As a consequence of deforestation, forest fragmentation is a reality that is increasingly present in the western part of the state of Acre, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in the richness and abundance of bats in an urban forest fragment of approximately 150ha, which is located in Rio Branco (AC). Collections were performed in two places: two points that were 200m from the edge and two that were 20m from the edge. Mist-nets were opened four hours after sundown during three nights/month. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and the Jaccard Similarity index (J) were used for comparative analysis. On 48 nights (November/2005 to July/2007), 85 individual bats of 15 species were captured, with greater richness and abundance of chiropters within the fragment. The similarity index of species was low (J=0.44), indicating habitat preference. The diversity index (H'=2.091) was similar to that of previous studies in the Amazon, especially in Brazil, with lower diversity at the edge (H'=1.864) than inside the fragment (H'=2.047). Carollia perspicillata (n=32) and Artibeus lituratus (n=13) were responsible for 57.6% of the total captured. The characteristics of the matrix and the adaptation of the bats to the mist-nets explained the observed values.


The research presented in this study will examine the relationship between planned use of the Internet and actual use by group meeting planners in the hospitality industry. Understanding the factors that influence meeting planners to choose one hotel over another when it comes to planning and booking a meeting is beneficial to the hotel industry. The methods of hotel distribution have changed over the last decade with the introduction of the Internet, which has changed the way business must be conducted. Understanding the factors that affect planners' intentions can improve the efficiency of a hotels' marketing communications. This study was conducted among a population of active meeting planners and shows the impact of attitude, beliefs, and ease of use on intent to use the Internet to plan a group meeting.


My aim in this thesis is to examine whether there are some mitigating factors, i.e. reasons to punish an offender less for his crime than an otherwise similar offender (other than that the offender suffered from mental disorder or disturbance or other forms of irrationality at the time of offence), that are more applicable to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders. I will answer the thesis question through a critical examination of twelve arguments for claiming that there is a mitigating factor that is more applicable to socially deprived offenders, each proposing a different mitigating factor. My conclusions are as follows: (1) Most of the arguments that I examine fail, i.e. they either fail to highlight a genuine mitigating factor, or we do not have much evidence that the mitigating factor highlighted by the argument has a greater applicability to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders. (2) However, one argument, which can be called the no violation of natural duties argument, is successful. (3) Moreover, the improvement of the worst off argument, an argument that is not often discussed in the literature, is particularly noteworthy. If my discussion about that argument is correct, then even if, as I will argue, the mitigating factor highlighted by that argument may not be more applicable to socially deprived offenders than to non-socially deprived offenders, the remaining parts of that argument would still have profound influence on punishment in our unjust societies.


For an arbitrary positive integer n, we construct infinitely many one-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds where each manifold's A-polynomial detects every n th root of unity. This answers a question of Cooper, Culler, Gillet, Long, and Shalen as to which roots of unity arise in this manner. AMS Classification 57M27; 57M50 Keywords Character variety, ideal point, A-polynomial


In the metric multi-cover problem (MMC), we are given two point sets $Y$ (servers) and $X$ (clients) in an arbitrary metric space $(X \cup Y, d)$, a positive integer $k$ that represents the coverage demand of each client, and a constant $\alpha \geq 1$. Each server can have a single ball of arbitrary radius centered on it. Each client $x \in X$ needs to be covered by at least $k$ such balls centered on servers. The objective function that we wish to minimize is the sum of the $\alpha$-th powers of the radii of the balls.
In this article, we consider the MMC problem as well as some non-trivial generalizations, such as (a) the non-uniform MMC, where we allow client-specific demands, and (b) the $t$-MMC, where we require the number of open servers to be at most some given integer $t$. For each of these problems, we present an efficient algorithm that reduces the problem to several instances of the corresponding $1$-covering problem, where the coverage demand of each client is $1$. Our reductions preserve optimality up to a multiplicative constant factor.
Applying known constant factor approximation algorithms for $1$-covering, we obtain the first constant approximations for the MMC and these generalizations.


Discusses the history, culture, and religion of the Inuit and the Aleuts, their place in American society, and the problems they face as an ethnic group in North America.


The excellent study by Samraj et al. (1) shows that dietary intake of the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) promotes the production of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. The resulting "xenosialitis" and associated chronic inflammation was shown to contribute to carcinogenesis.


Superfine cobaltous oxide nanoparticles (CoONPs) of ∼2.5 nm diameter were synthesized at high rate via discharge plasma operated in an aqueous solution of Co(II) acetate. Two potential routes are proposed for the CoONP formation: one is the plasma-induced electrolysis of the aqueous solution of Co(II) acetate, and the other is the oxidization of neutral Co, which is formed by the plasma-induced reduction of Co(II). In addition, the resultant CoONPs are soluble in ethanol but insoluble in water, which is attributed to the surface conjugation of functional groups of CH3· produced by the plasma-induced electrolysis of an aqueous solution of Co(II) acetate.


Young people bring their own media and literacy practices to school as an important part of their identity, taste and social life. These practices are changing the media ecology of schools, making the physical boundaries of schools more permeable and creating new, unofficial spaces at school. During peer-based learning, the enhanced media practices of students often get incorporated into the school environment and the learning process in different ways. In this article the author especially highlights youth media production practices, which may relate to school in three different ways: they may be school community-based practices, curriculum-based practices or out-of-school practices. This study shows how these practices create a dialogue between informal and formal learning and make space-time at school more dynamic and hybrid.


Purpose
This paper aims to draw attention to an urgent need for reform of the regulatory framework of the broader export credit system to ensure a new and comprehensive "safe haven" for officially supported export credits. The purpose is to analyse the complex debate on disciplines of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), creating a point of reference for future analysis of and debates around the "carve-out clause" of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) and a "safe haven" in a broader sense.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper takes inspiration from legal, economic and political science literature on subsidies and officially supported export credits, as well as on legal documents related to the WTO and the OECD. It examines the WTO subsidy and the OECD export credits framework, focusing on main legal and economic governance aspects. Then, it gives a critical analysis how "safe" a "safe haven" in a broader sense might be, assessing frictions of and solutions for the fundamentally different set of disciplines, limitations, financial instruments not covered by OECD regulations, as well as new challenges related to climate finance.

Findings
After assessing the challenges regarding the "carve-out clause" of the WTO subsidy framework and two tracks aiming to create a new "safe haven", requirements for comprehensive disciplines for officially supported export credits are pointed out. Furthermore, several misunderstandings and mistakes appearing in the debate are clarified.

Research limitations/implications
Desktop research rather than empirical field work.

Practical implications
This paper creates awareness for governments and exporters how to deal with a complex system of interrelated disciplines. The question, how "safe" a "safe haven" in a broader sense can be, has not been resolved yet. Some authors focus on the WTO disciplines not taking into account the need for an effective matching procedure of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (the Arrangement). Furthermore, the introduction of several new pre-export financing programmes and the growing significance of climate finance-related instruments for export credit agencies creates both opportunities and challenges. This paper can serve as a reference point for the academic debate and further research. This paper also offers newcomers to the topic a comprehensive overview.

Originality/value
Although the "carve-out clause" and the Arrangement have been much discussed, there is limited literature review structuring both existing and new aspects of the debate, assessing (dis)advantages of arguments and interpretations. This paper both adds to the corpus of literature about the ASCM, as well as the Arrangement, and takes this corpus as the object of its analysis.


We report on a 13 year old boy with microcephaly, sloping forehead, prominent nose, scoliosis, and flexion contractures involving the elbows and knees. The patient showed severe mental and growth retardation. Since birth and up to the present he has suffered from multiple and varied infections. Immunological studies showed a marked decrease in leucocyte chemotaxis. Clinical and laboratory findings confirm the similarity of this case to the two brothers described by Say et al. We have not found any descriptions of similar patients. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the phenotypic delineation of this syndrome and to highlight the need for immunological investigation in patients with multiple congenital malformations.


Constructing Boundaries is the latest entry in a growing body of revisionist scholarship on the history and political economy of Palestine under the British, contesting the once cherished notion that the Jewish and Palestinian communities of Palestine/Israel were best investigated and understood as isolated and autonomously developing entities. By focusing on one urban setting—Haifa, which during the Mandate period become Palestine's most important port and industrial center—this work provides new insight into how the industrial economy of Palestine shaped, and in turn was shaped by, the conflictual interaction of the two communities.


Fluoro‐isothiocyanated three‐ring and two‐ring liquid crystal compounds has been synthesized. They showed remarkably high nematic‐isotropic transition temperature, wide nematic temperature range, high dielectric and optical anisotropy, as well as a high‐voltage holding ratio of 98 %, rating them suitable for AM‐LCD applications.


Summary form only given. High current density scandate cathodes have aroused great interest in recent years. In this paper the emission performances of scandate cathodes and the possible chemical and physical processes occurred during cathode manufacturing and operation are summarized. Emission mechanisms are further discussed. The major problems of this kind of cathode and its application prospects are reviewed.


Policy Statement Salt Lake County Library Services is committed to protecting the privacy and confidentiality of patron records. This policy is based on the U.S. Constitution, the Government Records Access and Management Act (GRAMA) and the American Library Association's (ALA) Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights. Staff members and volunteers shall make every effort to protect information about library borrowers, their requests for information and materials, the online sites and resources they access, and their lending transactions. This policy cannot guarantee absolute right to privacy.


Public demands for forest products and services have been increasing gradually in many countries all over the world. Among the forest products, mostly round woods are produced in Turkey due to high economic value. On the other hand, there is a signifi cant increase in demand for industrial woods in the domestic market in recent years. The reason behind this increase is the need of domestic companies in the wood-based panel industry for a large amount of wood raw material. . Farm tractors are the most widely used forest machinery in the extraction of industrial wood in Turkey. Farm tractors can be effectively used in mechanized harvesting operations after receiving some modifi cations and additional attachments. The modifi ed farm tractors are affordable machinery for small logging contractors since their initial purchasing costs and hourly operating costs are quite low comparing with the forest harvesting equipment (i.e. skidder, forwarder, cable yarder). In this study, productivity of a modifi ed farm tractor was analyzed during forwarding of industrial wood products. The study was implemented in Pinus nigra stand located in (?) the city of Afyonkarahisar in Turkey. In the study, the effects of forwarding distance on productivity were evaluated using statistical analysis. The results indicated that the most time-consuming work stage was unloading the truck and piling the wood products at the landing area, followed by ( in terms of time-consumption) collecting woods and loading the tractor at the stump. The average productivity of the forwarding operation was 6.06 stere/h (stere is the amount of wood pile with the height, width, and depth of one meter). It was also found that the productivity of the forwarding was signifi cantly affected by the forwarding distance.


Survival estimates are important for understanding and managing wildlife populations. 1 used radiotelemetry to estimate survival and cause-specific mortality of a non-harvested fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) population in southwestern Georgia. United States. Adult fox squirrels (n = 101) were monitored continuously from March 1998 to December 1999. I determined the cause of death to be predation in 7 cases, disease in 5 cases, and unknown in 12 cases. Sex and season-specific mortalities were independent of the cause of mortality; therefore, I omitted cause of mortality from subsequent analyses. I did not detect differences in seasonal survival between males and females (P=0.27) or among seasons (P=0.52). When sexes were pooled, seasonal survival (± SE) ranged from 0.86 ± 0.07 to 0.92 ± 0.02. Annual survival of males (0.73 ± 0.07) and females (0.66 ± 0.07) was similar (P=0.60). When sexes were pooled, annual survival was 0.69 ± 0.07. High fox squirrel survivorship, relative to gray squirrels (S. carolinensis), challenges the paradigm that similar strategies should be used to manage harvest of fox squirrels and gray squirrels.


ASSUMPTIONS are frequently made as to the mode of distribution of the individuals of plant species in natural vegetation, but there is actually very little exact information on the point. In a paper dealing with " The structure of prairie vegetation", T. L. Steiger (1930) published tables which give the number of individuals of each species observed within 80 m. quadrats. Forty of these quadrats were placed in vegetation described as "high prairie", dominated by Andropogon furcatus, and the other forty in "low prairie ", with several grasses co-dominant. These data are valuable as a basis for obtaining exact information as to the mode of distribution of the species recorded, and they have been consequently analysed statistically for that purpose. The units counted by Steiger are described as "individuals ", but, as Romell (1930) has pointed out, this term must be taken to mean "rooted shoots", since it is impossible to use any other satisfactory criterion of individuality. The quadrats were all 1 sq. m. in area. " The forty quadrats on low prairie were selected at regular intervals along four parallel lines. A similar number were selected on the upland with the express purpose of including various portions of tract upon which the vegetation was much more diversified." The two sets of quadrats can be supposed; therefore, to represent more or less random samples of two "communities" recognised by Steiger.


In allusion to the important of engineering quality,the quality supervisory of engineering material was expatiated aiming at the supervisory view and association with own engineering practice.The method and point of quality control of steel bar,concrete and beton were also expatiated so as to guarantee the quality of engineering material and lay a foundation for effective engineering quality control.


MBE growth of ZnSe/GaAs could be successfully performed at the substrate temperature as low as of 100°C using the molecular beams post-heated at 600°C both for Zn and Se by means of modified Knudsen cells composed of the effuser and the post-heating zone. ZnSe epilayers grown at 100-150°C showed the strong I2 bound exciton line and almost no other luminescence such as donor-acceptor pair, Y, S and deep emission at 4 K.


Small input delay is always ignored for designing a simple controller in many practical applications. However, this paper will tell us that small input delay have a significant impact on high-frequency vibration system, the amplitude of the high-frequency vibration system will be greatly enlarged even if the input delay is small enough. For explaining such viewpoint, a vibration system with high natural frequency is investigated by using stability switch theory of characteristic roots. Moreover, increasing the input delay to a bit larger value may lead to a stable system. Simulation results show that such phenomenon is evident, and it is consistent with the theory analysis results.


In β‐thalassaemia, anaemia results from ineffective erythropoiesis characterized by inhibition of late‐stage erythroid differentiation. We earlier used luspatercept and RAP‐536 protein traps for certain Smad2/3‐pathway ligands to implicate Smad2/3‐pathway overactivation in dysregulated erythroid differentiation associated with murine β‐thalassaemia and myelodysplasia. Importantly, luspatercept alleviates anaemia and has been shown to reduce transfusion burden in patients with β‐thalassaemia or myelodysplasia. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying luspatercept action and pSmad2/3‐mediated inhibition of erythroid differentiation. In murine erythroleukemic (MEL) cells in vitro, ligand‐mediated overactivation of the Smad2/3 pathway reduced nuclear levels of GATA‐1 (GATA‐binding factor‐1) and its transcriptional activator TIF1γ (transcription intermediary factor 1γ), increased levels of reactive oxygen species, reduced cell viability and haemoglobin levels, and inhibited erythroid differentiation. Co‐treatment with luspatercept in MEL cells partially or completely restored each of these. In β‐thalassaemic mice, RAP‐536 up‐regulated Gata1 and its target gene signature in erythroid precursors determined by transcriptional profiling and gene set enrichment analysis, restored nuclear levels of GATA‐1 in erythroid precursors, and nuclear distribution of TIF1γ in erythroblasts. Bone marrow cells from β‐thalassaemic mice treated with luspatercept also exhibited restored nuclear availability of GATA‐1 ex vivo. Our results implicate GATA‐1, and likely TIF1γ, as key mediators of luspatercept/RAP‐536 action in alleviating ineffective erythropoiesis.


Algorithmics is an important core subject matter in computer science education. In particular, optimization algorithms are some of the most difficult to master because their problem statement includes an additional property, namely optimality. The chapter contains a comprehensive survey of the teaching and learning through practice of optimization algorithms. In particular, three important issues are reviewed. Firstly, the authors review educational methods which partially or completely address optimization algorithms. Secondly, educational software systems are reviewed and classified according to technical and educational criteria. Thirdly, students' difficulties and misunderstandings regarding optimization algorithms are presented. The chapter intends to consolidate current knowledge about the education of this class of algorithms for both computer science teachers and computer science education researchers.


Discharge device (1) for squeezing out a content of a container by the application of a compressed gas, the discharge device (1) comprising a housing (2, 32), at least one compressed gas container (16, 46), an operating device (10, 11) for setting a gas flow from the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) and an opening means (12, 42) for opening the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46), wherein the discharge device (1) has a holder (3, 33) for attaching the container to the discharge device (1), the container is in the holder (3, 33) can be screwed or can be screwed, the opening means (12, 42) relative to the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) is movable, and the holder (3, 33) to the opening means (12, 42) so operatively connected that simultaneously with the fixed or at least pressure-tight connection of the container with the discharge device (1), or after a movement of the opening means (12, 42), the container was connected firmly or at least pressure-tightly connected to the discharge device (1) relative to the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) takes place, the said at least one pressurized gas container (16, 46) opens, characterized in that the holder (3, 33) rotatable relative to the opening means (12, 42) is arranged, wherein on the holder (3, 33) has a thread (38) is arranged, with said opening means (12, 42) is toothed, or a is arranged cam disk (8) provided in a counterpart to the opening means (12, 42) engages, and the opening means (12, 42) linearly movable against the bracket (3, 33) and the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) is arranged , so that a rotation of the holder (3, 33) when mounting the container on the holder (3, 33) to a linear movement of the opening means (12, 42) against the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) and thereby the opening of the at least one compressed gas container (16, 46) leads.


between Pa status. This study provides proof-of-concept for the development of a non-invasive tool with which to screen for lower airway bacterial infection in CF though a clinically applicable test remains some way off


Over recent decades, the field of ethics has been the focus of increasing attention in teaching. This is not surprising given that teaching is a moral activity that is heavily values‐laden. Because of this, teachers face ethical dilemmas in the course of their daily work. This paper presents an ethical decision‐making model that helps to explain the decision‐making processes that individuals or groups are likely to experience when confronted by an ethical dilemma. In order to make sense of the model, we put forward three short ethical dilemma scenarios facing teachers and apply the model to interpret them. Here we identify the critical incident, the forces at play that help to illuminate the incident, the choices confronting the individual and the implications of these choices for the individual, organisation and community. Based on our analysis and the wider literature we identify several strategies that may help to minimise the impact of ethical dilemmas. These include the importance of sharing dilemmas with trusted others; having institutional structures in schools that lessen the emergence of harmful actions occurring; the necessity for individual teachers to articulate their own personal and professional ethics; acknowledging that dilemmas have multiple forces at play; the need to educate colleagues about specific issues; and the necessity of appropriate preparation and support for teachers. Of these strategies, providing support for teachers via professional development is explored more fully.


The contributions of heavy, spatially homogeneous, boson and fermion fields to the effective action for a Robertson-Walker space-time are calculated. For scale factors larger than the Compton wavelengths of the particles associated with these matter fields the equations of motion for this scale factor are the same as those for a matter-dominated universe. Some speculations about the forces driving the expansion of the very early Universe are presented.


In this paper, polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilized Ag/Cu/Fe polymetallic composites were successfully prepared by liquid-phase reduction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Vibration magnetometer (VSM) detection means thatthe crystal structure of the material, surface morphology, Magnetic properties and group changes. The catalytic degradation of chlorinated phenolic organic pollutants, such as 2,4-dichlorophenolin water was studied initially discussed the Ag/Cu/Fe NPs removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol catalyticreduction mechanism and kinetic model. The results show that PVP has good stability to Ag/Cu/Fe NPs. The particle size of Ag/Cu/Fe modified by PVP is small, and it is uniformly dispersed inalcohol aqueous solution and cannot be easily agglomerated. Fast and efficient separation, with excellent recycling performance, PVP stabilized Ag/Cu/Fe NPs for 2,4-dichlorophenol catalyticdegradation has a good effect. The degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by Ag/Cu/Fe NPs accords with quasi-first-order kinetic model.


We examined 130 patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis at age from 21 to 69. It was found that the age group older than 50 years was 67.5 %. 95.8 % of them were married. 50.8 % of patients reported of sexually transmitted infections. Clinical symptoms of prostatitis were confirmed by ultrasonic scanning. Patients were suffering from rapid ejaculation (56.0 %), decreased libido (53.0 %), the altered rates of sexual hormones, particularly of testosterone (2.87 nmol / l at normal 5,76-30,43) were noted. The significant disturbances of prostate microbiocenosis were registered with Esherichia coli (41,4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (31.0%) domination. The obtained data allowed us to develop a complex therapy.


1 IntroductionThe weak decays of light pseudoscalar mesons, namely the decays of kaonsand charged pions, represent the widest domain of applicability of Chiral Per-turbation Theory (CHPT). The field is certainly dominated by kaon decays,with about 50 different channels observed so far, which constitute by them-selves one of the richest sources of information about the Standard Model asa whole.The interest and the variety of such decays is definitely too large to becovered in one talk. I will therefore concentrate on few selected topics, notcovered by other plenary speakers, among those where interesting work hasrecently been done. In the next section I will review the development inthe construction of chiral Lagrangians without baryon fields. Two hot topicsin K → 2π decays, namely the issues of final-state interactions and isospinbreaking, will be discussed in section 3. Section 4 is devoted to the rareprocesses K → πl


Chromosomal abnormalities, namely deletion 11q-,13q-, 17p- and trisomy 12, have prognostic significance for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Several studies have demonstrated that the interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (I-FISH) in CLL identifies such genomic aberrations in a higher frequency than classical karyotyping, including stimulated cultures using B-cell specific mitogens. However, there appears to be no information in the literature comparing I-FISH on non-cultured and cultured cells in CLL. A total of 56 samples from 49 patients with CLL were studied using commercially available probes for chromosomes 11q22.3(ATM), 13q14(13S272), 17p13(p53) and 12 centromere(D12Z3). We compared the results obtained by I-FISH-PBMC and those by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on TPA-stimulated peripheral blood cells (I-FISH-TPA) used for conventional cytogenetics in order to evaluate the usefulness of I-FISH-TPA. The proportion of abnormal nuclei obtained with the I-FISH-TPA was higher than that found with I-FISH-PBMC (P 9 /l was found to be the critical threshold (P=0.037) below which I-FISH-TPA should be performed rather than I-FISH-PBMC. We have shown that I-FISH-TPA can not only detect a higher proportion of abnormal interphase nuclei but can also identify abnormal CLL cases which may be overlooked by I-FISH-PBMC, especially those with low absolute lymphocyte counts. I-FISH-TPA is thus a reliable technique for clinical diagnostics in CLL.


A field experiment was conducted during 1993-94 to 1995-96 with 12 promising varieties of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) to evaluate the yield of mill able cane and quality of jaggery. Sugarcane cv 'CoJN 86-141' recorded maximum diameter (2.98 cm), height (287 cm), millable cane yield (99.0 tonnes/ha), brix (21.2%), sucrose (19.64 %), sugar recovery (12.20 %),jaggery yield (14.95 tonnes/ha) and jaggery recovery (15.1 %), whereas 'CoC 671' recorded highestjaggery quality.


Cobalt porphyrins were found to catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of the carbon–carbon σ bond of [2.2]paracyclophane (PCP) with the solvent DMF serving as the hydrogenating agent. Successful trapping experiments with benzene solvent and the kinetic isotope effect (4.9) suggested the presence of benzyl radical intermediates in undergoing hydrogen atom transfer from DMF as the rate-limiting step. The rate law was established by initial rate measurements to be rate = kobs[CoII(ttp)][PCP].


AlN/GaN superlattice buffer is inserted between GaN epitaxial layer and Si substrate before epitaxial growth of GaN layer. High-quality and crack-free GaN epitaxial layers can be obtained by inserting AlN/GaN superlattice buffer layer. The influence of AlN/GaN superlattice buffer layer on the properties of GaN films are investigated in this paper. One of the important roles of the superlattice is to release tensile strain between Si substrate and epilayer. Raman spectra show a substantial decrease of in-plane tensile strain in GaN layers by using AlN/GaN superlattice buffer layer. Moreover, TEM cross-sectional images show that the densities of both screw and edge dislocations are significantly reduced. The GaN films grown on Si with the superlattice buffer also have better surface morphology and optical properties.


In this article,effects of revegetation on soil moisture of old-fields were analyzed using multiregression and path analysis,based on once investigation of 0~300cm soil moisture of 17 sites with different abandonment years,11-times (once measurement of 0~500cm in growth season and ten times of 0~300cm)measurements of 10 sites,each measurement interval in profile is 20cm.The results show that:(1)As the related factors,such as aboveground biomass,vegetation coverage,soil organic matter etc.changed after abandonment,their effects to soil moisture content and fluctuation may vary in different post-abandonment stages.The measurements agree with the above facts,and confirmed that actually in local region,soil moisture content of old-fields tends to decrease,whilst fluctuation,denoted by standard deviation of moisture content,tends to increase after abandonment.(2)Soil moisture content and fluctuation can be estimated by topographic factors(slope gradient,slope facing and altitude),soil factors(bulk density of topsoil,organic matters) and vegetation factors(aboveground biomass,coverage),in which contents of top layers and fluctuation in root layers are determined mainly by communities coverage,while the aboveground biomass contributed most to the fluctuation of deeper layers.Both the communities cover and the aboveground biomass act mainly through its relative large positive and direct effect. (3)We found that down flux of soil moisture exists in the 260~300cm layer, deduced from the significant positive relationship between the difference of moisture reserves in 260~300cm and accumulative rainfall.In other words,the 260~300cm in profile is not the critical layer of rainfall compensation and plant usage,in our measurements,rainfall may seep beyond 300cm.This implies that evapotranspiration may be over estimated if calculated from the 0~300cm soil moisture content.So the accumulated leakage calculated by the 280~300cm soil moisture content is used as a supplement adjustor in multiregression to the estimated evapotranspiration.The evapotranspiration can be estimated by vegetation coverage,aboveground biomass,moisture flux in deep layer,slope gradient and direction,and topsoil bulk density.In which the primary influencing factor to communities evapotranspiration is aboveground biomass,vegetation coverage ranks the second.


In the domain of information and communication technology, all-optical devices will most certainly play an important role in the coming decade due to their ability to bring efficient solutions to data transmission and processing. In this context, two-dimensional photonic crystals (2DPCs) have excited a lot of interest for their potential use as active photonic devices. PCs are a periodic arrangement of materials with different refractive indices where the periodicity is of the order of the wavelength of light which confers them with exciting possibilities to manipulate light signals within small volumes of materials. In wavelength sized structures, three parameters: the cavity quality factor Q, the volume of the resonator and the spontaneous emission rate, the β factor may be manipulated to obtain a variety of impressive performances in terms of laser threshold, compactness and speed [1,2]. In this work, we have fabricated an InP-based 2DPCs laser [3] bonded with Silicon and explored its temporal capabilities.


US process plant operators who think that they're paying too much for electric power may soon have a new option: buying power from a less-expensive supplier and having it delivered through local utility power lines. Known as retail wheeling, the prospective open-market purchase of electricity reflects a deregulation in the electrical power industry that has already taken place in the US telecommunications and natural gas businesses. Epact, the US Energy Policy Act of 1992, has already opened up the nation's transmission lines to wholesale competition, and offers a way to open up retail competition as well. Implementation at the retail level is up to each state, as regulations must be approved by state utility regulatory commissions. The paper describes deregulation, how wheeling works in other countries, and implementation of retail wheeling by some of the states.


An increase in diagnostic capabilities contributes to the early detection of oncological diseases, which is statistically reflected in the number of detected pathologies. The prevalence of cancer is increasing every year. Chemotherapy is one of the leading methods of treatment in oncology. According to the literature, from 20 to 80% of cancer patients experience complications of chemotherapy treatment from the organs and tissues of the oral cavity. The most common complication is oral mucositis. Such damage to the oral mucosa causes discomfort, pain, difficulty in eating, swallowing, and interferes with speech function. In advanced cases, oral mucositis leads to extreme weight loss, sepsis, and premature death. The development of oral mucositis is a complex multi-step process. Despite the fact that it is based on damage to the DNA structure of the cells of the oral mucosa, the microflora of the oral cavity plays an important role in the further development of the process. The influence of representatives of the microflora on the development of inflammatory processes is enormous. In the oral cavity, microorganisms are presented in the form of microbial communities - biofilms. Biofilm management is the basis for preventing inflammation of the oral mucosa and destruction of hard dental tissues. Due to the negative effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on the local immunity of the oral cavity, on salivation, there is a deterioration in the hygienic status of cancer patients. Taking into account the available data, we decided to conduct a study on the effect of mechanical action on oral biofilms in order to prevent complications from the organs and tissues of the oral cavity during chemotherapy treatment. The obtained results demonstrate the influence of the hygienic protocol on the state of the oral cavity of cancer patients during chemotherapy.


The aim of this study is to clarify whether clinical MRI data can be used in evaluation of the pathological processes associated with disrupted iron homeostasis, such as neurodegenerative processes, or cirrhosis. MRI has potential to become a non-invasive biomarker of such pathology, however new quantification methods must be introduced. Our findings confirmed that it is possible to detect significant difference between healthy and pathological tissue from standard T2 weighted MRI protocols. Moreover, diagnostic tool might be developed from our approach, as discriminant analysis yielded 9.7 % overall error rate.


This paper examines the effects of an excise tax imposed on a monopolist's product. Then simple but quite general polynomial demand and cost curves are introduced and discussed, as is the Microsoft Excel workbook that embeds the functions. Finally, exercises based on selected special cases illustrating the use of the workbook are sketched.


To the Editor:

Littlejohn and Guymer1 attempt to reestablish the nexus between injury and the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Their editorial recommends that "the most important thing is to get the diagnosis right". However, their suggestion that the diagnosis of whiplash is an "emotionally charged" term holds no credibility if they suggest that "fibromyalgia" should be preferred.

Central sensitization has become the first explanatory resort of those seeking to describe virtually any issue relating to chronic pain and the alleged behavioral consequences of mood disturbance and disability. Absent from this discourse is the fact that central sensitization is a reversible phenomenon in virtually all experimental models where an injury occurs as a discrete event. There is no need for epidemiological series to demonstrate this. In competitive contact sports, the full spectrum of physical injuries is seen. Occasionally, serious and permanent disability occurs — almost invariably because of major neurological injury. Despite this, the FM signal remains entirely absent from this domain.

The authors assert …

Address correspondence to Dr. D. Kapur, Flinders University, School of Medicine, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia. E-mail: dilip.kapur{at}flinders.edu.au, dkapur{at}chg.net.au


This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a compressive load of 0.092 MPa on the moisture content (MC) of oak (Quercus variabilis) blocks with sides of 40 mm in each direction under vacuum combined with radio-frequency heating. The largest difference (14%) in the MC between the load-free and the loaded specimens was found for the specimens loaded on their tangential section when drying time was 8 hours, 10 percent more than that found after a drying time of 40 hours. Thus, wood with different directions of grains, being compressively loaded, should be dried separately or unidirectionally during radio-frequency/vacuum drying in order to shorten the drying period and/or reduce the variation in MC.


the paper analyzes ergonyms – nouns with spatial semantics. These names form the linguistic image of the city of Voronezh. The analysis includes functional description of words with spatial semantics and their role in creation of ergonyms. In addition, cultural function of ergonyms is discussed.


To test the feasibility of using captive-reared Orinoco crocodiles to restock depleted wild populations we used radio-telemetry to monitor eight crocodiles (103.3-139.3 cm total length) released in the Capanaparo River in southwestern Venezuela. Crocodiles were located every 1-2 d from April 1991 to March 1992 to determine movement patterns, survivorship, and growth rates. The crocodiles moved consid- erably during the first month following release, and the maximum distance moved was 11.6 km upstream by one crocodile four months after release. However, following an initial period of movement, crocodiles became more sedentary and by the end of the study the maximum distance from the point of release was less than 8 km. Six of the eight crocodiles moved upstream while two moved up to 3.3 km downstream. Crocodiles remained principally along the main course of the river in areas with mixed shallow and deep water habitats and abundant sand beaches. As the river rose during the wet season, crocodiles remained in the same areas, but moved into shallow-water areas among flooded riparian vegetation. The mean growth rate of released crocodiles (0.079 cm TL/day) was similar to that of smaller wild-born juvenile crocodiles. One animal was accidentally killed by a local resident who was hunting spectacled caiman. Based on the results of this study, we feel that a carefully designed program of releases of captive-reared crocodiles can be an effective conservation tool to speed the recovery of depleted populations of Orinoco crocodiles. How- ever, care must be taken to insure that the release program is designed as one component of an overall crocodile strategy and not an excuse to avoid the onerous issues of the protection of wild crocodile popu- lations and their habitat


Experimental research on using MgO expansion agent self-stressing concrete-filled steel tube subjected to axial compressive loading is carried out.The effect of initial self-stress tube on the ultimate strength and deformation capacity is discussed.The experimental results indicate that the self-stress can make concrete core compressed in three directions by restraint of steel tube,enhance the ultimate strength of composite columns subjected to axial compressive loading,delay the expansion of crack of concrete core during elastic-plastic stage and increase the tangent elastic modulus of concrete core.Meanwhile,the self-stress can make the concrete core more compact and resolve the problem of interface disengaging successfully so that it can ensure the concrete core and steel tube act together in resisting the axial load.


Abstract Bor [1], Bor and Thorpe [2] and the author [8] established the set of necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence of absolute weighted mean summability methods of infinite series. In the present paper we extend their result to doubly infinite series by two dimensional weighted mean, which also includes the result of Rhoades [7].


Comparing individual object with one more is a characteristic component of individual assessment making process. Though, it is not forever straightforward to be familiar with what to evaluate and what are the alternating entity to find the exact information retrieval system. In this paper, learning the number of technique that mechanically evaluates the questions and entity designed for mining consumer outcome for information extraction. Several methods have been anticipated in earlier work to solve the problem of entity mining outcomes and none of the work have been studied the accurate foundation of comparable entities, but supervised knowledge technique give an well-organized learning outcomes for comparable entities for different questions and routinely mine equivalent entities as of relative query with the intention of users posted online. In this article we study the difficulty of earlier work query and answering scheme and finish why we preferring equivalent entity mining.


A technique is presented for controlling gas turbine engines that maintains thrust while minimising fuel consumption. A neural network is used to model the engine. Fuel, which is one of the inputs to the model, is decremented and the model used to forward propagate the consequences, one of which is, typically, reduced thrust. Error derivatives to restore the thrust are backpropagated through the network and the error derivatives of the inputs to the model are then used to adjust controllable engine parameters to restore thrust. This iterative technique is continued until the optimum operating point is found. Changes to the engine as a result of temperature change and wear are tracked by updating the neural network engine model online.


It i s a review and r esearch article wherein general equations are derived for some problems and n ew rules are framed on percentage calculations, ratio and proportions and on variation of surface area with respect to size of the particle. Percentage calculations are projected from novel angles. Dimensions or units of quantities are retained up to the result. An easy method for solution of r atio and proportions are suggested. Problems solved by alligation method in the books are solved by simple algebraic method with little new rules.


We briefly introduce a new Cyclotron Laboratory of the Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) of the Czech Academy of Sciences with the new cyclotron TR 24 which was commissioned in October 2015. One of the planned uses of TR 24 beams is a generation of highintense fast neutrons fluxes with implementation of a chopping system for spectrometric measurements of neutron energy by the Time-of-Flight (TOF) method. For this purpose, physical design of a new ion-optical beam line was completed as well as comprehensive study of an external fast chopping system on this beam line. A set of home-made programs DtofDeflect has been developed for this system consisting of the first chopper powered by sinusoidal voltage and the second chopper powered by pulse voltage. The programs allow to find the optimum geometric and voltage parameters of the system by the means of mathematical simulations. The chopping system can provide the external 24 MeV proton beam with 2.3 ns pulse length at a repetition period of 236 ns in order to comply with the required pulse length to the repetition period ratio of 1 : 100.


Background: Reduced port size mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC) has widened the horizons of modern
laparoscopic surgery. Standard four port conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC), which has long been
established as the "Gold Standard" for gall bladder diseases, is under reconsideration following the advent of further minimally-invasive
procedures including MLC. Our study aims to provide a comparison between MLC and CLC and assesses whether MLC has any added benets.
Materials And Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study of 46 patients of gall stone disease was conducted at J.L.N. Medical
College, Ajmer. The patients assigned in to two groups (23 in each) group A [Reduced port size mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy {MLC}] or
group B [Standard four port conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy {CLC}] through randomization. Data was collected prospectively and
analysed retrospectively using a predesigned Performa.
Results: In our study, both the groups had similar age, body mass index (BMI) and gender distribution. No cases of MLC required insertion of
additional ports. The mean operative time for MLC was 63.74 ± 9.50, which is longer than CLC 44.91 ± 14.73. The pain was signicantly lower
in mini laparoscopic group which is analysed on 0th ,2nd 7th and 28th post operatively. Patients who underwent MLC were able to return to
normal activity earlier than patients undergoing CLC (P < 0.01).
Conclusion: Our experience suggests that MLC can safely be used as an alternative to CLC. Compared to CLC, it has the added benet of an
early return to work along with excellent cosmetic results. Intraoperative blood loss is comparable in both groups, however the operative time in
MLC group higher than the CLC group. Further large scale trials are required to prove any additional benet of MLC


1. Predatory ants may reduce infestation by herbivorous insects, and slow‐moving Lepidopteran larvae are often vulnerable on foliage. We investigate whether caterpillars with morphological or behavioural defences have decreased risk of falling prey to ants, and if defence traits mediate host plant use in ant‐rich cerrado savanna.


The design, simulation and analysis of a triple-band metamaterial absorber(MMA) working at the microwave frequencies are presented. The single unit cell consists of three nested closed hexagon ring resonators and a metallic background plane, which are separated by a dielectric layer with only 0.8-mm thickness. The simulation results show that the absorber has three distinctive absorption peaks located at frequencies of 8.1GHz, 10.7GHz and 14.2GHz with absorption rates of 0.91, 0.95 and 0.94 respectively. Due to the symmetrical structure, the designed absorber is polarization insensitive. In addition, it has excellent absorption rates over wide angles of incident waves.


The decayed in the traditional employment, gave rise to the emerge of entrepreneurs in both the urban and rural locations, this does not implies the feel day for entrepreneurs but is accompanied with several challenges, that vary from urban and rural. This review paper intend to analyzes the various challenges as it relates to environmental locations (urban and rural) and the way forwards, in an attempt to provide possible solution to the challenges of entrepreneurs, the challenges of entrepreneurs in an organizations can be utilizes to be an opportunities for entrepreneurs to explore for better benefit. Keywords: Urban, Rural and Entrepreneurship


Evaluation of pilot's workload during flight is a significant consideration for the safety of civil aviation. However, some errors may be brought in the measurement and the recording of objective parameters. Based on a multidimensional workload evaluation, the time delay of cardiac activity and its impacts on workload are analyzed. The results suggest that within a certain limit of error around 10s, varying from individual to individual, workload can keep the main information compared to the original workload. As the error increases, the workload may become unreliable. As a consequence, the time-delay error of cardiac activity should be controlled in a limited scale to ensure the validity and reliability of workload.


A simple and effective procedure was developed to modify chemically exfoliated MoS2 surfaces with a hydrophilic surfactant through electrostatic interaction. The modified ce-MoS2 colloidal solution shows ultra long-term stability, making it a storable solution ready for highly efficient organic solar cells.


Abstract Name : Rizaldy Hanifa Student No. : 1006102020104 Study Program : English Education Title : Descriptive Study on Students' Learning Strategies in Developing Speaking Ability at SMAN 3 Banda Aceh (A Descriptive Qualitative Research) Key words: learning strategies, speaking skill This study was a descriptive qualitative research about students' learning strategies applied in speaking. It was intended to figure out the learning strategies used by low and high speaking performance students in developing their speaking skill as well as differences between the learning strategies used by both learners. The reason for conducting this research was due to the fact that students' competency in speaking English was still unsatisfactory. The writer believed that one aspect that involved in the process of developing the skill was learning strategies used by the learners. In this study, the data was collected through field research by means of document, questionnaire, and interview. The result of this study indicated that high students had stability in using all learning strategies (memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social) for enhancing their speaking skill which could not be found in low students. Besides, high students employed more learning strategies consciously and appropriately compared to the low students. Based on the research result, it is suggested that students should be trained to be more aware of their own strategies. They should use the language learning strategies more consciously, appropriately, purposefully, and frequently to be successful in developing speaking skill.


Many computing problems can be described as a composition of two relations (or functions) linked by an intermediate data structure, such as a list or set. In the interests of separation of concerns and reuse of general techniques, it is often desirable to implement the two relations separately and combine their implementations. In the interests of ef-ciency, however, it is often desirable to eliminate the intermediate data structure from the implementation, and this is vital in cases where the intermediate structure is innnite. Various techniques have been developed for eliminating (or at least restricting) intermediate structures in functional and logic programs, including the use of special execution mechanisms (e.g. lazy evaluation and coroutining of goals) and fold/unfold transformations. In formal derivation of imperative programs it appears more common to consider both relations together from the outset, with consequent loss of separation of concerns and reusability of general derivations. In this paper, we show that intermediate data structures can be eliminated using data reenement. This allows separate relations in the speciication to be considered separately in deriving an algorithm, while still arriving at an eecient implementation. It is hoped that this will make it easier to reuse general derivation strategies. Abstract Many computing problems can be described as a composition of two relations (or functions) linked by an intermediate data structure, such as a list or set. In the interests of separation of concerns and reuse of general techniques, it is often desirable to implement the two relations separately and combine their implementations. In the interests of eeciency, however, it is often desirable to eliminate the intermediate data structure from the implementation, and this is vital in cases where the intermediate structure is innnite. Various techniques have been developed for eliminating (or at least restricting) intermediate structures in functional and logic programs, including the use of special execution mechanisms (e.g. lazy evaluation and coroutining of goals) and fold/unfold transformations. In formal derivation of imperative programs it appears more common to consider both relations together from the outset, with consequent loss of separation of concerns and reusability of general derivations. In this paper, we show that intermediate data structures can be eliminated using data reenement. This allows separate relations in the speciication to be considered separately in deriving an algorithm, while still arriving at an eecient implementation. It is hoped that this will make it easier to reuse general derivation strategies.


Purpose: This study aims to describe the experiences of parenting children with spinal muscular atrophy.Methods: Participants consisted of 11 parents of children diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy, more than 6 months prior to the study. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews and between 1 and 3 interviews were conducted per participant, between August and November 2021. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis was used to analyze collected data.Results: This study described that the experience of parenting children with spinal muscular atrophy was based on four major themes: "a difficult journey from diagnosis to acceptance," "changed life while parenting children," "comfort even in the difficult parenting," and "preparing for child's future happiness." Conclusion: There is a need to provide comprehensive information about child rearing problems experienced by parents of children with spinal muscular atrophy. It is also necessary to develop supportive healthcare and social-welfare interventions to support the needs of children and families with spinal muscular atrophy.


A hybrid of evolutionary programming (EP) and a deterministic optimization procedure applied to a series of nonlinear optimization problems has been proved to be useful when addressin heavily constrained optimization problems in terms of computational effi- ciency and solution accuracy. The hybrid El?, however, can be applied only if the mathematical form of the objec- tive function to be minimized maximized and its gradi- ent are known. To remove sucd restrictions, a two-phase evolutionary programming method is proposed in this paper. The first phase uses the standard EP, while the second phase uses the elitist EP with deterministic rank- ing strategy. Using La ran e multipliers and gradually putting emphasis on vioqatej constraints in the objective function whenever the best solution does not fulfill the constraints, the trial solutions are driven to the optimal point where all constraints are satisfied. The compar- isons among variants of two-phase EP indicate that the proposed two-phase EP achieves an exact solution with less computation time without reducing convergence sta- bility.


The editing and proof-reading quality of college journals is on the fall nowadays.On the basis of analyzing the reasons for such a phenomenon,this paper points out that the editors' professional quality and attitude are the two most important factors that decide the quality of college journals.Therefore,the editors should not only pay attention to the fall of quality,but they should also form an effective learning mechanism to improve their professional quality.Besides,an impartial implementation of the punishment-and-encouragement rule is necessary for it can help the editors to form a correct working attitude and constantly strive for the improvement of their performance.In this case,the quality of college journals can be substantially improved.


...................................................................................................................... Introduction:Who is responsible for the education of a child? Generally, it is taken for granted that the child's parent(s) bears the weight of the burden. But what if a parent doesn't have a child's best interest in mind? What if, as the child grows, their belief system and core values begin to differ from that of their parent? Is the parent still educating their child in the child's best interest? Is the parent now at fault for holding back the capabilities of their son or daughter? Limiting their growth and potential?


In this article, we show the ambiguous relationship between the Colombian state and civil organizations in an analysis that examines the motives, methods, and form in which women's organizations that have mobilized for peace in Colombia have benefited from the structure of political opportunities during the two-term government terms of democratic security (2002-2010). For this purpose, it was very important to follow the press and the means of information diffusion on the Web by the women's organizations, interviews with leaders, and what accompanied their actions over more than 10 years. The main conclusion drawn from this work is the identification of new methods of leadership that have structured activism around peace and human rights, thus contributing to the emergence of a new political actor and the transformation of the political culture of Colombia.


SUMMARY Process variation is becoming a primal concern in timing closure of LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) with the progress of process technology scaling. To overcome this problem, SSTA (Statistical Static Timing Analysis) has been intensively studied since it is expected to be one of the most efficient ways for performance estimation. In this paper, we study variation of output transition-time. We firstly clarify that the transition-time variation can not be expressed accurately by a conventional first-order sensitivity-based approach in the case that the input transition-time is slow and the output load is small. We secondly reveal quadratic dependence of the output transition-time to operating margin in voltage. We finally propose a procedure through which the estimation of output transition-time becomes continuously accurate in wide range of input transition-time and output load combinations.


Abstract This article posits that Translations in different types of interlingual transfer can be compared. This is demonstrated by an analysis of a speech given by the then American president Bill Clinton in Copenhagen in July 1997. This speech was (a) interpreted simultaneously, (b) subtitled for television, and (c) translated for newspapers. It therefore serves as a fine case study. The article first examines potentials and constraints in the three types of interlingual transfer represented, then the target texts are analysed, and finally they are compared and assessed in order to determine whether differences are due to limitations specific to one type of interlingual transfer or to choices and decisions made by individual interpreters, subtitlers or translators. It is concluded that comparisons can, in fact, be made.


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of adding allopurinol on top of standard therapy in non-hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure.Methods A total of 125 patients hospitalized from July 2008 to June 2009 were randomly divided into allopurinol group(allopurinol 300 mg/d on top of standard therapy,n=62) and control group(standard therapy,n=63) and followed 6 months.The changes in cardiac function,flow-mediated vasodilatation(FMD) of brachial artery,plasma inflammatory factors level,1iver and kidney function were observed.Results In allopurinol treated patients,FMD of brachial artery significantly increased after 3 months.NYHA stage significantly improved,plasma BNP,TNF-α levels and LVEDD decreased and LVEF significantly increased 6 months after treatment compared to control group(all P0.01).There were no significant differences in plasma uric acid levels between both groups.No event on liver and kidney dysfunction was noticed.Conclusions Allopurinol was effective and safe in non-hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure,it can significantly ameliorate left ventricular functions,reduce the levels of inflammatory factors,and may improve vascular endothelial function as well.


The invention discloses a technology for improving functional characteristics of mozzarella cheese. The technology is characterized in that different emulsifying salts are added into hot stretching water adopted in mozzarella cheese manufacturing processes so that improvement of functional characteristics of mozzarella cheese is realized. Results of tests show that compared with control groups, mozzarella cheese samples added respectively with three emulsifying salts all have improved fusing performances, wherein a fusing area of the mozzarella cheese sample added with sodium citrate is improved by 25.5%; a fusing performance of the mozzarella cheese sample added with sodium pyrophosphate is improved by 17.7%; and a fusing performance of the mozzarella cheese sample added with sodium polyphosphate is improved by 16.8%. The mozzarella cheese prepared by the technology has good functional characteristics and satisfies cheese quality requirements in commercial manufacture.


The evaluation of machine translation (MT) systems is an important and active research area. Many methods have been proposed to determine and optimize the output quality of MT systems. Because of the complexity of natural languages, it is not easy to find optimal evaluating methods. The early methods are based on human judgements. They are reliable but expensive, i.e. time-consuming and non-reusable. To reduce cost, (semi) automatic methods have been introduced. This survey presents the broad overview of the major state-of-the-art methods for both manual and automatic MT evaluation. Key words—Machine Translation, Human Evaluation, (Semi) Automatic Evaluation


The invention discloses a pressure-resistant anti-cracking water pipe which comprises a plastic water pipe body. A reinforcing metal net is arranged in the pipe wall of the plastic water pipe body. The plastic water pipe body is sleeved with a heat-preserving sleeve which is sleeved with a pressure-resistant protective sleeve, a plurality of reinforcing ribs are axially arranged on the outer ring of the plastic water pipe body, the inner wall of the heat-preserving sleeve is provided with positioning grooves corresponding to the reinforcing ribs, and the heat-preserving sleeve is a heat-preserving cotton sleeve or a foam plastic sleeve. In this way, the pressure-resistant anti-cracking water pipe is firm in structure, high in pressure resistance and good in heat-isolation and heat-preserving effect, reduces the problem of freezing cracking, and improves use stability.


Data aggregation may be considered as the technique through which streams of data gathered from Smart Meters (SMs) can be processed and transmitted to a Utility Control Center (UCC) in a reliable and cost-efficient manner without compromising the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In a typical Smart Grid (SG) paradigm, the UCC is usually located far away from the consumers (SMs), which has led to a degradation in network performance. Although the data aggregation technique has been recognized as a favorable solution to optimize the network performance of the SG, the underlying issue to date is to determine the optimal locations for the Data Aggregation Points (DAPs), where network coverage and full connectivity for all SMs deployed within the network are achieved. In addition, the main concern of the aggregation technique is to minimize transmission and computational costs. In this sense, the number of DAPs deployed should be as minimal as possible while satisfying the QoS requirements of the SG. This paper presents a Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) placement scheme based on the unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm with silhouette index method to determine the efficient number of DAPs required under different SM densities and find the best locations for the deployment of DAPs. Poisson Point Process (PPP) has been deployed to model the locations of the SMs. The simulation results presented in this paper indicate that the NAN placement scheme based on the ageless unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm not only improves the accuracy in determining the number of DAPs required and their locations but may also improve the network performance significantly in terms of network coverage and full connectivity.


Parametric weighted finite automata (PWFA) are a multidimensional variant of weighted finite automata (WFA). In contrast to WFA, one primarily considers the set of vectors computed by a PWFA and not the function it computes. In this paper we show that the membership, emptiness and equivalence problems for PWFA are recursively undecidable and that there is no algorithm that effectively minimizes a PWFA. We study the correlation between iterated function systems (IFS) and the class cPWFA of PWFA that are based on contraction mappings, where we show that it is decidable, if a PWFA belongs to cPWFA, that automata in cPWFA compute affine transformations of the attractors of certain IFS, that the set of sets computable by automata in cPWFA is effectively closed under arbitrary affine transformation and that any PWFA computing a non compact set cannot be a member of cPWFA. For PWFA with unary alphabet we proof that the set of sets computable is effectively closed under set union and that the membership problem for unary alphabet integer PWFA is decidable.


Adverse weather is currently among the crucial challenges facing agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. With climate change and variability increasing, rainy seasons are becoming more and more unpredictable. Heavy rainfalls and severe flooding have increased, affecting smallholder farming and rural livelihoods considerably. Using qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection, this study aimed at exploring climate change adaptation strategies in North-Western Rwanda, by assessing the role of smallholder farmers' perceptions on the vulnerability of their farming to changing rainfall patterns, while also analysing the factors influencing the adoption and use of weather forecast information in adaptation-decision-making. I used two different theoretical approaches to analyse the research questions: The ''Protection Motivation Theory'' to study how smallholder farmers' perceptions on the farming vulnerability to changing rainfall patterns shape coping mechanisms and adaptive strategies, and the ''Diffusion of Innovations'' theory to investigate the role of weather forecast information in adaption-decision making. Results indicated that a high level of awareness of climate threats, of the causes of climate change and coping measures, can be important drivers of the adaptation decisions that can contribute to a well-timed anticipation and preparedness against climate threats. The results also suggest that the adoption and use of weather forecast information in farm-decision making depend much on the accuracy and content of information, communication channels, farmers' digital literacy and forecast skills. The study recommends that the formulation of better adaptation strategies should base their interventions on farmers' perceptions and knowledge and integrate it with the weather forecast information.


To increase the energy and spectral efficiency in the field of communication, a new technique named Device to Device Communication (D2D) is proposed. This is very essential as there has been a massive growth in the number of connected devices now a days. D2D takes advantage of the physical proximity of communication devices and enables direct communications between them (i.e.) devices communicate with each other without the intermediate nodes. This proximity of devices helps in achieving extremely high bit rates, low delays, and low power consumption. Although there are many benefits of D2D, the implementation of it is very strenuous. There are a number of challenges need to be addressed before establishing a successful D2D connection. One among those is the clustering of devices. Clustering is the grouping of devices based on a particular criteria. In this paper, we first created nodes, found which devices are capable of forming a D2D link, divided them into clusters and then found the cluster head (CH) for each cluster. Finally we plotted graphs for throughput versus the threshold SNR and the distance between the links.


The existing deep CNN models on single image super-resolution processing are computationally-intensive in terms of memory usage and training time. In resources-limited platforms, it is desirable to consider developing light-weight models for super-resolution tasks. This paper proposes a parallel-group convolution, which uses 25% computation of the standard convolutions. With parallel-group convolutions, we develop an efficient light-weight convolutional neural network named MobileSR for super-resolution. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieves appreciable improvements over the state-of-the-art models with approximately 75% size reduction. The source code is available at https://github.com/DestinyK/MobileSR.


We consider initial value problems for differential equations of fractional order with uncertainty and present the theory and some numerical methods to solve such type of problems under generalized differentiability conditions. The main tool is Banach fixed point theorem. Also we study the numerical approximation of the solutions of a fuzzy fractional initial value problem by using product trapezoidal and product rectangle formulas; the convergence of the numerical scheme is analyzed rigorously. Finally some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applicability and usefulness of the obtained results.


This article explores the situation of non-native-English-speaking anthropologists in an increasingly globalizing and English-hegemonic academic world. I first discuss "the audit culture" and how it has shaped the contemporary academic world in terms of publication. I then examine the nature of academic knowledge in terms of the sciences and the humanities, and explore the differences between these different kinds of endeavors in terms of their production of global knowledge. I then consider anthropology in particular, and look at the nature and politics of language usage within the discipline. Finally, I examine the strategies that anthropologists in nonEnglish-language societies use in order to convey their findings outside the reach of "the audit culture," and consider the implications of this for anthropology at large in a new era of globalization. Can Anglo-American hegemony be ended? Certainly not at the low point of the present, but perhaps this day is coming. In this article, I examine how non-native-English-speaking anthropologists find ways to avoid the hegemony of English, to present their work in their own languages and to their own audiences. Across the globe, English has become the This article is based on a paper presented at the Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) Biennial Conference 2012, New Delhi, 4 April 2012.


The next two articles stress the importance of effective government structures to support children. Here, Lisa Payne considers some of the strategies used to make children 'visible in government'. Her discussion of child impact analysis as an evaluative tool has as much relevance to policy makers at school level as it has for those at local and national government. The article ends with an analysis of the recently formed Connexions service.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of what the author believes to be his major contributions to the field of Educational Administration.Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken is a personal review and reflection based on research. For purposes of structuring the article three themes have been selected – complexity, development, and being close to and providing an empirical base for policy and practice. In addition, three areas are discussed that the author regrets having not taken further – the relationship between a school and its system from the school's perspective, the role of quality evidence, particularly the provision of valid and reliable surveys for use by practitioners, and public attitudes to education, including re‐examining the purposes of schools and their enactment.Findings – The studies reviewed stress the importance of the interrelationship between the individual, organisational and contextual in effective teaching of educational administration, organis...


Background: Breast cancer can metastasize to pelvic organs, including ovaries. However, there are a limited number of reported metastases to the uterus and cervix. Case report: A 52-year-old white female with a history of invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma presented with an 18-month history of intermittent vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. On cervical biopsy, she was found to have metastatic adenocarcinoma, consistent with breast cancer. Because of persistent bleeding and pelvic pain, the patient elected to undergo a palliative total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Pathologic examination revealed metastatic infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma involving the entire cervix, uterus, both tubes and ovaries. There was no evidence of disease elsewhere. The serosa did not show any involvement of cancer. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and she achieved palliation of her symptoms. Sixteen months after her surgery, however, the patient succumbed to recurrent br...


Subdural empyema is a surgical emergency progressing to death if untreated. I Most cases are secondary to otorhinologic infection. Prognosis is directly related to the promptness of diagnosis and appropriate surgical drainage.I Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be superior to computed tomography (CT) in detection of subdural empyemas.l A case of subdural empyema is presented in which an initial CT scan showed nonspecific findings, while MRI accurately detected the subdural collection. This emphasizes the need for MRI if subdural empyema is of clinical concern.


Working capital is considered to be life-giving force to an economic entity and managing working capital one of the most important functions of corporate management. Working capital management (WCM) is the management of short-term financing requirements of a firm which includes maintaining optimum balance of working capital components – receivables, inventory and payables – and using the cash efficiently for day-to-day operations. The main objectives of this study are to examine and evaluate the working capital management in ACC Limited, examine the management pattern of inventory, liquidity, cash position and receivables management. This also finds the relationship between Working Capital Efficiency and Profitability, Profitability and Market ratios. AREA OF STUDY – FINANCE Working capital analysis is one of the most powerful tools of financial analysis. It is used as a device to analyze and interpret the financial health of enterprise. A study of working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis, because of its close relationship with the current day to day operation of a business. The analysis of working capital consists of a study of relationship and tends to determine whether or not the firms liquidity position was good to meet day – to –day obligation of a business. The statement of changes in working capital for the year ended 2009 -2013.


As one of the main topics,appealing to idealism appears in pioneer's author Canxue's writings again and again.This text uses the theory of narrative syntax educed by Todorov to analyse her work "The trinity".It tries to unscramble the explanation of quest's states in the work,then dissects the complex coexistence and the inner belligerence of these states with Freud's personality structure theory.


The asset management industry is one of the essential sources of economic growth
in a country since it functions as an intermediary between savings and investments.
The asset management industry is also important for financial markets to ensure new
funds and it helps investors to achieve their investment goals. Therefore, the aim of
this study is to analyze the fund management industry in an emerging market. In this
book, we first reviewed the fund performance measurement ratios and then evaluated
these performance measures of mutual and pension funds in Turkey between
2010 and 2019 to determine whether the funds generate alphas (excess returns). The
risk-adjusted performance measures (Sharpe, Treynor, Information, Jensen's alpha,
Sortino, and Omega ratios) were calculated to see if the funds generated excess
risk-adjusted returns during the analyzed period.


The equilibrium geometry and electronic band structure of a planar array of carbon nanotubes are studied with the use of the Quantum Espresso code - a plane-wave realisation of the density functional theory (DFT). The many-electron correlations and van der Waals corrections are taken into account. The optimal distance between nanotubes in the array corresponding to the minimum of the total energy of the system is found. A strongly anisotropic hyperbolic dispersion is demonstrated for low-energy charge carriers in an array of quasi-metallic (15,0) carbon nanotubes with the optimal inter-tube separation governed by van der Waals forces.


The Context of "Beyond It Was Great" Before moving to the main body of this critique, it is important to understand the "Beyond It Was Great" message in the broader context of the history of the field of study abroad. For much of its history, people in the field of study abroad have been primarily concerned with program management issues such as staffing, coordination, and leadership. Concerns about students were primarily related to recruiting, arranging activities, and ensuring their safety. Relatively little attention was given to learning outcomes related to academic knowledge, language skills, and intercultural competence. (See Twombly et al. (2012) and Lewin (2009) for more detailed descriptions of the history of study abroad).


Interchange instability is investigated as a plausible mechanism to drive turbulence in the tokamak scrape-off-layer. By averaging density and electrostatic potential fluid equations along field lines, a reduced two dimensional model is obtained. Similarly to Rayleigh-Benard convection, interchange instability shows a instability threshold and presents localised modes (with a simple geometry and boundary conditions). The nonlinear, turbulent, behaviour of the model is investigated using numerical simulations. Preliminary results show a self-organization of the flow in coherent structures with a departure from gaussian statistics.


The semiconducting alloy Cd<inf>x</inf>Hg<inf>1-x</inf>Te has a great importance in infrared technology because its band gap is variable with x making Cd<inf>x</inf>Hg<inf>1-x</inf>Te suitable as an intrinsic detector for most of the infrared spectrum. However these alloys are difficult to prepare to a detector specification by either bulk or epitaxial techniques. So MBE technique that we have successfully carried out in 1981 for this material seems not promising for device applications. Cd<inf>x</inf>Hg<inf>1-x</inf>Te n-type or p-type layers can be grown by MBE with low carrier concentration and Hall mobilities close to the highest values reported for this material. The first Photovoltaic device was fabricated and tested on a p-type film (carrier concentration :<tex>2 \times 10^{15}</tex>cm-3- hole mobility - 660 cm2v-1s-1at 77 K) ; the results will be presented.


No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without written permission of the author and the publisher holding the copyright of the published articles. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Prologue 1 General introduction and thesis outline 11 Part I 2 Tissue engineering of the bladder: reality or myth? – a systematic review 27 3 Tissue engineering in animal models for urinary diversion: a systematic review 43 Part II 4 Novel tubular constructs for urinary diversion: a biocompatibility study in pigs 65 6 Design of an artificial urostomy: the impact of sterilization on tissue remodeling 103 In preparation Epilogue 7 Summary & discussion, conclusions, future perspectives 124 Samenvatting & discussie, conclusies, toekomstige ontwikkelingen 131 8 Dankwoord List of publications RIMLS Portfolio Curriculum Vitae 142 146 148 150 9 PROLOGUE 11 1 CHAPTER 1 General introduction and thesis outline CHAPTER 1 12 URINARY DIVERSION Acquired bladder pathologies The urinary system can be subject to different pathologies affecting the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and/or the urethra. Pathologies related to the urinary bladder are most common, such as intersititial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, severe trauma, neuropathic diseases or bladder cancer [1-3]. Urothelial bladder cancer is the main cause of bladder-associated morbidity. Worldwide, it is the 7 th most common cancer in men and the 17 th most common cancer in women, with approximately 180.000 new diagnoses each year [4]. With tobacco use as main cause for bladder cancer it is expected that the burden of bladder cancer will even increase. This is the consequence of global changes in tobacco use, which is now shifting to developing countries [5]. In case of a single and small, but muscle-invasive bladder tumor it may be possible to treat patients by removing only a part of the urinary bladder (partial cystectomy). Nevertheless, in approximately 20% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, a complete removal of the urinary bladder (radical cystectomy) is required [6]. The subsequent challenge for surgeons lies in the reconstruction of an appropriate urinary diversion with gastrointestinal tissue (GIT) to allow urinary drainage in these patients [7, 8]. Congenital bladder pathologies Next to acquired disorders, patients may suffer from congenital bladder abnormalities. In patients with …


A rational way to treat and disposal sewage sludge is to use it as a substrate for biogas production in the anaerobic digestion process, doing so can lead to an improvement in the energy efficiency of the entire wastewater treatment plant, and even enable it to become energy self-sufficient. The article analyses the amount of energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants, the course of the biogas production process and examples of wastewater treatment plants that are close to becoming, or have managed to become, "ecologically sustainable" facilities thanks to the production of green energy.


In this work, we present a plasmonic near infrared light photodetector for the detection of 980 nm illumination. The plasmonic photodetector is fabricated by modifying single layer graphene (SLG)/InP Schottky junction diode with SiO2 encapsulated gold nanorods (SiO2@AuNR), which can confine the incident NIR light by inducing obvious localized surface plasmon resonance, according to theoretical simulation based on finite element method. This study shows that after decoration with plasmonic SiO2@AuNR, the device performance in terms of photocurrent and responsivity is considerably enhanced. In addition, the device exhibited a very fast respose rate which is able to monitor switching optical signals with a frequency as high as 1 MHz, suggesting a potential application for sensing high‐frequency optical signals. This study manifests that the present plasmonic NIR photodetector will have great potential in future optoelectronic devices application.


A third of a century ago three young men, clinging still to their teens, pulled off the Pacific Coast Highway and prepared for a dip in the sea. The sky was hazy, the beach at La Jolla near deserted. Down below the broken waves sizzled and hissed. The Pumpkin and the Duck settled on the sand, while the Penguin—a dour fellow, worried and formal— waddled stiffly by the surf. Duck: "Why the delay? What's the point? No one's going swimming today." Pumpkin: "Who said anything about swimming? The delay is the point." "Whaf s that supposed to mean? The whole idea is to have fun in Tijuana." "Fun?" echoed the Pumpkin. "Not fun: sex!" "So?"


Following an introduction to some of the issues facing biobanks and their relationship to accessing various materials, an example of the work done by one recently visited biobank site is described. The types of material held in a sample of biobanks in different jurisdictions are discussed, along with proposals for further research in the area. The focus of this research has been on biobanks that have non-human biological resources rather than purely human biobanks. Intellectual property, material transfer agreements and accessibility are discussed.


SIV model indicates that upon traversing the cervicovaginal mucosa, SIV/SIV‐infected cells migrate to regional lymph nodes where active replication occurs prior to systemic virus dissemination. The purpose of the study is to develop a model to study early HIV‐1 transmission events that occur after crossing the cervical mucosa into regional lymph nodes.


The purpose of this research is to help us understand and examine the process of allocating Cash Direct Assistance from village funds, maps of social conflicts and mitigation efforts against conflicts that occur in Seumadam village, Vocational Muda District. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. The results showed that the data collection process, determination, method and mechanism for distributing BLT-DD Kampung Seumadam had been carried out in accordance with existing regulations. Social conflicts caused by the distribution of BLT-Dana Desa Seumadam Village occurred vertically and horizontally. vertical conflicts occur between the Village Government and the community, while horizontal conflicts occur between the Seumadam village community itself. The causes of the conflict occurred, among others, due to the absorption of community aspirations that had not been maximized in the distribution of BLT-Village Funds and the absence of socialization carried out by the village government regarding the process or mechanism for distributing BLT-Village Funds. Mitigation efforts against conflicts that occur are carried out through a process of deliberation and socialization of the assistance program carried out by the village.


Synthesis of the terminally disubstituted rigid rod molecules, [n]staffane-3,3 (n-1) -dithiols, n = 1-4, and their singly functionalized derivatives carrying and acetyl or a pentaammineruthenium(II), [Ru(NH 3 ) 5 ] 2+ , substituent is described. Self-assembled monolayers of the neat [n]staffane derivatives and of their mixtures with n-alkyl thiols were prepared on polycrystalline gold electrodes


In this paper, we describe an Adaptive Patch Projection scheme that can accelerate the orthorectification for satellite images without losing accuracy. The proposed scheme is comprised of two major components: (a) orbit modeling, and (b) image orthorectification. In orbit modeling, we provide a collocation procedure to determine the precise orbits. In image orthorectification, the area of interest is sequentially subdivided into four quadrate tiles until a specified threshold for terrain variations is met. The threshold of maximum terrain variation in a tile will be optimized according to the computational efficiency and the accuracy requirements. Once the ground tiles are determined, we perform adaptive patch projection to the corresponding image pixels. Test images from SPOTS Supermode and QuickBird satellites are included. The experimental results show that this algorithm can minimize the orthorectification computation time, while the modeling error is insignificant.


The objective of this work was the preparation of nanoparticles for intratumoral administration.Important characteristic was dual functionality of these nanoparticles that they can be used for diagnosis andtherapy so the resulting nanoparticles will serve as theranostic agents. For this purpose iron oxide was chosen asa contrast agent to be used in Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of cancerous cells. Iron oxidenanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared in aqueous and organic medium. A multiple emulsion evaporation methodwas designed for the encapsulation of active ingredient (hydrophilic drug i-e Stilbene) and the IONPs. All theparameters affecting the colloidal properties final hybrid particles were studied and characterization was done forfinal particles. Then prepared particles were evaluated for in vitro MRI and also compared with commerciallyavailable products such as gadolinium (Gd). At same time, the minimum detectable quantity of iron oxide in vivowas determined using a commercialized iron oxide emulsion on rat models. Finally an anticancer agent wasencapsulated with IONPs using same multiple emulsion method and characterization was done.


In this research paper the role and impact of remittances on the economic growth of Kosovo in the recent years (2008 - 2013) through remittances, inflation rate, real effective exchange rate (REER) as independent variables and economic growth as depend variable is analyzed. The secondary data are used which are taken from international and domestic institutions which are analyzed through STATA software (an econometric and statistical program). The reason for writing is that in 2013 the total value of remittances in Kosovo was 620.8 million € and in 2011 Kosovo was among the top 10 countries with the highest level of remittances. The main arguments used in this research paper are: how do remittances affect in overall the economy? What is the impact of remittances on businesses? How do we use it for family consumption? In the research methodology are used secondary data and all of them are analyzed by STATA software which helps in calculation of OLS method of regression, descriptive statistic and correlation matrix. Also this paper research findings show us that if we refer to the result of variables that are included in the paper though OLS methods, the remittances (β1= - 0.017) and the exchange rate (β3= - 0.322) have negative impact and nonsignificant (T 2) effect on economic growth and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 84% then the coefficient of Durbin Watson Statistic (DW) is 2.11, it means there is no autocorrelation.


The value of international human rights law lies in whether and to what extent it is implemented into domestic law. Australia has ratified most of the major UN human rights treaties, and is accountable to the international community for implementation of its treaty obligations.


This article is designed to address definitional and conceptual difficulties associated with the understanding of family abductions. A typology of family abduction events is proposed that (a) will contribute to a clearer and more unified definition of the phenomenon itself; (b) reflects and accommodates the full continuum of events—indeed, allows for the view of family abductions as a continuum, varying in degrees of seriousness yet with underlying commonalities; (c) is based on characteristics of the event itself and not of the participants in the event or of its outcomes; and (d) is useful in predicting variations in characteristics of events.


There has been increasing interest in recent years in the decriminalization of victimless crime, where the only tangible harm done is to the offender.' An area where this movement has been intense and relatively successful is in decriminalization of public drunkenness.2 Through formal judicial3 and/or legislative" action and informal diversionary strategies,' the criminal offense is being eliminated in favor of therapeutic alternatives: public drunkenness is defined in terms of a sickness requiring treatment rather than as a crime necessitating punishment.6


In feed production processes, factories usually produce different mixtures within the same production line. Consequently, remainders of the first-produced feed can stay in the system and be mixed with the following feed charge. This type of transfer (carry-over) is unavoidable in the production systems currently used, and thus, non-medicated feed can be contaminated with veterinary drugs present in a previously manufactured charge of medicated feed. The carry-over of veterinary medicinal products is associated with the risk of residues remaining in the tissues of treated animals at the time of slaughter and poses a health hazard to consumers. Producing safe feed and food products is, first and foremost, a question of good management practices at each stage of the feed and food chain, from primary production to final processing. Primary responsibility for feed safety rests with the feed business operator, who must ensure that all stages of production, processing and distribution under their control are carried out in accordance with relevant legislation, good manufacturing practice and principles contained in the HACCP system. Concrete steps for feed manufacturers to prevent drug carry-over are using one or more approved cleanout procedures of manufacturing equipment, such as cleaning, flushing or sequencing.


Australia's automotive industry has throughout the 1990s embarked on a sustained programme to improve product quality, productivity and quality of work life through the development of a more flexible and team-based work-force. This paper examines the results of these efforts through a study of Australia's four car makers and their largest component suppliers. The paper examines the role of union-management cooperation in implementing work teams, identifies the forms of work teams that have been developed as well as evidence for the alignment of organization capabilities to support team-based work. The effects of work teams on organizational performance and quality of work life are also examined. Implications are discussed.


Blocking the 2‐C‐methyl‐d‐erythrithol‐4‐phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis offers new ways to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium spp. Fosmidomycin [(3‐(N‐hydroxyformamido)propyl)phosphonic acid, 1] and its acetyl homologue FR‐900098 [(3‐(N‐hydroxyacetamido)propyl)phosphonic acid, 2] potently inhibit 1‐deoxy‐d‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr), a key enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway. Arylpropyl substituents were introduced at the β‐position of the hydroxamate analogue of 2 to study changes in lipophilicity, as well as electronic and steric properties. The potency of several new compounds on the P. falciparum enzyme approaches that of 1 and 2. Activities against the enzyme and parasite correlate well, supporting the mode of action. Seven X‐ray structures show that all of the new arylpropyl substituents displace a key tryptophan residue of the active‐site flap, which had made favorable interactions with 1 and 2. Plasticity of the flap allows substituents to be accommodated in many ways; in most cases, the flap is largely disordered. Compounds can be separated into two classes based on whether the substituent on the aromatic ring is at the meta or para position. Generally, meta‐substituted compounds are better inhibitors, and in both classes, smaller size is linked to better potency.


We demonstrate the growth of indium nitride (InN) nanorods on sapphire by chemical-beam epitaxy without a catalyst. The nanorods are synthesized nearly unidirectionally along the ⟨001⟩ direction and the diameters varied in the range of 20–40nm with In∕N flow ratio. Single-crystalline wurtzite structure is verified by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Raman measurements show that these wurtzite InN nanorods have sharp peaks E2 (high) at 491cm−1 and A1 (LO) at 593cm−1.