: Here in the present research work we have developed newer method for the synthesis of curcumin C. Barium Hydroxide was found to be an effective and mild base synthesis of curcumin and its derivatives obtained by reaction of one equivalent of acetyl acetone with two equivalent of corresponding aromatic aldehyde in microwave. The current scheme offers various benefits such as high yield, less time, and environmentally friendly.


After the periods of the Republic, in order to increase investment and employment and to minimize regional development disparities, incentives systems have been applied. Until 1980, supporting incentives was applied for integrating into foreign markets. While it was given importance to liberalized foreign trade practices through the Economic Decisions of 24 Jan 1980, policies of minimizing regional disparities was adopted during 1990s. It was oriented to production of high-tech products with high return through revising the incentive system in 2000. Applying the incentive system in 2009, the range of incentive system started by dividing the conuntry into four investment regions. New incentive sytem introduced in 2012 has been the largest and most comprehensive incentive system due to its many distinctions. In this study, all investment incentive systems in Turkey are examined and applications in other countries are described. The study concludes with a general evaluation and recommendations


Objective:To compare smashing and reflux extraction of total amino acid in Periplaneta americana.Method: With extraction rate of total amino acid as index,which was determined by UV-vis,effect of smashing and reflux extraction on total amino acid in P.americana was investigated.Result: The content of total amino acid in P.americana of smashing extraction was basically the same with reflux extraction.Conclusion: Smashing extraction method for total amino acid in P.americana could save time,working and energy,it should be widely used in extraction of animal medicine.


With the development of electric network, fault Critical Clearing Time (CCT) becomes shorter and shorter. Breaker failure influence to system stability more and more deeply. The main factors of fault clearing time includes protection releasing time, inherent breaker opening time, arc extinction time, current element returning time. Distribution and maximum of each component are analysed. Setting and logic optimization of breaker failure protection is submitted. Optimized setting had been used in some key station in CSG.


This chapter will use A Propos de Nice, filmed by Jean Vigo and Boris Kaufman in February and March 1930, as a case study to illustrate how city films created segmented views of quotidian urban life in both form and content. In terms of form, short clips are juxtaposed in a rapid montage to form a segmented portrait of the city. In terms of content, the segments in Vigo's film, and the city film genre as a whole, are full of everyday events such as drinking coffee, washing clothes, sunbathing, and playing boules. The portrait of Nice that emerges within the film, then, is one of quotidian segmentation. This chapter will conduct a visual analysis of the film as it progresses, situating it within the history of Nice, cinematic conceptions of the city prior to its production, the city film genre, and the French avant-garde.


This paper presents the numerical algorithm for calculating the minimax estimator of a binomial probability with entropy loss function. We use this algorithm to tabulate minimax estimator for η from 2 to 50. In the second part of the paper, this minimax estimator is statistically compared with other known estimators of a binomial probability by Monte Carlo simulation.


Correspondence Poul Houman Andersen, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management and Aalborg University Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Email: email@example.com Abstract This paper explores the development of strategies by multinational corporations (MNCs) for serving markets at the base of the economic pyramid (BoP). MNCs play an important role in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations (UN), as they are responsible for one-third of the total economic output and the majority of world trade. However, little is known about how MNCs contribute to meeting the UN SDGs. Through an in-depth analysis of how Grundfos, a Danish MNC and a leading supplier of pumps, developed a solution for supplying fresh potable water to rural villages in Kenya, we investigate some challenges MNCs face and demonstrate the importance of intimate engagement with the context of strategic action. Tackling sustainable development issues in the context of BoP markets represents a distinctive challenge to MNCs, which often do not have a good understanding of BoP environments. Drawing on contrasting ideas of strategy as navigation or wayfaring, we highlight the dangers of trying to impose existing strategies and business practices in market contexts, which are fundamentally different from existing ones. We add to the existing research by exploring how such frameworks interact with strategizing processes in a novel environment for the operating firm. Specifically, we explore the interrelatedness between planned and emergent approaches to strategizing in BoP market environments.


Water quality is a critical factor in fish farming. Optimal water quality varies by species and must be monitored to ensure fish growth and survival. In the present study, the effects of zeolite on the water quality and growth performance of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) were investigated. The study was conducted in an aquarium with capacity of 30 liter of water and 20 tilapia fry. Zeolite was place inside a net bag with amount of 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 g/L added into the water and carried out in 60 days. The obtained result showed that ammonia, nitrite, and nitrite levels were significantly reduced in treated water compared with control. The lowest ammonia levels recorded in 15 g/L treatment of zeolite, consistent with nitrite and nitrate. However for total phosphorus and organic phosphorus (orthophosphates), the lowest concentration obtained was from addition of 10 g/L of zeolite. At the end of study, the average body weights of fish in control (0 g/L), 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 15 g/L and 20 g/L zeolite were 20.9±4.2g, 21.5±2.6g, 22.3±1.7g, 22.6±2.1g and 27.7±2.8g respectively. On the other hand, average total lengths were 9.5±1.7cm, 9.6±1.7 cm, 9.9±1.9 cm, 10.0± 1.8 cm and 10.9±1.9 cm. Thus, the addition of zeolite is significant for the improvement of water quality and growth performance of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus).


Key Points Question Are different combinations of lifestyle factors associated with years lived without chronic diseases? Findings In a multicohort study of 116 043 participants, a statistically significant association between overall healthy lifestyle score and an increased number of disease-free life-years was noted. Of 16 different lifestyle profiles studied, the 4 that were associated with the greatest disease-free life years included body mass index lower than 25 and at least 2 of 3 factors: never smoking, physical activity, and moderate alcohol consumption. Meaning Various healthy lifestyle profiles appear to be associated with extended gains in life lived without type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and cancer.


Hydrogen bonds play a key role in the stabilization of protein and nucleic acid secondary structure. Currently, most of the experimental evidence for the interaction of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms is indirect. Here we show that scalar couplings across the hydrogen bond are observable for Watson−Crick base pairs in 15N-labeled RNA. These scalar couplings correlate the imino donor 15N nucleus and the corresponding acceptor 15N nucleus on the complementary base. The two-bond JNN couplings between the N3 of uridine and the N1 of adenosine, and between the N1 of guanosine and the N3 of cytidine, have values of approximately 7 Hz as determined by a novel quantitative J-correlation experiment for the 69-nucleotide T1 domain of the potato spindle tuber viroid. In contrast, for non-Watson−Crick base pairs the hydrogen bond acceptor is usually not a nitrogen, but an oxygen atom, and thus, the two-bond JNN couplings are not observed.


The object of the study is the phenomenon of Japanese nationalism in foreign historiography of the 1990-2010's. The subject of the study are the factors that historically formed the concept of Japanese nationalism and its modern perception by researchers. The Japanese political model and its components, including nationalism, are often subject to biased interpretation. Western approaches to Japanese nationalism almost always boil down to the fact that Japanese individualism is considered not as a kind of individualism, but as nationalism. The author examines the works of nationalism researchers who have used various methods and approaches to the analysis of this topic in order to compare the main models of nationalism in Japan and Western states. The author uses problem-chronological and comparative research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the author's comparison and study of the concepts of national identity and nationalism used in Japan by political elites to solve the problem of consolidating power, establishing state control over all aspects of the life of Japanese society, as well as combating external threats. The study of a country with a non-Western political culture demonstrates that if in Western approaches "nationalism" is usually defined as a phenomenon, a sense of solidarity arising from a common historical experience, then nationalism in the Japanese sense is an ideological mixture of militaristic, industrial and reformist aspects of the national idea and contains many complex factors. In addition to Japanese researchers, the author also studied the works of Russian and Western researchers.


This handbook offers guidelines for collecting day to day statistics in a large family planning program. It assumes that the program is directed to a large general population and is designed to provide safe and effective contraceptive methods to couples who wish to postpone pregnancy or to limit the number of their children. "Service statistics" refers primarily to information that is generated by program personnel in the day to day execution of their responsibilities. Service statistics for a family planning program will include such data as number and characteristics of clients frequency of various types of service provided program personnel records supply levels and costs for different phases of the program. A large program cannot be administered without the maintenance of records and statistics of this kind. Administrators will need to know personnel shortages for example and family planning workers will need to know which clients are new which ones have been previously serviced in what ways and which kinds of potential clients are most resistant to the program. (excerpt)


The disadvantages of the investment in China are in the investment system, investment process and investment management.To change the situation,trades monopoly must be broken and the standard investment decision-making subjects and a complete investment macro-control system must be established.


A high performance liquid chromatographic method involving postcolumn photochemical reaction and fluorometric detection has been developed for the determination of kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid was separated on a reversed phase column with a mobile phase containing hydrogen peroxide and irradiated by ultraviolet light to give fluorescence. The method allows the determination of kynurenic acid in human serum at concentrations as Iow as 0.05 pmol/100μl.


This paper analyses the compulsory modulation of the amounts of fines imposed respectively on private individuals and legal entities for the same acts, as established in art. 31 ter 1 of the Penal Code (after the reorganisation resulting from the reform of 2015). This obligation becomes particularly significant given the pre-eminence of the fine as the only penalty of mandatory imposition for legal entities. It also calls into question the supposed independence of the criminal liability of the legal entity compared to that imposed on the private individual. Without forgetting that it poses numerous interpretive problems subject to intense doctrinal discussions, which are presented in this paper, adopting a reasoned approach to the matter.


A one-step-ahead adaptive controller for nonlinear systems using the back-propagation network is presented. At each point of time, the nonlinear relationship between the output and the latest control input of the system is replaced by its first-order approximation. In other words, the nonlinearity is considered to be linear time-varying at each sampling interval, and consequently, one-step-ahead adaptive control can be applied to the nonlinear system considered.


Kidney transplantation largely restores defective exocrine and endocrine renal function in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This in turn is expected to lead to a progressive correction of established renal bone disease. This widely held assumption, however, lacks convincing evidence from experimental and clinical data published thus far. A major obstacle to the investigation of renal osteodystrophy in transplant recipients has been its unpredictable evolution under the multiple biochemical and hormonal influences that regulate mineral metabolism and bone turnover independently. The clinical and histological features of the pre-existing uraemic bone disease at the time of kidney transplantation are highly variable. Moreover, its course after transplantation depends on persisting abnormalities such as hypercalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia as well as on the type, dose and duration of immunosuppressive medications that are needed to minimize allograft rejection. These factors operate additively and their effects are often difficult to dissociate from the already existing osteopathy. The existence and type of post-transplant bone disease may not be recognized correctly and appropriate therapy may not be started in time. Although glucocorticoid therapy represents a pathogenetic key factor other immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine and rapamycin clearly contribute to its prevalence and expression through their pleiotropic pharmacological effects. These drugs have been shown to increase overall bone turnover anduor to stimulate loss of bone mass independently. Based on currently available data, only mycophenolate mofetil appears to have a neutral effect in this regard [1]. Only a limited number of reports dealt with this problem in the past. There is an obvious need for welldesigned prospective studies with sufficient patient numbers to determine the relative importance of the numerous factors involved in the perturbed bone remodelling following kidney transplantation. Furthermore, a consensus-based classification of the various types of renal allograft-associated osteopathy, including clinical, radiological and histomorphological criteria, might lead to a more reliable basis for experimental research into this particular disease and facilitate the comparison between studies. When working up a patient for symptoms and signs of renal transplant-associated bone disease, clinical data for an effective evaluation and treatment of this condition are often lacking. A longitudinal analysis of the disease process would undoubtedly allow a more precise diagnosis and a more appropriate care of post-transplant bone disease. In many cases, follow-up data from the time of transplantation or before are unavailable or inaccessible. Radiographic examinations of the thoracic and lumbar spine with a bone densitometry of the femoral neck or other sites, and an iliac crest biopsy with a histomorphometric analysis in at last some patients should be ideally obtained before a diagnosis is made and a treatment is initiated. Several main osteological complications of kidney transplantation will be reviewed in the following, as summarized in Table 1.


To provide a planar heating element using a ceramic glass. In A power constitutes a planar heating element which generates heat is supplied, a support layer formed of ceramic glass, Ag powder 10 to 50 wt%, Ag-Pd-based powder 2 to 30 wt%, glass frit (glass frit) 10 to 25 wt%, the reclamation is exothermic paste with an organic binder and a solvent is printed on the upper surface of the support layer dried, formed by firing, predetermined power is exothermic supplied heating a layer, 70% by weight is 60 to glass frit in the range from 500 ° C. with no transition point 370, the insulating paste is reclamation by an organic binder and a solvent is applied to the upper surface of the heat generating layer dried, formed by firing, the providing a planar heating element using a ceramic glass insulating heating layer to be formed to prevent oxidation and an insulating layer. It has excellent adhesive strength to glass substrate, and since it is possible heating to the target temperature in a short time, can be usefully employed as a screen printing forming method in the field of various electric and electronic products.


The simulation of rarefied gas flow in hypersonic aerodynamics is important for the design of space and re-entry vehicles. Computer simulations can provide the necessary aerodynamic data at less cost and for cases where experiments are difficult to conduct. Therefore, there is a constant effort to develop newer numerical methods and to improve the existing ones based on appropriate physical modeling, so as to make the computer simulations closer to reality. CFD methods are preferred for rarefied flows in the continuum and slip flow regime. The range 0.001 ≤ Kn ≤ 0.01 is called the slip regime, where the no-slip conditions are no longer applicable. The no-slip boundary conditions are replaced in this regime with slip velocity and temperature-jump boundary conditions.


. In the Karo society the gendang performances at a the marriage ceremony is very important. So important that there is no more marriage ceremony without it. Observation and analysis show that legalized marriages is not with the gendang performances, but are very important to support on the three parts of a series of events at the marriage ceremony. First, accompanying sukut or people who perform the ceremony to enter the ceremony place with their kinsfolk both the groom's family and the bride's family. Second, to accompany the bride and groom to dance and sing alternately. Third, accompanying sukut with their kinsfolk dancing together while delivering speech acts, both the groom's family and the bride's family. The most important functions of gendang performance are: i) as one of the norms in a marriage ceremony, ii) as a physical reaction, iii) as a customary communication, and iv) as community integration.


Harvested fruits and vegetables require adequate and advanced postharvest processing technologies for minimizing the qualitative as well as quantitative losses after harvesting. Nearly 40% fruits and vegetables are wasted every year due to improper handling, storage, packaging, and transportation. Wastage of fruits and vegetables in huge amount due to un-implementation of advance postharvest technological approaches also reduces the per capita availability of fruits and vegetables. Intensive emphasis is required to develop the advance postharvest technologies for improving the global food security by enriching the economy of agricultural produce of the world with minimal losses of consumable fruits and vegetables. The present article discusses the common yet important postharvest technologies to maintain the quality of fruits and vegetables.


occurred immediately preceding and for several weeks after President Carter's December 15, 1978, announcement was rudely disconcerting. This essay discusses the factors which led to the announcement, and some developments in Taiwan since mid-December. Events since recognition suggest that the pre-normalization ambiguity was a relevant variable in avoiding at least some dangerous international situations in East Asia. If not two Chinas, then one China divisible or one China two governments provided an equilibrium which many argue should have been changed only when there were benefits to be gained in terms of American interests or international stability. One must assume that Peking's interests in formalizing its American relations were dominated by Chinese competition with the USSR. If this was the case, its strategy existed largely separate from the Taiwan question. One consideration Peking and Washington chose to ignore was the manner in which normalization and the Taiwan question were to be handled. This appeared to exemplify a sharply diminished American commitment to a steadfast ally, thereby reducing American credibility in Asia and throughout the world. The PRC achieved the maximum take and the minimum give. Normalization showed the PRC's diplomatic toughness and shrewdness. This was even more important than a further slippage of American prestige. Peking's commitment to normalization quickened after the Sino-


Based on the mathematical model analysis of the three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier under abc reference frame and dq reference frame in this paper, a kind of three-phase voltage source PWM rectifier feed-forward decoupling control strategy is proposed. Dynamic response of DC bus voltage for PWM rectifier is very important, because higher response means little DC bus capacitor. An adaptive PI controller for the DC bus voltage was designed in this paper in order to improve the dynamic response. The experimental results indicate that this control method has good steady-state performance and fast dynamic response. For the reason of its simple, this control method has certain practical value.


It is common to obtain the topography of tidal flats by the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, but this method is not applicable in tidal creeks. The residual water will lead to inaccurate depth inversion results, and the topography of tidal creeks mainly depends on manual survey. The present study took the tidal creek of Chuandong port in Jiangsu Province, China, as the research area and used UAV oblique photogrammetry to reconstruct the topography of the exposed part above the water after the ebb tide. It also proposed a Trend Prediction Fitting (TPF) method for the topography of the unexposed part below the water to obtain a complete 3D topography. The topography above the water measured by UAV has the vertical precision of 12 cm. When the TPF method is used, the cross-section should be perpendicular the central axis of the tidal creek. A polynomial function can be adapted to most shape of sections, while a Fourier function obtains better results in asymmetrical sections. Compared with the two-order function, the three-order function lends itself to more complex sections. Generally, the TPF method is more suitable for small, straight tidal creeks with clear texture and no vegetation cover.


The article analyzes the content of development strategies of cities of region significance in Lviv region and identifies the lack of goals, objectives and measures to improve the sectoral structure of the economy, as well as the limited ability of local authorities to influence the structure of the cities' economy with the help of instruments that provide tax preferences for enterprises of priority industries, investors, small and medium-sized businesses. In order to eliminate shortcomings in the strategic management of structural transformations of cities, directions of improvement of the existing institutional mechanism in terms of taxation of the investment, innovation and entrepreneurial activity of enterprises of priority sectors of the economy, investors who finance the development of high-tech industries and high-tech types of economic activity, as well as enterprises operating within special modes of economic activity, are proposed. It is substantiated that the introduction of real tax preferences for enterprises will ensure the implementation of effective structural policy at the local level, since the authorities will receive real levers to increase investment, innovative, entrepreneurial activity in priority sectors of the economy. In order to strengthen control and responsibility for the implementation of strategic tasks, it is proposed to use the problem-target method in strategic planning of city development, which, unlike the program-target approach, provides for a clear allocation of resources between the goals aimed at solving structural problems in the economy. As result of the study, the list of indicators of structural changes in the economy and the basic principles of establishing quantitative criteria for achieving strategic goals to improve the structure of the economy of cities of region significance are determined.


Specific treatment used for TRIP steels, as well as quenching and partitioning (Q-P) processing rely on producing multi-phase microstructures with retained austenite in low-alloyed steels in order to achieve excellent mechanical properties. It is namely the values of the product of strength and elongation that reach outstanding levels. The desired microstructure for exploiting the TRIP effect consists of carbide-free bainite, ferrite and a small amount of retained austenite. It can be produced by intercritical annealing. Depending on the chemical composition of the steel, this microstructure may exhibit strengths between 800 and 1000 MPa and elongations up to 30 %. Microstructures with martensite matrix produced by Q-P process contain retained austenite in the form of films between martensite laths. They show strengths of up to 2000 MPa and elongations of about 10 %. In order to achieve such properties, suitable combinations of alloying elements must be chosen to prevent carbide precipitation and to suppress competing reactions. Suitable heat treatment or thermomechanical treatment must be applied as well. Experimental schedules involving intercritical annealing and Q-P process that are described in this paper were carried out on two low-alloyed steels containing various levels of carbon, manganese and chromium. The intercritical annealing comprised a hold at 425 °C. Its purpose was for bainite to form and for retained austenite to stabilize. In the Q-P process, quenching was carried out below the Ms temperature. Q-Pprocessed 42SiCr steel (0.4 %C) showed ultimate strength of 1900 MPa and an elongation above 15 %. In comparison, Q-P processed CMnSi TRIP steel (0.2 %C) showed a strength of 1175 MPa and elongation of A5mm = 16 %. Heat treatment of 42SiCr steel simulating intercritical annealing produced atypical bainitemartensite-austenite microstructures with strengths above 1900 MPa and elongations of 7 %. The CMnSi TRIP steel contained ferrite-bainite structure with retained austenite and an elongation of 36 % combined with a strength of 835 MPa.


Recruiting high-ability workers and implementing optimal efforts are among the key objectives of a firm's personnel policy. We show that, if the firm applies a tournament scheme—that is, a competitive career system—selection and incentive issues are strictly interrelated, thus leading to a fundamental conflict: if the firm is primarily interested in balanced worker competition, there will be a rationale for hiring low-ability workers ('lemons'). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background Mendelian randomisation (MR) is a method of causal inference that uses genetic variation as an instrumental variable (IV) to account for confounding. While the number of MR articles published each year is rapidly rising (partly due to large cohort studies such as the UK Biobank making it easier to conduct MR), it is not currently known whether these studies are appropriately conducted and reported in enough detail for other researchers to accurately replicate and interpret them. Methods We conducted a systematic review of reporting and analysis quality of MR studies using only individual level data from the UK biobank to calculate a causal estimate. We reviewed 64 eligible articles on a 25-item checklist (based on the STROBE-MR reporting guidelines and the Guidelines for performing Mendelian Randomisation investigations). Information on article type and journal information was also extracted. Results Overall, the proportion of articles which reported complete information ranged from 2% to 100% across the different items. Palindromic variants, variant replication, missing data, associations between the IV and variables of exposure/outcome and bias introduced by two-sample methods used on a single sample were often not completely addressed (<11%). There was no clear evidence that Journal Impact Factor, word limit/recommendation or year of publication predicted percentage of article completeness (for the eligible analyses) across items, but there was evidence that whether the MR analyses were primary, joint-primary or secondary analyses did predict completeness. Conclusions The results identify areas in which the reporting and conducting of MR studies needs to be improved and highlights that this is independent of Journal Impact Factor, year of publication or word limits/recommendations.


This article discusses a serial and a parallel version of a heuristic algorithm for a solution to the traveling salesman problem, implementation of these algorithms, and their performance in terms of finding the most favorable solution, and an average solution. The algorithms implemented in C sequential programming language, and in Occam concurrent programming language were run on different computing platforms to study their impact on the comparative value of the solutions each platform provided. The programs were tested on reference data from TSPLIB data files, a collection of sample instances of traveling salesman problem. Experimental results, using asymmetric cost matrix, indicate good performance compared to the optimal solutions provided in the TSPLIB reference library.


This paper proposes, a DFT-based OFDMA with phase modulation (DFT-OFDMA-PM) system. One main advantage of the phase modulated system is the constant envelope (CE) resulted signal, i.e, 0 dB PAPR, the second advantage is the ability to improve the diversity of multipath channels. These advantages have been exploited in the proposed system of this paper. The performance of the proposed system in terms of the bit error rate (BER) is studied and investigated and compared to the previously proposed DCT-OFDMA-PM system and the conventional OFDMA system without PM via computer simulation. The key parameter that affects the performance of the PM systems, the modulation index, is also studied and the optimum value is selected using exhaustive simulation scenarios. Moreover, the PAPR is also simulated for the proposed system and compared to the conventional system. Simulation results show the significant improvement of the proposed system in terms of PAPR and BER when compared to the conventional system. The simulation results for the proposed system show the effectiveness of the proposed system for wireless broadband communications.


Introduction. Modern algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) recommend a stepwise approach for managing symptoms of the disease. A part of patients with AR have symptoms that indicate to the past COVID-19 followed by significant impairment of the olfactory function. The article places special emphasis on the intranasal glucocorticosteroid option of treatment to manage nasal and general symptoms in persistent AR.The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of mometasone furoate in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of persistent AR, olfactory disorders, and past COVID-19 infection.Materials and methods. A total of 72 patients with persistent AR were included in the randomized controlled prospective study. All patients had a history of olfactory dysfunction with varied severity, which persisted after COVID-19 infection.Results. Measuring the severity of nasal and general symptoms on Day 15 of treatment showed a positive outcome in both groups: the patients of the main group experienced changes, to a greater extent, in nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, olfactory disorders, the patients of the control group generally demonstrated a reduction in nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itching and sneezing, and improvement of sleep. The final measuring of the severity of complaints on Day 30 of treatment showed that patients of the main group managed to cure the olfactory disorders (0.9 points on the VAS), nasal congestion (0.4 points on the VAS), rhinorrhea and itching (0.2 points on the VAS). Sleep disorders continued to disturb patients in both groups, its improvements in the main group were statistically insignificant.Conclusions. The complaints of nasal congestion, impaired olfactory function and sleep disorders were noted to prevail in patients with persistent form of AR after COVID-19. The followed measuring of the olfactory function using the SST-12 screening test showed that all patients had anosmia. It has been confirmed that the use of mometasone furoate in the treatment of persistent AR in patients with severe olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19 would be appropriate.


We sketch the architecture of a sentence generation module that maps a language-neutral "deep" representation to a language-specific sentence-semantic specification, which is given to a front-end generator. Lexicalizat, ion is tlm main instrument tbr the mapl~ing step, and we examine the role of verb semantics in the process. In particular, we propose a set of rules that derive a range of verb alternations from a single base form, which is one source of lexical paraphrasing in the system.


Linear regression models with vague concepts extend the classical single equation linear regression models by admitting observations in form of fuzzy subsets instead of real numbers. They have rece...


Abstract Integrated mid-infrared (MIR) photonics have various applications in optical fiber communication, spectral detection and identification, free-space communication, and light detection and ranging, etc. The MIR electro-optic (EO) modulator, which is one of the key components of MIR integrated photonic systems, has attracted a lot of research interests. In this paper, we review the reported integrated MIR EO modulators based on different modulation mechanisms and material platforms. The recent research progresses and challenges of MIR EO modulators are presented and discussed. The unique advantages and the corresponding applications of each type of MIR modulators are summarized as well. In the end, we provide our perspectives of a few areas in integrated MIR modulators that are worthy for research attention in future.


This paper presents, for the first time, a cell-based modeling and design platform for RFICs aiming to shorten design cycle time by eliminating iterations between schematic and post-layout simulations and to minimize the risk for costly mask re-spin. Based on a pre-characterized RF sub-circuit cell library, which contains not only active devices and passive components but also routing interconnects, this methodology systematically alleviates the common RF model inaccuracy due to layout discrepancies between actual circuits and device model test structures. By exploiting the modularity in RF circuits at the sub-circuit level, the proposed design platform achieves a balance between circuit design flexibility and device model accuracy compared to the conventional approach of using pre-characterizing single transistors. This paper describes the implementation of the parameterized sub-circuit cell layout and the macro modeling techniques for a 0.13-mum CMOS RF sub-circuit cell library. Measurement results from a characterization test chip for validating the macro circuit models are presented


The specificities of collision-free path planning of space manipulators are analyzed. Path planning strategies are presented in consideration of these specificities, and an implementation procedure is also described in detail according to these strategies.


Context: The postoperative quality and span of life in posterior fossa tumors (PFTs) is complicated by the residual disease, progression, recurrence, disabilities, and mortality. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze the link between histopathological type of tumor and outcome in an ethnic Himalayan population of India. Settings and Design: The histopathological records of 410 out of 589 patients were compared with their clinical outcome up to the 1st postoperative year in a single center which amounts to regional epidemiological value of PFTs. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, retrospectively postoperative records of 589 PFTs from November 1990 to December 2010 (20 years) were retrieved, scrutinized, and observed. The postoperative records of 410 patients with proved histopathological examination results were included. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical law of variance was applied wherever necessary. Results: About 63.2% of 410 operated PTFs were males while females predominated in meningiomas and pineoblastomas. About 31.7% of PFTs were children (below 18 years.). About 54.1% of the cases were histologically malignant. The residual tumors comprised 40.2%, and symptoms of disease progression occurred in 10.9%. The tumor recurrence occurred in 14.3% while 6.0% of the patients developed severe disability. The overall mortality was 11.4% up to the 1st postoperative year, with 18.9% in malignant patients. The first 1-year event-free survival (EFS) for all the patients was 66.0%. While the patients with malignancies had the first 1-year EFS of 47.7%, the histologically benign group had 87.7%. Conclusion: The first 1-year postoperative EFS of histologically benign and some malignant PFTs both in children and adults such as pilocytic astrocytomas, ependymomas, and pineoblastomas was much better (87.7%) than other malignant PTFs.


Knowledge of the distribution of acid-generating and acid-neutralizing mineral assemblages in the Animas River watershed is necessary for accurate assessment of premining and anthropogenic contributions to stream quality. To achieve this objective, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) was used to acquire visible to near-infrared wavelength spectral data over the Animas River watershed. These spectral data were processed using the U.S. Geological Survey Tetracorder v3.6a2 expert system to create a set of georeferenced images detailing the distributions of major minerals of interest within the watershed. Large exposures of unmined, pervasively altered, and locally pyritized rocks mapped by this effort are associated with significant acidic runoff. Large areas of propylitized rock containing high concentrations of calcite, chlorite, and epidote were also mapped and may contribute significant acid-neutralizing potential to the watershed. The distribution of mineral assemblages in the watershed strongly affects stream geochemistry, dissolved metal concentrations, and overall water quality, which must be taken into account when remediation and reclamation plans are devised for the Animas River watershed.


Utillizing experimental dependences of a thermal resistance coefficient on thichnes for films Ni, Cu, Cr and Co, the approbation of asymptotic relations for a size effect is realized.


Abstract : The optimal measurement selection problem is studied for the Global Positioning Satellite system (GPS). The fundamentals of the Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP) concept are briefly reviewed, because GDOP is frequently used to rank the effectiveness of potential measurements. It is shown that GDOP does not always select the best measurements in the sense of minimum mean square navigation error. For this reason weighted least-squares and minimum variance (Kalman filter) methods are used to derive several improved measurement ranking schemes. Nonuniform measurement noise and a prior knowledge about the state are taken into account. Any specified weighted combination of the component error variances can be minimized. Eigenvalue-eigenvector theory is used to derive useful bounds and to provide geometrical insight. A purely algorithmic approach is also presented and applied to a number of representative GPS cases. In addition to the static (single time point) selection problem, the time- sequential selection problem is considered. It is shown that the choice giving the smallest instantaneous position error may not give the smallest time average position error because of the trade-off existing with velocity errors. A promising approach is formulated for the sensor substitution problem. That is, should be degraded (jammed) satellite channels be deleted from the measurements, and if so, when? Which backup sensors should be used instead? A suboptimal filtering approach using state vector partitioning is used to derive some preliminary answers to these questions.


(57) [Abstract] coherent detection of the method and apparatus A high-speed digital wireless communication for the frequency offset correction becomes more difficult when the frequency of the oscillator of the transmitter and the receiver do not match. Frequency locked loop, by treating the sample received on the pilot channel, can be used to characterize the frequency offset. Thus obtained to correct the frequency of the received signal (derived) rather than using the offset information, by the present invention is to apply a frequency correction to the despread pilot samples instead of the significant computational to realize the savings.


Innovation and its knowledge systems are a complex phenomenon where these interact through agents to create regional innovation systems, which are clusters of organizations that produce and transform knowledge. However, due to the complex characteristics of these agents, they could be classified as social, economic, public, and private. Since these agents interact in different, continuous, and cooperative ways, it is important to develop a proper theoretical framework for studying this emergent phenomenon through bibliographic review as an analytical tool.


Abstract Novel series of triazole-benzoxazole hybrid compounds (7a-7i) have been synthesized via click chemistry between different azide derivatives and benzoxazole terminal alkynes bearing an S-methylene linkage. The starting alkyne was prepared via base-catalyzed S-alkylation of benzoxazole substrate in two-step procedures. All the intermediates and the final products were fully characterized by 1D NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis techniques. The reported hybrids of two heterocyclic rings, i.e., benzoxazole and 1,2,3-triazole in a single structure, were screened for their anticancer activity against nine basic cancer panels as well as NCI-60 cell-line. In vitro anticancer studies revealed that the compounds 7b, 7c, 7d, 7i, and 7g showed potent anticancer activity against Leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cancer, and melanoma cancer cell-lines with GI50 range from 5.61 to 20.87 µM. The fraction's anti-microbial activity was found that the targeted scaffolds were not any significant potency in anti-microbial strains. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Background: This model investigates the instantaneous multi-product economic order quantity model by allocating the percentage of units lost due to deterioration in an on-hand inventory with promotional investment and functional major ordering cost. The objective is to maximize the net profit so as to determine the order quantity, publicity effort factor, the cycle length and number of units lost due to deterioration. Methods: The mathematical model with algorithm is developed to find some important characteristics for the concavity of the net profit function. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results of proposed model which benefits the retailer for ordering the deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the net profit for the major inventory parameters is also carried out. Results and conclusions: The proposed model is a general framework that considers wasting/ none wasting the percentage of on-hand multi-product inventory due to deterioration with publicity effort cost and functional major ordering cost simultaneously.


Addition of catecholborane to the low-valent CpRu(PPh 3 ) 2 Me complex led to formation of the corresponding ruthenium hydride and methylcatecholborane by a mechanism more characteristic of high-valent metal centers. Kinetic experiments conclusively showed that oxidative addition of the B-H bond did not occur. A stereochemical analysis of the reaction employing, (R,R)- and (R,S)-CpRu(DPPP)Me (DPPP=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) showed that epimerization of the ruthenium center was occurring before product formation and that the species undergoing epimerization never reformed starting material. The exchange reaction, therefore, involved an intermediate whose formation was rate determining


The pathological changes of skin will change the tissue's birefringence and structure, which can be measured by the polarization and spectral changes of tissue's scattering light. Light-scattering polarimetric spectrum is an effective tool to measure these features for quantitative pathology analysis. In this paper, a theoretical model of single backscattering spectra based on Mie theory is established, to describe the polarized light scattering spectroscopy for a two-layered scattering medium. To test the utility of this model, an epithelial tissue polarimetric spectral imaging system is proposed, then human frostbite sample is imaged using the system. Proposed model is used to acquire the morphological parameters closely relating to the abnormality of biological tissue, including the mean diameter, size distribution and relative refractive index. Experimental results demonstrated the potentials of the proposed techniques in skin pathological diagnosis and treatment evaluation.


Using the method of test simulation,the content changes of dissoluble phosphorus and COD in water after water diversion from Yellow River entered into Tuhai River at the urban section were studied.The results indicated that the dissoluble phosphorus content showed a trend of increasing-decreasing-increasing-decreasing and reached the peak values after about 2 and 11 h.The COD content changed gently in 0~7 h and reduced sharply after it reached the peak value about 11 h.All of these indicated that the release of dissoluble phosphorus and COD in the sediments was easily caused after water diversion from Yellow River at the urban section in short time.


Aiming at the problem that the air target trajectory is complex and changeable, and the prediction accuracy is not high, which leads to the inaccurate prediction of the air target trajectory, a PSO-GWO -RBF neural network based air target trajectory prediction method is proposed. The PSO-GWO algorithm is used to optimize the RBF neural network, establish a model, and predict the trajectory of air targets. The predicted trajectories of this model are compared with those of traditional RBF, PSO-RBFand GWO-RBF network models, and the error curves with the real trajectories are drawn. The simulation results show that the prediction accuracy of this method is the highest, and the convergence speed and accuracy are better in the operation process. It can be used for the prediction of the actual target trajectory.


Real-time spectrum sensing with precise accuracy is the most important step to establish cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Detecting the presence of primary users (PUs) that use DS-CDMA (Direct sequence code division multiple access) technique is a challenge for the secondary users (SUs) in CRNs. DS-CDMA transmissions with very low signal to noise ratio (SNR) results in a signal hidden below the noise level, therefore, the existing classic detection methods are not effective enough to sense the signals. In this paper, a method is proposed to resolve this challenge. The proposed method based on fluctuation of correlation estimators searches on a specific frequency band and detects primary user's signals. Simulation results show that the sensing performance of the method is better than other conventional schemes for dealing with DS-CDMA users.


A dual-band (UHF: 470–862 MHz, L: 1452–1492 MHz) digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a planar inverted F-shape antenna (PIFA) with self-complementary structure for the broadband performance. The measured operation bandwidth of the antenna (VSWR<4) is 500 MHz (370–870 MHz) at UHF band and 220 MHz (1300–1520 MHz) at L-band. The proposed antenna has an approximately omni-directional radiation pattern and sufficient gain (Ave. peak gain; −1.74 dBi over 470–862 MHz) for DVB-H applications.


Real SEER of air conditioners changes with the local climate characteristics and practical working modes.15 temperature zones from 24 ℃ to 38 ℃ were brought forward to calculate the SEER,which adapt to the climate characteristics in China.Two important temperature points are set up respectively to express non-load temperature point and full cooling-load temperature point during refrigeration season.The hours temperature data of special cities,such as Shanghai,Wuhan,Chongqing,Guangzhou,and the data of GB/T7725 nominal temperature zones in China wre built up.The fitting of the variation relationship between refrigerating output,input power,EER and outside temperature was given out,according to the performance parameters of certain air conditioners with variable capacity.Through calculation,it concludes the SEERs in different regions and of different operational modes in Shanghai are of obvious difference.


Background and objectives: Triage is a function of the emergency ward carried out by nurses. Patients are required to be categorized according to their medical priorities. Since it is critical for nursing students to have sufficient information about the process of triage, the current study aimed to determine nursing students' level of awareness of triage in the emergency ward. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study used census sampling to select 124 nursing students in the 7th and 8th semesters during 2011-12. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire con-sisting of three parts to assess demographic characteristics, awareness of triage, and decision-making in triage. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. All analyses were performed in SPSS version 15.0 at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The students' mean awareness score was 9.0 ± 2.7, i.e. they had low awareness of triage. While the participants had the highest awareness about level 1 triage (31.1 Percent), the x awareness of level 2 triage was the least (13.9 Percent). There was a significant difference in awareness between the students with and without an experience of working in an emergency ward (P< 0.05). The most important source of information was university courses. Lack of time and supervision were found responsible for the students' low level of awareness. Conclusion: need for courses for the students.


The densities of fixed charge and trapping centers on thermally oxidized silicon surfaces have been measured by the MOS capacitance technique upon annealing in O2, N2, He, and vacuum at various temperatures from 600° to 1100°C. These surface characteristics are always determined by the conditions of the final high‐temperature process, except for , which will never increase in neutral ambients. In all atmospheres, higher annealing temperatures yield lower values. It was also found that the values are very sensitive toward trace amounts of water in the high‐temperature ambient. They decrease for increasing water vapor pressure. Effects of other impurities were not observed in this study. Based on saturation values and kinetic data a discussion is given of some models for both types of centers.


Effective teaching is understood very differently in Finland than in many other countries. In fact, it is not considered a relevant aspect of the education system. All Finnish schools are considered to be good, and all the teachers have the same high quality educational preparation. Thus, when it comes to considerations for determining or assessing teacher effectiveness, a culture of trust is a specific feature of the Finnish education system. Teachers and schools are trusted, both on the grassroot level by the parents, and on the governance level by the education authorities at the local and the national levels. This chapter explores teacher effectiveness in Finland.


Introduction. Existing standards of heart rate variability (HRV) technology limit its use to sinus rhythm. A tiny low variety of extrasystoles is allowed if the device used has special procedures for the detection and replacement of attitude complexes. However, it's necessary to expand the indicated limits of the pertinency of the HRV technology. This especially regards the cases once the HRV technology appearance is promising within the medicine, as, parenthetically, in arrhythmia and chamber flutter Materials and Methods. All electrocardiogram measurements were performed on XAI-MEDICA® instrumentality and software package. The process of the obtained RR Series was disbursed mistreatment the software package Kubios® HRV normal. All counselled HRV characteristics for Time-Domain, Frequency-Domain, and nonlinear were calculated. The purpose of the work. The article presents an artificial intelligence (AI) procedure for detecting episodes of arrhythmias and reconstruction of core patient's rhythm and demonstrates the effectivity of its use for the HRV analysis in patients with variable degrees of arrhythmias. The results of the study. It absolutely was shown the potency of developed artificial intelligence procedures for HRV analysis of patients with totally different levels of arrhythmias. These were incontestable for Time-Domain, Frequency-Domain, and nonlinear strategies. The direct inclusion into a review of heart condition Episodes and also the use of the initial RR Series ends up in a major distortion of the results of the HRV analysis for the complete set of strategies and for all thought of choices for arrhythmia. Conclusion. High effectivity of operation of the procedure AI core rhythm extraction from initial RR Series for patients with arrhythmia was rumoured cases altogether.


Objective To find out the best procedure for patients with gastric cancer accompanying type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) by comparing the curative effect of laparoscopic gastrectomy and laparoscopic total gastrectomy.Methods Clinical data about 76 patients with gastric cancer accompanying DM admitted to our hospital from June 2008 to June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into laproscopic gastrectomy group(n=38) and laproscopic total gastrectomy group(n=38).The curative effect of the two procedures was compared.Results The effective rate was 73.7% and 57.9% for the laparoscopic total gastrectomy group and laparoscopic gastrectomy group,respectively(P 0.05).The incision size was smaller,blood loss was less,the postoperative anal exhaust time and feeding time were shorter,the number of white blood cells and neutrophils was lower in laparoscopic total gastrectomy group than in laparoscopic gastrectomy group(P 0.05).Conclusion The curative effect of laparoscopic total gastrectomy is better than that of laparoscopic gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer accompanying type 2 DM.


An attempt was made to rear the eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini on the leaves of caster and reared under laboratory condition. It was observed that the caster is a primary potential host of eri silkworm. The growth parameters and cocoon characters of the eri silkworm reared on caster leaves were normal. The eri silkworm successfully lasted its life cycle ranged from 38 to 40 days. The effective rate of rearing, weight of pre-spinning larvae, cocoon, shell and pupae ranged from 70 to 75 per cent, 6 to 7 g, 3.01 to 3.05 g, 0.40 to 0.45g, 2.50 to 2.70g, respectively. Parameters such as length of cocoon shell, width of shell, shell thickness etc. The fecundity ranged from 400 to 425 eggs. Rearing performance of eri silkworm is a need in western Maharashtra for a future development of raw silk production.


Idraetshistorisk beskrivelse af idraettens udviklingen og sportificering i slutningen af det 19. arhundrede med atletikken i Kobenhavn som eksempel. The Enemy's name is Medals Around 1900 the connection between sport and outdoor life began to loosen in the sports clubs in Copenhagen. Buildings for indoor sporting activities were constructed and ideas of sporting practice changed. In the first major book about sports in Denmark in the 20th century, Idraetsbogen (Book of Sports) from 1909, American ideas of training which included diet and style of life were rejected, but in the next major book "Den danske Idraets Bog" (Book of Danish Sport) from 1935, training was defined as "systematic practice and a carefully measured way of life". The idea of sport as an activity that affected a whole way of life was connected to the movement towards indoor sporting activities and both were central parts of a sportification process. The movement had a gender dimension as sportsmen in Copenhagen began to evolve team handball as an indoor wintergame, while female sports clubs practised gymnastics in wintertime and outdoor handball in the summer.


FROM ST. LOUIS To the Editor: —As a Fellow of the American Medical Association who takes due pride in the organization, I am constrained to express my regret at the tone of your correspondents' notes and your answer, concerning the Volunteer Medical Service Corps (The Journal, Sept. 7, 1918, p. 845). At any other time, the expression of personal pique against Dr. Franklin H. Martin might be either sublime or ridiculous, according to the point of view. At present, when combined with your attack on the Council of National Defense, it constitutes at least betrayal of the loyal attitude of the membership of the American Medical Association, if it does not actually give aid and comfort to the enemy. You should know that the Volunteer Medical Service Corps was originated to give some degree of recognition to the physicians who must remain at home. We find here that Illinois physicians


This paper presents a Large Margin Coupled Feature Learning (LMCFL) method for cross-modal face recognition, which recognizes persons from facial images captured from different modalities. Most previous cross-modal face recognition methods utilize hand-crafted feature descriptors for face representation, which require strong prior knowledge to engineer and cannot exploit data-adaptive characteristics in feature extraction. In this work, we propose a new LMCFL method to learn coupled face representation at the image pixel level by jointly utilizing the discriminative information of face images in each modality and the correlation information of face images from different modalities. Thus, LMCFL can maximize the margin between positive face pairs and negative face pairs in each modality, and maximize the correlation of face images from different modalities, where discriminative face features can be automatically learned in a discriminative and data-driven way. Our LMCFL is validated on two different cross-modal face recognition applications, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.


A new solar cell simulation program, wxAMPS, is presented in this work. The interface of wxAMPS is developed using a cross-platform library, wxWidgets, and the kernel is based on an updated version of the AMPS (Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures) code. wxAMPS incorporates two different tunneling models for better simulation of specific types of solar cells. Compared to the drift-diffusion model, the intra-band tunneling model provides more realistic characteristics for heterojunction solar cells. The other tunneling component is trap-assisted tunneling current, which plays an important role in tunneling recombination at junctions. To increase the convergence property of this model, a new algorithm that combines the Newton method and the Gummel method has been developed. The simulation results from different models are compared. A preliminary WIKI has also been set up, which provides a database of materials parameters for various kinds of solar cells to help the PV community share materials data and more easily implement simulations.


who were saved by a thoughtful friend." The idea has caught on, with 20 similar initiatives springing up around the country. The trick, said project member Mary Vriniotis, MS, a research specialist at Harvard's Injury Control Research Center, was staying focused on suicide, steering clear of politics, and respecting each other's expertise. That sentiment was echoed by Sarah Denny, MD, medical director of the Partnership for Safety of Children Around Firearms, which pairs the Ohio chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics with local firearm owners to promote safe gun storage. "Everyone learned from each other," Denny said. "Gun owners learned pediatricians are not trying to take their guns away." The physicians learned to reframe the way they ask about guns. Recognizing that half of Ohio homes and 1 in 3 homes nationwide contain a gun, they now ask, "If you have a gun in the home, is it kept locked safely?" "If we ask the question in a way that makes the family feel judged, it shuts down the conversation," Denny explained. "What we emphasize as we talk to pediatricians is it is not a political issue, it's a safety issue." Talking to their patients about gun safety is the most important thing all physicians can do, Zweifler emphasized. Some physicians may be wary of discussing gun safety, but Agrawal noted that in February 2017, a federal court struck down a Florida ban on such discussions. "There is no [longer a] barrier to physicians talking to patients about owning a gun," she said. "In every state, physicians can talk to patients about gun violence." For physicians unsure about the best gun safety advice, there are resources to help, Betz said. She and other physicians working to prevent firearm-related deaths emphasized the need to tackle the problem from many angles. "There is not one way to prevent gun violence," Agrawal agreed. "We need to prevent it from all ways. Every advocacy effort is important."


The automatic synchronization of all the clocks of a digital communication network to a common frequency represents an important control problem, for synchronism allows for efficient communication without the need for large data buffers. It is known that, such synchronisation can be achieved by a control scheme known as Discrete Control Correction, in which periodic frequency-corrections are made to the clocks, the correction to clock i being a fixed proportion σi of the change in the corresponding buffer level from the previous correction. This paper extends previous results to the case when σi is allowed to vary from correction to correction, as either a deterministic or random function σi(k). This generalization is obtained by using fT(k){−C}f(k) as a measure of asynchronism in the network, where f(k) is the vector of node frequencies and −C is a positive semi-definite matrix determined by the network connections. In more general terms, the results constitute a set of sufficient conditions for the stab...


Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) is an active learning approach using just-in-time instruction where students are introduced to instructional material in the context of solving a particular challenge. The CBL approach has proven very effective as an introductory instructional strategy, especially when working with K-12 outreach. For example, in Cybersecurity, many universities are reaching out to high school and community college students using the Capture the Flag contests with learning materials built in for each challenge. In this workshop, we will explore building just such a virtual, challenge-based, contest environment. Workshhop participants will walk through the process of setting up the Mellivora contest environment, be given the opportunity to create challenges on their own, and be provided with a tutorial on the administrative tools available. Similarly, participants will be provided an introduction to the installation and management of a virtual environment that will provide virtual machines of various platforms (Windows, Linux, etc.) for the challenges. Participants will also be provided a brief overview of the creation of short, high-impact instructional materials to accompany challenges. Finally, participants will compete in a short Capture the Flag contest to demonstrate the efficacy of the CBL approach.


The aim of this study is to determine bilingual equivalence reliability and validity of Learning Process Questionnaire The original form of the questionnaire was developed by Biggs Kember ve Leung 2004 for the use of high school students The Learning Process Questionnaire was administrated in a lot of studies in very different cultures To adapt the Learning Process Questionnaire is important to examine Turkish high school student learning approaches and to compare with the other countries The questionnaire was administrated to 30 students in an Anatolian High School for the bilingual equivalence and 100 students in an Anatolian Vocational High School for reliability and validity All studies illustrate that the scale can be used confidently in Turkish culture because of its satisfactory bilingual equivalence reliability and validity coefficients Key Words: Learning Process Deep Learning Surface Learning


Glycemic control deteriorates more rapidly in youth vs adults. We compared model‐derived measures of β‐cell function between youth and adults with either impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes to determine if a β‐cell defect differentiates these age groups.


Introduction: Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy experience a serious problem at a time when the rates of outpatient visits for the international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring are gradually decreasing owing to the risk of virus transmission during the pandemic. The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate how the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic affected the time in therapeutic range (TTR) value, which shows the use of effective doses of warfarin, and its monitoring in patients using warfarin. Materials and Methods: A total of 158 patients with 3 consecutive prepandemic INR levels and at least 3 postpandemic INR levels without time limitation were retrospectively evaluated. TTR values were calculated and the preepidemic and postepidemic values were compared. TTR was obtained using the conventional method. Results: The mean preepidemic and postepidemic TTR values were found to be 64.4 (61.8%–67.0%) and 34.9 (30.8%–39.0%), respectively. TTR rate was statistically significantly lower in the postpandemic period than in the prepandemic period (P < 0.001). While the prepandemic TTR of 68 (43%) patients was <60, the postpandemic TTR of 125 (79%) patients was <60. Discussion and Conclusion: Patients using warfarin were found to have lower TTR values during the pandemic. One of the most important reasons for this result is patients' delayed admission to the hospital due to fear of infection. The importance of regular follow-ups and alternative solutions should be emphasized for the effective treatment of these patients.


In this experiment, the chloride analyses methods for testing mixing homogeneity and effects of diets of different homogeneity on broiler performance were investigated. Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chickens were used in three treatments with four replicates, each of 10 males and 10 females. The experiment was conducted in three feeding phases (starter 0-2, grower 3-5 and finisher 6th week of age) and terminated on day 42. According to the results of preliminary mixer evaluation based on values of salt analysis, it was estimated that 0.20, 0.59, and 3.75 min mixing times were required for CVs of >20, 20 to 10 and <10% of diet uniformity, respectively. Experimental feeds were produced considering these mixing times. Chloride analysis of samples was performed using titrimetric and Merckquant methods. The correlation between CVs of the titrimetric and Merckquant chloride test was statistically significant (r=0.92, P=0.0009). No significant differences were obtained among treatments for average liveweight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, mortality, carcass yield and abdominal fat pad percentage. However, CV of final BW was numerically reduced with increase in mixing time.


UCH effort in recent years has been directed toward educating the public M in the United States regarding the definition of alcoholism and deviant drinking as medical problems rather than as criminal offenses. 12 24 These efforts are reflected in the various publications of the Rutgers (formerly Yale) Center for Alcohol Studies, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the National Council on Alcoholism. Likewise, as the therapeutic effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous has become increasingly visible, the public has become aware of the assumption that is held by this organization that a form of physiological allergy leads to alcoholism. The A.A. concept is somewhat different from the traditional medical model, but the two conceptions share a strong tendency to reduce individual responsibility for the genesis of alcoholism.


The palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost reaction has been extensively studied under synthetically relevant conditions (millimolar concentrations of substrates and catalyst, aprotic solvents, no additiv...


This study aims to measure the impact of introducing the Electronic Cheques Clearing (ECC) system in theCentral Bank of Jordan on the value of Cheques Presented for Clearing and ReturnedCheques. The studyanalyzed the difference between two samples' averages: the first one, addresses the changes before theintroduction of the (ECC), while the other is after the introduction of the (ECC) to determine if there is adifference in the value of cheques presented for clearing in the Central Bank of Jordan after the introduction ofthe electronic clearing system, and whether there was a difference between the value of returned cheques afterthe introduction of this system. The study found that there is a significant difference between value-mean of cheques presented for clearingbefore the introduction of the electronic clearing system and value-mean of cheques presented for clearing afterthe introduction of the system. It was also found that the existence of significant difference between value meanof returned cheques before the introduction of the electronic clearing system and value mean of returned afterthe introduction of the system. Through the derived results in this study, it is clear that the use of an electronic clearing system as an alternativeto the manual clearing system has contributed to the increase in the value of checks presented for clearing andincrease the value of returned checks.


The Haida plank house is one of the most important models built by the native American Indians. Built on the southwest coast of Canada, it adapts the tradition of the ancient pit houses to the requirements of the humid and cold climate characteristic of the Haida Gwaii Islands. This construction is composed by two main pieces: the central pit covered by a wooden envelope. Both protect its dwellers and their hearths. The ventilation system is based on two solutions: the gaps between the wall planks and a smoke hole that can be opened or closed in the roof at will. The aim of the present research is to analyze the way these two elements arrange the indoor airflow in order to ensure the comfortability of the house. Four cases have been proposed, according to four different dimensions for the gaps: 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm. Each case has been doubled in order to determine how the state of the smoke hole affected the corresponding results. This way, it has been concluded that if the gaps' width becomes higher than 4 cm, the airflow velocity comfort level would be exceeded. It is been possible to observe how the state of the smoke hole influences the way the air moves around the dwelling.


The study was conducted to know blood glucose and triiodothyronine levels of broiler starter due to heat stress and different initial-time feeding. The material used in this study was 64 male DOC broilers of Lohmann strain with the average initial weight of 47.98 ± 2.24 g. The experiment was designed based on randomized block design with a 2x2 factorial and four replications. The treatment combinations as follow: S1W1 = low temperature, feeding 12 hours post-hatching; S1W2 = low temperature, feeding 24 hours post-hatching; S2W1 = high temperature, feeding 12 hours post-hatching; S2W2 = high temperature, feeding 24 hours post-hatching. The Data were Analyzed by using ANOVA. If there was a significant effect (P <0.05) or very significant effect (P <0.01) in Followed by Duncan's test. The result Showed that heat stress treatment significantly affected (P <0.05) to the triiodothyronine level, while initial feeding treatment had no significant effect. Also, blood glucose levels had no significant effect due to the treatments. It concluded that heat stress negatively affected by the blood glucose and triiodothyronine levels of broiler starter. The initial-time feeding has no effect on the blood glucose and triiodothyronine levels. Interactions between treatment and different temperature-time initial feeding have no effect. Nevertheless, the low temperature treatment and initial feeding of 12 hours post-hatching shows the best results with blood glucose 246.25 ± 9.91 mg / dl and triiodothyronine of 2.05 ± 0.14 ng / ml.


As the automatic wicket system is consisted of machine which have the fuculty of a ticket examiner, and passengers who are not necessarily be acquainted with wicket system, we can not better the system characteristics without the research on the relation between a man and the machine.For this purpose, we tried the pilot simulation on field the man machine system of automatic wicket device, then field test on system availability was pursued and, at last, the system evaluation was investigated by means of questionaire method and its statiscal analysis.Through these testsand investigation, we foud what are the important factors to promote the automation of wicket system.


Of the world's population, approximately 15% have a disability and 1% need a wheelchair (World Health Organization 2008), with a higher prevalence among people in developing countries (The World Bank 2015). Unfortunately, only 15% of those needing a wheelchair actually have one (World Health Organization 2011), even though literature demonstrates the importance of using wheelchairs to access the right of personal mobility and other human rights (Borg et al. 2012; MayTeerink 1999; Shore 2008). This issue will be more prevalent in coming years because of the ageing of the world's population (Lee 2003) and the global increase in chronic health conditions (World Health Organization 2011). According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) (United Nations 2006), people with disabilities have the same rights, and should have equal opportunities like any other citizen. Wheelchairs and their related services are an important way to access the right of personal mobility. As stated by Borg et al. (2012), to support the implementation of the UNCRPD, research related to policies, service delivery, outcomes and international cooperation are needed.


The pH dependence of methyl proton chemical shifts of acetate, acetoacetate, N‐acetyl‐L‐aspartate (NAA), and N‐acetyl‐L‐aspartyl‐L‐glutamate (NAAG) were studied from pH 3 to pH 9. Only slight shifts of acetoacetate, NAA, and NAAG methyl signals were observed, whereas the acetate signal was largely shifted as a result of the titration of its acidic function. At pH 4.7, acetate and NAA methyl signals overlapped, whereas at more acidic pH, the acetate signal appeared downfield when compared to that of NAA. Results are discussed in terms of spectra misinterpretation risks linked to uncontrolled sample pH, on the one hand, and in terms of pH control and contamination by exogenous acetate during perchloric acid cell extract preparation, on the other.


Riding High: horses, humans and history in South Africa, by Sandra Swart. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2010. xiv + 344 pp. ISBN 978-1-86814514-0. £26.95. In the opening chapter of this engaging and impeccably researched book, Sandra Swart asserts that "there is a strange concealment when historians write about the past", with the absence of the obvious from their accounts. Horses, she says "have been too ubiquitous ... to catch the historian's eye", and this study is an attempt to redress the balance through chronicling the effects of the relationship between horses and humans in South Africa from the time when the 17th century Dutch introduced the horse to the Cape through to the present day. It should be said at the outset that this is not a wholly comprehensive history of every aspect of South African equine history, but rather a collection of themed essays, some of which have been published in earlier incarnations in a wide variety of scholarly journals ranging from the Journal of Southern African Studies to Animals & Society. For this book these have been re-written and expanded, and hopefully they will now reach a wider audience by being brought together and presented as a consecutive narrative, for this is very much a case of the whole being much more than the sum of the parts. Some of the chapter headings - "The Reins of Power: Equine Ecological Imperialism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", "The Empire Rides Back: An African Response to the Horse in Southern Africa", " "The Cinderella of the livestock industry': The Changing Role of Horses in the First Half of the Twentieth Century" - give a flavour of the themes that are explored. Space precludes examining all of these in detail, so, by way of example, let me focus on her account of horses in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, headed "The last of the old campaigners". It is well-known that the British scoured the world for the huge number of horses they needed for the cavalry, mounted infantry, artillery and supply trains needed to prosecute the war, and that many of the horses they secured proved wholly unsuitable. Swart tells us that casualties on the British side amounted to 326,073 horses and 51,399 mules, a rate of 66.88% and 35.37% of the total head count respectively, leading one contemporary to describe this as a "holocaust". The story of their experiences during the war is harrowing indeed, and reminds one irresistibly of scenes in the National Theatre's stunning production of Michael Morpurgo's War Horse (set in a later war I know, but the parallels are strikingly close). But Swart takes the story further and looks at how the relationship between humans and horses developed and changed during the war. Shared hardships led to a greater dependency on each other and a greater intimacy, perhaps even a greater degree of sentimentality about the relationship, which could even be mobilised as propaganda when the enemy supposedly demonstrated a more callous attitude towards the horse; and it is no surprise to learn that, both in Britain and South Africa, this was the first war to be followed by the erection of memorials to ordinary horses that had taken part (as opposed to chargers of famous commanders such as Wellington or Napoleon such as had been commemorated in earlier times). Some of the survivors too were treated as heroes; I recently came across the story of 'Freddie', the one and only horse of the 2nd Life Guards to return to England, who received, at the express command of Queen Alexandra, the same Boer War campaign medal as the men who had fought in South Africa. But there was also a darker side to the relationship. As food shortages grew during the sieges of Mafeking and Kimberley, horses began to be slaughtered for food. As Swart says, at a time of greater intimacy between humans and horses, this was "a shocking act, tantamount almost to cannibalism", and she quotes a resident of Kimberley saying that "it took some pushing down". …


In 2008 Greece introduced legislation to curtail the right of investors to increase their shareholding in 'strategic' companies beyond certain levels and thereby to acquire control over those companies. In the opinion of the European Commission, however, this legislation constitutes a restriction on the free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment in the EU.


During July 1995, Chicago was gripped by a heat wave that still ranks as one of the deadliest in U.S. history. Estimates vary, but more than 700 people, many of them elderly and isolated, may have died as a result of the heat, which soared as high as 106 degrees. The federal government dispatched refrigerator trucks to store the deceased, hospitals shut down emergency rooms (ERs) for lack of space, roads buckled from the heat, and the Chicago Fire Department had to hose down children who were overcome by dehydration. Now, imagine if we experienced multiple Chicago heat waves every summer, in cities all across the country. That is the direction we are headed unless we change course and take strong, decisive action to curb climate change. We have precious little time to do so. According to a new study commissioned by the Risky Business Project, to which we served as advisers, if we continue business as usual, in only 35 years the average American will experience an additional 12 to 35 days every year during which temperatures will reach 95 degrees. By that time, the average summer will be hotter in Montana than it is now in New Mexico. By the end of the century, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho could well have more days each year above 95 degrees than currently occur in Texas. Different regions will experience different impacts. New England, the upper The views expressed in this commentary are those of the authors and not necessarily of the authors' organizations or of the Institute of Medicine. The commentary is intended to help inform and stimulate discussion. It has not been subjected to the review procedures of the Institute of Medicine and is not a report of the Institute of Medicine or of the National Research Council.


Routing, modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks is a problem aiming at increasing the capacity of the network. Many algorithms such as shortest path algorithm can be used as the routing section of this problem. The efficiency of these algorithms is partly based on how the cost on each link is defined. In this study, we consider several basic costs and compare their effects on the network capacity. In particular, the static costs and the dynamic costs are evaluated and compared; For dynamic scenarios, compared to static scenarios, at least one additional factor is added that, for instance, can be usage of the link. We further consider a new factor that is based on probability of accommodating the signal at a given time in any given link. The results show that, among them, the shortest path algorithm provides the least blocking probability when the cost is a combination of link length and the abovementioned possibility/ usage of the link.


Bates, M.F. 2013. First records of the egg-eating snake Dasypeltis confusa Trape & Mané, 2006 in Nigeria and Chad, with range extensions for Ghana. Navors. nas. Mus., Bloemfontein 29(2): 17-27. New records are provided for the egg-eating snake Dasypeltis confusa from three West African countries. These include the first records of this species for Nigeria, based on specimens from four localities (Jos and Zonkwa areas) in the centre of the country; and the first record for Chad, based on a specimen from Mayo-Kebbi in the south-west of the country. In addition, the known range in Ghana is extended to Yabraso in the central part of the country and the town of Wa in the north-west. The absence of records in several areas of apparently suitable savanna habitat in west and central Africa suggest that this species may have a much more extensive range than currently known. (Dasypeltis confusa, distribution, West Africa, Nigeria, Chad, Ghana) ISBN 978-1-86847-154-6 18 Navors. nas. Mus., Bloemfontein, Volume 29, Part 2


We report the results of 133 Cs, 87 Rb, and 13 3C NMR measurements on the alkali-metal fullerides CsC 60 and RbC 60 . Measurements of NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation rates provide clear evidence for phase transitions near 300 K in both compounds, with substantial changes in their electronic properties at the phase transitions. The high-temperature phases are paramagnets, with an exchange coupling of roughly 2 cm -1 between electron spins that are localized primarily on C 60 - ions. The 133 Cs and 87 Rb NMR frequency shifts and relaxation rates are determined by Fermi contact hyperfine couplings to the electron spins


Objective To explore the association between quality of life and social support in the elderly patients with osteoporosis. Methods A total of 214 elderly patients with hypertension screened with bone density examination were divided into two groups according to the bone density. The quality of life and social support were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the normal control group,the quality of life and social support in the osteoporosis group were significantly decreased (P 0. 01) . The quality of life was positively correlated with social support in the elderly patients with osteoporosis(r = 0. 672,P 0. 01) . Conclusions The elderly patients with osteoporosis need more social support to improve the quality of life.


The present research debates the role of the State in the face of the pandemic derived from the Covid-19, focusing on the case of Mexico and its consequences for democratic governance. In this sense, and previously presenting a historical context about the incremental role of the State in the last centuries, it is analyzed how the expected role of State protagonist due to the multidimensional crisis of the Covid-19 is not being produced in the North American country. On the contrary, the lack of solid and decisive action on the part of the federal executive seems to be leading to a notable increase in poverty and in the number of those who have died from the virus, which could even condition the democratic quality of the country.


Abstract : Laser modeling calculations have been performed for a helium-free DF laser operating on solid-grain reactants. The laser calculations include deactivation kinetics for BF3 that are based on measurements at 295 K. Reasonable estimates have been made for the scaling of the deactivation rates to higher vibrational levels and for the temperature dependence. The calculations show that the BF3 degrades the laser performance about 4% because of the deactivation kinetics. (Author)


Purpose: This study investigated the CT grouping, surgical methods and clinical efficacy of hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the patients from 2006, 07 to 2013, 01 who were performed with CT grouping and whose surgical indications were confirmed. Surgical methods were selected according to the three danger signs of preoperative hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage, and G0S Rating was used to determine the prognosis. Results: A total of 21 cases of cerebellar hemorrhage met the inclusion criteria, in which 10 cases were breaking into the ventricle, 6 cases were simple posterior fossa craniotomy, 2 cases were simple lateral external drainage, and 7 cases were posterior fossa craniotomy plus occipital horn ventricular drainage. Postoperative follow-up for 6 months, the G0S rating showed that 10 cases were undergoing good recovery, 6 cases had mild disability, 3 cases had severe disability, one case was vegetative, and one case were dead. The method of CT grouping according to the three danger signs of cerebellar hemorrhage to determine surgical indications and surgical approach is quite simple and practical, which can help guide clinical treatment and prognosis.


We offer a mathematical proof of consistency for Peano Arithmetic PA formalizable in PA. This result is compatible with Goedel's Second Incompleteness Theorem since our consistency proof does not rely on the representation of consistency as a specific arithmetical formula. Our findings show that formal theories can finitely formalize proofs of certain properties presented as schemes without reducing the presentation of those properties to a single formula. We outline a theory of proving schemes in PA.


Surely, and at an increasing pace, satellites are having important effects on our daily lives: the decreasing costs of long-distance telephone calls via communication satellites, the satellite-produced weather map on the evening news, and the Landsatproduced photographs of the earth are three examples. It is less well known that a satellite system has resulted in a dramatic improvement in the ancient arts of navigation and surveying. The traditional forms of celestial navigation are limited by being useful only when the sun or stars are visible. Existing radio techniques are either unavailable or have questionable accuracy over certain portions of the earth. Surveying on a global scale had been hampered by more subtle limitations--national boundaries, difficult terrain, and broad oceans-which thwarted attempts to place terrestrial points in a common reference frame. Even without those limitations, there were unresolved inconsistencies associated with the inability to make vertical measurements relative to an earth-centered coordinate system. An ingenious technique for determining the path (orbit) of a satellite has provided an elegant solution to those problems and has, in turn, created a new industry: satellite navigation and surveying, whose total sales this year will exceed $60,000,000. The 20 year development of the technique has still not exhausted its potential accuracy. Development will probably continue for several more decades.


Since the inception of the national family planning program in 1962, the main emphasis has been placed on the provision of contraceptive services and IE&C activities through home visits by family planning field workers and through the government designated private physicians. This approach has been a powerful management system for the national program, particularly in the ru ral area. However, new issues in the national family planning program emerged with the subsequent socicreconomic changes since 1962. An increasing number of the rural population began to migrate to the urban area. and therefore beginning in the \970`s more weight had to be given 10 the family planning services for the urban area. in particular, for those in the low-income brackets.
In an effort to increase contraceptive acceptors among the urban Jow·income people, the government has been implemented various special projects for them since 1974 through maximum utilization of community leaders including Tong and Ban Chiefs and mother`s clubs, and family planning workers in their areas. Thus, this paper is aimed to analyse the currenl status of family planning and fertility behavior of urban low-income wives as a part of program evaluation. Also, this paper is based on an analysis of the 1984 Family Planning Survey data which was can· ducted in July 1984 and responded by 600 married women aged 15 - 44 in the low-income areas of the Daejon and Daegu ci ties.
The survey data revealed that the contraceptive practice rate was 77.0 percent which was much higher than 70.3 percent of the national practice rate in the same year, and the approval rate for the one or two children of the low-income areas was much higher than that of other urban areas. Based on the results of the analysis, the following recommendations are suggested for the beller program implementation; I) improvement of program management system for recruiting new acceptors in the 20s for birth spacing, 2) development and inducement of innovative incentive schems and IE&C activities for increasing the proportion of the one child families, and 3) strengthening the utilization of community resources including mother`s clubs.


A drop falling onto a free water surface produces acoustic packets propagating both in the air and underwater. The high-frequency shock pulse usually follows the impact accompanied by two or more acoustic packets. In experiments, the sound signals and video recording of the flow in the drop impact area were carried out simultaneously. Comparative analysis of the video- and acoustic records disclosed a strong temporal correlation between air cavities detaching from the underwater cavern and sound signals. The sounds arise to the moments when the cavities tear off the cavern and stop when the cavities shape to regular (elliptical or spherical) forms.


Ionizing Radiation is one of the most effective suppressors of the Immune system. Alpha radiation or Ray is the type of radiation under focus in this study. This kind of radiation is of positively charged particles, able to interact with surrounding materials. These particles lose their energy rapidly, cannot penetrate very far into materials. Alpha particles are classified by the International Agency for Response Cancer, IARC as group I carcinogens, they are able to suppress immune system and hit mainly innate and cellular mediated immunity, Milacic, (2008).


This research aims to describe 1) the process of learning Indonesian for preschool aged children through songs at PGRI Biru Kindergarten, Kahu District, Bone Regency and 2) Indonesian vocabulary whose meaning can be understood by preschool aged children which is acquired through songs at the park. PGRI Biru Children, Kahu District, Bone Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using all learning activities and all the vocabulary contained in the songs used in PGRI Biru Kindergarten learning, Kahu District, Bone Regency. The data source is oral data from teachers and children of PGRI Biru Kindergarten, Kahu District, and Bone Regency and from songs used in learning. Data collection techniques were carried out using library and field techniques consisting of direct observation, interviews and recording. The results of the research show that the process of learning Indonesian through songs at PGRI Biru Kindergarten, Kahu District, Bone Kabupaten shows that of the 96 Indonesian words taught through songs, there are 70 words or 66.04% whose meaning can be understood by all children and 26 words or 33.96% whose meaning some children cannot understand. Thus it can be concluded that 1) the process of learning Indonesian through songs at the PGRI Kindergarten, Kahu District, and Bone Regency is applied to preschool children using imitation and play techniques. 2) Some of the vocabulary can be understood by all children and some words cannot be understood by the meaning of some children.


AIM: To study the microglial/macrophagic reactions to chronic foral cerebral ischmeia METHODS:ED1 and OX42 positive cellular reactive profiles including time-course and distribution as well as morphological changes were explored in the ischemic cortex and the ischemic caudoputamen of 36 SD adult rats by using focal cerebral ischemic model and immunohistochemical method RESULTS: On the 3rd day after ischemia, an increased number of round ED1 positive cells were found in the outer boundary of cortical ischemic foci and the ischemic caudoputamen, and some of the positive cells were present in the cortical ischemic core At 2nd week after ischemia, ED1 positive cells peaked in number, and they were located at cortical ischemic core and lateral caudoputamen, at which they persisted up to 6 weeks after ischemia. On the 3rd day after ischemia, ramified OX42 positive cells became hypertrophy and a marked increase in number, and they were present at the periphery of ischemic foci and in the ischemic caudoputamen At 2nd week after ischemia, OX42 positive cells became more hypertrophy, and a number of round OX42 positive cells were detected in the cortical ischemic core, in which they persisted up to 6 weeks after ischemia. CONCLUSION:Focal cerebral ischemia induces microglial/macrophagic reaction persistently, which may be correlative with neuronal delayed injury and self recovery of ischemic foci.