Children's emergent literacy knowledge is currently viewed as the first stage of reading development and the cornerstone of literacy achievement (Goodman, 1986; Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998; Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998). Emergent literacy generally describes young children's knowledge concerning the forms and functions of print and the relationship between oral and written language (Teale & Sulzby, 1986). This knowledge is acquired by most children during the preschool years, prior to formal literacy instruction. Justice and Ezell (2001) recently described emergent literacy as comprising two broad yet highly interrelated domains of knowledge: written language awareness and phonological awareness. Written language awareness, also referred to as print awareness or print concepts (Snow et al., 1998), describes children's knowledge of the forms and functions of printed language (e.g., distinctive features of alphabet letters, storybook conventions, environmental print). Phonological awareness refers to knowledge about the structure of spoken language (e.g., sound similarities among words sharing initial phonemes or rimes). Young children's performance on measures representing components for each of these broad domains has been found to be moderately to highly predictive of future reading achievement, suggesting that both are important elements of emergent literacy development (for a review, see Scarborough, 1998). There currently exists a remarkable research base concerning preschool children's developments within the domain of phonological awareness (Bradley & Bryant, 1983; Byrne & Fielding-Barnsley, 1995; Chaney, 1992; Fernandez-Fein & Baker, 1997; Fowler, 1991; Lonigan, Burgess, Anthony, & Barker, 1998; Treiman & Zukowski, 1991; Vandervelden & Siegel, 1995; Warren-Leubecker & Carter, 1988). In contrast, considerably less is known regarding the development of written language awareness, that is, children's attainment of knowledge about the forms and functions of print. Generally speaking, most scholars presently believe that preschool children acquire written language awareness through informal and naturalistic interactions with print during supportive, mediated opportunities (see Crawford, 1995). Adult–child shared storybook reading in particular is viewed by many researchers as one of the most potent and frequent contexts for development (Bus, 2001; Ezell & Justice, 2000; Goodman, 1986; Hayden & Fagan, 1987; Justice & Ezell, 2000; Kaderavek & Sulzby, 1998; Mason, 1980; Teale, 1986; Watkins & Bunce, 1996; Whitehurst et al., 1994; Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998). Although the actual extent to which parent–child shared storybook reading actually supports and accelerates preschoolers' development of written language awareness has on occasion been debated (see Lonigan, 1994; Scarborough & Do brich, 1994), many emergent literacy scholars and practitioners agree that storybook reading is an important vehicle through which children attain emergent literacy knowledge. To this end, educators, parents, and other specialists (e.g., speech– language pathologists) have often been encouraged to increase the frequency with which young children in their care participate in quality shared book-reading interactions (American


The stepwise behavior of quantum defects along the periodic table of the elements is related to the (n+l,n) building-up rule in the table.


hiperplazja endometrium, estrogeny, androgeny, menopauza. Objectives: To assess the hormonal status of individual groups of endometrial pathology. Prospective ob-servational study. Material and methods: 100 peri- and postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleedings and/or abnormal endometrium. The population of women was divided into four groups according to hysteroscopic examination, confirmed by histopathology (non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia, polyp, cancer, controls). The levels of selected hormones, growth factors and binding proteins were marked. Results: Serum DHEAS, estradiol and estrone levels are significantly higher in women with hyperplasia in comparison with the control group ( p < 0.05). Higher concentrations of serum DHEAS and testosterone occur more frequently in premenopausal women with hyperplasia ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), whereas high concentra-Wiêksze of estradiol and estrone play an important role in the case of postmenopausal hyperplasia ( p < 0.05). Concentration of estrone can be a predictor of endometrial hyperplasia. This type of pathology occurred signifi cantly more frequently in patients with serum estrone concentration ≥ 174 pg/ml. High serum levels of IGFBP-3 (> 5.58 ng/ml) occurred in 62.5% of women with endometrial hyperplasia, which suggests possible participation of this factor in the pathogenesis of hyperplastic changes of the endometrium. Conclusion: Higher serum androgen levels (DHEAS, testosterone) in premenopausal women with hyperplasia than in control group suggest possible participation of androgens in the pathogenesis of premenopausal hyperplasia, similarly to higher concentrations of estrogens (estradiol, estrone) in postmenopausal women.


Studies of the biology, ecology, and potential of a nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra Poinar and Welch as a biological control agent for the banded cucumber beetle Diabrotica balteata LeConte were initiated in 1978 at Charleston, SC. Parasitism of the beetle larvae by the nematode was obtained in the field as early as the 1st week in Mar. and as late as the 1st week in December. Most parasitism occurred during periods of high rainfall and high temperature; parasitism was highest in Sept. and early Oct. As many as 23 postparasitic nematodes were obtained from a single larva. Body lengths of post parasitic nematodes ranged from 15 to 62 mm; the number of eggs deposited correlated with the length. As many as 7000 eggs were obtained from one nematode. Parasitism of the insect was obtained in the laboratory by exposing 1st instars to field collected soil or to potting soil with F. leipsandra eggs. The amount of parasitism obtained from a given number of beetle larvae and nematode eggs varied considerably despite our attempt to control the conditions as precisely as possible. The most post parasitic nematodes were obtained from soil that received the highest levels of nematode eggs.


The immunoenzymatic assay method (Abbott HTLV-III EIA) was used to determine the existence of HIV antibodies in 112 female prostitutes in the city of Merida Yucatan Mexico. The prostitutes were examined during checkups at the local venereal clinic. Median age was 27.2 years (14-49). 85 women (76%) came from the Yucatan peninsula 25 (22.3%) from other states and 2 (1.7%) from Salvador and Guatemala. 55 women (49%) had been active in 12 states of the country and 8 also in Central America. 2 women had given blood and 14 had received transfusion. None of them had been intravenous drug users 5 of them (4%) had sexual intercourse with bisexual men and 33 (2%) with foreigners. Only 2 women contracted cervical adenomegaly lasting longer than 1 week. In 1 case (0.8%) the test for HIV antibodies was positive with 2 different readings. The presence of HIV antibodies could not be confirmed with any other method. The person was asymptomatic. Although in this group of prostitutes the risk of infection with HIV does not seem to be a factor at this time it could be in the future because of their migrating habits. It is justifiable to initiate sero-epidemiological surveillance programs in such groups.


From a biochemical point of view, the membrane of an electrically excitable cell, such as squid axon membrane, does not seem to be fundamentally different from that of other biological cells. When various proteolytic enzymes are applied to the axonal membrane from inside by the internal perfusion technique, the ability of the axon to produce action potentials is suppressed within a short period of time.l Similarly, the axon excitability can be eliminated by internal application of phospholipase A (probably also by phospholipase C) . Although the effects of externally applied proteases and lipases are somewhat equivocal,2*:L there is no doubt that the membrane is a macromolecular complex composed of proteins and phospholipids. Bioelectric phenomena observed in squid axons must then be electrochemical manifestations of physicochemical processes that occur in this macromolecular complex. If the axon membrane is to perform the normal function of producing action potentials, the presence of a different class of chemical components, namely ions, is essential. It is well known '-'; that alkali earth-metal ions, calcium ions in particular, are indispensable. The presence of univalent cations and the absence of divalent cations in the axon interior are also essential to the maintenance of excitability. Thus, in dealing with the process of nerve excitation, we are concerned with various types of interplay between these two classes of essential components, ions and macromolecules. It should be noted in this connection that the electrochemical processes that maintain the normal distribution of ions across the membrane (ion pumps) are not directly related to the process of nerve excitation; these processes will not be discussed in this Paper. It is well known that the conformational states of various macromolecules are strongly affected by the ions in the medium.7, Changes in the conformational state can, in turn, influence the mobilities and selectivities of the ions in the macromolecules. When the concentrations of multivalent cations or hydrogen ions in the macromolecules change, the effective fixed charges of the macromolecules are expected to be altered.!' These changes in membrane macromolecules invariably lead to an alteration of the membrane potential (if the membrane current is maintained at zero) or of the membrane current (if the membrane potential is fixed). The objective of this paper is to analyze the process of such interplay between ions and the membrane macromolecules on the basis of a large number of experimental facts, accumulated mainly during the past decade. In analyzing this interplay between ions and the membrane macromolecules,


Summary
Despite nutritional claims and other advantages that parboiled rice possesses, its consumption is still low in Brazil mainly because of the local preference for milled rice. In the first part of this study, the acceptability of five commercial brands of parboiled and milled rice was assessed by 100 consumers and similar acceptance levels were observed, evidencing that consumers might not reject parboiled rice for its sensory properties. In the second part, 286 consumers were surveyed about their eating habits and attitude towards rice, focusing especially the nutritional value, sensory and convenience aspects of parboiled rice. In the survey 35% of the respondents were unaware of parboiled rice. Cluster analysis performed on data grouped consumers in one segment with positive attitude and in two other segments with negative attitude towards parboiled rice. Segmentation was mainly because of negative beliefs about the sensory characteristics of the product, although its nutritional claims were unknown to most respondents, revealing the need of marketing efforts focused on informing consumers the health benefits and convenience of eating parboiled rice.


Peruvian drama of the seventeenth century comprises a little-known branch of European theatrical tradition. El rapto de Proserpina y sueňo de Endimion1 is a morality play written in Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire and their descendants, between 1644 and 1666, by the Peruvian poet and churchman, Juan de Espinosa Medrano, known as El Lunarejo (the Freckled One). Although European language versions of this Quechua play were performed in Madrid and Naples,2 the existence of a complete Quechua text was not known until 1939. A contemporary of Calderon, El Lunarejo received a fine education in Latin and Spanish theological and literary works at the Colegio of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco.3 In the Quechua Proserpina y Endimion he drew on his European training and on the conventions found in European morality plays and the religious Autos of Golden Age Spanish drama but incorporated indigenous symbols as well as devices of his own. His task paralleled that of the Ovidian allegorists of the Middle Ages from whom he drew. As a Peruvian Catholic clergyman, he was concerned with maintaining an acceptable syncretism between the indigenous nature deities of Peru and European Christianity.4


To cope with the continuous social, scientific, technological, economic and educational changes, teachers are forced to acquire new skills and to maintain a constant update. Teacher professionalization involves the commitment of teachers to strengthen educational practice through reflection and integration of didactic and pedagogical elements congruent to institutional educational models.
Taking into account the purpose proposed in this work, the argumentation collected individually and collectively from some higher-level professors within the Professional Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit (UPIBI) is considered as a starting point, taking into account the moment of entry of the students. teachers to the IPN, work in the classroom with students and the needs for new pedagogical tools that teachers require when traveling within the IPN.
Based on a reflective analysis, the dimensions of teaching practice are detailed, considered as inherent to development in the classroom in which the teacher is considered an intellectual, ethical and moral figure in his work. Likewise, areas of opportunity are detected aimed at strengthening the professional and training work of integral people, with a human sense and socially responsible.
Teachers become aware and reflect on the importance of the continuous training process, acquiring skills and knowledge that allows them to interact in new spaces in which education is conceived based on a new way of being congruent, with critical thinking, to recreate what exists or try new things that help build better lifestyles, helping students in their life project.
As teachers of the IPN it is considered necessary to attend to areas of opportunity within the training and constant updating, since this will allow reaching a considerable level of professional development which will be useful to coordinate learning activities, aimed at reaching an appropriate level of development and providing to students the relevant knowledge and skills with a high level of thinking that facilitates them to analyze, interpret, solve and innovate present and future situations in relation to their personal, family, work and social life.
It is recognized that training, updating and professionalization can be nurtured through formal actions such as courses, workshops and diplomas, but it is also sustained through the exchange of experiences through spaces for exchange and coexistence (congresses, forums, meetings and work collegiate among teachers) which have an immense wealth, since these spaces are destined precisely to mobilize learning through experiences and continue to trace a path with a view to teacher professionalization.
Finally, it is considered that personal development is according to the experience and maturity present in the teacher from his self-knowledge as a person and the role he plays as a trainer of integral people, he assumes social responsibility with the students, attending to what is established within of the regulations of the National Polytechnic Institute. Therefore, the teacher must have a strong commitment to the institution, have skills for group management, assertive communication, be respectful with the community and show a social openness with a gender perspective.


Tropical geometry is a piecewise linear "shadow" of algebraic geometry. It allows for the computation of several cohomological invariants of an algebraic variety. In particular, its application to enumerative algebraic geometry led to significant progress.
In this survey, we give an introduction to tropical geometry techniques for algebraic curve counting problems. We also survey some recent developments, with a particular emphasis on the computation of the degree of the Severi varieties of the complex projective plane and other toric surfaces as well as Hurwitz numbers and applications to real enumerative geometry. This paper is based on the author's lecture at the Workshop on Tropical Geometry and Integrable Systems in Glasgow, July 2011.


. Twenty two of 35 girls (aged 12-15 years) have received a course of interval hypoxic training (IHT) (10-12 daily séances) and conventional during treatment for juvenile


AbstractKnowledge from high-resolution daily climatological parameters is frequently sought after for increasingly local climate change assessments. This research investigates whether applying a simple postprocessing methodology to existing statistically downscaled temperature and precipitation fields can result in improved downscaled simulations useful at the local scale. Initial downscaled daily simulations of temperature and precipitation at 10-km resolution are produced using bias correction constructed analogs with quantile mapping (BCCAQ). Higher-resolution (800 m) values are then generated using the simpler climate imprint technique in conjunction with temperature and precipitation climatologies from the Parameter-Elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM). The potential benefit of additional downscaling to 800 m is evaluated using the "Climdex" set of 27 indices of extremes established by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). These indices are also calcula...


We propose and experimentally demonstrate a robust mode converter based on liquid crystal-on-silicon (LCOS), which is not placed at the focal plane of the collimating lens. We present theoretical investigations to evaluate the performance of proposed configuration, and our experimental results verify the favorable function of mode-selective conversion with orthogonal linear polarizations, as well as two-mode multiplexing. The robust device configuration with an insertion loss of less than 3 dB, together with cascade capability, can be used for multidimensional fiber-optical transmission system. In particular, in terms of LP11 mode conversion, the off-focus operation allows the range of position offset for input fiber with graded-index (GRIN) lens, LCOS, and few-mode fiber to be 7.5 mm, 151 μm, and 40.4 mm, respectively, indicating easy alignment and maintenance.


In this paper we investigate the use of multi-hypothesis sequential detection techniques to enhance effort allocation in hierarchical radar target localization in the presence of white Gaussian noise. This is done in the context of a discretized version of the problem of optimal beam-forming, or radar transmit and receive pattern design. We assume that the target is equally likely to be in one of M discrete cells and that we have L observations at our disposal. We recursively group the search cells into m groups until the size of each group reduces to one cell, thus creating an m-ary search tree of depth log/sub m/(M). We then allocate the available L observations among the tree levels in a manner that maximizes the probability of correctly locating the target. The main contribution of this paper is the use of multi-hypothesis sequential detection along with on-line effort allocation to enhance the performance of a constrained off-line allocation strategy. This approach is shown to have superior performance compared with the previously proposed unconstrained off-line allocation strategy.


Piezoelectric tests on thin polycrystalline films of sputtered ZnO have shown that the c‐axis polarity is dependent on the substrate material. Evidence suggests that the heat conductivity of the substrate is the bulk physical property controlling this effect. Two different c‐axis polarities might be expected, since it has already been observed that the two polar ends of ZnO have different properties. Correlation of these piezoelectric data with existing crystallographic conventions shows that substrates with large heat conductivity cause the ZnO to grow with the Zn face next to the Au layer evaporated onto each substrate before deposition.


Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic since March 2020 by the World Health Organization; identifying the disease progression, predicting patient outcomes early, the possibility of long-term adverse events through effective modeling, and the use of real-world data are of immense importance to effective treatment, resource allocation, and prevention of severe adverse events of grade 4 or 5. Methods First, we raise awareness about the different clinical trials on long COVID-19. The trials were selected with the search term "long COVID-19" available in ClinicalTrials.gov. Second, we curated the recent tweets on long-haul COVID-19 and gave an overview of the sentiments of the people. The tweets obtained with the query term #long COVID-19 consisted of 8,436 tweets between 28 August 2022 and 06 September 2022. We utilized the National Research Council (NRC) Emotion Lexicon method for sentiment analysis. Finally, we analyze the retweet and favorite counts are associated with the sentiments of the tweeters via a negative binomial regression model. Results Our results find that there are two types of clinical trials being conducted: observational and interventional. The retweet counts and favorite counts are associated with the sentiments and emotions, such as disgust, joy, sadness, surprise, trust, negative, and positive. Conclusion We need resources and further research in the area of long COVID-19.


Conventional wastewater treatment technologies involve use of external inputs of recurring chemicals and also use of electricity, only to cause destruction/separation/disposal of valuable plant nutrients. This paper discusses ecological wastewater treatment, with a case study of dairy wastewater. In the ecological approach, biosanitizer eco-chips are first used to make the wastewater eco-friendly. The treated wastewater, when given to plants, the nutrients get properly utilized and nuisance-causing bacteria, pathogens and pests do not proliferate. This is, effectively an ecological control of odour, pathogens and pests, instead of using toxic chemicals. Also the organic (BOD, COD) and inorganic nutrients are removed through utilization. It also explains biosanitizer reaction and also the pilot plant runs on dairy wastewater. It also offers comparative evaluation of conventional treatment of dairy wastewater and the ecological treatment using biosanitizer.


In this letter, we introduce an aspiration-induced reconnection mechanism into the spatial public-goods game. A player will reconnect to a randomly chosen player if its payoff acquired from the group centered on the neighbor does not exceed the aspiration level. We find that an intermediate aspiration level can promote cooperation best. This optimal phenomenon can be explained by a negative feedback effect, namely, intermediate aspiration level is able to result in a weak peak of reconnection, which will effectively change the downfall of cooperators and facilitate the fast spreading of cooperation. While insufficient reconnection and excessive reconnection induced by low and high aspiration levels are not conductive to such an effect. Moreover, we find that the intermediate aspiration level can lead to the heterogeneous distribution of degree, which will be beneficial to the evolution of cooperation.


As a possible method for degrading chlorocarbons in contaminated water supplies, the reactions of metallic magnesium, tin, and zinc with CCl4/H2O mixtures have been studied. In the case of Mg, oxidation by water overwhelmed the Mg-CCl4 reaction. However, Sn and Zn were successfully used to degrade CCl4. Sn and Zn behave quite differently with the final carbon-containing product, with Zn being CH4 but with Sn being CO2. This is rationalized by the competing reactions of a possible intermediate Cl3CMCl, which can be protonated by H2O to give CHCl2 or eliminate CCl2 (which subsequently reacts with water to form CO2 and HCl). Metal surface areas are also important, and the most active metal samples were prepared by a metal vapor-solvent codeposition method (SMAD cryo-particles). However, conventional Zn dust and Sn granules were also effective, only with lower reaction rates.


The aim of this current paper is to describe the workings of one cognitive model for the development of literary knowledge. The model derives from current discussions of the role of conscious processes in language learning. The central aspect of this model is the role of the systems of awareness and attention in developing the individual's ability to detect and internalise specific information from literary texts. The paper starts by defining literary education within the theoretical framework of the cognitive processes of control and analysis. This is followed by a model of the development of literary knowledge based on the central role of awareness and attention. Empirical evidence which is relevant to the assumptions and predictions of the model is then discussed. Finally, the implications of this model on literary education and recommendations for future research are presented.


In ship-to-ship detectability studies it is important to have a method of estimating oversea radar range distribution. Through the integration of meteorological theory and mode propagation theory, a procedure has been evolved for estimating oversea radar ranges which are found to have excellent agreement with the limited experimental data.


In this study, the seismic impact between two adjacent structures with different lateral stiffness is investigated through a computational model. The method used for the impact analysis in this study is based on the Hertz contact law combined with a non-linear damper activated during the impact to allow consideration of energy dissipation during the impact period. The selected analysis method is explicit time domain due to transient and non-linear nature of impact. The analysis explicitly includes the soil domain and structures, integrated in a single Finite Element (FE) model. Response history analyses are performed for various ground motions, and results are extracted in terms of impact force and acceleration response at various locations within the structures. The effect of uncertainties in local stiffness of concrete components in the impact zone are investigated to demonstrate the sensitivity of the results to variability of the impact parameters. As the impact force is found to be high enough to potentially cause structural damage, the seismic fragility of the external shear wall most susceptible to damage in the impact interface is also evaluated. Even though the mass of the two buildings in this study are on the same order, the seismic impact is shown to cause negligible changes in the In-Structure Response Spectra (ISRS) of the stiffer structure while significantly increasing the ISRS amplitudes of the more flexible structure.


The hallmark of inclusive education is the teachers' willingness to accept students with special needs. Their attitudes and knowledge about inclusive education are important as these are indicators of such willingness. The purpose of this study was to examine teachers' attitudes and their perceived knowledge towards inclusive education in Malaysia. The respondents (n=235) were the mainstream and special education teachers in the public primary and secondary schools. They were given a set of questionnaire which sought their responses regarding their attitudes and knowledge towards inclusive education. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages. The main finding shows that, in general, teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusive education. They agreed that inclusive education enhances social interaction and inclusion among the students and thus, it minimizes negative stereotypes on special needs students. The findings also show that collaboration between the mainstream and the special education teachers is important and that there should be a clear guideline on the implementation of inclusive education. The findings of the study have significant implications to the school administrators, teachers, and other stakeholders who directly and indirectly involved in implementing inclusive education. Inclusive education is a concept that allows students with special needs to be placed and received instruction in the mainstream classes and being taught by mainstream teachers. According to the Malaysian Ministry of Education, students with special needs are those who are visually handicapped, or partially or fully deaf or suffer from the disability to learn (Akta Pendidikan 1996). These are the students that have been identified as suffering from physicalsensory deficiencies and learning disabilities. The Ministry of Education provides special education programmes for the three types of disabilities, namely, hearing, visual and learning disabilities.


BACKGROUND
 Despite a worldwide effort, control of COVID-19 transmission and of its aftereffect is lagging. As can be seen from the case of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, such worldwide crisis and its side effects are likely to recur in the future because of extensive international interactions. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find the determinants that can mitigate the disease diffusion. Meanwhile, we observed that the pace of diffusion and its consequences varied substantially across countries, signaling the need for country-level investigation.

 OBJECTIVE
 We conducted research on how (1) distancing-enabling ICT infrastructure and (2) medical ICT infrastructures and related policies have affected the cumulative confirmed cases, fatality rates, and initial diffusion speed across different countries. We analyze the determinants of COVID-19 diffusion during the relatively early days of the pandemic.

 METHODS
 Based on our data for country-level characteristics including demographics, culture, ICT infrastructure, policies, economic status, and diffusion of COVID-19, we conducted regression to analyze the dataset. To gain further insight, we conducted a subsample analysis for countries with low population density.

 RESULTS
 Contrary to expectations, our analysis indicated that the ICT infrastructure is mostly ineffective in reducing the COVID-19 transmission and fatality rate. Instead, our full sample analysis showed that implied telehealth policy is associated with lower fatality rates when controlled for cultural characteristics (p-value =.004). In particular, the fatality rate for countries with an implied telehealth policy was lower than that for others by 2.7 percentage point. Interestingly, explicit telehealth policy was found to be not effective in curbing the fatality rates (p-value =.299). Furthermore, countries with government health website had 36% fewer confirmed cases than those without it, when controlled for cultural characteristics (p-value=.03). To investigate their heterogeneous effects across countries, 1) interaction effect of both implied and explicit telehealth policy with other medical ICT infrastructure variables and 2) subsample regression for countries with lower population density were conducted. Our analysis further revealed that the interaction between implied telehealth policy and training ICT health was significant (p<0.01), suggesting that implied telehealth policy may be more effective when in-service training on ICT is provided to health professionals. In addition, a rate of credit card ownership, as an enabler of convenient e-commerce transactions and distancing, showed a negative associate with fatality rates only in full sample analysis (p-value =.04), but not in subsample analysis (p-value =.76), highlighting that distancing-enabling ICT is more useful in densely populated countries.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Our findings demonstrate important relationships between national traits and COVID-19 infections, suggesting guidelines for policymakers to minimize the negative consequences of pandemics. Especially, the findings suggest (1) physician's autonomous use of medical ICT and (2) strategic allocation of distancing-enabling ICT infrastructure in high population density countries to maximize efficiency. This study also urges further research to investigate the role of health policies in combatting COVID-19 and other pandemics.


The aims of this research are to find out whether : (1) Dialogue Journals
Method is more effective than Direct Instruction Method to teach writing; (2) The
students having low writing apprehension have better writing skill than those
having high writing apprehension; and (3) There is an interaction between
teaching methods and students' writing apprehension in teaching writing.
This experimental research was conducted at the eighth grade of SMP
Ta'Mirul Islam Surakarta.The samples were two classes, one class as the
experimental group and one as the control group. The number of the students in
each class is 20 students. Cluster random sampling technique was administered in
this research to select the sample.Data of the research were collected through
writing test and writing apprehension questionnaires. The data were, then,
analyzed by descriptive statistics to describe the research data and inferential
statistics namely multifactor Analysis of Variance ANOVA 2x2 and Tukey test to
test the hypotheses.
The findings of this research are: (1) Dialogue Journals Method is more
effective than Direct Instruction Method to teach writing; (2) The students having
low writing apprehension have better writing skill than those having high writing
apprehension; and (3) There is an interaction between teaching methods and
students' writing apprehension in teaching writing. However, in the
implementation of the method, a teacher must consider about the students' level of
writing apprehension. As proved in this research, writing apprehension influences
the students' writing skill. By considering students' level of writing apprehension,
a teacher can choose the method he/she uses properly in teaching writing to
reduce writing apprehension in order to improve students' skill in writing.
Keywords: experimental research, teaching methods, writing skill, writing
apprehension.


We define an integrable lattice model which, in the notation of Yang, in addition to the conventional two-particle R-matrices also contains non-reducible three-particle R-matrices. The corresponding modified Yang--Baxter equations are solved, and an expression for the transfer matrix is found as a normal-ordered exponential of a (non-local) Hamiltonian.


Viral infections hold an important place among factors which can cause disorders in swine reproduction. Infections with the porcine parvovirus (PPV) are present in all herds. In the past four years, 70-77% seropositive animals have been registered in herds of the industrial type. There are increasing reports about disorders in swine reproduction, both from individual breeders and mini farmers, caused by parvoviral infections. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the latest knowledge on epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and prophylaxis of this diseases.


society. In Madrid in 2002, the Second World Assembly on Ageing was held from which the key outcome was a call for older persons to not be viewed as welfare beneficiaries but as active participants in the development process. A subsequent report prepared by the UNFPA a decade following the Madrid declaration, Ageing in the 21 century, found that the contributions made to communities by those over the age of 60 were profound and, in the right circumstances, contrary to the perception held by much of society. Such contributions, however, relied upon supportive structures such as secure health care, income, social networks and legal protection. The term "longevity dividend" – that investment in the support of older persons will yield positive outcomes for current and future generations – was coined in this report. These findings justify the importance of specifically including older persons in the post-2015 development framework. Older persons have health and social needs that differ from their younger counterparts. They have greater vulnerability due to increased likelihood of chronic illness and cognitive, physical and sensory deficits. The key contribution older persons can make to younger generations, however, is in the transfer of knowledge and skills. Poignant examples of this phenomenon have been studied in sub-Saharan Africa, with programs in place and being developed to augment these processes. UNICEF has identified that grandparents are the sole carers for between 40% and 60% of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. In the developed world, retirement is colloquially known as the 'golden years'. Such is not the case in developing regions where older persons are increasingly responsible for the care of young adults living with HIV, or their children left orphaned or vulnerable. HAI has developed strategies aimed at offering social protection and education for older persons in these circumstances to better equip them to care for their descendants in the age of the HIV epidemic. These strategies target the financial (economic opportunities), legal (such as land rights and inheritance for women) and social challenges faced by older persons in sub-Saharan Africa. The validity of such an approach has been vindicated in a report by the Overseas Development Institute addressing the impact of "skipped-generation households" in Sub-Saharan Africa, which recommends a "more holistic and context specific understanding of vulnerability that looks at the entire household, its composition and intergenerational aspects". Similar programs of elder protection and education exist in South and East Asia. These programs, in concert with a global platform on ageing, are the methods by which we will achieve the greatest outcomes for the world's older persons and society at large. As the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals timeframe looms, the global community is presented with many challenges, but also great and numerous opportunities. Indeed the world's older persons have unique vulnerabilities and require specific strategies to protect their rights and optimise their quality of life. They too, however, are an untapped resource of knowledge and productivity that we must respect and support if we are to improve the plight of all people.


Background: Survivors of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) are at increased risk of subsequent malignancies secondary to their genetic makeup, environmental and treatment factors. Specific data on the long term risk of subsequent malignancies are underreported in the literature. Most oncologists release patients to be followed by their general physicians at five years. We studied the incidence rates of all second malignancies in survivors of DLBCL five years after their initial diagnosis. Methods: We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 9 database, Nov 2014 Sub {1973-2012} to determine the risk of second malignancies in five year survivors of DLBCL. For our analysis we included only patients with initial diagnosis between 1992 and 2007 as there was a change in classification in 1992 and this will also give at least 5 year of follow up for all patients. With these criteria we had 10,905 patients and 58,192 patient years of follow up. The risk of subsequent malignancies is reported as a standardized incidence ratio (observed incidence [O]/expected incidence [E]). Results: After five years from diagnosis of DLBCL, patients have the highest risk of a second cancer of Hodgkin9s Lymphoma (O/E: 11.23; CI: 7.19-16.70; N=24). The risk of recurrence of Non-Hodgkin9s Lymphoma also remains high after 5 years with an O/E ratio of 2.07 (CI: 1.63-2.59; N=76), with Extranodal NHL being at an especially high risk (O/E: 2.99; CI: 2.10-4.12; N=37). Survivors of DLBCL are also at high risk of Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia (O/E: 4.38; CI: 3.03-6.12; N=34). There is also a high risk of Laryngeal cancer (O/E: 1.96; CI: 1.01-3.42; N=12). Furthermore, patients are also at a high risk of Cancer of the Colon excluding the Rectum (O/E: 1.28; CI: 1.01-1.58; N=82) and Anal Cancer (O/E: 3.26; CI: 1.41-6.42; N=8). Conclusion: There are several second malignancies that long term survivors of DLBCL are at increased risk of, even after 5 years. This information may help physicians effectively monitor survivors of DLBCL for any second cancers. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Entrepreneurship has been crucial to the U.S. economy and startup rates have been in decline. The paper proposes a part of the decline is generational. Millennials are not generating startup activity at the rate of previous generations even though educational levels are at historic highs and there is a well-supported research link between education and entrepreneurial activity. The paper proposes that common characteristics of millennials and entrepreneurs are nearly exclusive. Implications of this generational skip or delay in entrepreneurship activity, including implications to higher education, are discussed.


In his challenging identification of missionary and anthropologist, Sjaak van der Geest (1987) touches upon several fundamental issues in the anthropological discipline. For some reason the similarities (and differences) of both types of fieldworkers are at the core of our anthropological definition of the self. Commenting on the similarities, I shall try to unravel some factors behind them, as there seems to be a fundamental contradiction between the two disciplines: opposite goals with similar Outputs. One major difference, as Van der Geest sees it, has to be dealt with first, i.e. how 'seriously' we take religion, or in my terms, the question of emics. I try to show that this quest for emics is theoretically a dead end, as it is both epistemologically impossible and unproductive through the demand for comparison. This leads us to the question what are the limits of our empathy and sympathy of belief. Returning, then, to our main theme, the roots of similarities and differences between anthropologist and missionary, it will be shown that the field situation of both has the following things in common: empathy, sympathy of belief, a gentle comparison and a definite search for emics. This is what I call the 'in-between' or 'intermediate' culture, shared by anthropologist and missionary alike.


A case of squamous cell carcinoma of lung presenting with acute abdominal pain secondary to jejunal perforation at the site of a solitary metastatic lesion is presented. The literature regarding this unusual presentation of lung cancer is reviewed.


One of the distinguishing features of horse dance performances is that as a rule they take place in public. Depending on the kind of sponsor, a family, a village or neighbourhood community, a private or government institution, or an organization, the performance will be held in a compound in front of a house, a village hall, an office, a school building or a factory, or in a market square, and sometimes anywhere at all by the side of a public road. The occasions for which both itinerant and sedentary groups give performances are partially the same, namely family or community celebrations. Itinerant groups may additionally be hired by market-stallholders to liven up the atmosphere. This chapter provides an insight into the role of the horse dance in the festive context as a whole, as well as into its significance for the community.Keywords: community celebrations; family celebrations; horse dance


Elementary, one- and two-point, Backlund transformations are constructed for the generic case of the sl(2) Gaudin magnet. The spectrality property is used to construct these explicitly given, Poisson integrable maps which are time discretizations of the continuous flows with any Hamiltonian from the spectral curve of the 2×2 Lax matrix.


To further reveal the viscoelastic property of asphalt mastic,the static shear creep test was conducted through dynamic shear rheometer(DSR) and the effect of temperature on the viscoelastic property of asphalt mastic was studied with Burgers model as mathematical description of viscoelastic behavior.The research results indicate:(1)The four parameters of Burgers model assume negative exponent degression with the raise of temperature.(2)The creep compliance of asphalt mastic assumes positive exponent increase with the raise of temperature.(3)The instantaneous elasticity of asphalt mastic decreases with the raise of temperature;the viscous fluidity increases with the raise of temperature;the delayed elasticity increases initially and decreases later with the raise of temperature during the prophase of creep;during the metaphase and anaphase of creep,the delayed elasticity decreases with the raise of temperature.(4)The ratio of viscosity to elasticity of asphalt mastic assumes positive exponent increase with the raise of temperature.In the high temperature region,viscosity is far greater than elasticity and asphalt mastic appears to be viscous.


The purpose of this study is to make analysis of the meaning, organization, operation, evaluation, and development of the Chinese household registration police system, and to gain a deeper understanding of the "police" as an inherent object of Police Science research.
The household registration system in most countries and societies can be understood as a population information management system operated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs or a department in the general administrative field. However, the "Integration of household registration and police" household registration police system that is now being implemented in China classifies the household registration system as part of the security, and the registration and management of personal information as part of the basic police operations.
From its inception, China's modern household registration system was in the hands of the police. As the political situation changed, the household registration system was given a different purpose. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government set the primary purpose of the household registration system as the administration of public order and the maintenance of social order, influenced by three levels: historical influence, former Soviet influence, and its own needs. Such a household registration system is now considered as the foundation system of China's household police system.
Household registration operations are emphasized as one of the most basic and important tasks of the Chinese public security police. The Chinese public security authorities have invested a great deal of manpower and resources in the operation of the household registration police system, resulting in a level of social security in China that is comparable to that of developed countries around the world. However, new problems that need to be addressed have arisen, such as leakage of personal information and negative social perception of the public security department.
The Chinese household police system illustrated above has a great morphological difference from the police system that can be seen in most societies such as Korea. However, in terms of the concept of police, which is centered on the actual operation, the Chinese household police system can be considered as the police in the actual sense.


Background Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified human parvovirus. HBoV is associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis in children. Little is known about the seroepidemiology of HBoV in populations in the Caribbean. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica, 287 blood samples were collected from pediatric patients and tested for the presence of HBoV-specific antibody using a virus-like-particle based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results HBoV-specific antibodies were found to be present in 220/287 (76.7%) of samples collected from the pediatric population. Seroprevalence of HBoV was highest in those ≥2 years old. The seroepidemiological profile suggests that most children are exposed to HBoV during the first two years of life in Jamaica. Conclusion HBoV infection is common in children in Jamaica. HBoV seroprevalence rates in the Caribbean are similar to those previously reported in other areas of the world.


We introduced a very simple, one-pot three component procedure for preparation of 2,4,5-triaryl-imidazoles from the reaction of benzyl, aldehydes and ammonium acetate, as ammonia source, catalyzed by Caro's acid-silica gel under Solvent –free condition.


The Taiwan photon source (TPS) is a 3 GeV photon source. For the vacuum system NI CompactRIO controllers with embedded real-time processors and programmable FPGAs were selected to design the interlock system to maintain ultra-high vacuum conditions and protect vacuum devices. The vacuum pressure protection function and component protection logics worked well during the past years of operation. Besides, basic function and other applications such as TCP/IP Modbus communication and real time message APIs were developed. The architecture of the vacuum control system is presented in this paper.


Mathematical proficiency serves as a foundation for student success in the classroom and real world. One component of mathematical proficiency is fluency with basic facts. Frequently, students with mathematics difficulties struggle to become proficient and fluent in the four basic operations. Interventions are available to help develop and promote fluency for students. Digital-based interventions, such as programs on computers or tablet applications, are one avenue by which students are able to acquire and maintain fluency. These digital tools are becoming increasingly more common and available in today's classroom. Eight studies on digital-based fact fluency were identified through a systematic search of the literature and analyzed to determine their effects. Study participants were elementary aged students with mathematics difficulties. Results of this synthesis indicate that digital-based interventions are an effective instructional technique for increasing fact fluency with students demonstrating mathematics difficulties. Implications research and practice are discussed.


Background: Intramedullary screws frequently are used for fixation of Jones fractures of the fifth metarsal. While the ability of intramedullary screw fixation in fifth metatarsals to resist bending and tensile forces is well known, the ability to withstand torsion has not been studied. This paper compares the torsional stiffness of Jones fractures treated with 6.5-mm short-threaded intramedullary screws to those treated with 5.0-mm cannulated short-threaded intramedullary screws. Methods: Nine fresh-frozen, matched pairs of cadaver fifth metatarsals had an acute Jones fracture simulated with an osteotomy. They were stabilized with intramedullary screws and then loaded to failure. Results: The torsional stiffness of the metatarsals fixed with the 6.5-mm did not differ significantly from that using 5.0-mm screws. However, to achieve stability, the 5.0-mm screw had to be long enough to reach the metatarsal head and neck. This tended to straighten the normally curved fifth metatarsal bone and caused lateral gapping at the fracture site. Conclusion: Both 5.0-mm or 6.5-mm screws provide equal torsional rigidity, but 5.0-mm screws may need to be longer, which could potentially straighten the fifth metatarsal shaft in patients who have a curved fifth metatarsal.


A pilot study is reported on a six session didactic large group treatment package for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) patients referred to a primary care service. Thirty patients underwent the course. By combining a didactic therapy element with workshops, the therapy package allowed a much larger number of individuals to attend the group than could be dealt with in "traditional" group therapy. Two psychologists ran the course. There were few practical difficulties involved in running the course and the range of self-report outcome measures suggest that large group didactic therapy may be a clinically and cost-effective treatment for GAD.


The moderate sand mining technology of heavy oil field needs one kind of effective real-time monitoring system for monitoring the signal of sand out.However,the existing measuring methods,such as acoustic method and electrical resistant method,all have different problems in the actual productions.To solve these problems,a proposal that the sand fluid impact wall vibrations signal could be used as a new way for sand out monitoring is offered.In order to verify the effectiveness of the approach,a simulation system of sand out from well has been established in the laboratory,the system accepts the vibration signals of sand impact by using the acceleration sensor,and the dynamic signal processing method is adopted to process the data.In order to make the experiments consistence with actual situations,the high viscosity of gear oil is used to simulate the heavy oil in the system,and piston pump and heating blender is used to realize the simulation of sand out from oil well production.The apparent vibration signal of sand out is able to receive by the system.Through the dynamic signal analysis method,the data is processed using power spectrum analysis.The system could effectively monitor the change of sand content as the sand content increasing,the variance value,mean square root value,power spectrum amplitude of sand vibration signal and characteristic value of signals will increase.By the means of processing data,the test indicates that using the vibration signal from sand for monitoring sand out has the good effectiveness.


Employee attrition is a major problem that causes many companies to incur in significant costs to find and hire new personnel. The use of machine learning and artificial intelligence methods to predict the likelihood of resignation of an employee, and the quitting causes, can provide HR departments with a valuable decision support system and, as a result, prevent a large waste of time and resources. In this paper, we propose a preliminary exploratory analysis of the application of machine learning methodologies for employee attrition prediction. We compared several classification models with the goal of finding the one that not only performs best, but is also well interpretable, in order to provide companies with the possibility of improving those aspects that have been shown to produce the quitting of their employees. Among the proposed methods, Logistic Regression performs the best, with an accuracy of 88% and an AUC-ROC of 85%.


Educational data mining is a very novel research area, offering fertile ground for many interesting data mining applications. Educational data mining can extract useful information from educational activities for better understanding and assessment of the student learning process. In this way, it is possible to explore how students learn topics in interactive learning environments such as an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). In this article, we demonstrate the use of association rule mining to extract mistakes often occurring together in the student data captured in an ITS we developed, called "intelligent tutor for computer systems course" (ITCS). Student assessment results from the ITCS were analyzed using association rule mining. This analytical process could help teachers to carry out modification to the ITCS to improve it together with the concept and sub-concept relationships obtained. We further developed two software programs to extract hidden patterns from the student assessment results on the ITCS using association rule mining. The first program analyzes and finds association rules derived from the students' incorrect answers to the concepts by single dimensional association rule mining, while the second program does so by multidimensional association rule mining. Design of these programs and the data mining results in this study are described.


Atmospheric corrosion measurement for zinc and carbon steel was continuously conducted by atmospheric corrosion instrument (ACM) at selected test sites in areas Wuhan,Jiangjin and Yichang for a period of half a year to one year.The obtained corosion data were analyzed using mathematic method,a linear equation to designating the correlation of corrosion rate with some environmental factors was formulated.Furthermore,the difference of atmospheric corrosion in different areas was also discussed.


Information planning addresses the problem of determining the optimal set of measurements that would reduce the uncertainty over latent variables of interest under a set of constraints. A commonly used reward for quantifying the expected reduction in uncertainty is mutual information (MI). One application of information planning can be found in object tracking where a network of sensors generate noisy measurements of a moving object's position and we are interested in selecting the set of sensors that would maximally reduce the uncertainty of predicting the object's track. Optimal measurement selection can be combinatorially complex and intractable for large-scale problems; interestingly, it has been shown that simple greedy algorithms that choose the best measurement at each time step given past selections, provide nearly optimal solutions for submodular monotone rewards. In this thesis, we examine several challenges that arise when performing real-world information planning. Our contributions are three-fold: (i) we provide theoretical guarantees for the greedy algorithm used in the submodular monotone case when it is applied to different problem settings: (1) non-monotone rewards, (2) budget constraints, (3) settings where only a set of latent variables is of relevance; (ii) we demonstrate how to substantially reduce the complexity of evaluating MI in Gaussian models by taking advantage of sparsity in the measurement process; and (iii) we propose a variant of belief propagation that is suitable for adaptive inference settings. In the first part, we present conditions under which open-loop is equivalent to closedloop information planning. Furthermore, we provide bounds on the greedy performance for submodular non-monotone functions. We also consider the case when measurements are valued based on their relative information content and explore the conditions under which the known bounds for the submodular monotone case apply to this modified setting. Lastly, we provide bounds for budgeted and focused planning. In the former, each measurement induces a cost and there is a limited budget constraint, while in the latter only a set of latent variables is of interest. In the second part of the thesis, we propose a method for reducing the complexity of function evaluations that take place during information planning. Previous works have assumed oracle-value models, where the informational value of any set of measurements is provided in constant time, an assumption which is often unrealistic. We focus on


The effects of large external stress (S) along [100] on the optical features associated with biaxially strained bulk GaAs and two GaAs/GaAlAs single quantum wells (SQWs) grown on (001) Si have been observed using photoreflectance at 300 K. This stress configuration makes it possible to externally alter the light (LH)‐ and heavy (HH)‐hole splitting in both the bulk material and the SQWs. In a SQW of width 200 A, the ground state was continuously tuned from LH to HH. In the bulk material, a stress‐induced anticrossing of the LH and HH features of the fundamental gap was determined with an interesting polarization effect.


The comprehension of the health-disease process from a multifactorial perspective has allowed important transformations in the healthcare practices. In this article, we discuss the use of the support group as a resource for mental health care, analyzing how conversations about social issues are managed in this context. Based on contributions from the social constructionist movement, we analyzed the transcripts of the conversations developed in meetings of a support group offered to patients of a mental health outpatient clinic. The analysis of the meaning making process indicates that the discourse of the social influence on mental health is not legitimized, due to a predominant individualistic discourse, which psychologizes care and is centered on the emotional analysis of the problems of the quotidian. We argue that this mode of management brings limits to the construction of the group as a device for promoting autonomy and encouraging the social transformation processes.


Several alternatives to mitigate road traffic noise impact have been reported, although constructing a noise barrier is probably the most important mitigation measure when the construction of a highway is planned. A noise barrier impedes the transmission of traffic noise, resulting in low noise levels at the receiving point. Earth‐mounds, fences, or walls are common ways to implement a noise barrier. Due to environmental concern and economic costs of sound barriers, the use of new materials in building sound barriers has received a large amount of attention in recent years. However, a sound barrier is a solid structure that has to meet several standards in order to assure its proper use. In this work, the use of new materials in sound barriers is discussed from a practical point of view. Engineering concerns about visual impact, effects on ecosystems, safety for drivers, effects on residents, and public acceptance are discussed. Although the use of new low‐cost and environmentally friendly materials is be...


Abstract Hygroscopicity is one of the most important physicochemical properties for nanoparticle science and engineering. Hygroscopicity determines the ability of a particle to swell or contract in the presence of water vapor. The hygroscopicity for organic aerosol is a known function of the solute molar volume. This is particularly true for low-molecular weight (<200 g mol−1) organic compounds used for drug delivery. In this work, four commonly used biodegradable hydrophilic compounds, mannitol, lactose, gelatin and polyethylene glycol are measured with a fast and unique hygroscopicity-cloud condensation nuclei activation technique. Flory-Huggins Köhler theory is used to estimate the single parameter hygroscopicity. Results show that for the high molecular weight compounds, a water-polymer interaction parameter must also be considered and the water-polymer interaction parameter for nanoparticles can be determined in the supersaturated regime. The water affinity becomes essential to nanoparticle hygroscopicity, and the organic molar volume contribution starts to decrease as the molecular weight increases. Furthermore, we provide a new size-dependent parameterization for hygroscopicity of polymers. In summary, the water affinity of the interaction parameter can be measured for nano-particles and plays an important role of the water uptake of organic nano-particles. Copyright © 2021 American Association for Aerosol Research


A practical solution to the problem of capacitance minimisation in very-low-frequency RC active networks is presented. The proposed multiloop structure functions as a lowpass filter, a medium Q factor bandpass filter or an oscillator and achieves capacitance enhancement via the well known Miller effect.


By 1970, a new framework had begun to emerge with which to understand both memory storage and memory loss. During this period, a number of independent laboratories had demonstrated that both experimentally induced and naturally occurring instances of ''memory failure'' could be reversed by exposing amnestic subjects to isolated aspects of the training conditions upon which the forgotten memory had been based (Campbell and Jaynes 1966; Lewis et al. 1968; Miller and Springer 1972). While these data suggested a nominally novel interpretation of memory ''loss'' (better described as a ''lapse'' in these cases), they were, in some respect, a reassertion of what had long been known: Seemingly forgotten memories are often recovered. Colloquially, what is forgotten is not necessarily gone. To experience this effect outside of the laboratory, one need only look up a long ''forgotten'' phone number. The phone number will be instantly recognizable and easily relearned, indicative of the intact storage of a memory that seems, superficially, to have been ''lost.'' Empirical observations from the 1960s led many to conclude that experimentally induced amnesia, as well as naturally occurring memory loss, might reflect instances of retrieval rather than storage failure (Lewis 1969; Spear 1978). Despite the compelling nature of the experimental results and the fundamental significance of the theory that they encouraged, available data have left unresolved this long-standing controversy, and this conundrum may have limited the acceptance of ''retrieval theory'' by the larger field of memory researchers. In their recent paper, Hardt et al. (2009) correctly identify this enduring stalemate, arguing that prevailing methodologies have left unanswered the most basic of questions, i.e., does experimental amnesia reflect a memory loss or a retrieval failure? As Hardt et al. note, if an instance of memory failure seems immune to recovery, it cannot be said with certainty whether the memory is actually absent or simply that the retrieval blockade is too strong to be overcome with the applied technique (e.g., a specific ''retrieval cue''). On the other hand, the recovery of a seemingly lost memory could simply reflect an intact, but subthreshold (or degraded), memory being nudged across some previously unreached threshold for activation. Hardt et al. argue that a true test of the opposing views would require a test in which retrieval and storage interpretations of memory failure make opposite predictions regarding a tangible result (i.e., a result that is not dependent on the observation of a null effect). It is that approach that Hardt et al. (2009) take in their recent paper in Learning & Memory. Hart et al.'s approach to this problem is a welcome point of departure from prior efforts, and brings forth a strategy and techniques that were not available when this vein of research was originally struck. It has been previously observed that contextual fear conditioning (in which a context, or place, comes to evoke fear owing to its association with foot shock) is dependent on plasticity within the dorsal hippocampus, and that this plasticity requires the participation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. However, it has also been established that this requirement for NMDA receptors subsides after the first training trial, such that NMDA receptor antagonists (such as 2-amino-5phosphonopentanoic acid; AP5) block learning on the first conditioning event, but not on subsequent exposures to the context paired with shock (Sanders and Fanselow 2003). Hardt et al. exploit this observation for the present purpose. They argue that if inducing experimental amnesia (through the post-training administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin; ANI) impairs memory storage after the first training event, then no residual memory will persist into the second training event, and consequently an NMDA receptor antagonist (e.g., AP5) should effectively block learning on the second event, as though prior learning had never occurred. In contrast, if ANI disrupts retrieval of the memory effectively stored after the first training event, then the memory of that event will remain intact into the second training event, and therefore AP5 should be ineffective in blocking learning during the second event; that is, learning in the presence of AP5 during the second training would suggest that a memory of the first training event had survived the amnesic effects of ANI. When these predictions were tested, Hardt et al. find that AP5 impairs learning of the second training event despite ANI having been infused into the dorsal hippocampus after the first training event. This led them to conclude that ANI-induced experimental amnesia impairs memory via its impact on the storage, not retrieval, of the previously coded memory. Despite the virtues of their approach, the results of Hardt et al. are not immune from alternative interpretations, and in fact, introduce a new set of complications akin to those that have plagued prior efforts to parse storage failures from retrieval failures in experimental amnesia. First is the issue raised by the assumption that contextual fear memories reside exclusively in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC). While it is clear that the dHPC plays a critical role in the mediation of contextually mediated learning, available data suggest that the HPC is not the sole storage site of nominally context-based memories (Good and Honey 1991; Good et al. 2007). Of course it is also possible that learned fear responses may depend intimately on the integrity of the HPC, while actual storage (or some component of the stored memory) may reside in other brain structures (Berger et al. 1976, 1980; Talk et al. 2002). It is indisputable that exactly these types of considerations have complicated any definitive statement regarding the function of the HPC in memory storage. If one accepts even the remote possibility that contextual fear memories reside (even to a functionally trivial degree) in some brain areas in addition to the dHPC, then the dHPC-limited ANI injections administered by Hardt et al. will have left those residual memory traces intact. Were such the case, then those residual memories would have been available to the animal on Hardt et al.'s second training event, and Corresponding author. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com; fax (732) 445-2263. Article is online at http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/lm.1478709.


Purpose – Studies of direct‐to‐consumer pharmaceutical advertising (DTCA) have examined the views of consumers and healthcare providers but the perspective of pharmaceutical advertisers has been largely absent. This study sought to fill that gap by exploring the perspectives of advertising professionals working on pharmaceutical brands.Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were conducted among 22 advertising professionals regarding the use of emotion in DTCA and considerations about consumer distrust and ad credibility.Findings – Results suggest emotion is used to gain attention, increase involvement, and enhance information processing. Consumer trust of pharmaceutical companies was recognized as an issue, and various thoughts were provided on trust‐building strategies. However, several respondents expressed doubt that negative opinions of the industry translated into negative evaluations of the specific ads or brands with which consumers were familiar.Research limitations/implications – Based on parti...


The thermosetting fluorocarbon powder resins are introduced based on their compositions and structures. The relationships between structures and performances of the resins are discussed. The curing mechanism thereof is also described. The differences between the thermosetting fluorocarbon powder resins and the solvent FEVE fluoro resins are given.


Wildtype embryos at 18 hpf were examined for the indicated combinations of diencephalic/mesencephalic marker genes by fluorescence double in situ hybridisation. Anterior top, dorsal views. The boundary between diencephalon (d) and mesencephalon (m) is indicated by a stippled horizontal line. (A-B) In dorsal views, both sox10 and sox9b appear co-expressed with pax6b that is expressed in the posterior diencephalon. However, co-localization analysis showed neither sox10- nor sox9b-positive cells co-express pax6b (A' and B'). The posterior end of pax6b expression marks the boundary between diencephalon and mesencephalon (stippled line). (C, C') sox9b-positive cells (magenta) in the diencephalon co-express the epiphysis marker gene, otx5 (green). Scale Bar: (A-C, A'-C') 50 μm. (PDF)


This article presents a comparative analysis of some of the legal aspects of contracts for electronic commerce in Brazil. The article studies the theoretical bases of the legal systems that have influenced Brazilian contract law. The first part analyses the formation of contracts under the terms of the civil code. The second part looks at contracts under consumer law. The article applies the concepts of Brazilian contract law to the specifics of the regulation of electronic contracts, and addresses the regulation of electronic contracts in Brazil from historical and comparative perspectives. We will demonstrate how legal concepts pertaining to private contracts have evolved in Brazil, from the classical theory to the present. As Brazilian law was highly influenced by both German and French law in the 19th century, we will give a brief comparative analysis of the influence of both legal systems on the regulation of private contract law in Brazil. Finally, the article looks at aspects related to offer and acceptance of electronic contracts, the place of contract and the consumer's right to cancel a contract.


1047 Background: To apply high throughput technologies (CGH array, Hot Spot Mutations arrays) in daily practice in order to drive patients to tailored targeted therapies. Methods: High resolution C...


Object of the present invention to provide a mounting apparatus and a mounting method of a semiconductor light emitting element. An electrode portion (21) in the semiconductor light emitting element (2) a bump electrode (26) mounting substrate (3) when joined, since the semiconductor light emitting element (2) a bump electrode (26) and the mounting substrate an electrode portion (3) of the electrode portion (21) are bonded to the mounting substrate (3) (21) power supply, the semiconductor light emitting element (2) with its emitting power, the optical properties of the light-emitting semiconductor light emitting element (2) engaged state bump electrode (26) and the mounting substrate (3) is detected, processing the detected optical characteristic value, obtaining the semiconductor light emitting element (2) of the electrode portion (21) to the bonding determines whether to end Therefore, the semiconductor light emitting element can be well joined with the mounting portions on the electrode substrate by a metal electrode formed on the semiconductor light emitting element.


Based on first-principles simulations, we present that carbamate formation can be kinetically more favorable than bicarbonate formation at high stripping temperatures (>400 K) from the reaction bet...


FIELD: textile. SUBSTANCE: disclosed is the device for making fiber-containing non-woven material, composition: an extrusion head (104, 104′) with a group of forming holes; means of extrusion through said forming holes, extrusion head of at least one fused polymer material in form of threads (f); extraction element (105), located under the extrusion head and to create gas flow (F3), oriented downstream for stretching and thinning threads (f), with that, the said device additionally contains feeding means (13, 13′) for continuous feeding of fibrous material (FM) into the area between the extrusion head (104, 104′) and a traction element (105) and near the threads (f). EFFECT: flow of fibrous material. 55 cl, 8 dwg


Two international currency and finance systems — the capitalist system and the socialist system, which encompasses COMECON countries — have functioned concurrently for a goodly number of years in the modern world. They emerged in the postwar period under the influence of a number of political and economic factors and differ from one another to the same degree as the two modes of production — capitalist and socialist — which develop in accordance with their own objective economic laws.


Models of the internal structure of completely differentiated Europa and Ganymede, and partially differentiated Callisto have been constructed on the basis of Galileo gravity measurements, geochemical constraints on composition of ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, and thermodynamic data on the equations of state of water, high-pressure ices, and meteoritic material. Geophysically and geochemically permissible thicknesses of Europa's and Ganymede's outer water-ice shell are determined. We show that Callisto must only be partially differentiated into an outer ice-I layer, a water ocean, a rock-ice mantle, and a rock-iron core. The results of modelling support the hypothesis that Callisto may have an internal liquid-water ocean.


The literature has widely recognized the influence of e-business tools on business and operational performance. Some recent studies, however, suggested that researchers need to focus on exploring specific conditions that enable organizations to effectively translate their investment in developing e-business tools and practices into positive business performance and achieve up-normal return on investment. Using the contingency perspective of the firm, this paper argues that the link between e-business practices and organizational performance is influenced to a large extent by the internal and external environment within which an organization operates. That is, e-business tools and/practices does not per se lead to positive performance and rather the effectiveness of these tools/practices will improve if certain internal and external factors are satisfied. This theoretical believe is discussed, theoretically, in this paper using findings of previous studies on the relationship between e-business and performance. Some theoretical and practical implications are highlighted at the end of the paper to provide researchers and decision makes new insights on how and/or when e- business tools can lead to good performance.


Tolerances of the juvenile blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, lesser blue crab Cahnectes simihs Williams and the adult southern oyster drill Stramonita haemastoma Linnaeus to long-term (28 d) hypoxia and short-term (10 d) changes from normoxla to hypoxia and back to normoxia were monitored at 24 "C and 30%0 S. C. sapidus was very sensitive to hypoxia with a 28 d LCS0 of 106 Torr 0 2 . All C. sapidus in 25 and 0 Torr 0 2 died within 6 d of exposure. C. s M i s exhibited lesser sensitivity to hypoxia with a 28 d LCSo of 43 Torr Oz. All crabs exposed to anoxic water died within 3 d of exposure. S. haemastoma exhibited a 28 d LCSo of 11.5 Torr Oz. Under anoxia, initial death occurred in S. haemastoma after Day 11 and complete mortality occurred by Day 22. No significant difference occurred in the feeding rates of blue crabs exposed to normoxia, 119 and 73 Torr 02, but these rates were significantly higher than that in blue crabs exposed to 50 Torr 02. Feeding rates in the lesser blue crab exposed to 50 and 25 Torr O2 were significantly lower than in crabs exposed to 119 Torr O2 and normoxia. Growth and molting rates in both species of crabs were significantly higher in the normoxic exposure than in those exposed to hypoxia and anoxia. Significant differences were noticed in the feeding rate of S. haernastoma exposed to hypoxia from those exposed to normoxia. Feeding rate in S. haemastoma declined linearly wlth declining 0 2 concentration. Mean oxygen consumption rates of C. sapidus exposed to 25 and 50 Torr O2 were lower than the normoxic consumption but this rate was higher in the crabs exposed to 115 Torr 0,. Mean oxygen consumption rate of C. similis exposed at all hypoxic levels was higher than of those exposed to normoxia, indicating overcompensation. The transfer experiment was performed only on C. sapidus. The feeding rate of crabs exposed to different hypoxic levels was not significantly different from those exposed to normoxla but the feeding rate increased sharply upon transfer of the juvenile blue crabs to normoxic water after 10 d hypoxic exposure and may have been due to partial starvation during hypoxic exposure. Number of molts after transfer to normoxia was higher in all the crabs exposed to hypoxia compared to those exposed to normoxia. Sensitivity to hypoxia can be ranked as C. sapidus > C. similis> S. haemastoma.


We report on the linewidth narrowing of a room-temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade laser by phase-locking to a difference-frequency-generated radiation referenced to an optical frequency comb synthesizer. A locking bandwidth of 250 kHz, with a residual rms phase-noise of 0.56 rad, has been achieved. The laser linewidth is narrowed by more than 2 orders of magnitude below 1 kHz, and its frequency is stabilized with an absolute traceability of 2×10−12. This source has allowed the measurement of the absolute frequency of a CO2 molecular transition with an uncertainty of about 1 kHz.


1. Belshe RB, Newman FK, Cannon J, et al. Serum antibody responses after intradermal vaccination against influenza. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2286-94. 2. Kenney RT, Frech SA, Muenz LR, Villar CP, Glenn GM. Dose sparing with intradermal injection of influenza vaccine. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2295-301. 3. Weller TH, Cheever FS, Enders JF. Immunologic reactions following the intradermal inoculation of influenza A and B vaccine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1948;67:96-101.


H-mode like discharges have been induced by tangential compact torus (CT) injection into the STOR-M tokamak. The improved confinement phase is characterized by an increase in the electron density, significant reduction in the Hα radiation level, steepening of the edge density profile, suppression of m = 2 Mirnov oscillations, and suppression of the floating potential fluctuations. These features are similar to those associated with the H-modes induced with edge turbulent heating or by electrode/limiter biasing in STOR-M. In contrast to the edge turbulent heating induced H-mode in STOR-M, the floating potential at the plasma edge and SOL increases during the CT injection induced improved confinement phase. Interaction between CT and edge tokamak plasma may be responsible for triggering the H-mode.


Functional impairment is a powerful incentive for behavioral change. The natural response to disability in one limb is to learn new ways of using the other limb. Animals, including humans, with upper extremity impairments spontaneously learn to use the less-affected (nonparetic) hand in novel ways to perform daily activities.1–3 In intact brains, the acquisition of manual skills depends on practice-dependent synaptic structural and functional reorganization of motor cortex (MC).4,5 After stroke, this skill acquisition overlaps with ongoing degenerative and regenerative responses to the injury, many of which are also neural activity dependent6,7 and sensitive to behavioral manipulations.8–10 When they converge on the same circuits, ischemia-induced and experience-driven remodeling responses interact.3 Learning to rely on the nonparetic hand is a particularly prevalent and profound form of poststroke behavioral compensation, but compensatory strategies can be found across different impairment modalities, body sides, and injury loci.11–13 Their development is among the most reliable consequences of brain injury survival. The implication is that understanding the brain's typical adaptation to stroke will require understanding its interactions with compensatory behavioral changes.

The compensatory reliance on the better functioning limb after stroke has long been thought to contribute to persistent dysfunction in the affected (paretic) limb by encouraging its disuse (ie, learned nonuse).14 Our recent findings suggest that it can go well beyond this to directly disrupt the neural substrates paretic limb functional improvements. Here we overview these findings, as revealed in rodent models of chronic upper extremity impairments using precise control and manipulation of forelimb experiences to understand bilateral and interhemispheric contributions to motor functional outcome.

After unilateral ischemic MC damage in rats, a relatively subtle variation in behavioral experience—learning a single new motor skill with the nonparetic limb—reduces …


Be aimed at university's characteristic,the meaning of the regional characteristics and the problems existed in the landscape construction of the university nowadays were briefly introduced.The expressing ways of the regional characteristics were analyzed.Take the landscape construction of the south campus square of the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University as an example,through analyzing the example,the phenomenon that different style of the university had their own ways of landscape construction was found,and the method of expressing the regional characteristics in the landscape construction in the college was being finding.


SUMMARY

The revised ITPA was administered to 30 normal, 30 ESN and 30 SSN children, all of MA 5 : 0–5 : 11 and attending day schools. Since most of the retarded children exceeded the CA norms of the battery, raw scores were standardized and subjected to Analysis of Variance, t tests and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis for the purpose of inter group comparison. Results showed that normals scored highest on all sub-tests, SSNs lowest while ESNs were strictly intermediate. The largest inter-group differences were found for Visual Sequential Memory, but significant differences were also found between normals and ESNs on Auditory Sequential Memory and between normals and SSNs on both reception subtests, Auditory Association and Auditory Sequential Memory. Both normals and ESNs showed preference for tests in the auditory-vocal channel over those in the visual-motor channel. Results are discussed in the light of previous ITPA findings, the special circumstances pertaining to the present study, and the characteristics of the test battery.


Research methodology on Traditional Medicine in East Asia refers to logical thinking system, empirical positivism system and methodology of developing these knowledge systems. Logical thinking system of abstract concepts such as analogy or abduction and positivism system of reasonable explanation such as the five elements and their characteristic theory have been used in various ways empirically or in the form of humanities and knowledge system was developed through parallel structure of empirical positivism and exegetical studies. After the 16th century, evidence was required along with the tradition of putting emphasis on rationality, logicality and empirical positivism and characteristics of medical humanities can be found in emphasizing on medical ethics. Data that can be considered as structural review paper or meta analysis from original data of research on Traditional East Asian Medicine should be evaluated as historical evidence which is equivalent to specialist opinion, descriptive disease research, single case report or case series. Historical evidence based medicine is a research method using Historical evidence to selectively support data that are faithful to traditional theory with higher possibility to be used in future traditional east Asian medicine that links between traditional knowledge and scientific research methodology. Moreover, historical evidence based medicine tries to re-evaluate the value of traditional knowledge and ultimately, guides the direction of development of traditional medicine through scientific rationality based on history and culture.


For 5G application, cable is essentially required for a low signal loss characteristic and immunity to the external noise inside a mobile product. A conventional coaxial cable can carry out such functions but there are critical disadvantages with using a cable. One is that interconnection of multiple signals in one cable structure is impossible, and the other is that automated assembly of a cable and a PCB is difficult. Consequently, these disadvantages restrict design flexibility of a product. Therefore, development of a new cable structure which overcomes these problems is necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel coaxial cable structure which uses a Flexible PCB (FPCB) process for foldable mobile device. This is the first cable structure with attributes including both a coaxial and a multiple channel. Since the proposed cable structure is flat and has a fixed form, automated assembly of a cable and a PCB could be made possible using a suction machine. We also propose a three-step cable design methodology for performance improvement. The first step involves design, fabrication, and measurement of the proto-type cable structure. The second step involves extraction of effective material characteristics of the proto-type structure. The third step involves signal integrity design and optimization with the proposed model. With the proposed methodology, estimated performance before fabrication is well correlated with the measurement at frequencies up to 20 GHz which includes the intermediate frequency (IF) of 5G application.


ABSTRACT: Integral bridges, comprising a continuous bridge girder (i.e. deck) integrated to a pair of abutments without using hinged and movable shoes (i.e. bearings), have been constructed to alleviate several inherent drawbacks of conventional bridges. It is shown that this conventional type of integral bridge still has the following problems: (1) large residual settlements in the backfill, developing a bump immediately behind the abutments, and the development of high residual earth pressure on the back of the abutments by seasonal thermal expansion and contraction of the girder, as well as by traffic loads on the backfill; and (2) large detrimental deformation of the backfill by seismic loads. To alleviate these problems, it is proposed to reinforce the backfill with geosynthetic reinforcement that is firmly connected to the full-height rigid facings (i.e. abutments). A newly proposed integral bridge, called the GRS integral bridge, is constructed in stages: first, geosynthetic-reinforced backfill; se...


Social safety valve has functions of venting social emotions,arousing institutional innovation and integrating social structure.This essay is focus on analyzing the latent institutional characteristics and defects of social safety valves in contemporary China,and discussing institutional approaches of social safety valve in economic field,legal field,political field and social life field.At present,China′s mechanism of social safety valves has not met the requirements of China′s social development,so we should take institutionalized measures and replace the latent social safety valve by the visible social safety valve.


We present the Spitzer Multiband Imaging Photometer 24 μm source counts in the Extragalactic First Look Survey (FLS) main, verification, and European Large Area ISO Survey N1 fields. Spitzer's increased sensitivity and efficiency in large areal coverage over previous infrared telescopes, coupled with the enhanced sensitivity of the 24 μm band to sources at intermediate redshift, dramatically improve the quality and statistics of number counts in the mid-infrared. The FLS observations cover areas of 4.4, 0.26, and 0.015 deg2, respectively, and reach 3 σ depths of 0.11, 0.08, and 0.03 mJy. The extragalactic counts derived for each survey agree remarkably well. The counts can be fitted by a super-Euclidean power law of index α = -2.9 from 0.2 to 0.9 mJy, with a flattening of the counts at fluxes fainter than 0.2 mJy. Comparison with infrared galaxy evolution models reveals a peak's displacement in the 24 μm counts. This is probably due to the detection of a new population of galaxies with redshift between 1 and 2, previously unseen in the 15 μm deep counts.


Previous research has shown a computational model of visual saliency can predict where people fixate in cluttered web pages (Masciocchi & Still, 2013). Over time, web site designers are moving towards simpler, less cluttered webpages to improve aesthetics and to make searches more efficient. Even with simpler interfaces, determining a saliency ranking among interface elements is a difficult task. Also, it is unclear whether the traditionally employed saliency model (Itti, Koch, & Niebur, 1998) can be applied to simpler interfaces. To examine the model's ability to predict fixations in simple web pages we compared a distribution of observed fixations to a conservative measure of chance performance (a shuffled distribution). Simplicity was determined by using two visual clutter models (Rosenholz, Li, & Nakano, 2007). We found under free-viewing conditions that the saliency model was able to predict fixations within less cluttered web pages.


Based on the technique of wavelet pack decomposition and the dynamic calculation of harmonic wavet,the characteristics of dynamic response in single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) system acted by earthquake is presented in this paper.The results shown that fitted simple harmonic wave based on the technique of wavelet pack decomposition analysed in the response of earthquake motion is feasible;earthquake motion can create greatly displacement response in long-periodic structure.The displacement response has two obvious characteristics: ① the value may exceed the displacement in sympathetic vibration and reach the maximum;② the maximal displacement time delays the maximal earthquake motion,even under some situation,the maximal displacement response occurs behind disappearance of earthquake motion,then displacement response controlled by transient one.In current paper,there is analysis on action of inertia force、 damping force and elastic force in structure.


Set-valued functions from an interval into the closed subsets of an interval arise in various areas of science and mathematical modeling. Research has shown that the dynamics of a single-valued function on a compact space are closely linked to the dynamics of the shift map on the inverse limit with the function as the sole bonding map. For example, it has been shown that with Devaney's definition of chaos the bonding function is chaotic if and only if the shift map is chaotic. One reason for caring about this connection is that the shift map is a homeomorphism on the inverse limit, and therefore the topological structure of the inverse-limit space must reflect in its richness the dynamics of the shift map. In the set-valued case there may not be a natural definition for chaos since there is not a single well-defined orbit for each point. However, the shift map is a continuous single-valued function so it together with the inverse-limit space form a dynamical system which can be chaotic in any of the usual senses. For the set-valued case we demonstrate with theorems and examples rich topological structure in the inverse limit when the shift map is chaotic (on certain invariant sets). We then connect that chaos to a property of the set-valued function that is a natural generalization of an important chaos producing property of continuous functions.


have energy supply unit for guiding lines, cables or hoses between a stationary and a mobile connection area to form a curved area (13) between two strands (11, 12), the facing sides (14, 15), with a number of articulated interconnected members (1), which by mutually parallel disposed side plates (2, 3) and connecting these transverse webs (8, 9) having an outer side and an inner side (16) is formed and the inner sides (16) of the transverse webs (9) the facing sides (14, 15) in cross section are convex, characterized in that in the curvature region (13) of the convex inner side (16) lie on an imaginary arc of a circle and coinciding the center of the imaginary circular arc with the center point of the curvature portion, wherein the transverse webs ( 9) of the facing sides (14, 15) of the adjacent links in the curvature region (13) form a closed surface.


Diffusion process models are widely used in science, engineering, and finance. Most diffusion processes are described by stochastic differential equations in continuous time. In practice, however, data are typically observed only at discrete time points. Except for a few very special cases, no analytic form exists for the likelihood of such discretely observed data. For this reason, parametric inference is often achieved by using discrete-time approximations, with accuracy controlled through the introduction of missing data. We present a new multiresolution Bayesian framework to address the inference difficulty. The methodology relies on the use of multiple approximations and extrapolation and is significantly faster and more accurate than known strategies based on Gibbs sampling. We apply the multiresolution approach to three data-driven inference problems, one of which features a multivariate diffusion model with an entirely unobserved component.


The computer code SATURN la allows to analyse the in-pile behavior of a fuel pän in detail. It solves the problem how to describe the mutual dependence of material phenomena occuring in the fuel pän by means of suitablerelationsofmateri8,ls behav10r models.The thermal and mechanical aa weIl as radiation effects of the tuel pm are evaluated as a function of t.he actual reactor operating his tory. The code is restricted to ana1:ysing a pellet of the tuel pän under the assumption ofaxial symmetry and plane strains. Models of materials behavior describe th.e following processes : creep of tuel and eLad, fuel swelling due to solid and gaseous fission pr-oducta , clad swelling due to void nucLeatdon, pore migration" fuel cracking and crack hea.Lfng; and meohandca.L interactions between fuel and clad. From initial e tat.e, elementary material dat.e , and characteristic data of the reactor operating history" the code computes aa a function of time: geometry of fuel and cLad, radial distributions of temperature" stresses" and strains in fuel and oLad, radial distributions of pores and cracks within the fuel" and contact pressure between tuel and clad.