Protonation reactions of Glyn homologues were studied in order to elucidate the effect of peptide chain length and matrix materials on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mechanism. At 337 nm nitrogen laser excitation the relative ion yield−chain length relationship showed considerable variability in 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (SA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT), and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), the four matrices studied. For SA and ATT, a monotonic increase of relative ion yields (RIYs) was observed with increasing peptide length. Similar increasing pattern and significantly higher RIYs were found for the homologues of the Glyn series in the CHCA matrix with the exception of Gly. The particularly high MALDI ion yield of this amino acid in CHCA may be attributed to preferential embedding and/or more efficient condensed-phase proton transfer. To unveil the nature of the proton-transfer reactions in MALDI, the peptide length dependence of ...


Reviewing situation and inadequacy of studies of ancient towns and their architectures on the Hexi corridor,this paper pointed out how to develop investigation vision through conforming the investigation methods used in multiple subjects.Furthermore,concrete research methods and contents were draw up after referring to correlative investigation theories.


This article describes the creation of several domain maps based on the topic space of opinions issued by the United States Supreme Court. Topics assigned by West Publishing were harvested off of the Westlaw database and visualized using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and graph visualization software (Pajek). Peculiar topic adjacencies were noted and attributed to the unique nature of cases argued at the level of the United States Supreme Court. The work is contextualized throughout by the author's desire to create a rigorous base map on which to layer additional data for teaching purposes.


Past research efforts already established geopolymer as an environment-friendly alternative binder system for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and recycled aggregate is also one of the promising alternative for natural aggregates. In this study, an effort was made to produce eco-friendly mortar mixes using geopolymer as binder and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) partially and study the resistance ability of these mortar mixes against the aggressive environments. To form the geopolymer binder, 70% fly ash, 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and alkaline solution comprising of sodium silicate solution and 14M sodium hydroxide solution with a ratio of 1.5 were used. The ratio of alkaline liquid to binder (AL/B) was also considered as 0.4 and 0.6. In order to determine the resistance ability against aggressive environmental conditions, acid attack test, sulphate attack test and rapid chloride permeability test were conducted. Change in mass, change in compressive strength of the specimens after the immersion in acid/sulphate solution for a period of 28, 56, 90 and 120 days has been presented and discussed in this study. Results indicated that the incorporation of RFA leads to the reduction in compressive strength. Even though strength reduction was observed, eco-friendly mortar mixes containing geopolymer as binder and RFA as fine aggregate performed better when it was produced with AL/B ratio of 0.6.


In an ever-changing social environment, the success of teacher college is the creation and observation of knowledge. These new concepts and knowledge must be shared and spread through the organization and incorporated in teaching processes. It is necessary to highlight the importance of rescuing and give meaning to knowledge as professors and how it contributes in the context of practice, as a group of disciplinary and meta-disciplinary conceptions in the different moments of the intervention process. Each day in the classroom make events take place which takes us to rebuild and reevaluate the practice and knowledge within itself, as mirrors that reflect, but with open and observant eyes to retake and restructure our actions, preparing beforehand the content, planning, and knowledge involved in the expertise of the professors. Knowledge gives way to practice and meaningfully guides the students' learning. In this way, the didactical knowledge applied to situations depending on the circumstances is relevant to today's education.


By means of compound factors test and three factors quadrat orthogonal test design, the new flour gluten fortifier was studied. The results showed that the best effect were combined 5% corn amylophosohatase for 0.368 4 of substitution degree and 0.3% alum. The content of humidity gluten of wheat flour can reach 29.874% from 23.685% after using the new flour gluten fortifier.


Aim To evaluate the response rate and the side effect of nedaplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu)/calcium folinate(CF) in the treatment of patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma.Methods 41 patients with esophageal carcinoma were treated with nedaplatin combined with 5-Fu/CF to evaluate the efficacy and side effects.Results There were partial response(PR) with 41.5% response rate in the 41 cases.The main side effects were myelosuppression while gastrointestinal disturbance,the liver and renal toxicities were mild.Conclusion Nedaplatin combined with 5-Fu/CF was a good regimen for the treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma and the side effects were tolerable.The drug was worthy of being further investigated.


By integrating the graphene layer with the dielectric loaded surface plasmon waveguides, the tunable propagation properties have been investigated in the near-IR region, including the influences of operation frequency, the Fermi level of the graphene layer, and dielectric layer thickness. To improve the modulation properties, multiple unit cell (graphene-Al2O3) structure has been adopted. The results manifest that as the period number of the unit cell increases, the modulation depths of the propagation properties increase obviously. For instance, the modulation depth of propagation length can reach about 80% if the Fermi level changes in the range of 0.1–0.5 eV. As frequency increases, the effective index of the hybrid mode increases, while the propagation length shows a peak. The results are very helpful in understanding the tunable mechanisms of graphene plasmonic devices and designing novel waveguide structures, e.g. resonators and modulators.


Preface / Science and Science Studies / History of Science / Basic Statistics / Basic Grammar and Scientific Vocabulary / Literature Survey / Scientific Methodology / Presentation of Data / Writing a Scientific Paper / The General Style Conventions / Units / Scientific Misconduct / Writing a Thesis / Index.


A novel control algorithm - fuzzy generalized predictive control (FGPC) algorithm for nonlinear systems is proposed. Fuzzy Gustafon-Kessel algorithm and weighted recursive least-square method are applied to identify the T-S model offline. The identified model is then combined with generalized predictive control algorithm to control non-linear systems. And the detailed steps of the algorithm have been given. The simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm has a high degree of identification accuracy, good robustness, and has obtained a good control result, and therefore is applicable for a variety of non-linear systems


In this study, Mollisia ventosa P.Karst., Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Dennis, H. immutabilis (Fuckel) Dennis, H. robustior (P.Karst.) Dennis, Ciboria amentacea (Balb.) Fuckel, and Peziza fimeti (Fuckel) E.C.Hansen have been recorded in Turkey for the first time. Comments on their morphological and anatomical features, geographical position, locality, collection date, and distribution and short descriptions and photographs related to macro- and micromorphologies of the taxa are provided.


This paper considers the relationship between the "context of a situation" and the "metaphorically construed" reality within the transitivity paradigm of Systemic Functional Grammar. The research employed the transitivity model advanced by K. Davidse (1992) to examine the discourse of Japanese wartime (World War II) reporting in Japanese newspapers from the perspective of grammatical metaphor. First, the context of situation encoded in the text is introduced, including a brief history of the Pacific War and a description of the situation of the wartime press. Also discussed is a description of English-language newspapers in wartime Japan, which are used as data for the study. Section 2 explains the model of the transitivity paradigm, putting special emphasis on the metaphorization of processes in the paradigm. In section 3, the theoretical model is applied to the analysis of newspaper texts to demonstrate how transitivity processes are metaphorized for the purpose of obfuscation. This section also: (a) shows how the transitivity process of expressing death is metaphorized as euphemism in wartime discourse by comparing it with how it is manifested in peacetime discourse; and (b) examines transitivity patterns from a diachronic perspective, comparing texts from different stages of the war. The paper concludes that where the necessity for propagandistic discourse is greater, the metaphorization of processes increases. (Contains 33 references.) (NAV) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Constructing Reality Through Metaphorizing Processes 'al Wartime Reporting Noriko Iwamoto (DAL) PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (E ;I( 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educaffonal Rosoarch ..nd Irnpiovernoni D UCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. . . . . Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.


This paper focuses on identifying the natures of coordination challenges in digital policy implementation and evaluation in Finland. The research adopts a qualitative approach, because relevant literature and reports are reviewed to ascertain these challenges. The review result shows that coordination challenges in digital policy implementation and evaluation in Finland are related to issues such as autonomy and independence, poor policy planning and approval, financial limitations, inadequate expertise and personnel shortages, orientation towards gains (profit), developmental inequalities among regions; lack of awareness among some stakeholders etc. In addition, the review result shows that recommendations for addressing these challenges are related to issues such as more collaboration, openness, partnership building and networking, improving awareness, enhancing digital and computer education, increasing budgetary allocations, more transparency, encouraging local participation and accountability etc.


Maintaining reliability of the electrical motors as large industrial loads in desirable level has special importance because electrical motors with low reliability and in result with inappropriate operation can cause heavy damages in the industrial plants. Appropriate operation of protection system is one of the factors to have desirable reliability of electrical motors in the power system. Components of protection system failure rate has vital role in appropriate operation of power system protection. Therefore, in this study, operation of electrical motor protection system from view of reliability has investigated using fault tree method. Availability, annual downtime and failure rate of motor protection subsystem and system is determined to reliability analysis of the motor protection system. Also, risk reduction worth index of motor protection system components is used for sensitivity analysis.


The obese-hyperglycemie syndrome in miee (genotype obI ob) is associated with high insulin resistance and elevated levels of glucose, bioassayable and immunoreactive insulin in the blood (Stauffacher, Lambert. Vecchio and Renold 1967). So far, the eause of this condition has yet to be established


The L-citrulline chelated zinc was synthesized with L-citrulline and zinc acetate as reactants in solid state by microwave. To determine the chelation ratio by single factor and orthogonal experiment,we get the best conditions of reaction:sodium carbonate 15%,microwave power 300W,microwave irradiation time 4min,water 5%. Under the optimal conditions,the average yield of L-citrulline chelated zinc was 91.1%. Meanwhile,the structure of the product was preliminarily confirmed by IR spectrometry.


: The fish meat plays an important role in the human health as it contains high quality protein. The tilapia fish considered as the third largest group of farmed fish. The oxidative deterioration of fish meat may occur during the cooking process. The proper cooking process and using natural antioxidant to prevent oxidation and enhance the quality of the tilapia fish fillet is necessary. Hence, this research was carried out to evaluate the potential of clove essential oil to prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance the antioxidant activity of tilapia fish fillet cooked using microwave and griller. The results showed that cooking using microwave significantly (p < 0.05) increased the lipid peroxidation and decreased the DPPH and ferric reducing activity power of the fish fillet as compared to grilling. The fortification of fish fillet using clove essential oil prevented from lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fish fillet significantly (p < 0.05). Consequently, fortification of tilapia fish fillet using clove essential oil followed by cooking using griller to have high quality cooked fish meat is recommended.


The full text of this document is available on the Website of the European Society of Cardiology: www.escardio.org in the section 'Scientific Information', Guidelines. Introduction..............................................................1809 Pathophysiology .......................................................1810 Plaque rupture and erosion.......................................1810 Inflammation ............................................................1812 Thrombosis...............................................................1812 Vasoconstriction .......................................................1812 Myocardium .............................................................1813 Diagnosis..................................................................1813 Clinical presentation.................................................1813 Physical examination ...............................................1813 Electrocardiogram ....................................................1813 Biochemical markers of myocardial damage.............1814 Recommendations.....................................................1815 Risk assessment........................................................1815 Risk factors ..............................................................1815 Clinical presentation.................................................1815 Electrocardiogram ....................................................1816 Markers of myocardial damage................................1816 Markers of inflammatory activity.............................1816 Markers of thrombosis .............................................1817 Echocardiography.....................................................1817 Predischarge stress testing........................................1817 Coronary angiography..............................................1817 Recommendations for risk stratification ...................1818 Treatment options ....................................................1818 Anti-ischaemic agents ...............................................1818 Beta-blockers ........................................................1818 Nitrates ................................................................1818


Data series on input prices and quantities are often required for econometric analysis and productivity measurement in the agricultural sector. The authors suggest that if such analyses are to be meaningful, the index measures of input prices and quantities should make allowance for quality change where this occurs. With this end in mind, the paper reviews a procedure for computing a constant quality price index and a variable quality quantity index and applies the method to British fertiliser data for the time period 1956/57 to 1968/69. In the process of computing these indices for fertiliser, separate price indices for the nutrients, nitrogen, phosphate and potash are presented.


This paper presents an implicit enumeration approach to automated floor plan layout. Floor plan layout is viewed as a quadratic assignment problem in which indivisible facilities (for example, employees in an office) are to be assigned to fixed locations on a plan. One, and only one facility may be assigned to each location. An optimal plan is determined by the interactions between facilities to be located and the distances between locations on the plan. Existing techniques for finding the optimal solution to the quadratic assignment problem have proved computationally infeasible for realistically sized problems. This paper presents an application to floor plan layout problems of an approximate algorithm for solving quadratic assignment problems which was developed by G.W. Graves and A.B. Whinston at the Graduate School of Management, UCLA [2]. Viewing the possible assignments as a combinatorial problem, the approach combines a general enumerative procedure with probability theory to form an implicit enumeration algorithm. The technique yields very good solutions, not necessarily optimal, but with realistic computation time. Applications of the algorithm are given for layout problems in which interactions between facilities to be located can be considered meaningful criteria in determining a layout. A good example is the office layout problem in which interactions are a measure of communication cost between employees. Introduction In the past, one approach to automated floor plan layout has been the formulation as a quadratic assignment problem. In general, this type of problem consists of certain fixed locations to which a number of discrete facilities are to be assigned. One, and only one facility may be assigned to each location. The problem is to assign the facilities to locations in such a way as to minimize a total cost function. Associated with each pair of locations is a 'distance' between locations representing 23-4-1 cost of communication be,tween the pair. This measure might be simply linear distance, but not necessarily so. Associated with each pair of facilities is an index of the 'traffic intensity' between two facilities. The cost of assigning a pair of facilities to a pair of locations is the product of the location distance times the facility traffic intensity. The cost for a total assignment, which is to be minimized, is the sum of these products for all location-facility pairs in the assignment. The quadratic assignment problem was first applied by Koopmans and Beckman [31 for the solution of a plant location problem in which there were a number of sites to which various plants were to be assigned. The objective to be optimized was a function of the cost of, shipping between sites and interaction effects resulting from cross shipments between plants. The floor plan layout problem can be modeled similarly using locations on the plan to correspond to plant sites and the spatial units to be located to correspond to the plants. Interaction weights between units can reflect communication, volume, cost, or any other desired variable. As Koopmans and Beckman pointed out, the computational difficulties of solving a quadratic assignment problem have so far been insurmountable using existing techniques for even a small number of elements. This paper presents an application to floor layout problems of an approximate general algorithm for solving the class of quadratic assignment problems. The algorithm, which was developed by Graves and Whinston [2], yields very good solutions, though not necessarily optimal, but with realistic computation time. Viewing the possible assignments as a combinatorial problem, the approach combines a general enumerative procedure with probability theory to form an implicit enumeration algorithm. An explanation of the algorithm along with computational results of applications of the method is presented. The algorithm is used for layout problems in which interactions between facilities to be located can be considered meaningful criteria in determining a layout. The examples shown are office layout problems in which interactions are a measure of communication cost between employees. Implicit Enumeration Approach Consider the following abstract spatial relationship problem. We take a 6 X 4 square modular grid as shown in Figure 1. Twenty-four squares shaded in six different tones of grey (four squares of each tone) are to be located on the grid so as to minimize some objective function. The objection function is defined in such a way that the optimal locations produce a configuration giving smooth tonal transitions. The grey square formulation is an extremely good method for testing an assignment algorithm. USing graphic output, one can see immediately how close a particular algorithm comes to the optimal solution.


This article describes a new Stata command called xtwest, which implements the four error-correction–based panel cointegration tests developed by Westerlund (2007). The tests are general enough to allow for a large degree of heterogeneity, both in the long-run cointegrating relationship and in the short-run dynamics, and dependence within as well as across the cross-sectional units.


Background Several and most recent studies have shown that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has a high mortality rate and the therapy used is almost noneffective. Any serum biomarker that predicts better clinical outcomes would be useful to disease stages, prognosis, and need for other and more aggressive therapy, and may be beneficial to the patients in clinical trials. This study aimed to measure the level of surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in the serum of patients with IPF, its relation with clinical manifestations, and its role in predicting the outcome of the patients (prognosis, progression, or regression of the disease, and quality of life) on the basis of assessment of quality of life using the Arabic version of St. George's respiratory questionnaire. Participants and methods This study included 35 IPF patients and 15 healthy nonsmokers volunteers. Serum level of SP-D was measured in the serum of patients and control participants, relating their levels with the measurements of arterial blood gases, spirometry functions [forced vital capacity (FVC%) of predicted, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) of predicted, and FEV1/FVC%], and high-resolution computed tomography. Results Serum level of SP-D was significantly increased in IPF patients compared with the control participants; also, their levels were significantly increased in IPF smokers compared with nonsmokers and ex-smoker IPF patients. SP-D showed statistically significant negative correlations with PaO2, but it showed statistically significant positive correlations with the FEV1/FVC% actual value. Conclusion SP-D level is higher in IPF patients, and it also increases in smoker IPF patients compared to nonsmokers and ex-smokers.


This article comes from the policy reforms of the state since the 1990s, the emergence of control policies with the cutout on the Boards of Health as a participatory instrument of social control. To undertake this analysis we use the concept that has been used in recent studies on public management: accountability. From conceptualization, we analyze the relationship between accountability, focusing on social control on the quality of services in Primary Health Care (APS,


We have discovered that at least one component of the visual binary star HD 218994AB is a δ Sct star. The primary star of this system is a known rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star; therefore, it is possible that it is both an roAp star and a δ Sct star – a hybrid. There are no confirmed such hybrid roAp–δ Sct stars, and they are predicted theoretically not to exist. More probably, HD 218994B is the δ Sct star, as it is 0.54 mag fainter than the primary and also lies in the δ Sct instability strip. It then offers the potential to determine Teff and L for the primary which appears to be one of the more evolved roAp stars and an important test the theoretically calculated roAp star instability strip. In this case, the system also is important since the stars are a co-eval pair of very similar mass, yet one is a magnetic roAp star and the other is probably a non-magnetic δ Sct star with a normal spectrum. We detect a significant longitudinal magnetic field strength of 440 ± 23 G in the roAp star HD 218994A. We also present the first measurement of the longitudinal magnetic field strength for the δ Sct star HD 21190, the most-evolved Ap star known. We obtain a formally significant value of 47 ± 13 G. If confirmed, this will make HD 21190 the first magnetic δ Sct star known.


This paper is concerned with an enhanced multimodal sound localization with humanlike auditory system for a network-based intelligent service robot, which exploits strong information technology infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to integrate several audiovisual-based Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) components that can naturally interact between human and robot through audiovisual information obtained from robot camera and microphones in the noisy environments or the presence of multiple persons. The proposed approach is comprised of two main stages. The first stage performs speech recognition, sound localization, and speaker recognition to know whether the user calls the robot or not as well as the direction and identification of the caller respectively, when someone calls robot's name. In the second stage, an intelligent robot moves forward to the specific caller based on multiple face detection/recognition with the aid of the information identified by speaker recognition among multiple persons. The robot platform used in this study is WEVER, which is a network-based intelligent service robot developed in Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute. This robot refers to an Ubiquitous Robotic Companion (URC) that provides necessary services anytime and anywhere. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared with other multimodal methods and sound localization itself.


Primary education students are very energetic and tend to participate classroom activities actively because of their age (Gokce, 2004). Active participation of students in the learning process is directly related to the selection of appropriate teaching methods and techniques (Bonwel & Eison, 1991). Literature shows that there is no common agrement about definition of active learning. According to the Prosser and Trigwel (1999) active learning is a student-centered approach and the most effective way for students to learn (Healey & Robberts, 2004). In addition Meyers and Jones (1993) have described that active learning includes three factors. These are: basic elements; learning strategies; and teaching resources. As asserted Sivan et al. (2000) beyond the increase of students' success, active learning helps students to create sense of curiosity, have ability to apply knowledge, develop independent learning skills and prepare them for their future careers. Many researchers in Turkey and abroad have carried out studies on the effect of active learning approach on student learning progress (Aydede, 2006; Zavrak, 2003; Wilke, 2003; Sivan & et al, 2000). However, we couldn't find any research on sixth grade science course which includes the subjects of "cell, What is there on the plant cells?, let us to recognize animal cell, plant tissue, roots, plant structures". Thus, we described to do a research on this grade and unit.


Understanding the function of socially and culturally aspects play an important role in language learning. People will use a different language in a different context and situation. They will find out with whom, where, when, and in what stages they are talking. Therefore, the context cannot be separated to comprehend an utterance. According to Yule (1996) states that context is the situation surrounding the production of utterance. Furthermore, Leech (1983: 13) in Citraresmana (2015) states that "context is any background of knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer which contributes to the interpretation of what speaker means by given utterance." Therefore, this present paper is aimed to find out the expressive illocutionary acts in newspapers from Jakarta Globe and the Jakarta Post about the current issue of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's son which is Agus Yudhoyono who decided to take part in Jakarta gubernatorial election. The newspaper from Jakarta Globe entitled "There's Logic behind Sacrificing Agus Yudhoyono's Military Career: Former House Speaker" which published on Saturday, September 24, 2016. Besides, the newspaper from The Jakarta Post entitled "SBY's son's decision to enter politics regretted: TNI" which published on September 29, 2016. The research objectives are to find the types of expressive illocutionary acts that used in the utterance and to find the similarities of expressive illocutionary acts in both newspaper. Further, this research employs a qualitative approach as suggested by Creswell (2014) and find 14 utterances as the data. The finding of the research showed that there were two types of expressive illocutionary acts that found in the article, protesting and praising. Moreover, both types of the illocutionary acts are found in Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post


The resonance and non-resonance transmission canals of double-barrier resonant tunneling structure are established for the electron photon system using the exact solution of one-dimensional non-stationary Schrodinger equation expanded into the Fourier range. It is shown that besides the main and satellite, the mixed quasi-stationary states which cause the appearance of speci c transmission canals with the properties strongly dependent on the intensity and frequency of electromagnetic eld, exist in the nanostructure.


This paper reports on the quantitative part of my doctoral study carried out in three state-funded secondary schools in England. Using Bourdieu's trilogy of habitus, embodied cultural capital and field, I have explored the interaction of social class, gender, ethnicity and attitudes towards mathematics, and their impact on mathematical achievement. The findings suggest that although cultural capital correlates positively with mathematical achievement, social class and habitus, which has been operationalised as mathematics-related career aspirations, have a more significant impact on mathematical achievement.


In a Knudsen layer with thickness comparable to the mean free path, collisions between heat carriers and solid walls play an important role in nanoscale heat transports. An interesting question is that whether these collisions also induce the slip of heat flow similar to the velocity slip condition of the rarefied gases on solid walls. In this work based on the discrete Boltzmann transport equation, the slip boundary condition of heat flux on solid walls in the Knudsen layer is established. This result is exemplified by the slip boundary condition of heat flux in nanowires, which has been proposed in a phenomenological way.


JHU/APL conducted solid propellant fire characterization tests in warm, humid, ambient conditions near sea level. Yttria and ceria surrogate materials were placed in the fires. The substrates simulating ground surfaces were concrete from a Kennedy Space Center launch pad, and steel covered with a protective ablative material representing a launch platform. In-situ instrumentation consisted of witness materials, thermocouples, air handlers, filters, and cascade impactors; remote instrumentation consisted of optical cameras and spectrometers. Test and analysis team members included the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Alliant Techsystems, and the Johns Hopkins University. Test data were analyzed, reported, and delivered, including plume rise and transport captured on video. Derivation of the alumina particle size distributions formed the basis for condensing vapor and agglomeration estimates. Assessment of alumina mass in the plume, along with the surrogate fraction from filter forensics, provided an estimate of airborne surrogate mass. Technical interchange meetings were held with SNL and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Specifications for the fire environment were developed and delivered. A thermochemistry model that simultaneously provides the maximum temperature and heat flux was developed and delivered. An SPIE paper on 3D pyrometry of the fire was written and presented.


In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant attempts, among other things, to solve two problems about our knowledge of the world. First, how can we know any necessary truths about the world, such as the principle that every event must have a cause? Kant follows Hume in holding that unless we are able to know such necessary truths, and to justify them without recourse to experience, we will not even be able to know any contingent truths about the world, for these all make use of the necessary principles. Second, how can I know that things other than I exist at all? This radical doubt about my knowledge of the world had, of course, plagued philosophers ever since Descartes. Kant's strategy for dealing with both these problems is to repudiate the assumptions behind earlier modern epistemology, and in particular, the kind of distinction that Descartes and Hume had made between self-knowledge and our knowledge of 'outer' things. For Kant, this distinction as it stands is too simplistic, and it inevitably leads to skepticism about our knowledge of the world. But he still distinguishes self-knowledge from other kinds of knowledge; in fact, self-knowledge plays a crucial role in Kant's new epistemology. Kant's innovation is to distinguish sharply between two sides of what his predecessors understood as self-knowledge: 'inner sense' and 'apperception.' This paper will show how Kant's conception of 'apperception' is meant to overcome Humean skepticism, and how 'inner sense' is meant to overcome Cartesian skepticism; I will then touch upon a complication in Kant's view of the relation between apperception and inner sense, a complication which relates directly to the problem of the 'thing in itself.' 1 limit myself to the Aesthetic and Analytic of the first Critique; my aim is not to criticize Kant's views, nor to compare his sometimes equivocal formulations, but to give a coherent summary to which I believe Kant would subscribe.


Introduction: Commercial N 2 -WO systems need modifications for use in young children and must be validated before widespread use. Aim: To compare LCI and FRC from Eco Medics Exhalyzer-D N 2 -WO to a custom-built AMIS 2000 Mass Spectrometer sulphur hexafluoride washout (SF 6 -WO) in preschool (3-6y)controls and patients with cystic fibrosis(CF) Methods: Washouts were performed on the same day. SF 6 -WO to standard lab protocol, N 2 -WO with a low deadspace filter and modified capnostat. A face mask with putty was used for all tests Results: 42 children were tested (25 CF). Mean age 5.1y CF, 4.8y, mean height and weight no difference CF vs. control . SF 6 -WO was not possible in 2 children, N 2 -WO was not possible in 6 Figure: Bland Altman (BA) plots for CF (black), Control (red), FRC (top) and LCI (bottom) FRC N2 was significantly higher than FRC SF6 in both groups. LCI N2 -LCI SF6 in controls showed good agreement. LoA were wider for children with CF, but there was no significant group difference (table 1). In children with CF only the BA plots suggest increased FRC N2 -FRC SF6 with increasing FRC, and decreased LCI N2 -LCI SF6 with increasing LCI (figure) Conclusion: Device specific reference values are needed for FRC and LCI in preschool children with CF.


This paper presents a structure generation algorithm, which converts rough human drawings into stable structures comprising rectangular blocks, suitable for physics-based 2-D environments. Generating viable structures for a physics-based environment imposes many additional requirements above those of most traditional sketch-based domains. Our method is sophisticated enough to deal with these requirements, while still ensuring that the generated structure accurately represents the original sketch. We describe and implement a framework for this process, allowing inexperienced users to create complex structures with ease. Multiple structure possibilities are identified for a single drawing and are then compared based on their similarity to the original sketch using a heuristic value. We evaluate our approach by investigating its ability to replicate structures for the video game Angry Birds, based on human drawn sketches of the original levels.


Sperm Immobilization Properties of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Hymenocardia Acida Stem Bark Hymenocardia acida (Large red-heart) is widely used in Nigeria and many African countries, and has many therapeutic benefits. This study evaluated the sperm immobilization property of aqueous ethanolic extract of Hymenocardia acida stem bark. It was found that the extract of Hymenocardia acida reduced sperm motility in concentration-dependent manner. At 10 % concentration, the spermatozoa immediately became immotile. The results showed that Hymenocardia acida stem bark extract possesses sperm immobilization property.


Efficient management of the large number of expertise and services required for design and verification of complex integrated circuits demands a collaborative design environment. Such an environment should be able to accommodate distributed design teams and design services, as well as heterogeneous design tools and data models. This paper describes a web-based framework for collaborative design of complex integrated circuits such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) and System-on-a-chip (SoC). The XML-based framework provides a collaborative environment for secure exchange and OnDemand conversion of heterogeneous design data and delivery of design services. It enables sharing of design data among various design tools and applications by utilizing a central data XML schema. The framework enables transport of integrated design data, design services and EDA tools across a unified XML protocol. The virtual central database provides managed access, control, collaboration, and sharing of expertise and design services across LAN, Intranet, or Internet. Secure design data and silicon IP interchange are supported across distributed design centers. Outsourced resources and internal expertise are integrated via IBM Customer Connect or industry standard HTTP tunnel protocols. A web-based silicon IP portal for OnDemand IP design specification, qualification and data exchange is developed based on the system architecture described in this paper.


The compound, lead hydroxide Pb_6O_4(OH)_4, was prepared by a method used for the first time in the authors laboratory. The compound was identified by XRD and it's purity was determined by analytical methods (100%). The thermal characteristics of this compound were investigated by using a thermogravimetry (TGA). This compound was found to be stable at room temperature and at 160degree C will decompose completely to produce lead (II) oxide.


Hallyu means "Korean wave" and refers to the phenomenon of Korean popular culture gaining immense popularity overseas, mostly in Asian countries. Hallyu started with Korean TV dramas being exported to nearby countries, but the new hallyu of recent years is being led by young K-pop singers. Meanwhile, the Korean fashion industry is still struggling to make a mark in the international market. This study aimed to examine the clothing styles of new hallyu singers in Japan, focusing on the year 2010, to extract the aesthetic characteristics and analyze why the styles are well received in the Japanese market to ultimately present indicators of possible directions for both Korean fashion and entertainment to succeed in the international market in the future. Hallyu singers were found to appeal to their Japanese audience with a unique and different style, cute and approachable elements and a slim silhouette, along with shy and polite body language that added to the image of gentleness already created through Korean TV shows.


PT. EMSA represent one of the company which active in making of S-Tube, as well as handling product distribution to every stock of point. From result of company survey found by data that arrangement of vehicle for the distribution of inefficient product, so that I interest to conduct research about planning of route and assignation of vehicle by using proposal method that is assignment generalized. This method represent one of the technique which studying process delivery of goods to consumer in management enchain relevant occurence and supply by
planning of route and assignation of vehicle at distributor. Especial target of this method planning of route and assignation of vehicle to be later expected can degrade the expense of distribution.
Research steps started from data collecting which for example that is stock data of point, historical data of product order, data apart center distribution to each stock of point, added by data of expense of distribution, data sum up and vehicle capacities, and also coordinate data
every stock of point. Step hereinafter that is determining optimal order and its result used as basis for planning of delivery model , conducted planning of route and assignation of vehicle by using method of generalized assignment, what finally stock of point sort at every route use method of nearest neighbor.
From data processing obtained result of planning of route and assignation of vehicle counted 14 route for the order of day of Monday - Friday and 17 route for the order of day of Saturday - Sunday, more economical totalize route each its order. For the total cost of distribution of condition of company actual equal to Rp 24.788.550 and after planning equal to Rp 21.878.700, so that obtained thrift equal to Rp 2.909.850 or percentage of 11,73 % every week.


An optimal control strategy is developed for the powertrain of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to minimize the fuel consumption while maintaining good performance and drivability. A novel robust identifier using the generalized notion of power approach is developed and used to accurately predict the performance characteristics of the powertrain. The uniqueness of this model is its ability to represent both internal combustion engine (ICE) unit and electrical motor generator (EMG) unit of the powertrain system in one state space system of equations. Thus, it allows proper characterization of the interaction of both units considering the irreversibility of the entropy generation by the ICE unit, load small disturbances, and magnetic material nonlinearity as well as space and time harmonics of the EMG unit. The optimal control strategy is developed in two stages. The first uses a mathematical search algorithm based on the calculus of variation to minimize fuel consumption and develop needed torque to achieve a good performance. The second stage employs a fuzzy logic algorithm to ensure good drivability (comfort). The superiority of the optimization algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to a prototype HEV with split power configuration and by comparing simulation results with readily available benchmark data.


themselves characterised by a great divergence between traditional and modern forms of culture. The very nature of this book devoted to Africa and Africans makes the author limit his sphere of interest, and avoid largely the problem of' the meeting of cultures'. But Davidson rightly points out that it is impossible to reduce the problem of the contemporary cultural formation of Africa to a correlation between the westernised elite and the traditional masses. Wide strata of the population, almost everywhere, are already involved in the new movements which give a real basis to their programmes of change. The elite as well as the masses are becoming increasingly differentiated, and this sntails important social and cultural consequences. An analysis of the many faces of modern Africa would have made the picture of The African Genius more comprehensive. But this would have meant tracing subsequent steps taken by Africans after their initial and very successful entry to cultural


Autometric, Inc. is currently developing a new Geographic Information System (GIS) to be used in the exploitation of multi-source/multi-sensor information. Digital raster imagery data (optical, radar, multispectral, infrared, etc.), weather data, MC&G data (terrain, vegetation, cultural features and transportation features), and text or intelligence information can be interactively overlaid and geographically fused to aid exploitation analysis. This system, called MILGIS, is tailored for military information and applications. This paper describes the architecture of MILGIS and presents a discussion of the role of GIS technology in support of exploitation analysis.


current limiter for electrical lines of high-voltage direct current equipment. # The invention relates to a device (9) connected with a DC line (2). The equipment consists of a main branch (11) comprising two switches (12) and (13) connected in series, so that they in turn are connected in parallel to another branch (10) formed by a switch (14 ) which may be connected in series with a passive element reducing the intensity (15), allowing the reduction of the current through the line redirecting said stream through branch (10) parallel to a main branch (11) and allowing isolation the condenser (8). The invention allows isolation of the DC line (2).


Energy provision and biosynthesis are thought to be controlled by amphibolic enzymes such as phosphofructokinase (PFK). Nevertheless, it remains unclear how PFK influences collateral biosynthetic pathways in the heart. Here, we investigated the control exerted by PFK on anabolic pathways in the heart using
 in vivo
 deep network tracing. Wild-type (WT) mice and mice overexpressing kinase- or phosphatase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase transgenes, termed respectively Glyco
 Lo
 or Glyco
 Hi
 mice, were fed a liquid diet containing
 13
 C
 6
 -glucose for 18 h. From freeze-clamped hearts, metabolite abundance and
 13
 C enrichment were then assessed by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with Glyco
 Hi
 and WT hearts, Glyco
 Lo
 hearts had remarkably higher levels and
 13
 C enrichment of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) (p<0.01 each,
 n
 =4/gp), and purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway intermediates. In addition to elevated activity of nucleotide biosynthetic pathways, we also found in Glyco
 Lo
 hearts higher
 13
 C-hexose incorporation into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (p<0.05); however, the levels of UDP-GlcNAc and its enrichment with
 13
 C were not different between the groups, which suggests that PFK activity influences the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway primarily by modulating F6P incorporation. Whereas Glyco
 Lo
 hearts showed lower
 13
 C fractional enrichment in triacylglycerols and hexosyl ceramide species, Glyco
 Hi
 hearts showed higher
 13
 C fractional enrichment in ceramide species. Interestingly, Glyco
 Lo
 hearts had 2-fold lower levels of alpha-ketoglutarate with concomitant increases in glutamate abundance. Energy charge values ranged from 0.69-0.81 with no differences observed between groups.These results suggest that PFK regulates lipid biosynthesis and collateral biosynthetic pathways of glucose metabolism in the heart. Understanding how these pathways contribute to cardiac remodeling could be important for developing metabolic therapies to improve cardiac health.


In this paper, a parametric spectral estimation method using an adapted filter bank is presented. The subband decomposition is performed classically through filtering and decimation stages. The decision about stopping or carrying on the decomposition of a given node is taken according to a new stopping rule. The latter uses a measure of whiteness of the residuals resulting from the node considered. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the results achieved with the proposed method are compared to those obtained with other methods performing fullband and subband estimations, in the case of noisy exponentials. The analysis points out the advantages of the proposed method.


The mite species Erythraeus ( Zaracarus ) coleopterus sp. nov. (Acari: Parasitengona: Erythraeidae) associated with a scarabaeid beetle is described from Iran. This is the first record of association between mites of the genus Erythraeus and beetles.


Soon after the 1996 public release of MACCS2 version 1.12,1 there was significant controversy concerning its appropriateness for use in DOE authorization basis analyses. 2 This was triggered by the discovery of a coding error by the DOE Los Alamos Area Office 4 and was followed by extensive independent investigation into the quality assurance (QA) pedigree ofMACCS2 and other DOE computer codes performed by the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB) resulting in TECH-25. 5


Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Chaleo Prasongsuksan MD, FRCP(T) Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one form of hepatitis characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver parenchyma of non-alcoholic patient. Its pathologic feature is similar to that found in chronic alcoholic consumption. The etiology of NASH are heterogeneous, i.e. obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or chemical intoxications. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induce mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocytes injury leading to NASH. Tumor necrotic factor will also induce stellate cells proliferation leading to liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy is mandatory in diagnosis. Nowadays, there is no proven effective treatment for NASH. This article will address clinical presentation, diagnostic means, pathogenesis, pathologic features, and the currently available treatments of NASH. Vajira Med J 2009 ; 53 : 305-310


A first-person essay on the ways that Cégep teaching is different from teaching at a university. The reflection explores how belonging — an "in-ness" — is enacted within a creative arts department by focusing on various experiences from being hired to navigating teaching online during the pandemic. By doing so, the author recognizes how they come to understand and promulgate belonging in the classroom.


The compressible miscible displacement in a porous media is considered in this paper. The concentration is treated by a characteristics collocation method, and the pressure is treated by an orthogonal collocation method. Optimal order estimates in $L^{2}$ -norm and numerical experiment are derived.


The purpose of this paper is to review rural development theories in chronological order. After the second World War, there have been much development in theory of economic development. Rural development theory was influenced by theory of economic development. Theory of rural development is not entirely separable from the theory of economic development. Agricultural modernisation(AM) and community development(CD) were developed during the 1950s. Green revolution(GR) and animation rurale(AR) were developed during the 1960s. Integrated rural development(IRD), basic needs approach(BNA) and women in development(WID) were developed during the 1970s. Sector-specific project(SSP), community-based development(CBD), local economic development(LED) and gender and development(GAD) were developed during the 1980s. Sustainable livelihoods(SL), gender mainstreaming(GM) and agricultural sector investment program(ASIP) were developed during the 1990s. Community-driven development(CDD), rural economic and enterprise development(REED), rural territorial development(TRD), promoting gender equality and empower women(PGEAEW) and local and community driven development(LCDD) were developed during the 2000s. Goals of rural development have changed over the past years. Goals of rural development have changed from increasing income to sustainable development. Theories to achieve specific goal such as women in development, gender and development and gender mainstreaming have developed. Rural development theory is often misinterpreted as a one-size-fits-all theory for all country, this is a serious problem.


Abstract Small mammal trapping was carried out in the Saja/Umm Ar-Rimth Protected Area to determine the species composition and to compare standard-length Sherman and commonly available cage traps. Five rodent species were captured from December 2002 to December 2003. The cage traps consistently trapped more rodents than the Sherman traps and the Baluchistan Gerbil, Gerbillus nanus, showed a clear preference for the cage traps. There was no marked difference in the failure rates of the two trap types. Seasonally, the trapping frequencies were not randomly distributed, with higher capture rates for most species during the cool season. Significant differences were recorded in the mean weights of the five rodent species captured, but no significant difference existed between the mean weights of the rodents successfully captured in either trap type. We conclude that both trap types were successful in trapping rodents in the observed weight range, and that species-specific behavioural differences and/or differences in trap design could affect trap efficiency. Consequently it is advisable to use a combination of trap types when studying rodent ecology. It is also strongly recommended that pilot studies be conducted to help identify any potential shortcomings in study design and field procedures.


Department of Economics University of New Brunswick Saint John, N.B. E2L 4L5 Research for this article was funded by the University of New Brunswick Research Grant Competition Series 27. I thank John Baffoe-Bonnie and Professor William Milne for helpful comments. This study develops a model that explains how a cooperative solution can be sustained in an oligopolistic industry, (namely New Brunswick's gasoline industry) despite the inherently noncooperative strategies of the players, who are resolved to maximizing their individual (rather than joint) profits. The traditional Cournot-Nash assumption of zero (inconsistent) conjectural variation among oligopolists cannot adequately explain the gasoline industry in New Brunswick because its implication of an ongoing state of competition within an oligopoly industry has not been compatible with observed industry conditions. (1) This study is motivated by a 1992 call (followed by another call in 1996) upon the New Brunswick government to regulate the gasoline retail industry in order to protect consumers from arbitrary price hikes by profit-seeking oil companies. The government replied that it wanted the market to be given a chance to regulate itself, and it feared that regulatory control would make the industry less competitive in the long run. This study will examine whether or not there is any economic basis for active government regulatory control or whether continued dependence on traditional market mechanism is preferable. A leading research study on gasoline pricing in Canada (Blomqvist and Haessel 1978) concluded that retail prices at the pump were mainly influenced by the region of Canada under consideration, the tax policies of a particular Province, world crude-oil prices, and processing costs of the supplying refineries. Subsequent studies focusing on the competitiveness of the gasoline industry include that of Slade (1987), Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (1986), and Minister of Supply and Services Canada (1986). Slade's (1987) study revealed that some competition existed between two groups of gasoline retail outlets -- namely, brand-majors and independents -- involved in a noncooperative repeated game setting. While existing research findings on the issue have been generally inconclusive, Canadian Tax Foundation (1989) studies suggest that gasoline pricing has major feedback effects in the economy since the product has no close substitutes and permeates every aspect of production and distribution. Thus, rising gasoline prices would have significant implications for inflation and unemployment. To contribute to the ongoing research, with particular focus on New Brunswick, this paper will determine the nature and pattern of price competitiveness and stability among the oligopolistic competitors in the gasoline retail industry. It applies the framework of theoretic analysis to explain gasoline pricing in the context of oligopoly market rivalry in which a competitor's conjectural variation about rival moves is strictly non-zero with a probability of being either correct or incorrect. The analysis is used to determine whether gasoline pricing in New Brunswick is based on cooperative (quasi-collusive) or noncooperative (warfare) strategies, depending on whether or not rival conjectures about each others' moves and responses turn out to be certain. The question is whether the inherently noncooperative rival strategies could yield outcomes other than warfare. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the standard oligopoly model utilizing Cournot assumptions is set out in order to demonstrate the difference which our application of non-zero conjectural variation is purported to make. Then the solution of the oligopoly problem under the assumption that all firms exercise consistent conjectural variations is considered. In this, the study develops and applies the concepts of "strategic manoeuvres" and "rivalry effects" to stress that cooperative solutions are possible (and likely) although the strategic interactions among firms is explicitly noncooperative. …


The use of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion after maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy was originally described to prevent the occurrence of otitis media with effusion. The outcome of this otologic procedure has never been reviewed and discussed. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion in this group of patients.


Realising the goals of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive is difficult. The differentiation of water policies according to local conditions enjoys increasing attention and may be necessary to achieve good ecological status in all European waters. This paper seeks to explore to what extent and how local water quality determines the degree of coercion, i.e. the extent to which differentiated policies are voluntary or rather imposed upon policy addressees, of spatially differentiated water policies. It does so on the basis of seven cases in five EU Member States. For highly polluted waters, spatially differentiated policies tend either to make the use of authoritative policy instruments, i.e. coercion by way of formal regulation, or to rely on the threat to introduce such regulation. For preventing the deterioration of relatively 'clean' waters, voluntary instruments based on information and persuasion dominate, often supported by subsidies and/or the direct input of public resources. In relation to the spatial differentiation of water policies, issues of data demand, equality and legitimacy have to be taken into account.


This thesis describes the development of a portfolio of criteria for use in evaluating business-to-customer electronic channels of distribution in the hotel industry. The scope of the investigation was limited to the use of electronic distribution by chain hotels and specifically researched evaluation practices in the top 200 hotel worldwide brands. Hotel electronic distribution is cunently in period of rapid evolution. Developments in technology have acted as a catalyst, prompting growth in both competition and cooperation between channel constituents, resulting in a significant increase in the number of potential channels available. While many hoteliers have adopted a shelf-space approach of "more is better", the expanding number of options, coupled with the costs associated with channel adoption, management and use, make such a strategy unsustainable. As the literature makes little contribution as to how such channels should be comparatively evaluated, a grounded theory approach was used to explore the issue. A Delphi study with experts in the field of hotel electronic distribution was used to establish, validate and assign priorities to an initial set of decision factors for use when the adoption of an electronic distribution channel is being considered, and when its ongoing use is being assessed. The study revealed that it is channel performance in practice, rather than abstract financial or strategic measures, that should be the prime consideration in the channel adoption decision. In contrast, when the ongoing use of a channel is being considered, the analysis should be more multifaceted, incorporating financial, marketing, strategic, operational and technical aspects. These exploratory findings were subsequently validated using an email survey of industry distribution managers, which confirmed the acceptability and applicability of the range of factors identified. A conceptual model incorporating the findings of both studies was subsequently developed, and its use illustrated in the creation of a computerised system to help facilitate the assessment process. The usefulness of the study could be expanded by broadening its scope to consider the needs of independent hotels, by considering the assessment of business-to-business channels, and by validating the accuracy and reliability of the model by testing the relationship between channel assessment and business performance.


Abstract – There are some unstable control systems, it can be an important problem in control, like systems in aerospace and flight. This can be studied simply in the ball and beam system. The ball and beam system uses an LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) controller to determine the effect of stability and optimal system to reach the set point and the results of the slope angle on the beam at the set point. There is a combination of LQR with the element matrix parameters Q and R which can be searched using a trial and error technique with the condition that the Q matrix is a positive semidefinite while the R matrix is a positive definite matrix. As well as the use of gain Kalman filter as an estimator. Two experiments are given on the Q and R matrix elements which will be used in three distance/position displacement tests. The design of LQG on ball and beam systems is carried out in the MATLAB-Simulink software. Then the results of the angle of inclination of the beam (beam) obtained 14° to make the ball reach a set point of 10 cm, 17° for a set point of 20 cm, and 28° for a set point of 30 cm. Keywords – ball and beam, angle, LQG, LQR, linearizationIntisari –Sistem kontrol yang tidak stabil menjadi sebuah masalah yang penting dalam pengontrolan, seperti sistem dalam aerospace dan penerbangan. Hal ini dapat dipelajari secara sederhana pada sistem ball and beam. Pada sistem ball and beam digunakan pengontrol LQG (linear quadratic gaussian) untuk mengetahui pengaruh stabilitas maupun optimalnya sistem mencapai set point serta hasil kemiringan sudut pada balok (beam) pada titik set point. Terdapat kombinasi LQR dengan parameter matriks elemen Q dan R yang dapat dicari menggunakan teknik  trial and error dengan syarat matriks Q ialah semidefinite positive sedangkan matriks R ialah matrik definit positif Serta penggunaan gain filter Kalman sebagai estimator. Dilakukan dua eksperimen pada elemen matriks Q dan R yang akan digunakan pada tiga pengujian perpindahan jarak/posisi. Rancangan LQG pada sistem ball dan beam dilakukan di software MATLAB-Simulink.  Diperoleh hasil sudut kemiringan beam sebesar 14° untuk membuat ball mencapai di posisi set point 10 cm, 17° untuk set point 20 cm, dan 28° untuk set point 30 cm.Kata kunci – ball and beam, sudut, LQG, LQR, linierisasi


The mesonephros from human embryos ranging 7-20mm in total length was investigated with light and electron microscopes. The fine structure of the mesonephric glomerulus is characterized by a thick endothelium, wide subendothelial space and poorly differentiated podocytes. These features which are prominent in the 7-12mm embryos are obscure in the glomerulus of larger embryos which are rather similar in fine structure to that of the metanephros.The proximal tubule of the mesonephros consists of columnar cells bearing long microvilli and apical invaginations and vesicles suggesting pinocytotic activity. The distal tubule consists of tall columnar cells with smooth apical surfaces doming into the lumen and lacks the basal infoldings.In the subendothelial space of the mesonephric glomerulus there are found fine filaments approximately 100A in diameter extending from the glomerular basement membrane toward the endothelium. After treatment with ruthenium red, their diameter increases to 200A. The glomerular basement membrane strongly reacts to ruthenium red. There are many granules approximately 100-200mμ in diameter in the basal part of the podocytes. These granules and fine filaments are supposed to participate in the formation of the glomerular basement membrane.Mesangial cells are found in the intercapillary space surrounded by a basement membrane and at the vascular pole accompanied by capillaries. A juxta-glomerular apparatus cannot be found.


The relationship between the mass transfer in the Earth and vertical deformation can be studied using continuous relative gravimetry and continuous GPS observations. Compared to mobile relative gravimetry and absolute gravimetry, continuous relative gravimetry permits to monitor the whole process of gravity changes and mass transfer, avoiding the problems from low measurement precision and temporal resolution. In this paper, more than 13000 hours gravity data recorded at the Jiufeng seismic station using the superconducting gravimetry (SGC053) are analyzed along with the data of co-located absolute gravimetry, air pressure, vertical displacement of surrounding GPS stations, WUHN IGS site and WHJF site, GRACE monthly time-variable gravity and two global continental water storage models (GLDAS, CPC). Gravity variations affected by solid earth tide, air pressure, pole tide and continental water loading are corrected using the harmonic analysis method, atmospheric pressure admittance model, pole tide model and the correlation analysis with GRACE results and/or water storage models, then instrument drift is also corrected using co-located absolute gravity measurements. Based on the above processing, the relationship between the residual gravity time series and GPS vertical deformation is addressed. The harmonic analysis result for SGC053 gravity records, spanning about one and half years, shows that the white noise is about (1.14~1.40)×10–8 m·s–2 and the tidal factor error of dominant tidal groups reach about 0.10/00. Compared to ocean tide loading (3×10–8 m·s–2), the gravity due to air pressure (12×10–8 m·s–2) and pole tide (10×10–8 m·s–2) is much large. The drift of SGC053, about 2.18×10–8(m·s–2)/a, is estimated using 4 absolute gravity co-located records of FG5-232. The result shows that the residual gravity caused by continental water loading in summer and autumn is about (6~8) × 10–8 m·s–2, by comparing residual gravity variations with both GARCE result and global continental water loading (GLDAS, CPC). Gravity variations corrected by water loading show a perfect negative correlation with the vertical deformation of the GPS station, about 15 km away from SGC053, so as to data in spring and winter. And the vertical crustal deformation is subsidence and the gravity change rate is about 1.79×10–8 (m·s–2)/a. The ratio of the changes in gravity and altitude related to the local vertical crustal movement is about –354×10–8 (m·s–2)/m.


This study attempts a causal examination of the role of state capacity in driving economic performance in a cross-section of China's counties. County governments, among the layers of sub-national governments, are responsible for providing a significant share of the country's public goods and collecting a significant share of its taxes. State capacity at this level is crucial. We use historical variation from wars that spread across ancient counties to identify the impact of state capacity of county governments in modern China. A mediation analysis uncovers specific public investment channels that were impactful. A puzzle we also attempt to resolve is why, despite repressing legal institutions, China has been able to create state capacity. We attempt to view our results through the theoretical lens provided by models developed by Acemoglu (2005) and Besley and Persson (2011), allowing us to both interpret our results and draw their connection to theory.


On the base of a 10-meter ordinary heavy lathe of economy numerical control transformation project in pipe mode manufacturing technology improvement process,the mechanical part,electrical part of the renovation,the programmable controller PLC control and design of the computerized numerical control lathe transformation project are introduced.The solution to improving the large lathe CAM labor efficiency is put forward.


The composite hybrid pipe is a novel structure made of concentric composite multilayer possess improved thermal and mechanical properties better than its original components. At variance experimental analysis, the numerical studies on the structure and behavior of composite hybrid natural fiber reinforced epoxy pipe materials pressurized internally seem lacking. In this study, numerical analysis was carried out for three different stacking plies of composite hybrid natural fiber ±55° basalt and Eglass fiber reinforced epoxy tube which was tested under the subjection for three modes of applied load, the hoop and longitudinal tensile tested as well as subjection under biaxial internal pressures load in accordance to ASTM's standard to investigate the mechanical behavior and the optimal configuration among them. Also, analyzed the comparable three types of hybrid natural fiber (basalt)/Eglass reinforced epoxy with pure ±55° Eglass reinforced epoxy and pure ±55° basalt reinforced epoxy numerically to predict the performance for the hybrid over the pure E-glass and basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composite pipe as a good replacement to meet the different demand of applications in the pressure pipelines. Also The three stacking plies types of hybrid composite pipes were compared with the pure E-glass and basalt fiber reinforced epoxy pipes. All samples were fabricated using a dry filament wound CNC machine with ±55° orientation angle, then infused with epoxy resin using vacuum infusion procedure (VIP). Numerical analysis was carried out using finite element commercial code ANSYS V14.


The present invention relates to a monitoring and maintaining a large number of network elements in the network of a telecommunications network. NE is given in block diagram form of a map or displayed on a graphical user interface. According to the present invention, on the graphical user interface to a network element symbol graphically (41,41A, 42,42A, 43,43A) are given NE performance information, so that operators will be able to find at once the most important for network operators NE, NE or operating worst affected by the failure. According to one embodiment of the present invention, each network element alarm information graphically (36) together with the graphical user interface displayed on the NE symbols, and also displays a representative graphical representation of the performance. In this way, Connectivity Fault Management (FM) and Performance Management (PM), establish a link between the fault and its impact on telecommunications network or network element.


Abstract : It has been suggested that haze and fog may be dissipated by using a 10.6 micron laser beam. This radiation is strongly absorbed by liquid water but only weakly absorbed by water vapor. Thus, the laser selectively deposits its energy in the water droplet, ultimately evaporating it. In this paper, the physics of fog removal by a CO2 laser is explored and the possibility of clearing airport runways is evaluated. While initial estimates of the power required to clear a runway are large for present-day laser devices, they may not be excessive requirements for future systems. (Author)


Summary: The purpose of this article is to present environmental solutions built into the local tax system and the evaluation of local government tax policy from the environmental perspective based on the example of cities with the powiat status in Poland (66 units). The structure of local taxes offers solutions of pro-environmental nature. This, however, refers only to the taxes in the case of which the executive body of local government unit remains the tax authority. The environmental aspect is mostly visible in statutory catalogs of tax exemptions and in determining tax rates, especially regarding motor vehicle tax and, to a lesser extent, also real estate tax and forest tax. Tax policy carried out by the analyzed units should be evaluated in this regard as not particularly active (except for the motor vehicle tax). This partly results from the fact that the stimulating function of taxes remains contrary to their fundamental, i.e. fiscal function.


Cervical cancer is a primary malignant tumor derived from squamous epithelial cells caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Cervical cancer is the 6th leading cause of death in Indonesia and is largely diagnosed at an advanced stage. The study was conducted to find out how to describe the characteristics of patients and the drug administration. This study was used descriptive non-experimental research method with retrospective data collection by probability sampling techniques or simple random sampling. The research subjects are 265 outpatient of Dr.Moewardi hospital in 2016, determined based on a minimum sample used the Slovin formula ( = 5%). Data were taken from medical record and analyzed by calculated percentage of patient characteristics and drug administration. The research results were showed that 63.02% of patients aged 36-45 years (late adult), 44.91% had cervical cancer in stage IIIB, 51.70% had 13 years of menarche, 97.36% had nausea side effects, and 99.62% of patients had not venereal disease history. A total of 49.43% of patients were used a combination of chemotherapy-radiotherapy, 60.00% were used Cisplatin-Paclitaxel chemotherapy regimen. Treatment of side effects of cervical cancer therapy most used ondancetron (64.15%) for handling nausea and vomiting, mefenamic acid (31.70%) for treatment of pain, ceftriaxon (32.83%) for handling infection, B complex vitamin (70.94%) for handling anemia, and diazepam (3.40%) for handling patient anxiety.


AbmuctIn this paper, the Mean-Field Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm has been extended to adaptively train on data containing missing values. In the basic data model for this algorithm each feature vector of a given class contains a class-labeling feature. That is, while training on a data set the Mean-Field Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm labels the unlabeled adapted data, while simultaneously determining those features that provide best classification performance. This has the benefit of improving performance by reducing the data to mitigate the effects of the curse of dimensionality.


similar to Campylobacter than to Salmonella ratios? The total estimated cases of these illnesses would increase by a factor of 40. The inadequacy of simply applying a Salmonellabased multiplier to the number of cases reported from outbreaks can be demonstrated by applying that multiplier to the total number of cases reported in all foodborne disease outbreaks, typically 15,000 to 20,000 per year (3,4). On the basis of these estimates, the number of foodborne illnesses would range from 5.7 million to 7.6 million, including illnesses caused by unknown agents. The authors make similar assumptions for hospitalizations and deaths: unknown agents are estimated to account for 81% of hospitalizations and 65% of deaths due to foodborne illnesses. In a retrospective review of death certificate data similar to that used by Mead and colleagues, Perkins et al. projected the number of unexplained deaths possibly due to infectious diseases they expected to find in the Emerging Infections Program sites (5). Prospectively, a much smaller number of unexplained deaths was actually found, because known causes were identified through a detailed review of the death certificates and cases (6). A prospective examination of death certificates for foodborne diseases might also result in a smaller than expected yield. The need to rely on assumptions to generate estimates highlights the gaps in our understanding of foodborne diseases. A dozen different studies could address these data gaps. However, once the 76 million figure is agreed upon, the perceived need for these studies will decrease. Finally, if these estimates are accepted as reasonable, do current food safety efforts represent sound public policy? If 82% of foodborne illnesses, 81% of hospitalizations, and 65% of deaths are caused by agents we have not yet identified, where is the commitment of resources needed to identify them? If eradicating Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria would reduce the number of foodborne illnesses by only 5%, hospitalizations by 10%, and deaths by 25%, why are these agents the primary focus of our national foodborne disease control efforts? Overestimating the occurrence of foodborne diseases caused by unknown agents may lead us to undervalue the public health importance of these and other well-known agents. Estimating the occurrence of foodborne diseases is daunting. The numerous efforts, including this one by Mead et al., to provide estimates have serious shortcomings. The real challenge is to identify the gaps in our knowledge so that they can be systematically addressed and updated estimates of foodborne illness can be provided to guide prevention efforts and assess the effectiveness of current food safety measures (2).


Despite big advances in understanding the mechanisms of wound healing in vocal fold injury, it still remains unclear which are the decisive factors that lead to a complete restoration or to scarring. Among several other factors, stem cells are believed to play an important role in vocal fold restoration. Side population (SP) cells are considered to contain high numbers of stem cells and have gained great interest in the tissue engineering community. The aim of the following study was to investigate the recruitment pattern of SP cells in a rat vocal fold injury model.


SUMMARY: A control system for an experimental anaerob biogas reactor for production of biogas (methane) fed with leachate from apple waste is presented. The control system is used to stabilize the gas production by controlling the H2 concentration of the gas. Industry standard PI (proportional plus integral) control is used to adjust continuously the reactor feed flow to keep the measured H2 concentration at the concentration setpoint. The controller is tuned from a mathematical model of the process in the form of a transfer function estimated from a stepresponse experiment on the process. The feed flow range demanded by the controller is in the very lower end of the range of the feed pump, causing problems with obtaining the demanded flow. Satisfactory pump control is obtained with Pulse-Width Modulation where the pump is controlled as a binary (On/Off) device with the average flow being equal to the demanded flow. The noisy H2 measurement signal is smoothed with a lowpass filter before being connected to the controller. Remote Internet-based access to the lab PC is implemented.


Regarding design of augmented reality markers and locationbased storytelling, there are several aspects to consider in order to create a deep and engaging user experience. There are various technical and communicative factors to take into account, for example: The markers must be specifically recognizable as markers while they also must be interpretable by image recognition in an augmented reality device. In the midst of this conflict lies a design challenge in which the aesthetic expression and storytelling must fit.This study was conducted as a qualitative case study where scenarios and prototypes have been developed based on theories of design principles for augmented reality and storytelling in different mediums. Design methods including brainstormning and idea logs have been used in the developement. An interview with a potential stakeholder has partly formed the basis for the design work. The produced material has been evaluated through usability testing, observation and interviews with a number of test persons."The Course of Nature" – a locationbased story with accompanying augmented reality markers – was developed as a part of the study. The experience consisted of image, sound, video and animation that brought the user through a suggestive story using GPS locations and markers. As a technical platform the augmented reality application Minnesmark was used.The evaluation showed the importance of how the technology should seamlessly integrate the different elements of the experience, that the markers are given seamfulness and importance in themselves so that they are relevant to the story and not just a technical tool, turning the technical limitations into benefits, that the aesthetic and communicative style is consistent across all parts, the markers, video, images and so on, in order to maintain the user's immersion.


Sometime between the first bifocal glasses and the narrowing of the prostatic urethra, the researcher may develop changes in his investigative capabilities. The nascent researcher is characterized by a flood of bright (if perhaps not original) concepts. This is associated with a paucity of knowledge and experience in accomplishing investigations. The scientist in his prime achieves a happy balance between the development of his original concepts, his knowledge of the field, his ability to accomplish the studies, and available facilities. On nearing mental menopause, the previously successful researcher finds himself in a well equipped laboratory, with capable professional and technical assistants, and with several research grants, some approaching their termination dates. This effective organization stands ready to carry out his bidding. He knows exactly how to carry through the research plan, once conceived. He has extensive experience in research design, project management, result evaluation and manuscript preparation. He has a good general basis of information in the field of his research. With no premonitory symptons, this investigator may develop creeping hypogenesis of ideas. His flow of new concepts dribbles to a halt. The burgeoning literature in his field begins to exceed his grasp in quantity and perhaps in quality. The articles appear more difficult to comprehend. Mathematical equations and chemical formulae appear much more complex than formerly. Perhaps the bright young workers have gone beyond his range of understanding. The scientist becomes concerned about renewing his grants. Perhaps he has a group of loyal technicians who (with their wives and children) have been eating off his grants for twenty years, and whose future now becomes uncertain. Possibly the investigator's own professional status and future depend upon continued research productivity, and are now jeopardized. There are several approaches to this unfortunate situation. The researcher may continue to do the same projects over and over, publishing and reading papers on minor variations to this theme. Some well established men have successfully employed this gambit for many years. It might be well for the investigator to emphasize research administration, rather than personal endeavour. This will conceal his disability and enhance his income and status. If he has professional assistants, perhaps he can ride upon their coattails. He can place his name on their papers and read their accomplishments a t national meetings. He should emphasize the effectiveness and productivity of the


This research aimed to find out whether or not the use of Kahoot game effects students' vocabulary at SMANegeri 2 Majene. The research employed quasi-experimental research method. The subjects of this researchwere two groups, the experimental and control group of tenth grade students at SMA Negeri 2 Mejene. Thedata of this research were analyzed by calculating the data using SPSS 26. The result of the data showed themean scores of experimental group pre-test was 43.20 and the control group 39.77. After both groups obtainedthe treatments, the mean score of both groups increased. The mean score of experimental post-test was 71.09and the control group was 53.03. It was also supported by the result of the independent t-test. The resultshowed that the value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, it means Ho was rejected and H₁ was accepted. Afteranalyzing the data, the researcher found that there were differences of the score between the students whowere taught by using Kahoot Game and the students who were taught by using conventional method. As theresult, Kahoot Game was effective to enrich students' vocabulary at the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 2Majene.


Two indices for strong SSW events are put forward in this paper,according to the WMO standards.Using the NCEP/NCAR reananysis daily temperature and height data at 30hPa level,35 strong SSW events during January to March from 1950 to 2002 are determined.The climate and its anomalous features of SSW events are given,and their formation mechanism is partly explained by the interannual change and abnormality of sunshine and ozone distribution in the mid-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.


Fibroblast-to-matrix attachment sites were studied by routine electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Rabbit antibodies to beagle dog plasma fibronectin and sheep antirabbit antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase or ferritin were used to localize fibronectin at fibroblast-to-matrix attachment sites. In fibroblasts of healthy periodontal ligament, the attachment sites consisted of rectangular patches of amorphous material juxtaposed to the external surface of the plasma membrane. At these sites, the cell membrane was more densely stained and the adjacent cytoplasm was characterized by increased density and a high concentration of cytoplasmic filaments. The extracellular plaques contained fibronectin. Morphometric analysis indicated that the attachment plaques were approximately 90 nm thick, 250 nm wide, and 550 nm long, and distributed uniformly over both the cell body and peripheral cytoplasmic processes. In inflamed gingiva, the attachment sites were larger, irregular in shape, and with greater amounts of extracellular amorphous material and fibronectin associated to the cell surface. Cytoplasmic filaments were more often bundled as stress fibers which terminated in fibronexus-type junctions with extracellular fibronectin-coated filaments.


Family medicine continues to evolve as a team-oriented field of practice. Collaborative primary care in Canada involves family doctors working with midwives, dietitians, pharmacists, physiotherapists, social workers, nurses, chiropodists, and other allied health professionals. As the involvement of


Using the 'split operator' method,we numerically calculated the evolution of a one-dimensional model hydrogen atom interacting with intense ultra-short laser pulse.We concentrate upon the effect of using different initial states on the final ionization.We find that if initial state is in ground state the ionization probability is not large;while if initial state is in the excited states the electron is ionized rapidly.


This paper gives statistical analysis of electrical shock in Korea 2011. In order to acquire electrical shock data, we visited police stations and hospitals and analyzed records of accidents. The results showed that the electrical shock alone caused 49 deaths and 508 injuries. Also, statistics of electrical shock were analyzed according to gender, accident types, and months.


Micro-lecture is the product of the deep integration of information technology and subject teaching. The purpose of micro-lecture teaching is to help students improve their learning efficiency. Therefore, at the beginning of the design of micro-lecture, students' attitudes and specific needs towards micro-lecture should be understood, and the arrangement and design of micro-lecture teaching content should be carried out on this basis. According to the statistical analysis of 241 questionnaires of undergraduate students, undergraduates have an objective demand for micro-lecture teaching and basically have the conditions and ability to learn by using micro-lecture. However, the actual understanding and utilization of micro-lecture still need to be improved. The demand of students for micro-lectures is reasonable time length, clear explanation by teachers, and self-arrangement of learning time. Based on the above user needs, teachers should follow the scientific design concept to design micro-lectures, pay attention to the connection and coordination with traditional classroom teaching, and strengthen the evaluation of students' micro-lecture learning effect. Keywords—micro-lecture; micro-lecture design; teaching results


Human fibroblast (HF) cultures have a finite proliferative potential and have been used as a model for studying the aging process. In the present study the effect of senescence on the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF-R) was examined. Biosynthetic labeling of young and senescent HF cells with [35S]-methionine followed by immunoprecipitation with EGF-R monoclonal antibody revealed the presence of Mr 170,000 EGF-R in cells from both stages. Membranes from young and senescent membranes were isolated and included in phosphorylation reaction with [γ-32P]-ATP with and without addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Autophosphorylation of EGF-R in response to EGF was the same in both young and senescent cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis on the autophosphorylated EGF-R indicated that tyrosine residues were phosphorylated in both cells. In addition, two-dimensional peptide mapping of [125I]-EGF-R from young and senescent cells showed essentially the same pattern. Our results indicate that EGF-R does not undergo significant changes in senescent cells.


This article considers live music policy in relation to wider debates on the cultural (as opposed to instrumental) value of the arts. The findings are based on research into amateur/enthusiast, state-funded and commercial concerts across a range of genres – classical, traditional folk, jazz, singer–songwriter and indie – using the Edinburgh Queen's Hall venue as a case study. We argue that (1) articulations of the cultural or intrinsic value of live music across genres tend to lapse back into descriptions of instrumental value; (2) although explanations vary from audiences, artists and promoters as to why they participate in live music, they also share certain characteristics across genres and sometimes challenge stereotypes about genre-specific behaviours; and (3) there are lessons to be learned for live music policy from examining a venue that plays host to a range of genres and promotional practices.


paganism in the early Christian era (1942), a paganism to which he assigned a large amount of syncretism. A likely breeding ground for such syncretism was tenth-century England, specifically the Danelaw, and in subsequent articles Kuhn argued the existence of various aspects of that syncretism, advancing the argument perhaps farthest in his article "Rund um die Vcluspa" As it may be extrapolated from these articles and others, the argument may be divided into four main parts. 1. The kenning type sverO-Freyr 'sword-Freyr' or 'man' shows a new and less awed attitude toward the gods. The first attestation of the kenning type is in Egill Skallagrimsson's Hofuolausn, which according to tradition was composed in York during the mid-tenth century. 2. The terms alfaoir 'all-father' and sigfaOir 'victory-father' are applied to Odin (Ooinn). They differ fundamentally from the compounds in -fcOr (which Kuhn derives from IE *potis, Gothic faps iord') and suggest influence of the Christian God. SigfaOir is attested in Vcluspa


Contamination in low permeability soils poses a significant technical challenge to in-situ remediation efforts. Poor accessibility to the contaminants and difficulty in delivery of treatment reagents have rendered existing in-situ treatments such as bioremediation, vapor extraction, pump and treat rather ineffective when applied to law permeability soils present at many contaminated sites. The Lasagna technology is an integrated in-situ treatment in which established geotechnical methods are used to install degradation zones directly in the contaminated soil and electro-osmosis is utilized to move the contaminants back and forth through those zones until the treatment is completed. The general concept of the technology is to use electrokinetics to move contaminants from the soils into {open_quotes}treatment zones{close_quotes} where the contaminants can be removed from the water by either adsorption or degradation. The focus of technical task No. 7 was to optimize the conditions required for electro-osmotic movement of contaminants and microbial degradation in the treatment zones. This topical report summarizes the results of aerobic microbial research performed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating the chemical-degrading organisms into biotreatment zones in laboratory-scale electro-osmosis units and to demonstrate the combination of electrokinetics and aerobic microbial degradation for the removal of contaminants from clay. Also included in this report are the results of investigating microbial movement during electro-osmosis and studies involving the optimization of the microbial support matrix in the biozone. The Stanford study was conducted in order to obtain a better understanding of rates of anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of TCE to ethylene and of factors affecting these rates in order to determine the potential for application of TCE biodegradation as part of the Lasagna technology.


The main objective of this paper is to enhance the availability of composite real-time multimedia Web services through load balanced redundant Web Services. The composite real-time multimedia Web service (CRMWS) allows the services to be automatically composed from components of distributed Web services, detecting faults and providing alternate services based on Service Level Agreements (SLA). The reliability of CRMWS is increased by providing quick alternate Web Services through NOT-Shift-AND parallel search algorithm that searches for the availability of Web service in the Web Service Map (WSM). The proposed system architecture for implementing CRMWS for Video-on-Demand shows the effectiveness of these mechanisms that enhance the availability of CRMWS.


Thirty seven percent of the world's energy consumption and 43% of the United States energy consumption comes from oil. Scientists and policy-makers often discuss the question of when the world will reach peak oil production, the point at which oil production is at its greatest and then declines. It is generally thought that peak oil will be reached by the middle of the 21st Century, although making such estimates is difficult because a lot of variables must be considered. Currently world reserves are 1.3 trillion barrels, or 45 years left at current level of production..


A review on the Chinese herbal medicine use for pesticide and its possibility as lead compound as well the feasibility of joint R D of medicine and pesticide.


Interventional trials provide evidence for a beneficial effect of reduced dietary sodium intake on blood pressure. The association of sodium intake with heart failure which is a long‐term complication of hypertension has not been examined.


Abstract : It is a plausible notion that sexual activity contributes to health outcome in a manner beyond merely serving as a mode for transmission of infectious agents. Professional speculation by medical practitioners supports such a notion but next to nothing is known about what sexual pattern leads to what health outcome. As a result, clinicians have little basis from which to render sound guidance on matters having to do with sexuality, and the disciplines of preventive medicine and preventive psychiatry are unable to educate accurately the public on how to adjust or expand sexual practices in order to promote health and ward off chronic disease. To achieve scientific understanding of the relationship, a long-term epidemiologic cohort study that would array the distribution of sexual activity against the distribution of health outcome is suggested. (Author)


The idea of Chinese modern science and technology was formed in the process of Chinese Society, industry and science and technology tranforming to modern times, and was the result of cultural collison and mixture, which displayed in the funtional view of science, the view of opening science, the view of experimental science and the value of science. As Spirit wealth, all of these ideas should be inherited and expanded.