The crystal structure of LaFe9Si4 intermetallic compound equilibrated at 1173 K has been determined by the x-ray powder diffraction and refined by the Rietveld technique. The crystal structure belongs to the tetragonal symmetry with space group I4/mcm, which can be derived from the cubic NaZn13-type structure. Each unit cell contains four formula units of LaFe9Si4. The lattice parameters are a = 7.932(1) angstrom and c = 11.677(2) angstrom. The calculated density is D(x) = 6.86(4) g/cm3. In the structure there are five kinds of equivalent positions, i.e., 4a, 16l(1), 16k, 16l(2), and 4d, which are occupied by 4La, 16Fe(1), 16Fe(2), 16Si, and 4Fe(3) atoms, respectively.


Semaphorins are a family of secreted and membrane‐bound molecules that play critical functions in diverse biological processes.[1][1], [2][2], [3][3], [4][4], [5][5], [6][6], [7][7], [8][8], [9][9] SEMA1A/Fasciclin IV is the founding member of the semaphorin family and was first reported in 1992


This paper analyses the performance of Enrique Pena Nieto's government with regard to the fight against corruption. It focuses on understanding the origins of the National Anti-Corruption System (SNA), how it is structured, and identifying the challenges and possibilities of success in the future. Based on a review of the evidence, it proposes that with regard to corruption the performance of the Pena Nieto government was reactive, incomplete, and limited. The efforts made responded principally to the need to placate social discontent, while remaining under-resourced and lacking in an effective anti-corruption policy. Furthermore, there was no political will to consolidate and improve the emerging strategy, or a coalition to ensure its continuity. These defects explain why the SNA has failed to consolidate itself, to date, as a long-term anti-corruption strategy.


This paper addresses the vibration control problem of a fuel transport system (FTS) in a nuclear power plant. The FTS transports the fuel rods in the nuclear reactor to desired locations in the fuel building or vice versa. The fuel rods must be transported under water to avoid radiation leaks to the environment. It has been observed that a quick maneuver of the trolley can cause vibrations that can damage the structure of the fuel rods, due to the hydrodynamic force exerted by the surrounding fluid. In the present study, a distributed parameter model of the FTS, using the Hamilton's principle, is developed. The developed model is verified with experiments. A velocity command is designed, as an open-loop control, to transport the fuel rods in quick time to the target locations with minimum vibrations. The residual vibrations of the fuel rod are controlled while considering the effects of the hydrodynamic force imposed by the surrounding water. Simulation results show that the proposed velocity command transports the fuel rods to the target location quickly resulting in a significant decrease in the rod's vibrations.


Studies on nursery treatments in arecanut showed that the seedlings performance differed significantly due to container size and pot mixture. In particular, the larger size container (25 x 15 cm) with pot mixture of soil sand+ Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) at 2:1:0.1 base produced vigourous seedlings followed by soil sand vermicompost at 2:1:1 mixture in nursery stage. It might be due to the better aeration in larger containers that facilitated easy root penetration and supply of adequate nutrients to the growing seedlings


After China joined the WTO,China needs to increase the international competition ability that educate of technique of vo-catinoal education of our country urgently, and renew the teaching quantity the idea, and establishes the perfect and hitler vocational education to educate the quantity to evaluate the system.


In this paper, we study two-fluid compressible Euler--Maxwell equations in the whole space or periodic space. In comparison with the one-fluid case, we need to deal with the difficulty mainly caused by the nonlinear coupling and cancelation between electrons and ions. Precisely, the expected dissipation rates of densities for two carriers are no longer available. To capture the weaker dissipation, we develop a continuity for compositions, which is a natural generalization from Besov spaces to Chemin--Lerner spaces (space-time Besov spaces). An elementary fact that indicates the relation between homogeneous Chemin--Lerner spaces and inhomogeneous Chemin--Lerner spaces will been also used.


Abstract Gaia is ESA's upcoming astrometry mission, building on the heritage of its predecessor, Hipparcos. The Gaia nominal scanning law (NSL) prescribes the ideal attitude of the spacecraft over the operational phase of the mission. As such, it precisely determines when certain areas of the sky are observed. From theoretical considerations on sky-sampling uniformity, it is easy to show that the optimum scanning law for a space astrometry experiment like Gaia is a revolving scan with uniform rotation around the instrument symmetry axis. Since thermal stability requirements for Gaia's payload require the solar aspect angle to be fixed, the optimum parallax resolving power is obtained by letting the spin axis precess around the solar direction. The precession speed has been selected as compromise, limiting the across-scan smearing of images when they transit the focal plane, providing sufficient overlap between successive "great-circle" scans of the fields of view, and guaranteeing overlap of successive precession loops. With this scanning law, with fixed solar-aspect angle, spin rate, and precession speed, only two free parameters remain: the initial spin phase and the initial precession angle, at the start of science operations. Both angles, and in particular the initial precession angle, can be initialized following various (programmatic) criteria. Examples are optimization/fine-tuning of the Earth-pointing angle, of the number and total duration of Galactic-plane scans, or of the ground-station scheduling. This paper explores various criteria, with particular emphasis on the opportunity to optimise the scanning-law initial conditions to "observe" the most favorable passages of bright stars very close to Jupiter's limb. This would allow a unique determination of the light deflection due to the quadrupole component of the gravitational field of this planet.


Summary: Organic mental disorder was observed in a 29‐year‐old female in the prognostic period after the onset of carniofur‐induced lenkoencephalopathy. Symptoms such as euphoria, emotional lability and puerile attitude noted in the patient were diagnosed as organic personality syndrome according to the criteria defined in the DSM‐HI‐R. It is referred to as a frontal lobe syndrome. Brain CT revealed a periventricular low density area in the frontal white matter and moderate dilatation of the lateral ventricles especially at the bilateral anterior horns. Consequently, carmofur‐induced leukoencepha‐lopathy may uncommonly result in organic personality syndrome in the residual state. It may be attributed to the structural damage to the frontal lobe.


BACKGROUND
The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an important treatment for complications of portal hypertension. As some authors have suggested that TIPS may facilitate liver transplantation technically, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of TIPS on the liver transplant operation and its outcome.

METHODS
The analysis was designed as a retrospective cohort study using a multicenter database. Fifty-five patients with TIPS were matched with 55 controls on the basis of 10 pretransplant laboratory, clinical, and demographic features. TIPS patients and control patients were compared with regard to duration of surgery, intraoperative blood product usage, liver and renal function, volume of ascites, survival, and hospital stay. For confirmatory purposes, a parallel analysis using linear regression methods was performed.

RESULTS
By matched analysis, TIPS patients had less ascites at surgery (mean 0.9+/-0.20 vs. 2.2+/-0.37 L, P=0.005) and a slightly shorter time from incision to cross-clamp (mean 2.1+/-0.10 vs. 2.5+/-0.15 hr, P=0.03). However, there were not significant differences for total operative time (mean 6.0+/-0.17 vs. 6.3+/-0.25 hr, P=1.00), blood product usage, or any other outcome variable. Regression analysis confirmed these results.

CONCLUSIONS
TIPS does not significantly impact the course of liver transplantation surgery. Therefore, preoperative portal decompression solely to facilitate liver transplantation is not an appropriate indication for TIPS.


Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of a biological therapy prioritization protocol designed by a multidisciplinary team including hospital pharmacists to promote the efficient use of biological drugs to treat rheumatic arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). A secondary aim was to evaluate the impact of weekly
clinical sessions in which expert rheumatologists evaluated candidates for treatment initiation or switch on a case-by-case basis.

Method: Observational, retrospective analysis comparing the costs of biological therapies during the pre-protocol period (2010) and the post-protocol period (2011-2014). Economic impact was measured by calculating the cumulative cost of biological therapy per patient in the second semester of each year, using hospital purchase prices. We analyzed adult patients with rheumatic arthritis or spondyloarthritis treated with etanercept, adalimumab, abatacept, infliximab, tocilizumab, and rituximab. The clinical sessions were analyzed for 2014, which is when they started.

Results: In the second semester of 2010, prior to the implementation of the protocol, the average cost of biological therapies was €6,331 per patient-semester.
In 2014, the cost was €5,237 per patient-semester. The cumulative effect of protocol implementation was thus €1,094 per patient-semester. Forty-one clinical sessions were held in 2014 and 138 patients were assessed; 80.5% of treatments analyzed were accepted and 19.5% were rejected.

Conclusion: Use of a biological therapy prioritization protocol to prescribe biological drugs, combined with a case-by-case study by an expert group of rheumatologists, can be an efficient tool for promoting the rational use of biological therapies in RA and SpA.


The synthesis of [{ Fe(acen)}2](1)[acen =N,N′-ethylenebis(acetylacetoneiminate) dianion, µeff.= 4.84] was performed by treating anhydrous FeCl2·1.5thf with H2acen in the presence of Na(OMe). Complex (1) has a monomeric structure in solution (M= 288 in C6H6) but is dimeric in the solid state as shown by an X-ray analysis. It has good solubility in organic solvents. Iron(II) achieves five-co-ordination either through dimerization or by binding of a molecule of solvent, e.g. pyridine, to form [Fe(acen)(py)](2). Complex (1) undergoes one-electron oxidation by molecular oxygen and elemental sulphur to form the corresponding iron(III) derivatives [{Fe-(acen)}2(µ-O)](3) and [{Fe(acen)}2(µ-S)](4) respectively. In complexes (3) and (4) the two d5 high-spin configurations are strongly antiferromagnetic [µeff.= 1.80 at 290 K for (3) and 2.16 at 293 K for (4)]. X-Ray analysis of (3) and (4) has allowed a comparison of the most significant parameters associated with the Fe–X–Fe backbone [Fe–O 1.775(13), Fe–S 2.210(3) and 2.204(2)A; Fe–O–Fe 150.7(13), Fe–S–Fe 120.8(1)°].


A novel series of cis-nitenpyram analogues (2a–2p) were designed and prepared by introducing the 1,4-dihydropyridine, with their cis-configuration confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Preliminary bioassays showed that most compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities at 20 mg/L against Aphis medicagini, and analogues 2a and 2d afforded the best activity, and both of them had 100% mortality at 4 mg/L. In addition, molecular docking studies were also performed to model the ligand-receptor complexes, and the results explained the structure-activity relationships observed in vitro, which may provide some useful information for future design of new insecticides.


A novel bisphenol 1, 4'-bis{4-((4-hydroxy) phenyliminomethylidene) phenoxy} benzene (BHPB), which con- tains azomethine moiety and flexible aromatic ether linkage, was synthesized and introduced into the curing system com- posed of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diamine. The curing behavior of DGEBA/diamine changed dramatically due to the introduction of BHPB. The resultant epoxy thermosets containing BHPB had high Tgs (127-160°C), high Td,5% (≥ 330°C) and high integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) values (662-1230°C) and good flame retardancy because of their high Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values (above 29.5).


The work presented in this thesis is concerned with design aspects of multistorey buildings in light-weight concrete blockwork0 The investigations concern the ultimate strength of wall panels under axial compression, the ultimate shear strength of single storey shearwall structures with openings, and an investigation into the behaviour of a five-storey shear-wall structure subjected to lateral loading. In order to ascertain the suitability of model blocks, tests are carried out on a number of full-scale and one-third scale storey height panels built with four varieties of light-weight aggregate concrete blocks covering a wide strength range. The test results show that it is possible to reproduce, with reasonable accuracy, the strength of full-scale blockwork by means of model tests0 Other relationships and properties such as stress-strain, Young's Modulus of Elasticity, Poisson's ratio tensile strength, ultimate load and mechanism of failure have been investigated. A comparison with CF 111 :Part 2:1970, shows that the present provisions of the code are adequate for the design of wall panel under axial loading. Phase 2 of the investigation concerns the shear strength of blockwork0 Preliminary tests were carried out on one-third scale concrete block masonry triplets to find the effect of precompression on the ultimate shear strength;., The test results indicate that the shear strength of blockwork triplets is the sum of bond shear and frictional resistance between the block and mortar0 A statistical analysis of the test's results shows that /


Paper clay has several properties that make its use in vertical barriers very promising. In this paper the characteristics of two paper sludges (which will also be referred to as paper clays) one from the Erving Paper Company and one from the International Paper Company are considered. To determine the feasibility of paper clay for heavy metal attenuation, batch tests, column tests, hydraulic conductivity tests, and pressure filtration tests were performed. Batch testing showed that the metal, the distribution coefficient (Kd) ranged from as low as 0.002 L/g for manganese to as high as 6.7 L/g for lead in International paper clay. In the Erving paper clay the Kd ranged from 0.007 L/g for manganese to 1.9 L/g for cadmium, while the International paper clay Kd ranged from 0.002 L/g for manganese to 6.7 L/g for lead. Chemisorption was established as the predominant metal binding mechanism in both clays with the only exceptions being manganese adsorption on International paper clay that indicated a constant p...


A new maximum intensity projection algorithm is presented based on the sorted volumetric data. the new algorithm adopts the principle of projection from the ShearWarp algorithm, which is the fastest projection algorithm. By means of adjusting the threshold, which determines the termination of traversing the sorted volumetric data, realtime rendering can be realized on the personal computer. The proposed algorithm reaches the speed of 10 frames/second against the medium volume data without affecting the display of effective information.


Guerin, J. E., Parent, L.-E. and Si, B. C. 2011. Spatial and seasonal variability of phosphorus risk indexes in cultivated organic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 291–302. Many reports have attributed phosphorus (P) leaching from cultivated organic soils and the eutrophication of adjacent surface waters to P fertilization exceeding the P sorption capacity of the soil. The index of phosphorus saturation (IPS) using the Mehlich III method (M-III) has been proposed to define an agri-environmental threshold of P saturation in cultivated organic soils. The spatial and temporal variability of IPSM-III must be documented and related to the risk of P pollution to recommend more efficient fertilization practices. The objective of this research was to measure spatial and seasonal variation patterns of P in cultivated organic soils and to evaluate the losses of soil test extractable P between autumn and the following spring. Composite soil samples were taken on a 25-× 25-m grid within 7-ha areas in three representative...


The physiological and behavioral responses observed during aversive threats are coodinated by overlapping circuits in the central nervous system. The medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) is a limbic structures implicated in the control of cardiovascular responses to stress. However, the local neurochemical mechanisms involved in such control has not been fully elucidated. In this sense, angiotensin II and their receptors were identified within the MeA. Nevertheless, a possible involvement of this neurochemical mechanism in MeA control of stress‐evoked cardiovascular responses has never been evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of AT1 receptor within the MeA in control of cardiovascular responses evoked by an acute session of restraint stress in rats. For this, male Wistar rats (240g–260g) had cannula‐guide bilaterally implanted within the MeA. A catheter was also implanted in the femoral artery for mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) recording. The restraint stress was performed by placing the animals in a plastic cylindrical tube for 60 minutes. Independent group of animals received bilateral microinjections into the MeA of the selective AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (1nmol/100nL), angiotensin II (0.05nmol/100nL) or vehicle (saline, 100nL) 10 min before the onset of the restraint stress session. We observed that bilateral microinjection of losartan into the MeA enhanced the tachycardia evoked by restraint stress (F(1,11)=7, P<0.02), but without affecting the MAP increase (F(1,11)=1, P>0.05). Similarly, bilateral treatment of the Mea with angiotensin II enhanced restraint‐evoked HR increase (F(1,12)=6.5, P<0.02) without affecting the MAP response (F(1,12)=0.5, P>0.05). Taken together, these results provide evidence of an inhibitory role of the AT1 receptor within the MeA in cardiac responses to emotional stress. Besides, results indicate that angiotensin II acting via mechanisms other than the AT1 receptor plays a facilitatory influence on HR response.


In Littoral area, the armored equipment is severely eroded due to the special ocean en- vironment. In order to develop a new organic anti-corrosion coating, in this paper, studies the chemical reaction of epoxy resin modified with silicone, tests and analyzes its property, the results indicate, compared with epoxy resin, properties of modified resin, like heat-enduring, hydrophily, permeability, etc., are greatly improved. This modified resin can be applied in prepare anti-cor- rosion coating for armored equipment in littoral area.


Extrapolating physical error rates to logical error rates requires many assumptions and thus can radically under- or overestimate the performance of an error correction implementation. We introduce logical randomized benchmarking, a characterization procedure that directly assesses the performance of a quantum error correction implementation at the logical level, and is motivated by a reduction to the well-studied case of physical randomized benchmarking. We show that our method reliably reports logical performance and can estimate the average probability of correctable and uncorrectable errors for a given code and physical channel.


Climate change and global warming are currently major concerns worldwide given the number of natural disasters happening every year. These challenges are mainly related to the energy crisis and frequently draw attention on the excessive production of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels. To find sustainable and clean energy sources, trends have turned toward renewable energies, among which solar energy is the most abundant, providing our planet with almost 10 000 times more energy than our current global energy consumption per day. With photovoltaic (PV) cells, it is possible to convert solar energy into electricity with very promising conversion efficiencies. The third-generation PV cells, comprising advanced thinfilm solar cells, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), show much higher energy conversion efficiencies at lower costs. Since the introduction of DSSCs in 1991 by Grätzel and O'Regan, this technology has received a lot of attention for its application in the field of green and sustainable energy, and for its ability to reach a power conversion efficiency (PCE, η) of more than 14% up to the present. A DSSC is generally made up of four main components, such as the mesoporous semiconducting photoanode (e.g., TiO2), the dye sensitizer (S, e.g., N719 dye), the electrolyte containing the redox mediator (R/R , e.g., I / I3 ), and the counter electrode (CE; e.g., platinum (Pt)).


Considerations to be taken into account in granting visas (4A) In exercising the power under subsection (2), the Minister must have regard to whether a person has a need for temporary protection or for permanent protection. (4B) If the Minister considers that a person has a need for temporary protection, the Minister may grant the person a visa for a period not exceeding two years. At the end of that period, unless the Secretary has presented evidence to the Minister that satisfies the Minister that the decision to grant a visa should be reversed, the Minister must grant a further visa permitting the person to remain in Australia indefinitely. (4C) If the Minister considers that a person has a need for permanent protection, the Minister must grant the person a visa permitting the person to remain in Australia indefinitely. (4D) If the Minister considers that a person does not have a need for permanent protection but considers that the person has made, and can continue to make, a long-term contribution to economic, social or community life, the Minister may grant a visa permitting the person to remain in Australia indefinitely.


This paper discusses the inseparability of culture and language,presents that language is a form and a subsystem of culture.The author maintains that language learning is urged to give more emphasis to cross culture so as to develop learners'awareness and competences of a foreign language.


An original piezoelectric plate theory has been presented in the companion paper (Osmont and Pablo, 2008). The particularity of the 'piezoelectric', finite element stemming from this theory lies in the fact that no electric degree of freedom is needed to take into account the electromechanical coupling. This article is focused on the validation of this theory through various benchmarks issued from literature. It will be proved that results are in quite agreement with static and dynamic reference solutions of laminated composite plates equipped with piezoelectric patches.


The present technique of in situ bypass requires operating room angiography . A new valvulotome with pressure measurement eliminated angiography and allows detection of AV fistulas for ligation. Retrograde insertion could eliminate the long lower extremity incision.


Division and square root, based on the digit-recurrence algorithm, can be implemented in a combined unit. Several implementations of combined division/square root units have been presented mostly for radices 2 and 4. Here, we present a combined radix-16 unit obtained by overlapping two radix-4 result digit selection functions, as it is normally done for division only units. The latency of the unit is reduced by retiming and low power methods are applied as well. The proposed unit is compared to a radix-4 combined division/square root unit, and to a radix-16 unit, obtained by cascading two radix-4 stages, which is similar to the one implemented in a state-of-the-art processor.


In this article, the design of an airfield irrigation machine (AIM) is considered. The calculation of operational indicators of the technological vehicle in summer and winter periods is made. The productivity of one nozzle is calculated, on the basis of which the flow rate of the liquid reagent is calculated, taking into account the speed movement of the airfield vehicle. The results of calculations are analyzed and presented in comparative tables. The overlap zones of the nozzle flare at a height of 150 mm and 300 mm from the road surface are compared. Based on the obtained numerical values, the optimal design of the equipment of the considered aerodrome technological machine is selected


Whereas standard risk assessment models express risk as a function of likelihood and consequences, the Australian weed risk assessment (WRA) system expresses risk as a single score based on the answers to 49 questions, with no explicit differentiation of likelihood and consequences. We identified WRA questions that most closely reflect likelihood of spread and those that reflect consequences of spread (impacts) to determine whether explicit consideration of likelihood and consequences could reduce WRA mis-classifications or provide insights into why species may be misclassified. Data from a previously published test of the Australian WRA system in Hawai'i were reanalysed. As expected, most major weeds had high scores for both likelihood and consequences components of risk, while both scores tended to be low for non-weeds. Major and minor weeds did not differ in terms of consequence scores, but major weeds averaged higher likelihood scores. A composite score obtained by multiplying likelihood and consequences was better at identifying weeds than the original WRA score while correctly identifying non-weeds at the same rate as the original WRA score. Explicit consideration of likelihood and consequences is a promising approach to improve WRA, but questions remain about non-independence of these components.


detract from the value of a book which is brilliantly written, well produced and admirably illustrated. The student, the house surgeon and the general practitioner will find it specially valuable, and the registrar and the consultant will learn a lot from it. All those who have to deal with fractures-even those living in Liverpool and in Whitechapel-will wish to congratulate Professor Perkins on a great achievement.


It appears likely that the number of currencies in the world, having proliferated along with the number of countries over the past 50 years, will decline sharply over the next two decades. The question I plan to pose here is: where, from an economic point of view, should we aim for this process to stop? Should there be a single world currency, as Richard Cooper (1984) boldly envisioned? Should there remain multiple major currencies but with a much stricter arrangement among them for stabilizing exchange rates, as say Ronald McKinnon (1984) or John Williamson (1993) recommended? Building on Maurice Obstfeld and Rogoff (2000b, d), I will argue here that the status quo arrangement among the dollar, yen, and euro (which I take to be benign neglect) is not far from optimal, not only for now but well into the new century. And it would remain a good system even if political obstacles to achieving greater monetary policy coordination (or even a common world currency) could be overcome. Again, this is not a paper on, say, the pros and cons of dollarization for small and medium-sized economies, but rather on arrangements among the core currencies. Any blueprint for the future core of the world currency system involves some crystal-ball gazing. But at the same time, recent research in international macroeconomics offers several important insights that can help inform the discussion.


We review the first measurements of the CKM angle γ from LHCb. These measurements have been performed with b -hadron decays dominated by b → u and b → c tree-level amplitudes, from which γ can be determined without theoretical uncertainties. Precision is achieved by averaging results from B − → Dh − (h = K ,π ) decays with D → h + h − , D → K + π − , and D → K + π − π + π − , and D → Ks 0 h + h − . Prospects for these and future measurements of γ using neutral b -hadron decays are briefly discussed.


Background: The influence of psychosocial factors on absence rates is incompletely understood; much research has been cross-sectional, involving a limited range of psychosocial variables. This paper reports a large prospective study of the relationship between psychosocial factors and absence rates due to low back pain across a multi-site UK pharmaceutical company. Methods/Results: Baseline data were collected from 4,637 workers, and absence data over the ensuing 15 months were obtained from company records. In addition to demographic and historical variables, a wide range of psychosocial variables was included with a focus on occupational psychosocial factors, termed 'blue flags'. Validated questionnaires were used to quantify job satisfaction, social support, attribution of cause, control over work, and organisation of work, with psychological distress as a 'yellow flag'. 176 workers took absence due to back pain during follow-up. Previously defined cut-off scores were used to categorise hypothesised risk; scores beyond the cut-off point were considered detrimental, and the 'flag' was considered to be 'flying'. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to explore the association between the flags and taking sick leave; a statistically significant association was found with ORs between 1.5 and 2.9. The cut-off scores were then used to compare the length of absence between workers who had zero flags flying and those who had one or more flags flying. Absence over the ensuing 15 months was significantly longer for those people who had one or more flags flying (mean 10.6 days compared with 6.1 days, P Conclusion: This prospective study confirms the influence of blue, as well as yellow, psychosocial flags on both the taking of sick leave and the subsequent length of absence. This supports their hypothesised role as obstacles to recovery that might be suitable targets for occupational health interventions.


I present initial results of inversion of travel-time maps recently obtained by Duvall et al. (1995). The maps represent measurements of the time for acoustic waves to travel between points on a solar surface and surrounding annuli. The measurements are sensitive to perturbations of the sound speed and ows along the ray paths. A 3D inversion method based on Fermat's Principle and a conjugate-gradient technique have been applied to infer the sound speed and the velocity of ows from the observations obtained at the South Pole 4-5 Jan. 1991. The spatial resolution of the inversion is 1.75 degree in both longitude and latitude, and 15 Mm in depth. The results reveal large-scale subsurface structures and ows related to the active regions that are important for understanding the physics of solar activity and large-scale convection.


Objective To explore the relationship between trace elements in hair and poor eyesight among middle school students,and to provide evidence for poor eyesight prevention.Methods Thirty students with poor eyesight(test group) and another thirty normal students(control group) were chosen.With method of atomic absorb spectrocolorimetry,contents of Zn,Fe,Cu,Ca,Mg and Cd were determined.Results Compared with the control group,contents of Zn,Fe,Ca and Mg were significantly less than the test group(P0.01),while the content of Cd was significantly higher(P0.01).Cu in test group was less,but no significant differences were found(P0.05).Conclusion Poor eyesight is correlated to less contents of Zn,Fe,Ca,Cu and Mg in body.


It is analyzed the concept of "didactic conditions", it is also offered its own definition of the concept in the article. It was found that in most pedagogical sources this issue is studied within higher education establishments, so our paper is devoted to general secondary education. Four main pedagogical conditions for the use of Internet sources in the educational environment are identified. They are technical equipment for computerized education, combination of information and communication technologies with traditional forms of education, teacher training to use innovations in the educational process through appropriate applied training, as well as the formation of a high level of digital skills of secondary school students. Attention is also paid to fleeting, auxiliary didactic conditions. This is a combination of activity and competence approaches to learning, activation of educational and cognitive activities of students through game learning, visualization of educational material, increasing the motivational aspect of learning through the novelty of teaching methods; providing a positive emotional background of learning, online support of students outside the school in order to motivate, adjust, direct work. It was found that for the formation of any didactic condition (basic or auxiliary), there must be a number of factors the reasons for its appearance. The formation of didactic conditions is a long-term process that is the result of solving a didactic problem. The essence of the didactic condition itself is inconsistent, which is associated with the development of society, its constant changes. Similarly, the set of didactic conditions also constantly varies: one condition becomes irrefutable, does not require proof, but a new, more urgent or relevant one appears. Big part of the article is devoted to the analysis of modern Internet resources for teachers to master computer technology, mastering the skills of using gadgets in the educational space.


Freeze-drying (or lyophilization) is widely used to preserve thermo-sensitive active ingredient such a s proteins or microorganisms. Our objective was to in vestigate the effect of the product thermal history during the freeze-drying process on the acidification acti vity of lactic acid bacteria. An empirical model de scribing the degradation of the acidification activity of Lactobacillus bulgaricus CFL1 during the process as a function of the temperature difference between the product and the glass transition temperature (Tg) w as developed. This "quality" model was associated to a he t and mass transfer model of the freeze-drying process and the losses of acidification activity du ring the process were simulated for various operati ng conditions of shelf temperature and chamber pressur . Low losses of acidification activity were predic ted when the process was performed at high values of pr duct temperature, i.e. when the time the product temperature exceeds the glass transition temperatur where molecular mobility increased was minimized. Two freeze-drying cycles were carried out at low an d high values of product temperatures and the experimental results of the acidification activity of bacteria were in good agreement with the simulat ion results. This freeze-drying model including the pre diction of the degradation of lactic acid bacteria appears as an interesting tool for designing optimal processes .


ABSTRACT Central to a Kleinian view of the person and the analytic process is the notion that narcissism is mainly pathological, involving the denial of the object, of his existence as independent of oneself or of his having value. The author will argue that the study of how this view is grounded in Freud's thinking, especially his thinking on the death instinct, and particularly in his Beyond the Pleasure Principle, deepens the understanding of this Kleinian view and points to its complexity. Also, through this study what essentially characterizes Kleinian practice, distinguishing it from other kinds of analytic practice is highlighted and Freud's ongoing relevance and contribution to contemporary Kleinian practice is made apparent.


Partly as a result of the rapid growth in Chinese higher education, graduate placement has become a critical issue facing colleges and universties. In response, one of the policy initiatives adopted by the Chinese government is for higher education institutions to put an emphasis on entrepreneurship education. In 2002, the Ministry of Education launched a pilot program on carrying out entrepreneurship education in nine prestigious higher education institutions in China. Since then, many colleges and universities have adopted this innovation in education. This study attempts to examine entrepreneurship education as an innovative solution to the challenges facing higher education in China. It first introduces the background for promoting entrepreneurship education in China, analyzes the entrepreneurship education programs and activities in three selected universities, assesses the state of entrepreneurship education both from a student perspective and also through a comparison with developments in the United States, and concludes with recommendations for further developments in entrepreneurship education in China's colleges and universities.


1. Systems Analysis of the Urban Planning Process 2. Data Acquisition in Urban Environment 3. Methodologies 4. Urban Data Modelling 5. Hypermaps 6. Visualisation 7. Groupware 8. Computer Architecture 9. Conclusions


Sudanese crude oil considered as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, but it contains some undesirable materials that need to be removed. Sulphur compounds are not required in petroleum because they damage the catalyst throughout the refining processes, and they are the main cause of acid rains and environmental pollution since it includes significant amounts of acids and salts which is negatively impacts the refiningprocess. The need to address the chemical and physical properties for crude oil types before used in the manufacturing are very important because production facilities and transportation lines struggle with these corrosive materials. However, it suffers other issues in flow properties included the high viscosity and high wax percentage. The samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at Central Processing Facility (CPF) and tested for chemical and physical properties, ASTM's petroleum standards are used in the evaluation and the assessment of the physicaland chemical properties of crude oils. The samples were tested for density, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, Total acid number (TAN), Pour point, asphalting content, Sulphur content and wax content. Results found that blend of fulla and staroil crude oil was the optimum type used.


We have undertaken major and trace element analyses of volcanic rocks in Northeast China, as well as U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analysis of their zircons, in order to determine the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the volcanics. Mesozoic volcanism in the southern Manzhouli area occurred in two stages: Middle to Late Jurassic (164–147 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (142–123 Ma). The first stage is represented by the Tamulangou, Jixiangfeng, and Qiyimuchang formations. The Jixiangfeng Formation (162–156 Ma) is a rhyolite–trachyte dominated unit that lies between two basalt units, namely the underlying Tamulangou (164–160 Ma) and overlying Qiyimuchang (151–147 Ma) formations. The second igneous stage is dominated by rhyolitic lavas and tuffs of the Shangkuli Formation and basaltic rocks of the Yiliekede Formation, and they yield zircon U–Pb ages of 142–125 and 135–123 Ma, respectively. Basaltic rocks of the Tamulangou and Yiliekede formations have a wide range of MgO contents (1.64–9.59 wt%), but are consistently depleted of Nb and Ta and enriched with incompatible trace elements such as large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs). Trachytes and rhyolites of the Jixiangfeng and Shangkuli formations are characterized by enrichment in LILEs and LREEs relative to HFSEs and HREEs, and with negative Nb, Ta, P, and Ti anomalies and positive ϵ Hf(t) values (3.49–9.98). These data suggest that basaltic volcanic rocks in southern Manzhouli were generated by fractional crystallization of a common parental magma, which was derived by partial melting of metasomatized (enriched) lithospheric mantle, whereas the trachytic and rhyolitic magmas were produced by the melting of lower crustal mafic and felsic granulites, respectively. Geochronological data indicate that Mesozoic volcanism in southern Manzhouli was initiated in the Middle to Late Jurassic and continued into the Early Cretaceous. It was mainly induced by lithospheric extension after the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean.


The title compound crystallizes triclinically in space group of P _1. The C_2-COOH and C_3-COOH molecular groups are planar. The crystal structure is stabilized by the formation of intermolecular (O-H·O) hydrogen bonds.


This research will lead to the development of an educational tool for use by men/couples as a resource to resume intimacy during the period of post-treatment recovery and rehabilitation.


. In this paper, numerical solutions of linear partial differential equations of parabolic type are investigated. We first solve heat equation numerically with Crank-Nicolson, Homotopy Perturbation and Adomian Decomposition methods and then compare the obtained numerical results. As a result of this comparison, we obtain that the Homotopy Perturbation and Adomian Decomposition methods are more stable than the Crank-Nicolson method.


The ontogeny of body mass of two species of Galagidae, Otolemur garnettii and Galago senegalensis, were compared to determine whether interspecific adult mass variability results from differences in growth rate, differences in growth duration, a combination of the two, or neither. Average neonatal and adult mass were estimated from mixed-longitudinal datasets of captive subjects. The duration of growth (age at growth cessation) was estimated from the first derivative of a pseudovelocity curve. Using only measurements from the growth period (those that precede the estimated age at growth cessation), ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the growth rate (i.e. slope) of each sex of each species. These slopes were compared (Otolemur males with Galago males and Otolemur females with Galago females) using an F-statistic. Significant slope differences were found with O. garnettii males and females having higher slopes than Go. senegalensis males and females, respectively. Significant differences in the age at growth cessation were also found with O. garnettii growing for a longer duration than Go. senegalensis. Thus, interspecific differences in adult body mass are attained through differences in both the duration and the rate of growth. Body mass growth can be influenced by the specific niche a species inhabits. Therefore, it is likely that the growth patterns of these galagids have been altered by responses to differing socioecological pressures.


art might complicate things even further – making an abstract picture is as close as a painter gets to creating poetry, an art in which all meaning is volatile. After fighting "a thousand forces", what is left to Lily is just "some miserable remnant of her vision". She thus begins questioning her worth and her right to create art: how could she, in her insignificance, be one of the chosen few? Mrs Ramsay hersel f does not take Lily's painting very seriously, something the artist never finds out. She is constantly bothered, though, by Charles Tansley's sexist mantra ("women can't paint, women can't write"), which aggravates her insecurities: She could have wept. It was bad, it was bad, it was infinitely bad! She could have done it differently of course; the colour could have been thinned and faded; the shapes etherealised [...]. But then she did not see it like that. She saw the colour burning on a framework of steel; the light of a butterfly's wing lying upon the arches of a cathedral. Of all that only a few random marks scrawled upon the canvas remained. And it would never be seen; never be hung even, and there was Mr Tansley whispering in her ear, 'Women can't paint, women can't write...' (p. 35). The difference between what Lily conceives and what she actually accomplishes is significant. She knows exactly what her picture should look like: something at once fluid and solid, light and heavy, hence the contrasting images (burning colour versus steel, butterfly


The recently completed national review of the doctoral qualifications offered by South African higher education institutions has provided important insights into the national landscape of doctoral education, and raised many questions. One key question is whether our doctoral qualifications educate our students to be the broad and critical thinkers needed to address current and future scientific and societal challenges. In the South African higher education context, we must ask ourselves whether we are providing the academic and intellectual depth required to enable our doctoral graduates to achieve the graduate attributes that we express as our national aspirations, and we need to consider new approaches to doctoral education


Online learning has become an option to be implemented in various schools because the development of IT technology and the COVID-19 pandemic have made online learning more popular to implement. Mobile LMS is the most dominant used in online learning. This study aims to produce a Mobile LMS framework developed from previous research based on the advantages and disadvantages. The review method used narrative review by identifying and summarizing previously published articles, avoid duplication of research, and look for new fields of study that have not been studied. The literatures are focused on three things such as (1) Mobile LMS theory, concept and approach, (2) Mobile LMS design and framework, and (3) Mobile LMS implementation. From articles researching about Mobile LMS published in reputable journals, there are 17 purposive selected papers. Based on the literature review, the Mobile LMS framework has not been integrated into devices and operating systems. Therefore, the author developed a Mobile LMS framework design based on Multiplatform, which is integrated by device and operating system based on references that have been used by previous researchers. This new Mobile LMS framework can be a reference for teachers and future researchers.


ABSTRACT A new numerical method is proposed for the simulation of wave phenomena by applying the forward modeling of the scalar wave equation. In the computation of wavefield, the wave equation transformed into the frequency- wavenumber domain is utilized. A linear system composed of coefficients obtained by a discrete Fourier transform of discretized model parameters is solved to obtain the wavefield at each frequency. The wavefield in the time-space domain is obtained by inverse Fourier transforms of the wavefield computed in the frequency-wavenumber domain. This scheme has no numerical dispersion problems in the homogeneous media and can remove truncation errors originated in the finite-difference approximations to spatial and temporal derivatives. The accuracy of this scheme is confirmed through forward modeling with the Nyquist sampling limit. However, for solving in the linear system, lots of computation time and computer memory are required due to the huge resultant complex impedance matrix size. T...


The mass media are becoming increasingly interested in legal trials. This has led to concerns that legal rationality could be threatened by an emotionally driven media spectacle. The dichotomy between emotions and law has recently come to the fore in the enforced caesarean case of St George's Healthcare NHS Trust v S[1998]. Studying the press reports on this case, my argument is that maintaining this dichotomy can produce the undesirable effect of justifying coercive medical treatment of pregnant women as an authentic, natural and spontaneous response. Emotions in this respect have to be denaturalized. Coercive surgery for pregnant women is neither a universal nor a necessary response, but one that has to be situated in its appropriate ideological, cultural and philosophical context. This requires attention to be focused on the fluidity and possible interconnections of law and emotions, and not so much on their polarity and mutual exclusion.


proliferation in the MC4R heterozygotes after induced liver replication. these did an average differential expression of SASP factors, we increased hepatocyte senescence in to characterize the MC4R heterozygote mice and stablish a model to mimic human NAFLD disease. experiments include isolating these mice's hepatocytes for ORI mapping (currently on-going) and establishment of next generation error-corrected sequencing protocols to assess mutagenesis. apoptosis, but also new pathways pertaining to epigenetic regulation and pluripotency. In addition to abovementioned clusters, the PX43 group also showed significant enrichment of NOTCH, Hedgehog, mTORC1, and p53 signaling pathways, as well as keratinization. Due to the limited number of differentially regulated genes in our analysis, we are currently generating more robust data by increasing the biological replicates. morphology. Drug responses of PDOs did not follow patient-specific patterns but rather revealed high intra-patient heterogeneity. Overall low response to AR and mTOR inhibitors and strong response to RTK inhibitors was observed, possibly providing new options for PCa treatment. Several studies have shown that Cancer-associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant component of Prostate Cancer (PCa) stroma, promote resistance to androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) and metastasis. The aim of this project is to investigate the role of CAFs in promoting the development of advanced and hormone-resistant PCa. To study tumor cell-CAF interactions, we use Patient-derived Xenograft (PDX) models representative of different PCa stages: early-stage PNPCa (androgen-dependent soft tissue metastasis), and advanced stage models BM18 (androgen-dependent bone metastasis), and LAPC9 (androgen-independent bone metastasis). Tumor epithelial and stromal cells (human and mouse origin respectively) were separated through magnetic- associated cell sorting (Mouse Cell Depletion) to obtain PDX-derived tumor organoids and fibroblasts. PDX-derived fibroblasts were characterized by analyzing the expression of prostate CAF markers at the RNA and protein level (RT-qPCR, Western Blot, and Immunofluorescence). Organoids and fibroblasts were then recombined to generate in vitro transwell 3D co-cultures, in which organoids are grown in conical nanowells (Sphericalplate 5D, Kugelmeiers) in the bottom compartment, while fibroblasts were cultured in transwell inserts in the upper compartment. Organoid viability was measured after 9 days of co-culture via CellTiter-Glo 3D Cell Viability Assay (Promega). Transwell coculture of PNPCa tumor organoids with both PNPCa and LAPC9-derived fibroblasts determines a higher organoid viability compared to PNPCa organoid mono-culture. Our data suggest that PDX-derived fibroblasts, even though derived from the host stroma (mouse), represent a reliable tool to study the role of CAFs in advanced PCa progression, given the expression of typical CAF markers and AR protein expression modulation following DHT treatment. Transwell co-culture experiments suggest that PDX-derived CAFs are able to support tumor organoid viability, possibly through the establishment of a paracrine communication between tumor cells and fibroblasts. As future perspective, we will apply tumor-CAF 3D co-cultures to study how CAFs promote PCa cell viability in low-DHT co-cultures or following ADTs (e.g. Enzalutamide treatment). In addition, we aim at characterizing the gene expression profile of PDX- derived fibroblasts and organoids in mono-culture vs co-culture settings through RNA-seq. We purified small EV from the conditioned cell medium by serial ultracentrifugation, followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). With a NanoVue Plus™ we checked each SEC fraction for their protein and RNA content. The fractions with the highest protein content were characterised by proteomics, Western blot, ImageStream and ZetaView analyses. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the miRNA content of the sEV. Pathway enrichment of the miRNAs was analysed following Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). A miRNA luciferase reporter assay was established in order to evaluate the regulatory activity of sEV miRNA. Purpose: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the main causes of low back pain. Nevertheless, the initiating risk factors of IVD degeneration are poorly understood 1 . The cartilage endplate (CEP) covers the top and bottom of the IVD and acts to transmit compressive loads and transport water, nutrients, and waste in and out of the disc 2 . However, with aging and degeneration the CEP experiences structural changes and altered permeability 1 . Although most research focuses on the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis, early CEP degeneration is believed to be a cause of nucleus dehydration and play a key role in IVD degeneration 3 . Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanobiology within the CEP is necessary to develop early therapies that target the CEP. Methods: In vitro: Bovine tail CEP cells were expanded until passage three. Afterwards, a 1:1 mixture of CEP cells and agarose was pipetted into silicon molds to create 2% agarose and 1x10 7 cells/ml carriers of 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness and then cultured for 2 days for phenotype recovery. Cell-agarose carriers were placed in custom-made chambers, stimulated with 10 ng/ml TGF- β1 throughout the entirety of the experiment and dynamically compressed up to 7% strain for one hour at 1.5 Hz every day for up to 14 days. Those that were not dynamically loaded were only experiencing the constant weight of the chamber lid exerting ~5.1 Pa per carrier. Carriers were collected on Days 0, 7, and 14 for downstream analysis of cell viability and relative gene expression. In silico: A 2D axisymmetric porohyperelastic, compressible, Neo-Hookean finite element model (FEM) of a cell-agarose carrier was developed in Abaqus using literature-derived material properties. The model was loaded with the same dynamic compression as the in vitro experiment. A newly developed mechanotransduction network model, based on a previously developed biochemical regulation model, 4 was used to predict protein activation levels by initial perturbations of nodes that represent mechanoreceptors sensitive to dynamic compression (α5β1, αvβ3), physioosmotic pressure (TRP V4), tensile strain (αvβ5), and chondrogenic media (TGF - β). Predicted protein activation was normalized by the baseline conditions. Results: After seven and 14 days of culture, the cell-agarose carriers in all conditions demonstrated increased expression of the anabolic genes aggrecan ( ACAN ) and collagen II ( COL II ), alongside decreased expression of catabolic gene matrix metalloproteinase 3 ( MMP3 ). Cell viability decreased between 14-28% after 14 days for all conditions, except for the dynamically loaded chondrogenic carriers which increased 6.6% (Fig. 1d). Cell viability was generally higher at the edge of the carrier in comparison to the center. FEM and network model results were validated using the experimental results. Reaction forces from the FEM (0.07N) match force data collected during loading (0.06N). The FEM showed that hydrostatic pressure varies from the center to edge of the carrier. General trends of increased/decreased gene expression and protein activation match between experimental and network model results. Conclusions: A novel framework coupling 3D cell culture with in silico methods is presented, in which the FEM provides details about loads experienced at each point within the carrier, while the network model uses these mechanical cues and environmental perturbations to predict the protein expression. Increased expression of anabolic genes ACAN and COL II convey that the agarose carriers provided an anabolic environment for CEP cells under static and dynamic compression. However, chondrogenic media and type of compression did not appear to affect gene expression. Additional biological replicates being done to validate the in vitro results. Interestingly, the FEM demonstrated that pressure is not uniform within the carrier. Comparison is limited because the network model predicts protein activation while the experiment measures gene expression. Future work will validate the mechanoreceptors activated during loading using immunohistochemistry and measure protein expression using multiplex assays. of BMP2 in mice, an for the interference of BP therapy with biomaterial turnover tested by implanting β -tri-calcium phosphate ( β in a long bone critical It is the aim of this study to characterize the direct interaction between type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and cancer cells, particularly cancer stem cells (CSCs), in the settings of colorectal cancer (CRC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). in cancer organoid medium (COM). Co-culture of colon organoids with ILC2s: we established a 7-day 3D coculture model of disrupted CRC organoids (1000-3000 cells) in combination with ILC2s (250-1500 cells) or ILC2s' supernatant. CRC : in 3D co-cultures of mouse CRC-derived organoids and colonic ILC2s, the presence of ILC2s significantly decreases organoid formation. This antitumorigenic effect was proportional to the quantity of ILC2s and independent of cell-cell contact. Consistent with these results, the antitumorigenic effect of ILC2s was maintained when only the ILC2s' supernatant was present. In an inflammatory CRC mouse model (AOM/DSS model), the absence of ILC2s lead to a significantly higher tumor load. These results suggest that, in the context of inflammatory colorectal cancer, ILC2s have a direct antitumorigenic effect. cytokine in In colony-forming assays with bone marrow ILC2s and leukemic-GMPs (L-GMPs), the ILC2s increased the colony-forming capacity in the first round of platting and decreased it in the round. suggests that ILC2s might drive leukemic stem cells' differentiation into progenitor cells. direct impact upon CRC and AML's cancer stem cells. related to


Albania transitioned away from an extremely closed, autarchic socialist system only in 1992. At that time, Albania's administrative system was considered chaotic and ineffective. Its administrative culture - a combination of many influences - emphasized security over service delivery. The capacity of public administration was weak; the system, stemming from a party focused environment, was highly politicized. Corruption was pervasive in every facet of the public sector. Citizens feared public administration and did not trust it to provide even the most basic services in a fair or impartial way. Until recently, Albania coped with the unfavorable external economic environment quite well. The economy avoided a sharp fall in output, inflation stayed low and stable, and the banking system remained sound. Albania's main external links are through exports, banks, and remittances, mainly with its two next door neighbors—Italy and Greece. Despite the problems in Europe, spillovers to Albania through these channels have been limited so far. There are several reasons for this. Albania's exports are a small part of the economy. And, since the onset of the crisis, the country has been able to reorient and redirect some of its exports towards new products and markets. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p332


The Calculation of Absorbed Dose from 131I Radioactive Source in Thyroid Using MCNP Code for Spherical and Cylindrical Fields AA. Mowlavi PhD [1] , AR. Binesh MSc [2] Background and Objective: 131 I radionuclide has been widely used for treatment of thyroid cancer and hyperactivity. In this regard the accurate calculation of absorbed dose in thyroid gland and other organs is important. Materials and Methods: In this study, according to MIRD method, MCNP code was used for calculation of absorbed dose of 131I radioactive sources in any thyroid with specific mass and size. Results: The results of two different geometries spherical and cylindrical shapes for each lobe of thyroid were compared. The results show when the thyroid mass increase from 20gr to 70gr, the absorbed dose per one disintegration increases 4.2%. Conclusion: These results firstly indicate that instead of using the total mass of thyroid in iodine therapy, it would be better to use the calculated active mass of thyroid. Secondly, the variation of absorbed dose per disintegration of 131I should be considered for the measurement of source activity in treatment of thyroid hyperactivity or cancer. Key words: Absorbed dose 131I radionuclide MIRD method MCNP code Thyroid gland [1] - Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physics, School of Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar,SZabzevar  (Corresponding Author) Tel: (0 571) 4410105, Fax: (0 571) 4411161, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [2] - Academic Member, Dept. of Physics, Payam-Nour University of Fariman, Fariman


Venus is the only other Earth‐sized planet in the Solar System but it does not exhibit evidence of plate tectonics that dominates geological processes on Earth. Surface deformation on Venus is mainly driven by mantle convection and plume‐lithosphere interactions, likely represented by the widespread development of the circular volcano‐tectonic features known as coronae. Here, we present a joint study of mission data analysis and 3D modeling of asymmetric coronae on Venus. We systematically analyze 155 of the largest coronae on Venus in terms of surface topography and morphology. We establish that 75% of those coronae are radially asymmetric, and further sub‐categorize them based on their adjacent topography. This analysis reveals that many asymmetric coronae are positioned at a topographic transition between a lowland and plateau (termed topographic margin). With state‐of‐the‐art 3D numerical models, we investigate the physical processes behind plume‐margin interactions on Venus. We find that several tectonic styles may be responsible for asymmetric coronae at topographic margins, including lowland‐sided subduction, plateau‐sided lithospheric dripping, and an embedded plume. The gradient in lithospheric strength across the topographic margin controls these tectonic styles, and larger gradients enhance lithospheric resurfacing and the lifetime of the coronae. We also find that the density increase associated with the basalt‐to‐eclogite phase change provides the extra negative gravitational force required for downgoing crust to be recycled into the mantle. The models presented in this study reproduce a wide set of asymmetrical corona features found on Venus and suggest that they are generally more long‐lived than symmetric coronae.


Manufacturing sector is important and central to the economy. The growth of manufacturing machinery output, and technological changes in that machinery, are the main drivers of economic growth. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hitall economic activities in Indonesia seriously. During period 1997-1998 the growths of the manufacturing sector Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and energy consumption were-13.1% and -0.79% respectively. An Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) has been implemented to study the changes in energy consumption. Three factors contribute to the changes in energy consumption: economic activity or GDP, structure, and energy intensity effects. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I method was selected due to its ease of use and ease of interpretation. The investigation was conducted on three time series periods: before (1990-1997), during (1997-2004), and after the Asian financial crisis (2004-2008). Results of this study show that the economic activity (GDP) effect was the major factor contributing to the change in manufacturing energy consumption. During the crisis in 1998, the energy consumption decreased due to the economic activity collapse. The second largest effect was the structure effect. The significant structure change happened at the beginning of the crisis from 1997 to 1999 where the food, water and tobacco subsector increased rapidly. However, in the same period the transport equipment, machinery and apparatus subsector decreased. At the start of the recovery period in 2004, the transport equipment, machinery and apparatus subsector surpassed the food, water and tobacco subsector and became the largest factor. The smallest factor contributing to the changes in the manufacturing sector energy consumption was the energy intensity effect. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the cement and mineral excavation subsector, the iron, metal, and steel subsector, and the wood product and forestry subsector after the crisis (2004-2008) were lower than before the crisis (1990-1997).


NICOLESCU, ELENA. Polarization-Insensitive Tunable Optical Filters based on Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings. (Under the direction of Michael Escuti.) Tunable optical filters are widely used for a variety of applications including spectroscopy, optical communication networks, remote sensing, and biomedical imaging and diagnostics. All of these application areas can greatly benefit from improvements in the key characteristics of the tunable optical filters embedded in them. Some of these key parameters include peak transmittance, bandwidth, tuning range, and transition width. In recent years research efforts have also focused on miniaturizing tunable optical filters into physically small packages for compact portable spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging applications such as real-time medical diagnostics and defense applications. However, it is important that miniaturization not have a detrimental effect on filter performance. The overarching theme of this dissertation is to explore novel configurations of Polarization Gratings (PGs) as simple, low-cost, polarization-insensitive alternatives to conventional optical filtering technologies for applications including hyperspectral imaging and telecommunications. We approach this goal from several directions with a combination of theory and experimental demonstration leading to, in our opinion, a significant contribution to the field. We present three classes of tunable optical filters, the first of which is an angle-filtering scheme where the stop-band wavelengths are redirected off axis and the passband is transmitted on-axis. This is achieved using a stacked configuration of polarization gratings of various thicknesses. To improve this class of filter, we also introduce a novel optical element, the Bilayer Polarization Grating, exhibiting unique optical properties and demonstrating complex anchoring conditions with high quality. The second class of optical filter is analogous to a Lyot filter, utilizing stacks of static or tunable waveplates sandwiched with polarizing elements. However, we introduce a new configuration using PGs and static waveplates to replace the polarizers in the system, thereby greatly increasing the filter throughput. We then turn our attention to a Fourier filtering technique. This is a fundamentally different filtering approach involving a single PG where the filtering functionality involves selecting a spectral band with a movable aperture or slit and a diffractive element (PG in our case). Finally, we study the integration of a PG in a multi-channel wavelength blocker system focusing on the practical and fundamental limitations of using a PG as a variable optical attenuator/wavelength blocker in a commercial optical telecommunications network c © Copyright 2011 by Elena Nicolescu


Background: The urgent need for the treatment of ATLL has highlighted in 18th-International Conference on Human Retrovirology-HTLV-1 (Tokyo, 2017). Therefore, in this study the median survival times (MST) of routine therapies for ATLL were evaluated in context of laboratory tests . Methods: In a perspective-retrospective cohort study, the efficiencies of therapy regimens, including interferon-alfa and zidovudine (IFN/ZDV), cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone (hyper-CVAD), lenalidomide/ZDV, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) were evaluated in 67 acute ATLL patients. The demographic, clinical, MST, and routine and molecular laboratory data were then collected and analyzed . Results: The MST for acute and lymphoma subjects was 5 and 11 months, respectively, including 5 months (95% CI 3.378 6.622) for IFN/ZDV, 5 months (95% CI 2.067.94) for CVAD, 3months (95% CI 0.009.86) for lenalidomide/ZDV and 11 months (95%CI 8.45913.54) for CHOP regimen. Importantly, patients who received IFN/ZDV and hyper-CVAD therapy, had a better OS (HR, 0.663; 95%CI, 0.540 to 0.814; P=0.0001), compared with the lenalidomide /ZDV alone. The MST for subjects with hypercalcemia was 5 months, and for patients with normal calcium level was 9 months (p=0.017). Conclusions: High expressions of BIM and CERB were more frequent in lymphomatous type, and considering these factors, platelet counts and HTLV-1-proviral load (PVL) might be predictive factors for differentiating acute and chronic types. Low MST was observed in acute and lymphomatous ATLL, even in the combinational chemo-therapeutic regimens. Therefore, it seems that ATLL treatment should be personalized according to the virus-host interactions on survival signaling pathways, the platelet count and calcium level.


Objective: To discuss orientated damage effects of high intensity focused ultrasound on sonicated experimental animal tissue in vitro with same intensity. Methods: porcine liver in vitro was used for radiation. The tissues under 10 mm or 20 mm depth of surface of tissues were radiated extracorporeally by HIFU with times of 5 s, 10 s, 15 s,20 s, or 40 s. The temperature of focal point were measured. The volume of coagulation necroses were measured after radiation. Results: with the same intensity, under 10 mm depth of surface and radiating times of 5 s,10 s,15 s,20 s or 40 s, the volumes of coagulation necroses were 78.50±3.14 mm~3、198.54±42.27 mm~3、650.04±54.17 mm~3、941.96±94.25 mm~3、2861.71±460.12 mm~3, respectively. under 20 mm depth of surface and the same radiating times, the volumes of coagulation necroses were 65.42±13.08 mm~3、85.82±35.22 mm~3、133.23±20.90 mm~3、153.16±28.86 mm~3、714.80±60.81 mm~3. The temperature of focal point was 76.0±1.4℃. Conclusion: With the same intensity and radiating time, the volumes of coagulation necroses decreased with the increased depth of radiation. With the same intensity and radiating depth, the volumes of coagulation necroses increased with the augmentation in radiating time. The therapeutic apparatus we used was effective, safe and accurate for HIFU radiation.


The use of simulation for a pedagogical purpose is very interesting. One of the essential repercussions of the construction of a pedagogical simulator is the perennisation of the 'know' and especially 'know-how' held by the human experts. This deals with an expert system, ` kernel of the simulator , able to diagnose and detect faults, as well as to describe scenarios of maintenance. Our major concern is to take into account the diversity of the types of knowledge held by the human expert, because they tend to be procedural (functional) or declarative, founded on a confirmed theory or a simple experience lived by the expert. Unfortunately, the more the structures of knowledge are complex, the more it is difficult to choose one of them. This difficulty still increases with the next setting in œuvre. This is really related to the different interactions of this expert system in the architecture of our pedagogical simulator .


AbstractThe Etesians are persistent northerly winds that prevail over the eastern Mediterranean during summer. A climatology of Etesian outbreaks over the Aegean was compiled with the aid of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset and their vertical organization is investigated. Their variability arises from high-frequency variability originating in the midlatitudes, interannual and intraseasonal variability controlled by the South Asian monsoon, and a local diurnal cycle. Consistent with the monsoon influence, Etesian outbreaks are most frequent from mid-July to mid-August. In agreement with previous studies, a negative trend in the incidence of Etesian outbreaks is detected during the overall June–September period, which is strikingly strong for September but diminishes in June. The strengthening of the Etesians by day over the central and southern Aegean results from the deepening of the Anatolian thermal low because of the daytime sensible heating near the surface. The timing of an outbreak onset...


This paper presents a boost converter along with a flyback converter. The Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) technique is used to achieve soft switching. A bidirectional boost converter is connected with an output module as a Parallel Input Serial Output configuration. The flyback converter with Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR) acts as an output module. This connection makes a bidirectional boost converter an active clamp circuit which is connected to the output side in order to extend the step up ratio. A converter with active clamp technique is used to recycle the leakage energy, to eliminate voltage spike due to coupled inductors and also to provide a mechanism to achieve ZVS. To overcome the efficiency degradation during light load due to load dependent soft switching of the ZVS, a control method using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) proportional to the load current is used.


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a fibrous web (F.), In particular a paper web, paperboard web or tissue web machine drying section (2) a method and system for recovering heat (1), which has a steam heating drying cylinders (TZ) and at least one high-temperature drying element (3), in order to use exhaust heat air flow (LA) of. Feature of the present invention, the contact from at least one drying drum (TZ) of the condensate separation stage (S), condensed water (K1) of at least a portion or at least partially vaporized in the heat exchanger (W1) so as to form a the mixture (DKW1) consisting of steam and condensate, preferably completely evaporated or heated in a heat exchanger (W1) and is at least partially evaporated after being discharged from the heat exchanger (W1) under reduced pressure, the steam is at least partially is fed to the steam pipe (20) or a steam vessel, wherein the steam pipe (20) and / or steam may be at least indirectly connected to at least two steam consumer (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6) and the steam pipe (20) and / or steam is connected to at least one selected according to the steam consumer (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6) of.


This paper presented an AC electronic load composed of an ac to dc PWM voltage source converter and provided a new control in closed loop, based on hysteresis current control. The hysteresis control can uses a symmetrical or an asymmetrical hysteresis band, in this paper, implementing of random band hysteresis band permits a good control for output current. This control is much less sensitive to parameter and control signal changes than the existing delta modulation technique and can reduce the output current harmonic distortion. For the single phase converter, simulation and experimental results have been provided. The proposed method is expected to be applicable for three phase converters also.


A table look-up machine based upon a photographic memory is being optimized for the processing of natural languages. It makes use of automatic retrieval of lexical information by means of novel addressing features which allow look-up of phrases regardless of length. Linguistic determinations made on the basis of the lexical information retrieved govern subsequent operations. In addition a sentence buffer holds a sentence long enough to make the backward and forward passes which will be required to make grammatical and contextual analyses.


Protic ionic liquids (PILs) have been evaluated as additives in protein crystallization trials. Ten ionic liquids were incorporated as additives along with the JCSG+ sparse matrix screen for the crystallization of lysozyme, glucose isomerase, and trypsin. When used as additives, the PILs were identified to influence the crystallization of these globular proteins. Crystal structures obtained for lysozyme with each of the 10 PILs under identical conditions showed no change in the crystal structure of the protein; however, in three of the ten cases fragments of the ionic liquids were observed to be incorporated within the protein.


In this work, a professional audio mastering / mixing software platform is presented which employs state- of-the-art binaural technology algorithms for efficient and accurate sound source positioning. The proposed mixing platform supports high-quality audio (typically 96kHz/24bit) for an arbitrary number of sound sources, while room acoustic analysis and simulation models are also incorporated. All binaural calculations and audio signal processing/mixing are performed in real-time, due to the employment of an optimized binaural 3D Audio Engine developed by the authors. Moreover, all user operations are performed through a user-friendly graphical interface allowing the efficient control of a large number of binaural mixing parameters. It is shown that the proposed mixing platform achieves subjectively high spatial impression, rendering it suitable for high-quality professional audio applications.


The two main methods to prepare water samples for analyzing volatile organic compounds(VOC's) were investigated. One is the purge and trap(PT) method and another is the head space(HS) sampling method. Both methods were effective to transfer the low boiling point components from the water sample onto the capillary column. The cryo-focusing at the top of the main capillary column was an effective way to obtain the sharpness of the chromatographic peaks but could be avoided when a semi-wide bore column was used. The recovery from the same amount of the sample was better in PT than in HS but a larger sample volume in HS method could compensate the lower efficiency. Therefore PT is suitable to the analysis of drinking water where the very low concentration must be determined. HS is suitable to waste water analysis because of the easiness of the operation. The repeatability was good and similar in both methods. For the contamination of the former sample, both methods were tough and could be used without any problems. The matrix effect which could change the equilibrium parameters in HS method was find negligible in many components. The actual samples such as tap water and river water were analyzed with both methods concerning 16 components regulated in Korea.


Background. Incidence of and mortality from heart failure is increasing in incidence, prevalence and overall mortality. Hypertension and insulin resistance are important risk factors for the development of heart failure (HF). Case. A 50-year-old woman complains of increasing exertional dyspnoea for the last 1 week and now has dyspnoea at rest. She has a history of hypertension for the last 25 years and type II diabetes mellitus for the last 8 years. On examination her BP is 200/110 mmHg, heart rate 102 bpm. There is a audible pansistolik murmur and the jugular venous pressure (JVP) is elevated 2 cm above normal. She has widespread crackles on chest examination. There is ankle oedema. She was diagnosed with heart failure NYHA class IV and treated with oxygen therapy, diuretics, ACE inhibtor, beta blocker, low-salt diet, restriction of fluid intake, and insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. Patient was diagnosed with heart failure NYHA class IV with type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension precede the development of heart failure. Keywords: Heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension.


The paper considers the improving economic sustainability of a manufacturing enterprise in the energy sector using modern information management and telecommunications systems. The subject of the study are certain types of economic sustainability of an enterprise in the energy sector. The purpose of the work is to consider the efficiency and economic feasibility of using information and control systems in the context of a continuous process of their development and renewal. The study of increasing the economic sustainability of a manufacturing enterprise in the energy sector through the use of information management and communication systems is carried out by induction and generalization. It shows the challenges faced by the energy sector enterprise in the application of information management and telecommunication technologies and systems, as well as the rationality of their application through the acquisition of effective efficiency in achieving the goal of increasing the economic sustainability of the energy sector enterprise. Consideration of certain types of economic sustainability of the industrial enterprise of the energy sector allows to conclude that the use of information management and communication systems in conjunction with organizational measures and management mechanisms that take into account the specifics of the enterprise is economically feasible.


The utility model relates to the construction of urban crossroads, and provides a three-bridge combined crossroad achieving complete interchange. A special viaduct for straight driving vehicles is erected on one direction road of an original crossroad, and stretches over the other road in the opposite direction. On the road of the crossroad in the opposite direction, special bridges for straight driving vehicles are respectively erected on two sides of the special viaduct for the straight driving vehicles. Three bridges are combined to achieve interchange: the vehicles can run on an original right-turning lane by turning right, small vehicles turn left and penetrate under the special bridges for the straight driving vehicles, and large vehicles turn left and penetrate under the special viaduct for the straight driving vehicles located in the next crossroad. Straight driving vehicles run on the special viaduct and the special bridges, and non-motor vehicles and pedestrians pass under the viaduct for the straight driving vehicles and the special bridges. The three-bridge combined crossroad achieving complete interchange is suitable for reconstruction of the crossroads of the urban roads, is low in reconstruction cost, short in construction cycle, energy-saving, environment protecting, and capable of effectively solving the problem of traffic jams in the urban roads.


Objective:To research techniques of styloid process measurement with multi-slice CT.Methods:Styloid process of 50 cases who had underwent scan with 16-slice spiral CT were reconstructed on SSD,VR,MIP,MPR and CPR images which were used to measure length of styloid process on wordstation,and 2D tools and 3D tools were employed respectively on SSD,VR,MIP images for length measurement of styloid process.Medial angulation and anterior angulation of syloid process were measured on SSD,VR,MIP images.Results:Length of styloid process might be measured on MPR,CPR images and with 2D tools and 3D tools on SSD,VR,MIP images respectively.The lengths of styloid process were no significant difference,which were got from 2D tools and 3D tools on SSD,VR,MIP images respectively,and no difference with results from MPR images.There was significant difference between the lengths of styloid process on CPR and MPR images.Medial angulation and anterior angulation of syloid process could be accurately measured on SSD,VR,MIP images,but there was great difference between results from 2D tools and 3D tools.Conclusion:Length and angulations of styloid process could be accurately measured with multi-slice CT.MPR,SSD,VR,MIP all could be used to measure length of styloid process for accurate data.For measurement of angulations of styloid process,2D tools on VR images are more practicable.As its merits of easily manipulation and fitting with doctor's vision,VR is good choice for more clinic application.


The European Union passed directives for medical devices which regulate how to market implants. It is necessary to prove that a medical device is technically and clinically a safe product. This is valid for ceramic implants, too. But up to now there have been almost no standards or regulations that refer directly to ceramic implants. This is a review based on the ceramic femoral ball head for hip endoprostheses. It will be shown what standards and regulations were available in the past to prove the safety of ceramic implants. Nevertheless it was possible to offer safe ceramic implants just based on basic ethical rules and a thorough quality management of manufacturers of ceramic implants and prostheses.


ABSTRACT The rate of production in single point incremental forming (SPIF) approach for the sheet metals is comparatively low when comparing to multiple sheet incremental forming process (MSSPIF). This increase in production rate comes with a trade-off of reduced formability in MSSPIF. The aspiration of the current paper is to analyze the formability, the strain distribution, and the void coalescence variables as per the strain triaxiality during the MSSPIF process of the available commercially pure (CP) titanium sheets. The forming limit diagrams (FLDs) and the strain distribution analysis have been carried out for multiple sheets of two, three, and four sheets bunch while they were formed together. The outcomes proved that the uppermost sheets achieved the higher limiting principal true strain and the limiting values of the principal true strain of bottom sheets decreased in accordance with the position of the sheet and the same was reported in FLDs. The void coalescence in the fractured specimen exhibited an enhanced fracture resistance for CP sheets of titanium. The size of void (µm), thickness of ligament (LT), void (L/W) ratio, d-factor, strain triaxiality, and other void coalescence parameters also have been compared when two, three, and four sheets were formed together during MSSPIF process.


Abstract"From Guling to Tokyo," written by Mao Dun in July 1928 in Tokyo, was published in Short Story Monthly, XIX, 10 (October 28, Shanghai). Many issues concerning revolution and literature are ...


Cemento-ossifying fibromas (COF) of the craniofacial skeleton are benign fibro-osseous neoplasms characterized by the replacement of normal bone by a fibrous cellular stroma containing foci of mineralized bone trabeculae and cementum-like material that vary in amount and appearance. The definitive diagnosis can rarely be rendered on the basis of histopathological features alone and is usually dependent upon assessment of microscopic, clinical and imaging features together. This case report will discuss the clinical, microscopic, radiological and therapeutic aspects of COF. COF commonly occurs between 30-40 years of age, mostly in males. It rarely occurs in children, as in our case of a 11-year-old female child. Introduction: Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a rare benign fibro-osseous jaw lesion. Other lesions in this category are fibrous dysplasia, osseous dysplasia, ossifying tumor, fibroma, cemento-ossifying fibroma and cemental dysplasia. WHO classified this tumor as non-odontogenic tumor derived from mesenchymal blast cells of periodontal origin that are able to form fibrous tissue bone and cementum with a combination of all the three elements. It is seen between the third and fourth decades of life and when it arises in children, it is called as juvenile aggressive COF. 1 COF is more frequent in women than in men (4:1). The most common location is the mandible, with 70-90% of all cases.1-2 Case History: A 11-year-old female was admitted in department of plastic surgery with complaints of swelling over right side of lower jaw since last six years. Patient's parents noticed the swelling when patient grew older. She complained of deviation of mouth on mouth opening. She had no complaints of difficulty in deglutition, swelling elsewhere in body. No history of trauma, bleeding or pain. She had history of intermittent onset oral swelling with redness in the swelling. On local examination there was a single swelling over right side of lower jaw with overlaying smooth surface and diffuse margins bony hard in consistency. Mouth opening was 3.5cm adequate. There was deviation of mouth inferiorly and outwards on mouth opening towards right side. Swelling was present over right lower jaw's alveolar margin involving the gingivo-buccal sulcus extending up to midline. No evidence of any obvious growth or ulceration was seen. CT scan, coronal section (Fig. 1) showed expansion of right mandibular area with cystic areas and extensive dislocation of second and third right molars. Fig. 1: CT scan, coronal section showed expansion of right mandibular area with cystic areas and extensive dislocation of second and third right molars. Patient was posted for surgery and right segmental mandibulectomy with free fibula graft reconstruction was done and specimen was sent to histopathology section. We received specimen of right hemi-mandibulectomy. A single oval lesion is seen over antero-lateral border of mandible measuring 5x4cm, externally capsulated and hard in consistency. On cut surface multiple cysts are seen, largest measuring 4cm in diameter. Multiple sections through tumor showed features of cementoossifying fibroma composed of connective tissue stroma consisting of bony trabeculae lined by surface epithelium. Bony trabeculae were of varying sizes with entrapped osteocytes in lacunae. Numerous basophilic spherical structures of varying sizes resembling cementum (psammomatoid bodies) were also noted. (Fig. 2 & 3) Section also showed developing tooth surrounded by connective tissue stroma. Fig.2: Microphotograph-Tumor composed of cellular fibroblastic tissue with basophilic cementum-like material and bony trabeculae containing entrapped osteocytes. (H&E, x 100) Fig.3: Microphotograph-Tumor composed of cellular fibroblastic tissue with cementum-like material. (H&E, x 400)


Distance learning has gained in popularity not only as a way to offer instruction in locations without local expertise, but also as a cost-effective method where limited enrolment at one location would not normally warrant offering the course. In engineering technology programs, where most courses have a lab component, distance learning offers many new challenges in course delivery. This paper discusses the authors' experiences with distance learning in two electrical engineering technology courses, each with a lab component. One course offered via the Indiana Higher Education Telecommunication System used one-way video and two-way audio for the lecture. The professor lectured to 16 students locally, and to two remote sites with three and five students, respectively. Each remote site had a lab instructor who was a member of the faculty at that campus, but neither were familiar with the subject matter prior to the course offering. Due to scheduling conflicts, the involvement of the coordinators was different. One instructor had another class to teach during the lecture broadcast, while the other attended the lectures and completed many of the assignments. A second scenario involving distance learning is using video-taped lectures with remote lab instructors. We present two models. In one case, the lab was taught by an instructor who had taught the lab at the originating site. In the other case, the instructor had some knowledge of the material but no experience with the lab exercises. We make suggestions on ways to improve the delivery of both the lecture and local offering of the distance course lab.


Most small enterprise assistance programmes fail, and many indeed do not even try, to mobilize the experience of the donor country's small enterprise sector. The Swedish sister industry programme in Tanzania (SIP) and the similar more recent programme in Zambia which evolved from the Tanzanian experience, represent attempts to do this.The objective of this paper is to describe the Tanzanian SIP, focusing in particular on the 'network' of organizational roles and linkages, to present some data as to the results, to identify some of the difficulties and shortcomings of the Tanzanian programme and to describe the new approach which has recently been adopted in Zambia, building on the fourteen years of SIP experience in Tanzania.


The object of this doctorate dissertation is to draw the lines of a particular version of Socialism – dubbed individualistic to show the difference with the collectivistic approach – which was overshadowed by Marxism and so-called "scientific" Socialism. The aim here is to go back to the roots but also to the basic principles which that version is made of. We will explore its practical embodiments in the artistic as well as pedagogical areas where the stress on individuality proved particularly successful and conducive to the inception of active pedagogy. We will first address the dichotomy between society and the individual, especially in its manifestations within the scope of communitarian initiatives in Great-Britain, France and sometimes in the United States. The second part will exemplify the same tension in the figure of the artist because of the difficulty to reconcile a political commitment with an individualistic position. The third part will be devoted to the same problem concerning educationalists and their work. Thanks to a historical approach, the purpose is to determine here whether this movement has a community of ideas and idiosyncratic characteristics. The notion that Socialism had to be based on a rapid and constant production is questioned by our postindustrial society, calling thereby for a reassessment of values and priorities. Therefore, the kind of politics which values the individual's development and autonomy as well as a strengthening of solidarity cannot but be in harmony with today's concerns.


Watershed responses to the rainfall are affected by watershed characteristics, geology, soil and land use type. Land use type is dynamic as human activity. The changes in land use will effects surface runoff. More impervious area means more surface runoff generated to the downhill. The surface runoff transported nutrient and factory waste to the river that can affect the water quality. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyse surface runoff because of the land uses change in Bekasi River sub watershed. Surface runoff was analysed using SCS Curve Number and land use change data was generated using cross tabulation. The increase of settlement and agricultural land was noted in Bekasi River sub watershed for 2014-2019 periods. The land use change effected the increase of surface runoff approximately 3.69%.


Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems enable communication for individuals with complex communication needs. The frequency users rely on the communication systems necessitates an interface design that supports usability. As a first step to systematically designing a user interface, the Work Domain Analysis (WDA) framework was applied to a popular commercial AAC system, Proloquo2Go, to analyze and understand system constraints and design a new user interface for an AAC system. For the purpose of the analysis, the system boundaries were that of verbal language-based communication. Information for the analysis of the system was gathered through exploratory operation of AAC systems and structured interviews with a speech-language pathologist and parents of AAC system users. Research into the process of language formation showed logical groupings of the different types of language components to communicate information regarding states, objects, relationships, and emotions; component types were subsequently grouped for high-level communication of ideas and requests. An abstraction hierarchy was developed to represent the various levels of abstraction of the system from which information requirements were determined. This paper presents a novel application of WDA for AAC systems. Results derived from the application of WDA have yielded valuable design considerations for an AAC system user.


After World War II ended, Allied states adjudicated approximately 5,700 Japanese B/C-class war criminals in their territories or colonies in Asia. From 1946 to 1948, Nationalist China held war crimes tribunals in 10 cities. In order to establish war crimes tribunals, the Legislative Yuan, the central legislative authority of Nationalist China, passed the War Criminal Trial Act (WCTA) on October 15, 1946.

Since the late Qing Dynasty, the core value of the legal community who received a modern legal education was to pursue a "civilized state" and thus was able to abolish extraterritoriality in China. Correctly applying international law has been a symbolic indication of a "civilized state." Indeed, past literature has discussed this factor. However, this paper would like to argue the following points:

(1) Legally speaking, the WCTA was a domestic law citing international law as an indirect source of law;

(2) The WCTA was passed by the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT)-controlled Legislative Yuan and thus represented the opinion of Nationalist China;

(3) The WCTA itself departed from international law in many aspects and adopted a broader scope so that more foreigners could fall within its jurisdiction, adopted a stricter liability against war criminals, and intended to promote Chinese nationalism through the stipulation of crimes against humanity involving Chinese people;

(4) However, the elite legal professionals, i.e. supreme court judges, who believed in the concept of a civilized state limited the scope of the WCTA, hindered the purpose of promoting Chinese nationalism, and restrained the political sector's revenge on Taiwanese people by interpreting the WCTA in accordance with international law.