Selectively doped n:AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy, employing a slow growth technique, at a substrate temperature of 600 °C. The effect of the undoped AlGaAs spacer thickness on carrier density and Hall mobility was investigated. Mobilities as high as 9200, 200 000, and 1 060 000 cm2/Vs at 300,77, and 4.2 K, respectively, were measured in the dark for a spacer thickness of ∼180 A and an areal carrier density of ∼2.2×1011 cm−2. Surprisingly, samples with spacer thicknesses of 80 A had 4‐K mobilities of ∼800 000 cm2/Vs, higher than expected theoretically from the structural parameters.


Drying is one of the most energy-intensive unit operations used in the food industry. With its current price and potential future increase, energy represents a major portion of operating costs. Furthermore, the actual efficiency of drying processes is still low (20 to 70%) and there is room for significant improvement. In this context, one possible route of interest is process intensification. While many definitions of process intensification are available in the open literature, all of them with their particularities and scope of application, they all coincide in the expected dramatic reduction of resources (energy, operating time, material inventory) resulting from intensification of processes compared to conventional processing routes. Embracing a processintensification strategy would not lead only to substantially more energy-efficient technologies, but also to greener, more controllable, and hence safer operations. The increasing interest in process intensification spiked with the introduction of a third paradigm of chemical engineering, which emerged from the dynamics of current markets with the scope of addressing consumer needs. This paradigm marries product and process engineering, and process intensification is one of its crucial components that has resulted in promising and exciting developments for meeting market needs. Four process-intensification principles are distinguished in the process-intensification debate: (1) maximize effectiveness of intraand intermolecular events; (2) give each molecule the same processing experience; (3) optimize the driving forces at every scale and maximize the specific surface area to which these forces apply; and (4) maximize the synergistic effects from partial processes. Although process intensification has resulted in the development of new technologies in various industries, some challenges and hurdles remain to be overcome before it is widely embraced. For example, academia and industry should liaise to address: (1) the risk taken by the industry when adopting new and not fully mature technologies; and (2) the inflexibility of shifting from batch to continuous operation mode, especially in the pharmaceutical sector. In this context, there is a real need for a comprehensive overview covering the critical aspects mentioned earlier, especially in the drying field. The book Modern Drying Technology: Process Intensification, which is the last of a five-volume series, will be a valuable reference covering the state of the art of drying technologies involving intensification paradigms and potential opportunities they offer. Indeed, in addition to addressing most intensification paradigms, several chapters in this book take into account the quality of the final products, include an assessment of various mechanisms and fundamental aspects, and discuss the advantages and limitations of these promising technologies. The first chapter of this fifth volume deals with ''Impinging Jet Drying,'' authored by E. Specht. Details of nozzle design are comprehensively covered in a lucid way. The author starts with the design of a single nozzle and the effect of the distance between the nozzle and the surface to be dried on the local heat transfer coefficient. The cooling of larger areas using arrays of nozzles, whole channels, perforated plates, and nozzles for cylindrical bodies is covered in this chapter. The author addresses the variation of Nusselt number as a function of the nozzle arrangements and also summary Nusselt number for single nozzle and for nozzle fields impinging the flat surfaces. The design of the nozzle field is thoroughly and meticulously discussed; it covers all of the critical process parameters, such as nozzle diameter, velocity, specific energy consumption, mass flow rate, temperature, pitch distance, and distance between the nozzle and the surface to be dried. Pulse combustion drying (PCD), which is an advanced technology in thermal processing of food, is described in Chapter 2 by I. Zbincinzki, T. Kudra, and X. Liu. The authors describe thoroughly the basic operations of PCD, provide an understanding of pressure in the chamber, and discuss with subtlety the advantages of pulsed combustion over continuous combustion. Pulsed combustion is regarded as one of the 60 most promising process-intensification technologies of the European roadmap for process intensification. Due to the pulsating nature of the PCD process, intensive pressure wave, velocity and temperature wave enhance the heat transfer kinetic, which improves the rate of the thermal-drying process. With sustainability and pollution becoming critical factors, the benefits of using pulsed combustion for environmental protection are highlighted. The chapter also addresses the major disadvantage of noise and the way to mitigate this issue. An overview of mechanical and aerodynamic valves is provided. The authors discuss aerodynamics, heat and mass transfer, atomization, and compare pulse combustion drying with other drying techniques. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to validate the results. Insights gained from CFD Drying Technology, 32: 2017–2020, 2014 Copyright # 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0737-3937 print=1532-2300 online DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2014.976429


What is the value of patriotism in a globalized world? As the global increasingly penetrates the local and vice versa, our education and socialization strategies need to prepare future generations to think on multiple levels. This facility is especially necessary if the competing interests and institutions that work in and across states are to be made substantively accountable. This essay places into conversation cosmopolitanism and patriotism and argues that not only can cosmopolitans be patriotic, but also that patriotism must be reconceived with a cosmopolitan spirit. The essay also argues that the state must be the focus of political action, and that focus must be multifaceted, being cognizant of the state as a transnational process that operates on multiple levels and directions in particular contexts but also in the world beyond. Patriotism therefore must take the form of a love for something that is acknowledged to be not static, constantly moving and reforming. Cosmopolitanism is important for conceiving attachments to such a mercurial thing because it is itself a dynamic form of solidarity. With the re-emergence in political theory of cosmopolitanism as an alternative catalyst for progressive politics, there tended to be an apologetic tone that accompanied its endorsement. Theories of cosmopolitanism are often expressed tentatively or defensively in contrast to nationalism or patriotism as if the latter are givens (Mehta, 2000; Waldron, 2000; Köhler, 1997; Meinecke, 1970). And when conceived in morally legitimate terms, nationalism and patriotism appear inherently beneficial in ways, it is argued, the upstart cosmopolitanism could never hope to be (Hill, 2000; Himmelfarb, 1996; Mansfield, 1994). This essay places into conversation the purportedly contradictory grounds for solidarity in cosmopolitanism and patriotism to argue that not only can cosmopolitans be patriotic, but that today patriotism must be conceived with a cosmopolitan ethos. This imperative certainly obtains for progressive politics, but in our global context, conservatism must also take heed. Historically much abused, cosmopolitanism's resurgence has in part been the result of an increasingly interdependent world and the exasperation with neoliberal and socialist internationalisms by those seeking to articulate social justice imperatives in a globalizing context. To be sure, the ideal is both old and a newcomer to the scene, and it has always faced the question—in Aristotle's terms—that if the definition of a human as such is a being belonging to a specific polis of some kind, what kind of creature belongs to a cosmic polis or a general polis of all rational beings? What is reason or logos for such creatures? Thus, in Anderson's (1991) more recent formulation, if a nation is a kind of polis or community that perceives itself as sharing a common fate—a particular shared history and set of tangible historical practices— then what is it to belong to a polis that does not necessarily share these concrete characteristics? Indeed, the cosmopolis is conceived as timeless and placeless.1 However, membership in the cosmopolis today is determined by those faculties that allow humans to seek justice and to live simultaneously in individual and species being in the face of dehumanizing global capitalist and fundamentalist religious forces (Commiss iong, 2011). Over the last century, a potential concrete community seems to be emerging on a global scale in ways that Aristotle could not foresee or possibly comprehend (Beck, 2006; Held, 1995). As a consequence of technological innovations in communication and travel, that potential, global community can be entered into by mere assent and attitude or practice without having to change location. In part, these distinctions mark the ancient world off from the modern, but they also begin to underscore the differences between what cosmopolitan conceptions of community and patriotic or nationalistic versions offer. These conceptions and practices of community share an associative character that mark them all as forms of human togetherness. As such, this essay teases out the related strands to demonstrate a stronger, more just patriotism, and how the concrete allegiances the cosmopolitan ethos demands can shape it. The challenge here is in part to show the potential of the community of cosmopolitan belonging and how it positively affects patriotism's particular strengths and weaknesses. Conversely, patriotism may have something to say to the cosmopolitan association as well. Distance between body Notes or References: 6p6 ↕ Anand Bertrand Commissiong vol. 4 no. 2 PB&J • 35 Two concerns must be addressed from the outset. First, cosmopolitanism does not seek to destroy the positive aspects of local, particular bonds that patriotism can possess.2 From its beginning, cosmopolitanism acknowledged that we do belong to a local, physical polis of some kind (Schofield, 1991). Even so, it always insisted that we belong to a cosmo-polis as well. Second, our increasingly interdependent global age has developed shared practices and experiences, albeit mediated through forms of corporate-controlled connections or made possible through not-always affordable rapid travel. I highlight the economic aspects of these media primarily to underscore the limitations on their availability, and because the media affect the message.3 That is, while many of these communicative media and transit routes are increasingly ubquitous, they still do not extend to everyone. Moreover, they are subject to state and corporate interventions and limitations. As such, there is much ground to cover if, as is the purpose of this essay, one means to show how cosmopolitanism can be patriotic. In order to avoid the craven currents that often permeate discussions of patriotism and cosmopolitanism, the intent is to make patriotism more cosmopolitan. The following first puts into context past and present political arenas to diagnose the special challenges faced by contemporary political communities. Then, I turn to the question of sovereignty and its shortcomings. The final section fleshes out solutions to these new challenges to political solidarity in a global context that cosmopolitanism can help us comprehend. Politics ancient and modern (community right and individual right) Our contemporary world has been shaped as much by recent technological and economic innovations as it has by its inheritances from the past. Chief among these developments is the indisputably interconnected nature of our existence today. Although nation states may have more recent origins, nations are longstanding collectivities of fiction and fact (Gellner, 1983; Smith, 1991). They are shaped by realities and imaginaries of humans being together. When cosmopolitanism was first articulated in the ancient Greek city at its high point, the city was a small, intimate community of men. And while not all interests were the same—often resulting in violent clashes between individuals and groups (Morris, 1996)—that society was far more homogenous than today's national and globally transnational communities. Aristotle (1995) argued that human beings as such could only exist in a polis of some kind, for it was the only means by which political beings and community could develop toward their fullest, most complex forms. The polis embodies the shared experiences and history that shape the moral and political horizon of action and affection that determine the constellation of expectations and limitations against which individuals could excel before their fellows and thus strive for immortality in communal memory. Even the iconoclast Socrates, in choosing to take his life rather than leave his city, understood that his existence as a human being was shaped by and dependent upon his relations to his fellow citizens through the process of enacting laws together. Against this context, the Stoics posed the challenge of a community beyond the physical and conceptual walls of the city. Admittedly, many early Stoics held views either effectively similar to the elitist version of community Aristotle conceived, or, at best, accommodating unequal institutions that existed then, such as slavery and the exclusion of women (Nussbaum, 1994). Thus while Aristotle believed in the rule of the best, some Stoics believed in an exclusive community of rational beings. This formulation was only slightly more compatible with the modern cosmopolitan ethos because these later Hellenistic cosmopolitans, unlike their fellow Greeks generally, understood this potential community of rational beings to be universal and and inclusive of women, foreigners, and slaves. Additionally, the way the Roman Stoics later took up these ideas in, for example, Marcus Aurelius' sincere cosmopolitanism, it could scarcely have been of comfort to those he conquered. I raise these issues not to condemn early cosmopolitanisms per se, but rather to highlight how much the ideal has changed, for the germ of the idea they shared evolved into something more. These changes occurred over several centuries. Greek cosmopolitanism fed into, altered, and was altered by ideas from Rome and Western monotheisms to become a set of natural law ideals concerning universal interaction and human rights (d'Entrèves, 1996; Ishay, 2004). As Pauline Kleingeld (1999) shows, by the eighteenth century in Germany, the ideal had crystalized in the modern context into at least six different varieties: economic, political, moral, cultural, romantic, legal and international cosmopolitanisms. Through the tumultuous period of Western democratization and nation-state formation culminating in the horrors of the twentieth century's wars and genocides, cosmopolitanism in response coalesced further around three groupings: the moralpolitical-legal variety, the cultural-romantic variety, and the economicCosmopolitan Patriotism 36 • PB&J vol. 4 no. 2 international-cultural variety (Comm


Based on the environment of the LAN (local area network), and taking Windows 2000 server as the main tool, and also giving consideration to netware and Windows 95/98 operation system, this paper introduces and analyzes the characteristics, performances and essential configuring methods of the common communication protocols.


A method for driving a rectifier with active switching elements (40, 42, 50, 52, 60, 62) presented at a load drop, wherein the active switching elements (40, 42, 50, 52, 60, 62) during the voltage clamping so be driven such that the clamp voltage in at least one switching branch (30, 32, 34) within at least a half period of rectified current behaves in accordance with a predetermined time-dependent waveform.


Within the domain of Second Language Writing, the present study, taking IELTS "One-on-One" writing classes with students enrolled at a certain Chinese education training school as a study case, brings "Writing Center Research" theory as a lens to check and discuss how "directive" and "non-directive" pedagogical instruction may resonate with revision activities by subjects. The study employs notes of class teaching activities, textual analysis on students' essays and revisions, as well as follow-up interviews for collecting diverse data. The findings indicate: 1) "Directive" instruction may play a positive role in teaching form knowledge of language as well as impacting students' willingness and agency to revise; 2) Though "non-directive" instruction seemingly enables the teacher-student interaction deeply in the aspect of teaching ideation of writing task 2 of IELTS (Academic), such instruction is likely to increase students' anxiety and perplexity in EFL writing, even with the possibility of overwhelming their revision agency and consequently making them abandon attempts to revise.


Contents: Preface Social capital and networked urbanism, Talja Blokland and Mike Savage. Part 1 Social Capital and the End of Urbanism: The end to urbanism: how the changing spatial structure of cities affected its social capital potentials, Talja Blokland and Douglas Rae The flowing enclave and the misanthropy of networked affluence, Rowland G. Atkinson Place, space and race: monopolistic group closure and the dark side of social capital, Bruce D. Haynes and Jesus Hernandez. Part 2 Networks and Urban Social Capital: A new place, a new network? Social capital effects of residential relocation for poor women, Alexandra M. Curley The weakness of weak ties. Social capital to get ahead among the urban poor in Rotterdam and Amsterdam, Taljia Blokland and Floris Noordhoff Middle class neighbourhood attachment in Paris and Milan: partial exit and profound rootedness, Alberta Andreotti and Patrick Le GalAs. Part 3 Urban Associations and Social Capital: Gardening with a little help from your (middle class) friends: bridging social capital across race and class in a mixed neighbourhood, Talja Blokland Political participation, social networks and the city, Mike Savage, Gindo Tampubolon and Alan Warde Conserving the past of a quiet suburb: urban politics, association networks and speaking for 'the community', Fiona Devine, Peter Halfpenny, Nadia Joanne Britton and Rosemary Mellor Social capital and the formation of London's middle classes, Tim Butler Index.


Mitochondria are the organelles where respiration occurs. The yeast mitochondrial genome encodes only 8 proteins, therefore the organelle depends on the nuclear genome for many proteins required in different steps of mitochondrial gene expression. Regulation of mRNA stability, processing and translation are important steps in gene expression within the mitochondrion. Cbpl, a protein encoded by the nuclear gene CBPI, is required specifically for stabilization of precursor and mature cytochrome b (COB) RNA, which is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Previous work identified a ciselement, CCG, in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of COB, that is critical for the Cbp I dependent stability of COB mRNA. Mutation of any single nucleotide resulting in an ACQ, CAG or CCU triplet causes destabilization of COB mRNA and concomitant loss of respiratory capability. In the present study, suppressors were selected in the CCU strain in an effort to define important sites in Cbpl for protection of COB mRNA. The mitochondrial mutant strain CCU is conditional; it grows slowly at 25°C but does not grow at 18°C or 33°C on the non-fermentable carbon source glycerol. Twelve dominant suppressors in CBPl were obtained. They define two main groups, based on the pattern of growth on glycerol at different temperatures. The CfiP/-encoded suppressors make strains containing the mitochondrial CCU mutation respiratory competent at 33®C by allowing accumulation of mature COB mRNA. Suppressors that map to the carboxyl half of Cbpl, such as S289G. S330R, Q358K, Q358R, L489W, K532M, D533Y and I638M, rescue the temperaturesensitive (ts) phenotype caused by the CCU mutation. The suppressors that map to the amino half of Cbpl, such as K205R, E241G, I249T, N281D and 1293L, rescue the is phenotype to a lesser extent than the suppressors that map to the carboxyl half of Cbp 1. These results suggest that the two halves of Cbp I have different functions in the processing and stability of COB transcripts. The hypothesis that Cbpl has a role in translation of cytochrome b {COB) mRNA was not testable previously, since disruption of CBP I results in instability and degradation of COB mRNA. In a ^etI27 strain, COB precursor mRNA is not processed tc ihe mature 5" site and thus accumulates to levels equivalent to that of the wild-type mature mRNA (Wiesenberger and Fox, 1997). Null alleles of pet 127 were selected as suppressors of ACG and CCU mutations in COB. COB precursor mRNA levels in these strains were similar to the ApetI27 strain with a wild-type mitochondrial genome (Chen et al., 1999). In the present study, the effect of deleting CBP I in a Apetl27 strain was measured. Strain AcbplApetl27 accumulated no mature COB mRNA but high levels of COB precursor mRNA. The levels of precursor mRNA in the Acbpl^etl27 strain were 3-fold higher than in wild-type strain and approaching 60% of wild-type mature levels (wild-type COB precursor is 18% of mature COB mRNA). Absolutely no apocytochrome b protein was detected in the Acbpl^etl27 strain. This result suggests that Cbpl is required for translation of the COB message. Future experiments to determine the role of Cbpl in the translation of COB mRNA are described.


To date, ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy has been used to measure electron and hole energies, mid-gap state recombination, small polaron formation, and transport of carriers in multi-layer junctions – explaining its appeal for studying photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. While ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy can measure both structural and electronic dynamics, the resulting transient plots are complex and hard to interpret because of how photoexcitation perturbs the core-level transition. We will discuss progress in theory and experiment that now allows routine interpretation of photoexcited X-ray edges using a customized DFT-GW-Bethe Salpeter Equation approach. In addition to interpreting excited state phenomenon, the code can project the X-ray peak structure and the relevant X-ray Hamiltonian components - such as angular momentum coupling, screening, and state-filling – onto the band structure to help give physical intuition as to why the measured spectra appear the way they do. The talk will cover the general principles of how photoexcitation modifies transient X-ray spectra rather than detailed theory. Example experiments will include photoelectrodes ranging from ZnTe to complex transition metal oxides.


The invention discloses a method for preparing a beta-glucan highland barley hydrolyzed malt extract, belonging to the field of food processing. The method for preparing the highland barley hydrolyzed malt extract comprises the following steps: screening, pulverization and size mixing on raw materials, liquefaction, saccharification, filtration, concentration and drying. The highland barley malt extract is produced by directly adding exoenzyme, so that a highland barley germination process is saved and the production period is shortened. The beta-glucan malt extract product meets the requirements of some enterprises in markets, and fills a product blank. The protein content of the highland barley malt extract prepared by adopting the method is high and can reach over 4.5%, the reducing sugar content reaches over 47%, and beta-glucan, vitamin E, vitamin B and folic acid included in highland barley, minerals such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese and zinc, and selenium element are reserved; and the malt extract also contains rich plant fibers, soluble sugar and carbohydrates, so that the malt extract has the effects of improving gastrointestinal functions, strengthening the spleen and stomach, eliminating fatigue and boosting the spirit.


The genetic diversity and relationships among rapeseed genotypes were evaluated using quantitative analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Ten morphological and biochemical traits (plant height, height to the first branch, stem diameter, branch number, leaf number, pod number, seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, oil content and protein content) were analyzed in a three-year field experiment with 30 winter rapeseed genotypes. RAPD analysis was performed with 13 primers, chosen according to previous results. Significant genetic variability among the genotypes was obtained at both the morphological and molecular level. Nine out of the thirteen RAPD primers that were used for the analysis enabled the estimation of DNA polymorphism of the genotypes, while the other primers were monomorphic. Dendrograms obtained for morpho-biochemical traits and for the RAPD results were compared. In both cases partial grouping of genotypes based on their geographical origin was established.


The utility model relates to a scraper for an automobile sticking film. The scraper comprises a scraper body and a scrapping blade, wherein a T-shaped notch is formed in the bottom end of the scraper body; a T-shaped key matched with the T-shaped notch is arranged at the rear end of the scrapping blade; the T-shaped key is inserted into the T-shaped notch; an inclination surface is arranged at the front end of the scrapping blade; and an arc scrapping surface is arranged at a tip end of the inclination surface. The scraper for the automobile sticking film is simple in structure and convenient to use; the scraper body is detachably connected with the scrapping blade, so that replacement is facilitated; and the arc scrapping surface is tightly contacted with a front windshield of the automobile, so that the using effect is good.


X-Ray crystallography shows that levopimaric acid has a folded conformation in the solid state in agreement with conclusions derived earlier from its o.r.d. spectrum, and this is explained in terms of the '4,4-dimethyl effect'.


Two samples of oil aggregates differing in chemical composition were placed into the aquarium with running sea water. 70 days later 16 specimens of Terschellingia sp. were found within the group I aggregate, and Terchellingia sp. and Chromadorita leukarti (32 and 11 specimens, respectively) — within the group II aggregate. It is supposed that Nematoda are quicker in inhabiting the aggregates with low content of benzene and alcohol-benzene resins. On the other hand, Nematoda activity probably determines microflora penetration inside the aggregates, thus accelerating the oxidation of oil residua.


This article describes the development of an information system for managing the register of serialized items based on a cloud service. Cloud services provide the ability to access computer equipment, hardware resources, disk memory and databases via the Internet in a remote format. The developed information system belongs to the type of information retrieval system. Examples of cloud services include: renting a virtual server; virtual contact center; application rental; data store; private cloud. For development, you need to use the services of cloud services for renting a virtual server.


Dr. K. SudhakararaoM.Com. MBA., M.Phil., Ph.D. Lecturer in Commerce, Sri A.S.N.M. Government College (A), Palakol West Godavari – 534260, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract In order to sustain and accelerate the production in agriculture,supply of adequate credit and its use in proper direction are primeimportance. One of the most disquieting features of the institutional creditin India is the incidence of everincreasing overdues. The high level ofoverdues restricts the capacity of lending institutions to recycle funds,besides threatening the prospects of continued flow of external credit foragricultural development. Agricultural loans are overdue because of wilfuldefault and circumstantial or genuine default. In the overdues of co-operativecredit institutions majority of the large farmers are considered tobe wilful defaulters, while the default of small farmers is mostly due tonatural causes. What factors contribute to wilful and non-wilful default?Who are the wilful defaulters and what is their incidence in differentregions of the west district of Andhra Pradesh? What is the nature and dimensions of wilful andnon-wilful default? To seek answers to these and other related questions, 120 defaulted and 60 nondefaulted borrowers were interviewed and theresults are incorporated in this article.


in this paper, the charging management sysem combined conventional closing line system with concen- trating system is discussed, which is based on present developed management charging system for freeway inside and outside coutry and requirement to highway construcion and management in China. The efficiency is also ana- lyzed.


Objective: To investigate and compare the morphological change of comeal tissue repairing after PRK and LASIK, study the mechanism of haze formation and investigate the expression change of EGF and EGFR mRNA in corneal epithelium and stoma after PRK and evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) on enhancing corneal epithelial defect healing. Methods: 32 white rabbits received PRK and LASIK in left eyes separately. The haze formation were examined by slip-lamp microscope at 24 hours、1 week、1 month、2 month and 3 month after surgery, and the expression of EGF、 EGFR mRNA were assessed with in situ hybridization. Results: Cornea haze had formed at 1-2 week after PRK. The most prominent haze formation was observed at 2nd month, and decreased even disappeared at 3rd month after PRK. EGF、EGFR mRNA expressions were present on the normal corneal epithelium and stroma. The capacity for expression of EGF、EGFR mRNA increased after PRK, and the peak appeared on the 1st and 2nd month. The extents for expression of EGF、EGFRmRNA were in correlation with the haze formation. The time of corneal epithelium defect healing was significantly shortened with rhEGF . Conclusion: EGF take part in promoting wound healing after PRK, and may contribute to cornea haze formation and development. RhEGF could enhance corneal epithelial and stroma defect healing effectively.


Motoneurons of extraocular muscles are controlled by different premotor pathways, whose selective damage may cause directionally selective eye movement disorders. The fact that clinical disorders can affect only one direction, e.g., isolated up‐/downgaze palsy or up‐/downbeat nystagmus, indicates that up‐ and downgaze pathways are organized separately. Recent work in monkey revealed that a subpopulation of premotor neurons of the vertical eye movement system contains the calcium‐binding protein calretinin (CR). With combined tract‐tracing and immunofluorescence, the motoneurons of vertically pulling eye muscles in monkey were investigated for the presence of CR‐positive afferent terminals. In the oculomotor nucleus, CR was specifically found in punctate profiles contacting superior rectus and inferior oblique motoneurons, as well as levator palpebrae motoneurons, all of which participate in upward eye movements. Double‐immunofluorescence labeling revealed that CR‐positive terminals lacked the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase, which is present in inhibitory afferents to all motoneurons mediating vertical eye movements. Therefore, CR‐containing afferents are considered to be excitatory. In conclusion, a strong CR input is confined to motoneurons mediating upgaze, which derive from premotor pathways mediating saccades and smooth pursuit, but not from secondary vestibulo‐ocular neurons in the magnocellular part of the medial vestibular nucleus. The functional significance of CR in these connections is unclear, but it may serve as a useful marker to locate upgaze pathways in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3154–3166, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


We propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanism with cross-layer design for multiple PON coexistence. Interfering ONUs are scheduled outside transmission timeslots of possible victim ONUs. Simulation results show salient performance in interference avoidance.


This study aims to determine the contribution of parental and peer support to the self-confidence of junior high school age athletes at the Cahaya Lestari Basketball Club, Surabaya. A high sense of self-confidence arises when the perception of how capable, significant, and appropriate the experience is in carrying out an activity that begins and ends with success. However, poor communication patterns (criticizing, reprimanding) affect self-confidence, while adolescent athletes who do not have peers from the same school have a lack of self-confidence or are inferior, causing closed behavior, and withdrawing from the social environment at the club. This type of research is looking for contributions without treatment, this study uses a questionnaire for data collection and data processing using SPSS 23.0. This research was conducted through a ZOOM meeting and questionnaires


The maintenance schedule planning of hydro plant generating units is a subject of great interest to several agents in the energy industry. A correct approach for this problem can prevent the degradation of physical assets and minimize the probability of forced shutdowns of their equipment. In addition to these factors, due particularities of the Brazilian system, the operational strategies of its agents are also affected by the maintenance schedule of the generating units. This occurs due to the Availability Factor (AFA), which is directly influenced by the hours of maintenance performed at the plant and, in case of a performance below the stipulated in the concession contracts, it can lead to financial losses or administrative sanctions applied by the regulatory agent. With this motivation in mind, the present work proposes a methodology for Generator Maintenance Scheduling (GMS) of a hydroelectric plant, developing a mathematical model to determine the ideal moment to perform maintenance, considering operational restrictions and regulatory aspects of hydroelectric plants. The optimization methodology proposed for this problem is done through mixed-integer linear programming, where the integer variables consist of the operating state and start date of maintenance of each generating unit. In the end, to validate the proposed modeling, a case study is carried out for a real large plant in the Brazilian system.


The impact of increased affluence on life satisfaction is a matter of some controversy. This paper examines the impact of the recent economic boom in Ireland upon the level and distribution of various domains of well-being. There is evidence of a substantial increase in life satisfaction in the domain of finance and of an improvement in mental well- being. There is a reduction in inequality and polarisation for virtually all domains of life satisfaction. A social welfare function which is increasing and concave in individual well-being would show an improvement in social welfare over the period.


The key part of the deep sea product system has high demand for the detecting system. The paper makes deep research in extracting the detection feature information of the facilities, path planning, data processing. Improve the detecting efficiency and the detecting precision.


WT5BZ]The damping capacity of MgLi4Al and MgLi8Al alloys was studied The results showed that the damping capacity of Mg Li Al alloys increases with the temperature and lithium content For MgLi8Al alloy as an example, the damping capacity go up to Q 1 = 0 01, in the range of high damping metallic materials The higher damping capacity of MgLi8Al alloy may be attributed to the interface damping between α(Mg) and β(Li) phases


The thesis of this extended abstract is simple. High productivity comes from high level infrastructures. To measure this, we introduce a methodology that goes beyond the tradition of timing software in serial and tuned parallel modes. We perform a classroom productivity study involving 29 students who have written a homework exercise in a low level language (MPI message passing) and a high level language (Star-P with MATLAB client). Our conclusions indicate what perhaps should be of little surprise: (1) the high level language is always far easier on the students than the low level language. (2) The early versions of the high level language perform inadequately compared to the tuned low level language, but later versions substantially catch up. Asymptotically, the analogy must hold that message passing is to high level language parallel programming as assembler is to high level environments such as MATLAB, Mathematica, Maple, or even Python. We follow the Kepner method that correctly realizes that traditional speedup numbers without some discussion of the human cost of reaching these numbers can fail to reflect the true human productivity cost of high performance computing. Traditional data compares low level message passing with serial computation. With the benefit of a more » high level language system in place, in our case Star-P running with MATLAB client, and with the benefit of a large data pool: 29 students, each running the same code ten times on three evolutions of the same platform, we can methodically demonstrate the productivity gains. To date we are not aware of any high level system as extensive and interoperable as Star-P, nor are we aware of an experiment of this kind performed with this volume of data. « less


In the wake of the results of UK's Brexit referendum, various uncertainties that different sectors will be facing under shifting legislation need to be addressed. Online training can help businesses prepare for this period of uncertainty.


A variety of ATR algorithms have promise improved performance, not yet realized operationally. Typically, good results have been reported on data sets of limited size that have been tested in a laboratory environment, only to see the performance degrade when stressed with real-world target and environmental variability. To investigate exact signature reproduction requirements along with target and environment variability issues for stressing new ATR metrics, the U.S. Army's National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) and Targets Management Office (TMO) originated, sponsored, and directed a signature project plan to acquire multiple target full-polarimetric Ka-band radar signature data at Eglin AFB, as well as its submillimeter-wave compact radar range equivalent using high-fidelity exact 1/16th scale replicas fabricated by the ERADS program. To effectively understand signature reproduction requirements through the variability of multiple target RCS characteristics, TMO and NGIC sponsored researchers at U Mass Lowell's Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory (STL) and Simulation Technologies (SimTech) to analyze the intra- class and inter-class variability of the full scale Ka-band turntable signature data. NGIC, TMO, STL and SimTech researchers then traveled to the location of the vehicles measured at Eglin AFB and conducted extensive documentation and mensuration on these vehicles. Using this information, ERADS built high fidelity, articulatable exact replicas for measurement in the NGIC's compact radar ranges. Signal processing software established by STL researchers in an NGIC directed signature study was used to execute an HRR and ISAR cross-correlation study of the field and scale-model signature data. The signature to signature variability quantified is presented, along with a description and examples of the signature analysis techniques exploited. This signature data is available from NGIC on request for Government Agencies and Government Contractors with an established need-to-know.


This paper presents a method of semantic shot classification in baseball videos based on similarities of visual features. Since it is difficult to prepare a large amount of training data with annotation, accurate event detection methods constructed from a small amount of training data are needed. In broadcast baseball video, since view angles of cameras are different for each event, shot change and event change have a close relationship. When visual features from shots are similar, events corresponding to shots are also similar, and a simple distance-based approach only focusing on training data is effective. Therefore, semantic shot classification based on visual features from a small amount of training data can be realized.


It has been mentioned in earlier works that phisphonitdic chloride, like other halides, forms addition complexes with tertiary amines such as pyridine and quboline [la]. Schaperkotter assumed that the formation of these complexes results in the degradation of trimer or tetramer to the simple monomeric adducts: PhTC12 2 CsIIsN. If this assumption is taken into consideration, then the reaction product of phosphonitrilic chloride with aniline in the presence of pyridine should have the following structure:


The presented work extends the concept of sub-band video coding based on a 3D wavelet transform to a more adaptive approach. A formal comparison is presented between the performances inferred by the use of the 3D wavelet transform and the use of a 2D wavelet in the spatial domain extended by a locally adaptive transform in the temporal dimension. Some advantages are foreseen for the new scheme since it is able to deal better with certain signal models, like appearing and moving edges. An increased control of distortion spreading is expected and, consequently, a lower visual impact relevance.


This study presents the first system characterization results of a novel 1 mm resolution small animal PET system based on cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). The 3-D position-sensitive dual-CZT detector module and readout electronics previously developed in our lab were scaled up to complete significant portions of the final PET system. This sub-system was configured as two opposing detection panels containing a total of twelve 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm monolithic CZT crystals for proof of concept. System-level characterization studies, including optimizing the trigger threshold of each channel's comparators, were performed to bring the system to an acceptable operating point. 68Ge and 137Cs radioactive isotopes were used to characterize the anode energy resolution of all channels in the system. The mean measured global 511 keV photopeak energy resolution over 240 anode channels was found to be 8.03 ± 0.96% FWHM.


The ocean currents in the vicinity of Australia are a powerful, but poorly understood influence on the Australian climate and marine environment. The poleward-flowing boundary currents on the west and east coasts (the Leeuwin and East Australian Currents, respectively) are the dominant features of the regional oceanography. Both are highly unstable flows, with eddies constantly forming and being shed or reabsorbed into the mean flow. To monitor and study the evolution of these currents one needs to draw together all the available data from the existing global ocean observing system - including sea level observations from the altimeters on board Envisat, ERS, Jason-1, Topex/Poseidon, GFO, sea surface temperature and colour from many radiometers, including AATSR, and in situ observations. Analysis of these data has revealed a rich diversity of phenomena, while paving the way for understanding the influences of variability on the biological systems. Marine industries, too, are greatly influenced by these currents and they look forward to the day when detailed forecasts of the current strength can be issued with similar confidence to forecasts of the weather. These ocean forecasts cannot be made without rapid access to data from several altimeters like the RA2 on Envisat. 1. BACKGROUND The major ocean features in closest proximity to the major Australian population centers are the East Australian Current (EAC) and Leeuwin Current (LC). These flow southwards, bringing tropical waters to the temperate zones of both east and west coasts, profoundly influencing the local ecology.


The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Two Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual, Plus non-conforming identities (LGBTQ+) individuals who have pursued a professional career in the outdoor recreation industry. Six stories of queer identity in the outdoors were gifted to this study, with the understanding that not all LGBTQ+ individuals experience the outdoors in the same way. Each participant was encouraged to guide the study through individual expression in alignment with an emancipatory critical narrative research design. This study considers participant experiences across the span of their career, where job advancement and the role of colleagues both arose as prominent themes that shed light on the pervasiveness of hegemonic culture in the outdoor recreation profession. Outdoor recreation organizations may learn from these stories to disentangle harmful social norms from curriculum and practices by creating structural pathways for professionals with non-dominant identities, and authentically consider how an organization's history informs its culture. The findings have important implications for creating inclusive culture in the outdoor recreation profession.


In the years since the Supreme Court decided Trump v. Hawaii, federal district courts have adjudicated dozens of rights-based challenges to executive action in immigration law. Plaintiffs, including U.S. citizens, civil rights organizations, and immigrants themselves, have alleged violations of the First Amendment and the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause with some regularity based on the President's animus toward immigrants. This Essay assesses Hawaii's impact on these challenges to immigration policy, and it offers two observations. First, Hawaii has amplified federal courts' practice of privileging administrative law claims over constitutional ones. For example, courts considering separate challenges to the travel ban waiver process and the mass-rescission of humanitarian parole concluded that plaintiffs had not stated constitutional claims under Hawaii's "circumscribed inquiry," but these courts remained receptive to plaintiffs' claims that an agency violated its obligation to provide a reasoned justification, consider reliance interests, explain itself sufficiently, or follow its own procedures. Second, Hawaii has prompted district courts to engage more deeply with the notion that different classes of immigrants are entitled to different levels of constitutional protection. This more open discussion of the contours of immigrants' rights is a welcome development but ultimately exposes the limits of a rights-based approach to protecting immigrants' well-being.


A high frequency plantlet regeneration system of Perilla frutescens was established from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. A maximum of 91.1 % cotyledon and 76.4% of hypocotyl explants could directly produce shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The optimum hormone combinations were 1.0mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) for cotyledon and 0.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for hypocotyls, respectively. Rooting was induced on half-strength hormone-free MS medium. After transplantation to soil, approximate 80% of the regenerated plantlets could survive, flower and fruits.


On EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR A VEHICLE AND HAVING THREE WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER. A HOSE ISOLATED 26 CONNECTED OUTPUT EXHAUST COLLECTOR 6 ENGINE 4 THE ADMISSION OF CONVERTER CATALYST 14 THREE-WAY TO KEEP THE EXHAUST TO A HIGHER TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE IGNITION THREE-WAY CATALYST CONVERTER. FLEXIBLE HOSE 26 MAY CONSIST ADVANTAGEOUSLY FLEXIBLE METAL DUCT INDOOR SURROUNDED BY INSULATION FIBER ITSELF WRAPPED EXTERNALLY BY METAL DUCT FLEXIBLE. APPLICATION TO MOTOR VEHICLE WHOSE EXHAUST PIPE CONTAINS A CONVERTER CATALYST CAPABLE OF SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER CONTENT OF EXHAUST NOT bURNED HYDROCARBONS, NITROGEN OXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE.


Three tree shrews (Tupaia glis) were subjected to unilateral enucleation. Two of these were sacrificed seven months after surgery, and their brains were sectioned and stained for study of transneuronal atrophy within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The third animal was sacrificed ten days after enucleation; its brain was stained with a modified Nauta method for degenerating axons. Results of the two techniques are in good agreement. Ipsilateral and contralateral fibers were well segregated within the optic tracts. Transneuronal atrophy was found in layers 1 and 5 ipsilateral to the nucleated eye, and layers 2 and 4 contralaterally. Layer 3 did not appear to be differentially degenerated on the two sides, nor did a sixth layer, layer S, situated between layer 5 and the optic tract. Each superior colliculus receives fiber projections from both eyes, although those arising in the contralateral eye are far greater in number.


Preference data arises in a wide variety of domains. Over the past decade, we have seen a sharp increase in the volume of preference data, in the diversity of applications that use it, and in the richness of preference data analysis methods. Examples of applications include rank aggregation in genomic data analysis, management of votes in elections, and recommendation systems in e-commerce. However, little attention has been paid to the challenges of building a system for preference-data management, which would help incorporate sophisticated analytics into larger applications, support computational abstractions for usability by data scientists, and enable scaling up to modern volumes. This vision paper proposes a management system for preference data that aims to address these challenges. We adopt the relational database model, and propose extensions that are specialized to handling preference data. Specifically, we introduce a special type of a relation that is designed for preference data, and describe composable operators on preference relations that can be embedded in SQL statements, for convenient reuse across applications.


A Solution of the Problem of a "Principle of Individuation"

Abstract

I consider hypothetical complete descriptions of individuals and ask about an epistemological' principle of individuation, that is, the factor which accounts for no such description's being applicable to any other individual. I put forward and examine three complementary ontological and meta-ontological hypotheses on every individual conceivable and propose that it is their compound truth (which, marginally, supports a 'thin' Aristotelian essentialism) that is that factor. I also give, as I go, some historical information on the research on the principle of individuation.

Keywords: principle of individuation, epistemology, ontology, meta-ontology, Aristotelian essentialism.


This paper presents a critique of the IPC standard (IPC-9591) on air-moving devices for the electronics industry, published in 2006. We investigate the applicability of the methods specified by IPC-9591. A fatigue life and a grease life of ball bearings in the fans were calculated using the stress-life method and grease life equation, respectively. The calculated life was compared to the experimental results of the fans. In addition, the mean time to failure of fan electronics was calculated using multiple methods specified by IPC-9591 and validated with experimental results of the fans. Through these exercises, the reliability prediction methods for air-moving devices were shown to be flawed. We make recommendations for IPC and the industry on appropriate methods of reliability assessment for air-moving devices.


XUV harmonics are used to study the photoelectron spectrum of O2. The autoionization states of O2 are further investigated using XUV harmonic as pump and IR laser as probe.


The objective of this research is to find evidence of Long-Term Debt, Pre-Tax Foreign Income, and Earnings Management on Economic Growth. The data used are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015-2018. This study's sample was selected using purposive sampling criteria and 12 manufacturing companies. This study uses a panel regression model with the Eviews version 10. This study found that the variable of Long-Term Debt (LTD) has a positive effect, Pre-Tax Foreign Income (PRTX), and Earnings Management (EM) have no effect on Economic Growth (EP). Research contribution gives academics, financial statement users, and regulatory bodies additional literature that Long-Term Debt (LTD) is a component that has a positive impact on Economic Growth (EP).Keywords: Long Term Debt, Pre-Tax Foreign Income, Earnings Management, Economic Growth


Bi-objective combinatorial optimization (BOCO) deals with mathematical programming models where two competing objectives have to be minimised subject to constraints. A number of real world applications may be cast in this setting, where the objective and constraint functions are linear and the variables are binary. In a BOCO problem usually there is no solution that simultaneously minimise both objectives, so it is necessary to describe a set of Pareto optimal solutions, or solutions such that it is not possible to improve one objective without worsening the other. In this work we review the exact, heuristic and approximated methods developed to date for the construction of the Pareto optimal set in BOCO problems. Emphasis is given to exact and to approximate methods where a subset of the exact set of Pareto optimal solutions is given. We apply all the analysed methods to a hard BOCO problem: the Traveling Salesman Problem with Profits (TSPP). Specific approaches for the TSPP on graphs with special metrics and/or with time windows are also discussed. Finally, the approaches studied are suggested as a methodology to face a case study connecting Medicine and Computer Science.


Aim of study: To estimate the heritability and genetic correlations for lactation curve traits in buffaloes.Area of study: The buffalo cows were raised on properties located in the states of São Paulo, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.Material and methods: The individual parameters of Wood's model ( , , and ) were obtained using a non-linear mixed model. Peak yield (PY), peak time (PT) and lactation persistency (LP) were also calculated. These individual parameters were employed in multi-trait analysis with the milk yield (MY) using Bayesian inference.Main results: The heritability estimates were of low to moderate magnitudes, with values ranging from 0.156 ( ) to 0.299 (PY). The estimates for genetic correlation between the Wood's parameters and MY were of low to high magnitude and ranged from -0.533 (  and MY) to 0.983 (PY and MY).Research highlights: The heritability estimates obtained indicate that the traits studied can be used in animal breeding programs.


The distribution of ions in an electrolyte solution close to a charged surface is determined by competition between electrostatic interactions and the entropy of the ions. The diffuse electric double layer (EDL) created influences the overall electrostatic interaction of the charged surface with its environment. Different approaches were introduced through the years to overcome some of the limitations of classical EDL Poisson-Boltzmann models and to better capture the complex phenomena of the EDL. The core of these models is the spatial variation of the relative permittivity, achieved by taking into account the spatial and orientational distribution of water molecules and the excluded volume effect.


LAND PRICES as an average for the United States have increased over 100 percent since 1950. Meanwhile prices received for commodities sold by farmers have declined 8 percent and net farm income has remained nearly stable. This paper contains an econometric model which can be used to trace the sources of land price increments over a period of time. By imputing the price increments (for example since 1950) to reasonably stable factors such as scale economies or to unstable factors such as speculation, the model can help to answer the question "Are land prices too high?" The land model is estimated by ordinary, recursive, and autoregressive least squares. The equations are estimated with annual national time series for 1923-1963, but the results are directed primarily toward analysis of the land price rise since 1950.


Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 (lead zirconate titanate or PZT) ferroelectric thin film capacitors are of considerable interest for the realization of memory devices such as nonvolatile random access memories (NVRAMs). The PZT capacitors were prepared on platinized silicon Pt/(100)Si using conducting oxide La x Sr 1-x CoO 3 (lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide or LSCO) as electrodes. The PZT and LSCO thin films were deposited by the KrF excimer laser ablation technique. The optimum preparation conditions such as oxygen pressure, laser energy influence and substrate temperature were investigated. The PZT and LSCO films grown on Pt/(100)Si are polycrystalline. The crystallographic properties of the films were determined using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) method. The electrical characterizations of the films including hysteresis loop, fatigue, and retention properties were determined by the RT66A Standardized Ferroelectric Test System.


"Outflow" tremors, sometimes referred to in the literature by a variety of terms (outflow, rubral, midbrain, Holmes), are frequently associated with significant disability and are notoriously unresponsive or only partially responsive to medical treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been successfully used in patients with outflow tremors; however, long-term outcomes are not well-documented because large case series are hard to assemble. This chapter describes a patient with disabling outflow tremors secondary to multiple sclerosis, treated with unilateral thalamic DBS, who achieved excellent tremor control with initial programming but shortly afterward developed rebound tremor. Intensive programming involved alternating the site of stimulation by using different combinations of contacts; this was a successful strategy for maintaining a clinically significant reduction in tremor. Disease progression, worsening of tremor, habituation, and loss of efficacy are known problems with some tremors, and their management can be challenging. The pathophysiology of worsening tremor after DBS is discussed in the chapter, as are potential programming strategies to manage this problem.


The streets and buildings of the city are the canvas on which artists and neighbours reflect their emotions, feelings and dreams. Street art -criticized by some and promoted by othershas become a social phenomenon when increasing its presence and influence in the communities. With an ephemeral and versatile character, it surprises inhabitants and stimulates initiatives of regeneration at neighbourhoods, offering new colours, landscapes and meanings. This research aims to investigate on artistic expressions that qualify the ancient district of el Carmen, whose abandonment and sequenced voids host a unique setting of creativity and design. It is proposed a catalogue which illustrates the work of prominent artists such as Julieta, Deih or Escif and allows to decode the different statements that identify the site. It is as well questioned the role that architecture has in the urban structure and the need to face the re-evaluation of street art of el Carmen as substantial ingredient of its own identity.


The UK is embarking on a significant institutional reform to put long-term infrastructure planning on a firmer basis. The creation of the National Infrastructure Commission (NIC), building on experience in Australia and elsewhere, should help promote a better evidence-based discussion on the UK's infrastructure needs and political choices, and to put infrastructure design and delivery on a surer footing. Interactions with the system of economic regulation need to be worked through, but the NIC will help governments to give a clearer statement of long-term policy within which regulators can operate and ensure projects are delivered efficiently. Funding and financing challenges however have yet to be fully addressed across the infrastructure planning and delivery chain – not just in the UK but globally. A number of initiatives are beginning to tackle this policy gap, and recent UK experience suggests ways in which projects can be brought to market in ways which secure private investment and secure the interests of consumers and taxpayers. There is a major opportunity to deliver better infrastructure efficiently if we can get this right.


A new experimental method for determining elastic constants of thin films is proposed. The curvatures of the single crystal substrates before and after depositing thin film are first measured using high-resolution X-ray rocking curve technique with high quality monochromatic and high intensity synchrotron radiation. The residual stress in the film is then calculated from the change in substrate curvature based on the well-known modified Stoney's equation. The formulae for calculating thin film's Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are deduced based on measured residual stress and the lattice spacing dψ versus sin2ψ curves of the film before and after an unknown mechanical loading. LaNiO3 film grown on single crystal silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition is employed to demonstrate the measurement method.


This panel symposium aims to explore the implications of the shift towards business ecosystems for innovation, technology management, and strategy. The presenters will synthesize and discuss perspe...


This report summarizes preliminary studies that assess the potential of industrial heat pumps for reduction of process heating requirements in industries receiving power from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). This project was initiated at the request of BPA to determine the potential of industrial heat pumps in BPA's service area. Working from known heat pump principles and from a list of BPA's industrial customers, the authors estimated the fuel savings potential for six industries. Findings indicate that the pulp and paper industry would yield the greatest fuel savings and increased electrical consumption. Assessments presented in this report represent a cooperative effort between The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), and Battelle-Northwest Laboratories. 25 refs., 25 figs., 7 tabs.


The objective of this experiment was to study the influence of the different degrees of coffee bored by coffee berry borer, in the sensorial and physical and chemical quality of the extracts produced by cryoconcentration process. Extracts made from healthy green coffee, bored degree 1, bored degree 3 and a mixture among bored grains degree 1 and degree 2. Organoleptic as well as physical and chemical storage evaluations and of the extracts were made with the purpose of detecting differences among them. It was concluded that the extracts coming from healthy coffee, bored degree 1 and the mixture of grains bored 1 and 2 have similar properties; whereas the extracts coming from coffee degree 3 were notably inferior. The evolution of these extracts in refrigerated storage during 5 months was observed, and it was concluded that the extracts coming from healthy coffee and bored degree 1 do not show any variation of their properties, whereas the ones coming from the mixture deteriorate quickly. The extract coming from the bored coffee degree 3 always presented characteristics notably inferior to the other ones, which deteriorated even more during storage.


Inspired by taxonomist Jack Goody's theorizing of 'ancient lists' as 'intellectual technologies', this book analyzes listing practices in modern and contemporary formations of power, and how they operate in the installation and securing of the milieus of circulation that characterize Michel Foucault's conception of governmentality. Propelling the list's role in the delimitation and policing of risky and threatening elements from out of history and into a contemporary analysis of power, this work demonstrates how assemblages of computer, statistical, and list technologies first deployed by the Nazi regime continue to resonate significantly in the segmenting and constitution of a critical classification of contemporary homo sapiens: the terrorist class, or homo sacer.


Hot Thought: Mechanisms and Applications of Emotional Cognition, by Paul Thagard. The MIT Press, 2006, 313 pages (ISBN: 978-0-262-20164-3, CA$36.00 Cloth) Reviewed by ADAM K. ANDERSON DOI : 10.1037/0708-55188.8.131.52 Since the beginnings of early western philosophy, human beings have been posited to contain two fundamentally independent faculties, those of "passion" and "reason." Arousing the passions was viewed as antecedent to and not a consequence of reason. The province of reason was to harness or control the unruly passions. This historical segregation of emotional and cognitive functions has found reasonable support from more recent psychological and neuroscientific inquiry. There is, however, an increasing appreciation that emotion and cognition are mutually intertwined and thus should not be conceived of or studied with complete independence. Hot Thought is a cognitive scientist's attempt to bridge the narrowing gap between the study of thinking and feeling by examining and modelling emotional cognition-the study of how emotion and cognition interact to shape human thinking. It is important to distinguish this work from a topical book on the emotions. As it gives short treatment of the theoretical and empirical work on the emotions, it would leave a student of the emotions wanting. This is not to say the book misses its mark, but rather its mark lies elsewhere. It is thus appropriate for both upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, particularly in cognitive science, who would benefit from a consideration of the role of the emotions and how to integrate them into models of thinking and reasoning. The role of emotions is largely confined to considering how inputs from motivated systems-systems that give rise to emotional valence (i.e., the positive and negative)regulate decision making. Building on the author's prior models of coherence of mental representations in decision making, the current work tackles how choices are not only made on the basis of maximal cold coherence between mental propositions, but also now considers one's emotional dispositions toward mental propositions, to maximise coherence in reasoning. It is in this sense that the author speaks of "hot cognition." The book presents a collection of articles on the topic of emotional cognition written by the author since the turn of the century. The first half is devoted to the development of the neurocognitive coherence model for understanding the mechanisms of emotioncognition interactions. Subsequent chapters consider the broad application of this model, from base tabloid material ("Why Wasn't O.J. Convicted?") to lofty Kantian inspired assessments of theoretical reasoning ("Critique of Emotional Reason"). As it is a collection of independently written papers, where a model is developed and applied in various domains, content is necessarily repeated across chapters. This redundancy may be off-putting to some; however, it allows the reader to become acquainted with the central concepts of the book from multiple vantage points, as well as their development over a 5-year period of published articles. For instance, revisions of models of emotion-cognition interactions are presented. This includes multiple versions of the hot Coherence (HOTCO) model from an old-style prepositional to a connectionist implementation to a neurobiologically rigorous incarnation in GAGE, in reference to the eponymous patient rendered with dysfunctional decision making following damage to the emotional sectors of the prefrontal cortices. Along the way the model is applied to various levels of analysis-from how biologically modeled neural entities that take into account the electrophsyiologic properties of cortico-limbic interactions forge emotional influences on an individual's choice to how emotions influence the dynamics of social networks in group decision making. The effect of reading various incarnations of emotion-cognition interactions, reflecting the author's maturing vision, is to afford a rare glimpse into the cognitive scientist's studio, as a theory is sculpted from raw materials (i. …


Accurate forecasting of the arrival time and arrival speed of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is an unsolved problem in space weather research. In this study, a comparison of the predicted arrival times and speeds for each CME based, independently, on the inputs from the two STEREO vantage points is carried out. We perform hindcasts using ELlipse Evolution model based on Heliospheric Imager observations (ELEvoHI) ensemble modeling. An estimate of the ambient solar wind conditions is obtained by the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge/Heliospheric Upwind eXtrapolation (WSA/HUX) model combination that serves as input to ELEvoHI. We carefully select 12 CMEs between February 2010 and July 2012 that show clear signatures in both STEREO‐A and STEREO‐B HI time‐elongation maps, that propagate close to the ecliptic plane, and that have corresponding in situ signatures at Earth. We find a mean arrival time difference of 6.5 h between predictions from the two different viewpoints, which can reach up to 9.5 h for individual CMEs, while the mean arrival speed difference is 63 km s−1. An ambient solar wind with a large speed variance leads to larger differences in the STEREO‐A and STEREO‐B CME arrival time predictions (cc = 0.92). Additionally, we compare the predicted arrivals, from both spacecraft, to the actual in situ arrivals at Earth and find a mean absolute error of 7.5 ± 9.5 h for the arrival time and 87 ± 111 km s−1 for the arrival speed. There is no tendency for one spacecraft to provide more accurate arrival predictions than the other.


Electrodeposited amorphous Ni3P was deformed in situ on a brass substrate. The films, when observed in the electron microscope, showed both light and dark bands in bright field images which were not seen in undeformed material. It is proposed that the origin of this contrast is a change of both density and structure of the material within the deformation bands.


A. DevelopmentBusiness has adopted new applications of the statistical tools of the scientific community during the last twenty years. The "scientific method" in production is not unique to our generation, but its application to business decisions is a new development. The impact on present business practices could be significant. Decision analysis techniques have developed in recent years along with the application of computer technology to a broader range of business functions. The computer has the rapid speed and impressive, memory capacity to deal with quantified and structured data in complex decisions. The very availability of this computer technology, moreover, encourages the quantification and structuring of an ever wider range of business problems. Decision analysis involves such an approach to business problems involving choices under uncertainty.


Introduction. In 1979, Wood (11 mentioned the existence of a possible under cone near the summit of Pavonis Mons, and he estimated its dimensions. Examination of medium resolution Viking photographs has revealed four additional candidate cinder cones In the summit region. Pavonis Mons has been largely overlooked in the literature concerning the late-stage volcanic activity of the Tharsis volcanoes; and no cones have been found on the other Tharsis Montes [2,3]. The presence of possible cinder cones near the summit Implies that volatile-rich pyrodastic activity occured late in the evolution of Pavonis Mons. Settlng. The summit region of Pavonis Mons (Fig. 1) was photographed at moderate to high resolution (50 to 75 mlpixel) by both Mariner 9 and Viking 1. The summit is about 18 km above the martian datum [4,5], and has two conspicuous features: a 45 km-diameter caldera and, off-set to the northeast, an 85 kmdiameter depression [6-91. The caldera Is about 4 to 5 km deep [4,5,10]; and the walls have numerous vertical, parallel ridges and grooves which are attributed to mass wasting and aeolian modification (1 1.121. The caldera floor appears smooth and featureless with the exception of two 500 m-diameter craters. The large depression is bounded by inward-facing arcuate scarps In the west, and both an Inwardand outwardfacing scarp in the east. There is no surface expression of the southeastern rim of the depression. Six mare-type wrinkle ridges oriented radial to the,caldera occur within the depression, none occur within 5 km of the caldera . . rim, but three of them extend up to 12 km beyond the depression rim. The depression apparently formed before the caldera; and the wrinkle ridges formed before or concurrently with the depression [13]. The wrinkle ridges likely formed by compression [14-161, the depression likely formed by volcano-tectonic collapse [9]. Cones and Mounds. Fve cones or mounds, labeled 'd in Fg. 1, occur within 5 km of the caldera rim. The best example is a cone with a pit at its summit which occurs on the volcanic shield along the edge of a fissure, about 3.5 km west of the caldera rim. This cone. originally identified by Wood [I], is best seen in an oblique-view photograph from Mariner 9 (DAS 55663953). It is also visible in Vking 1 images 210A32 and 210A34. To the north of this cone there is an irregular, rough-textured, raised-relief landform (labeled "m' in Fig. 1) which is bissected by a fissure. Two mounds, approximately elliptical in shape, occur along fissures north of the caldera rim between the rim and the southern end of a wrinkle ridge in the 85 km depression; one of these features appears to have a summit crater. Two additional features, circular mounds with summit pits, are visible near the limits of resolution in Vikingframe 210A34; they occur in the large depression about 15 km east of the elliptical mounds and about 5 km north of the caldera rim. Interpretations and Dlscusslon. The five cones and the irregular, rough-textured landform are considered to be volcanic constructs, because of their occurence on a volcano and their proximity to both the caldera and to fissures in the summit region. Wood [ I ] interpreted the cone seen in the Mariner 9 image as a possible cinder b n e with a basal diameter of -1.1 km, a crater diameter -0.45 km, and a height of -0.07 km. Although Wood did not plot this cone [fig. 6 of I], with these dimensions the cone plots within the cinder cone Yield' of Wood's crater diameter~basal diameter diagram for monogenetic volcanoes (131. Alternative explanations for the cones are: (1) They could be small effusive volcanoes, such as the chain of low shields in the Arsia Mons caldera [I 7; or (2) they could be volcanic domes. Short of obtaining very high resolution photographs or thermal infrared measurements, there is no conclusive test to demonstrate that any of the five cones/mounds are cinder cones. One test for the presence of cinders is to look for very high resolution thermal infrared data, which might indicate the presence of cinders because thermal inertia correlates with grain size under martian atmospheric conditions [eg. 181. The highest resolution thermal infrared data from the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) did not indicate the presence of surficial deposits with grain sizes larger than -0.1 mm (silt-sized) on the Pavonis Mons shield [19]. However, the spot sizes for these data were about 3 to 5 km, while the cones are smaller, about 1 to 3 km. If the cones are ander cones, then they indicate that pyroclastic activity occured on Pavonis Mons. Since they appear to be associated with fissures emanating from the caldera, they might post-date the caldera collapse, and would therefore suggest that the last summit volcanic activity involved volatile-rich magmas [eg. 201. Cinder cones form from short-lived strombolian eruptions, usually resulting from eruption of a low-viscosity magma through a narrow fissure or conduit [21]. The fact that these landforms do not resemble the low-profile, several km-wide cinder cone shapes predicted for Mars by McGetchin el al. (221 might be explained by their use of terrestrial values for ejecta volumes, escape angles, and velocities. The possible presence of cinder cones on Pavonis Mons distinguishes it from the other Tharsis volcanoes. Olympus, Arsia, and Ascraeus Montes were photographed at higher resolutions by the Viking . Orbiters, yet detailed studies of these volcanoes reveal no cinder cones or other evidence for pyroclastic volcanism [2,3]. It should be noted that the Hawaiian basaltic shield volcanoes have numerous cinder cones on them [eg. 231; suggesting that Pavonis Mons has had a similar evolution. The cone-shaped landforms near the summit of Pavonis Mons are the most likely candidate cinder cones yet identified on Mars, because they occur on a volcano and they occur in the vicinity of a caldera, as do many of the Hawaiian cinder cones, Possible cinder cones have also been identified on Elysium Mons


The European Activation System (EASY) includes as the source of nuclear data the European Activation File (EAF). A new version of EAF, EAF-2007, has been developed which contains cross section data for deuteronand proton-induced reactions in addition to the traditional neutron-induced data. This report gives details of the new EAF charged particle libraries. The reason for the addition of these data to EAF is to enable activation calculations to be performed for IFMIF, which is the planned materials test facility. The EAF-2007 deuteron-induced library contains data for 66,864 reactions, while the proton-induced library contains data for 67,925 reactions.


Abstract: Background The phase angle (PA) is an indicator of nutritional status derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Studies have shown that the PA is one of several factors related to the survival of cancer patients. However, the correlation between the PA and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the PA, nutrition-related indicators, and patient prognosis. Methods The data from 248 HCC patients who underwent BIA between January 2015 and December 2019 at the First Hospital of Jilin University were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median PA value, then the nutrition-related indicators and overall survival (OS) were compared between the two groups. The correlations between the PA and laboratory test nutrition-related indicators and the results of a body composition analysis were determined using Pearson correlation analysis. Independent predictors of the patient prognosis were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The median OS in the high and low PA groups were 70 and 54.6 months, respectively (P = 0.004). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the PA was associated with both laboratory test nutrition-related indicators and the results of a body composition analysis. The multivariable Cox regression analysis identified the PA as an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A or B. Conclusion The PA is a good biomarker for the nutritional status. We found that the PA was associated with the prognosis in patients with HCC, with a low PA indicating a poor nutritional status and worse prognosis.


Spatial accessibility is an essential manifestation of social equity and spatial planning. However, when examining spatial accessibility, systematic review studies dominate the literature, with fewer studies employing evaluative and relational bibliometric approaches. Thus, to provide a comprehensive overview of spatial accessibility research from 1999 to 2022, the works of literature referenced and analyzed by the Web of Science during 1999–2022 were analyzed: bibliometrics and scientific mapping methods using R software, the biblioshiny web program, tidyverse (ggplot2), and VOSviewer. The analysis results indicate a significant increase in the number of research papers addressing spatial accessibility throughout the research period accompanied by a continuous expansion of the research area. Collaboration and research endeavors among countries in this domain have deepened, leading to a continual improvement in the quality of papers. In addition, influential journals, authors, and articles in the field of spatial accessibility were also counted. New data, methods, and technology will become substantially more critical in accessibility research.


The equations of model (4) were also estimated by the regular least-squares technique. The following parameters, together with the standard errors of regression coefficients, were found as shown in equation below. The levels of significance of the parameters are not high: a12 and b23 are significant at the 0.01 level, while bi1, a2i, b32, and bm are significant at the 0.05 level. All other parameter estimates failed to meet even the 0.05 requirement. The correlation coefficients, the standard errors of estimate, and the levels of significance are given in the following table:


We introduce a new synchronization scheme to improve the synchronization performance in a ultra-wideband (UWB) non-coherent energy collection receiver. Our proposed scheme exploits the mean normalized energy profile, which is known at the receiver, to acquire synchronization. The synchronization process is performed through comparing the energy collected from the received signal with the mean normalized energy profile and correcting the timing error. The synchronization performance is investigated in terms of the normalized mean squared synchronization error (NMSSE) in IEEE 802.15.3a UWB indoor channel environment. Through simulation results, we show that the proposed scheme enhances the synchronization performance.


Weakly rigid drilling systems, such as the industrial robot, are widely used in aerospace, military, and other fields due to its good flexibility and large scope of operation. However, the weak rigidity can easily cause burrs, seriously affecting the precision of parts and product performance. To reduce the heavy deburring process and to improve continuous production and sustainable processing capacity, accurate prediction of burr quality is a prerequisite. Traditional burr forming theory cannot accurately predict the drilling defects. Data-driven approaches can be independent of prior knowledge and discover relationships between process parameters and machining precision directly from the data structure itself. Therefore, to take advantage of both approaches, a fusion model was established for burr classified prediction. On the one hand, the drilling and burr forming process was firstly modeled, and preliminary classification results for burrs were calculated. On the other hand, according to the measured data, the errors between initial calculation results and actual classification results were obtained and selected as the tag values of dataset, which served as inputs for the error compensation model of burrs. Finally, by training the network of TCN–DNN using the drilling data, the burr classified prediction in a weak rigid hole-making system was realized. Experimental results showed that compared with traditional drilling theory, the prediction accuracy of the proposed model improved by 25%, reaching 91.67%. The results can provide a basis for judging the process of burr post-treatment, which has practical guiding significance. This method is beneficial to reduce the heavy deburring process and to improve sustainable processing capacity.


A 2,000 lbf jib crane is needed to replace an existing 1,000 lbf jib crane in the Chemical Lab (Building MO-733). The existing 1,000 lbf jib crane (to be replaced) has a 174 boom (I-beam). The crane is attached to the wall through two brackets (about 8 1/2-ft apart). The boom is attached to the lower bracket, and a supporting rod is attached to the upper bracket. The supporting rod is attached to the boom at about 8-ft from the free end. After preliminary studies and discussions, it was decided to construct the new jib crane from two perpendicular I-beams (L-shape) without a supporting rod. The crane is to be supported on the wall through the two lower existing brackets (about 5-ft apart). The boom is to be 20-ft long cantilever (the horizontal I-beam). The vertical I-beam is to be attached to the lower two existing brackets to support the jib crane to the wall. This construction is to be similar to another existing 1,000 lbf jib crane (L-shape) in the lab. The purpose of this document is to perform a design analysis for the proposed 2,000 lbf jib crane to determine suitable sizes of members and configuration of the new jib crane assembly. After construction, if the as-built assembly differs from the 2,000 lbf jib crane as proposed in this document, a revision of this analysis needs to be performed to confirm the acceptability of the as-built assembly.


Problem setting. "Action plan for the implementation of the Concept of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine for 2018 – 2020", approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, dated January 17, 2018 № 67-p, determines the necessity of developing and substantiating indices, indicators and methods for assessing digital development of Ukraine accordingly to international development practices. In "Grounds of implementation by executive authorities of the principles of state policy of digital development", approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, dated January 30, 2019 № 56, there is also emphasized the necessity to adhere to such principle of digital governance as "assessment of efficiency and effectiveness".
Recent research and publications analysis. The implementation of the trend of digital transformation of public management and administration has become the object of research of many foreign scientists in the field of public administration. Thus, in our opinion, special attention is drawn to the works of the following researchers: P. Dunleavy and H. Margetts; B. Corydon, V. Ganesan and M. Lundqvist, S. Wray. UN experts measuring the E-Government Development Index, the E-Participation Index considered theoretical and practical aspects of e-government implementation, assessed the development of e-government and digital participation at the national level.
In Ukraine, the issues of digitalization of public management and administration in general, and its assessment in particular, have been investigated insufficiently, though there are works of leading domestic scientists in which the essence of e-government, its formation and development in Ukraine and worldwide are revealed, and the measuring system of development of information society and e-government is analyzed.
In recent years, international organizations have been assessing the development of e-government, e-participation at the national level, a number of initiatives of civil society institutions aimed at determining the effectiveness of some individual e-government tools at the local level has been implemented.
Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, the unresolved part of the general problem of the research is the theoretical and methodological substantiation of integral evaluation digital governance at the local level.
Paper main body. The aim of the article is to scientifically and theoretically substantiate the applying of mathematical methods to assessing of digital governance at the level of local communities, and the main task is to analyze the existing methodology, develop and test a model of integral evaluation digital governance at the local level.
Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The article analyzes the evolution of management model in the public sector and investigates the multi-vector process of digital governance formation in Ukrainian realities.
The author prove that assessing of digital governance will increase the reliability of the process of development and decision-making in the management of complex multi-level socio-economic systems, providing an opportunity to assess different strategies of digital transformation.
In the article it is substantiated that the conceptual approaches of global indices to assessing the development of digital society and digital governance will be useful for the development of analytical tools adapted to the specifics of the content of digital development of Ukraine at the local level.
Proceeding from the necessary precondition of reliability of diagnostic conclusions, the author proposed their own model adapted to the specifics of the level of territorial communities in order to provide full understanding of the level of digitalization of public management and administration at the local level. The proposed mathematical model of integral evaluation digital governance at the local level is open for logical changes and additions. In order to test the developed methodology, the integral evaluation digital governance at the local level was carried out on the example of Vinnytsia city united territorial community during 2014-2018.


This tract is a critique of the policy of the BJP led government and analyses the effects and implication of the policy adopted by the Hindu Right Advocates deweaponization for getting off the nuclear tiger.


Based on the analysis of the characteristics in the E-Commerce system and safety risk, the author has focused on the Fuzzy-ETA (event tree analyse)-FTA(fault tree analyse) method applied in the process risk management of R&D projects. The author has analyzed the possibility of an integration of EAT-FAT, and solved the problems in the integration of The Gray Synthetic Evaluation Theory by applying safety assessment model and application of the E-Commerce system, thus solving managerial problems in the E-Commerce system and safety risk with reliable and effective management guidance.


The ecological success of social insects, including ants, is tightly connected with their ability to protect themselves and their food resources. In exchange for energy‐rich honeydew, ants protect myrmecophilous aphids from various natural enemies. Fungal infection can have disastrous consequences for both mutualist partners, wherein aphids can be disease vectors. Behavioural responses towards fungus‐infected aphids of ant species in nature have scarcely been studied. Here, we studied the behaviour of honeydew foragers of four ant species – Formica polyctena Foerster, Formica rufa L., Formica pratensis Retzius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicini), and Lasius niger (L.) (Formicidae, Lasiini) – towards Symydobius oblongus (von Heyden) aphids contaminated with the generalist fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo‐Crivelli) Vuillemin in the field. Aphid milkers from Formica spp. quickly detected and removed infected aphids from the host plant (Betula pendula Roth., Betulaceae). Neither ant species, the degree of aphid‐milker specialization (medium or high), nor the number of honeydew foragers had significant effects on the behaviour of Formica milkers towards infected aphids. Unlike Formica ants, L. niger usually displayed non‐aggressive behaviour (tolerance, antennation, honeydew collection, grooming). By the immediate removal of infected insects, Formica ants seem to minimize the probability of infection of symbionts as well as themselves. Quarantining behaviour may play an important role in ant–aphid interactions as a preventive antifungal mechanism formed under parasite pressure and thus contributing to the ecological success of ants.


The global aging problem has a serious impact on the sustainable development of society. China has become the country with the largest aging population in the world, 1.75 times that of the EU and 3.01 times that of the United States. Therefore, the question of how to develop elderly care services and institutions in China is critical. Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this paper details the residential preferences of the elderly, and uses a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze the influence of education level, health status, and income level on the residential preferences of the elderly in China. The results of the study are as follows: (1) From a spatial point of view, the residential preference of "living together" gradually increases from the northeast to the southwest. As for the choice of "nursing home", northerners prefer to live in nursing homes more than southerners, especially in the northeast. (2) There are many personal factors that significantly affect housing preferences, such as education level, health status, income level, etc. (3) The development of socialized elderly care institutions should fully consider the preferences of the elderly. There are big differences in residential preferences in different regions and different cities, so the development of elderly care services should be adapted to local conditions.


Abstract Classroom action research can be valuable as a form of staff development at the in‐service and pre‐service levels. This paper gives an overview of classroom action research and describes a classroom teacher's efforts to promote more cooperation among the children in her classroom through her participation in action research. She also describes the partnership of reflection and support that develops when action research projects are undertaken by the student teachers in her classroom. This paper provides a concrete example of how action research can be used to enhance the day to day work of teaching and student teaching.


Objective
To study the effect of electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum (FNS) on learning, memory and the expression of growth-association protein-43 (GAP-43) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

Methods
Sixty healthy, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a sham-operation group (sham group), a model group and an FNS group, with 15 rats in each. Left middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) was administered to the rats in the FNS and model groups using the thread embolism method. The rats of the FNS group were given FNS treatment using a pair of needle electrodes inserted into the cerebellar fastigial nucleus 3hrs after the MCAO/R. Needle electrodes were similarly inserted in the model group rats, but no electrical stimulus was applied. Then the rats' learning and memory abilities were tested using a Morris water maze on days 1, 3 and 7 after the MCAO/R modeling. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA on the side of the cerebral infarction was detected using a quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results
The average escape latencies of the rats in the model and FNS groups were significantly longer than those of the normal and sham groups at all time points, but the FNS group rats demonstrated a significantly shorter average escape latency than the rats of the model group at each time point. The normal and sham groups showed a significantly lower expression of GAP-43 mRNA than the model and FNS group rats at all time points. The FNS group rats had a significantly higher level of GAP-43 mRNA than the rats of the model group.

Conclusion
FNS improved the rats' learning and memory abilities. This might be associated with the up-regulation of GAP-43 mRNA in neurons on the side of the cerebral infarction which could promote the regeneration and repair of peripheral nerve axons in the area of the infarction.

Key words:
Cerebral infarction; Cerebellar fastigial nucleus; Electrical stimulation; Growth-associated protein-43; Learning; Memory


In this paper, a novel version of nonlinear model, i.e. a complex-valued love model with two time delays between two individuals in a love affair, has been proposed. A notable feature in this model is that we separate the emotion of one individual into real and imaginary parts to represent the variation and complexity of psychophysiological emotion in romantic relationship instead of just real domain, and make our model much closer to reality. This is because love is a complicated cognitive and social phenomenon, full of complexity, diversity and unpredictability, which refers to the coexistence of different aspects of feelings, states and attitudes ranging from joy and trust to sadness and disgust. By analyzing associated characteristic equation of linearized equations for our model, it is found that the Hopf bifurcation occurs when the sum of time delays passes through a sequence of critical value. Stability of bifurcating cyclic love dynamics is also derived by applying the normal form theory and the c...


Ion mixing of elemental 4d-5d metallic bilayers at 77 K by 600 keV Xe + + ions has been studied to test the validity of the phenomenological model of ion mixing that predicts a dependence on the chemical heats of mixing, DeltaHmix, and on the cohesive energies, DeltaHcoh, of the bilayer elements. A series of samples was chosen to minimize the variation in kinematical properties between samples while maximizing the variation in heats of mixing. The experimental results agree well with the model's predictions, and the experimentally determined constants K1=0.034 A and K2=27 agree with those of previous work.