We examine the mechanisms responsible for the dropout of energetic electron flux during 31 May to 1 June 2013 using Van Allen Probe (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)) electron flux data and simulations with the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model. During the storm main phase, L‐shells at RBSP locations are greater than ~8, which are connected to open drift shells. Consequently, diminished electron fluxes were observed over a wide range of energies. The combination of drift shell splitting, magnetopause shadowing, and drift loss all results in butterfly electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) at the nightside. During storm sudden commencement, RBSP observations display electron butterfly PADs over a wide range of energies. However, it is difficult to determine whether there are butterfly PADs during the storm main phase since the maximum observable equatorial pitch angle from RBSP is not larger than ~40° during this period. To investigate the causes of the dropout, the CIMI model is used as a global 4‐D kinetic inner magnetosphere model. The CIMI model reproduces the dropout with very similar timing and flux levels and PADs along the RBSP trajectory for 593 keV. Furthermore, the CIMI simulation shows butterfly PADs for 593 keV during the storm main phase. Based on comparison of observations and simulations, we suggest that the dropout during this event mainly results from magnetopause shadowing.


Despite expressing stem cell markers, basal-like breast tumors are proposed to derive from luminal progenitors, which are downstream of stem cells in the mammary epithelial hierarchy. However, the mechanisms that regulate this backward transition remain unclear. Using mouse models, we found that the Met receptor for HGF, which is frequently hyperactivated in basal-like tumors, is preferentially expressed in luminal progenitors. Constitutive activation of Met in purified progenitors stimulated clonogenic activity in vitro and conferred repopulating potential in vivo, leading to enhanced ductal side branching and hyperplasia. This aberrant morphogenesis was accompanied by an increase in the number of cells with basal characteristics and a concomitant reduction of cells expressing markers of terminal luminal differentiation. Hence, deregulated Met signaling targets luminal progenitors for expansion, impairs their differentiation towards the mature luminal phenotype and enables their commitment towards the basal lineage. These results underscore a critical role for Met in encouraging deregulated proliferation and basal plasticity of normal luminal progenitors, which might be permissive for sustaining the functional and phenotypic properties of basal-like tumors.


In this account, typical achievements for these 30 years related to metalloprotein electrochemistry using various functional electrodes and related fields are reviewed, for which JSCC award of 2009 was honorary presented to the author. The main achievements are: 1) the developments of functional electrodes for the direct rapid electron-transfer of metalloproteins, such as cytochrome c, myoglobin and ferredoxin, and their applications to analyze the biological functions of the metalloproteins using usual electrochemical techniques. Some surface structures of the electrodes at the molecular level have been studied to understand the surface functions of the electrode for the rapid electron transfer of metalloproteins on the electrode surfaces. 2) Biological functions of key amino-acids of myoglobin and ferredoxin have also been studied by comparing electrochemical behavior with those of mutated molecules. 3) Electrochemistry of metal-complexes, as models of metalloproteins, and its application to develop electrochemical-sensing devices, are also given. In addition, 4) recent developments on direct electron-transfer of enzymes, and new sugar (such as glucose and fructose) -air bio-fuel batteries at the level of practical use, >10 mA/cm² in current and > a few mW/cm² in power, are introduced.


An algorithm was developed for converting radar data from matrix format into polygons that can be easily visualized, processed, and analyzed using Geographic Information Systems. Spatial operators can be used to overlap radar polygons with land surface features represented by points, lines, and polygons to meet the demands of severe weather identification and tracking and risk recognition. Application and testing of the algorithm demonstrate that the converted radar polygons are suitable for use in weather modification, risk assessments of flash floods in urban areas, and the identification of lightning activity for lightning risk recognition, all of which are essential in real-time severe weather monitoring and warning.


This report describes the experiments carried out in relation to a feasibility study of Offshore LNG processing and storage plant using prestressed concrete (PC) as structure material. The experiments consist of the tests to study the physical properties of PC at cryogenic environment, to observe the structural behavior of PC and to investigate the thermal effect on constrained cylindrical PC structures. From the results of the experiments, the following conclusions may be made regarding the applicability of PC to the secondary barrier of the LNG storage tank. The strength of concrete increase as the temperature falls, and consequently the structural design based on concrete strength at room temperature is on the safe side. In the event of LNG spillage on the concrete surface, sudden change of temperature takes place. This thermal shock will generate to hair cracks on the concrete surface which can not be suppressed by prestressing. Hair crack occuring on the surface due to thermal shock does not affect compressive strength, but decrease tensile strength on which the cracking strength of PC depends. Hence, thermal shock reduces the cracking strength of PC, but its ultimate strength is almost unaffected. As far as the findings of the present tests can bear out, PC is basically adaptable to the secondary barrier of a LNG storage tank.


Propylene glycol (PG) is an unintentional frequently co-administered solvent together with a therapeutic compound, despite the fact that PG accumulation potentially results in hyperosmolarity, lactic acidosis and renal/hepatic toxicity. By their nature, newborns are expected to have 'physiological' impaired hepatic and renal elimination capacity. Focused studies in neonates should enable us to unveil data on PG clearance and tolerance in this population. In consecutive steps, we documented PG disposition following iv administration of PG and renal PG elimination in neonates, and compared these findings with observations in adults. Finally, we documented aspects of tolerance of PG in neonates. The data on PG disposition and tolerance suggest that there is a lower limit of safe short term exposure to PG in neonates. Such a safer level of exposure should finally be based on clearance estimates and level of tolerated exposure. Besides the compound specific observations, we illustrated that it is feasible and possible to prospectively assess aspects of disposition and tolerance of solvents in neonates. Key-Words: formulation – propylene glycol – newborn – maturation – developmental toxicology


The spatial profile of potential in an ion sheath formed in front of a grid with a large cross-section is studied experimentally using a triple plasma device in the absence of a magnetic field. A potential double layer is established by injecting the ion beam into the ion sheath from the low potential side. The reflection of the injected ions produces a crest of the ion density, resulting in the formation of a knee on the potential profile. A relationship d varies as Delta phi 3/4 corresponding to space charge limitation is obtained where Delta phi and d are the height and the width of the potential double layer, respectively.


In this paper, design and implementation of an interactive open architecture computer vision software package called Ch OpenCV is presented. Benefiting from both Ch and OpenCV, Ch OpenCV has many salient features. It is interactive, capable of interface with binary static or dynamical C/C++ libraries, integrated with advanced numerical features and embeddable. It is especially suitable for rapid prototyping, Web-based applications, and teaching and learning about computer vision. Applications of Ch OpenCV including Web-based image processing are illustrated with examples.


THE SERIES CONCERNS FUNDAMENTALLY THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL--CONTRASTED TO NUMBERICAL--SOLUTIONS FOR THE WATER MOVEMENTS IN TERMS OF REAL--AS CONTRASTED TO "CONVENIENT"--DIFFUSIVITIES AND CONDUCTIVITIES. THE DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON THE RAPID CONVERGENCE, IN MANY CIRCUMSTANCES OF INTEREST, OF A NEW METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, ANALYTIC EXPRESSIONS, WHICH ARE VALID FOR ALL TIMES, ARE DERIVED FOR THE ABSORPTION OF WATER IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS. FOR VERY SHORT TIMES, THEY REDUCE TO THE SOLUTION OF THE ABSORPTION EQUATION IN ONE DIMENSION. FOR MODERATE TIMES, THEY ARE NUMERICALLY EQUIVALENT TO PHILIP'S SERIES EXPANSION. FOR VERY LONG TIMES, THE ASYMPTOTIC FORM OF THE SOLUTION DEPENDS STRONGLY ON THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE PROBLEM. IN THREE DIMENSIONS, THE EXACT STEADY STATE SOLUTION IS APPROACHED AS TIME INCREASES. IN TWO DIMENSIONS, AND FOR ARBITRARY DIFFUSIVITY THE SOLUTION APPROACHES AN EXACT ASYMPTOTIC LIMIT, WHICH HAD NOT BEEN DERIVED PREVIOUSLY. /AUTHOR/


A system and method are described for improved connector position assurance. A latch stop mechanism (10) on a first connector may be used to selectively limit movement of a latch (50) and attached latch lock (54) after the latch lock (54) has been engaged to secure the first connector to a second connector. The latch stop (10) mechanism may be attached to the connector housing (80) and have a series of hinges (12), (16) that allow a latch stop (10) to pivot into place, limiting movement of the latch (50) and latch lock (54).


During 17th century in the Spanish kingdom of Galicia, numerous soldiers were recruited to Flanders, in addition to many maritime expeditions that carried all those men to their destination. Although people have thought that the contribution of the kingdom of Galicia, as well as the others arrivals of Spanish soldiers in the army of Flanders, were not important from 1640. New enlisted men from Galicia were arriving during all the 17th century to take part in the war. The contribution of Galicia was very significant after the peace treaty with Portugal in 1668, since more than 16.000 soldiers were sen to Flanders from then on. In this article, we have made an approach to the recruitment of soldiers in Galicia and their transport to Flanders, studying the different methods. Also, we have researched on Tercios of Galicia created in Flanders and their services to the army as result of the arrival of soldiers of the kingdom.


PURPOSE: A variable disc and a continuously variable transmission using the same is provided to securely transfer power, to transfer big power, and to inexpensively manufacture due to simple structure. CONSTITUTION: A variable disc for a variable transmission comprises moving wheels(14), a rotation device, and a turning radius control device. The moving wheels operate by winding a belt or chain transmission unit. The moving wheel comprises a latch wheel(142) which rotates towards only one direction. The rotation device rotates by joining in a rotary shaft of a machining device. The rotation device is joined to the moving wheels around the rotary shaft of the machining device to be arranged in a radial shape. The rotation device changes a belt turning radius formed by interlocking the outer sides of the moving wheels. The turning radius control device makes the belt turning radius lager or smaller in the rotation device.


This bibliographic review covers research contained in twenty-one scientific journals dealing with important contributions to geoanalysis and allied scientific fields (Table 1, Figure 1, online Supporting Information Appendix S2). The relevance of well characterised reference materials (RMs) used as calibration materials or quality control samples for precise and accurate analyses is widely known and has often been described, for example, by Jochum and Enzweiler (2014).


Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of diabetic foot with peripheral artery disease(PAD) and the related factors of foot ulcer.Methods A total of 258 out-or in-patients with diabetic foot from 2005 to 2009 were enrolled in this study.Standard tabulation,including history,physical examination,control condition of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia,classification and degree of foot ulcer,etc.was made and filled in.The examinations of vessel and peripheral nerve in lower limb were carried out,and the related factors of foot ulcer were analyzed.Results Of 258 type 2 diabetic patients with foot ulcer,179 cases(69.38%) were ischemic ulcer including 92 cases(35.66%) of simple ischemic ulcer and 87 cases(33.72%) combined with neurogenic ulcer(mixed ulcer),and 79 cases(30.62%) were simple neurogenic ulcer.The course of diabetic foot in patients with PAD was apparently longer than that in patients with simple neurogenic ulcer(P0.01).The depth of mixed ulcer was obviously deeper than that of simple neurogenic ulcer(P0.05).The rate of amputation in the patients of diabetic foot with ischemic ulcer was markedly higher than that in patients with neurogenic ulcer(31.84% vs 13.92%,P0.01).Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that left foot ABI,right foot ABI and economic income were the most significant agents affecting the degree of ulcer.Conclusions The ischemic ulcer in diabetic foot is common and has characteristics of deeper ulcer,slower healing,higher amputation rate and worse prognosis.The ABI is a simple and practical examination method of PAD in diabetic foot.


Risk assessments in the (cyber) security domain are often, if not always, based on subjective expert judgement. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the individual preferences of professionals from the security domain are studied. In on online survey they are asked to mention, rate and rank their preferences when assessing a security risk. The survey setup allows to differentiate between easily accessible or "on top of mind" attributes and guided or stimulated attributes. The security professionals are also challenged to both non-compensatory and compensatory decision making on the relevance of the attributes. The results of this explorative study indicate a clear difference and shift in the individual perceived relevance of attributes in these different settings. Another remarkable finding of this study is the predominant focus on impact attributes by the respondents and the less significant position of likelihood or probability. The majority of professionals seem to ignore likelihood in their security risk assessment. This might be due to so called probability neglect as introduced by other scholars. the security in organisations and society is depending on the assessment and judgement of these professionals, understanding their preferences and the influence of cognitive biases is paramount. This study contributes to this body of knowledge and might raise attention to this important topic in both the academic and professional security domain.


To the Editor:

The excellent article by Grotta and Alexandrov1 not only provides objective evidence in a small number of patients that intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) improves cerebral perfusion but also provides important data about the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) rating system. If the NIHSS score data from their article are plotted against the corresponding single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-graded scale score, a relationship becomes apparent, as shown in the Figure⇓. If one omits the …


This essay will focus on T. W. Camm's window in the south aisle of Great Malvern Priory, which celebrates Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887. This window exemplifies the complex ways in which stained glass interacted with a number of different influences in the 1880s and shows that our capacity to understand it necessitates exploring how it interacted with other media. This essay is an attempt to broaden the debate about Victorian art and empire to 'reinsert empire as a fundamental category for the analysis of British art', it also underlines that site-specific artworks are not available for inclusion in revisionist exhibitions and so are liable to be excluded from that debate.
The stained glass window at the centre of this essay is a fascinating example of an artwork that absorbed a range of influences from late Victorian Britain: it concentrates on a very specific moment (Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee) but embeds this event within established historical narratives and stylistic tropes, generating a strong sense of continuity through allusions to religious imagery and medievalism. The window is simultaneously ancient and modern: a medium associated with the middle ages sited within a great medieval church, but an image mediated through a recent technology (photography) and saturated with the imagery of the British Empire. An industrial mentality is implicit in the window's hierarchy of production while both industrial superiority and imperial power are depicted as evidence of divine providence, a position implied through the selection of biblical quotations. If industrial and imperial power were both examples of God's plan, a providential perspective might provide the logic for this visual celebration of just such an alliance.


Cytokines are produced by almost any cell and function as important mediators of cell activation, differentiation and proliferation. As more cytokines become available several clinical trials have been performed using cytokines to treat skin diseases. The broadest clinical experience exists with the use of interferons 0. Treatment of condylomata acuminata with IFN as an adjuvant therapy appears to be promising. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be treated successfully with IFNa in combination with retinoids and PUVA, respectively. Treatment of malignant melanoma with systemic IFN alone turned out not to be superior to other therapies. Administration of IFNa in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma resulted in regression rates of between 20% and 50%. IFNa applied intralesionally was successful in actinic keratosis, basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Other dermatoses treated with some success with IFN include atopic dermatitis, systemic mastocytosis, lupus erythematosus, Behset's disease, keloids, granulomatous diseases and leishmaniasis. Interleukin-2 (IG2) was shown to be of some benefit in treatment of patients with melanoma either as a monotherapy or in conjunction with adoptive immunotherapy using concurrent transfer of either lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) or tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). However, toxicity related to 1G2 administration is severe. According to preliminary reports, tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) seems to be effective in the treatment of some patients with psoriasis. Early clinical trials indicate growth factors as promising therapeutic agents to improve wound healing. Because of the ability of colony stimulating factors (CSF') to counteract the complications of chemotherapy, in particular bone marrow failure and the consequent susceptibility to infection and bleeding, a considerable number of patients, including those with malignant melanoma and AIDS, seem to be potential candidates for CSF treatment in combination with standard therapies. (J Dermatol Treat (1 992) 3 143-152)


The relationship between aspirations and educational outcomes has been underexplored in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on six waves of panel data from the Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study, I use discrete time models to examine the relationship between aspirations for both education and marriage, and school dropout in Southern Malawi. Results show that, net of sociostructural constraints and students' own educational experiences, girls who want to marry later are less likely to drop out of school during the study period. In addition, competing risk models show that girls who want to marry later are less likely to experience marriage-related dropout. Although there is some evidence that educational aspirations are associated with school dropout, this relationship weakens when marriage aspirations are held constant, particularly for girls. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering both educational and marital aspirations as pathways relevant to girls' (but not boys') educational outcomes.


NCF 2005 and its overall perspective of environmental education a resume – and its treatment in different levels of school textbooks of different states and CBSE boards were analyzed an overall view and strategies of implementation are presented in this paper.


Salmonella typhi is bacteria causes typhoid disease in human. The mortality rate of typhoid disease in Indonesia is increasing. The most common detection method currently used is serological test. However, this method is often resulted in less accurate, less sensitive and specific detection. The previous research has successfully discovered fim-C-S. typhi gene which is able to code protein to contribute in adherent or colonization in human epithelial cell. The information of fim-C-S. typhi gene is used to develop more specific and more accurate detection method for S. typhi bacteria by amplification, characterization, specificity and sensitivity assay, and continue with clinical assay. The PCR result was the amplified 0.2 kilo base (kb) DNA fragment using the fimbriae-C-S. typhi primer pairs. The specificity assay was conducted by comparing the amplicon in size of 0.2 kb S. typhi with Gram negative bacteria genome with similar characteristics. The results indicated the fimbriae-C-S. typhi primers can diff...


We discuss the tuning of the anisotropic clover action and Symanzik-improved gauge action in lattice perturbation theory. The fermion action is constructed from stout-smeared spatial links, which complicates the calculation considerably. In addition, the full quark-mass dependence of the action parameters is included in this study. We present results for the fermion and gauge aspect ratios for varying bare aspect ratios, quark masses and smearing parameters.


This paper proposes a modified pitch markers generation method that can be used for both pitch and duration modification. Except for changing some input parameters, the method remains common for both. The original pitch markers, modification and scaling factors are the input to the method. The modified pitch markers will be the output, generated according to the given modification and scaling factors. Thus providing simplified and modular approach for pitch and duration modification. The proposed method is illustrated for both static and dynamic pitch and duration modification cases. The experimental results indicate that the method can be used without any modification and with equal ease in both the cases.


Large diameter metal on metal hip bearings have been shown to display exceptionally low wear in vivo. However, as these components are often cast, they may be heat treated to improve homogeneity, although it has been suggested that this may adversely affect wear. Therefore a hip simulator study was commissioned to investigate this further.

Multi-station hip simulator testing was carried out on 40 mm diameter high carbon cast cobalt chrome alloy components, all having similar radial clearances (~100mm), surface finishes (0.01mm Ra) and sphericity deviations (<10mm). Three bearing couples were hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) and solution heat treated, generating a fine carbide structure, and three bearing couples were left as cast, creating a coarse carbide structure. All sockets were mounted in an MTS hip simulator, inclined at 35° to the horizontal, and subjected to standard walking conditions (2450 N max) using 25% bovine serum as a test lubricant. Wear was calculated gravimetrically using temperature controls.

Running-in wear was observed for both groups generating a similar combined head and cup mean wear rate of 2.3 mm3/106 cycles. The mean steady-state wear rate (SE) for the as cast and HIPed components was 0.38 (0.13) and 0.57 (0.11) mm3/106 cycles respectively showing no statistical difference (p > 0.2). Wear was generally higher for the cups than the heads.

These wear rates are two orders of magnitude lower than published wear rates of metal-UHMWP E under similar conditions and one order of magnitude lower than lightly crosslinked UHMWPE articulating against CoCrMo under the same conditions.

In this test, the effect of HIPing and solution heat treatment on metal-metal wear would therefore appear to be insignificant. This is in contrast to the published influences of both bearing diameter and bearing tolerances, i.e. sphericity and radial clearance on the wear of metal-metal hip joints.


The hospital's Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and High Care Unit (HCU) systems are very important systems and are always used, so it is necessary to know the extent of their performance. Thus, the study aims to provide reference for xyz hospital regarding the condition (performance) of the current ICU and HCU patient systems. COBIT 5 is an information system capability evaluation framework with the build, acquire and implement (BAI) domain. Domain BAI focuses on developing, acquiring, and implementing information systems, applications, and services. It covers the entire IT project life cycle, starting with the planning and requirements gathering phases and continuing through the design, development, testing, and deployment phases. This study also uses qualitative approach with literature studies and quantitative approach for data analysis to measure capability level. Research respondents were heads and staff from the IT, ICU, and HCU divisions. The results of this study describe the level of capability achieved by hospitals in the BAI Domain, with an average score of 3.30 at the established level. This level illustrates that the application of information technology can achieve process results that are in accordance with the wishes of raft xyz management. This stage also illustrates that the xyz hospital has an information technology process that has been standardized thoroughly to achieve all processes. The results of this evaluation can also be guideline for the xyz raft house to make improvements and improve the performance of the ICU and HCU patient systems in meeting the needs of intensively treated patients.


Network log events produced by network probes are used by security analyzers to detect traffic anomalies and threats. While it is relatively trivial for a probe to mark specific events as suspicious, it is much more challenging for log analyzers to create a comprehensive picture of the overall network. Machine learning can potentially help in this, however there is no specific solution for analyzing network event logs. This paper covers the experiments and design choices that have been made to create a machine learning-based tool able to analyze network event logs. The tool has been evaluated in the Suspicious Network Event Recognition Cup at IEEE BigData 2019, achieving an AUC (Area Under the Curve) of over 90%, making it accurate enough for deployment in real life scenarios.


In a recent paper' we presented the first stage of a statistical inquiry into the nature of the abstraction involved in the use of national series for the description and analysis of business cycles. The results were given of an analysis of one aspect of the cyclical behavior of national income-its percentage rate of change. This rate of change of the national total was interpreted as a parameter of the frequency distribution of the respective rates of change of the component parts of the larger area, and statistics describing a certain pattern of behavior of these distributions were shown. The distributions appear to have a characteristic shape approximating logarithmic normality, and there is a suggestion of a systematic development as the different phases of the business cycle unfold. The skews of the distributions appear to be positive during the period of the expansion when the rate of growth is increasing. When the rate of growth begins to decline, it was tentatively suggested that the skew shifts to a negative and remains a negative through the absolute turning point of national income and during the period when the rate of contraction is increasing. When this rate of contraction begins to decline, the skew of the distribution again shifts to the positive. An attempt was made to rationalize this cyclical evolution of shape of these distributions. It was further noted that the extreme movements from year to year are found generally among the same set of states, there being a tendency evident for the more sparsely settled states that are highly specialized in raw-material production to cluster in the ends of the distribution and, in years of marked change, in the same end of the distribution. It is proposed in the present paper to discuss in more detail the geographical make-up of these annual frequency distributions of regional rates of business change. We think that certain generalizations may be made regarding a regional pattern of short-run business change, and we should like to analyze possible factors that might account for the observable similarities and differences. Our previous discussion of the factors determining the cyclical responsiveness of a given region laid emphasis upon industrial location or specialization and the institutional and physical factors influencing the region's commercial ties. The question we raise now has to do with certain attributes of industrial location that we regard as particularly relevant for regional businesscycle analysis.


Steadily progressive solutions of the generalized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation are studied by means of a numerical simulation and a stability analysis under the periodic boundary conditions. Multiple solutions are obtained by the numerical simulation, including pulse trains with an extraordinary long flat tail. A flat solution of the generalized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation is known to be unstable. The stability analysis however reveals that the solution with the long flat tail can be stable in a certain range of parameters.


This article provides a practical description of Carspecken's (1996) five-stage critical ethnographic approach entitled "Critical Qualitative Research (CQR)." Situated epistemologically and ontologically in the critical paradigm, this article is an exploration of critical ethnography as an important methodology for shedding light on the discursive culture of perinatal care for newcomer women during the three-month health insurance waiting period in Ontario, Canada. We argue that Carspecken's approach to critical ethnography is especially instrumental in illuminating the social structures that contribute to health inequities.


The importance of timetable is to organize the arranged event in an organized list. The faculty or university timetable usually consists of huge data or event with a lot of constraint and characteristics that unable to change and need to be scheduled. The reliable and fast generation of timetable is demanding in generating the timetable especially if the timetable system is running in a web base. Unfortunately, there are a lot of timetable systems that unable to complete the generation in a short period of time. Here, we proposed a new combination of heuristic and random selection approach in generating the timetable with fast and reliable result. Our combination was experimented for one semester in Faculty of Electrical Engineering of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia that consists of huge number of students with parallel lectures, multi-disciplinary subjects, limited rooms and also lecturer's constraint. The performance reveals that this combination able to generate the timetable for the whole faculty within only 16 seconds, thus, verifying its effectiveness and reliability.


As a scholar who conducts most of my political communication and public opinion research in a small city state of over seven million people, I have had more than my fair share of encounters with Rojas and Valenzuela's (2019) aptly named "Infamous Reviewer 2". Thus, for those like myself who study non-Western societies, we learn very early in our careers that "contextualizing" even our single-country research is not really an option – but often a necessity – if we hope to publish our work in the field's preeminent "international" journals. For example, when studying the use of social media in Hong Kong's elections (Chan, 2018), I used two whole pages (around 600 words) to explicate Hong Kong's political and media environment so as to contextualize the hypotheses and subsequent findings. Of course, one small part of this is to pre-empt in my mind Infamous Reviewer 2's inevitable critique about the study's generalizability. But, practically, it is a necessity to inform the majority of readers who are simply unfamiliar with Hong Kong. But how does one add context in multi-country studies? In this piece, I highlight some of the challenges and share some thoughts on adopting a "contextual approach." Before doing so, it is worth reacquainting with Esser and Hanitzsch's (2012) definition of comparative communication research as involving "comparisons between a minimum of two macro-level units (systems, cultures, markets, or their sub-elements) with respect to at least one object of investigation relevant to communication research" (p. 5). All of Rojas and Valenzuela's examples reflect this as they showed how the objects of investigation (i.e. predictors of polarization, and fake news exposure and detection) are similar or different according to different macro-units (i.e. the countries). Moreover, the definition makes us cognizant of the myriad of contextual elements that researchers need to consider and use to explain how the object(s) of investigation operate under each macro-unit. As Esser and Hanitzsch emphasize, an essential step for any comparative study is the early and clear explication of the project's purpose. Granted, Rojas and Valenzuela


Coastal land reclamation in Singapore (1° 20′) utilises sand from marine ocean beds which lacks mycorrhizal propagules. A survey of the vegetation on this ecosystem, five years after reclamation, i...


Concerning the desorption of dyes from coloured cellulose crystalline regions, the following facts have been revealed;(1) At the first stage of wet treatment, a considerable amount of colour is stripped from a coloured cellulose crystalline region dyed with a selected substantive colour. Especially, a coloured crystalline region which has been dyed in weak alkaline dyebath containing Glauber's salt shows a remarkable desorption of colour at the beginning of hot water treatment. It seems most probable that a great deal of colour is fixed mechanically on the surface of crystalline regions owing to the fact that the dye molecules are too large that they can hardly disperse in compact tissue of crystalline regions.(2) The strippability of colours on crystalline region separated from a cellulose fiber differs considerably from a microstructure of fiber. A coloured crystalline region which has a large rod-like structure, those obtained from cotton fiber, shows the best fastness to various wet treatments. This behaviour is supposed to occur due to the differences of co-ordinate state of dye molecules on crystalline regions.Generally, all the dye molecules fixed along a long axis of crystalline region seem to exist in the best co-ordinate state, and such portions will probably show the better wet fastness.(3) The rate of colour desorption on coloured cellulose crystalline region becomes the slower the greater the frequency of wet treatments. Similar behaviour is observed in the case of coloured cellulose fibers as was shown in the previous report. This behaviour is attributed to a nonuniform microstructure of cellulose fibers, composed of crystalline regions of different degree of crystallinity. It would be proper to infer that the fixed state of dye molecules varies with the degree of crystallinity and that those fixed in better cystallized portions reveal the greater wet fastness as it can hardly spread out.(4) The behaviour of a colour desorption of coloured crystalline region separated from a different cellulose fiber resembles to each other, and the differences in colour strippability of each crystalline region is smaller than that of coloured fiber itself. These differences seem mainly due to the change of dispersed state of dye molecules in microstructure of the fiber.(5) It is assumed that the polar groups on the crystalline regions were responsible for physicochemical adsorption of each dye molecules, due to the close co-ordination between the activated polar groups in the dye molecules and that of the cellulose crystalline regions. The marked differences of colour strippability of coloured cellulose crystalline regions to wet treatments will probably be attributed to the variations in the fixed state of dye molecules in crystalline regions, owing to the wide difference in the physicochemical crystalline organization.


Teacher educators examined three aspects of expertise in reading instruction in 15 preservice, classroom, and intervention teachers at three distinctively different points in their professional development. In one sitting, participants responded to two video clips showing the same first-grade child reading familiar text in a Reading Recovery lesson to the same teacher at the beginning and again in the middle of the school year. Teachers responded to written prompts that invited them to use their current knowledge to interpret, infer, and recommend a tentative instructional course for the child. A qualitative content analysis was conducted to categorize responses and contrast perspectives among these groups. Preservice teachers' statements were tied to clearly observed behaviors and a limited view of the reading process. Classroom and intervention teachers understood behaviors as indicators of current processing strengths and changes that are likely as the child attempted to deal with more complex materials and literacy tasks. Differences that emerged provide insights into the nature of developing expertise through university course work and continued professional practice and professional development. Findings hold implications for assessment in teacher education and call for further research to elaborate the nature of advanced knowledge acquisition related to literacy instruction and the effectiveness of professional development for supporting that knowledge.


In this paper, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is fabricated with carbonyl iron particle mixed with silicon rubber as the matrix. Sandwiched beam is fabricated from the MRE sandwiched between two aluminum layers. Forced vibrations of the MRE cored sandwiched beam have been studied. An experimental set up is fabricated to investigate the vibration responses of MRE cored sandwich beam with and without magnetic field. The obtained experimental results reveal that the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the MRE cored sandwiched beams are significantly influenced by MRE and magnetic field. The stiffness and damping properties of the beam change due to the change in rheological properties of the MRE under the magnetic field.


Do Regional Trading Agreements (RTAs) promote intra-industry trade (IIT) ? In attempting to answer this question, previous researchers have looked at two issues: (i) whether IIT has increased following the formation of the RTA, and (ii) whether IIT is more important in intra versus extra RTA trade. To answer the first question, researchers have used movements in the value of the Grubel and Lloyd (1975, GL) index over time, while the second has been dealt with by comparing the value of the GL index for intra versus extra RTA trade. Employing the GL index in these ways to answer these questions can lead to error. In this paper, we develop a new methodology for analyzing both of these questions which overcomes this problem. First, we derive a formula which decomposes the growth in total trade (TT) into the contributions of growth in IIT and net trade (NT). Second, we show how to measure the contri bution ofinira and extra RTA trade to the growth in a country's total multilat • Address for Correspondence: Jayant Menon, Center of Policy Studies and The IMPACT Project, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. * This is a revised version of a paper presented to the 1994 NZAE Winter Conference, "New Zealand and the International Economy", held at Massey University. We are grateful to participants at this conference and those at a seminar at the Australian National University for helpful suggestions. We also thank Peter Lloyd, Chris Milner and two anonymous referees for comments. Any remaining errors are our own. ©1996 Institute for International Economics, Sejong Institution. All rights reserved. This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Tue, 05 Jul 2016 04:58:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Regional Trading Agreements and Intra-industry Trade eral IIT and NT. These formulas are employed to examine the effects of the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trading Agreement (ANZCERTA) on Australian and New Zealand trade.


GaAs field-effect transistors with a Schottky-barrier gate have been investigated in the frequency range 12–20 GHz. Measurements of the maximum available gain have shown that the devices have much higher gain in this range than has been expected. A 17 GHz oscillator having an output power of 4mW and a 4-stage 14.9GHz amplifier with 16 dB of power gain have been built using stripline technique.


There are abundant resources of wild plants and animals in Liupan Mountain in Ningxia.The Police Station of Liupan Mountain protects wild plants and animals according to the laws and regulations.With the development of society,the protective situations become serious.To strengthen the protection,it is necessary to improve the management.The essay offers some suggestions to the problems in the legal system of the protection.


A new direction finding algorithm called conjugate propagator method (COP) for one-dimension signals was proposed. The new algorithm uses the array output and its conjugate form to extend the array aperture so that it can detect more signals than sensors and has better performance (in terms of resolution and angular precision) than OPM (or-thonormal-PM) and MUSIC algorithms. The mean square error (MSE) performance of COP was analyzed and the ana-lytical expression of MSE was given. The computational complexity of COP was analyzed also. Simulation results show the better performance of COP than OPM and MUSIC algorithms and the accordance between the theoretical results and the simulation results.


Lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical manifestations and outcomes. Many subtypes of lymphoma, such as Burkitt′s lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma, are highly aggressive with dismal prognosis even after conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As such, exploring specific biomarkers for lymphoma is of high clinical significance. Herein, a potential marker, CD38, is investigated for differentiating lymphoma. A CD38‐targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb, daratumumab) is then radiolabeled with Zr‐89 and Lu‐177 for theranostic applications. As the diagnostic component, the Zr‐89‐labeled mAb is highly specific in delineating CD38‐positive lymphoma via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, while the Lu‐177‐labeled mAb serves well as the therapeutic component to suppress tumor growth after a one‐time administration. These results strongly suggest that CD38 is a lymphoma‐specific marker and prove that 89Zr/177Lu‐labeled daratumumab facilitates immunoPET imaging and radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma in preclinical models. Further clinical evaluation and translation of this CD38‐targeted theranostics may be of significant help in lymphoma patient stratification and management.


Traditional institutions such as indigenous cooperation groups, peace pact systems, household systems, elders and political leadership, are important forms of social organization in many parts of the developing world. After many decades of neglect and near disdain, development agencies worldwide have now come to acknowledge how critically important it is to incorporate traditional or local level institutions serving the poor as partners in the development process. Hence, discussion about the future direction of extension worldwide has centered on different models of public-private-local institution partnerships. While supporting the overall objectives of multi-institutional partnership, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges inherent in developing public sector-local level institution partnerships for agricultural extension in less developed countries. It contends that factors such as structural and institutional defects in public sector extension in many less developed countries, a lack of commitment to the pluralism and low institutional capacity, constitute major constraints to the development of true partnership with traditional institutions. The paper recommends reforms such as the decentralization of public sector extension, professional development of extension personnel, and the organization of rural communities into empowerment nodes, as means to enhance capacity for multi-institutional partnership for extension. AIAEE 2002 Proceedings of the 18 Annual Conference Durban, South Africa 2 Introduction Traditional institutions, social capital, and multi-institutional partnerships have become the dominant concepts of international development lexicon, over the last decade. After decades of neglect and near disdain for local level institutions and the social capital they embody, development agencies worldwide, including most public sector extension systems, now realize that partnership with local level or traditional institutions is crucial to the achievement of the goal of sustainable development. Hence most discussions concerning the future direction of public sector extension, inevitably include different models of multiinstitutional partnership, involving different mixes of public-private sector, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and to a lesser extent, local farmer groups. Swanson and Samy (2000), for instance, presented a model for delivering extension service in less developed countries based on the concept of division of labor or responsibilities among public, private and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Berlin and Andreata (2001) also presented two case studies from Australia in which farmers, as the result of group extension programs, implicitly and explicitly are held to have responsibility for transferring group experiences to farmer network outside the immediate group. The Overseas Development Institute (2002), using the Multi-Agency Partnership (MAP) model presented numerous case studies in West Africa using the partnership approach to implement agricultural development projects in rural communities. Schorosch & Seck, (1998) described a Madagascar project that involved institutional and structural modifications of the T & V extension model to encompass a multi-agency approach involving local farmer groups, municipal government, NGOs and private operators. It is noteworthy to point out that of all the partnership models, the public-private format predominates, while partnerships with local level farmer institutions or organizations are the least comon (Rivera & Zijp, 2000). It should have been so obvious that local people and their institutions, being well ingrained in the unique social, cultural and agro-ecological realities of their local communities, should be major partners in their development. Hence, it incredible that it has taken the development community this long to come to this realization. However, as commendable as the current emphasis on partnership is, unless lessons learned from past failed development models are brought to bear on its implementation, the partnership approach is likely to suffer similar fate. Experience from infrastructure development, the Training & Visit (T &V), and Farming Systems Research/Extension provide valuable lessons relevant to the current debate about institutional partnership for development. One of these lessons includes the fact that factors such as "opportunistic labeling" or the "bandwagon effect", lack of a strong theoretical grounding, the distortion effect of the unique macroeconomic and political environments of each country, can drastically alter a project's outcome. Opportunistic labeling, or the bandwagon effect, refers to the practice among many development practitioners to merely make cosmetic changes to existing projects and then label them as being in compliance with the dominant development model. For instance, onfarm demonstration projects suddenly became on-farm adaptive research in the 1980s, without implementing the structural and institutional modifications necessary to comply with the true participatory, bottom-up spirit inherent in Farming Systems Research/Extension. In the 1980s billions of dollars, most of it in the form of World bank loans, was invested in the implementation of the T & V extension model in many less developed countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. As commendable as T & V's goal of expanding extension's reach AIAEE 2002 Proceedings of the 18 Annual Conference Durban, South Africa 3 was, it failed to achieve to its potential due to a failure to pay enough attention to the macroeconomic realities of many less developed countries, where poor human, physical and research infrastructure made the implementation of T & V extension, a logistic nightmare. Hence, as national extension systems embark on the brave new world of institutional partnership for the delivery of extension services, it is important that issues of theoretical, institutional, macro-economic and political dimension be clarified and elaborated to avoid the mistakes of many past failed agricultural development models. First and foremost, the two major prerequisites for implementing true partnership, a political commitment to pluralism, and the establishment of trust between potential partners, are two ingredients that are most lacking in many less developed countries. Until recently, many countries in Africa, Latin America and South Asia, where the bulk of the world's poor live, were ruled by authoritarian regimes. Hence, many lack the tradition of democratic pluralism, which is crucial to implementing partnerships with traditional institutions. Similarly, years of broken promises, the implementation of policy of resource extraction from the poor, and inefficient and unresponsive public institutions, have all but destroyed the basic foundation for the development of a trusting relationship between government and local level institutions. This is perhaps the greatest obstacle to multi-institutional partnerships in many less developed countries. Secondly, mere rhetoric about partnership, without a major restructuring of the antipartnership top-down structures and cultures of many development institutions, is not likely to bring about the desired outcome of sustainable development. National extension systems in many of the less developed countries, are housed in the highly bureaucratic, inefficient and paternalistic Ministry of Agriculture. This is clearly not a recipe for developing institutional partnership with local level institutions. Finally, the general assumption in the development community that local level institutions and the social capital they embody, only have positive impact, is over-simplistic. Portes (1995), and Brown (1998), have all noted the inherent costs of maintaining social ties, observing that membership in a tightly knit network can subject one to restrictive regulations and sanctions that limit individual entrepreneurship or innovation. It is also a widely recognized fact that cultural norms in many rural communities in the less developed countries, often subjugate women, minority ethnic groups, and the weak. In many less developed countries, access to even the most basic of government services is at a premium, and is often at the root of corruption and many violent inter-ethnic conflicts. Hence, one group's claim of social capital as the reason for gaining access is another group's claim of nepotism, thus complicating current discussion about the link between social capital and development. Hence, as positive as the current emphasis by many agricultural extension systems, on multi-institutional partnership and social capital is, the issues raised above constitute potential pitfalls that demand in-depth analysis and elaboration if institutional partnership is to succeed. This presentation is, therefore, an attempt to analyze the opportunities and challenges to developing partnership between public sector extension and local level farmers' institutions in less developed countries. Purpose and Objectives Public sector extension worldwide is in the process of undergoing, probably, its most revolutionary institutional change as multi-institutional partnership becomes the preferred approach for the delivery of extension services. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to AIAEE 2002 Proceedings of the 18 Annual Conference Durban, South Africa 4 analyze the opportunities and challenges involved in developing partnerships with local level institutions in the delivery of extension services. Using a thematic approach, the specific objectives of the paper include: 1. To analyze the structures and functions of traditional institutions, and social capitals among rural households in less developed countries. 2. To analyze structural, methodological and macro-economic policy constraints to the development and implementation of a multi-institutional partnership approach to extension services in less developed


Source node location protection is critical to the Marine Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs), especially for unattended environment. However, due to most of the static deployment and the limitations in energy, storage and communication capabilities of the sensors, MWSNs are vulnerable to various location (and derivative) attacks. In this work, the node location privacy protection issues are studied from both aspects of attacks and defenses. First, a new two-phase location attack is proposed for two important types of nodes (including base station and source node). It can locate a base station node within few amounts of local wireless transmission monitoring, and then reversely traces the location of the source node. Different from existing methods, the proposed attack determines the node location based on the transmission direction, which can break through existing defenses. Then, to defend against such attack, a Hilbert-filling-curve-based Location-privacy Protection Scheme (HLPS) is designed for MWSNs. The theory analysis and confrontation experiment of attack and defense show that the proposed scheme owns capable of protecting the location privacy of the target node with moderate communication and computation overhead.


This paper introduces the humanistic care for patients with psoriasis which have special psychological characteristics such as anxiety,depression,loneliness,doubt and so on.There are some ethical issues related to psoriasis: scientific generalization and the humanistic spirit decreasing;lack of trust and humanistic care;social concern is not enough and so on.The authors suggested supply the patients with humanistic care from the doctors,the hospitals,the family and the whole society,such as providing comfortable medical treatment environment;strengthening cultural consciousness in doctors and hospitals,improving their self-cultivation;adhering to the humanistic care throughout the course,and combining family and social care,etc.The combination of humanistic care and science and technology and establishing a harmonious doctor-patient relationship,have great significance to the rehabilitation of patients with psoriasis.


Aims: Electrocardiographic waveforms (ECG) are recognized as the most reliable method to detect abnormal heart rhythms such as atrial fibrillation. This task is challenging when the signals are distorted by noise. This paper presents an automatic classification algorithm to classify short lead ECGs in terms of abnormality of heart rhythm (AF or alternative rhythms) and quality (noisy recordings). Methods: To meet this end, at first baseline wander removal and Butterworth filter for each signal are applied as a preprocessing stage. Due to the existence of noise in recordings, high quality beats are selected for any further analysis using cycle quality assessment. Then, three sets of features defined as correlation coefficient, fractal dimension and variance of R peaks are extracted to predict noisy recordings. Two separate approaches are employed to classify other three classes. The first approach is the feature based methodology and the second one is the applying deep neural networks. In the first approach, features from different domains are extracted. The method for AF detection utilizes and characterizes variability in RR-intervals which are extracted by applying classic Pan-Tompkins algorithm. To improve the accuracy of the AF-detection, atrial activity is analyzed by understanding whether the P-wave is present in signal. This is done by investigating the morphology of P-waves. Heart rate abnormality and the existence of premature beats in a signal are regarded as two characteristics to distinguish non-AF rhythms. The whole sets of features are fed into a neural network classifier. Another approach uses the segments with 600 samples as the input of a 1 dimensional convolutional neural network. The output obtained from both approaches are combined using a decision table and finally the recordings are classified into three classes. Results: The proposed method is evaluated using scoring function from 2017 PhysioNet/CinC Challenge and achieved an overall score of 80% and 71% on the training dataset and hidden test dataset, respectively.


e15195 Background: Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) induce cytokines expression and type I interferon and other immune molecules, which drive an inflammatory response and activate the adaptive immune system. Nowadays TLRs have an extraordinary importance in cancer research because of their role in tumor progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical relevance of TLR7 in prostate cancer biopsies.

METHODS
The expression level of TLR7 was analyzed on prostate tumors from 15 patients and 19 patients with diagnostic of benign prostatic hyperplasia as control tissues. The analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays and a microscopy video-capture system (Axiovert 200M, Karl Zeiss, Germany) was used to evaluate the protein expression using a software KS-300 V3.0. Statistical analysis was performed using T Student.

RESULTS
Cancerous cells showed lower expression levels of TLR7 compared with controls (benign prostatic hyperplasia). Samples of carcinomas exhibited a significant decrease in the protein levels of TLR7 (304.67 ODU; SD+/-85.55 ODU) and benign prostatic hyperplasia lesions showed higher expression levels (478.58 ODU; SD+/-131.07 ODU). Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation with a p=0.0001 by T-Student. In addition, the tumors that showed lower TLR7 protein expression levels were significantly associated with a worse clinical prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS
A lower TLR7 protein expression is associated with prostate cancer with worse prognosis and the role of TLR7 receptors in the biology of malignancy merits study in a larger sample study. These kinds of result suggest that in future therapeutic strategies to boost TLR7 may be of interest in the therapeutic area of prostate cancer.


Abstract : This study sought to develop a high-temperature coolant for future advanced military diesel engines capable of operating at high temperatures (up to 150 C). The desirable coolant for high-temperature application must have a high boiling point, a low freezing point, good thermal properties (specific heat and thermal conductivity) and must be able to protect the various metals of the cooling system and the engine components against corrosion. In order to evaluate the candidate for high-temperature application under laboratory conditions, the simulated service corrosion test, ASTM D-2570 was conducted at 121 C for 1064 h. Also with this corrosion test mock-up, the cavitation-corrosion test was performed using an aluminum water pump at 121 C for 700 h. The antifreezes used in these tests were mixtures of MIL-A-46153 antifreeze and water containing 50, 60, and 80 wt percent ethylene glycol and similar mixtures containing the antifreeze extender additive, MIL-A-53009. Based on simulated service test results, the antifreeze mixtures containing 50, 60, and 80 wt percent ethylene glycol with antifreeze extender additive were found to be acceptable as potential candidates for the future advanced diesel engine operating at 121 C. Among the three candidate coolants, the antifreeze mixture containing 60 wt percent of MIL-A-46153 with antifreeze extender additive proved to be the optimum coolant for high-temperature application (121 C) based on its boiling point, freezing point, and thermal properties and on the results of the simulated service corrosion and cavitation-corrosion tests. Keywords: pH and reserve alkalinity.


Population managers of large ungulates often assume that approximately even numbers of male and female offspring are produced. In contrast, evolutionary theory predicts that maternal investment in polygynous mammals should depend on the relative resource status of the female in relation to sex-specific demands of the offspring (i.e., females should bias sex allocation depending on their body condition). Examination of elk (Cervus elaphus) reproductive tracts from Oregon revealed that fetal sex ratios vary with maternal body condition (kidney fat index [KFI] Females with low maternal body condition were more likely to produce daughters than females with high KFI levels. Adult females with high KFIs conceived earlier and produced significantly more sons than daughters in the first 2 weeks of the reproductive season than females with lower body condition. Because reproductive data from elk in Oregon support the hypothesis of adaptive sex ratios according to the Trivers and Willard hypothesis, I evaluated the effects of adaptive sex ratios on offspring production in a hypothetical elk population. Using the observed relations between body condition, pregnancy, and fetal sex ratio, I examined the effects of maternal body condition on the production of male and female offspring in a population. I used a gamma distribution to simulate different maternal body condition (KFI) distributions and estimated the resultant fetal sex ratios. These simulations indicated that equality of sex ratios in offspring is a rare occurrence and is limited to average environmental conditions. With increasing body condition in the herd, the model predicted that more sons were conceived and that fetal sex ratios increasingly deviated from unity. Fetal sex ratios from annual and regional samples in Oregon supported this result and were positively correlated with mean KFI at the population level. If females in populations at or near carrying capacity suffer from generally low body condition, intrauterine and neonatal mortality may further reduce the number of sons produced and produce a significant bias toward daughters. Thus, adaptive sex ratio adjustment in elk may have significant importance for elk population management and the production of males.


Summary Pasteurella pestis, virulent or avirulent; contains 7 antigens demonstrable in the Oudin test. Five are common to P. pseudotuberculosis; 3 of these are thermo-labile and 2 are thermostable. Of the 7 antigens of P. pestis 4 are thermolabile and 2 thermostable. The remaining antigen is haptenized Fraction I. Formalin affects all of the antigens except one, rendering them thermolabile; toluene does not affect them.


The q-Serre relations are shown to be necessary for fixing uniquely the value of deformation parameters within recently proposed applications of quantum algebras Uq(Un) in obtaining q-analogues of hadron mass sum rules. Coefficients in these q-analogues are expressed through Alexander polynomials of certain knots.


The article reports on a study conducted by Sandra Robinson regarding the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational trust. The objectives of the research were to examine the effect of differences in trust levels on individuals' perceptions of a contract breach, and to investigate employees' reactions to such perceived breach. Results showed that respondents truly believed that their organizations would uphold their ends of the psychological contracts. Robinson also found that the pre-breach trust levels of employees tended to affect both perceptions of contract breaches and post-breach attitudes. Finally, the study indicated similar differences in regard to how high trust and low trust employees reacted to subsequent contract violations.


For the first time in Russian African studies, the author examines the current state of agriculture, challenges and prospects for food security in Ghana, which belongs to the group of African countries that have made the most progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals adopted by UN member states in 2015 with a view of achieving them by 2030. The SDGs include: ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (Goal 1); ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture (2); ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages (3), etc. These goals are considered fundamental because the achievement of a number of other SDGs – for example, ensuring quality education (4), achieving gender equality (5), ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns (12), etc. – largely depends on their implementation.
Ghana was commended by the world community for the significant reduction in poverty, hunger and malnutrition between 2000 and 2014, i.e. for the relatively successful implementation of the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–2015) – the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. However, SDGs require more careful study and planning of implementation measures.
In order to achieve the SDGs, the Government of Ghana has adopted a number of programs, plans and projects, the successful implementation of which often stumbles upon the lack of funding and lack of coordination between state bodies, private and public organizations, foreign partners – donors and creditors, etc., which are involved in the processes of socioeconomic development of Ghana.
The author determines the reasons for the lack of food security in Ghana, gives an assessment of the state of the agricultural sector, the effective development of which is a prerequisite for the reduction of poverty and hunger, primarily due to the engagement of a significant share (45%) of the economically active population in this sector. The study shows that the limited growth in food production is largely due to the absence of domestic markets and necessary roads, means of transportation, irrigation and storage infrastructure, as well as insufficient investment in the agricultural sector, rather than to a shortage of fertile land or labor.


Based on the X-ray diffraction theory, the X-ray diffraction patterns of C 60 crystals with various stacking patterns have been simulated. The origin of amorphous scattering in C 60 crystals has been discussed. It is suggested that there are two kinds of movements for a C 60 molecule. The amorphous scattering of the crystals displays an intrinsic strutural characteristic of C 60 crystals.


Glucose‐stimulated biphasic insulin secretion involves at least two signaling pathways, the KATP channel‐dependent and KATP channel‐independent pathways, respectively. In the former, enhanced glucose metabolism increases the cellular adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio, closes KATP channels and depolarizes the cell. Activation of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels increases Ca2+ entry and [Ca2+]i and stimulates insulin release. The KATP channel‐independent pathways augment the response to increased [Ca2+]i by mechanisms that are currently unknown. However, they affect different pools of insulin‐containing granules in a highly coordinated manner. The β‐cell granule pools can be minimally described as reserve, morphologically docked, readily and immediately releasable. Activation of the KATP channel‐dependent pathway results in exocytosis of an immediately releasable pool that is responsible for the first phase of glucose‐stimulated insulin release. Following glucose metabolism, the rate‐limiting step for the first phase lies in the rate of signal transduction between sensing the rise in [Ca2+]i and exocytosis of the immediately releasable granules. The immediately releasable pool of granules can be enlarged by previous exposure to glucose (by time‐dependent potentiation, TDP), and by second messengers such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The second phase of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion is due mainly to the KATP channel‐independent pathways acting in synergy with the KATP channel‐dependent pathway. The rate‐limiting step here is the conversion of readily releasable granules to the state of immediate releasability, following which, in an activated cell they will undergo exocytosis. In the rat and human β‐cell the KATP channel‐independent pathways induce a time‐dependent increase in the rate of this step that results in the typical rising second‐phase response. In the mouse β‐cell the rate appears not to be changed much by glucose. Potential intermediates involved in controlling the rate‐limiting step include increases in cytosolic long‐chain acyl‐CoA levels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), DAG binding proteins, including some isoforms of protein kinase (PKC), and protein acyl transferases. Agonists that can change the rate‐limiting steps for both phases of insulin release include those like glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) that raise cyclic AMP levels and those like acetylcholine that act via DAG. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The Rowley Shoals is the most south-westerly of a series of isolated reefs and banks on the edge of the north-western Australian shelf (lat. 17 degrees 10'S, long. 118 20'E) (Fig. 6). Located approximately 296 km (160 n miles) north-west off Broome it comprises three separate annular reef structures classified on the basis of morphology as 'shelf atolls' (Fairbridge 1950; Berry 1982, 1986; Berry and Marsh 1986; Done, T. and C. and Thomson 1994). The atolls arise from the Scott Reef/Rowley Shoals platform on their landward sides and drop away to depths of between 300 and 700 m on the seaward side (Berry and Marsh 1986). They are exposed to an extreme tidal regime, with semi-diurnal tides ranging from 3 m at neap tide to over 10 m at springs (Brewer, Lyne, Skewes and Rothlisberg 2007, cited in Commonwealth of Australia 2011: 5); and, oceanic swell that results in a very high-energy environment, which influences the atolls' structure, height, and floral and faunal diversity. From north-east to south-west the atolls are Mermaid Reef, Clerke Reef and Imperieuse Reef, each atoll covering an area of about 80 to 90 km2.


I present a selection of CP-PACS and UKQCD data for the pseudo-Goldstone masses in Nf = 2 QCD with doubly degenerate quarks. At least the more chiral points should be consistent with Chiral Perturbation Theory for the latter to be useful in an extrapolation to physical masses. I find consistency with the chiral prediction but no striking evidence for chiral logs. Nonetheless, the consistency guarantees that the original estimate, by Gasser and Leutwyler, of the Nf =2 QCD low-energy scale Λ3 was not entirely wrong. Introduction Ever since numerical lattice QCD computations have been done, the spectrum of light mesons has served as a benchmark problem. This is still true today, as actions respecting the global chiral symmetry among the light flavours are being tested and several groups have embarked on ambitious simulations of "full" QCD with two or possibly more dynamical flavours. These developments address one of the key issues in low-energy QCD. The fact that chiral symmetry is both spontaneously and explicitly broken generates pseudo-Goldstone bosons, i.e. particles that dominate (for small enough quark masses) the long-range behaviour of correlators between external currents and which are collectively called "pions". The lattice is not the only framework to address the low-energy structure of QCD. In the old days PCAC relations were exploited to predict the dependence of low-energy observables on shifts in the quark masses and external momenta. The one best known is F 2 πM 2 π = (mu+md) |〈0|q̄q|0〉| + O(m ) (1) which connects the pion mass and decay constant to the product of the explicit and spontaneous symmetry breaking parameters. However, the Gell-Mann –Oakes –Renner relation (1) does not give a prediction how Fπ and Mπ separately depend on the quark mass. And in the real world the latter may be shifted only by a discrete amount (e.g. by replacing d → s, π → K one gets a leading order prediction for the quark mass ratio ms/m with m ≡ (mu+md)/2). Today, the first limitation is overcome, since the successor of PCAC, Chiral Perturbation Theory [1], gives detailed predictions how either Mπ or Fπ individually depends on the quark mass m. And – in principle – the second problem is gone since one may vary m continuously in a lattice computation. Therefore, it seems natural to combine the two approaches to benefit from their respective advantages. However, for that aim quarks need to be taken sufficiently light, and this is a numerical challenge on the lattice. Below, an elementary test is presented whether this is already achieved in present state-of-the-art results for M π versus m, as published by the CP-PACS [2] and UKQCD [3] collaborations. The idea is to restrict the analysis to the "doubly degenerate" case with Nf =2 O(a) improved Wilson quarks, i.e. to consider only the subset where both valence-quarks are exactly degenerate with the sea-quarks, as this avoids additional assumptions of the "partially quenched" framework. 1 Prediction by Chiral Perturbation Theory Here, I give a brief summary of the work by Gasser and Leutwyler (GL), with an application to lattice data in mind. GL have calculated the substitute for the GOR relation (1) to NLO in Chiral Perturbation Theory (XPT) with Nf =2 quarks [1]. To that order, two low-energy constants 1 from the LO Lagrangian appear (F =limm→0 Fπ, B=− limm→0〈0|q̄q|0〉/F ) together with the finite parts of the li in the NLO Lagrangian. Restricted to the degenerate case their result [1] takes the form M π = M 2 + 1 F 2 ( M 32π2 log( M μ2 ) − 2M l 3(μ) )


On the basis of concepts of antagonistic function equality and equality of human being and nature,etc.,it elaborates the embodiment of combination concept in Chinese traditional architecture from three levels of city,mill and courtyard,points out that the knowledge on combination concept can not only help people really read Chinese traditional architecture,but also enable the creative thinking and practice.


The spatial relations between objects result from man's cognitive processing and conceptualization, spatial structure is a linguistic encoding form of the spatial relations . For the difference of thinking mode, cognitive perspective, mental processing, cultural characteristic and language characteristics, facing the same physical spatial relations,the linguistic encoding form is different between the different ethnic groups . This paper tries to explain spatial relations and their linguistic expressions of modern Uyghur language from a cognitive point of view based on the spatial frames of reference and the Figure-Ground relations .


Currently, scientific research in the field of nanotechnology has attracted growing interest because of its several applications. The metal oxides have high added value in industrial processes and in addition, human exposure to these nanoparticles can cause respiratory problems. Filtration using fibrous filters is among the various options that can be used to provide efficient elimination of nanoparticles. While it is known that fibrous filters can successfully remove microparticles present in the air, there has been little research concerning the removal of nanoparticles using nickel oxide nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter media with glass and micro-quartz fiber for the removal of nickel oxide nanoparticles. Two HEPA filter with glass fibers (H1 and H2) and one HEPA filter with micro-quartz fibers (H3). Nanoparticles were generated using an atomizer generator through a 0.1 g/L nickel oxide water suspension. The efficiency of filter media was measured using an electrical mobility particle analyzer (SMPS) coupled to the filtration line and particles were counted before and after the filter media in the size range between 7.4 and 289 nm. Both filter media had efficiency collection above 99% but H1 filter stand out among the others.


The study was carried out to determine the factors affecting fast food consumption among Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria students. Primary Data from 240 students from four faculties collected through a multi-stage sampling procedure using a structured interview schedule were used for data analysis. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a double hurdle regression model. The result shows that 52% of student expenditure per semester was allotted to fast food and lunch constituted 36.9% of total fast food expenditure. Snacks, noodles (popularly known as Indomie) and fried rice were the mostly consumed fast food with the value of 29.9%, 24.2%, and 12.8% respectively. The pooled results indicates that the factors that influence the students' decision to consume fast food shows slight variation from those influencing level of consumption and where it does, not by the same magnitude and direction. For instance, age (p<0.01), education (p<0.01), sex (p<0.01), Time Spent Away From Hostels (TSAF) (p<0.05) and distance trekked to eat out (p<0.01) were found to significantly influence the student's decision. In contrary, age (p<0.10), education (p<0.05), allowance (p<0.05), TSAF (p<0.10), distance (p<0.10) influenced the level of fast food consumption significantly. The study also identified reasons for consuming fast food products were loaded on economic, social and academic factors with time constraints, peer group and convenience as the most cogent reasons for consuming fast food. There should be an appropriate policy by the Ahmadu Bello University administration to ensure the establishment of more standard fast food restaurants, and


Abstract A visible-light-induced and iron-catalyzed oxidative radical addition/cyclization cascade reaction of N-(o-cyanoaryl)acrylamides with dimethyl sulfoxide has been developed. The method exhibits a wide substrate scope and an excellent functional-group tolerance, thus providing an efficient and convenient access to a variety of methylated quinoline-2,4-diones.


Late-onset complications may cause serious problems in diabetic patients. Among these complications, diabetic foot infections play a signifcant role. In the recognition and management of the disease the microbiological procedures are essential. Neglected infectious complications may lead to gangrene, limb amputation, which not only impairs quality of life but also endangers the patient's life. Prevention should include careful management of metabolic disease, appropriate medication, early detection of neuropathy, and the detection and treatment of infection by a medical team , including clinical microbiologist. In our present study, we retrospectively assessed the bacteriological culture' results of patients with "diabetic foot" syndrome in 5-years' clinical material at he Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged.


The research aims to develop a manual transmission module integrated with a problem based learning  models to enhanching  students analytical skills . This research in addition to describe the properness module also describes the properness instructional devices, properness student analytical skills instruments, instructional implemented, student activities, student achievements and student response. Module development adopt a four - D models Thiagarajan instructional development then implemented using a randomized pretest - posttest control group design and using descriptive statistical analysis. Module, instructional devices and instruments of  student analytical skills developed through logical validity of experts assessment has an average score as follows : 1) the validity of the maintain transmission  module has an average score of 3.6 with a very good category, 2) the validity of the instructional devices that include syllabi, lesson plans, worksheets and assesment paper have an average score of 3.6 with a very good category, 3) the validity of the student analytical skills instruments has an avarage score of 3.7 with a very good category. While results of data analysis of the instructional implemented, student activities, student achievement and students response obtained through empirical tests, as follows: 1) the properness instructional had an average score of 3.6 with a very good category,  2) the dominant student activities in the learning process is a discussion/question and answer between students and teachers or fellow students had an average score of 3.96 with a very active category, 3) student achievement after following teaching and learning activities using a module based on PBL models increased by 69.6%, 4) students response to teaching is generally considered good scientific work and will be new parts for students. Based on the results of the data analysis above, can be concluded that learning by using maintaining transmission module with PBL models can improve students analytical skills, increases the activity of the students in learning activities and completed the students achievement.


Objective
To investigate the impact of the changes of posttreatment karnofsky performance status (KPSpost) on the overall survival (OS) for patients with stage Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent concurrent chemoradiation.

Methods
A total of 279 patients (male 198 and female 81) with histological confirmed stage Ⅳ NSCLC were enrolled in this study with a median age of 58 years old (range 22 to 80 years old). There were 166 cases of squamous carcinoma, 87 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 22 cases of unclassified carcinoma, respectively. All enrolled patients received more than 2 cycles of chemotherapy and more than 36 Gy of concurrent radiotherapy. Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were applied to evaluate OS. Multivariate analyses were carried out by the Cox proportional-hazard model. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the related factors of KPSpost.

Results
There were 198 patients with improved KPSpost and 81 patients with decreased KPSpost, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the improvement of KPSpost was associated with longer OS. Logistic regression analysis showed that the improvement of KPSpost was positively related with treatment of more than 4-6 cycles chemotherapy concurrent with over 63 Gy radiation to primary tumor. The improvement of KPSpost also correlated positively with disease control rate (DCR), but negatively with PLT toxicity and radiation esophagitis.

Conclusions
KPSpost was an independent prognostic factor of OS for patients with stage Ⅳ NSCLC underwent concurrent chemoradiation. Chemotherapy of 4-6 cycles and concurrent over 63 Gy radiotherapy dose to primary tumor, as well as DCR were positive factors for KPSpost improvement. However, stage 3-4 PLT toxicities and radiation esophagitis decreased the KPSpost.

Key words:
Non-small cell lung cancer; Concurrent chemoradiation; Karnofsky performance status of posttreatment; Overall survival


In this work Artificial Intelligence techniques ar e applied for a simulated oil distillation system. The chosen system was a debutanizer column. At this process, t he feed comes to the column is segmented by heating . The lightest components become steams, by forming the LPG (Lique fied Petroleum Gas). The others components continue l q id and they are being often called C5+. In the composi tion of the LPG, ideally, we have only propanes and butanes, but, in practice, there are contaminant, as, for example , ntanes. The ideal LPG to be used do not must ha ve in its composition more than 3% of pentane. The objective of this work is to control pentane amount in LPG, b y means of a intelligent determination of the sets points (SP) f or PID controllers that are present in originalcolu mn instrumentation. A Mamdani fuzzy system is designed to set values of these SP's with base in the desir ed quantity of pentane. The designed fuzzy system disposes of two inputs (error and error variance), and one output ( SP of the reflux flow controller). The results of this work show th e fuzzy controller efficiency in the dynamic genera tion of set points applied in regulatory control of a gas process plan t.


On the edge detection research of stomach image,the noises affect the accuracy of detection,on the other hand,the traditional edge detection algorithms are sensitive to noises,so a new edge detection algorithm was proposed based on wavelet threshold de-noising which uses combined technology and improved mathematical morphological edge detection algorithm. Firstly,the wavelet threshold of the wavelet domain was used to de-noise the stomach image. Secondly,a improved edge detection algorithm was used to denoised image and then form the stomach edge image. Experimental result shows that the improved algorithm can not only suppress the image noise,but also retain the image edge details. Compared with traditional edge detection methods,the new method has a better signal-to-noise ratio.


Combination with the crack case of buried segments of 110kV transmission line concrete poles in Wanzhou and material characteristics and mechanical properties of reinforced concrete,base on DL/T 5154—2002 《The Technical Regulation of Design for Pole and Tower Structures of Overhead Transmission Line》,the main reasons why the depth section of reinforced concrete pole will be crack are analyzed,which includes the external load,concrete carbonation and steel corrosion.And some corresponding prevention measures are put forward.


Workforce productivity had been affected by many different factors in organisations around the globe. There have been many instances in different organisations workforce that has affected their productivity level. Current research looks into the management practices and the ability of employees working in the telecommunication sector of the UK for analysing their linkage with workforce productivity. The use of different management practices has been directly linked with workforce productivity in the telecommunication sector of the UK. The current study uses quantitative primary measures for collecting and analysing the research data. The developed results of the research support all the developed hypotheses of the research that were established to measure the direct impact of employee ability and management practices of the telecommunication sector on workforce productivity. The collected data was analysed through the use of statistical measures of descriptive analysis, regression analysis, and correlation analysis. The developed research results accept the alternate hypotheses developed in the research body.


The problem of estimating the moduli of smoothness of functions from Lq in terms of their moduli of smoothness from Lp is well known. The first stage in the estimation of moduli of smoothness was the study of the properties of functions from the Lipschitz classes and obtaining the corresponding embeddings in the works of Titchmarsh, Hardy, Littlewood, Nikol'skii. The classical Hardy-Littlewood embedding for Lipschitz spaces can be obtained as a consequence of the Ulyanov's inequality for the moduli of continuity of a function of one variable. In the works of Ulyanov, the modulus of smoothness of natural order was considered. The introduction of fractional moduli of smoothness made it possible in the works of Potapov, Simonov, Tikhonov to strengthen the Ulyanov's inequality. Later, the same authors were able to generalize Ulyanov's inequality to functions of two variables, obtaining estimates for mixed moduli of smoothness. The sharpness of these inequalities was proved in the case when 1 < 𝑝 < 𝑞 < ∞ or 1 = 𝑝 < 𝑞 = ∞. In this article, we study mixed moduli of smoothness of fractional orders of a function of two variables. Inequalities are obtained that refine the previously known estimates of the Ulyanov type inequalities between mixed moduli of smoothness in the metrics Lp and Lq for values 1 < 𝑝 < 𝑞 = ∞. The accuracy of the obtained estimates is investigated. The relationship between these and previously known estimates has been studied.


This report discusses the following topics: subthreshold production experiment; testing and selection of PCOS amplifiers; transverse energy detector; development of a sensitive new amplifiers; single-lepton experiment. (LSP)


Recent advances in low-cost natural user interfaces such as Microsoft Kinect and Leap Motion controller allow the Virtual Reality implementation of 3D serious games for, posture, upper limb and lower limb rehabilitation purposes. However, it is very important to compare the results obtained by the users that train in virtual and real environments. This paper presents a virtual reality serious game for upper limb rehabilitation using a natural user interface expressed by Leap Motion controller. One of the developed virtual reality serious game for rehabilitation is converted to a real scenario with the same elements and rules and the same aims of physical rehabilitation. In order to extract appropriate information from the serious game based on real objects a RFID technology was used together with software components developed in LabVIEW. The evaluation of hand muscles' activity during the training session is based on the usage of thermography that permits to measure in an unobtrusive way the distribution of the temperature on the hands' level. Based on analysis of thermographic images obtained before and after serious game practice, the level of activity of specific muscles associated with training for virtual and real scenario is extracted. Experimental results that are also included in the paper underline the effectiveness of the proposed method for the comparison of the training in virtual and real scenarios.


\i Eleanor Gibson essentially defined the domain of perceptual learning, which includes both improvement in perception as a function of experience and learning and acquisition of knowledge as a function of changes in perception. In her view,differentiation, as opposed to association, is the process underlying perceptual development as well as perceptual learning. She considered perceptual development to be an important aspect of cognitive development. To a considerable degree, children's acquisition of knowledge and their increasingly complex conceptual sophistication can be attributed to their ability to detect more and more meaningful aspects of the rich stimulation impinging on them. This theoretical analysis was instantiated in empirical research on a wide range of topics. Imagine yourself a participant in an experiment. You are such confusion errors decreased with trials for participants of shown a complex graphic "scribble" consisting of a four-coil all ages. spiral. You are then shown successively a series of similar and Why is this experiment considered a classic? Consider the identic~1 drawings. Your ta~k is to pick out the identical ones in time when it was carried out. It was the early mid-fifties, in the ( the senes. The first few scnbbles seem about the same as each heyday of behaviorism with its emphasis on the association of other and the same as what you remember of the original stan- stimuli and responses (e.g., Hull and Spence) or in some cases dard. However, you gradually notice that there is variation in the association of stimuli and stimuli (e.g., Guthrie). Psycholonumber of coils in the spiral, perhaps degree of tightness of the gists interested in learning generally all agreed that learning spiral, and even direction of rotation of the spiral (clockwise vs. was the forming of associations or, at the very least, emphasized counterclockwise). You do not know if you have noticed all the the response side of learning. The scribble experiment was a ways the scribbles differed or all the particular differences simple and vivid demonstration that a change in performance among them, because the experimenter-never tells you specifi- as a function of experience did not have to involve the formacally whether you are right or wrong. However, at the end of the tion of associations between stimuli and responses but could series the experimente~ asks you to repeat the procedure, giving consist of improvement in perception. Moreover, this improveyou another op~rtum~y to l~ok.at the standard, and the~ to go ment in perception occurred without reinforcement in the through the senes again. ThIS tIme you are more certaIn that sense of drive reduction or even reinforcement in the sense of you have noti~ed the types of difference among the scri?bles, extrinsic information about correctness (i.e., knowledge of reand you are fal~ly su:e you have detected most of the scnbbles suIts). What was required was merely the opportunity to examthat were not. IdentIcal to the standard. Once ~ore 7"°u ar.e ine and to study the stimuli. What was learned was not a new ~sked to ~xamme the standar? a~d to select t~ose IdentIcal to It association, but rather how the stimuli differed from one anm the senes. At the end of this tnal the expenmenter tells you, other. Besides the quantitative data about errors from the experfinally, that you have now gotten them all correct and thanks . t th t t f th b. t . II


We isolated 10 mannitol-positive mutants from a mannitol-negative Escherichia coli strain. These mutations mapped within ptsG, encoding the glucose permease (EIIGlc), and resulted in a G-320-to-V substitution that allows EIIGlc to transport mannitol. Gly-320 lies within a putative transmembrane helix of EIIGlc that may be involved in substrate recognition.


Background: Globally around 60 million people are suffering from Computer vision syndrome (CVS). A well-known eye and vision-related problem resulting from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. Viewing a digital screen often increases the visual load therefore the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of CVS among students.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September 2018 to 31st May 2019 on a sample of 320 students from diverse physiotherapy institutes of Karachi.  Participants of both genders between the age of 18-24 years were included in the study. Data regarding demographics, CVS assessment, associated symptoms, intensity of symptoms and daily vision routine was recorded. CVS was assessed using a standardized CVS questionnaire (CVS-Q) and analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: A total of 320 physiotherapy students with a mean age of 21.04+0.8 years were enrolled in the study, majority of them were females 245(76.6%). Out of these, 186 students were diagnosed with CVS as they scored ≥6 on Segui and Colleagues CVS questionnaire with headache being the most prevalent symptom (63.1%) followed by itching (52.8%), increased sensitivity to light (43.6%), eye pain (42.6%) and feeling of foreign body (39.5%). Among the activities involved in daily vision routine, optical use and sitting posture were significantly associated with CVS.
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study results that CVS is highly prevalent among physiotherapy students, one of the reasons for this might be the increased digital screens usage for academic purpose and clinical decision making.


The invention discloses a combined material of inflation and air exchange shoe sole materials. The combined material can be applied to different positions of a shoe sole to make the shoe sole have a better shock absorption and rebound performance. In order to achieve the aim, by means of the technical scheme, the combined material of the inflation and air exchange shoe sole materials includes a high-elasticity rubber material, a shock-proof and slipping prevention material and a middle connection body material, the high-elasticity rubber material is formed by machining a component A and used for manufacturing the upper layer of the shoe sole, the shock-proof and slipping prevention material is formed by machining a component B and used for manufacturing the lower layer of the shoe sole, and the middle connection body material is formed by machining a component C and used for connecting the upper layer of the shoe sole with the lower layer of the shoe sole.


2Abs tract: In the present study, a new sel f-nanoemuls ified drug delivery formulation (SNEDDF) of indomethacin (IND) was tested in rats for its in viv o p e rformance. Pharmacokinetic s tudies of IND SNEDDF was carried out after oral administrati on of the prepared formulation (capsules) and compared with that of orally adminis tered IND oily s olution (filled in caps ule). From the pharmacokinetic parameters, it was found that IND SNEDD capsul es have improved bioavailability max over IND oily s olution caps ules . T h e v a lu e s of A UC and C for IND SNEDD caps ules were 792.17 ± 68.44 ng.hr/ml and 130.45 ± 4.84 n g / ml re s p e c t ively as compared to 151.50 ± 33.14 ng.hr/ml and 23.83 ± 3.66 ng/ml for IND oily sol ution capsul es. The study showed that SNEDDF could be used not only to enhance the bioavailability of li pophi lic drugs but als o to decreas e the regular dose s of thes e drugs, which may lead to eliminate or reduce their s ide effects as well.