast near the wavelength where phonon resonant near-field interaction is expected even in capped particles with a thin silica coating layer. Experimental results are in good agreement with dielectric function model calculations which include vertical composition of the nanoparticles in the extended dipole approximation.


A highly significant correlation has been found between proteolytic activity in the stomach during digestion of food and the level of gastric secretion during histamine stimulation. It is concluded that the augmented histamine test gives an acceptable impression of the secretory activity of the stomach during normal digestion. This is not true for basal secretion. The gastric secretory capacity may be determined in man by the augmented histamine test introduced by Kay (1953). The gastric juice aspirated during this test is the response to a maximal histamine stimulation and the output of hydrochloric acid has been shown to be closely correlated to the parietal cell mass (Card and Marks, 1960). The variations in concentration and volume of the hydrochloric acid secreted during this test show a significant tendency toward a higher secretion of acid in patients with duodenal ulcer than in normal individuals. As a consequence the augmented histamine test is of considerable help in the establishment of the diagnosis and it is today widely used as a guide to treatment. These clinical applications of the test results are based on the assumption that there exists a close correlation between the result of the augmented histamine test and the gastric secretion when food is used as a physiological stimulus. It is therefore important to measure the relationship between the gastric secretion stimulated by food and the response to maximal histamine stimulation.


The realization of novel monolithically integrated multiple-segment pulse laser sources in InGaAsP MQW technology is reported. The MQW layers for all functional sections of these devices, the modulator, the active (gain) and the passive waveguide, as well as the Bragg section were grown in a single selective area growth (SAG) step by LP-MOVPE on SiO/sub 2/ patterned 2 inch InP substrates. Due to a properly selected pattern geometry 3 different bandgap regions with smooth interfaces are thereby formed along the laser cavity. The more than 4 mm long DBR lasers which exhibit a threshold current as low as 30 mA were mode locked by an intra-cavity electroabsorption modulator applying a sinusoidal voltage at around 10 GHz. In this way an optical pulse train with pulse widths <13 ps (measured with a streak camera) and high extinction ratio was generated. A time-bandwidth product of 0.5 close to the Fourier limit is obtained. This device is very attractive for signal generation in 40 Gb/s OTDM transmission systems at 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength.


Voice assistants (VAs) such as Siri and Google Now have become an increasingly popular human-machine interaction method and have made various systems voice controllable. Prior work on attacking voice assistants shows that the hidden voice commands that are incomprehensible to people can control the VAs. Hidden voice commands, though 'hidden', are nonetheless audible. In this work, we design a completely inaudible attack, DolphinAttack, that modulates voice commands on ultrasonic carriers to achieve inaudibility. By leveraging the nonlinearity of the microphone circuits, the modulated low-frequency audio commands can be successfully demodulated, recovered, and more importantly interpreted by the voice assistants. We validate DolphinAttack on popular voice assistants, including Siri, Google Now, S Voice, HiVoice, Cortana, Alexa, etc. By injecting a sequence of inaudible voice commands, we show a few proof-of-concept attacks, which include activating Siri to initiate a FaceTime call on iPhone, activating Google Now to turn on the airplane mode, and even manipulating the navigation system in an Audi automobile. We propose hardware and software defense solutions. We validate that it is feasible to detect DolphinAttack by classifying the audios using supported vector machine (SVM), and suggest to re-design voice assistants to be resilient to inaudible voice command attacks.


An etchant for etching a multilayer comprising a copper layer and a titanium or titanium alloy layer simultaneously, and a method for preparing a substrate containing a thin film transistor by using the etchant are provided to improve the margin to etching time and the profile of pattern for enhancing yield and to increase the exchange period of an etchant for reducing cost. An etchant comprises 0.01-10 wt% of a fluoride ion (F-) source; 1-20 wt% of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2); 0.1-10 wt% of a sulfate; 0.1-10 wt% of a phosphate; 0.01-5 wt% of an azole-based compound; and the balance of a solvent. Preferably the fluoride ion source is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride(HF), ammonium fluoride(NH4F), ammonium bifluoride(NH4HF2), potassium fluoride(KF) and sodium fluoride(NaF); the azole-based compound is selected from the group consisting of an alkylimidazole, pyrazole(NHNH2), tolyltriazole(CH3N3), benzotriazole(C6H5N3), aminotetrazole(CH3N5) and their mixture; the solvent is pure water or ultrapure water.


Objective To investigate biometric characteristics of ocular anterior segment with happening angle closure by comparing anterior segments of acute episode eyes and contralateral eyes in primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG) for providing references on early screening and diagnosis of PACG.Methods About 41 PACG patients with unilateral acute episode eyes but without glaucoma optic neuropathy or visual field change were continually selected from glaucoma clinics and retrospectively analyzed.Visual acuity,intraocular pressure,slit-lamp,visual field and optic disc photograph were measured.Structures of ocular anterior segment were observed by slit-lamp OCT.The indices included central anterior chamber depth,angle of anterior chamber degree,angle opening distance,iris root curvature,iris root curvature distance and quadrants of angle closure.Results The anterior chamber depths were (1.66±0.24)mm in acute episode eyes and (1.83±0.22)mm in contralateral eyes(P0.001).The average angle of anterior chamber degrees and angle opening distances were (4.49±5.25)° and (0.04±0.05)mm in acute episode eyes,(10.17±5.93)° and (0.09±0.06)mm in contralateral eyes,there were significant differences(both P0.01).The average iris root curvatures were (164.60±6.27)°in acute episode eyes and (160.00±3.23)° in contralateral eyes,there was significant difference(P0.01).The average iris root curvature distances were (1.30±0.23)mm in acute episode eyes and (1.19±0.22)mm in contralateral eyes,no statistical difference was found(P0.05).The quadrants of angle closure were 2.90±1.20 in acute episode eyes and 1.50±1.10 in contralateral eyes,there was significant difference(P0.01).Angle closure proportion was not significantly different among quadrants in acute episode eyes,no statistical difference was found(P0.05),which in temporal was significantly less than other quadrants in contralateral eyes(all P0.01),and which of temporal,nasal and superior quadrants were significantly more in acute episode eyes than those in contralateral eyes,there were significant differences(all P0.05).From above analysis,quadrant of angle closure was a discriminative index to distinguish the power of acute episode eyes and contralateral eyes(P=0.001).Conclusions Different morphological characteristics of ocular anterior segment between acute episode eyes and contralateral eyes of PACG show that angle closure may take place eaily in inferior,superior,nasal and temporal quadrants.Quadrants of angle closed can help to distinguish angle changes in morphology of patients with PACG.


Objective To explore the influencing factors of peptic ulcer recurrence,to take targeted prevention inter ventions provide a reference.Methods Self questionnaire collected in department of gastroenterology of our hospital from December 2010 to December 2011,clinical data of 500 patients with peptic ulcer treatment,a 1-year follow-up of patients with peptic ulcer to observe whether the recurrence SPSS19.0 statistical software for the analysis and clas sification of descriptive Logistic regression analysis to find out the influencing factors of peptic ulcer recurrence,and provide a reference to take targeted prevention interventions.Results Peptic ulcer recurrence rate was high,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the patterns of life and patient treatment compliance protective factors for recurrence of peptic ulcer patients infected with helicobacter pylori was a risk factor for recurrence of peptic ulcer pa tients.Conclusion Higher recurrence rate of peptic ulcer recurrence affected by various factors,we should adopt tar geted prevention interventions to reduce the relapse rate of patients and improve the patient's quality of life.


Hailed as "the theatrical event of this century" (Sunday Times), Peter Brook's unique dramatisation of India's great epic poem, The Mahabharata played to ecstatic audiences worldwide. In The Shifting Point, his first book since The Empty Space, Brook assesses the lessons of his pioneering work from his brilliant debut at Stratford and the West End in the 1960s to the triumphant success of The Mahabharata. With the bravura and insight of a great practitioner and explorer he reveals some of the inspiration behind his extraordinary career."The great thing about Brook is that, in a medium where others provide answers, he keeps asking questions. This sage and stimulating book shows that, inside a sophisticated adult mind, lurks the intemperate curiosity of a child; which is the mark of genius." (Michael Billington, Listener)


Nitrogenated carbon (CNx ) films were synthesized by using pulsed dc magnetron sputtering. When grown with substrate tilt of 45° and rotation speed of 20–25 rpm, the root-mean-square surface roughness is ∼0.3 nm when sampled over 20×20 μm2 areas, increasing to ∼0.4 nm when sampled over ∼0.05×3 cm2 using x-ray reflectivity measurements. X-ray reflectivity measurements showed that the mass density of these CNx films is ∼2.0 gm/cc, independent of film thickness from ∼1 to 10 nm, consistent with ion beam analysis. CNx films deposited with substrate tilt of 45° and rotation speed of 20–25 rpm have about 1/3 fewer corrosion spots per unit area than those without. Reducing CNx thickness from 3 to 1 nm results in marked increase in corrosion currents.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


This paper analyzes the repercussion of the Student's Literary Library in the teaching of literature in Bachillerato. The Student's Literary Library was a book collection stimulated by the Instituto-Escuela in order to encourage the great classical authors reading among the bachillerato students. The selection was made with a view to its phylological and literary interest, and so as to make it affordable and respectful with the texts just as they were written. It was supervised by Ramon Menendez Pidal, and her wife, Maria Goiry, participated in it, as well as many Center of Historic Studies collaborators and teachers of the Instituto- Escuela itself.


The emergence of previously unreported infectious diseases, the re‐emergence of infectious disease thought to have been on the way to elimination, and the rapid evolution of infectious pathogens exhibiting antimicrobial resistance ("AMR") and in particular, multiple‐drug resistance ("MDR") have created a major clinical and public health threat of global dimensions.  The idea that AMR can be delayed or even prevented by combining drugs with different targets as so‐called "free" combinations or "fixed‐dose" combinations (FDCs) has been shown in animal models of malaria and circumstantially in field trials of tuberculosis drugs but is difficult to rigorously test in the field. Micro‐ organisms have several strategies (some used simultaneously) to resist being killed by chemotherapeutic agents. These include lack of, or a decrease in, transport of drugs into the cell, the operation of pumps to remove the agent from the cell, the production of drug‐inactivating enzymes, and the mutations in the genes encoding drug targets. Microbes may be inherently resistant to an anti‐ infective agent and can acquire resistance to anti‐infective agents. Most antimicrobials cause the selection of preexisting mutations, not the emergence of new mutants and acquired resistance is driven by mutation and selection ‐ sometimes referred to as vertical evolution. This is particularly important for Mycobacterium sp., protozoans (Plasmodium sp., possibly Leishmania sp.) and viruses (HIV).  There are several ways that the different components of free or fixed‐dose combinations produce their antimicrobial effect. The different drugs may attack the same biochemical target by different mechanisms (e.g., cotrimoxazole). Alternately, combination therapy may use drugs with completely different


There is relatively little validated knowledge about the nature of teaching in prekindergarten settings. A summary of the conventional wisdom suggests that similarities among the work and work setting of prekindergarten teachers can be characterized as including primary responsibility for curriculum development; attraction, retention and intake of clients; selection, training, supervision and evaluation of subordinate staff; working within a variable budget based on client tuition payments; frequent and often intense interaction with parents; and planning and managing a program based on frequently varying, unpredictable numbers of children. Prekindergarten teachers work in settings which lack tradition and sophisticated organizational and legal procedures. Their job descriptions and work responsibilities tend to be inexact and broadly defined. Work contracts are often vague and nonnegotiable. These features, common in fullor half-day prekindergarten programs, differ from those normally found in K-12 schools. Given these apparent differences between prekindergar-


†Background and Aims The family of MADS box genes is involved in a number of processes besides controllingfloral development. In addition to supplying homeotic functions defined by the ABC model, they influence flow-ering time and transformation of vegetative meristem into inflorescence meristem, and have functions in roots andleaves. Three Gerbera hybrida At-SOC1-like genes (Gh-SOC1–Gh-SOC3) were identified among gerberaexpressed sequence tags.†Methods Evolutionary relationships between SOC1-like genes from gerbera and other plants were studied byphylogenetic analysis. The function of the gerbera gene Gh-SOC1 in gerbera floral development was studiedusing expression analysis, protein–protein interaction assays and reverse genetics. Transgenic gerbera linesover-expressing or downregulated for Gh-SOC1 were obtained using Agrobacterium transformation and investi-gated for their floral phenotype.†Key Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the closest paralogues of At-SOC1 are Gh-SOC2 and Gh-SOC3.Gh-SOC1 is a more distantly related paralogue, grouping together with a number of other At-SOC1 paraloguesfrom arabidopsis and other plant species. Gh-SOC1 is inflorescence abundant and no expression was seen invegetative parts of the plant. Ectopic expression of Gh-SOC1 did not promote flowering, but disturbed the devel-opment of floral organs. The epidermal cells of ray flower petals appeared shorter and their shape was altered.The colour of ray flower petals differed from that of the wild-type petals by being darker red on the adaxialside and greenish on the abaxial surface. Several protein–protein interactions with other gerbera MADSdomain proteins were identified.†Conclusions The At-SOC1 paralogue in gerbera shows a floral abundant expression pattern. A late petalexpression might indicate a role in the final stages of flower development. Over-expression of Gh-SOC1 ledto partial loss of floral identity, but did not affect flowering time. Lines where Gh-SOC1 was downregulateddid not show a phenotype. Several gerbera MADS domain proteins interacted with Gh-SOC1.Key words: Gerbera hybrida, MADS box gene, Gh-SOC1, flower development, floral organ identity, genetransfer.


To test the hypothesis that strategic learning and self-efficacy in children develop according to their memory-monitoring skills 30 children each in Grades 2 and 4 were trained to monitor their performance. Second graders receiving such generalized training were more likely to approach a paired-associate learning task using a successful strategy of elaboration than control subjects not so instructed. In contrast, virtually all fourth graders elaborated paired-associates on the "choice" trial with or without memory-monitoring training. Task-specific tests of self-efficacy given before and after paired-associate learning showed pretest to posttest gains for both grades. However, only increases in self-efficacy for fourth graders generalized in a systematic fashion to cognitive tasks similar in nature to paired-associate learning (e.g., vocabulary learning). These results were discussed within a developmental model of learning incorporating memory-monitoring as a mediating variable for both strategic learning and self-efficacy.


High marriage expenses in China's rural areas have drawn considerable attention from the public, media, and academia. This article reviews recent literature on China's rural marriage expenses and related issues. We first describe China's rural marriage process and the high level of expenses including total expenses, housing expenses, bride-price, and marriage banquet expenses. Afterward we analyze speculatively the three causes of high marriage expenses: parental obligation, face-related competition in village culture, and imbalanced bargaining power due to the shortage of women. Next we introduce briefly the consequences of high expenditure on marriage. Then we investigate the three contentious issues related to high rural marriage expenses, namely economic exploitation between families, between generations, and within generations; high marriage expenses and female social status; and the preference for sons. We conclude with issues for future research.


The Co3O4/g-C3N4 hybrids are constructed via the incipient wetness impregnation method by depositing Co3O4 onto the exterior of g-C3N4, and then employed for Hg0 capture within 60–240 °C. The results show that the Co3O4/g-C3N4 hybrid with a Co3O4 content of 12 wt% performs optimally with the highest Hg0 removal efficiency of ~100% at or above 120 °C. The high performances of the Co3O4/g-C3N4 hybrids are probably attributed to the tight interfacial contact between Co3O4 and g-C3N4, with its improved electron transfer, inferring that cobalt oxide and g-C3N4 display a cooperative effect towards Hg0 removal. NO and SO2 shows a significant suppressive influence on the mercury capture performance, plausibly owing to the competing adsorption and side reactions.


Because of the skin effect, the high-frequency current of wireless power transfer (WPT) is concentrated on the surface of coils. To realize the lightweight of the WPT device, the tubular coupler with skin effect is a method to optimize the coil weight. In addition to the common copper tube as the coupler, the aluminum tube coated with a thin layer of copper is proposed as the coupler coil in this letter. This novel coupler not only reduces the weight but also ensures the transmission efficiency. The experimental results show that the weight of Coppersurfaced Aluminum Tubes (CAT) is reduced by 36g than copper tubes. The power gain is slightly reduced by 2.1% at 13.56 MHz. The gain weight ratio (GWR) is increased by 1.7 times. This new structure tubular coupler is more suitable for applications which need lightweight requirements urgently.


We study the optimal order (or sequence) of contracting a tensor network with a minimal computational cost. We conclude 2 different versions of this optimal sequence: that minimize the operation number (OMS) and that minimize the time complexity (CMS). Existing results only shows that OMS is NP-hard, but no conclusion on CMS problem. In this work, we firstly reduce CMS to CMS-0, which is a sub-problem of CMS with no free indices. Then we prove that CMS is easier than OMS, both in general and in tree cases. Last but not least, we prove that CMS is still NP-hard. Based on our results, we have built up relationships of hardness of different tensor network contraction problems.


We discuss a simple method for computing an upper bound on the number of Killing-Yano tensors for a given metric. The method is applied to some metrics in four and five dimensions.


A three-dimensional numerical model that couples the electric field, velocity field, and temperature field is developed based on the commercial code COMSOL Multiphysics. The influences of several factors on convective heat transfer on a heated plate in the electric field generated by a needle electrode are observed. The factors are the applied voltage, the distance between the two electrodes, and the size of the ground plate. The results show that applied voltage is one of the most important factors for the convection heat transfer. The convection heat transfer efficiency significantly increases with the improvement of the applied voltage. From the perspective of the model size, the decrease of the distance between two electrodes and the size of the plate could improve the average convection heat transfer coefficient. Smaller ionic wind device needs lower applied voltage and less electric energy to obtain the same average convection heat transfer coefficient as the bigger one, which provides the theoretical basis for the potential of miniaturizing the ionic wind cooling device.


The mechanism of etching carbon (diamond) catalyzed by finely dispersed nickel in dry and moist hydrogen within the temperature range of 850-1050°C was studied. The limiting stages of the process were determined. The etching rate drops with a growth in the duration of an experiment in both dry and moist hydrogen, which is associated with aggregation of the catalyst metal particles. In dry hydrogen, the rate of hydrogenolysis first grows with increasing temperature, and then drops. Poisoning of the catalyst vanishes in moist hydrogen and is due to carbonization of the metal.


The authors propose a concept of "search disclosure" to assist in the understanding of the willingness of a user to moderate their digital information seeking behaviour as a result of the perceived anonymity afforded at the point of searching and information consumption. Differences in the way people search for health information on touch‐screen kiosks, the Internet and digital interactive television are thought to result partly from the anonymity of the place in which the search is conducted. Data have been drawn from 11 independent studies, involving questionnaire, interview and log analysis methods across the three digital information platforms. These studies were all funded by the Department of Health as part of the evaluation of the national roll‐out of digital information and advice services to the consumer. Search disclosure is important in not only providing an understanding of existing consumer search behaviour but also in helping to design personalised online services, such as the electronic patient record. The data presented are speculative in nature and further work is being conducted to gather more robust data.