Background — Targeted temperature management is recommended after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Whether advanced internal cooling is superior to basic external cooling remains presently unknown. The aim of this multicenter controlled trial was to evaluate the benefit of endovascular versus basic surface cooling. Methods and Results — Inclusion criteria were: age 18-79, OHCA related to a presumed cardiac cause, time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) <60min, delay between ROSC and inclusion <240min, unconscious patient after ROSC and prior to start cooling. Exclusion criteria were: terminal disease, pregnancy, known coagulopathy, uncontrolled bleeding, temperature on admission <30°C, in-hospital CA, immediate need for extracorporeal life support or hemodialysis. Patients were randomized between two cooling strategies: endovascular femoral devices (Icy catheter, Coolgard™, Zoll, formerly Alsius, USA, n=203) or basic external cooling using fans, a home-made tent, and ice packs (n=197). The primary endpoint, i.e. favorable outcome evaluated by survival without major neurological damages (Cerebral Performance Categories 1-2) at day 28, was not significantly different between groups (odds ratio 1.41 [0.93-2.16], P=0.107). Improvement of favorable outcome at day 90 in favor of endovascular group did not reach significance (odds ratio 1.51 [0.96-2.35], P=0.07). Time to target temperature (33°C) was significantly shorter, and target hypothermia was more strictly maintained in the endovascular versus the surface group (P<0.001). Minor side effects directly related to the cooling method were more frequently observed in the endovascular group (P=0.009). Conclusions — Despite better hypothermia induction and maintenance, endovascular cooling was not significantly superior to basic external cooling regarding favorable outcome. Clinical Trial Registration Information ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00392639. tttimimiminininggg sssididide-e-e-eeeffffffeecectssts (((suuub-b-b-cacacatetetegogogoriesss


With the rapid expansion of Internet,it has come forth that the delay of access,the heavy loads of web servers and so on. Web proxy caching technique provides a solution to the above problems.Cache consistency policies are not typically well combined with the cache replacement policies and affect the performance of proxy cache accordingly,hence a new algorithm called replacement and consistency algorithm(RCA)is designed and implemented.The algorithm incorporates cache consistency policy with cache replacement policy in which the cache consistency policy is adaptive TTL mechanism,while the cache replacement policy is called LFRU algorithm based on LFU and LRU model,and inducted aging mechanism.Using trace-driven simulation,the results show that RCA algorithm is better than several traditional algorithms both in document hit rate and document byte hit rate.


When long steel sheet-piles are driven into sandy soil, their grips occasionally separate. A clear explanation has not been obtained regarding this phenomenon because it occurs in the soil. One of the purposes of this study was to clarify the deformation mechanism of the steel sheet-pile grip and to find out the factors affecting grip separation. Another purpose was to develop a sheet pile with a grip that does not easily separate during construction.In this paper, the sand pressure occuring in the grip was assumed to be replaced by equivalent external force, so that the deformation of the grip by external force could be observed. This experiment showed that the separation limit of the steel sheet-pile grip is controlled by the dimension and strength of the root of the steel sheet-pile finger. The sand pressure at grip separation estimated by this experiment was the same as that estimated by the repetition of pile driving in the sand pit in the laboratory. From these experiments, a steel sheet-pile, which is strongly resistive to grip separation, was discovered. This steel sheet-pile can be easily produced by rolling.


The idea of creating a company that specializes in providing the quality services certification to restaurants in the city of Quito, is inspired because in recent years the government of Ecuador has developed a concern for offering quality products and services, mainly due for the tourism industry as a source of important non-oil revenues, in Ecuador grows daily visits from domestic and foreign tourists so that companies that provide services to these people especially need to apply international standards to grow their businesses and be recognize in the industry. Through market research, it found that there is a potential demand for quality certification of more than 9,500 establishments in the city of Quito, could also be found to almost completely have never implemented a certification quality, just a 10% believes be prepared to get a certification and more than half want their internal processes are reviewed to highlight and market positioning. To focus in the target, the Company will apply a market system of direct approach to the consumers, the employees of the sales department will program de visits according to the zone of the city; the office will be located in a central area where the vast majority of establishments in the target market for fast and better customer service are located….


We previously showed that KLF4 is required for the expression of VSMC differentiation marker genes induced by ATRA. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) interacts with KLF4 and regulates its acetylation and transcriptional activity. In this report, we show that KLF4 acetylation is regulated by its interaction with HDAC2 in ATRA‐induced VSMCs. To determine whether ATRA affects KLF4 modifications, the phosphorylation and acetylation of KLF4, which regulate KLF4 functions, were analyzed. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that level of phosphorylated KLF4 markedly increased in VSMCs treated with 10 µmol/L of ATRA . Similarly, KLF4 acetylation level was also significantly enhanced after VSMCs were treated with ATRA. To investigate the mechanism by which ATRA stimulates KLF4 acetylation, the interaction of KLF4 in vitro and in vivo with HDAC2, which is highly expression in ATRA‐treated VSMCs, was detected by cross‐CoIP and GST pull‐down. Western blot analysis showed that association of HDAC2 with KLF4 decreased in a time‐dependent manner after ATRA stimulation. Meanwhile, the increase in HDAC2 phosphorylation was observed in VSMCs treated with ATRA . These results suggest that ATRA increases KLF4 acetylation via inhibiting its interaction with HDAC2 and suppressing KLF4 deacetylation by HDAC2 in VSMCs. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that JNK mediates ATRA‐induced HDAC2 phosphorylation.


Aiming at the problems of lack finances for the medium and small enterprises and imperfection for the enterprise informationization,this paper analyses the application of Computer Aided Process Planning(CAPP) service for the medium and small enterprises,combines with characteristics of multi-user,configurable and high efficiency for Software-as-a-Service(SaaS) architecture,and presents a design of CAPP service based on SaaS.It offers the more convenient way of accessing the CAPP knowledge,standardizes the CAPP flow,promotes cooperation in the enterprises and enterprises process of informationization.


In this document we describe how the use of an educational telematic framework has helped us to evaluate and improve the properties of sequentiability, reusability and decrease of complexity in the developing of constructivist collaborative learning applications. This framework is represented by three levels, namely: situational, constructivist and co-operative level, which are based on a knowledge-construction spiral model; its representation is completed by means of a series of five templates which describe those properties that must be included in CSCL applications and are designed following object-oriented techniques; subsequent to this, three CSCL applications that deal with three different learning contexts serve as a basis for the introduction of the use of the framework, and finally, we provide an outline of its usefulness in the evaluation of these three CSCL applications regarding the above mentioned properties.


Abstract Intensification of crop production in the mountains has long been perceived as unsustainable. However, since the late 1980s it has become increasingly evident that decline and collapse are not always inevitable. The present article provides examples from the highlands of northern Thailand to show that local food security can be improved while impacts on the resource base and the environment are minimized. This was achieved with the help of cropping systems developed and adapted by farmers themselves (Figure 1). Studying farmers' management techniques will allow this success to be repeated elsewhere, but only if it is based on the idea of dynamic variation in cropping system management that occurs within and between mountain agroecosystems, defined as agrodiversity.


An ideal homecare system needs to process multiple diagnostic signals using a portable battery-driven device, and provide a real-time audio/video interface for telemedicine application. In this paper, we present a low cost real-time homecare system based on a commercial digital camera platform. In addition to the typical media recording functions of a digital camera, such as MPEG recording, the proposed system can further compress phonocardiogram (PCG) signal concurrently.


The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments in the scientific discussion on place marketing. The study's main purpose is to understand the nature and features of existing research on marketing areas to determine the direction of future research for both scientists and practitioners. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the problem of marketing areas suggests that many studies in this area require a synthesis of existing research. The urgency of solving this scientific problem is that although the use of marketing in public administration has intensified in recent years, there are many problems in this area. The research of place marketing was carried out in the following logical sequence: determination of the impact of the authors, journals, and articles on territorial marketing, keyword analysis, identification of marketing clusters, visualization of scientific literature on place marketing. The study covers 1970-2021. The research object is 1611 relevant publications published in various scientific sources. The most influential journals were found to be the Journal of Business Research, Tourism Management and Marketing Theory. The most cited authors were Kavaratzis M. and Warnaby G. Most of the articles have been published by researchers from the USA, England, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, and France. Eight key clusters were identified in the marketing of territories: politics, tourism, model, identity, place branding, residents, framework, city brand. In the last five years, most research has been devoted to placing brands, destination marketing, geographies, politics, culture, place branding, identity, tourism, involvement, governance, impact, smart city, loyalty, community. Areas of future research could include destination brand, technology, regeneration, legitimacy, experiences, word-of-mouth, attitude, reflections, memory, inequity of cities, inclusive place branding, brand equity, place attachment, place identity, and others. It is also recommended to focus on city-twinning, sister city, municipal cooperation. The study results could be helpful for companies involved in developing the brand of territories, local authorities for the development of place marketing, and scientists researching place marketing.


The problem of the UAVs path planning is to gain extreme values under multiple constraints in essence.Avoiding local optimal solution and reducing calculating time are the key techniques for the path planning algorithms.The traditional algorithms converge slowly and fall into local optimal solution easily.So an improved GAAA Algorithm is presented in this paper.Minor mutation and introducing new colony operators are given in the genetic algorithm to maintain multiple colonies.In the ant algorithm phase,we present a rule of obtaining the initial pheromone based on path cost,which guarantees better initial pheromone distribution and avoids fall into local optimal solution.Compared with other algorithms,the simulation results show that our algorithm improves the convergence greatly,and can obtain better path with less time.


Nowadays cellular materials have become a hot research topic because their special structure and unique properties. Computer graphic provides a new method to study the complex structure of cellular material. In this research, computer graphic was combined with the Visual Basic software to study the characteristic of cellular material. The hole ratio, aperture and form coefficient could be attained and the finite element model of cellular material could be also got from the established program.


Fractures widely exist in rocks and joint interpretation of elastic and electrical survey data can improve the characterization of fractured rocks. However, the cross-property relationship between the elastic and electrical rock properties that is the key to the successful joint elastic-electrical interpretation, remains poorly understood in fractured rocks with varying pore pressure. We bridge this knowledge gap by developing a method for making calcite-cemented sandstones with penny-shaped fractures, and by simultaneously measuring the anisotropic elastic and electrical properties of the artificial sandstones with and without fractures as a function of pore pressure through the development of an anisotropic joint elastic-electrical measurement system. We show that elastic velocities and electrical resistivities of both the intact and fractured samples reduce with increasing pore pressure and the reduction in the physical properties of the fractured rock is less significant than that of the intact sample. We also show that elastic and electrical anisotropic parameters decrease in the sample without fractures but decrease first and then increase with increasing pore pressure in the sample with fractures. Most interestingly, the anisotropic elastic and electrical properties are found to exhibit a strong linear correlation in both the intact and fractured samples with varying pore pressure and a difference exists in the slopes between the samples with and without fractures. The experimental data are explained and interpreted through the contrary contributions of the dilation of the random microcracks and the aligned fractures with increasing pore pressure to the anisotropic elastic and electrical properties. The results reveal the pore pressure effects on the anisotropic joint elastic-electrical properties of sandstones with fractures, and provide a potential for the detection of overpressure in fractured rocks through integrated elastic and electrical surveys.


Abstract1. The effect of pentobarbitone on vasomotor responses to stimulation in the brain stem was investigated in wake, immobilized rabbits.2. Pressor reactions were either reduced or converted into depressor responses. Depressor reactions were not affected or even intensified by small doses of barbiturate.3. Blood pressure fall after barbiturate may be ascribed to preferential block of pressor centers. The implications of these findings regarding the mechanism of central blood pressure regulation and the treatment of hypertension are discussed.


Tunnel for the passage of vehicles and corresponding method. Is a coating tubelike reinforced high strength concrete, in that each annular section of the tube is divided into two units along a longitudinal plane, which constitute the lower contraboveda and upper dome, which are held outside tunnel and consist of respective three-dimensional structures of welded armor comprising a plurality of reinforcement in transverse arc are joined by longitudinal shear reinforcement, whose structures define outer and inner surfaces. The outer surfaces of the inverted dome in position and have the ends of the armatures butt and spaced inner surfaces, which define a working window. armatures are supporting the outer surfaces after the armatures of the working window of the interior, then the exterior with the interior, and finally the concrete is applied under pressure.


The brains of all vertebrates develop from the three early embryonic vesicles of the neural tube, which give rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions that are separated by two transitional boundaries. Of these, the midbrain/hindbrain (isthmic) boundary is the best characterized in development, whereas the forebrain/midbrain boundary has been more difficult to establish. The dorsocaudal region of the diencephalon just rostral to the midbrain contains an important landmark in the brain of all vertebrates, the posterior commissure (Figure 1), which covers a conserved ventricular organ (subcommissural organ) that produces the Reissner fiber, a conserved chordate feature. The nuclear structures below and around the commissure form an often poorly defined anatomical region named the pretectum because of its relative position just anterior to the optic tectum (superior colliculus in mammals). Various pretectal nuclei and areas have been assigned classically to either caudal regions of the thalamus (pretectal thalamus) or the rostral mesencephalon. Owing to the intensive study of retinofugal pathways in a large number of vertebrate species, the best characterized afferents of the pretectum are those originating in the retina. Not surprisingly, the retinorecipient nuclei are the best characterized pretectal regions, and their visuomotor activities are the best studied in frogs and lampreys (Fite & Scalia, 1971; Ull en, Deliagina, Orlovsky, & Grillner, 1997). Two conflicting views of the anatomical organization of the diencephalon have led to large discrepancies with regard to which nuclei form part of the pretectum (Ferran et al., 2008). Herrick's longitudinal columnar model of the brain considered the diencephalon to be formed of four dorsoventrally superposed bands, the epithalamus, the dorsal and ventral thalamus, and the hypothalamus (Herrick, 1910). This model (the most influential over a large part of the 20th century) contributed little to the characterization of the pretectal region as a fundamental unit separate from the thalamus, being often referred to as thalamic pretectum. On the basis of embryological and anatomical studies of various fishes and amphibians, Bergquist (1932) proposed an alternative view of the alar diencephalon as formed of three transversely arranged thalamic zones (anterior, middle, and posterior). This and other studies were the foundation of today's prosomeric model of forebrain organization (Rubenstein et al., 1994; Puelles & Rubenstein, 2003), supported by a number of studies of early gene expression. These findings allowed conceptualization of a model of diencephalic organization conserved across vertebrates but that differs fundamentally from descriptions found in classical textbooks of human neuroanatomy. The prosomeric model, which can be applied to vertebrates as different as lampreys, elasmobranchs, teleosts, amphibians, avians, and mammals (Figure 1), indicates that the embryonic diencephalon is formed of three transverse segments or prosomeres 1 to 3 with the alar region of the most caudal prosomere (prosomere 1) corresponding to the pretectum (Puelles & Rubenstein, 1993; Puelles, 1995; Pombal & Puelles, 1999; Ferreiro-Galve et al., 2008). New studies of early gene expression in mammals, birds, frogs, and teleosts have further revealed a common basic tripartite structure of the embryonic pretectum, which rostrocaudally originates the precommissural, juxtacommissural, and commissural pretectal regions (Ferran et al., 2008; Morona, Ferran, Puelles, & Gonz alez, 2011; Puelles, Martinez-de-la-Torre, Ferran, & Watson, 2012; Lauter, S€ oll, & Hauptmann, 2013). Together these studies reveal that the early organization and intraprosomeric subdivision of prosomere 1 in vertebrates is highly conserved. The studies by Cappantini and coworkers and by Morona and coworkers in this issue of the Journal of Comparative Neurology explore the pretectum of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon, and the frog, Xenopus, under different but complementary views that expand our knowledge of the functional significance, development, and evolution of the pretectum. The work of Cappantini and coworkers explores new functional aspects of the adult lamprey pretectum using, among other approaches, tract-tracing, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemistry, and neuronal electrophysiology and pharmacology (Figure 2). The pretectum in adult lampreys receives afferents from two specialized types of retinal ganglion cells (Jones, Grillner, & Robertson, 2009) and plays a crucial role both in the dorsal light response and in negative phototaxis (Ull en et al., 1997). The visual circuitry examined here in detail reveals that central and lateral pretectal populations mainly receive retinal afferents that, together with the periventricular neurons, project heavily to the ipsiand contralateral reticular formation. The pretectum is the main retinorecipient center in lamprey larvae, which are considered to be blind because they have non-image–forming eyes (de Miguel,


A proposal by DeWitt for the full effective action for pure quantum gravity is discussed with the metric restricted to Robertson-Walker form, and with gravity coupled to a classical perfect fluid of massless particles. A class of nonsingular solutions to the effective field equations are obtained and discussed. These are simple generalizations of the classical solution. Some restrictions are established on any other solutions which may exist.


This is an experimental investigation of the effects of forced transverse vibrations on the local heat transfer characteristics of a heated, pinned-pinned beam. In particular, the response of a cylindrical beam near its first two natural frequencies, corresponding to the first two vibration modes, is considered. The results show that there is a strong spatial variation in the local Nusselt number and that these variations are closely related to the mode shape of the response. Because the heat transfer measurements were taken at the resonance frequencies, where the structural response was greatest, the measured Nusselt numbers provide an upper bound for the increased convection due to flexible body vibrations, i.e., in the absence of any rigid-body mode. The possibility of large-amplitude nonlinear vibrations are discussed (though they were not witnessed experimentally) in a theoretical framework


Towards the application of stand-alone power supplies for wearable sensors, we have investigated the effect of fixed charges in a dielectric polymer film of a triboelectric device on the output power. Our device is composed of an aluminum (Al) plate and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film. Using a corona discharge gun, we injected negative charges into the PDMS film. To maximize the output power, we optimized the corona discharge conditions. The output voltage and output power of the device using the charged PDMS film fabricated under the optimum conditions were 4.5 and 20 times higher than those of the device using the pristine PDMS film, respectively.


Gravitational lenses have been a subject of great interest ever since the discovery of the first lensed system 25 years ago. The use of the radio technique, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), to study such a class of objects enhances our knowledge as a result of the phenomenal combination of the resolutions provided by both this technique and the telescopic nature of gravitational lensing that leads to the magnification of the background source. Identified as a gravitationally lensed system in 1992 (Patnaik et al.), the radio image consists of an Einstein ring and two compact images separated by ∼ 330 mas (Figure 1). The lens is identified as a spiral galaxy (z ∼ 0.685, O'Dea et al 1992, Browne et al. 1993) and the background source is conjectured to be a blazar (z ∼ 0.944, Cohen et al. 2003). The latter is variable in its emission, and a time delay of (10.5 ± 0.4) days between the images has been measured (Biggs et al. 1999).


In this dissertation the formation of interfacial singularities of fluid surfaces is studied. Starting with a discussion of the most important physical effects, a two-dimensional model, which includes physical effects such as surface tension, intermolecular forces, and Navier-slip boundary conditions, is constructed. By applying symmetry assumptions and a reduction formalism1 this model can be simplified into the following set of partial differential equations: ∂th+ (hu)x = 0, <(∂tu+ uux) = 4 h (hux)x − (φ(h)− hxx)x − 1 b u h , the so-called strong-slip equations (SSE). The function h in that equation describes the thickness of the thin liquid film and u is the averaged velocity. These equations non-dimensional slip-length b as one parameter. Slip refers to the possibility that the continuous velocity field of the fluid still has a non-zero value at a fluid–solid interface, i.e., fluid particles do not get stuck on the interface. Deviations from the no-slip condition, where the velocity at the interface is set to zero, are usually observed in microfluidic experiments on hydrophobic substrates at length scales of several hundred nanometers (Lauga et al. 2006). In this thesis the onset of singularities is studied in different ways. First a linearization of the SSE is computed and a long-wavelength instability is found. Then a numerical scheme, which is used to study the non-linear behavior of solutions to the SSE, is proposed and discussed in some detail. A characteristic feature of the numerical finite-difference scheme is the high spatial resolution due to the non-uniformity of the computational meshes. This property allows us tracking of solutions close to a singularity. Similar studies have been performed without slip by Miksis (1996) and Vaynblat (2001). Finally the SSE is further simplified and important properties of the rupture process are proven for a simplified equation. The procedure employed here is similar to previous work by Papageorgiou (1995) or Renardy (2001). Their results are generalized. The simplification procedure mentioned before allows us to establish a connection to LSW models of Ostwald ripening and to study properties of self-similar solutions such as the non-existence proof in the paper by Niethammer and Pego (1999). Namely, the long-wavelength approximation also known as the lubrication approximation or the slender-body theory. The main results found in this thesis are: • The effect of slippage is studied systematically with respect to singularity formation and transient self-similar solutions. • A numerical scheme that allows following the growth of physical singularities over many orders of magintude (in h) is developed. • The singularity formation is studied in a rigorous mathematical way. For example it is proven that singularities form within a finite time, their shape is characterized, and convergence to self-similar solutions is proven.


Hamburg declaration of adult education has been spread in western developed countries from 1997.Our developing adult education can get some enlightenment on concept,system and curriculum from it.Adult education reform has very important value to our learning society,and it provides the basic effect for our economic transformation.In addition,this reform can give an active influence on narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor as well as on harmonious society building.


The following are the conclusions obtained by the philological study of the prescriptions introduced in Dongeuybogam such as Pyungwuisan, Pyungwuisan-added prescriptions, Pyungwuisan blended prescriptions: 1. Pyungwuisan and drugs based on Pyungwuisan were prescribed for stomach diseases, food poisoning, indigestion, impaired spleen, symptoms developed by dampness, diseases caused by changing water, diarrhea, edema, malignant malaria, an intestinal convulsion, blood in excrement, malaria, abortion, sparrow eye. 2. Dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan and other independent prescriptions were applied to internal diseases concerning digestion, diarrhea and dysentery, abscess, intestinal swelling jaundice, symptoms developed by dampness, malaria, vomit, etc. 3. Etiological factors and diseases for which Pyungwuisan and medicines based on Pyungwuisan, dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan were prescribed, were surveyed to include indigestion, weak spleen and stomach, drying dampness of spleen and stomach, dysfunctioning gall bladder, infection, damaged internals, external sensitiveness and internal damage, hypochondria, chilliness due to lack of chi. 4. A prescription for each disease needed specially added medicines to Pyungwuisan as the following: 1) For indigestion and dyspepsia, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with optional addition of Hoisaengsan, Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, Sosihotang, etc., according to the symptoms, and were most frequently used with aromatic and digestive medicines such as mawwa medivata fermentata, malt, natgrass galingale rhizome, vilous amomum fruit, aucklandia root, round cardamom seed etc. 2) For diseases originated from damage by coldness, Pyungwuisan was taken with suitable amount of Jichulhwan, Hyangsosan, Hyangyusan, according to the symptoms. 3) For diarrhea and dysentery, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with the recipes of Oryeongsan, Sambaektang, Ijintang. 4) For jaundice, prescriptions always included natgrass galingale rhizome in the recipe of Pyungwuisan. 5) For malaria, mostly added prescriptions to Pyungwuisan were Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, with usual addition of antifebrile dichroa root, tsaoko, green tangerine orange peel. 6) Pyungwuisan was prescribed with Hoisaengsan for vomit, with Oryeongsan for edema, and with kinds of Ueolgukhwan for hypochondria.


For several decades synthetic chemists have discussed factors for perfecting multistep synthesis, particularly in the context of natural product synthesis. Atom, step, and redox economics as well as yields have come to be regarded as essential factors. Without discussing these issues in greater detail here, it must be noted that these economics are particularly relevant if multistep syntheses are conducted stepwise in the batch mode. After each step, stoichiometric amounts of intermediate products have to be handled, which involves isolation and at least partial purification. Therefore, use of the smallest possible number of steps and the minimization of work-up protocols are essential. Since the beginning of the millennium, flow chemistry has been introduced as a new enabling technology to organic synthesis and conventional laboratories. This has had several principal consequences for planning and conducting organic syntheses. Two key factors in continuous processes are flow rate and residence times. The overall reaction time is determined by the volume of the reactor and the bulk flow rate and full conversion must occur in the reactor with the highest possible flow rate. Thus, flow rate and residence time determine how much product is formed in a given time. Under optimized conditions, a flow reactor can be operated infinitely as long as starting materials are available. This is also true if several flow reactors are operated in a linear setup and the product formed in one reactor serves as starting material for the succeeding reactor, which is thus continuously fed. Other advantages of flow processes are related to their excellent mass and energy transfer properties, which are highly beneficial for conducting organic reactions under high temperature and pressure conditions and for photoand electrochemical reactions. As chemists do not need to handle stoichiometric amounts of intermediates for most steps in continuously operated multistep processes, work-up protocols are almost irrelevant. In particular, the group of Ley and co-workers, as well as others, have exploited the advantages of multistep flow synthesis in the synthesis of clinically used drugs and natural products. However, these protocols were commonly restricted to simple transformations and no reports on polyketide-based natural products could be found in the literature until recently. The underlying biosynthetic motif of polyketides relies on aldol-type chemistry and most synthetic approaches utilize variants of the stereocontrolled aldol reaction or crotylations to build up the carbon backbone of this important class of natural products. Commonly, these reactions are delicate to perform on a large scale as temperatures and reaction times for enolate or crotyl anion formation, coupling, and work-up have to be well controlled for each individual case to achieve high facial selectivities. Spirangien A (1) is such a polyketide-based natural product isolated from myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum So ce90, which exerts strong activity against L929 mouse fibroplast cell lines as well as antifungal activity (Scheme 1). Very recently, Ley and co-workers reported the total synthesis of the stable methyl ester spirangien A (2) and the simplified spirodienal 3, which shows similar biological properties to 1. For the first time, they prepared major ketide fragments in multistep flow processes. In this Highlight we shall specifically cover selected examples of flow protocols as they demonstrate how to expand multistep flow processes to the world of complex natural products and shed light on the enormous progress flow chemistry has seen over the past 15 years. Strategically, intermediate 4 was transformed into building block 5, which contains a stereotriade that establishes the stereocenters found at C16–C18 and C26–C28 of spirangien A. Therefore, alkene 5 was transformed into both advanced fragments 6 and 7. These were merged by nucleophilic addition of the alkyne lithium derivative of 6 to the aldehyde present in 7. This step and the finalization of the synthesis were performed under batch conditions. Here, we wish to highlight some key features of individual reactions and reaction sequences that demonstrate the state-of-the-art of modern flow synthesis. Utilizing the technically simple device of a tube-in-tube reactor suitable for continuous reactions with gases, the Ley group performed an asymmetric hydrogenation by using Pfaltz's catalyst ((R,R)-12), which yielded hydrogenation product 9 in excellent yield and with good selectivity (Scheme 2). Although the mechanism is not yet fully understood, a special feature of Pfaltz's catalyst is that it can be applied to the hydrogenation of non-functionalized alkenes without need for additional polar coordinating sites. Next, the protection was switched to an acetonide group and all agents and byproducts were removed from product 10 by pumping the reaction mixture through a cartridge of polymer-supported benzylamine and basic alumina oxide. Arguably, one of the most impressive flow sequences of this total synthesis is the selective reduction of the methyl ester to [a] Dr. G. J rjens, Prof. Dr. A. Kirschning Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Research (BMWZ) Leibniz Universit t Hannover Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover (Germany) E-mail : email@example.com


Chronic tuberculous meningoencephalitis in cause of a cere brovascular insufficiency - a differential diegnostic problem? The often complicated diagnosis in the reason of uncertain primary clinical symptoms, in a chronical prolonged tuber culous meningoencephalitis, in correlation with the demon stration of an exemplary case, in the present study is repor ted. In addition, in this case the morphological and dinical signs are very uncommon also in cause of uncharacteristically and misleadingly dinical symptoms. The findings in compu ted tomography and finally also the rarely autopsy findings, Iike tuberculous ventriculitis and vasculitis are presented. The possibilities of different diagnosis will be discussed, in regard to the literature. The present study should be understood as a contribution to a quick and certain diagnose in tuberculous meningoencephalitis.


Growth management has been part of US land use planning practice for decades, and a large number of activities has been developed and applied over time. The rather fragmented toolbox comprises traditional activities, like growth caps and urban growth boundaries, in conjunction with smart approaches such as transit oriented development and new urbanism-related design features. The emphasis of growth management research has been to highlight the different programs enacted at state and/or local levels. Because the scope of growth management requires myriad different tools, land use researchers must keep pace with emerging approaches, and this paper contributes to that discussion. The analytical aspect, however, will be elaborated through theoretical planning considerations. Putting the two realms together -— planning theory and stakeholders' experiences —- are both rather new approaches in growth management research. This paper examines both the theoretical and empirical sides of growth management. The first component deals with discrepancies in the practice–theory discourse concerning growth management by developing a research framework for characterizing growth management strategies based on theoretical concepts. One of the principal challenges is to find a common denominator in planning theory that has the potential to serve as a bridging philosophy. The principle of interdependence is a starting point for these considerations. The second component of this paper assesses the underlying goals of growth management and analyzes different methods in use, including their advantages and disadvantages, in planning practice in the San Francisco Bay Area.


— The paper deals with the signal processing of ultrasonic pulses to obtain information on space charge distribution is solid dielectrics. The linear theory based on the Fourier transform is applied to the study of ultrasonic wave propagation along the measuring path. Application of spectral method simplifies a signal analysis and enables description of the pulse and step responses accurately. The compiled computer procedures, which include FFT computer programs permit direct processing of measured signals that are stored in memory of oscilloscope.


ALSHAREF, ABDULLAH FAHAD A. Design of a Construction Expenditure Forecasting and Monitoring Tool for NCDOT Mega Projects. (Under the direction of Dr. Edward Jaselskis.) The research investigated how internal and external factors impact let date and construction start time change, and designed forecast model approaches to predict construction expenditures and monitor the performance for NCDOT projects of $50,000,000 or greater construction cost (Mega Projects). The research team developed an interview questionnaire and interviewed 23 NCDOT experts and contractors to identify the key problems and generate recommendations for improvement related to portfolio management, preconstruction phase, bidding phase, and construction phase. In addition, the research team has also identified checklists of major milestones to meet let dates and developed three model design concepts to better estimate construction payouts. Based on the study of payout curve patterns of completed DBB Mega projects, the research team proposed three model designs covering both the preconstruction and construction phases: 1. Macro Approach during the preconstruction phase. This method is a "top down" approach that creates statistical models using cumulative construction payout data on past projects that have been normalized where the final cost and schedule basis is one hundred percent. Mathematical models were developed for two completed DBB projects showing a strong correlation to the actual values. In future work, standardized curves will be modeled for different project types, and they will be adjusted to the factors that apply to the forecasted projects based on location, seasonality, bid amount, duration, etc. 2. Micro Approach during the preconstruction phase. This method is a "bottom up" approach that builds the project payout curve based on the anticipated construction activities (e.g., mobilization, traffic control, excavation, etc.) and their associated unit costs. Data for this approach will come from detailed NCDOT project bid data from 2001 to 2014. Based on this database and on expert knowledge from NCDOT engineers, activity sequence, characteristic, and quantities will be used to develop payout curves using construction cost, and schedule durations. Although more time consuming, this approach has the potential to create project payout curves that are more closely aligned to the actual project scope compared to the macro approach which uses data from projects with a similar scope. Additionally, as more data is acquired over time greater payout accuracy is obtained. 3. Model design during the Construction Phase. This approach uses the contractor's estimated construction expenditure forecasts (both at the beginning of a project and quarterly during the project), which are based on the contractor's resource loaded schedule, to determine payout estimates. The NCDOT requests this forecasted payout information at the beginning of each mega project along with quarterly updates. The assumption is that the contractor has available to him all the material, labor, and equipment information needed to efficiently execute the project and anticipate its cash flow needs. However, it was discovered that many of the quarterly updates were not provided by the contractors to the NCDOT making it difficult to demonstrate the validity of this approach. Design of a Construction Expenditure Forecasting and Monitoring Tool for NCDOT Mega Projects by Abdullah Fahad A Alsharef A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science


How to retrieve web resources efficiently is an important issue in the web data deluge age. Information visualization and clustering are important techniques for large scaled information organization and retrieval, and vectors have been used for semantic representation of resources. This paper proposes a novel approach to positioning, visualizing and clustering web resources by a gravitation based model, called semantic filed model, which is a disc with several gravitation sources in the circumstance to locate a resource by calculating its position in the disc. Experiments on clustering resources show that the gravitation based position model is efficient and effective for information visualization and resource clustering.


Although there may be doubt regarding the predicted shortage of two million new teachers in the next decade, there is no question concerning the shortage of mathematics and science teachers. To cope with this shortage, particularly critical in large urban areas, some school districts have resorted to practices that threaten the quality of education students receive. In this article, the authors describe the national, state, and local policies and programs aimed at alleviating the teacher shortage in math and science. They also address the issue ofeffectiveness: How are recruitment efforts measured and what strategies have been effective in the past? In subsequent sections the authors discuss issues specific to the problems of recruiting teachers in these fields. Finally, they discuss the implications of these problems and the lessons to be learned from the available effectiveness data.


This study focuses on the consumer experience of telecommunications service quality in Malaysia. Malaysia's penetration rate has gone over 100 percent, meaning that each person in Malaysia has at least one account registered with the telecommunications provider. Telecommunications industry competition is becoming fierce as there is a limited market available to share among the industry players. This study used a quantitative approach, using a questionnaire to collect data through random sampling. One hundred and fifty available respondents received, using SEM-PLS analysis. Results indicate that customers are more concerned with service quality and trust than brand image and price. Brand image and price did not impact consumer loyalty. One of the critical factors is that the facilities and packages provided are approximately the same price ranges for almost similar coverage areas. The service provider will use the outcome for their ongoing long-term plan.


The effects of curved-surface of both cylindrical and spherical samples with either a 2-layer structure (thin-film coating) or a continuous gradient structure (case hardened surface) are investigated. By appropriate signal processing, it is found theoretically that the curvature effect of both cylindrical and spherical samples can be eliminated under certain conditions and the PTR signal from the curved composite sample can be equivalent to a flat surface with same structure.


A beam splitter operator is a very important linear device in the field of quantum optics and quantum information. It can not only be used to prepare complete representations of quantum mechanics, entangled state representation, but it can also be used to simulate the dissipative environment of quantum systems. In this paper, by combining the transform relation of the beam splitter operator and the technique of integration within the product of the operator, we present the coherent state representation of the operator and the corresponding normal ordering form. Based on this, we consider the applications of the coherent state representation of the beam splitter operator, such as deriving some operator identities and entangled state representation preparation with continuous-discrete variables. Furthermore, we extend our investigation to two single and two-mode cascaded beam splitter operators, giving the corresponding coherent state representation and its normal ordering form. In addition, the application of a beam splitter to prepare entangled states in quantum teleportation is further investigated, and the fidelity is discussed. The above results provide good theoretical value in the fields of quantum optics and quantum information.


In a recent dog study, the antibiotic metronidazole proved to be an effective disruptor of the fecal microbiota and resulted in looser stools and altered fecal bile acid (BA) profiles. Recovery took several weeks and was aided by a dietary supplement. The objective of this study was to determine how a veterinary gastrointestinal low-fat diet affected the fecal characteristics and metabolite, BA, and microbiota concentrations of dogs recovering from metronidazole administration. Twenty-four healthy adult dogs were used in an 8-wk completely randomized design study. The study began with a 2-wk baseline phase where all dogs consumed a leading grocery brand dry kibble diet (GBD; wk 0 to wk 2). Over the next 2 wk, dogs continued to consume GBD and received metronidazole (20 mg/kg BW; wk 2 to wk 4). At wk 4, dogs were randomly allotted to one of two treatments [GBD; Blue Buffalo Gastrointestinal Support Low-Fat (BB)] for the remaining 4 wk (wk 5 to wk 8). Fecal scores were recorded daily, and fresh fecal samples were collected at wk 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for measurement of pH, dry matter, and metabolite and bile acid concentrations. Fecal microbiota populations were also analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR, which was used to calculate dysbiosis index. All data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with treatment treated as a fixed effect, dog as a random effect, and significance set at P < 0.05. As anticipated, metronidazole administration increased (P < 0.0001) fecal scores (looser stools) and drastically altered (P < 0.05) fecal metabolite concentrations, reducing fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA), phenol, and indole concentrations, increasing primary BA concentrations, and decreasing secondary bile acid concentrations. Metronidazole dramatically impacted fecal microbiota populations by reducing alpha diversity, altering the abundance of multiple bacterial taxa, and increasing dysbiosis index. Fecal outcome variables recovered over the next 4 wk, with some being impacted by diet. The change in fecal SCFA and immunoglobulin A concentrations were greater (P < 0.01), while the change in fecal BCFA, phenol, and indole concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in dogs fed BB. Dysbiosis index and alpha diversity measures recovered quickly for all dogs and without dietary effects. Recovery of over 25 bacterial genera were impacted by diet (P < 0.05). While many bacterial taxa returned to baseline levels after 4 wk, others had still not fully recovered. Fecal BA concentrations recovered quickly for all dogs. The change in lithocholic acid concentration was less (P < 0.0001) in dogs fed BB, but other BA concentrations were not affected by diet. In conclusion, metronidazole drastically alters the fecal microbiota and metabolites of dogs. While most variables return to normal over time, a veterinary gastrointestinal diet may aid in the recovery.


A case of asymptomatic cecal carcinoma presenting as a testicular mass is reported. In the absence of diffuse metastatic disease, involvement of the testicle with colon cancer is extremely rare.


The condition of "irritable hip" is well recognised in children and is probably the result of a transient synovitis of uncertain origin. It usually occurs in the under-10 years age group and is a benign condition which settles with bed-rest and analgesia. The synovitis causes an effusion and the diagnosis of "irritable hip" is retrospective when the effusion and symptoms have resolved. The radiological signs of irritable hip are non-specific. "Stand-off" of the femoral head from the acetabulum may occur in children with an effusion, but rotation of the femur can also produce this sign. Evidence of soft-tissue, or capsular, displacement has been shown to be more of a radiological artefact than a true sign (Brown, 1975). This report suggests that ultrasound is a useful additional method of imaging the hip joint in children with a painful hip.


Abstract Enantioenriched β-lactams are accessed via enantioselective allylation of anilines with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates followed by a base-promoted cyclization. The resulting 3-methyleneazetidin-2-ones are amenable to diastereoselective functionalization to produce analogues of biologically active β-lactams. The use of nearly equimolar quantities of the starting materials make this method efficient and straightforward.


A SEM/EDAX/NOVA-2 system, with quantitative analysis program EDIT/EP7–ZAF auto, has been used for analysing the transition elements in aluminium alloys. Handling the sample carefully and choosing optimum operating conditions, has enabled us to determine the concentrations below 1% of these elements, with a percentage error less than ±10%, in most elements, except in Zn, due to interferences in its Kα line with the Cu Kβ.


Although wet cupping is quite a popular procedure that is practised worldwide, there is not enough evidence that it may cause anaemia as a side effect. In this observational retrospective pre–post study, we looked through the previously recorded data of patients who received wet cupping at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. We included in the study all those who had their complete blood count done before and immediately after the procedure (n=364). Then, we recorded their blood haemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and haematocrit before wet cupping, immediately after it, within 3 months after it, then, finally, from 3 months to 6 months after it. Three comparisons took place for each blood test by comparing the pre-reading with each one of the three post-readings. There was no statistically significant difference in any of the pre–post comparisons of those blood tests. However, after excluding those who were not anaemic and keeping only the anaemic patients, the comparison showed statistically significant improvement, but not clinically significant, when comparing the red blood cell count and the haematocrit before and immediately after wet cupping — p value was 0.000 for both. The mean difference for red blood cell count was –0.80 million cells/iL (–0.12 to –0.39) while the haematocrit mean difference was –0.64% (–0.96 to –0.33). In conclusion, anaemia was not found as a side effect of wet cupping.


Circadian disturbances are early features of neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's Disease (HD), affecting the quality of life of patients and caregivers. Emerging evidence suggests that circadian decline feeds-forward to neurodegenerative symptoms, exacerbating them, highlighting a need for restoring circadian health. Therefore, we asked whether any of the known neurotoxic modifiers can suppress circadian dysfunction. We performed a screen of neurotoxicity-modifier genes to suppress circadian behavioural arrhythmicity in a Drosophila circadian HD model. Notably, the molecular chaperones HSP40 and HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein) emerged as significant suppressors in the circadian context, with HSP40 being the more potent mitigator of HD-induced deficits. Upon HSP40 overexpression in the Drosophila circadian ventrolateral neurons (LNv), the behavioural rhythm rescue was associated with neuronal rescue of loss in circadian proteins from small LNv soma. Specifically, there was a restoration of the molecular clock protein Period and its oscillations in young flies and a long-lasting rescue of the output neuropeptide Pigment Dispersing Factor. Significantly, there was a reduction in the expanded Huntingtin inclusion load, concomitant with the appearance of a spot-like Huntingtin form. Thus, we provide evidence for the first time that implicates the neuroprotective chaperone HSP40 in circadian rehabilitation. Given the importance of proteostasis and circadian health in neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of molecular chaperones in circadian maintenance has broader therapeutic implications. Summary Statement This study shows, for the first time, a neuroprotective role of chaperone HSP40 in overcoming circadian dysfunction associated with Huntington's Disease in a Drosophila model


Jane Green and Chris Prosser pick apart the factors that underpinned Labour's disappointing election performance, including the ability of the Conservative and Labour parties to win votes from other parties in crucial marginal seats, and the paradoxical consequences of Labour's successful raid on the Lib-Dem vote.


Ever since its description in 1965, the Morgan algorithm' has been important in computer applications that handle chemical structure. It was originally proposed as a key step in the unique coding of chemical structures and was subsequently extended in slightly modified form by Wipke and Dyott2 as part of their chemical synthesis program, SECS. Corneil and Read3 mention it as a possible but incomplete method for partitioning vertices for isomorphism determinations. Shelley and Munk4 and Figueras5 used it in conjunction with other graph invariants for topological symmetry perception, and the algorithm played an important role in Shelley's structure display program.6 In place of paraphrase, let me quote Morgan's original description of his algorithm:' "The 'connectivity values' are computed by first assigning to each node an initial 'connectivity value' equal to the number of nonhydrogen atoms attached to that node .... The computer then calculates the number (k) of different 'connectivity values' which had been assigned. An iterative process is then established which calculates a new 'connectivity value' for each node. This new value is the sum of the assigned values for the nodes connected to the one under consideration. Having computed a value for each node based on the previous values, the computer calculates the number (k') of different values in the set of new values. If k'> k, the new values are assigned to the corresponding nodes, k is set equal to k', and the summation process is repeated. If, however, k'5 k, the process is terminated and the last set of values assigned to the nodes is used to induce a partial ordering among the nodes ...." It is apparent that, for each atom in the structure, each cycle of this computation brings in the next shell of atoms for computing the new connectivity values. A relationship between Morgan's connectivity values and matrix powers of the adjacency matrix was noted by Razinger,7 who gave an empirical example but offered no proof. More recently, Riicker and Rucker* derived the relationship by proving that total walk counts, which can be computed as row sums of a power of the adjacency matrix, are identical to Morgan's connectivity values. In this paper, the relationship is derived by direct representation of the Morgan algorithm as a recursive matrix multiplication.


This study aims to test and prove empirically: (1) are the leardership influence on thework achievement employee; (2) are the competence influence on the work achievementemployee; and (3 are the individual commitment influence on the work achievementemployee; Theoretically, this research is expected to enrich and complement the knowledgein the field of human resource management so as to be useful to academics and practitioners.The type of research is explanatory research, population and sample in the study were 48employees. The samples using total sampling technique, were analyzed by linear regressionanalysis with software SPSS 23. The results showed that (1) Leadership affect the workperformance of employees, each employee has a character that berkemimpinan though notalways dominant, but with the character of leadership, employees were able to managethemselves even coworkers. Leadership will exert yourself and co-workers to be creative,innovative, initiative and responsibility for his performance. The attitude of leadership is alsoable to bring work performance had been previously envisioned .; (2) Competence affect thework performance of employees, competences of the employees in the form of knowledge tothe job, the level of mastery of skills and work discipline, proven to improve employee jobperformance. Indicators of knowledge provides the highest influence to increase employeejob performance; (3) The commitment of individuals affect the work performance ofemployees, employee-owned individual commitments which will foster a passion forachievement on employees in these establishments. With a strong commitment of theemployees will adopt a strategy for achieving employee beprestasi predicate.


Chapter 7 develops and defends a novel conception of the means principle. The chapter argues that there is an absolute prohibition on the harmful use of another person's body or other rightful property, unless the person who is harmed is duty bound to permit this use, or has otherwise waived their claims against such use. He argues that this principle does not focus on an agent's intentions, but rather only on whether achieving the outcome that ostensibly justifies an agent's act requires the use of another person's body or rightful property. The chapter argues that this conception of the means principle is superior to competing principles in the literature, and it outlines some of the implications for the morality of defensive force.


Summary. Perspex casts were made of the reproductive tract and the blood vessels supplying the prostate of the brush-tailed possum. The urethra is surrounded by a network of arteries and veins from which a large number of small vessels radiate into the body of the prostate. This complex of vessels might be capable of transferring androgens carried from the epididymis to the urethra into the prostatic parenchyma. Testosterone 5\g=a\-reductase was of highest specific activity in the epididymis and was more active in the posterior than the central prostate; the two metabolites of testosterone detected were 5\g=a\-dihydrotestosterone and 5\g=a\-androstane-3\g=a\,17\g=b\-diol. In 3 untreated possums in December the mean serum concentrations of testosterone, DHT and androstenedione were 3\m=.\8, 1\m=.\9 and 0\m=.\4 ng/ml, respectively. Zinc concentrations (mean \m=+-\ s.e.m., N = 3) were 1\m=.\6 \m=+-\ 0\m=.\1 \g=m\g/ml serum, 61 \m=+-\ 13 \g=m\g/g central prostate, and 13 \m=+-\ 2 \g=m\g/g posterior prostate. There was a positive correlation between serum testosterone concentration and prostatic weight.


Wheat stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) was reported for the first time in Western Australia in August 2002. The pathogen, although present in eastern Australia since 1979, has failed to move westwards due presumably to quarantine precautions, the influence of west to east weather movements and the imposing geographic barrier afforded by the Nullarbor Plain and Great Victoria Desert. The characteristics of the initial pathotype detected in Western Australia indicate a foreign pathogen incursion, suggesting that the latter factors continue to restrict east to west movement of this pathogen in continental Australia.


Objectives: to identify the prevalence of high arterial blood pressure (ABP) and associated factors in adolescents from Uruguaiana (RS), 2011. Methods: a probabilistic study was carried out with adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years enrolled in public schools. The ABP was measured by auscultation and classified as normal or high (ABP above the 90th percentile). Socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioral factors, nutritional status and physical condition were assessed. A logistic regression analysis was carried out using a hierarchical theoretical model. Results: the study covered 1455 adolescents (741 female). The prevalence of high systolic and diastolic ABP was 16.4% (CI95%: 14.4-18.4) and 18.5% (CI95%: 16.4-20.6), respectively. The factors that remained associated with high systolic and diastolic ABP in the final model were: perceiving oneself to be less fit than one's peers (systolic OR: 2.27; CI95%: 1.22-4.23; diastolic OR: 2.99; CI95%: 1.34-6.70) and overweight and obesity (systolic OR: 9.29; CI95%: 4.89-17.69; diastolic OR: 4.70; CI95%: 2.61-8.45). Female adolescents (OR: 1.39; CI95%: 1.02-1.90) and those of a higher socio-economic status (OR: 2.39; CI95%: 1.31-4.36) were more likely to present with high systolic ABP. Conclusions: the prevalence of high ABP found in adolescents was high. To prevent this, programs to combat excess weight should be designed, taking into consideration socio-demographic characteristics such as sex and socio-economic status.


When designing safety critical and software intensive embedded systems, extensive development processes have to be followed in order to ensure that the software corresponds with the software safety requirement specification. This paper describes a study performed to investigate how to use a component based approach in order to reduce the requirements of the development processes for safety critical embedded systems. Focus is on certification of individual software components by the use of integrity contracts and how this enables software component composition and re-usability, particularly between different domains. The use of our approach in system design may reduce the effort required for an assessor in certifying an entire safety critical system.


Open cast coal mining operations involve the use of the explosive Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) for detonation processes. Five bacterial strains belonged to Pseudomonas sp and Pseudomonas stutzeri were isolated from an open cast coal mine located in La Guajira, Colombia. Degradation of the second component of ANFO, which is diesel, by the five isolates and by a consortium was evaluated. The biodegradation of diesel was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Biodegradation Efficiency (BE) was 96% for the consortium; individual strains had levels between 10-95% of BE. Analysis for the presence and expression of the alkane monooxygenase gene involved in the degradation of diesel was evidenced in two strains showing band size products between 500-600 bp. Results suggest that these bacteria are candidates for diesel bioremediation.


Chiroptical hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are emerging as a new class of promising materials with mirror optical signal responses for optoelectronic applications. However, chiroptical white-emission materials have been scarcely unearthed. Herein, four pairs of hybrid lead(II) bromide perovskitoids were obtained, namely, (R)&(S)-(H2MPz)PbBr4 (R/S-MPz = (R)-(-)/(S)-(+)-2-methylpiperazine) (1 and 2), (R)&(S)-(H2MPz)3Pb2Br10·2DMAc (3 and 4), (R)&(S)-(H2MPz)PbBr4·0.5MeCN (5 and 6) and (R)&(S)-(H2MPz)2Pb2Br8·DCM (7 and 8). Notably, they all exhibit ultrabroadband emission and chiroptical signals. Perovskitoids 3-6 even achieve white circularly polarized emission with a high dissymmetric factor (glum) (±3×10 -3 for 3 and 4 ; ±8×10 -3 for 5 and 6). This new type of hybrid perovskitoids will attract attentions and find applications in chiroptical fields because of the extensively and easily tunable photophysical properties.


The images captured underwater are usually degraded due to the effects of light absorption and scattering. Degraded underwater images exhibit color distortion, low contrast, and blurred details, which in turn reduce the accuracy of marine biological monitoring and underwater object detection. To address this issue, a generative adversarial network with multi-scale and an attention mechanism is proposed to improve the quality of underwater images. To extract more effective features within the generative network, several modules are introduced: a multi-scale dilated convolution module, a novel attention module, and a residual module. These modules are utilized to design a generative network with a U-shaped structure. The multi-scale dilated convolution module is designed to extract features at multiple scales and expand the receptive field to capture more global information. The attention module directs the network's focus towards important features, thereby reducing the interference from redundant feature information. To improve the discriminative power of the adversarial network, a multi-scale discriminator is designed. It has two output feature maps with different scales. Additionally, an improved loss function for the generative adversarial network is proposed. This improvement involves incorporating the total variation loss into the traditional loss function. The performance of different methods for enhancing underwater images is evaluated using the EUVP dataset and UIEB dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the enhanced underwater images exhibit better quality and visual effects compared to other methods.


The implementation of power bidding is an important action and necessary trend during the realization of power market.In this paper,the confirmed principle,means and mathematic model of capacity contract quantity,capacity contract price and whole power quantity bidding,and bidding model,quote ways and mathematic model of bidding,bargaining and settlement in timely market of the pivotal mode etc.are investigated in detail and the system is developed.


In this paper, wafer bonding using Parylene as the adhesive layer is investigated. The experiments are carried out under various conditions in two approaches: Parylene-to-Parylene and Parylene-to-Silicon. By heating at 230°C and applying a bonding force in vacuum environment, both Parylene-Parylene and Parylene-Silicon are successfully bonded. The bonding quality is characterized by the joint area and the bonding strength. The results show that there is no significant difference on the bonding qualities between the two bonding approaches. Process parameters, such as film thickness, bonding force, are evaluated. The maximum bonding strength is 2.38 MPa, which is adequate for certain applications.


Every year many different disasters occur in the world. The numbers of disasters has increased, especially in recent years. Emergency management of contingency has attracted by many researchers, who used analytical methods to find the optimal locations of humanitarian relief distribution center(s). This study sets up a model for humanitarian relief center facility location problem. This model considers some characteristics such as earthquake risk index, population density index, and transportation index to determine the optimal facility location center to respond the victims when an earthquake or disaster occurs. The method is based on a mathematical model for locating facility center. The author applies this model in a city in Turkey, and then the model is solved as an agent based behavior modeling according to the particle swarm optimization. Finally, the results are presented. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0149-9.ch056


Parliament is a centre for any form of democracy and citizens of a country select their representatives to parliament by their rates in the general election with the intention to represent them in law making process. Sri Lanka, a country that respect women's rights and has a majority of females in the total population, should have considerable amount of female parliamentarians to raise their voice when talking decisions relating to women and in all other spheres. Even though Sri Lanka produced the world's first female prime minister there is no systematic mechanism to encourage women to involve in politics and also numerous other obstacles can be perceived when females actively participate in politics. When Comparing with South Asian countries, Sri Lanka holds the minimum number of female parliamentarians and still there is no proper agenda to increase the number. The 20th amendment for the constitution 1978 of Sri Lanka also fails to make provisions to solve the issue. Therefore, in this paper research objectives are to identify how females can maximize their impact on the political process through parliament and to identify methods that are most effective in increasing the number of female parliamentarians. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed based on the collected primary data. Increasing the nomination quota in order to maximize the number of female parliamentarians, reserving more electorate seats for female parliamentarians, increasing the number of female representatives of the national list and the district proportional list are the methods, which seem viable for practice to increase the number of female parliamentarians.


Numerous supportive affirmations from non-Muslim scholars appeal to a great number of Muslims who endeavor to validate the Qur'ān's sanctity as well as inimitability. This essay investigates the motives behind why various westerners or Europeans discuss the Qur'ān and Islam in such supportive manner, and how Muslims have interpreted those comments.


A caseofsubacute bacterial endocarditis arising ina thrombus covering myocardial infarction, with a necropsy,isreported. Thepatient diedafter an illness offourmonthsduration. Theclinical coursewas characterized byalowfever, congestive failure, petechiae, purpura,andulceration ofthe skin. Therarity ofthisclinical picture isemphasized. F EVER inapatient withheart disease frequently indicates infection orinfarction ofeither theheart orlung. However, the occurrence ofinfection andinfarction concomitantly intheheartis,at least statistically, extremely uncommon. Onlyfour cases' 3 havebeenreported intheliterature of bacterial invasion ofan acutemyocardial infarction followed byabscess formation inthe myocardium. Similarly, a purulent pericarditis following an acuteinfarction on the basis ofcoronaryartery disease isextremely rare.Ina series of77cases4 ofpurulent pericarditis onlyone caseofassociated coronary thrombosis isrecorded. InBean'sseries5 of 287cases ofmyocardial infarction (all but fivehavingcoronary arterydisease) 101 (32percent) hadevidence ofpericarditis and two ofthese(0.7 per cent)hada purulent process.Thesefigures are inmarkedcontrast tothehighincidence ofpulmonary infectionas a terminal eventinpatients with coronaryartery disease. The case we are now presenting hada recentcoronary arteryocclusion withmyocardial infarction. During convalescence hehad jaundice, petechiae, purpura,andmyocardial failure. Thisreportismadebecause ofthe rarity ofthisclinical picture.


BACKGROUND: Much of research presented at international meetings never appears in print. Underreporting of completed research is a problem that affects medical practice and is thought to be highly unethical. We estimated the publication rate of research presented by Serbian authors at two Balkan oncology meetings, and the reasons for failure to publish subsequently. METHODS: In March 2001 a questionnaire was sent to Serbian authors (n=98) whose research was presented as abstract in Abstract book of the 1 st and 2 nd Congress of the Balkan Union of Oncology (1996 and 1998, respectively). Authors were asked to cite the published work and, if they fail to publish, to cite the reason for doing so. RESULTS: Forty-five authors returned the questionnaire (participation rate 46%). Sixty-seven percent of respondents had published their work in extenso in scientific journals, and 33% had never submitted the manuscripts for publication. Half of the latter group explained this failure by the lack of time; the others expressed either nonmotivation or pessimism regarding the chances to publish. CONCLUSION: Two thirds of respondents, who had undergone the review process for scientific meetings, published their research in extenso in the international scientific journals. One third of respondents feel nonmotivated and do not make any attempts to publish their research in due course.


Bone marrow failure syndromes (BFS) including aplastic anemia (AA), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are considered to harbor immune-mediated marrow injury. Indeed, immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine ameliorates the hematopoiesis in BFS patients, despite its limit: infrequent relapse of marrow failure after IST, resistance of some patients to IST, and untoward effects like infection. To overcome the difficulties, molecular targeted therapy is alternative. However, neither incitement of marrow injury nor target molecules on marrow cells recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes has been identified. We have currently suggested that NKG2D ligands such as ULBP and MICA/B serve as triggers for immune-mediated marrow injury in PNH (Hanaoka, Blood2006;107:1184). ULBP and MICA/B are stress-inducible membrane proteins that appear in infection and transformation. The ligands share NKG2D receptor on lymphocytes such as NK, CD8 + T, and γδ T cells and promote activation of the lymphocytes. Cells expressing the ligands are then deadly injured by NKG2D + cells (Groh, PNAS USA 1996; Cosman, Immunity 2001). In this background, we attempted to confirm the clinical significance of the expression of NKG2D ligands in BFS. The ligands were detected by flow cytometry on the granulocytes and marrow cells in 47 (53%) of 89 patients with BFS: 28 (56%) of 50 patients with AA; 11 (65%) of 17 patients with PNH; 8 (36%) of 22 patients with MDS; and none of 17 healthy individuals. The membrane expression of the ligands was supported by their increase in plasma. It is then conceivable that blood cells were exposed to a certain stress to induce NKG2D ligands in the patients, leading to NKG2D-mediated marrow injury. There was a close association of the expression of NKG2D ligands with both progression of marrow failure and favorable response to IST. Thus, we propose that the NKG2D ligands not only are feasible predictors for both immune-mediated marrow injury and IST effects, but also serve for potential targeted therapy in BFS.


The article examines the reformist tendencies in the education system of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkestan region during the period of royal power in the late 19th – early 20th centuries and conducts a comparative analysis. The scientific work studies the reforms and innovative directions of the Turkish and Russian Turks in the field of education in the specified period. The role of the ideology of pan-Islamism was very high in the development of religious education in the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Turks, in the formation of similarities and originality between them. Religious education is considered not only a cultural bridge between peoples, but also a unifying force of the Turkic peoples. At first, pan-Islamism was a concept based on religious culture and politics, where the unification of views and positions between states was allowed, then its content changed, and it acquired an educational character, promoting religious knowledge. At first, pan-Islamism was a concept based on religious culture and politics, where the unification of views and positions between states was allowed, then its content changed, and it acquired an educational character, promoting religious knowledge. Although pan-Islamism arose from the policy of unification of Muslim peoples, it was distinguished by a high level of relations between the Turkic peoples based on religious culture and education. The difference in religious education between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Turks was small. All followed the same religion and religious direction and received education based on it. The promotion and instillation of religious knowledge by the Ottoman Empire to the Turks of Central Asia and the strengthening of the education of Russian Turks in the religious schools of the Ottoman Empire was one of the new reform movements.


This paper presents the design concept of modern intelligent building about comprehensive disposal line and introduce the construction and characteristics of comprehensive disposal line.


Organic nitrogen aerosols are complex mixtures and important compositions in ambient fine particulate matters (PM2.5), yet their sources and spatiotemporal patterns are not well understood particularly in regions influenced by intensive human activities. In this study, filter‐based ambient PM2.5 samples at four stations (one urban, two rural, plus one urban roadside) and PM samples from combustion sources (vehicle exhaust, ship emission, and biomass burning) were collected in the coastal megacity Guangzhou, south China, for determining water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) along with other organic and inorganic species. The annual average WSON concentrations, as well as the ratios of WSON to water soluble total nitrogen, were all significantly higher at rural sites than urban sites. Average WSON concentrations at the four sites during the wet season were quite near each other, ranging from 0.41 to 0.49 μg/m3; however, they became 2 times higher at the rural sites than at the urban sites during the dry season. Five major sources for WSON were identified through positive matrix factorization analysis. Vehicle emission (29.3%), biomass burning (22.8%), and secondary formation (20.2%) were three dominant sources of WSON at the urban station, while vehicle emission (45.4%) and dust (28.6%) were two dominant sources at the urban roadside station. At the two rural sites biomass burning (51.1% and 34.1%, respectively) and secondary formation (17.8% and 30.5%, respectively) were dominant sources of WSON. Ship emission contributed 8–12% of WSON at the four sites. Natural vegetation seemed to have very minor contribution to WSON.


Anthropology is the study of development of the figurative culture of man from the early times to the till date. Folklore is the part of Anthropology. Ballad is also one of the folk literatures.The Ballad of Kathavarayan was originated in Trichy. Kathavarayan worship is held along with Mariyamman worship in the vanur area of villuppuram district. The rituals of Kathavarayan worship are based on the background of Kathavarayan Ballad.The study looks at the anthoropological data from field studies on the rituals and beliefs of kathavarayan worship such s reading Bharat, park destruction and Gallow climbing.


Objective To observe the clinical features of patients over 30 years old with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).Methods Nine male LHON patients (18 eyes) were enrolled in this study.The patients aged from 34 to 56 years old,with an average age of (45.22±6.91) years.The course of the disease ranged from 7 days to 21 months,with a mean course of 5 months.Visual acuity,slit lamp microscope,chromoptometry,direct ophthalmoscope and fundus photography were measured for all patients,visual field examined for 6 patients (11 eyes).Mitochondrial DNA mutation was analyzed.The visual acuity was followed-up for 12 months.Results Seven of the 9 patients (77.78%) had family history.Five patients (55.56%) had both eyes involved simultaneously,and 4 patients (44.44%) had the eyes involved at different time.Three patients (33.33%) had sudden visual loss,and 6 patients (66.67%) had gradual visual loss.The visual acuity was light perception in 1 eye (5.55%),finger counting in 3 eyes (16.67%),0.01-0.1 in 7 eyes (38.89%),0.12-0.3 in 3 eyes (16.67%),equal or greater than 0.4 in 4 eyes (22.22%).Sixteen eyes (88.88%) had normal light reflex,1 eye (5.55%) had no light reflex,and 1 eye (5.55%) had relative afferent papillary defect.Eight eyes (44.44%) had normal optic disk,3 eyes (16.67%) had blurred optic disc border and disc telangiectasia,7 eyes (38.89%) had pale disc and clear boundary.Among 11 eyes underwent visual field examination,9 eyes (81.82%) had central or paracentral scotoma and 2 eyes (18.18%) had visual field narrowing.Among 9 patients,there were 7 patients (77.78%) with G11778A mutation,1 patient (11.11%) with G11696A mutation,and 1 patient (11.11%) with T14484C mutation.In the last follow-up,the visual acuity was light perception in 1 eye (5.55%),fingercounting in 4 eyes(22.22%),0.01-0.1 in 6 eyes(33.33%),0.12-0.3 in 3 eyes (16.67%),equal or greater than 0.4 in 4 eyes (22.22%).The visual acuity was improved in 9 eyes (50.00%),stable in 7 eyes(38.89 %),and decreased in 2 eyes (11.11 %).Conclusion LHON patients (older than 30 years) are more common in men,mostly with normal light reflex,central or paracentral scotoma and G11778A mutation.

Key words:
Optic atrophy,hereditary,Leber;  DNA,mitochondrial/analysis;  Mutation/genetics


A request for correction of errors has been filed © Applicant: WAKO PURE CHEMICAL pursuant to Rule 88 EPC. A decision on the INDUSTRIES, LTD. request will be taken during the proceedings 10, Doshornachi-3-chome before the Examining Division (Guidelines for Higashi-ku Osaka(JP) Examination in the EPO, A-V, 2.2). @ Inventor: Ikenaka, Tokuji 5-1, Midorigaoka-Nakamachi-4-chome © Priority: 01.04.86 JP 76349/86 Sakai-shi(JP) Inventor: Mega, Tomohiro © Date of publication of application: 13-16, Yamamotochominami-7-chome 14.10.87 Bulletin 87/42 Yao-shi(JP) Inventor: Hamazume, Yasuki © Designated Contracting States: 1-94, Shimotawara AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE Obama-shl(JP)


A patient is presented and the literature of previously reported cases is reviewed, of a rare nevoid disorder which involves the skin and possibly the axial skeleton. The cutaneous lesion consists of a unilateral and extensive eruption, usually present since birth, and consisting of numerous basal cell epitheliomas, comedones and cysts, and areas of atrophy. The clinical and microscopic findings are presented and this lesion is clearly distinguished from the basal cell nevus syndrome. The relationship of the lesions to the primary epithelial germ is also considered.


Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an aetiologically refractory inflammatory disease, accompanied by dysfunction of the epithelial barrier and intestinal inflammation. Phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) serves as an intracellular proinflammatory enzyme, hydrolyzing and inactivating cAMP. Though PDE4 inhibitors have been approved for pulmonary and dermatological diseases, the role of PDE4 inhibition in modulating mucosal immunity in the intestine remains ill‐defined. This study was designed to explore whether PDE4 inhibition by apremilast exerts protective effects in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced murine UC.


Blood from people who have recovered can be a rich source of antibodies, proteins made by the immune system to attack the virus. The part of the blood that contains antibodies, so-called convalescent plasma, has been used for decades to treat infectious diseases, including Ebola and influenza. In the absence of a cure or vaccine for the coronavirus, a group of scientists is searching for a fast solution in an unconventional place: The veins of people who have recovered. Starting in New York City hospitals this week, and soon in dozens of medical centers across the United States, researchers will start drawing blood from COVID-19 survivors, who have antibodies their bodies made to fight the disease. They'll then isolate their plasma, the liquid part of blood that contains antibodies. And in a process called "convalescent plasma therapy," their antibodies will be transferred to others, either to protect them against getting infected or to boost the immune systems of those who are already sick. This highly experimental therapy hasn't been proven to work against the coronavirus, but preliminary research out of China suggests that it has helped a small group of patients recover. It's also seen some success in past infectious disease outbreaks, including in fighting the coronavirus that caused the SARS outbreak.


1. Identify barriers and trade-offs faced by consumers when deciding whether to engage in the CE, in particular whether to purchase a more or a less durable good, whether to have a good repaired, or to discard it and buy a replacement; 2. Establish the relative importance of economic, social and psychological factors that govern the extent to which consumers engage in the CE, especially purchasing durable products and seeking to repair products instead of disposing of them; and 3. Propose policy tools to enable and encourage consumers to engage in CE practices related to durability and reparability.


The initial software solutions to solve the Process Synchronization problems, which ultimately led to the use of Semaphores are usually hard for a beginner to understand and appreciate. The reason is that one has to do lots of book keeping in tracing these algorithms, which involve multiple processes and variable instances. In order to prove the correctness of any synchronization problem, it has to be tested over the Critical Section conditions which again might be a tough exercise. In this paper we propose a model called "Laurel and Hardy" to understand and prove the (in)completeness of the software solutions to the Process Synchronization problem. A series of dramas is enacted between the two comedians Laurel and Hardy which makes understanding of synchronization problem solutions and testing it over Critical Section conditions very simple. We attempt to convince the readers that Laurel and Hardy model can be used as a potential tool for the analysis of any synchronization algorithms and also in assessing the (in)completeness of it. In addition, Laurel and Hardy model can be used as a teaching aid in beginner's Operating System course.


Mendoza is the main province of Argentina in terms of both wine production and wine tourism. While more than one million wine tourists visit Mendoza every year, little is known about the characteristics of these tourists. The aims of this study are to describe the profiles of wine tourists in Mendoza and to analyse the variables influencing their spending. This is, to our knowledge, the first study addressing any of these aims in Argentina. We conducted 427 surveys to wine tourists in the main wine regions of Mendoza. The descriptive analysis of the survey results allows us to derive recommendations for both the private and the public sector. We also used this survey to perform a statistical analysis of the variables influencing spending in wine tourism, which allows us to recommend promotional strategies and marketing efforts that may have a higher return.


It is obtained here a space conformal to the Einstein space-time, making the transition from an internal bosonic space, constructed with the Majorana constant spinors in the Majorana representation, to a bosonic ''superspace,'' through the use of Einstein vierbeins. These spaces are related to a Grassmann space constructed with the Majorana spinors referred to above, where the ''metric'' is a function of internal bosonic coordinates. The conformal function is a scale factor in the zone of gravitational radiation. A conformal function dependent on space-time coordinates can be constructed in that region when we introduce Majorana spinors which are functions of those coordinates. With this we obtain a scalar field of Brans-Dicke type. 11 refs.


Regional Integrated Border Surveillance System, is a system that is capable to providing a wide range of data and actual informations. This system is very suitable to support efforts to control the border area by the government. Basically this system is the result of the integration between sub-system monitors. In this research activity has built models of Integrated Surveillance Systems Border Region, which consists of three sub-systems monitoring. Expected Integrated Surveillance System is able to improve the performance of agency-related agencies, which are replied the border of the region. In this Integrated Monitoring System model contained several types of technology, namely; telemetry, data acquisition, image processing, and smart multi-microcontroller-based Data Logger. This paper discusses the model development concept of Integrated Border Area Surveillance System, which allows it to be built in Indonesia as a model of integrations monitoring system for monitoring the border area.


In this paper we analyze the determinants of voting behavior, and show how the income distribution affects the political preferences of voters (based on the results of the federal elections 2012). We define how income corresponds to electoral support for Putin, Prohorov, Zhirinovsky, Zuganov, Mironov and against all. Also we define threshold level of income at which people begin to participate in elections. In this paper we show that Putin draws his support mostly in low income group and within higher income group Putin's support shrinks while support for other candidates expands.


Characteristics of a water sprinkler which sprays rectangularly distributed water on railway tracks on which high-speed trains run, and keeps the snow in wet condition in order to protect the running gear and underfloor equipment of vehicles from the snow damage are discussed. Field tests show excellent results of more than 70% in the equality coefficient and more than 60% in the sprinkling efficiency. The new sprinkler covers the entire track area instead of a limited circle covered by the conventional sprinkler so that it will be possible to operate the Tokaido Shinkansen trains in winter at a faster speed than at present.


Castor belongs to the genus Ricinus, a member of the Euphorbiaceae, which contains a vast number of plants mostly native to the tropics. The genus Ricinus is considered to be monotypic and R. communis is the only species, which includes many polymorphic types. The cultivated types are dwarf annuals. Castor plants have well developed root system with thick horizontal roots. Tap root looks like extension of the stem below the soil. The stem is erect, circular in section, partially hollow, glabrous, and smooth with good branching. Stem is either red or green or with shades of both. The stem is marked by well-defined nodes from each of which a leaf is arises. The lower internodes are shorter and their length increases with height. Leaves are alternate, large, and palmate with 5-11 lobes acuminate margins notched, serrate or indented. They are carried on long stout petioles. The inflorescence is borne terminally on the main and lateral branches. Flowers are large, in terminal sub panicled racemes, monoecious, apetalous, the upper portion of the raceme being occupied by the female flowers and the lower by male flowers the whole inflorescence may reach a length of 90 cm. The flowers are wind and insect pollinated and from 5 to 46 % natural pollination occurred. The fruit is round glucose capsules with three projecting sides covered with tough spines or smooth, 3 loculed and three seeded. Seeds are albuminous, anatropous, broad, oval, compressed with a marked caruncle and longitudinal raphe. The testa is thin, brittle, varying in color and mottling. Below the testa are thin legmen, covering a whitish oily endosperm containing the embryo.


This study aims to determine the mathematical reasoning ability of students in one of the State Junior High Schools in Karawang Regency in solving two-variable system of linear equations. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were 32 students of class IX E. The data collection technique was carried out by giving a mathematical reasoning ability test sheet in the form of a description of 4 questions. The data analysis technique used in this study is based on Miles and Huberman's data analysis technique which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the test scores of students' mathematical reasoning abilities are classified as very low, because there are only 2 students who achieve the KKM score. Then also indicated by the percentage value there are 2 students with a percentage of 6% in the high category, 23 students with a percentage of 72% in the medium category and 7 students with a percentage of 22% in the low category.


Some researches need data homogeneity. The dispersion of data causes research towards an absurd direction. The outlier makes unrealistic homogeneity. The research can reject the extreme data as outlier to estimate trimmed arithmetic mean. Because of the wide data dispersion, it will fail to identify the outliers. The study will evaluate the confidence interval and compare it with the acceptance tolerance. There are three types of invalidity of data gathering: outliers, too wide dispersion, distracted central tendency.


The systematic review focused on nutritional diseases, nutrient toxicities, nutrients deficiency diseases, and the diets for health living. Nutritional diseases include obesity and eating disorders, and chronic diseases such as protein-energy malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and marasmus), cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer (colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer), diabetes mellitus, dental caries. Others are gastroesophageal reflux disease, heartburn and peptic ulcer, diverticulitis (diverticulosis), constipation, diarrhea, Crohn disease (regional ileitis), ulcerative colitis,etc. Nutritional diseases also include some developmental abnormalities which can be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders which respond to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, potential hazards in the food supply, and the interactions of foods and nutrients with drugs. The deficiencies or excesses of macronutrients and micronutrients are the cause of many diseases, and also exacerbate others and are acknowledged as having asignificant impact on health all over the world. Some important micronutrients include calcium, iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluorine, potassium, etc., and vitamins A, D, E, B6, B12, B1, B2, B3, C, among others. Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin A, zinc, and iron may be caused by long-term shortage of nutritious food or by many infections such as intestinal worms. They can also be caused or worsened when illnesses (such as malaria, diarrhoea) cause rapid loss of nutrients through vomit or feces. Dehydration (Water deficiency) may develop if consumption of water fails to satisfy thirst.Because of interactions, high intake of one mineral salt may adversely affect the absorption or the utilization of another. Excessive ingestion from food alone is not likely, but consumption of supplements or fortified foods increases the chance of toxicity. Additionally, occupational or environmental exposure to potentially toxic level of minerals presents additional risks for some populations. The acute effects of large alcohol intake are well known; a mental impairment starts when blood concentration of alcohol isapproximately 0.05%. Women who drink during pregnancy stand the risks of physical and mental damage to their babies (known as fetal alcohol syndrome). Many herbal products show sufficient potential in preventing and treating diseases that they are being tested in scientific studies, including clinical and subclinical trials. Maintaining a healthy diet, paleolithic diet, very low carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, low-calorie diet, raw foodism, and/or ketogenic diet, in addition to proper food hygiene, can help prevent and treat nutritional diseases, food allergies, food intolerance, and nutrient toxicities.


Recombinant protective fragment(r BoNTaHc468) of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A(BoNTa) was expressed at high level in insoluble form in E.coli.The recombinant proteins were purified with following two steps: Firstly, lystated E.coli cell pellets after ferment of E.coli strain containing recombinant expression plasmid pBV-BoNTaHc468, and made inclusion body. Secondly, resolved inclusion body with 8 mol/L deionized urea. Purified protein finally through Isoelectronic Fucos (IEF) preparation electrophoresis. As a result, pI of protein is about pH 8.0~8.5.Purificativity of proteins is up to over 90%. Purified protien is positive in ELISA. The successful purification and expression of protective fragment(rBoNTaHc468) of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is a key to further study on gene engineering antitoxin and subunit vaccine.