Wave- and current-supported turbidity currents (WCSTCs) constitute a subclass of turbidity currents that ubiquitously participate in shaping the marine geomorphology. Rather than the turbulence generated by its forward motion, WCSTCs require boundary-layer turbulence generated by the surface waves and/or currents that are parallel or normal to the shore to keep the sediments suspended. This study focuses on the characteristics of WCSTCs due to shore parallel current only. Such flows can be approximated as particle-laden channel flows with a mild spanwise slope. Due to the spanwise slope, the submerged weight of the suspended sediments creates spanwise force and thus a spanwise current. The resultant flow is affected by two competing mechanisms: (i) additional turbulence generation by the spanwise turbidity current and (ii) turbulence suppression due to suspended sediment-induced stable density stratification. In this study, the role of sediment settling velocity and concentration on these competing processes is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The results of the conducted simulations suggest that turbulence production due to spanwise current is a quadratic function of the suspended sediment concentration, whereas buoyancy dissipation due to sediment-induced stably density stratification linearly varies with the suspended sediment concentration. Turbulent energy distribution among the fluctuating velocity components also suggests that spanwise velocity fluctuations rely less on the turbulence production due to streamwise current. Therefore, a high-concentration turbidity with fine sediment content tends to evolve into a self-sustaining turbidity current, whereas the low-concentration turbidity composed of relatively larger sediments require the current-induced turbulence to sustain its motion.Wave- and current-supported turbidity currents (WCSTCs) constitute a subclass of turbidity currents that ubiquitously participate in shaping the marine geomorphology. Rather than the turbulence generated by its forward motion, WCSTCs require boundary-layer turbulence generated by the surface waves and/or currents that are parallel or normal to the shore to keep the sediments suspended. This study focuses on the characteristics of WCSTCs due to shore parallel current only. Such flows can be approximated as particle-laden channel flows with a mild spanwise slope. Due to the spanwise slope, the submerged weight of the suspended sediments creates spanwise force and thus a spanwise current. The resultant flow is affected by two competing mechanisms: (i) additional turbulence generation by the spanwise turbidity current and (ii) turbulence suppression due to suspended sediment-induced stable density stratification. In this study, the role of sediment settling velocity and concentration on these competing proces...


This work relates the various phenomena that act in the earth's crust and the geological materials with ways of projecting architecture. To carry out this reflection, the work has been divided into two essays. The first one, theoretical, exposes the relations which exist between geology and architecture. It describes, on one hand, the importance of knowing the mechanical behavior of materials; on the other hand, it refers to the relationship of architecture with its environment and in particular the benefits that can be gained from it; in a final section, the types of geological processes which have had influence in the architecture are presented. The second essay of the paper applies the theories previously announced with the description of some selected projects. Due to its close relationship with the matter and energy of the Earth, the work by architect Fernando Menis has been chosen to perform the analysis. The description is divided into four different projects: Hatching, El Guincho pool, Santísimo Redentor church and Insular Athletics Centre in Tenerife, chosen as representative of each geological phenomenon considered. Finally, one last case study, the MAGMA Congress building is analyzed as a comprehensive example where all the above phenomena are exposed.


ABSTRACT Taking its point of departure in the prominent, and controversial, legal, political and social engagement of David Lowenthal's lawyer father, Max Lowenthal, this article first explores the evident influence of Max Lowenthal on his son's distinctive, socially engaged approach to scholarship and writing as an academic, and as a public intellectual. It will then consider how Max Lowenthal's example facilitated David Lowenthal's subsequent lifelong involvement with the work of another publicly engaged and multifaceted lawyer, George Perkins Marsh. This background can help understand why David Lowenthal was himself a multifaceted advocate, whose work appealed to a broad readership of academics, professionals and laymen. Focusing on David Lowenthal's writings from the beginning of his career until his death in 2018, the essay will illuminate the political landscape of his thinking and doing concerning cultural and environmental heritage.


Aluminized N80 oil casing steel was packed by different Al content of pack powder.The aluminizing process was introduced.The metallographic,element distribution,phase composition,microhardness of aluminized N80 casing steel were analyzed using optical microscope,SEM,XRD,microhardness equipment in respective.The results show that the aluminizing layer with a thickness from 450 to 650 μm can be obtained on the surface of N80 casing steel after hightemperature vacuum-pack processing by different Al content of pack powder.With the increase of Al content in the pack powder,the thickness of aluminizing layer increase.From the surface to the matrix,the Al content gradiently decreases in the aluminized layer microstructure.The different Al content in the pack powder causes the different phase in the surface of aluminized layer.The Fe3Al phase is obtained with the pack powder of 10% and 20%Al content,but the 35%Al content pack powder get the FeAl phase.The microhardness of aluminized layer with different Al content in the pack powder is higher than that of the microhardness of matrix.Microhardness gradually reduces and tends to constant from the surface to the matrix.


(1) Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, (2) CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, and Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, (3) CVARG, Center of Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, (4) Department of Technologic Sciences and Development, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, (5) CIRN, Center of Research in Natural Resources, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada Portugal, (6) Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, (7) CESAM, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal


Background: Deficits in sensorimotor gating have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as in ASD murine models. However, this behavior has not been examined in the neuronal subset-specific (NS)-Pten knockout (KO) model of ASD. NS-Pten KO mice exhibit hyperactivity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway which is implicated in the onset of autistic deficits. This study investigates the potential relationship between PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and deficits in sensorimotor gating.    Methods: To assess sensorimotor gating in NS-Pten KO mice we utilized a three-day paradigm. On day 1 (habituation) the mice were administered 80 repetitions of a 120-dB startle stimulus. On day 2, prepulse inhibition was measured with 90 trials of the startle stimulus that was paired with a smaller (2, 7, or 12 dB) prepulse stimulus. Day 3 was assessed one week later, consisting of randomized startle trials and trials with no stimulus and was used to determine the startle response. Results: No significant difference between NS-Pten KO or wildtype (WT) mice was found for habituation (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups when assessing the percentage of prepulse inhibition at 2, 7, and 12 dB (p > 0.05). There was also no difference in startle response between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study found that the NS-Pten KO model does not display significant deficits in sensorimotor gating processes. The present findings help to elucidate the relationship between PI3K/AKT/mTOR hyperactivation and sensory reactivity.


With the RS and GIS technical support,using the urban's space-compact model,the paper analyses Xining City's images of 1987,1996,2001 and 2006 years.The conclusion is that Xining City's spatial form showing "X" shape,in the course of evolution showing the rate of expansion accelerated,and also founds that the expansion rate of Huangshui southern coast bigger than that of Huangshui north coast,leads the type of Xining evolution of spatial form;Internally,in the latest 20 years,Huangshui north coast expansion type is filled compact,however,the south is transformed from mainly packed-compact to extension expansion.At last the paper analyses the evolution mechanism of Xining in the river-crossing,finding that the Huangshui,South river and North river's flowing is the base to the overall pattern of Xining City's spatial form,transport network system's guiding role and economic base being the key role and so on.


Abstract The usage of nanofluids and modification of tube geometry are the two most prominent heat transfer enhancement methods employed to improve the performance of thermal devices. In this work, the combined effect of these methods has been studied by CFD modelling of developing and Graetz laminar flow in flattened tubes with ZnO – water nanofluid. For the purpose of comparison, simulation with water and circular tube has also been carried out. Performance evaluation has been done using PEC, PER and entropy generation. Results reveal that tube flattening has more pronounced effect on both heat transfer and flow compared to that of nanofluid. An optimum tube flattening in terms of aspect ratio and nanofluid concentration has also been identified for this kind of flow. Flattened tube with aspect ratio 6 with 1 % ZnO-water nanofluid has been found to yield the highest entropy generation reduction of 13.24 %


Modular medium voltage power converters have gained increasing attention in context of Smart Transformers (STs) in the electrical distribution grid. A possible ST architecture can be built by a Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converter in the Medium Voltage side and Dual Active Bridges (DABs) in the isolation stage. One of the main issues in the CHB control is represented by the voltage balancing. This work investigates the control for the two converter stages comparing the voltage balancing by the MV stage with the voltage balancing by the isolation stage under unbalanced loading conditions. The proposed balancing technique, applied in the isolation stage is demonstrated to offer higher bandwidth than the commonly used balancing in the MV-stage, which is especially important in case of high number of CHB-cells and different power transfer of the CHB cells. These conclusions are supported by simulation and experimental results.


Objective To explore the diagnosis and the surgical treament of scaral fracture (Denis II). Methods The blood vessels, sacral nerve of presacral region and piriformis,S1 spinous process and S1 posterior sacral foramina were observed and measured on 26 adult cadaveric specimens and 60 adult sacrals. From 1999 to 2003, 14 cases of the sacral fracture with sacral neurological damage were treated. All pa-tients accepted instrument examination including X-ray, CT, three-dimensional CT and oblique coronal MR of secrum. Posterior approach enlargement for sacral nerve canal-a new surgical procedure to Denis Ⅱ sacral fracture was used in 11 cases. No surgical treament in 3 cases. The BMRC score were used to evalu-ate the results. Results There was 90% of inferior borde of S 1 spinous process run parallel with middle of S 1 posterior foramina. The blood vessels of presacral region include lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery sacralis mediana artery and the anastomotic vessels between lateral sacral artery to superior gluteal artery, to sacralis mediana artery. Those vessels were located in ventral plexus never. The distance between major vessels stream to S 1 foramina 10 mm, to S 2 foramina 5 mm. Oblique coronal MR of secrum could show the full length of sacral never. There were some primiral espression of MR of sacral neurological dam-age -- the variation of sacral never canal, the fatty disappearance of peri-never, the route alteration of never. 14 patients were followed up from 6 to 12 months with an average of 7.1 months. According to the BMRC score system the excellent result was obtained in 9 cases, good in 1 case, no change in 1 case. Con-clusion Clinic history and neurological examination associated with X-ray, CT and MRI was the important of the diagnosis of sacral neurological damage, the new surgical approach may be a ideal approach to treat sacral neurological damage in the sacral nerve canal region.


In the present paper, we define a rational contractive condition of Fisher type in the context of controlled metric space and obtain some generalized fixed point results in this space. These results will unify and amend many well-known results of literature. Some consequences and an example has been presented at the end to show the authenticity of the established results.


This paper presents construction planning procedures for a new permanent substation to replace an small (temporary) substation that is served to supply the load of the old existing substation while it has not been removed. In the meantime when the ground grids of the two substations are electrically disconnected, the auxiliary grounding system of substation can create steep ground potential rise between the ground grids of the two substations and hence introduces a risk for those who are working nearby. It is therefore important to incorporate safety criteria described in terms of step and touch voltage into electrical designs without any potential electrical hazards. The safety design planning process is illustrated by the Pathumwan (PM) substation of Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA). Modeling and simulation is carried out on the Current Distribution Electromagnetic interference Grounding and Soil structure (CDEGS) program. A sequential transition process from the small substation to a permanent substation is suggested to comply with the IEEE standard 80-2000.


Brazilian Amazonia has nineteen registered species of Leptophlebiidae, distributed in ten genera. In this work a list of all genera of Leptophlebiidae from the Neotropical Region is presented, the number of species of each genus in Brazil and a catalog of the species occurring in the Brazilian Amazon.


TITLE: Geometric documentation of the Castle of Muñatones (Muskiz, Bizkaia, Spain) GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTION: The work focussed on the tower. This one has a rectangular plan of around 13 x 15 meters and it is 20 meters high. The building is empty, therefore, a scaffolding had to be erected in order to work inside. DOCUMENTATION: Wireframe model by surveying techniques and extensive coverage by means of stereoscopic pairs. Then, a virtual model with photographic textures was developed in VRML format and all the data was arranged in a multimedia. METHODOLOGIES: Stereoscopic photogrammetry, orthophotograph, surveying PRODUCTS: • Tridimensional wireframe model. • Virtual model with photographic textures. • Orthoimages. • Plans. NATURAL


when the same the concept is regulated from a different point of view, which causes conflicts of law. In particular, there is still no single concept as to the name of transport lands in the aviation industry. A seri-ous problem remains the modern regulation of the airport area, the legal regime of which is the basis for the implementation of rational, environmentally friendly, cost-effective land use within the region where the airport is located. As of 2015, Annex 15 to the ICAO Convention has entered into force, according to which states whose airports (airports) are constantly receiving flights by international airlines must have clear digital data of the airport areas to be entered in the state registers. One should also take into account the fact that the State Target Program for the Development of Airports for the period up to 2023 defines the concepts of 10 airports to which the terms of Annex 15 of the ICAO Convention will apply. Today, only the Boryspil MA is digitized in Ukraine, and then only "district 2 - airfield". Improvement of the basic legislative acts in the field of land use of aviation transport include the following: regulation of the system of classifica-tion of lands of aviation transport and their delimitation; normative and legal consolidation of directions of the policy of ecologically safe land use; identification of land use restrictions, creation of their digital base and display in the State Land Cadastre. It is obvious that the legal differences of codes, laws and regulations must be resolved by amending the article presented, since ignoring the current situation may lead to a reduction in air traffic, which in turn may cause the loss of international economic and transport links.


In patients with severe hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), surgical myectomy (SM) is typically indicated for severe symptoms despite maximal medical therapy.

 We sought to compare long-term outcomes of severe HOCM patients where decision for SM was based on guideline-recommended Class I indication (functional Class or FC ≥3 or exertional syncope despite maximal medical therapy) vs. earlier (FC II and/or impaired exercise capacity on exercise echo with medication intolerance).

 The study included 2268 HOCM patients (excluding <18 years, at least moderate aortic stenosis requiring valve replacement and subaortic membrane, age 56±14 years, 55% men), who underwent SM at our center between 1/02–3/18. Clinical and echo data, including left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) were recorded. Cardiac death and/or appropriate internal defibrillator discharge were recorded as composite endpoints.

 1318 (58%) patients met Class I indication for SM, while the rest underwent SM for FC II (due to medicine intolerance) or impaired exercise capacity. 535 (24%) and 408 (18%) had history of atrial fibrillation and a family history of HCM. All patients were on maximally tolerated medical therapy. European 5-year sudden death risk score was 3.7±2%. Baseline basal septal thickness, resting and maximal LVOTG were 2.0±0.3 cm, 61±44 mm Hg and 100±31 mm Hg. At 6.2±4 years of follow-up after SM, 248 (11%) had composite events (13 [0.6%] in-hospital deaths). Competing risk survival analysis for composite endpoint is shown in Figure 1a. Patients operated for Class I indication had significantly higher longer-term event rate vs. those operated earlier (182 [14%] vs. 66 [7%], p<0.001, Figure 1B).

 In patients with severe HOCM undergoing SM at an experienced center performed by experienced surgeons, delaying surgery till reaching Class I indication was associated with much worse survival than operating earlier for milder symptoms or impaired exercise tolerance on exercise echo.


This study determines the cross-anisotropy of laboratory and field compacted asphalt concrete samples. In the laboratory, two sizes of cube samples, 50 mm and 75 mm in sizes, were prepared using kneading and gyratory compactors and by cutting field collected core samples. One set of cube samples were subjected to compression loading to failure through the top face and the other set through the side face of the sample. In addition, two sets of beam samples were tested for flexural stiffness using load on both the top and the side faces. Results show that the side faces can sustain average compressive stresses of 0.89, 0.91 and 0.77 times of the compresses stresses of the top faces for kneading, gyratory and field compacted cube samples respectively. The average flexural stiffness of the side face is 0.85 times of that of the top face. For validation, Finite Element Model (FEM) was constructed and stress-strain data from a field instrumented pavement section on Interstate 40 (I-40) in New Mexico was used. FEM and field responses show the cross-anisotropy value is 0.8, which is close to the laboratory samples' cross-anisotropy values. Overall, the cross-anisotropy is greater in the field samples than in the laboratory samples.


We consider the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an optical device known as a `directional coupler', which is widely used in telecommunication systems. This device consists of a pair of dielectric waveguides in close proximity. Such waveguides are strongly coupled and there is energy transfer between the waveguides. The propagation of light in such waveguides is paraxial and can be described by a parabolic differential equation closely resembling the Schrödinger equation for motion of a quantum particle in a two-dimensional time-dependent potential well. We exploit the quantum mechanical analogue of the optical system to write the propagator describing paraxial propagation as a path integral over optical paths. We use the Feynman-Kleinert variational procedure to calculate approximate expressions for the propagation constant and the field profile of the lowest-order mode of the waveguiding system. An approximate expression for the beat length of the system is also calculated in the case where the waveguides are strongly coupled. The results are found to be in better agreement with other theoretical calculations than are the results of a previous variational calculation.


Unknown traffic is a serious problem in network traffic classification for network management and security, since it degrades the performance of a traffic classifier. We propose a machine learning-based classifier that can not only categorize the traffic of known classes but also detect unknown traffic in data imbalanced network environment, where frequency of traffic from one application outweighs that of other application. We improved the previous RTC model by adding data preprocessing module and simulated with synthesized dataset to show the effect of the data imbalance problem on classification accuracy and to validate the performance of our model in data-imbalanced network environment.


Purpose: Distal pancreatectomy has historically been accompanied by splenectomy, due to the proximity and common blood supply of the pancreas and spleen. However, spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy was introduced in order to prevent postoperative sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of spleen and splenic vessel preservation during laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP). Methods: Between June 2004 and March 2007, 30 patients underwent LDP for pancreatic neoplasms. Preservation of both the spleen and splenic vessels was pursued for benign and borderline malignant tumors. Results: There were 11 male and 19 female patients, with a mean age of 47 years (range; 24~79 years). In 4 patients with suspicious malignancy, the spleen and its vessels were sacrificed. Preservation of the spleen and its vessels was successfully performed in 20 of 26 patients (76.9%) in whom it was initially sought. The mean tumor size was 4.3 cm (range; 1.5~11 cm), the mean operation time was 231 min (range; 70~490 min), and the mean blood loss was 316.67 ml (range; 50~1000 ml). During LDP, no conversion to open surgery occurred. The mean hospital stay was 11 days (range; 6~23 days). There was no mortality or reoperation. Postoperative complications occurred in 9 patients (30%), but all patients recovered after conservative management. Conclusion: LDP is a relatively safe and feasible procedure for the management of benign or borderline malignant tumors of the distal pancreas. Preservation of the spleen and splenic vessels may be feasibly pursued during LDP.


Workflow software is probably the fastest growing software market in the United States. This is caused by a confluence of three trends: first the worldwide recession is causing many companies to look hard at how to be more effective with fewer people; second, the presence of good fast networks enable work in new ways; and third, the management revolution known as business process re-engineering. Software developers benefit two ways from this: 1) use of workflow software can help support software processes for the development of the software, and 2) workflow is an effective tool to integrate existing applications to coordinate larger organizational processes without requiring large custom applications. There are a lot of flavors of workflow. Regatta Technology, from Fujitsu, supports some advanced features of workflow that are critical to dynamic organizations.


The EU has laid claim to "leading the way" in cracking down on bankers' bonuses. Yet in spite of new rules, the level of payouts in the financial sector has continued to startle. A sceptical public could be forgiven for doubting whether there has been any progress at all. This article tests the robustness of the EU's claim by examining, first, whether its approach has been influential internationally and, secondly, whether it has set especially tough standards. The article explains how the EU can do quite well on both tests yet still have failed to do much to rein in lavish awards. The article also considers the relative unimportance of remuneration reforms in the constellation of changes needed to make financial markets safer. This assessment casts a shadow over the EU's global leadership role in this area.


Bering's argument that human beings are endowed with a cognitive system dedicated to forming illusory representations of psychological immortality relies on the claim that children's beliefs in the afterlife are not the result of religious teaching. We suggest four reasons why this claim is unsatisfactory.


The effect of C.vesuviana on distribution,control measures,possibility of spread,economy in china are discussed by means of some related documents and reports both at home and abroad.The risk of potential spread was analyzed by using multi-index synthetic evaluation method.Result shows that C.vesuviana is an important pest species which invade Ziziphus spp.in China;it belongs to a high devastating forest pest in terms of its risk value(R=2.20).


The article highlights the peculiarities of the existing and activities of such non-profit organizations as credit unions and non-governmental organizations. The evolution of the legal basis for the functioning of credit unions (including their status) and non-governmental organizations is described. Common and distinctive features (characteristic of their activity) for the credit unions and non-governmental organizations are revealed. It is indicated that the main com - mon feature of their activities is non-profitability (the basic principle of their operation). Satisfaction of economic and social interests of their members are important features too. Differences in the impact of credit unions and non-governmental organizations on the functioning of the subjects of economy are reflected in the more targeted and specific provision of financial services of credit unions in comparison with non-governmental organizations. At the same time, non-governmental organizations cover the wider range of interests of citizens. The influence of the activities of credit unions and public organizations on each sphere of the financial system of the state is covered. It is determined that credit unions exert a more deliberate influence, expanding the financial capacity of specific economic entities in comparison with NGOs, that provide a broader range of interests of members of society, increasing their level of education and financial well-being. It is noted that credit unions in Ukraine ignore the classical principles of credit cooperation, which also contributes to the deterioration of their development. The opposite dynamics in the development of national credit unions (gradual decline) and non-governmental organiza - tions (active development) are pointed out. At the same time, it is emphasized that, due to the role in the economy, the activities of non-governmental orga - nizations and credit unions in Ukraine are of great importance for the state and the population, and according to the difficult economic situation in Ukraine, these organizations have wide prospects for activity and development.


The Triassic rocks of northern Virginia may be a potential source of moderately large supplies of ground water for municipal and industrial use if the performance of two deep wells drilled at the site of the new Dulles International Airport is a criterion. These two wells produced 327 and 600 gpm (gallons per minute) from depths of 8601 and 955 feet in sedimentary rocks in an immediate area where the previous maximum depth reported was 180 feet and the maximum yield 12 gpm. Chemical analyses of the water indicates that it is extremely hard 533 and 500 ppm (parts per million) in the two wella and would require treatment to be satisfactory for domestic and some industrial uses. However, water of better quality may be present at greater depths, and it may be possible to case off the more highly mineralized water. Further exploration and sampling of water from various depths will be necessary for efficient development of the Triassic groundwater reservoir.


In view of the fact that the density-based clustering algorithm is sensitive to the input data, which results in the limitation of computing space and poor timeliness, a new method is proposed based on grid information entropy clustering algorithm for mining hotspots of taxi passengers. This paper selects representative geographical areas of Nanjing and Beijing as the research areas and uses information entropy and aggregation degree to analyze the distribution of passenger-carrying points. This algorithm uses a grid instead of original trajectory data to calculate and excavate taxi passenger hotspots. Through the comparison and analysis of the data of taxi loading points in Nanjing and Beijing, it is found that the experimental results are consistent with the actual urban passenger hotspots, which verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm. It overcomes the shortcomings of a density-based clustering algorithm that is limited by computing space and poor timeliness, reduces the size of data needed to be processed, and has greater flexibility to process and analyze massive data. The research results can provide an important scientific basis for urban traffic guidance and urban management.


Service learning, a structured learning experience, blends voluntary community service with academic learning. This paper reports the innovation which fostered reflection and assessment leading to deeper understanding of course content and civic engagement, applying academic knowledge, critical thinking and problem solving skills, through collaborative partnership between University, corporates and community. To date, this remains the only credit based Service Learning course offered by a Sri Lankan university. The pilot programme launched by the Career Guidance Unit (CGU), Faculty of Science, and University of Colombo in 2012, was developed as a design-based research. Following intensive literature review and discussion with teaching faculty, CGU obtained formal approval for the integration of "Service Learning" to the Bachelor of Science curriculum. In the pilot study, the faculty collaborated with three corporate sponsors through three service learning projects connecting with academic learning goals. Faculty project coaches, corporate project partners, and student groups collaborated in project planning and implementation. Evaluation was based on interviews, written reports, and presentations. The programme has matured and is continued to-date with strongly encouraging outcomes of this pioneering exercise. Service learning is recommended as an effective pedagogy for the Sri Lankan university system, capable of transforming traditional teaching and learning practices.


It was part of Tim Berners-Lee"s original vision for the World Wide Web (Berners-Lee, 2002) that it would shortly evolve into a so-called "Semantic Web", which would (famously) replace a "web of links" with a "web of meaning". The enormous work that has gone into trying to realize this vision raises (for the astute observer) fascinating philosophical questions, most notably: What does it mean to "give" Web pages meaning? The question is philosophical, but the domain of Information Technology (IT) renders investigation of it fascinatingly concrete. It thus supplies an ideal opportunity to apply Peirce"s "pragmatic maxim", which urges that to better understand abstract concepts (such as "meaning") it is most helpful to think about their specific applications. Many complex and technical discussions of meaning have taken place in philosophy over the past 400 years. However such debates have almost all shared a basic set of assumptions about meaning which is most unhelpful from an engineering perspective. We call this the "Cartesian Framework for Understanding Meaning". Terrain on the far side of these assumptions is only just being glimpsed (and understood as inviting) with the help of Peirce. This paper will outline the Cartesian framework for meaning (section 2), then the Peircean alternative (section 3), then, after a quick sketch of the semantic web project (section 4), trace some of the differing strategies and results which these two broad approaches may be perceived to bring about (sections 5 and 6).


The paper by Geeraert et al. sets out to determine the degradation processes of OC in the Tana River (Kenya), focusing on microbial decomposition. Microbial degradation of DOC was measured in dark incubation experiments, eliminating loss of DOC through photochemical oxidation. It was concluded that bacterial mineralization of labile DOM was significant, contrary to the findings of other studies. The authors restricted this conclusion to mixed C3/C4 environments. The authors further concludes that POC is not a significant source of DOC in the river water.


In the past four decades following the global oil crisis in 1973, Denmark has implemented remarkable changes in its energy sector, mainly due to energy conservation measures on the demand side and energy efficiency improvements on the supply side. Nowadays the optimal expansion of district heating networks in relation with significant heat saving measures that are capital intensive infrastructure investments require highly detailed decision - support tools. The Heat Atlas for Denmark provides a highly detailed database and includes heat demand and possible heat savings for about 2.5 million buildings with associated costs included. Energy systems modelling tools that incorporate economic, environmental, energy and engineering analysis of future energy systems are considered crucial for quantitative assessment of transitional scenarios towards future milestones, such as (i) EU 2020 goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency and (ii) Denmark's 2050 goals of covering entire energy supply by renewable energy. Optimization and simulation energy system models are currently used in Denmark. The present paper tends to provide a comprehensive insight into the use of the Heat Atlas for Denmark in recent studies dealing with municipal strategic energy planning and main scientific papers addressing those issues. A literature review of current advancements and discoveries in linking the Heat Atlas and energy system models will be presented, while special attention will be given to treating competing investments between heat supply and savings using optimization models. Main scientific contributors, their methodologies and areas for future research will be identified.


In a series of articles on "best practices" of independent regulatory commissions (IRCs), Sanford Berg and Lynne Holt have noted the ways regulatory processes and policies either promote or deter investments in water and sanitation utility systems. In this article, the authors describe the constellation of factors affecting infrastructure investments and water utility operations. IRCs exercise most direct control over two factors: governance (agency design and processes) and regulatory policies (or incentives). Other factors are generally outside the regulatory domain but may influence or be influenced by regulatory governance and policies. Ultimately, the legitimacy and credibility of the regulatory system depends on how closely water sector performance matches realistic national objectives.


Crew sleep-wake patterns were investigated using the new technology of actigraphy. During a routine seven day coastal patrol in HMCS Saguenay, the devices were worn by 20 personnel; eight dayworkers, eight 'rotating shift' watchkeepers, and four senior crew. To assess the validity of actigraphic data the results were compared with subjective sleep reports. Analyses showed that the actigraphic estimates of sleep quantity exceeded the subjective estimates by about one hour for watchkeepers and senior crew. There was no difference between the two estimates for dayworkers. Reasons suggested for differences between actigraphic and subjective sleep quantity estimates are discussed. Further laboratory studies are required to determine threshold sleep values for the actigraph. Once these studies have been completed the actigraph will have great utility for helping to determine optimal work/rest/sleep regimes for operational environments.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the change of drug susceptibility of the clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing infections and compare the drug resistance between the ICU and non-ICUEnterobacteriaceaeisolates so as to provide scientific basis for reasonable clinical use of antibiotics.METHODS A total of 1 661 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the clinical specimens from Jun 2010 to Sep 2013,including 259 ICU strains and 1402non-ICU strains;the pathogens were identified by using VITEK-32 microorganism analysis system,the drug susceptibility testing was performed by means of K-B disk method,and the results of the drug susceptibility testing for the clinical isolates were statistically analyzed with the use of SPSS19.0software.RESULTS The drug resistance rates of the ICU and non-ICUEnterobacteriaceaestrains to cefazolin,aztreonam,tobramycin,netilmicin,and chloramphenicol were respectively 85.71%,49.03%,49.03%,35.52%,and 54.44%,significantly higher than67.4%,32.67%,41.08%,23.75%,and 34.74% of the non-ICU strains(P0.05).CONCLUSION The drug resistance rate of the ICUEnterobacteriaceaeisolates is significantly higher than that of the non-ICU strains,and it is necessary for the hospital to reasonably use antibiotics on the basis of the characteristics of local Enterobacteriaceaeisolates causing infections so as to prevent the spread and infections of the Enterobacteriaceae,especially the multidrug-resistant strains.


Using synchrotron radiation, we have performed a high-resolution X-ray diffraction study of a phase transition between the incommensurate phase and the commensurate phase characterized by the wave vector q =3 c * /7 in [N(CH 3 ) 4 ] 2 MnCl 4 under pressure. The pressure dependence of the wave vector q exhibits an "incomplete devil's staircase." The high-resolution capability of the synchrotron radiation reveals that the incommensurate satellite reflection shows an asymmetric and broad line shape along the modulation direction, while the q =3 c * /7 commensurate superlattice reflection is symmetric and its width is equal to the instrumental resolution. Such a profile of the incommensurate satellite reflection is found to depend on the history of the crystal.


We have tried to construct a simple order-disorder model which will hopefully reproduce one of the most characteristic features of the ferroelastic transition in NaN3 that the first order transition required by the Landau condition is quite close to the second order one. Unfortunately the present model has turned out to be not very promising.


This study tested the utility of the integration of self-efficacy theory and self-presentation theory of social anxiety. The study examined: (1) the relationship between general social anxiousness and expectancies concerning specific anxiety-producing social situations, and (2) the relationship between situational expectancies and situational social anxiety. Results supported the usefulness of distinguishing between the expectancy of executing a particular self-presentation relevant behavior (presentational self-efficacy expectancy) and the expectancy that a particular behavior, if successfully executed, will achieve one's interpersonal goal (presentational outcome expectancy). The results suggest that: (1) social anxiety is related to low expectations regarding one's ability to execute certain self-presentational behaviors, and (2) socially anxious people may be characterized by a pessimistic view of interactions in which others are not expected to respond favorably even when one's behavior is appropriat...


Planned comparisons were made between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts, and the Metropolitan Readiness Tests. Most comparisons generated significant correlations that ranged from .48 to .67. Dependent t tests were also conducted between mean standard scores and indicated that while the Bracken Scale did not differ from the Peabody, it yielded a lower mean score than the Boehm but a higher score than the total Metropolitan. Discussion focused on the similarities and differences of the measures studied.


The diversity of macrozoobenthos in the mesolitoral zone of Puerto Malabrigo
from April to September 2014 was investigated. The samples were collected
monthly in three study areas {A, B and C) using a square of 0.25 m2
• The species
were identified using taxonomic keys of marine invertebrates. Were recorded
species of Polyplacophoros, Gastropodos, Bivalvos, Lingularios, Anthozoos,
Malacostracas, Maxillipodos, Polychaetos, Asteroideos, Echinoideos and
Ophiuroideos. The diversity of macrozoobenthos was 2.45 nits/ind, with a
richness of 52 species.


This paper examines the dynamics of a nonlinear semi-active suspension system using a quarter-car model moving over rough road profiles. The bifurcation analysis of the nonlinear dynamical behavior...


Objectives There is considerable evidence that implicates dysregulation of type I interferon signalling (or type I IFN signature) in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has been recognised as a master regulator of type I IFN signalling. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of IRF7 in dermal fibrosis and SSc pathogenesis. Methods SSc and healthy control skin biopsies were investigated to determine IRF7 expression and activation. The role of IRF7 in fibrosis was investigated using IRF7 knockout (KO) mice in the bleomycin-induced and TSK/+mouse models. In vitro experiments with dermal fibroblasts from patients with SSc and healthy controls were performed. Results IRF7 expression was significantly upregulated and activated in SSc skin tissue and explanted SSc dermal fibroblasts compared with unaffected, matched controls. Moreover, IRF7 expression was stimulated by IFN-α in dermal fibroblasts. Importantly, IRF7 co-immunoprecipitated with Smad3, a key mediator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling, and IRF7 knockdown reduced profibrotic factors in SSc fibroblasts. IRF7 KO mice demonstrated attenuated dermal fibrosis and inflammation compared with wild-type mice in response to bleomycin. Specifically, hydroxyproline content, dermal thickness as well as Col1a2, ACTA2 and interleukin-6 mRNA levels were significantly attenuated in IRF7 KO mice skin tissue. Furthermore, IRF7 KO in TSK/+mice attenuated hydroxyproline content, subcutaneous hypodermal thickness, Col1a2 mRNA as well as α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin expression. Conclusions IRF7 is upregulated in SSc skin, interacts with Smad3 and potentiates TGF-β-mediated fibrosis, and therefore may represent a promising therapeutic target in SSc.


The extraction of oil from soybean with supercritical CO 2 was studied in a continuous-flow extraction apparatus at a pressure of 20-30MPa and a temperature of 308-323K.The results showed that the oil in soybean could be extracted out completely in this way. A mathematical model based on the hypothesis of fixed bed,plug-flow in integral run and mixed-flow in differential run is set up.Using this model we can calculate the results of integral extraction on the base of differential extraction which uses small materiel and occupies less time.The solving method of this model is simple.Under the condition in this paper,the deviation is less than 6%.


SUMMARY This paper discusses the concept of "metadata" in the scope of the "digital library," two terms recently used in a great diversity of perspectives. It is not the intent to promote privilege of any particular view, but rather to help provide a better understanding of these multiple perspectives. The paper starts with a discussion of the concept of digital library, followed by an analysis of the concept of metadata. It continues with a discussion about the relationship of this concept with technology, services, and scenarios of application. The concluding remarks stress the three main arguments assumed for the relevance of the concept of metadata: the growing number of heterogeneous genres of information resources, the new emerging scenarios for interoperability, and issues related to the cost and complexity of current technology.


A method for the quantification of an antigen, antibody, or antigen-antibody complex in a sample solution in volving measuring the results of an immunochemical agglutination reaction or an agglutination inhibition reaction by spectrophotometry, wherein after the initia tion of the agglutination between the antigen, antibody, or antigen-antibody complex to be determined and sen sitized carrier particles to which a substance specifically bindable to the said antigen, antibody, or antigen-anti body complex is bound, a fixing compound is added to fix aggregates formed by the agglutination. A measur ing reagent kit or pack includes all the components for use in carrying out the above method.


An attempt is made to deal with human error in order to assure the quality of software. Human characteristics are classified into positive characteristics and negative characteristics. The NAZE NAZE (Why? Why?) campaign, which corresponds to the positive characteristic, is being executed. This campaign is an effort to avoid repeating the same mistakes by analyzing bugs. The bug has valuable information even though it must not be allowed to remain in the software. Improvements in methods for detecting and removing bugs address the results of peoples' negative characteristics. The know how obtained by the NAZE NAZE campaign is used to improve these methods. These actions have proven to be effective in the detection and prevention of software bugs.<<ETX>>


The study is aimed at finding out and describing the students' improvement in writing an English composition and their attitude toward the use of factual readings as learning media. The study used quasi-experimental method with one experimental and one control classes. It was found that that there is a writing improvement of students in experiment group through the use of factual Reading with 18.72 higher. The result of t-test value shows that the improvement of students' writing skill before and after given factual readings in writing practices is significantly reliable. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of factual Reading can help improving students' writing skill


The success of non-native plants in their recipient environments is often attributed to their relatively lower herbivorous attack (i.e., leaf damage). However, whether non-native plants are inherently more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones remains unclear. We conducted a field experiment to test the effects of clipping (25%, 50%, and 75% leaf area loss) on growth (stem height and production of new leaves) of the natural regenerations of invasive strawberry guava Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae) and its closely related native, Eugenia goviala (VU, Myrtaceae,), in a degraded forest in Andasibe, Madagascar. Each clipped individual was paired with a neighboring control (0% defoliation). Survival rates after 105 days were high (>93%) for both species and were not related to clipping levels. Eugenia goviala increased stem growth by 98% at 25% clipping but exhibited no response at higher clipping levels. Clipping tended to reduce stem growth in P. cattleianum but effects were only significant at 75% defoliation (46% reduction in stem growth). Defoliation did not affect the production of new leaves but we detected a tendency for P. cattleianum to produce fewer leaves at higher clipping levels. These results indicate a higher sensitivity to defoliation in the invasive strawberry guava compared to its close native relative E. goviala, which does not support the hypothesis that non-native plant species are more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones. Heavy defoliation can represent a substitute for mechanical control of the strawberry guava. Future studies should focus on identifying suitable native herbivores as part of an integrated control program for this invasive species.


This experiment tested the influence of ABA on calcium binding in tomato fruit and its impact on tomato fruit quality. Tomato plants were treated with 0, 50, and 500 mg·L -1 . Calcium binding was evaluated in the proximal and distal portions of mature tomato fruit. Four solvents (water, sodium nitrate, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid) were used to sequentially extract calcium from dried tomato tissue to detect differences in the partitioning of calcium in cellular components of the fruit. ABA treatment of plants resulted in more structural calcium in both the proximal and distal portions of the tomato fruit leading to a decrease in blossom end-rot (BER), increased shelf-life, and better quality tomatoes for processing and raw consumption. Introduction: Tomato, in terms of dollar value, is the second largest crop consumed in the world (Rao and Barringer 2005). Two thirds of the tomatoes produced are further processed in the food industry (Rao and Barringer 2005). For example, salsa is now the top-selling condiment in the US over ketchup (Rao and Barringer 2005) and fresh-cut tomatoes are of increasing importance in reducing preparation time in the foodservice industry (Magee et al 2003). For this use fruit quality is a high priority. One reason for the increase in tomato consumption is the nutritional value found in tomatoes, such as antioxidants and carotenoids such as lycopene which is important in cancer prevention (Fanasca et al 2006, Aghofack-Nguemezi and Tatchago 2010). Quality of the tomato starts at planting. Tomatoes are susceptible to physiological disorders such as blossom end rot (BER) and they ripen and senesce rapidly after harvest. BER and overall fruit quality are related to calcium nutrition and fruit calcium content (Park et al 2005). These issues can become problematic to growers trying to provide increased yields of high quality tomatoes to satisfy consumer demand. Calcium is important in tomato fruit because it forms the structure of the cell wall and membrane (White and Broadley 2003, Aghofack-Nguemezi and Tatchago 2010). Calcium is found in the soil and is transported to the plant from the roots through the xylem (Marschner 1995, White and Broadley 2003). Calcium moves primarily in the transpiration stream by way of the xylem with very little movement in the phloem (Marschner 1995). This mechanism determines the amount of calcium entering the cell. In the plant cell, calcium ions will move across the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuole membranes causing specific cell responses (White and Broadley 2003). Most importantly, calcium ions bind with the negatively charged carboxylic group in pectin to form cross bridges in the cell wall and membrane complex (Magee et al 2003). These cross bridges inhibit the activity of pectinmethylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) which are enzymes that break down pectin in the cell wall (Magee et al 2003). Too much calcium in the cytoplasm is lethal to the cell (Conway et al 1994). Thus, it is important that calcium be bound in the cell wall, the plasma membrane or in other cellular membranes, or be compartmentalized external to the cell. Calcium is usually more concentrated in the proximal section of the tomato fruit than in the distal tissue, a main reason for BER (Suzuki et al 2003). Blossom-end rot (BER) is a primary physiological disorder in tomatoes because of the localization of calcium in the proximal tissue of the fruit, leaving the distal end with softer tissue and more susceptible to disease (Suzuki et al 2003, Ho and White 2005, Park et al 2005, Adams and Ho 1993). When calcium enters the plant it travels through the xylem, which is more prevalent at the proximal or leaf end than the distal or blossom end of the fruit (Ho et al 2003). In addition, BER is not found in wild tomatoes, so it is believed that rapid growth of tomatoes and the desire for larger tomatoes leads to BER as well (Ho and White 2005). Another study showed that at the site of BER in tomato fruit, no calcium was found in the plasma membrane or wall of cells but as the distance increased from the BER site, so did the amount of calcium present (Suzuki et al 2003). Finally 50% of calcium treated crops still suffer from BER (Freitas et al 2011); therefore the problem of BER is not that calcium is not available but that it is moved to the wrong part of the tomato (Adams and Ho 1993). A hormone found in tomato fruit, abscisic acid (ABA), is used to move calcium to the tomato fruit. ABA is used mainly during environmental stress (Setha 2012, Waterland et al 2010). ABA reduces the xylem activity of leaves and increases phloem activity, moving more calcium to the tomato fruit rather than the leaf tissue (de Freitas et al 2011). ABA also increases xylem activity in the distal tissue, moving more calcium where the fruit is most susceptible to BER (de Freitas et al 2011). Additionally, ABA causes a higher concentration of calcium in the apoplast which assists in membrane functionality (de Freitas et al 2011). It can thus be hypothesized that ABA would increase calcium levels in tomato fruit to prevent BER and increase quality. Tomato fruit after harvest faces many obstacles to maintain cell wall integrity (and thus fruit quality) including shipping, handling, delivery, heat treatment, passage through pipes and pumps, and transportation inside packaging (Rao and Barringer 2005, Park et al 2005). Because of a tomatoes unique texture and palatability, consumer demand makes a firm cell wall necessary in fresh fruit, diced fruit, and diced and whole canned tomato fruit (Magee et al 2003). The food industry has relied heavily on CaCl2 to compensate for calcium deficiency in the cell wall, but cost of this application, the risk for postharvest fungal infection, the limited fruit area effected, and consumer detection of added calcium off flavors is not ideal (Park et al 2005, Magee et al 2003). This treatment also doesn't prevent BER which decreases crop yield. The use of ABA to partition calcium to the tomato fruit would increase quality and quantity of the tomato crop. The objective of this experiment is to test the effect of ABA on the partitioning of calcium between the leaf and fruit and within the tomato fruit in order to produce a better product. The impact of total calcium levels on the proximal and distal tissue of the fruit and the cellular location of calcium within these two regions of the fruit tissue will be measured in order to determine the cellular location of the additional calcium that enters the fruit. Materials and Methods: Tomatoes were grown under greenhouse conditions as described by Barickman et al (2013). "Mountain Fresh Plus" tomato seeds were germinated in Pro-Mix BX soilless medium, then transferred after 30 days to 11-L Dutch Pots filled with Sunshine® Pro Soil Conditioner and fertilized with a complete nutrient solution with 180 mg·L -1 N, 93 mg·L -1 P, 203.3 mg·L -1 K, and three levels of calcium as described by Barickman et al (2013). During fruit development, tomatoes were treated with 3 treatment levels of calcium (60, 90, and 180 mg·L -1 ). In addition, tomato plants received one of three ABA treatments or a 0% ABA control treatment. The treatments were: 1) a 0 ABA foliar spray with water only, 2) ABA foliar spray at 500 mg·L -1 , 3) ABA 50 mg·L -1 soil drench or 4) both the ABA foliar spray at 500 mg·L -1 and the ABA soil drench at 50 mg·L -1 (Barickman et al 2013). There were three replications of each treatment. After harvesting, tomatoes were divided into proximal and distal tissues sections. Fresh weight was taken, then the tissue was dried at 40°C for approximately one week. Once dry, tissue was weighed for dry weight and then ground. Ground tissue was weighed for (0.2 g) and transferred to a 15 mL polyethylene tube. The experimental design was a 3 by 4 by 2 factorial with three complete replications. The factors were three calcium nutrition levels, four ABA treatments, and two areas of the tomato fruit. The following four fractions were extracted in order to determine the amount of calcium present in different cellular location within the fruit tissue. Extraction were: 1) water; extracting water soluble calcium, 2) sodium nitrate; extracting exchangeable calcium on proteins and pectin, 3) acetic acid; for calcium phosphates and carbonates, and 4) hydrochloric acid; for calcium oxalate. A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the number of extractions of each solvent required to maximize the extraction for that solvent, and it was determined that after 2 extractions there was no significant difference in the amount of calcium extracted from that fraction. Thus each tissue was double extracted with each solvent and the two extracts were combined for analysis. Using the procedure stated by Himelrick (1981), dried tissue was vortex with 10 mL of boiling reverse osmosis water, centrifuged at 4400 rpm for 10 minutes, then the decant liquid was poured into a 50 mL polyethylene tube. The second extraction was added to the same 50 mL tube. Tomato tissue was then mixed twice with 1N sodium nitrate (NaNO3), then 1N acetic acid (HAc), and then 2N hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Himelrick 1981). Into separate 15 mL polyethylene tubes, 5 mL of each sample was filtered with a 0.45 μm PTFE filter. Calcium content was determined on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Barickman et al 2013). Results: There was no significant difference in the amount of calcium extracted based on the levels of calcium added (Table 1). There were differences among the ABA treatments. The spray and root treatment resulted in more calcium in the tomato fruit than in the non-treated fruit (P≤0.05). The spray treatment resulted in more calcium than the root treatment (P≤0.05) (Table 2). The control treatment extracted a mean value of 23353 mg/100g dry weight (DW) of dry tomato tissue. The ABA spray treatment contained 28101 mg/100g DW. The ABA root treatment resul


Long-term care (LTC) residents have an increased risk of social isolation and loneliness, and these risks were exacerbated by pandemic policies that restricted visitors. The designated care partner (DCP) program was introduced in some LTC homes to allow designated family members to safely enter the homes and provide support for residents. We undertook a developmental evaluation (DE) to support the development and implementation of the DCP program in three Ontario LTC homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 65 staff and DCPs through seven iterations of a DE process. Analysis used directed and inductive coding and theming procedures to create a description of the DCP experience. Themes illustrated the barriers and facilitators to the DCP program and revealed a pervasive deficit of care due to inadequate funding, staff shortages, and an acrimonious relationship between staff and family members. Our project demonstrated a need for additional resources and stronger partnerships between staff and family caregivers.


Prior studies reported that inter-organizational trust contributes dominantly on the success of relationship performance between buyer and supplier. This study argues that trust per se might insufficient to explain the success, and it needs learning mechanism (relational learning: information sharing, joint sense making, and knowledge integration) to transform trust into performance. Based on a survey among first tier suppliers (211 firms) of Astra Group (Astra International Indonesia – ASII) in Indonesia, the largest business group, this study reveals that trust and relational learning contribute to the performance of suppliers, although there is no mediating effect as expected. Managerial and academic implications are further discussed in this
study.


Considered prerequisites for the formation and allocation of electrical facilities of power consumers. Showed the universality of representation hierarchical of power supply system to power consumers, cognitive and practical importance of the selection of levels of power supply system, proposed a classification of consumers reflecting the peculiarities of power supply systems, problems of designing and operation, relationships with the subjects of power industry.


Twenty eight New Zealand White rabbits were used (half males and half females), with objective of evaluate the effects of slaughter weights on the weights the carcass, heads, skins, paws, eatable viscera (liver, kidneys, heart and lungs) the cuts (anterior members, and area cervicthoracic, lumbar and posterior), the peri-renal fat, and their respective yield. They were valued also the humidity content, protein and fat as well the fat acids the thigh ' s fat (Biceps femoris). The weights of the hot carcasses with head and eatable viscera, the cold carcass with head and eatable viscera, the cold carcass without head and viscera, head, paws, eatable viscera, peri-renal fat, anterior members, cervic-thoracic area, lumbar area, posterior area had a percentage increase of: 65,0; 67,0; 66,0; 67,0; 76,0; 27,0; 52,0; 47,0; 65,0; 607,0; 62,0; 71,0; 73,0 and 76,0%, respectively. Significant differences were found for head ' s percentages that decreased with the increase the slaughter weights and the peri-renal fat that increased. The humidity (71,5 to 73,8%) and protein content (21,1 to 22,1% ) didn ' t vary significantly in the weight ranges studied. Just the content of fat intramuscular increased with the slaughter age (2,2 to 4,6%). The contents of the fat acids saturated myristc (2,6 to 3,9) , palmitic (27,5 to 34,3) and stearic( 6,7 to 7,5%), didn ' t vary significantly with the slaughter weight, but the monounsaturated palmitoleic (2,6 to 6,2) and oleic (19,9 to 27,8%) increased with the slaughter weight. The acid polyunsaturated linoleic presented larger content (34,2%) in rabbits with weights among 1700 to 1899g.The rabbit meat is excellent for human consumption because its chemical composition and dietetic properties between the weights of 1.70 and 2.50kg.


Flutter analysis of a rocket fin at Mach numbers from 2 to 7 has been performed. The analysis is based on a number of preassigned mode shapes with piston theory representing the aerodynamic forces.
Various mode combinations, effects of reduced stiffness due to kinetic heating, effects of structural damping and thickness effects as given by 2nd order piston theory, have been considered.
In the analysis the eigenvalues of the various dynamic systems have been determined for flight cases along a given trajectory and for hypothetical flight cases to establish the flutter boundary.
For 2-mode systems the eigenvalues have been determined analytically. For systems with more than two modes an iterative procedure has been developed to determine the eigenvalues.


The invention relates to an adaptive circuit of a power supply. The adaptive circuit comprises a first comparing circuit, a timing circuit and a second comparing circuit, wherein the input end of the first comparing circuit is electrically connected with a power-on signal, the first comparing circuit comprises a diode, the input end of the second comparing circuit is electrically connected with the diode of the first comparing circuit through the timing circuit, and the output end of the second comparing circuit outputs a power supply state signal. When the power-on signal is electrified, the diode is cut off, the timing circuit is charged, and the timing circuit is used for setting delay time of the power supply state signal. After the timing circuit is charged for a preset time, the power supply state signal is output; and when the power-on signal is switched off, the diode is connected, the timing circuit discharges, and the power supply state signal stops outputting.


Thrust and lift forces in controlled-PM linear synchronous motor (LSM) can be analyzed exactly by using FEM, taking into account the effect of slots. Especially in the controlled-PM LSM Maglev vehicle, large slots are adopted to manufacture quite easily its long-stator guideway. But a vast CPU time is required for FEM simulations of the vehicle dynamics. A method for calculating the thrust and lift forces is presented here which can keep high accuracy of finite element analysis (FEA) and reduce extremely the CPU time. Two-dimensional interpolation of this method is derived on the basis of analytical formulas and FEA of the machine. It is shown from numerical example of 1/2-scale controlled-PM LSM Maglev vehicle that the method proposed here enables us to calculate the thrust and lift forces with the same accuracy as FEM.


: Raman micro-spectroscopy was conducted for in-situ observation of atmospheric corrosion occurring on carbon steel surfaces, on which NaCl nanoparticles with a size of < 1 µm were deposited, under the controlled relative humidity at room temperature. Increasing relative humidity induced the formation of amorphous-FeOOH at a micro-droplet of NaCl solution where an NaCl nanoparticle was dissolved on the steel surface, and the initiation time of the corrosion generation decreased with increasing relative humidity. Drying treatment at 100ºC for 600 s resulted in modification of the surface condition of carbon steels and obstructing the corrosion initiation at high humidity conditions but reducing the initiation time at low humidity conditions.


Previous researches show that investors are not completely rational. Overconfidence is one of the investors irrationalities that have drawn special attention from academics. This study adopts the method of [1] to investigate the relationship between the overconfidence and stock prices, risks and business cycle in the Taiwan stock market. We find that returns in the previous period are positively correlated with turnover rates of the current period, a result consistent with previous researches that investors in the Taiwan stock market exhibit overconfidence. In addition, investors are more likely to have more overconfidence in low-priced stocks than in high-priced stocks and more likely to have more overconfidence in high-risk stocks than low-risk stocks. Investors overconfidence is also more likely to occur in the bull market than in the bear market.


Due to different illumination conditions, complex atmospheric conditions and other reasons, the endmember spectral profile of the same feature shows visible variation at different locations in the hyperspectral image, a phenomenon known as the endmember spectral variability (ESV). The identified endmembers can be considered as changeable instances of reference endmembers, and it can be better constructed by scaling factors and perturbation. The scaling factors are suitable for constructing equal proportional changes and the perturbation can construct non-proportional changes. To address the problem that spectral variability is difficult to be constructed by perturbation or scaling factors alone, the article proposes an augmented perturbed linear mixing model (APLMM) by adding scaling factors on the perturbed linear mixing model (PLMM). The APLMM aims at incorporating spectral variability in the hyperspectral unmixing under the form of equal proportional and non-proportional changes of endmembers. In addition, to control the strength of the equal proportional changes, the article adds penalty terms for the scaling factors to the model. We use the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to optimise the variables in the APLMM algorithm. Experimental results on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.


Compared with pure narrations or descriptions, dialogues in reading materials are more direct and vivid in reproducing the characters, viewpoints and attitudes of heroes and heroines. Meanwhile, dialogues can also help us to acquire an understanding of the western culture, customs and traditions.


Nowadays, concrete has become the most consumed material ever used, it is a heterogeneous and composite material, where the name heterogeneity refers to the large difference between its compressive and tensile behavior, and the name composite refers to the constitution of concrete. Generally, concrete is composed of cement, the binding element, and the aggregate that represents the granular structure. Actually, more components are injected in the concrete composition like mineral and chemical admixtures. The principal purpose of the introduction of more mineral admixture is to minimize costs and make a sustainable concrete, principally if this addition is originally a waste. Actually, in the field of construction, the transport of aggregate represents 14% of CO2 emissions; for this reason the current tendency is to make concrete based on abundant local material. The main reason of using SCM (sustainable concrete material) is material reliability; the SCM used in our study is a waste resulting from crushed aggregate manufactory composed principally by 40% limestone (seize less than 80µm). On the other hand, the cement manufactory is responsible by 24% of CO2 emissions. The main aspect of this study is the use of SCM limestone as substitution of cement, to minimize the quantity of the cement used in the composition of concrete; the principal objective is environmental and economic. Concrete is a receptive material, which means that it may be influenced by its environment; in this context we studied the effect of curing temperature of the environment on the mechanical characteristics of concrete based on the substitution of cement with two mineral admixtures.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic methods,effect and safety in removing the bezoars with different appliance through the electronic gastroscope. Methods 71 cases of the bezoars,which were detected in 34218 cases with the electronic gastroscope in our hospital,were treated with suitable methods through the electronic gastroscope with appliances,including the penta-claw grasping forceps,rat-tooth grasping forceps,and grasping basket and snare. The therapeutic effect was observed for one week. Results The detection rate of bezoars was 0.2%. All bezoars were broken into pieces or removed out,and the mean time of treatment was 36 minutes. 63.4% of them quassated directly by penta-claw grasping forceps,11.3% pulled out directly by grasping basket and snare,23.9% treated in turn by grasping forceps and snare,7 cases (9.9%) treated again after emetic,and 4 cases (5.6%) treated in the next day. There were some lightly scrape and small amounts of errhysis during the operation,but no other serious complications except one case of bowel obstruction. Conclusion Removing bezoars through the electronic gastroscope by suitable appliances and methods was one of the best,safest,easiest and most effective manipulation and worth generalizing and utilizing clinically.


EU Treaties contain an arsenal of purpose-defined and ambiguous competences that are enjoyed by EU institutions, yet devote little attention to the restraining impact of EU competences on Member States' autonomy and policies. While the focus has traditionally been on subsidiarity to deal with competence issues, the recent judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht in Weiss revitalizes the discussion on the potential of proportionality to guide competence issues. This inquiry seeks to highlight both the existing traces of competence proportionality employed by the Court to allocate competences as well as the potential of the proportionality standard to temper the spillovers on Member States' autonomy accruing from the exercise of EU competences. While the Treaty restricts proportionality to reviewing the use (not existence) of EU competences, the Court has implicitly employed proportionality considerations to verify the existence of EU competences. In addition, drawing from established case law, competence proportionality assessments could rely on an effect-based substantive review in combination with procedural duties allowing a meaningful balancing of national autonomy against the dynamics of deeper integration.


Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with several cancers. During its life cycle HPV16 infects the epithelial basal cells through a receptor we recently identified, the annexin A2 heterotetramer (A2t). During infection, HPV16 also interacts with Langerhans cells (LC), the antigen presenting cells of the epithelium, and induces immune suppression mediated by the HPV16 L2 minor capsid protein. Despite the importance of these virus-immune cell interactions, the specific mechanisms of HPV16 entry into LC and HPV16-induced immune suppression remain undefined. An N-terminal peptide of HPV16 L2 has been shown to specifically interact with A2t. Here, we show that incubation of human LC with this peptide blocks binding of HPV16. Inhibiting this interaction with an A2t ligand or by siRNA down-regulation of A2t, significantly decreases HPV16 internalization into LC in an L2-dependent manner. A2t is associated with inhibition of LC maturation as demonstrated through attenuated secretion of Th1-associated cytokines and decreased surface expression of MHC II on LC exposed to A2t. Conversely, small molecule inhibition of A2t prevents HPV16-induced inhibition of LC immune function as indicated by increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines and surface expression of MHC II and CD86 in HPV16 treated LC pre-exposed to A2t inhibitors. These results demonstrate that HPV16 suppresses LC maturation through an interaction with A2t, revealing a novel immune suppressive role for this protein.


This paper concerns the reconstruction of the absorption and scattering parameters in a time-dependent linear transport equation from knowledge of angularly averaged measurements performed at the boundary of a domain of interest. We show that the absorption coefficient and the spatial component of the scattering coeffic ient are uniquely determined by such measurements. We obtain stability results on the reconstruction of the absorption and scattering parameters with respect to the measured albedo operator. The stability results are obtained by a precise decomposition of the measurements into components with different singular behavior in the time domain.


An account of an experimental determination of the comparative absorption of penetrating γ-rays by a wide range of elements has recently been given by one of us. It is the object of the present paper to consider the results somewhat more fully, especially those concerned with scattering, which was not previously discussed. The rays used were those from RaB + C after filtration through 1 cm. lead. The absorption was primarily measured in terms of aluminium, whose apparent absorption coefficient was measured directly. It was shown that the apparent atomic absorption, for the absorber in one particular position, could be represented with considerable accuracy by μ a' = a Z + b Z4 (1) where Z is the atomic number.


The article is devoted to the aspects of cross-cultural communication in international tourism. It has been established that international tourism remains almost the only source of direct communication between representatives of different cultures in the information age of developed Internet communications and virtual reality, as a result of which the consciousness and self-consciousness of a person radically changes. It has been revealed that cross-cultural communication in international tourism becomes the basis for the exchange of values and experiences between different cultural worlds and their mutual implication, an integral feature and dominant of the international tourism business. It has been proved that the modern scientific discourse of cross-cultural communication in international tourism covers a wide range of concepts in various social dimensions, such as globalization, mobility, mass movement of people and creation of new cultural communities.


A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
for the degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Field of Educational Administration
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
BY
SAMSON ADEBAYO OLADEBO
Evanston, Illinois
September, 1978


We examine consumption and commercial lending rates evolution, identifying the main determinants of their movements. Our objective is to distinguish effects related to monetary policy rate from those due to higher risk; this is done through counterfactual simulations around relevant variables. Results indicate that monetary policy rate cuts have compensated the lending rate increase caused by higher uncertainty, both domestic and external.


This paper presents a kinematic ephemeris generator for Korea Pathfinder Lunar
 Orbiter (KPLO) and its performance test results. The kinematic ephemeris generator
 consists of a ground ephemeris compressor and an onboard ephemeris calculator. The
 ground ephemeris compressor has to compress desired orbit propagation data by using an
 interpolation method in a ground system. The onboard ephemeris calculator can generate
 spacecraft ephemeris and the Sun/Moon ephemeris in onboard computer of the KPLO. Among
 many interpolation methods, polynomial interpolation with uniform node, Chebyshev
 interpolation, Hermite interpolation are tested for their performances. As a result of
 the test, it is shown that all the methods have some cases that meet requirements but
 there are some performance differences. It is also confirmed that, the Chebyshev
 interpolation shows better performance than other methods for spacecraft ephemeris
 generation, and the polynomial interpolation with uniform nodes yields good performance
 for the Sun/Moon ephemeris generation. Based on these results, a Kinematic ephemeris
 generator is developed for the KPLO mission. Then, the developed ephemeris generator can
 find an approximating function using interpolation method considering the size and
 accuracy of the data to be transmitted.


Efforts aimed at attracting more international students have become an area of both institutional and national government concern in most major hosting countries. This is due to the many benefits associated with hosting international students, resulting in stiff competition on the market. This study is aimed at understanding the factors that motivate students to undertake their undergraduate studies abroad. The findings show that there are many reasons behind the decision to study abroad. Seeking high quality education with worldwide recognition was however found to be of major importance followed by the opportunity to experience living abroad and its associated benefits. The inability of some countries to meet their local demand for educational services also forces some students to seek studies abroad. Knowledge of these factors is important for the development of effective marketing programs at both institutional and country level aimed at attracting a lot of students and avoiding retention problems.


Under the same condition,14.6 tex compact combed cotton yarn is spun respectively by use of spacer of additional press bar and plain spacer.It is found that the hairiness,breaking length and evenness of the formed single yarn is improved by use of spacer of additional press bar.And experiments by use of former cots pressure and spacer of additional press bar have been followed to analyze their effect on yarn quality and to optimize all the influence factors.


This paper proposes `Coding Unit Tree` based on quadtree efficiently with motion vector to represent splitting information of a Coding Unit (CU) in HEVC. The new international video coding, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), adopts various techniques and new unit concept: CU, Prediction Unit (PU), and Transform Unit (TU). The basic coding unit, CU is larger than macroblock of H.264/AVC and it splits to process image-based quadtree with a hierarchical structure. However, in case that there are complex motions in CU, the more signaling bits with motion information need to be transmitted. This structure provides a flexibility and a base for a optimization, but there are overhead about splitting information. This paper analyzes those signals and proposes a new algorithm which removes those redundancy. The proposed algorithm utilizes a type code, a dominant value, and residue values at a node in quadtree to remove the addition bits. Type code represents a structure of an image tree and the two values represent a node value. The results show that the proposed algorithm gains 13.6% bit-rate reduction over the HM-1.0.


Abstract : This paper describes BUPT (pris) participation in Relevance Feedback Track 2009. The track has two phrases. In the first phrase, 5 documents are submitted based on the results of the k-means. In the second phrase, language model is used to relevance feedback for query expansion.


Lap joints are widely used in the manufacture of stiffened panels and influence local panel sub-component stability, defining buckling unit dimensions and boundary conditions. Using the finite element method it is possible to model joints in great detail and predict panel buckling behaviour with accuracy. However, when modelling large panel structures such detailed analysis becomes computationally expensive. Moreover, the impact of local behaviour on global panel performance may reduce as the scale of the modelled structure increases. Thus this study presents coupled computational and experimental analyses, aimed at developing relationships between modelling fidelity and the size of the modelled structure, when the global static load to cause initial buckling is the required analysis output. Small, medium and large specimens representing welded lap-joined fuselage panel structure are examined. Two element types, shell and solid-shell, are employed to model each specimen, highlighting the impact of idealisation on the prediction of welded stiffened panel initial skin buckling.


Distributed generation,conducive to energy saving,emission reduction and energy structure adjustment,has gained nation-wide attention. Distributed generation can be integrated into distribution network in the form of microgrid and single grid,so a comprehensive index system can be established to evaluate each access schemes. In this paper,the Vague set theory is adopted to filter and determine the weight of index system. Then combining with the Vague set theory and set pair theory,it proposes evaluating each index by Vague set pair model. Examples show that the proposed model is an effective evaluation method,which can not only reach objective conclusion,but also improve the efficiency of evaluation,providing guidence for selecting schemes.


The article summarizes the definition of the term "hikikomori", analyzes the situation of quarantine restriction: its essence and features of the impact on adolescence. Peculiarities of manifestation of hikikomori markers at adolescence are determined. We consider the studied phenomenon in the system of approaches like a way to meet needs, as a set of manifestations of syndromes of a new era, as a psychological defence mechanism, as a psychological state and process. Depending on the intensity of markers, we divide hikikomori into counter-dependent, poorly adaptable and interdependent, super dependent. The parameters that determine the level of manifestations of hikikomori include antisocial solitude at home, antisocially with leaving the house, selective society. The levels of manifestation of hikikomori include physical, emotional, social. Quarantine restrictions, as unusual living conditions that require forced solitude, selfisolation can be a factor that encourages the emergence of markers of hikikomori in adolescents. Such people have a shift in activity in cyberspace and at night, inseparable stay with the gadget (during meals, in the bathroom, in the toilet, etc.).
Neglect of the organization of life (do not clean the bed after sleep, do not clean the room for a long time, do not change clothes during the day and wear night pyjamas around the clock, neglect a healthy diet, eat outside the regime, mostly fast food, etc.). In communication with others, they show irritability with the desire to avoid contact and solitude in their room. Also, at such a person, disorganization of educational activity hastily is observed. It is difficult for them to organize the learning process; they show procrastination (postponement of tasks). If the classes are as videoconferencing,
they do not include video and microphone. They are away from contact with the group and the teacher, even if they need contact for feedback, they ignore it. An empirical study of the susceptibility to hikikomori markers in adolescents revealed that about 40% of subjects have a high susceptibility to hikikomori markers, and almost 11% of young men – very high.


BACKGROUND
Cervical osteoarthritis (OA) has been documented as a potential source of pain and poor performance in sport horses OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of cervical OA in a population of warmblood jumpers and its correlation with age, level of performance neck pain and mobility.

STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive observational study METHODS: Warmblood jumpers free of lameness or neurological disorders were selected. Cervical pain and range of motion of the neck were subjectively assessed. Left to right lateral views were taken at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6 and C6-C7. The presence of OA at the cervical articular process joints (APJ) was evaluated and graded as absent, mild or moderate to severe by three board certified radiologists. The agreement between radiologists and the potential associations between OA grades with age and other variables were statistically assessed (P < 0.05).

RESULTS
One hundred and four horses were included [median age = 10 years (range 6 - 18 years)]. Agreement between radiologists varied from fair to substantial (Kappa-weighted 0.37 to 0.61). The C6-C7 APJ were most commonly affected by OA with only 32.7% of APJ considered free of radiographic abnormalities at this location vs. 60.5% at C5-C6, 81.7% at C4-C5 and 84.6% at C3-C4. Horses competing in higher level classes (peak of performance) had significantly higher OA grades at C6-C7 (P = 0.013). There was no association between age, age when started jumping, neck pain and neck range of motion with the presence of OA on radiographs.

MAIN LIMITATIONS
Open enrollment and lack of orthogonal views.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that, although there is a range of interpretation of radiographic findings of the APJ, OA of the caudal cervical region is not rare in performing sound warmblood jumpers. This suggests that OA in the caudal cervical region may be of low clinical significance.


Along with the mass application of mo dern information technologies su ch as computer,network and so on in the course of education,traditional co nce ption,content,mode,managemen t and system of education are being ch anged.Pe rmeating into the educational cou rse gradually,interface of compute r multimed ia has become important me thod and content of modern education.And along with e ducational reform,the classes,degrees,textbooks and courses are more and m ore obscure,and the education lays more stresses on the training of the abili t y of understanding and applying the knowledge structure.Students being the main b ody of the education,the learning mo de of taking the students as the corn i n the course of education should be emphasized.The traditional educational cou rse begins changing.


identity, t ransformation and Patrimonial Rhetoric in a Mining City of Atacama desert, Chile. This study derives from a synthesis and systematization effort, both in theoretical and analytical terms, regarding ethnographic material obtained during the last decade in the saltpetrous-rich city of Maria Elena, in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Identity formation, trajectories and experience of these city inhabitants, and the changes experienced by the settlement —a city conceived under the utopian tradition principles— are discussed. Emphasis is set on this settlement's transformation into a camp, and latter, towards an interest on the wealth-formation of the urban complex. This last form is observed as an expression of the changes experienced, which stem from the prevalence of a new model of accumulation, that in turn, has competitiveness, labour flexibility, quality production and globalization, as core elements, and that establish new relationships between inhabitants, workers and the territory. K eywords: city, cultural change, labour flex, labour flexibilization, mining camp, patrimony


Objective:To discuss the proper treatment of the oblique hernia.Methods:The clinical data of 29 elder cases of treating recurring oblique hernia with the mending operation were analyzed.Results:Each of operations lasted 41-108 minutes.We followed up all cases for 6 months-4 years,no cases recurred after the operation.Conclusion:The mending operation of recurring oblique hernia of no tension is little hurting,effective,easy-operation,and recrudes cence rate is low.It is one of the best methods treating recurring oblique hernia in elders.


Space inverted triangle steel truss are chosen as the research object,using ANSYS finite element software static analysis of them are made.Through to change the truss width,section height,internode length,and bar-sectional area find and sum up the law on the change of internal forces by space steel truss gemetry size change.


This thesis identified the barriers and enablers to the transfer of learning for front-line police sergeants working to improve their supportive leadership behaviors. The quality of relationships within and surrounding the leadership and coaching intervention was the most influential factor determining the extent to which learning was transferred into workplace practice.


We present a method for achieving geometrical constraint stabilization for a linear-complementarity-based time-stepping scheme for rigid multibody dynamics with joints, contact, and friction. The method requires the solution of only one linear complementarity problem per step. The method depends on an adjustable parameter γ, but the constraint stabilization effect is shown to hold for any γ ∊ (0,1]. Several examples are used to demonstrate the constraint stabilization effect.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


The American Pharmaceutical Association continued its 20-year practice of separating the scientific and practice journals. In January 1961, the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Pharmacy Edition was renamed the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, dropping the edition designation and once again restarting its volume numbering at 1, adding the designation NS to indicate the start of a new series. The lead editorial explained what the editors termed "the pharmaceutical complex," consisting of more than 700 different associations and societies.1 The editor noted that although no one voice could speak for the entire complex that included regulatory, manufacturing, education, and other interests, there should be a single voice for those engaged in professional practice. The challenge to creating such a voice was the need to gain participation and build a communication system that could span the complex. The editor pledged to aid pharmacists in building such a system. As a starting point, the Journal published a comprehensive directory of every pharmacy organization on the national, state, and local levels and even a number of international groups.2 It was clear from the editorials during the first year that professional practice was to be the focal point for the Journal. For example, in November, the editorial warned that the pharmacist was turning into a "phantom" with decreasing contact with the patient, resulting in increasing loss of identity as a health care provider. The editorial went on to say that "no amount of bright lights, artistic fixtures, colorful paint and institutional advertising can replace the professional relationship between patient and pharmacist."3 Later that year, the Association started a bimonthly newsletter to communicate with members on a timelier basis. George B. Griffenhagen, the managing editor of the Journal since September 1959, took over the editorship in 1961. He brought his background as pharmacy practitioner, educator, association staff, and historian to the role. His interest and commitment to recording and influencing a period of change in pharmacy practice was flagged in a 1965 editorial when he noted that although JAPhA was among the top three pharmacy journals read, a need existed to provide more drug information and review articles of therapeutic classes of drugs, and he promised to deliver them.4 One innovation that was quickly put into place was the use of thematic issues to call attention and provide insights. Bioavailability, continuing education, ethics, manpower, and new practice and payment models were among the issues explored. Two topics were especially important: nonprescription medications and drug interactions. A 1965 editorial called attention to the need to upgrade pharmacists' education in home remedies to better serve the public. Home remedies were the theme of the November issue, thereby introducing an ongoing series beginning the following year.5 The editorial in 1966 that introduced the new series on nonprescription medications called for pharmacists to step up to "avoid the void" to serve as the patient counselor for nonprescription medications.6 Within a year, the series was expanded and released as a separate publication, The Handbook of Non-Prescription Drugs. The introductory editorial noted that many products still failed to provide quantitative ingredient information on the label, raising the question of how pharmacists could recommend any one product over another.7 The continuing value of the service is evident; the 17th edition is scheduled for release in early 2012. The drug interactions theme was developed in 1966 when the Journal featured it in a lead article.8 While not a new problem, interactions were gaining considerable attention with the introduction of increasingly complex therapies and new scientific advances. In 1969, the interaction concern was highlighted in an editorial introducing a thematic issue that concluded with a call for pharmacists to address the issue of adverse drug events through continuing education and the provision of necessary information to prevent clinical problems.9 At the 1970 annual meeting, the APhA House of Delegates called for the development of a service to provide up-to-date information.10 In 1971, a pilot project to develop an authoritative resource on drug interactions was organized and under way; cooperating organizations included the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Dental Therapeutics, American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Drugs, National Formulary Admissions Committee, and United States Pharmacopoeia Subcommittee on Scope.11 In 1973, the first edition of Evaluations of Drug Interactions was published with the cooperation of ADA, AMA, American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Food and Drug Administration, and National Library of Medicine. Every APhA active and student member received a copy as part of membership services.12 A long-term objective of the Journal was to keep members informed and involved in evolving professional practice. Continuing education programs had been offered by a number of the colleges beginning early in the 20th century. However, the challenges of the depression and the war saw a steady decline in the number of pharmacists who could


The state of charge(SOC) forecast of Li-ion power battery has the characters of nonlinearity because of its complex chemical reaction and concerned multifactor.The battery SOC forecast model based on BP neural network was researched with the ability for nonlinear approach.The weights and threshold of the model was optimized by genetic algorithm to reduce estimation error.The test results substantiate the estimation error is mainly smaller than 2%,and then the feasibility of the model is verified by computer-simulation.


The first part of this paper briefly describes how X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used for the determination of phase diagrams and gives some examples of particular interest. The attention is focused on in situ XRD experiments, i.e. performed directly at the high temperatures where phase transformations take place. The related experimental problems are presented and discussed. Furthermore, high temperature XRD offers the possibility to investigate structural aspects of phase transformations involving both solid and liquid. In order to illustrate the precursor phenomena occurring in melting and solidification and the correlations between the structures of solid and liquid phases, the second part of the paper presents some results obtained from investigations on pure indium (99.99 wt%) and In90-Sn10 alloy.


If a person has the right to remain silent when they have been arrested……don't they have a right to remain silent when they haven't been arrested?