Animal and human studies have shown that nerve stimulation enhances some effects of botulinum toxin (btx A) injection. Voluntary muscle activity might work similarly and would focus the effect of an injection into the active muscles. We studied the effects of exercise immediately after btx A injection in eight patients with writer's cramp with established response to btx A over two injection cycles with a single‐blinded, randomized, crossover design. Immediately after the first study injection, they were randomly assigned to write continuously for 30 min or have their hand and forearm immobilized for 30 min. Following the second injection, they were assigned the alternate condition. Patients were assessed just before each injection, and at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months post‐injection. Assessment included objective strength testing, self‐reported rating of benefit and weakness, and blinded evaluation of videotapes and writing samples of the patients writing a standard passage. Strength testing showed that the maximum weakness occurred at 2 weeks post‐injection, but the benefit was maximum at 6 weeks post‐injection. The "write" condition resulted in greater reduction in strength than the "rest" condition. Btx A treatment led to improvement in self‐reported ratings, writer's cramp rating scale scores by blinded raters, and reduction in writing time, but the differences between the "write" and "rest" conditions were not significant. We conclude that voluntary muscle activity immediately after btx A injection leads to greater reduction in muscle strength. Our findings raise the possibility that voluntary muscle activation may allow reduction of btx A doses and favorably alter the balance of benefit and side effects of btx A injections.


In the history of modern social revolution,family education right,as an important part in education,conflicts with national education right and social education right.The legislative blank for family education right is the root of the conflicts.It is proposed that the problem should be solved with laws balancing the three parts.


The hot compression tests of 25CrMo steel were carried out by Gleeble3500 thermal simulator,the strain-stress curves were studied at the deformation temperature of 950 to 1 100 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01 to 10 s-1. Using the processing maps developed on the basis of dynamic material model DMM,unstable deformation regions were defined. The optimal processing parameter of 25CrMo in the processing maps is that the deformation temperature is about 1 050 to 1 100 ℃ and the deformation rate is 0.1 s-1.


The development of eco-tourism plays a major role in the tourist offer of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as mass tourism is losing in importance and gives way to a segmental tourism and guest structure changes and age. Provides an overview of future activities, and where the potential of the tourist offer lies, as well as an overview of the current situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main objective of this paper is to determine whether eco-tourism impact on economic development, the possibility of evaluation of natural resources and adaptation to the demands of modern tourism. Based on the foregoing subject of research will consider the possibility of organizing modern forms ecotourism. The paper tested the null hypothesis where H0There are no statistically significant differences between the group "Employees" and the "Unemployed" in terms of their attitude in terms of ecotourism. H1There are significant differences between the group "Employees" and the "Unemployed" in terms of their attitude in terms of their position on the eco-tourism.


A device has been constructed which monitors the magnetostriction of magnetic films prepared by vacuum deposition techniques. The substrate upon which the film is deposited is stressed mechanically during deposition, thereby applying alternate tensile and compressive states of strain to the depositing film. A localized alternating magnetic field is employed as an anisotropy orienting field and is used also to switch the state of magnetization of the film. The substrate is strained at a low repetition rate, and the depositing film is switched magnetically at a high rate. The periodic stress application to the film and the associated strain‐induced anisotropy modulate the flux reversal output; the resulting signal is detected by a pickup coil. The phase and amplitude of the modulated signal are a function of the magnetostriction and the corresponding film composition. The monitor is mounted in the vapor path so that a representative film element is deposited on the stressed substrate. Zero magnetostriction ...


The La Mina district is a public housing development. Consisting of 2727 apartments which were built during the years 1968-74 at the height of the building sector boom, it is characterized by the mixture of building types and building methods employed and is remarkable for the use of the tunnel formwork technique. This paper presents and discusses the contents of the technical study which was prepared as a part of the Plan for Transformation and Improvement of the neighbourhood. The Plan provides for the rehabilitation of buildings and the urban reclassification and social regeneration of the neighbourhood, which is highly stigmatized as a problem area. The functional and structural safety conditions, the level of thermal and acoustic insulation, fire protection, accessibility and maintenance conditions were all analysed in detail in the technical study. In addition, several proposals were put forward for interventions aimed at reducing the most glaring deficiencies.


The article analyzes the nationalist opposition in Europe, the problem of the growth of nationalist sentiments in the countries of long democratic tradition, the events on the Maidan and neo-fascist organizations which played a vanguard role in the nationalist revolution in Ukraine, as well as development vectors of a similar situation in Russia and practical recommendations on leveling the threats. The author makes the analysis of the situation of European nationalist movements and parties («Movement for a Better Hungary», «Serbian Progress Party», «Norwegian Progressive Party»), identifies common trends in the nowadays process of the growing political influence of nationalists in Europe.  The article shows the political request of Russian society, expressed through the events on the Manege Square, Russian Marches, support by local electorate of nationalist slogans of some politicians, etc., existence of an institutionalized nationalist movement, the lack of which gives rise to the risks of the development of radical nationalist or neo-Nazi organizations. Based on an analysis of the political practices in Ukraine (the Maidan events, the activities of «Right Sector» organization), the author highlights the threats carried by the nationalist opposition that is not formed within the boundaries of moderate nationalism. In this regard, the article shows the possible risks from the nationalist movements in Russia, and presents a technology that allows to build up the communication between nationalists and the government through direct political dialogue.


Two surveys of nutrients and phytoplankton community variations and so on had been done in August and October in 2010 in Xiamen waters to study the variations of nutrient content and ratios and their impact on phytoplankton community.The results show that limiting nutrient to phytoplankton was PO4-P in Xiamen waters compared with the reports of 1998,and contents of SiO3-Si and DIN were comparatively high.All types of nutrients correlated negatively with salinity,the highest was DIN(r=-0.963 in August and r=-0.971 in October),and the lowest was PO4-P(r=-0.555 in August and r=-0.637 in October).Compared with data from October,the species and abundance of Dinophyta were higher in August.This study suggests that the change of nutrient structure is due to the unbalance of N/P mol ratio(N/P mol ratio was 58.0 and 32.9 in August and October,respectively).With increasing input of nitrogen in the waters from human activities,red tide caused by Skeletonema costatum can occur easily in Jiulong river estuary and surrounding waters.There were high correlations between Skeletonema costatum abundance and NO3-N and SiO3-Si contents.And ratio of cell counts of Dinophyta to Bacillariophyta showed some relations positively with content of NO3-N and N/P mol ratio,which implied that the increasing content of DIN and unbalance of N/P mol ratio could favor the growth of Dinophyta species.It is found that,ratio of Dinophyta to Bacillariophyta cell abundance in Xiamen has positive correlation with nitrate and N/P mol ratio,which may indicate that increased content of inorganic nitrogen and N/P mol ratio,can promote Dinophyta growth in the area.Additionally,Shannon-weaver diversity index from phytoplankton community could be taken as a biological indicator of eutrophication in Xiamen waters.


By analyzing the TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) in mobile IP environment, it is known that the deterioration of transfer performance mainly occurs in handover .In the paper, an adaptive sending rate TFRC is proposed and validated.'


THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION INTENDED TO BE ADMINISTERED NASAL CONTAINS HUMAN ERYTHROPOIETIN AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT FOR TREATING ANEMIA. IT MAY CONTAIN ALSO AN AQUEOUS ETOU NONAQUEOUS, A SURFACTANT AND A RANGE OF PRODUCT.


Typically, the development of gang typologies have used either behaviorally based or structurally based characteristics to develop a classification system of gangs. The current study aims to assess the results of typologies approached from both angles, drawing from the same data source. It also examines whether using a combination of both approaches would prove to be useful. A separate but related aim of this study is to examine the boundaries between self-identified group members and gang members, especially on structural and behavioral characteristics. A hierarchical cluster analysis approach is used to group participants on both behavioral and structural measures using a sample of self-identified gang members (n = 44) and delinquent group members (n = 171). A number of important findings emerged from this analysis. First, the "types" of gangs and groups found were not differentiated based on membership status. Second, patterns found strongly depended on the chosen approach (behavioral or structural), but neither proved to be clearly superior. Instead, the choice between the two depend on the interest of the researcher. Finally, using a mixed approach appears to produce the most accurate picture and it does help differentiate between gang and group members more clearly. Yet, a much more complex picture of gangs and groups emerge, which suggests that a purely behavioral or structural classification may sometimes lead to oversimplification and misdirected policy interventions.


This study analyzes the effect of the restrictions in traffic movement enforced in order to combat the spread of coronavirus on air quality and travel time reliability under heterogeneous and laneless traffic conditions. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine quantity of pollutants, average travel time distributions (TTD), and their associated travel time reliability (TTR) metrics during the COVID-19 pandemic, postpandemic, and during partial restrictions. Pollutants data (PM2.5, NO2, and NOX) and travel time data for selected locations from Chennai City in India were collected for a sample period of one week using Wi-Fi sensors and state-run air quality monitoring stations. It was observed that the average quantity of PM2.5, NO2, and NOX were increased by 433.1%, 681.4%, and 99.2%, respectively, during the postlockdown period. Correlation analysis also indicated that all considered air pollutants are moderately correlated to Wi-Fi hits, albeit to varied degrees. From the analysis, it was also found that average TTD mean and interquartile range values were increased by 47.2% and 105.2%. In addition, the buffer time index, planning time index, travel index, and capacity buffer index associated with these TTD metrics were increased by 148.1%, 63.7%, 42.8%, and 202.9%, respectively, soon after relaxing travel restrictions. © 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.


CHIPS IN UNDER 30 MINUTES Omid Rahmanian and Don L. DeVoe Department of Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA ABSTRACT Here we report a rapid and simple approach to prototyping thermoplastic microfluidics in which a desired microchannel design is simply drawn directly on a thermoplastic substrate using a dry erase marker. The deposited ink selectively masks the substrate for patterned exposed to vapor-phase solvent, resulting in solvent uptake by the thermoplastic substrate and irreversible swelling of the exposed surface. Volumetric expansion of the surface results from rearrangement of mobile polymer chains within the polymer matrix and can be precisely tuned by adjusting the solvent exposure conditions to achieve a desired growth height. Furthermore, at the end of the orogenic growth process, the solvent-permeated surface can be permanently bonded to a cap layer, forming fully enclosed channels. Finally, the water-soluble ink remaining in the channels is simply washed away by a brief water flushing step.


In recent publications the writer has shown that, according to their method of sexual reproduction, the Mucorineae may be divided into two groups-homothallic and heterothallic. In a homothallic species, zygospores are formed from branches of the same mycelium and can be obtained from the sowing of a single spore. In heterothallic species, which probably constitute the large majority of the Mucorineae, zygospores are formed from branches which necessarily come from two different mycelia belonging to sexually opposite races or strains. By sowing a single spore, therefore, one cannot obtain zygospores of a member of the heterothallic group unless the culture becomes contaminated with spores of the opposite strain. Within the last few months, two communications have appeared which claim that the production of the zygospores of Rhizopus is not at all dependent upon the presence of two sexual races; in other words, that on the proper nutrient the zygospores can be obtained from the sowing of a single spore. This laboratory weed, the common bread mold, is the best known species among the mucors and has been used as a type of the heterothallic group. A propos of the article by HAMAKER (Science N. S. 23:7IO. i906), the writer has recently summarized the results of a series of investigations on the sexual condition in this species covering a period of over six years (Science N. S. 24:ii8-I22. i906). Since this was written, the preliminary communication of HAMAKER has been reviewed in the BOTANICAL GAZETTE (42:77. i906) where the detailed formula is repeated for making the corn muffin bread claimed to be a sure medium for the production of the zygospores of this species. It is not the purpose of the writer to repeat what has been said already in regard to the inadequacy of this nutrient theory of zygospore formation. It seems desirable, however, to consider somewhat in detail the paper of NAMYSLOWSKI (Rhizo pus nigricans et les conditions de la formation de ses zygospores: Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovie 676-692. pI. 2I. I906), since this investigator explicitly casts doubt upon the occurrence of heterothallism in any of the Mucorineae and would give the appearance of supporting his conclusions by cultural experiments with Rhizopus.


This action research study reports on Kosovan, English as a Foreign Language, undergraduate students' perceptions of the usefulness and effectiveness of class activities that promote the panning for gold approach (Browne and Keeley 2004) in the process of argumentative writing. The data obtained from a questionnaire, essay evaluation and a focus group, reveal that students show interest in the approach though they do not feel at ease when required to take a decision that calls for systematic evaluation of their thinking in a quest for new answers. It is apparent from the study that, in order for students to think critically and write argumentatively, the panning for gold approach and the principle of inquiry should be integrated across the curriculum or, in a better case scenario, should be an integrated part of daily life. The results have implications for syllabus and classroom practices.


Objective:To study the diagnosis value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) for neck neurilemmoma.Methods:To review 16 cases CT findings of neurilemmoma confirmed by surgery and pathology.Results:The neurilemmoma occurred from carotid space in 14 of 16 cases,vagus nerves in 6 cases,cervical sympathetic nerves in 4 cases,cervical plexus nerve in one and brachial plexus nerve in one case and unknown 4 cases.The density of tumors less than neighborhood muscle with plain scan in 13 cases.There were forword or forword outside displacement with carotid artery and jugular vein,separations of carotid artery and jugular vein were seen in all six tumor from vagus nerves,seven mass growed along with neural stem 14 patients received enhanced scaning.The CT value increased 21-31Hu at the solid partial and no raising at the aera of necrotic or cystic degeneration.Seven cases presented partial cystic degeneration and one entirty cystic wall with calcify.Conclusion:MSCT was helpful for diagnosis of neck meurilemmoma.The key of differentiation of neurilemmoma with other carotid space mass were neoplasms position,shape,the relationship with neighborhood structure,mode of growth,and the density changes after enhanced CT scaning.


An earphone-based electrocardiogram monitor, comprising two pulsed electrode plates (7), two earplugs (1), a capacitor (11), an electrocardiogram chip (10), a transformer (12) and an intelligent terminal (15). The electrocardiogram chip (10) comprises a collector (21), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (22), a digital signal processor (23) and a communication unit (24). Each earplug (1) is separately connected to the input end of the collector (21) for collecting an analog physical sign signal of a user. The output end of the collector (21) is connected to the input end of the ADC (22), and the output end of the ADC (22) is connected to the input end of the digital signal processor (23) for determining, according to a received digital physical sign signal, whether to defibrillate the heart. The output end of the digital signal processor (23) is connected to the input end of the communication unit (24) for transmitting the digital physical sign signal processed by the digital signal processor (23) to the communication unit (24). The input end of the communication unit (24) is connected to the intelligent terminal (15) for storing the digital physical sign signal and providing electric energy to the two pulsed electrode plates (7).


The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory delivers the world's highest energy polarized proton‐proton collisions at a center of mass energy up to 500 GeV and provides a unique opportunity to study the quark and gluon spin structure of the proton and QCD dynamics at high energy scale. RHIC has produced many exiting physics results in recent years. The latest data from RHIC significantly constrain the gluon spin contribution to the proton spin, and the parity violating single spin asymmetry are observed for the first time in W production by both the PHENIX and STAR collaborations. In this report, I present the latest results from the PHENIX and STAR experiments, followed by a brief discussion of the future prospects of transverse physics, particularly on the importance of the unique measurements of Drell‐Yan single spin asymmetry.


A high, number of papers have been published on systems utilizing MIMO (multiple input-multiple output) techniques. Developing hardware real time simulators for MIMO channels is essential in evaluating the performances of signal processing algorithms for MIMO systems. We present a real time simulator platform for MIMO radio channel simulations. Due to real-time requirements a digital hardware-based implementation for an MIMO simulator together with controller software was pursued.


This research analyzes the bankruptcy settlement of baitul maal wa tamwil using two perspectives: positive law applied in Indonesia and Islamic law. The research method used in discussing the problem was by conducting normative-juridical research with the maqashid of the sharia approach. The results showed that the leading cause of the bankruptcy of baitul maal wa tamwil in the Special Region of Yogyakarta was the existence of several general problems internally, which included limitations in material law, human resources, legal culture, and supporting infrastructure. Another factor that also affects bankruptcy is the weakness of the internal control system by the Sharia Supervisory Board and externally by the Agency of Cooperative. The ideal settlement of the bankruptcy of baitul maal wa tamwil is the arrangement of a new bankruptcy regulation to accommodate the various rules still spread in several existing laws and regulations.


Eight Tones is the highlight and the brand of Buyi culture.And it is a powerful spiritual pillar of a national development,spiritual support,thoughts and feelings.Bayin singing by sitting reflects the Buyi's pursuit of the brightness and beauty,yearning for harmony over thousands of years.Eight tones shows a kind of great charm of art.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Human Papillomavirus(HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53, p16, E-cadherin, COX-2, MLH1 and MYC in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred OSCC specimens were submitted to in situ hybridization for HPV and EBV, and immunohistochemistry for detection of the human proteins.

RESULTS
Thirty-one cases showed HPV in tumor tissue. EBV was not detected in any case investigated. The HPV(+)group demonstrated an increase of staining scores for nuclear p16(p=0.047), cytoplasmic MYC(p=0.002), while a decrease for nuclear MLH1(p=0.048), suggesting that HPV may upregulate the expression of the first two proteins and down-regulate the latter.

CONCLUSION
Our findings reinforce the hypothesis of the HPV-related oral carcinogenesis involving the expression of p16 and MYC, and MLH1 suppression. Exclusively cytoplasmic stainings for p16, MLH1 and MYC were also associated with more advanced tumors. Finally, in view of the lack of studies correlating the HPV or EBV infection to the expression of oncoproteins, more researches assessing a broader panel of markers and employing different approaches are still necessary in order to understand the role of these viruses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of oral carcinomas.


In this work we present a mechanism that allows finding errors in real-time systems due to misinterpretations of temporal properties specified by a designer. Properties of such systems are described by patterns in a temporal logic. Counterexamples are generated by a model checker from a set of proposed mutant formulas. These counterexamples can then be used to generate test cases for the system implementation.


This research project studies the real and the ideal in Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote from a Hegelian dialectic perspective. Hegel's framework of thesis, antithesis and synthesis is applicable to the analysis of the opposing themes of idealism and realism in the novel. Three main questions have been dealt with: First, what makes up Don Quixote's idealism? Second, what are the main components of realism that stand in his way? Third, what is the outcome of the interaction between the ideal and the real? The study has managed to answer its key research questions: First, idealism in the novel is exemplified by Don Quixote who believes in chivalry principles as unquestionably truthful and genuine. Second, realism is mainly represented by Sancho and the characters that are concerned with immediate practical preoccupations and material matters. Third, Quixote's application of his version of idealism witnesses a transfer towards a concession to the real world that, in turn, makes a significant transference to reconcile with Don Quixote's ideals. Applying the thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectic approach to analyze conflicting themes is a productive exploration of literature.


The application relates to a lancing device (1) for obtaining samples of body fluid, said device comprising: a base body (3), on one longitudinal end (6) of which a removable cap (12) having a positioning surface (8) with an exit opening (7) is arranged; a lancet cartridge (4) for receiving at least one lancet (5) which is held in an exchangeable manner in the base body (3); and a drive device (14) for moving a lancet (5) held in the lancet cartridge (4) back and forth along the longitudinal axis (2), said lancet being positioned in the cartridge in such a way that its tip can emerge from the exit opening (7) during the movement back and forth. The lancet cartridge (4) has a locking element (30) and the cap (12) has an unlocking element (31) designed to engage in the locking element (30).


Conceptual modeling is a broad practice encompassing knowledge organization, domain modeling, and knowledge representation. It is best understood not as a scientific process of discovery, but as a constructive process of language design. This constructive process involves both explicating differences of meaning implicit in some discursive tradition and revising those differences to improve that tradition. Understood this way, conceptual modeling can serve as the basis for a paradigm of information research and practice that does not reproduce fundamental asymmetries between researchers and the people they study, or between practitioners and the people they serve. Progress within this paradigm will involve combining methods from what have up to now been different traditions or modes of conceptual modeling. It will require paying closer attention to the historical and structural dimensions of discursive traditions and reimagining the function of critique.


The commercial automatic software is what commodity are bought、sold、moved and managed by computer.Through the research and analysis of the reliabilty, the six aspects:codes,the times of the consumers' mistake login,the effectiveness of the input data, standardization, the rightness of mistake presentation,the copy and retrieval of data have problems which threaten automatic reliability. It can been resolved reliatively through its tactic .


This article deals with the normative trajectory of the constitutional right to a quality education, in the interdisciplinary perspective of Education and Law. It is linked to the activities of Master's Research in School of Education by Unesp – FCLAr and to the interdisciplinary studies of the Research Group on Educational Public Policies in Brazil, presented orally in the XII EIDE – Ibero-American Meeting of Education in Alcala in Spain. On methodological basis of qualitative research in education articulated to the hypothetical deductive methodology and argumentative-dialectical juridical analysis with emphasis on documental research with legal basis. It was prioritized to address the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (CF), the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) and the Law of Basic Guidelines of Education – Law 9.394/96 (LDB). It is worth noting the social relevance of this issue, it was approached the importance in the training of legal professionals iterated on the subject for the effective realization of this subjective public right and the quality indicators for the community.


The visual evoked potential (VEP) is a routinely used and extremely valuable tool in both research and clinical settings for the evaluation of visual sensory and perceptual processing. A method for rapidly and continuously measuring the visual evoked response would be of great scientific benefit. We describe a method which facilitates the rapid acquisition of a VEP with a complete temporal profile and high SNR. This is accomplished by smoothly modulating the luminance of a visual stimulus using underlying Gaussian noise waveforms to rapidly estimate the time-domain impulse response, termed VESPA (Visually-Evoked Spread Spectrum Response Potential).

Despite their unobtrusive nature, the richness of the stimuli accelerates the process of response acquisition compared to conventional binary stimuli. Furthermore these non-saturating stimuli may have the advantage of being more sensitive to changes in brain state. This method, which we show to be useful in evoking visual responses, could be extended to other modalities, especially audition. By investigating the difference in responses obtained when stimulating both modalities with the same spread spectrum waveform and with different waveforms the method described in this study may have significant impact on experiment design for research into multisensory integration.


In animals and mammalian cells, protein function can be analyzed by nucleotide se‐ quence-based methods such as gene knockout, targeted gene disruption, CRISPR/Cas, TALEN, zinc finger nucleases, or the RNAi technique. Alternatively, protein knock‐ down approaches are available based on direct interference of the target protein with the inhibitor. Among protein knockdown techniques, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) intrabodies are potent molecules for protein knockdown in vitro and in vivo. These molecules are in‐ creasingly used for protein knockdown in living cells and transgenic mice. ER intra‐ body knockdown technique is based on the retention of membrane proteins and secretory proteins inside the ER, mediated by recombinant antibody fragments. In con‐ trast to nucleotide sequence-based methods, the intrabody-mediated knockdown acts only on the posttranslational level. In this review, the ER intrabody technology has been compared with the RNAi techni‐ que on the molecular level. The generation of intrabodies and RNAi has also been dis‐ cussed. Specificity and off-target effects (OTE) of these molecules as well as the therapeutic potential of ER intrabodies and RNAi have been compared.


A longitudinal force estimation based on wheel dynamics and unscented Kalman filter is proposed in this report to address the difficulties in the conventional tire-based approaches. Although it seems that implementation of a tire model in the estimation procedure should result in more accurate results, especially for non-linear regions, complexities in identifying the tire parameters due to the variation of the road and tire conditions leads to inaccurate results for harsh maneuvers on slippery roads. Moreover, the estimation process requires reliable measurements and this necessitates utilizing dynamic models with feasible measurements. Consequently, wheel dynamics is employed to extend the fidelity of the algorithm. For such a model, wheel speeds as reliable and feasible measurements are available. In this strategy, the complex tire-road interaction can be discarded since the wheel speeds are being observed by wheel sensors and the values of the effective torques are provided by motor drives then the longitudinal forces at each individual corner of the vehicle can be estimated independently. Experimental and simulation results confirm the validity of the algorithm in slippery road conditions as well as normal conditions. The newly developed structure has a strong potential to be integrated with other state estimation, such as longitudinal/lateral velocities and lateral forces.Copyright © 2014 by ASME and General Motors


Nanocrystallines of metal-organic framework[Zn6(OH)3(BTC)3(H2O)3]·7H2O(Zn-MOF,BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) coated with SiO2nanotubes( SNTs) were synthesized by a simple onestep ultrasonic route. ZnO / C / SNTs hybrid composites were produced by thermolysis of Zn-MOF / SNTs in N2environments,then the drug assemblies of Zn( IBU)2/ C / SNTs were synthesized by the reaction of ibuprofen(HIBU) and ZnO/C/SNTs. The morphology and structure of nanoparticle were characterized by transmission electron microscopy( TEM),high resolution transmission electron microscopy( HRTEM),Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results show that the Zn-MOF/SNTs have clear core-shell structure with rod-like shape,same-sized and well-dispersed. The as-prepared SNTs have better structure stability and the morphologies remain unchangeable after calcination. The results demonstrated that the drug loading was about 752 mg / g,and the drug assemblies had an excellent pH responsive behavior.


Washback has become an increasingly prevalent and prominent phenomenon in education - what is assessed becomes what is valued, which becomes what is taught. Although many researchers suggest frequent tests as a means of positive washback, others oppose this idea. But what is clear is that many scholars have attempted to provide guidelines in order to achieve positive washback. The present study tried to investigate the effects of the frequency of TOEFL iBT as Quizzes on students' real-life L2 reading comprehension tasks. The participants of this study were 201 intermediate Iranian language students who were randomly selected and divided into three groups. The first group received 10 TOEFL iBT Reading Comprehension tests, i.e. one Reading Comprehension test for every unit of their textbook every session. The second group received five TOEFL iBT Reading Comprehension tests, i.e. one test for every two units of the same textbook every other session. The third group received no tests at all. The performance of the subjects showed that frequent TOEFL iBT Reading Comprehension tests had positive effect on learning. Better performance of the group who received fewer tests revealed that although giving tests was associated with better performance, the amount of improvement (t-observed) was reduced from 14.4 to 11.26 as the number of tests was increased.


This thesis thoroughly discusses the idea, purpose, contents, forms and methods of teaching, testing criterion, and the teacher's professional knowledge range in the domain of vocal music teaching. To meet the requirements of the reforms in the teaching of vocal music in colleges and universities, the author advances his arguments that the reforms must be systematic.


Data mining technique has become interesting because of identifying patterns and trends from large collections of data. It is known that the collection and analysis of data that includes personal information of an individual may violate privacy of to whom the information refers. After obtaining this data pattern it is shared among various organizations to improve its services. While sharing the information among the organizations, it may be misused. To overcome this, Access Control Mechanism is used to protect sensitive information from unauthorized user. But still privacy preserving mechanisms is not applied to ensure the privacy of shared information. To ensure the privacy, Top-Down heuristic is applied with kd -tree partitioning. This approach is limited only to static data release not for incremental data. That is it is assumed that a whole dataset is available at the time of data release. To address this issue anonymization approach with generalization and range tree partitioning is applied on incremental data which can enhance security and privacy policies.


To assess the safety and feasibility of early single‐dose mitomycin C (MMC) bladder instillation after robot‐assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RARNU) at a tertiary kidney cancer centre. RARNU with bladder cuff excision and subsequent MMC bladder instillation to reduce recurrence risk is the 'gold standard' for high‐risk upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC). We adapted a RARNU technique with precise distal ureteric dissection, bladder cuff excision and watertight bladder closure.


This home video documents Kathy and George Randle visiting Kathy's parents, Gerald and Ruby, in Arkansas. The footage includes visits to Grand Gulf State Park, Mammoth Spring, Spring Lake Baptist Church, and their return to their home in Balch Springs, Texas.


This is an attempt to elucidate Walter Benjamin's enigmatic essay "The Translator's Task," followed by an analysis of two approaches to its meaning: the philological-historical, represented by Peter Szondi, and the deconstructionist, applied by Paul de Man and Barbara Johnson. In spite of the radical difference between the two, they are surprisingly shown to meet in their final assessment of Benjamin's intended meaning.


Barry Brody is chair of the Social Studies Department and Alan J. Singer is a social studies teacher at Franklin K Lane High School, Woodhaven, New York. In Sep tember 1990, Singer will be a professor in the School of Education, Hofstra Univer sity, Long Island, New York. Franklin K. Lane is a community zoned high school serving work ing class areas of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. Its student body is ra cially and ethnically integrated. The largest student population groups are Puerto Ricans and whites, but there are also significant numbers of American blacks, West Indians, Chinese, other Hispanics, and East Indians from the Caribbean and Asia. The Social Studies department con tinually searches for ways to involve students in thinking about and under standing history and our world today. The Franklin K. Lane High School Oral History Project and Magazine of History successfully motivated students in our regular New York State "regents" track senior American History classes to learn about the Great Depression, World War II, the problems of workers in modern America, and the problems confronting immigrants and ethnic minorities. As part of the oral history project, class committees draw up an interview schedule often to twenty questions sub mitted by each student. The committees eliminate duplicate questions and sort the remaining questions into three cate gories: biographical, historical, and opin ion questions. Students are free to design their own questionnaire or use the class interview schedule for their assignment. Interview subjects must be a mini mum of sixty years old. Students are encouraged to interview grandparents or other relatives, however, older staff members have been lined-up as emer gency back-up subjects. The goal is an open-ended interview using the questions to encourage inter viewees to tell stories about their past. While students can submit the interview


57 ABSTRACT The peak voltage of each discharge pulse is measured and, if the voltage of the pulse exceeds a high thresh old value, there is also measured the time between the passing of that value and the moment the pulse volt age thereafter drops below a second lower threshold value. The two measurements are expressed in pulses that are combined, preferably by addition, to provide a regulating value, whose deviation ("error") from a standard value is predicted for a coming period, taking account of recent electrode position change as well as regulating value trend. The sign of the predicted error determines in which direction the electrode drive motor will be energized, but if the predicted error is less than a threshold value no motor energization oc curs until the next error prediction. The sense in which the regulation operates is so defined that at a time when the electrodes are not already in relative movement an increase in the regulating value, at least if it persists, causes the electrodes to be moved closer together.


Suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth and young adults in the United States.1 Approximately 50% of all suicides in this group involve the use of firearms.1 During the most recent decade for which official data are available, the rate of suicide by firearms among individuals aged 14 to 24 years steadily increased from 4.3 per 100 000 in 2009 to 6.6 per 100 000 in 2018.1 In this issue of JAMA Network Open, Bhatt and colleagues2 present findings from their study examining the association of changes in firearm suicide rates among youth (aged 14-18 years) and young adults (aged 19-24 years) with changes in 2 specific firearm policies in Missouri, ie, repealing the handgun permit-to-purchase (PTP) law in 2007 and lowering the legal age for obtaining a concealed carry permit in 2011 (from age 23 years to 21 years) and 2014 (from age 21 years to 19 years). Using the synthetic control method, they reported that repealing the PTP law was associated with a 5.2% decrease in firearm suicide rates among youth and a 21.8% increase in that outcome among young adults. Lowering the legal age for obtaining a concealed carry permit in 2011 was found to be associated with a 5.0% and 13.5% decrease in firearm suicide rates among youth and young adults, respectively. In contrast, the change in 2014 was associated with a 32.0% and 7.2% increase in firearm suicide rates among youth and young adults, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of considering the mechanisms by which firearm policies are intended to exert an effect on firearm injury and violence. A robust body of evidence indicates that reduced access to lethal means saves lives. The central question is whether the changes in policies examined by Bhatt and colleagues2 can meaningfully increase exposure and access to firearms among youth and young adults. Many youth and young people already have access to both handguns and long guns in their home without having to purchase a firearm.3 Among homes with children, 34% contain at least 1 firearm; of those households, only 29% store all firearms unloaded and locked.4 Importantly, 41% of adolescents living in homes with a firearm report that they can easily access it.5 In the presence of PTP laws, it is conceivable that the additional time required to obtain a firearm could restrict access to firearms during times of suicidal crisis among young adults who do not already own a firearm. Prior studies examining the repeal of the PTP law in Missouri have found it associated with increases in firearm suicide rates, including an investigation6 with a longer follow-up time that reported a 23.5% increase during the decade after that policy change. Notably, 1 of those studies7 specifically conducted a subgroup analysis among individuals aged 20 to 29 years and did not find the association to be more pronounced in that group than what was observed among the full population of Missouri. It is not clear why repealing the PTP law would affect firearm suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 18 years. Licensing requires robust vetting procedures and increases the real cost of purchasing firearms with additional time commitments and fees6; therefore, one may postulate that repealing the PTP law could increase the availability of household firearms and in turn elevate firearm suicide rates among youth. However, Bhatt and colleagues2 report that repealing the PTP law was associated with a decrease in firearm suicide rates among youth. This finding should be interpreted with caution, especially considering the lack of traditional measures of uncertainty when using the synthetic control approach. If not explained entirely by chance, one would want to understand why the consequences of repealing the PTP law might be qualitatively in different directions for individuals aged 14 to 18 years compared with those aged 19 to 24 years. This repeal does not seem to coincide with additional safety measures at home for families with youth, questioning the mechanism behind these seemingly opposing associations. + Related article


Despite a continuous improvement of obstetric care, progressive usage of the latest instrumental and functional methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention, the number of normal deliveries reduced to 10–20%. This is due to a continuous increase in the incidence of extragenital diseases and various pathologies inwomen during pregnancy. There were analyzed 250 caesarean sections. In women with a scar on the uterus, the increased number of extragenital diseases was found. In general, the cases of extragenital pathology were diagnosed 1.8 times more often as compared to obstetric one. Obstetricpathology, thatoccurs on the background of other exacerbatedsomatic diseases, negatively impacts clinical and perinatal outcomes. Key words: сesarean section, somatic and obstetric morbidity.


【Various forms of wearable bio-signal monitoring systems have been developed recently. Acquisition of stable bio-signal data for health care purposes needs to be unconscious and continuous without hindrance to the users' daily activities. The garment type is a suitable form of a wearable bio-signal monitoring system; however, motion artifacts caused by body movement degrade the signal quality during the measurement of bio-signals. It is crucial to stabilize the electrode position to reduce motion artifacts generated when in motion. The problems with motion artifacts remain unresolved despite their significant effect on bio-signal monitoring. This research creates a foundation for the design of garment-type wearable systems for everyday use by finding a method to reduce motion artifacts through modular design. Two distinct garment-type wearable systems (tee-shirt with a motion artifact-reducing module (MARM) and tee-shirt without a MARM) were designed to compare the effects of modular design on the measurement of heart activity in terms of electrode position displacement, signal quality index value, and morphological quality. The tee-shirt with MARM showed superior properties and yielded higher quality signals than the tee-shirt without MARM. In addition, the tee-shirt with MARM showed a better repeatability of the heart activity signals. Therefore, a garment design with MARM is an efficient way to acquire stable bio-signals while in motion.】


Brain Tumor Segmentation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become an emergent research area and it plays an important role in the field of medic al imaging system and it is most significant. This research paper proposes a method for MR image brain tumor segmentation based on dual tree Discrete Wavelet transform and Region Growing algorithm. The given MR image is converted to grayscale after that it performs a de-noi sing process for grayscale image by using median filter. The MR image has been enhanced using the filter and apply the dual tree DWT. Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied to MRI images because wavelets provide frequency information as well as time-space localization. In this process, the tumor part is segmented using reg ion growing algorithm. This segmentation algorithm provides exa ct detection of tumor, since it involves seeding pr ocess. Finally the tumor image has been segmented which shows the efficiency of the output. The experimental results shown by the proposed method is effective in segmentation of MR image. In this paper, evaluate the well-known p urpose image quality metrics, like Mean, Median and Standard Deviation.


The synthesis and structural aspects of a new dinuclear silver (I) complex with malonamide type ligand (L) is reported. Each Ag ion in the [Ag2L2(NO3)2]·H2O complex is coordinated to two ligands, L, each acting as a bridged ligand via its two pyridine arms; Ag(I) acts as a connector between them. Two types of Ag-ligands close contacts were detected: Ag–N1, Ag–N4 from the two L units, and Ag–O5, Ag—O6 from the two nitrate anions, wherein both the nitrate ions are inside the cage formed by the [Ag2L2] unit. The coordination geometry around each Ag(I) is a distorted tetrahedron. The [Ag2L2(NO3)2] complex units are connected by weak intermolecular C—H…O interactions. The different intermolecular interactions were quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis. Using two DFT methods (B3LYP and WB97XD), the nature and strength of the Ag–N and Ag–O interactions were described using atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. Topological parameters indicated that the strength of the two Ag–N bonds was similar, while that of the two Ag–O interactions were significantly different. Moreover, the Ag–N interactions have a predominant covalent character, while the Ag–O interactions are mainly ionic. The NBO analysis indicated that the most important anti-bonding Ag-orbital in these interactions has an s-orbital character.


In 1901 the anarchist assassination of President McKinley aroused tremendous anger throughout the United States and was the catalyst for diplomatic efforts to coordinate transatlantic measures against the anarchists. Why, then, did America refuse to sign the St. Petersburg Protocol on international anti-anarchist police cooperation agreed to in 1904 by much of continental Europe? This article seeks to answer that question as well as to chart the little-known role in the war against anarchism of the Secret Service and, beginning in 1910, of the nascent Bureau of Investigation.


When the N - 1 criterion was applied before, the majority cases were from the point of view of dynamic and static stability of power system, and it is seldom to consider from the types of N-1, equipment and tnne effect. The paper analyzes the classification of N -1 condition, time effect and the characteristics of N - 1 occurred for each kind of equpnent. The suggestions for the applicability principles of the N -1 criterion in generation, transmission and distribution side and user side are presented.


There has been a tendency by mainstream anatomy books to describe anatomical structures using ''familiar and easily recognizable objects'' (Drake et al., 2005; Snell, 1995; Standring et al., 2005), such as an almond seed (for an ovary; Snell, 1995) and a quill (for a thoracic duct; Gray, 1918). Objects found in ancient Greece were used widely in anatomy (Roberts, 1971; Patatas, 2008). Hill (2009) has advocated for more modern terms like ''PDA (personal digital assistant) stylus'' and ''iPod-sized''. The distribution of seeds, fruits, and animals differs across the world and references to them, to shed light on a concept, may make it more difficult to understand for students from a different region. Most of the widely used anatomical texts have been written by authors from developed regions (Drake et al., 2005; Snell, 1995; Standring et al., 2005) and have used examples of everyday objects found in their respective regions. However, the use of obsolete and modern everyday objects to describe anatomical structures will disadvantage most of students in developing countries, who might have never come across the ''everyday objects''. Anatomy is generally taught to first-year university students. Learning new information frequently involves building up knowledge from previously acquired knowledge and the process may involve using examples from everyday things. Frequently, the new vocabularies learned are used in the subsequent years. Terms like almond or quill are hardly used in the subsequent years of the medical training of students from developing countries. Moreover, it is not always clear whether the reference refers to the texture, size or shape. There are no easy substitutes. The scientific notation, which is extensively used in physics and engineering, could be used more frequently in the field of anatomy. Organs can be simply and unambiguously described for example, as 2 cm 3 4 cm 3 8 cm in size and weighing 30 g. The use of inexact measurements can be encouraged in two circumstances. First, in a local setting to students who understand the everyday object? For example, ''vuvuzela'' can be used to describe the shape of the esophagus and pharynx to any group of students in South Africa. A ''vuvuzela'' is a musical instrument that is widely used by football fans to cheer their team in South Africa and will be widely used at the upcoming 2010 football World Cup tournament. Secondly, for a world-wide audience or readership, objects that are widely found around the world in a standardized size can be used, for example, a matchstick or chicken egg. I made an interesting visit to the online shop selling iPods (iPod, 2009) in search of ''an iPod-like size.'' Behold, there were 31 different iPod sizes, ranging from 10.7–140 g (512 MB to 160 GB)!


With the reforming of administration,administrative ethics,as a new science for studying public administrative ethics construction,become more and more focused by the international society. Currently,there are many reasons for administrative ethics,which are the influence of political reform and practice,international administrative ethics theoretic research tide,and the reflection and lessons of pro- ruption accidents and so on.Examining the reasons for the rise of administrative ethics is helpful to mastering the concept and whole logic of administrative ethics and deepening the understanding of its historic background and thought origin and is helpful to correctly evaluating its real and potential role.


PURPOSE: To obtain a video output signal of the noninterlace scanning system in which noise is reduced by reducing the entire circuit elements. CONSTITUTION: A 1st processor (20-40) receives a video input signal Y2 of the noninterlace scanning system and produces an output signal Y10, including a high frequency component Y11 subject to coring processing and a low-frequency component Y12 subject to frame cyclic filter processing. The 1st processor also produces low-frequency signals Y18, Y20 having a different delay from the low-frequency component Y12 and subject to frame cyclic filter processing. A 2nd processor 50 produces a video difference signal Y26 between a low-frequency component Y9 of a current line and a low-frequency component Y24 from at least one preceding line. An output circuit 60 selectively synthesizes the video difference signal Y26 and the output signal Y10 to produce an output signal Y15.


A 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation software was developed. The visual electric field distribution and the voltage signals in time domain of the microstrip bends with different miters are obtained based on the electromagnetic field information provided by FDTD simulation. The relation of the reflection parameter versus miter size and frequency by curve fitting reveals that the optimal cut size has the decreasing trend to 0.5 with the frequencies increasing. The optimal miter scheme is practical when the operation frequency has to be taken into account.


Objective. Life–course researchers suggest that changes in local life circumstances explain changes in criminal activity in adulthood. Although the extent to which local life circumstances propel offenders toward/away from criminal behavior is a subject of considerable debate, the issue of race has largely been ignored. The objective in this research is to incorporate race into a life–course perspective that examines the influence of changes in life circumstances on changes in criminal activity. Methods. This objective is met by using longitudinal data on 524 parolees released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) who were followed for seven consecutive years after release. Results. The results suggest that changes in local life circumstances are related to changes in criminal activity, but do not eliminate the race/crime relationship for violence. At the same time, the effect of local life circumstances on criminal activity appears more similar than different across race, with the exception that common–law marriages are crime–generating among nonwhites as compared to whites. Conclusions. Because race continues to be associated with criminal activity over the life course, future research should increase efforts to better understand how race might condition life circumstances when influencing criminal activity. Implications of these findings for life–course theory are discussed.


OVER the past 20 years, Carole Rogers's practice has run a succession of ambulances, which, from relatively modest beginnings, have become considerably more sophisticated. As she explains, the investment has proved well worthwhile in terms of customer service and practice promotion.


The results of a study of the bifurcation diagram of the Hindmarsh–Rose neuron model in a two-dimensional parameter space are reported. This diagram shows the existence and extent of complex bifurcation structures that might be useful to understand the mechanisms used by the neurons to encode information and give rapid responses to stimulus. Moreover, the information contained in this phase diagram provides a background to develop our understanding of the dynamics of interacting neurons.


In the power system state estimation, it is usually supposed that process and measurement models and grid parameters are completely and accurately known. Unfortunately, in real scenarios, this does not hold true. For instance, grid parameters may be uncertain for various reasons (lack of documentation, parameter variation due to weather conditions, heating, etc.). In these cases, state estimation techniques that take into account the parameters uncertainty can be used. A potential solution is to identify the parameters in a first step, and then estimate the state in a second step. In view of the deployment into real power systems, these methods have to be capable of being executed in real-time. The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of such approaches with respect to estimation accuracy.


The technology of super_speed external type pulse dashing filter bag dust removal is applied to dust removal for blast furnace gas, due to its high_speed filter, good dashing result, long_life of bag, high_efficiency dust removal, less reform investment, fast effect etc., it is superior to the performance of traditional internal type pressurized back_blowing dust removal, therefore, and is propitious to modification of the existing internal type filter bag dust collector and holds the obvious results of social environment and economic benefits. The character of the technology facilities, the condition of the modification and application for the system has been introduced emphatically, and the result of motion has been analyzed in this article.


Abstract: To examine the role of cyclic AMP in the process of catecholamine release experiments have been performed with cultures of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Elevated potassium (56 mM) and carbamylcholine (carbachol, 10–4M) cause rapid increases in cyclic AMP levels in the cultures that show a time course similar to that of evoked dopamine release. These secretogogueinduced increases in cyclic AMP levels are well correlated with release in terms of relative magnitude and calcium dependence. Forskolin (a direct activator of adenylate cyclase) causes dose‐related increases in cyclic AMP levels in PC12 cell cultures that are synergistic with those caused by either elevated potassium or carbachol. At low concentrations forskolin significantly increases evoked release, whereas at higher concentrations it increases both spontaneous and evoked release. These results suggest that cyclic AMP may be involved in the process of dopamine release from PC12 cells in culture.


Aim: While skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) can be performed in patients with stage II-III breast cancer, the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on SSM rates and reconstructive modalities in these patients is not known. Methods: Between January 2007 and December 2009, 409 immediate breast reconstructions (IBRs) were performed in patients with Stage II-III breast cancer. Data were collected on preoperative, operative, and postoperative factors. Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between clinical stage of disease and the utilization of SSM or non-SSM ( P P vs . 3.1 cm, P P = 0.001, P Conclusion: We are increasingly considering NAC to be an important tool to potentially reduce the morbidity of mastectomy, including the need to resect breast skin, which can subsequently enhance reconstructive outcomes in patients with clinical stage II and III breast cancer. Specifically, our data suggest that NAC patients with stage II and III breast cancer and larger tumors can reliably and safely undergo SSM in nearly half of cases, thus improving reconstructive outcomes and patient well-being.


In yacht design, the issue concerning the mobility of people on board represents one of principal problems to deal both from the technical point of view than functional. To this is added another factor: the consideration of characteristics and specificity of users when they move away from the definition of "standard user". On this side, the Design for All (DfA) Approach try to respond to the meaning of human diversity considering abilities and different psychophysical conditions of possible users as point of strength for the design of products and services usable by everyone. This paper presents the results of a design experimentation conducted through the DfA Approach on a 10 meters daysailer that suggests sustainable solutions in order to facilitate the mobility on board and the navigation.


Vedic mathematics is a system of ancient Indian mathematics, which has a unique technique of solutions based on only 16 sutras or formulae. This technique is very useful for performing tedious mathematical operations at a very fast rate. Motivated by this ancient mathematical system, a high speed low power 8-bit digital multiplier has been proposed in this paper based on Vedic multiplication algorithms with a very efficient low power 16 nm technology. To establish the superiority of the proposed design over the existing techniques, the performance of the designed multiplier has been compared with the performances of the multipliers designed with Multiple Channel CMOS (McCMOS) technology and 65 nm technology. All the simulations have been carried out using T-Spice simulation environment. Simulation results shows that the Power Delay Product of the proposed 8 bit Vedic multiplier using 16nm technology is much lesser as compared to the other technologies as mentioned above and thus outperforms them. The proposed technique will be very useful for designing low power high speed ALU unit in future.


In order to meet the requirement of safety, quality, economy in actual operation dispatching of power plant reserve capacity in the Hubei Power Grid, the paper analyzed the pros and cons of several different hydro-power and steam power combination modes and peak load regulation modes, based upon the different operation character, and gave out the optimal allocation of the Hubei Power Grid reserve capacity. On the basis of ensuring the Hubei Power safety, it raised the Hubei Power economical character and energy quality, and gave out the suggestions and methods to ensure the principal of equality, justness and openness.


'Xueji' is the earliest educational monograph in ancient China, and is a round-up of Chinese ancient education thoughts, which systematically discusses the educational system, educational objective and teaching methods ,etc. The quintessence of this monograph is the theories of educational principles, which can still be inherited and used for reference in modern Chinese education.


A converter equipped with: a first transistor (Q1) connected between a first output terminal (T1) and an input terminal (T0); a second transistor (Q2) connected between the input terminal (T0) and a second output terminal (T2); first and second diodes (D1, D2) connected in anti-parallel to the first and second transistors (Q1, Q2); and a bidirectional switch including third and fourth transistors (Q3, Q4) and third and fourth diodes (D3, D4), and connected between a third output terminal (T3) and the input terminal (T0). The first and second diodes (D1, D2) and the third and fourth transistors (Q3, Q4) are formed from a wide-bandgap semiconductor, while the third and fourth diodes (D3, D4) and the first and second transistors (Q1, Q2) are formed from a semiconductor other than the wide-bandgap semiconductor.


With teleteaching in Germany becoming more popular with cooperating, merging, or multi-site universities, a project at the University of Duisburg-Essen is dedicated to the communicative research of videoconferencing. Empirical as well as theoretical findings show the need for participants to adapt to specific patterns and characteristics of videoconferencing. A work-inprogress report shows current as well as future activities focused on training i nstructors in a teleteaching setting.


This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that this article may contain tortured phrases [1], masking overlap of other work [2]. IOP Publishing has investigated in line with the COPE guidelines, and agree this article should be retracted. IOP Publishing wishes to credit the Problematic Paper Screener for bringing the issue to our attention. The authors agree to this retraction. [1] Cabanac G, Labbe C, Magazinov A, 2021, arXiv:2107.06751v1 [2] Sumithra M, Malathi S, 2018, A Survey on Medical Image Segmentation Methods with Different Modalitites, IJERT. 6 2 Retraction published: 11 May 2022


In the Polish civil law, and in the civil procedure behind it, we are dealing with increased protection of farms, in particular farms run by individual farmers. Factors justifying this special protection of an agricultural holding are the variable economic situation on the agricultural market, conducting agricultural activity in specific conditions independent of the farmer (e.g. type of soils, climatic conditions), as well as the most important, constitutional protection of individual agricultural holdings. The basis of the agricultural system of the state is a family farm (Article 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), the legislator must adjust lower-ranking provisions to this constitutional primacy, hence the above restrictions have been introduced to the code of civil procedure.
Key words: court, enforcement bodies, Enforcement of a farm by a bailiff, civil procedure.


This introduction to the special collection "Human Mortality over Age, Time, Sex, and Place: The 1st HMD Symposium" describes the Human Mortality Database project and briefly summarizes the Special Collection articles.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases occurring in elderly population worldwide, which usually starts slowly and worsens over time. AD is generally diagnosed too late, when irreversible damages have been caused in the patient's brain region. Present need demands the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic patient specific effective biomarkers to improve patient's life quality and avoid big healthcare costs. Objective of this survey is to review the non-invasive biomarkers that could be used to predict early onset of AD and delay cognitive impairment.


Using magnetic susceptibility measurements the reactivity of AIN with a small addition of iron group elements was studied. The beginning of the reaction between the AlN and metal at about 1500°C was established.


A city that had removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission was not limited to the methodologies used by the commission and could raise water rates in order to generate revenue for repairs, according to the Court of Appeals of Indiana. In September 1997 the Common Council of Clinton, Ind., adopted an ordinance to increase the city's water rates for the first time in nearly 10 years. Clinton Township Water Company Inc., a nonprofit water utility, was the city's only wholesale customer. The company was to incur a 166 percent increase in its rates, while the city's residential customers were to incur a 100 percent increase in their rates. The increases resulted in the company paying the same rate as the residential customers. The rate increase was intended to generate revenue for repairs, replacements, and upgrades so that the expenses could be paid as they were incurred instead of creating debt. The company filed this action objecting to the rate increase. The trial court confirmed the city's rate increase. On appeal, the company argued that although the city had removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission, the city nevertheless was required to justify the rate increases by using the same ratemaking methods and procedures followed by utilities subject to the commission's jurisdiction. But the appellate court said that when a municipality removes itself from that jurisdiction, the commission's authority is replaced by local control. Thus, the court said that the city was not limited to methods generally accepted by the commission. The city was also not required to incur debt to finance these projects. The trial court decision was affirmed.


: Research was purposed to know the morph-physiology characteristic, sterols and chlorophyll content of bangun-bangun (Indian borage) accessions. This research was held at home screen Agriculture Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. The study used Medan (Krakatau), Medan (Tuntungan), Sibolangit, Simalungun and Brastagi accession. The results showed that morphology character of accession plants Medan (Tuntungan), Sibolangit, Simalungun and Brastagi not significantly different, but significantly different with accession Medan (Krakatau) for stem color, leaf surface color, leaf size, petiole length and space interleaf. Accession did not significantly for sterols and total chlorophyll content. Accession Brastagi have the highest average root length parameter (31 cm) and shoot dry weight (12.2 grams), and for number of leaves (6 week after culture) contained in accessions Medan (Krakatau) (68 leaves).


visitor decision-making styles. Also, a number of the articles lacked methodological clarity. For example, in 'Organizational challenges of using social media marketing', the writers do not explain how the data were actually analysed to arrive at those critical challenges identified. Also, 'Promoting tourism products via 3D graphic arts' restated the purpose of the study in multiple ways which seemed to be reflecting different directions. Finally, in some of the articles, perhaps as a result of translation difficulties, grammar and sentence structure was an issue. The book would have benefitted considerably from further editing. Overall, the book is a useful addition to literature especially in its focus on new multimedia challenges and opportunities impact the promotion of tourism places, products and services. However, the failure to provide a research framework for the collection of articles invited the inclusion of articles that were remotely related to tourism promotion and the absence of a more rigorous editing of the manuscripts submitted significantly weakens the usefulness of the book.


Based on a survey of 1,000 Bangladeshi factories/suppliers1 producing clothes for global fashion brands and retailers, this research highlights reports of unfair trading practices encountered by manufacturers during Covid-19. Suppliers reported that retailers/brands cancelled orders, refused to pay for goods dispatched/in-process and demanded a reduction in price for orders already placed before March 2020. Since then, they further pressured the suppliers to reduce prices. Suppliers reported that in December 2021, despite the rising costs of inputs and the additional costs of Covid-19 mitigation measures, 70% of brands/retailers were still buying garments at similar prices to those in March 2020 from at least some of their suppliers. More than 50% of factories reported at least one of the following four unfair practices by brands/ retailers: cancellation of orders, price reduction, refusal to pay for goods dispatched/in production and delaying payment of invoices. Such unfair trading practices impacted suppliers' employment practices resulting in worker turnover, loss of jobs and lower wages. Importantly, one in five factories reported that they had struggled to pay the Bangladeshi legal minimum wages since the factories had reopened following the March and April 2020 lockdown. We recommend countries with large consumer markets where global retailers and brands sell their clothes legislate to curb unfair purchasing practices by outlawing them and appointing an adjudicator or a fashion watchdog. This would ensure that buyers/retailers cannot dump disproportionate and inappropriate risks onto their suppliers and that retailers and brands conform to the norms of fair commercial practices.


As a consequence of the missing global agreement in the fight against Climate Change, several independent emissions trading schemes are coming into operation. From an economic perspective it would be desirable if prices of CO2 emission allowances were the same in each scheme, as this would ensure cost effectiveness and avoid competitive distortions. There are several factors that could lead to price convergence, one of them being capital mobility. The purpose of this paper is to reveal what impact capital mobility has on the CO2 price levels. Based on a simple economic model, I derive a short-term and a long-term general equilibrium for which five scenarios, covering all possible combinations of capital endowment and CO2 emission cap, are analyzed. The results reveal that the role of capital mobility is ambiguous and that depending on the initial situation capital mobility can lead to both price convergence and price divergence.


Due to the complex ocean propagation environments, the underwater acoustic (UWA) multipath channel often exhibits block sparse time-varying features, and while dynamic compressed sensing (DCS) can mitigate the time-varying effects of the UWA channel, DCS-based algorithms have limited performance for the UWA channel with block sparsity. In this study, by formulating the UWA channel with blocks concatenation, a block sparse-based DCS approach (BS-CS) is proposed to explore the block and time-varying sparsity of UWA channel simultaneously. In detail, we firstly adopt a block sparse recovery algorithm, block orthogonal matching pursuit (BOMP), to compute the temporary estimate. Then, the CS approach is applied to compute the support additions, which are caused by the time-varying components of the UWA channel. Next, we use the selected support to perform the BOMP estimate, and obtain the estimated channel response. Finally, the numerical simulation and the sea experiment were carried out to verify the superior performance of the proposed BS-CS algorithm in the block sparse time-varying UWA channels.


Two extremely preterm infants undergoing intensive care who developed systemic candidiasis are reported. Each was treated initially with intravenous miconazole. One child initially responded, but relapsed after the miconazole was stopped. The second child showed evidence of progression of the disease during treatment. Both infants responded to a combined course of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. We consider that miconazole is not the drug of first choice in the treatment of neonatal systemic candidiasis.


This paper explores the prevalence and correlates of political incivility among Congressional candidates in the 2020 election cycle, focusing specifically on which types of candidates were most likely to use uncivil language in their online communications and the self-reinforcing nature of incivility between candidates. Based on a comprehensive analysis of more than two million tweets sent by major party candidates in the 2020 House and Senate races, we conclude that several individual and electoral factors were influential in driving candidate incivility. Specifically, Republicans, challengers, and candidates in less competitive races were more likely to use uncivil rhetoric. Women, racial minorities, and candidates running in open seat races were less prone to incivility. We also find that incivility begets incivility, with candidates whose opponents used higher rates of incivility also being more likely to use incivility themselves. Uncivil tweets were also found to generate significantly more likes and retweets, suggesting that incivility is a viable means of driving engagement for candidates. These results shed light on the factors behind incivility among political elites, as well as highlight the feedback effects which contribute to a self-reinforcing rise in political incivility.


The paper discusses an investigation of cleaning requirements and pollution prevention options for equipment cleaning in the coated and laminated substrate manufacturing industry. The investigation, assisted by trade associations and industry personnel, identified two industrial segments: large, dedicated-line and small, batch-processing facilities. Although both segments use similar cleaning methods, each has very specific cleaning requirements. Demonstration visits were conducted at small, batch-processing and small, dedicated-line facilities. The results of the demonstrations showed several ways by which emissions and waste from equipment cleaning could be reduced. The demonstrated techniques included consolidation of currently used cleaning materials, successful use alternative cleaners, and reduction in the quantity of material used for cleaning.


A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on exposed-core microstructured optical fibres (EC-MOFs) is presented and numerically characterised. The exposed section (analyte channel) of the EC-MOF is coated with a SPR supporting thin film of gold. The asymmetrically coated fibre can support two separate resonance peaks, with orthogonal polarisations (x- and y-polarised peaks). Although the sensitivity of both the polarised peaks is very similar, the narrower linewidth of the y-polarised peak provides a much enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. The SPR sensing performance for a large refractive index (RI) range from 1.33 to 1.42 is evaluated. The sensor has higher sensitivity for detecting the high analyte RI. The feasibility of using EC-MOFs to develop a fast-response, real-time and distributed SPR sensor is determined.


In this paper, we proposed a novel architecture of MG-OXC (Multi-Granularity Optical Cross Connect) that can support both the static and dynamic optical switching. It can obviously reduce the complexity of the switching matrix and the number of the switching ports without increasing the network blocking probability. We gave the ILP model to describe the multi-granularity switching optical network. This model is applicable not only to the novel MG-OXC, but also to the traditional MG-OXC network. We also proposed a novel routing and wavelength assignment algorithm for dealing with multi-granularity traffic in optical network that was set up by this kind of novel MG-OXC. It is shown that when the network load is low, the network blocking probability of the novel MG-OXC will be quite lower than the ordinary multi-layer and single-layer MG-OXC with the strategy of the shortest wavelength path and random choice of the wavelength. While when the network load is comparatively higher, the network blocking probabilities of these structures are more or less the same.


The thesis presents descriptions and analyses of the municipal-based work that precedes service provision in child welfare, i.e. referrals where concerns regarding children and adolescents are made ...


ABSTRACT Arils within seed fossils are rare in the geological record, especially during the Palaeozoic. Thus, in order to augment seed fossils research from the Paleozoic, we describe three new specimens from the Permian of Jinchang City, Gansu Province, Northwest China. This material includes one new species, Samaropsis jinchangensis Y. F. Hua et al B.N. Sun sp. nov., and two known species, Trigonocarpus ovatum and Cardiocarpus cordai. We describe the microstructure of S. jinchangensis sp. nov.; the testa cells of this taxon are irregular and arils are found enwrapping seeds. Taken in combination with modern botany, seed dispersal characteristics are also discussed in this paper as well as palaeoclimate responses. This study confirms that a degree of symbiosis between animals and plants must have existed during the Permian; at the same time, changes in climate include drought fluctuations superimposed on a warm and humid background.


LISTED is a project within the library projects of EU. Its purpose is to involve public libraries in open and distance education systems aided by individual learning and recent information technology tools. The support means to make available leaming packages for individual learning and literature for reference, as well as managing consultation opportunities and to support orientation in distance learning programs available in order to help selection. In 1998 this project was extended to Central and Eastem Europe. In this region Hungary was the first to join: two county libraries in Bekes county and Kecskemet, as well as the Distance Leaming Center of the Technical University as expert have joined the project.


A vibration-based damage detection method is presented, which updates a finite element model from measured eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. Changes in stiffness of individual elements are interpreted as damage. The update problem is ill-posed and needs therefore regularization. Tikhonov regularization is a well known regularization method for linear problems. However, the update problem is nonlinear and there are different ways to use Tikhonov regularization in the nonlinear case. The usual way is to linearize the update problem with the sensitivity matrix and then apply regularization in each iteration. This approach has the disadvantage that the regularization effect depends on the number of iterations and may get lost as the number of iterations increases. The problem has been discussed in the mathematical literature but is not widely recognized in the engineering community. The alternative way is to regularize the nonlinear problem and then linearize it. This results in an additional term in the update equation that guarantees that regularization is independent of the number of iterations. Both ways are applied to a two-story frame with simulated measurements. Generalized cross-validation, L-curves, and errors of the update parameters are compared. The simulations confirm that the algorithm characterized by "regularize, then linearize" gives superior results. This algorithm is finally applied to a real frame recently tested in the lab. The frame is part of a full-size structure that has been damaged by pseudo-dynamic tests simulating different earthquake levels.


A common view of Abraham Lincoln is that he was a pragmatic compromiser. While not exactly false, this view is only half true. Through a close reading of Lincoln's most important prewar statements on slavery and race and the problem of public opinion, this study makes the claim that he was, rather than a pragmatist, actually a prudent statesman. Less radical than the most radical of abolitionists, Lincoln was nevertheless not a conservative. Nor was he a populist in the Jacksonian tradition. As concerned with shaping public opinion as following it, Lincoln was a speaker of truth as well as a man of prudence, and he possessed qualities of a good politician that are compatible with being a good man only under the rule of the most rigid conscience.


SUMMARY The paper outlines some priorities for SDI related research based on the findings of the author's forthcoming book on SDIs. It highlights some of the trends in SDI thinking that emerge from the analysis with reference to four key themes: SDI diffusion, evolution, implementation, and hierarchy.


Delirium is a syndrome characterized by acute change or fluctuating course of mental status, disorganized or incoherent thought, impaired attention, and altered consciousness. Neuropsychological symptoms such as hallucinations are common in delirium, but potential underlying visual disorders have not been documented previously. Now, researchers have measured the integrity of cognitive processes behind visual perception in 17 patients with delirium, 14 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and 18 cognitively intact subjects.

The participants completed five neuropsychological tests of visual perception (dot counting, position discrimination of dots within a square, shape detection, incomplete letters, and an object-decision task) and …


This research is entitled as "The Common Figs 'Ficus Carica' in Ancient Egypt until the New Kingdom". The Common figs were cultivated in Egypt from an early date and is frequently mentioned in offering lists and other texts from the Old Kingdom onwards. The fig fruit was considered a common food source for ancient Egyptians; hence figs were frequently presented in offering scenes and were represented in food tables in many other wall scenes. Figs had also magical means and were used to fight the physical symptoms of illness by the application of a remedy or physical treatment. Several scenes had figured the figs fruits collection in the tombs of nobles and high officials of the Old kingdom and onwards. The objectives of the research: – This research aims to focus the light on the term fig in ancient Egyptian language. – This study aims to study and analyze the fig fruit in ancient Egypt. – This research also aims to collect the published representations of the fig collection scenes in order to better understand its functions. – It also aims to determine the medical prescriptions where figs were used as a main ingredient. The research framework: The research framework is an artistic study, for studying the common Figs 'Ficus Carica' in ancient Egypt. The research type: The research is a combined study between both descriptive and analytical sides.


Given the increasing importance of patient's perspective in adverse events reporting, Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) has been proposed as new PRO measures in oncology; however, its implementation has not yet been evaluated in glioma patients, and standardized selection process of priority symptom terms has not been applied.

 A total of 16 experts (13 neurosurgeons, 2 radiotherapists, 1 psychiatrist) from 14 medical centers in China were invited to participate in a consensus-seeking 2-round online Delphi survey. Participants rated the level of their agreement with each symptom term likely to occur during adult diffuse gliomas treatment on a 5-point Likert scale. Terms not reaching consensus over the first round were modified in the second rounds. Consensus was defined as content validity index (CVI) > 0.78,coefficient of variation (CV)< 0.35 and average Likert score > 3.00.

 Experts reached a consensus on 21 PRO-CTCAE™ symptom terms in the first Delphi round, and 10 terms in the second round. Likert scale scoring among all experts showed significant consistency (Round 1: Kendall's W= 0.415,p<0.001; Round 2: Kendall's W = 0.351,P<0.001). The 31 terms (38.75%) screened out of all 78 terms covered neurological symptoms(n=7), psychiatric symptoms(n=6), dermatological symptoms(n=6), gastrointestinal symptoms(n=5) and other common postoperative systemic symptoms of glioma patients.

 We identified a customized PRO-CTCAE™ questionnaire containing a core set of priority symptom terms for the adult diffuse glioma through a 2-round Delphi survey. Next, a prospective, multi-center, real-word study would be performed to assess the validity, reliability and responsiveness of the customized PRO-CTCAE™ for adult diffuse glioma patients in Chinese population (VERONICA).


In order to solve the problems of high computational complexity, large amount of computing which semi-blind channel estimation algorithm based on subspace has for MIMO-OFDM system, the MIMO-OFDM semi-blind channel estimation algorithm based on the projection approximation subspace tracking (PAST) is proposed. The decomposition of signal subspace is equivalent to solving unconstrained optimization problem. The unconstrained optimization problem is simplified into exponent-weighted least squares problem by introducing PAST method. To ensure tracking signal subspace accurately and signal orthogonal in each iteration process, the orthogonal weighted matrix is introduced. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the improved algorithm accelerates the convergence rate and reduces the complexity of computing while maintains the performance unchanged compared to the original algorithm.


Leo Tolstoy once wrote that the deeper we delve in search of causes, the more of them we discover. And each single cause or series of causes appears to us equally valid in itself, and equally false by its insignificance compared to the magnitude of the event. Today I wish to talk to you about just one set of possible causes for the breakdown of discipline in two peace operations – the Canadian deployment to Somalia and the events which occurred in Bacovici in the Former Republic of Yugoslavia. Being a cultural anthropologist my intention of course is to talk about culture and particularly military culture and the role this culture can play in operations other than war.


Lysine is nutritionally essential for humans and animals. It cannot be synthesized biologically in body. Children and growing animals have a high requirement of lysine, since it is needed for bone formation. Therefore, it must be added to food and feed supplement to improve the protein quality. In addition, lysine has some pharmaceutical applications in the formulation of diets with balanced amino acid composition. Chemical, enzymatic and biotechnological processes have been used to synthesize lysine. However, biotechnological methods (fermentation) seem to be the most economical and practicable means of producing lysine. In the present study, production of lysine by Brevibacterium linens PTCC 1603 from whey and molasses medium, in the purpose of using agricultural by-products as low-cost sources for production of value-added products, was investigated. Whey medium was prepared by hydrolyzing of lactose with HCl and molasses medium was prepared by addition of some chemicals to it. The production of lysine was examined qualitatively and quantitatively using ascending thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometry. Results showed that lysine concentration in both media was increased significantly by the time. The highest concentration of lysine produced from whey and molasses media were 11.8 and 10.5 g.L-1, respectively. Increasing lysine concentration resulted in pH increment in molasses medium, while the pH of whey medium was decreased. After 6 days of fermentation, the amount of lysine in whey medium was significantly higher than in molasses medium.

Keywords: Lysine, Fermentation, Brevibacterium linens, Whey, Molasses


Review(s) of: Coming to Terms: Aboriginal Title in South Australia, by Shaun Berg (ed.) 2010, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, SA, xix+570pp, ISBN 9781862548671 (pbk).


The mechanism of memory of liquid crystals is mainly the boundary aligning method by which liquid crystals are obligated to orient one direction in origin. Liquid Crystal Devices are used in this character.Some new application or arrangement might be possible if a new mode is found and new liquid crystals have been obtained.


Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction(FQ-PCR,Real-time PCR or kinetic PCR) became an essential method in molecular biology study and the detection of biological special nucleotide not only because it is quantitative except qualitative but also because its characteristics such as high specificity,high sensitivity,replicable,precise quantification,rapid,and totally closed reaction.This paper reviewed the principles,characteristics,and their application in certain aspects of the 4 fluorescence quantitative PCR techniques such as fluorescence dye,TaqMan fluorescence probe,molecular beacon PCR,and Lux Primer.


Elastic valley metamaterials offer an excellent platform to manipulate elastic waves and have potential applications in energy harvesting and elastography. Here we introduce a series of strategies to realize topological transition in spiral elastic valley metamaterials by parameter modulations. We show the evolution of Berry curvature and valley Chern number as a function of inherent parameters of spiral, which further results in a general scheme to achieve topological valley edge states. Our strategy leverages multiple degrees of freedom in spiral elastic valley metamaterials to provide enhanced opportunities for desired topological states.


Quantitative evaluation of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is usually done by solving Bloch-McConnell equations (BME). BMEs are not easily extended and applying them to describe the multi-pool data involves a complex process. In this paper, we developed a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to represent each component involved in the Z-spectrum by a Gaussian distribution. We then tested and evaluated the GMM for the two-pool exchange site and experimental data. The results showed that GMM is able to fit the experimental data and its accuracy is almost similar to that of the BME model. (average percent of Relative Sum Square Error (%RSSE) <;0.6). Accuracy and simplicity were found to be the advantages of the GMM and lack of analytical relationships among the GMM parameters and physical characteristics of the CEST effect turned out to be its main limitations. We quantified contrast agent (CA) concentration (population fraction of CEST pool) and chemical exchange rate applying the GMM to the simulated data of a two-pool exchange site. It was found that the means and variances of the Gaussians can be used for this purpose. In addition, GMM determines the resonance frequency of each pool easily and accurately because these frequencies are equal to the mean values of GMM.


Satellite imagery has revolutionized earth's civilization. It allowed human beings to explore many hidden wonders of earth, it allowed to uncover many unexplored places and discovered Iceland's, volcanoes, forests, natural resources and many more. Satellite imagery has improved exponentially in the millennium. Satellites are used to take images of earth and stitch it to form maps and helped people to navigate, many technologies used in imaging and positioning to improvise and sensors are used to accurate imaging like LISS, however sensors have a hardware limitation. There are many factor which affect the clarity of imaging like mist, light pollution, air pollution, clouds, which masks the actual image, and that's where image enhancement comes into picture. Existing systems use neural networks to enhance the image which uses model VGG19 which has error rate up to 7.5% and it has only 60% accuracy. Satellite image enhancement is divided into 2 segments, upscaling and de-hazing, image is loaded and pixels are segmented to have compatibility and work optimization. Earth image is very vast and complex, dedicated image enhancement for particular place is not possible so neural network is selected which can detect the place automatically and enhance it. Resnet is the model which can be used efficiently in this context, it results in better accuracy 70%-80% and has very less error rate. And for haze removal dark channel prior is used which is efficient and works faster without mat lab. The results shows positive improvement for image enhancement for almost all type of image with more efficiency. This can be done by comparing with the trained datasets present in landsat and present data. The landsat dataset consists of multiple satellite imagery which has been cropped. The result has showed increased accuracy and also haze level has been reduced from 43% to 35% in de-hazing. The proposed system has over 80% efficiency.


The demands for reform have had an impact on various areas of life, including the administration of the civil service. Reform in the personnel sector which is a consequence of changes in the political, economic and social fields. Employee development is all efforts to improve capabilities in carrying out general government and development tasks. Employee development is carried out for the growth and continuity of the quality of employees in an organization. The purpose of this study is to find out about employee development by the sub-district head in the Nanggalo sub-district office including obstacles, efforts, types of leadership, and evaluation. This research method is descriptive research. Descriptive research can be interpreted as research whose purpose is to describe accurately and systematically handle the characteristics, circumstances or frequency of relationships in certain individuals. Employee development is carried out by the leadership - the sub-district office directly, employee development is assisted and under the control of the sub-district secretary, for his own development, namely through training based on existing techniques.


Around the world, natural history museums are shuttered and reeling. In March, the American Museum of Natural History in New York City reduced its staff by 20%, furloughed another 250, and cut the hours of many of the rest. Two months later, the California Academy of Sciences announced it was furloughing or laying off 40% of its staff. Museums9 reliance on revenue from ticket sales and events makes them among the first scientific institutions to feel the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and their long-term health is now threatened. But the crisis is also spurring museums to adopt or expand practices that, though they may not restore lost revenue, are keeping the public engaged and research ticking: an online biodiversity contest, public discussions on Zoom, a webcam streaming captive corals. Curators are also expanding and refining digital collections that are accessible to both the public and homebound researchers. Some leaders say these changes are needed and now are happening faster than they would have otherwise.


I consider a puzzle that arises when the logical principle known as "deontic detachment" is applied to the law. It is not possible to accept the principle of deontic detachment in a legal setting while also accepting that the so-called "social facts thesis" applies to all legal propositions. According to the social facts thesis, the existence and content of law is determined by the attitudes or practices of legal officials. Abandoning deontic detachment is not an appropriate solution to the problem—the puzzle can be recreated with other plausible closure principles. The problem can be solved by restricting the social facts thesis to legal rules, rather than applying it to all legal propositions. Properly construed the social facts thesis does not apply to facts about what legally ought to be the case.