In 1963, the Trinidadian historian C.L.R. James adapted Rudyard Kipling to "pose the question What do they know of cricket who only cricket know? To answer involves ideas as well as facts."1 My remarks here relate neither to empire nor to cricket, but to studies of Isaac Newton. Newton himself acted to shape historical commentary on his life and work, which have been the subject of historical study at least since the time of his death.2 From the beginning of Newton's public life in the 1670s, access to his working papers became important in forming the reception of his ideas. Newton shared material, often conditionally, while occasionally seeking broader access to information generated by others. Major shifts in the interpretation of Newton's ideas have accompanied significant changes in what was known about his activities and interests. One such change occurred between the writing of the first of David Brewster's two biographies of Newton (1831) and the second (1855), an interim which unwittingly defined the first great age of Newtonian studies in the history of science. By 1855, Brewster had confronted the substantial witness of unpublished correspondence, biographical memoirs, and working papers held by Newton's descendants. The challenge posed by Francis Baily's Account of the Revd. John Flamsteed (London, 1835) or by Augustus De Morgan's morally critical reading of Newton's personal life encouraged him to search for materials in defence of Newton. Brewster expressed embarrassment, however, concerning Newton's religious opinions: "in the chapter which relates to them I have touched lightly, and unwillingly, on a subject so tender; and in publishing


To deal with increasing salinization, plants show an array of responses such as root system architecture remodelling, thereby enhancing stress tolerance. Although various chemical, molecular and genetic techniques such that generally expensive and difficult applications are used to enhance stress tolerance, out of them, seed priming with suitable substrates is an easy-applicable and cost-effective treatment. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA), silicon (Si), and sodium chloride (NaCl) priming on lentil seed germination parameters, seedling development, and root system architecture. In 2022, the experiment was carried out in the Field Crops Department laboratory at Siirt University in Turkey. Petri and pot investigations were part of the two stages of the experiment. Three concentrations of NaCl and priming treatments were utilized. Germination


The authors show specific features of the Soviet post-war ideological campaign in the sphere of culture. Examples of the Perm region help the authors to investigate the issue in detail. The main sources for these studies are files of the State Social-Political History Archives of the Perm Region. These sources allow the authors to determine the Communist party organs approaches to the organization of the campaign at the regional level as well as specific features of public reaction of intelligentsia to decrees of the CPSU Central Committee which defined the scope of the campaign. Analysis of the sources suggests that, despite of the aggressive way of the campaign at the regional level, officials of cultural institutes tried not only to demonstrate their approval of the decisions and their active participation in the fulfillment of these decisions. At the same time, they tried to use the campaign for solving their corporative and even personal problems.


Objective:To study the clinical significance and relationship of the expression of PCNA and CD44V6 in the occurrence and development of gastriccarcinomas.Methods:PCNA and CD44V6 expressions were detected in 46 specimens of gastric carcinomas and pericarcinoma tissues by the methods of immunohistochemistry. Results:The positive rate of PCNA expression 34/46(73.91%) was significantly higher than that in pericarcinoma tissues11/46(23.91%).The positive rate of CD44V6 was 33/46(71.74%) in gastriccarcinomas,but it was not expressed in pericarcinoma tissues.The positive expression of PCNAand CD44V6 was correlated with lymphnode metastasis of gastric carcinomas.The positive expression of PCNA was correlated with the degree of differentiation but not with clinical stage.CD44V6 expression was correlated with clinical stage,but not with the degree of differentiation.The expression of PCNA and CD44V6 was not correlated with sex, age and tumor size. PCNA and CD44V6 are in expressed positively 31specimens of 46 specimens,while they are in expressed negatively 10 specimens of 46 specimens. Conclusion:The abnormal expressions of PCNA and CD44V6 were important factors in the occurrence,development of gastric carcinoma,specially CD44V6 was an important index in the lymphnode metastasis of gastric carcinoma.The detection of PCNA has clinic value in gastric cancer proliferating cell. So the detection of PCNAand CD44V6 implies important significance for gastric carcinoma diagnosis,prgonosis and treatment.


The synergistic regulation of the water–energy–food nexus in irrigation districts is important for promoting the sustainable management of agricultural resources in irrigation districts. In this paper, a new integrated optimization–evaluation modelling framework for the water–energy–food nexus in agricultural irrigation areas is developed. It can measure the synergistic effects of economic, social and environmental multidimensional objectives on the sustainable management of agricultural resources in irrigation areas. The model couples an optimisation module and an evaluation module, combines a multiobjective nonlinear planning model with an opportunity-constrained planning model and uses an entropy-weighted TOPSIS assessment approach to sustainably assess the multidimensional indicators of the water–energy–food nexus in irrigation districts, with full consideration given to the effects of uncertainty in agricultural water and soil resources and social systems. The feasibility of the constructed model is verified through a study of the Jinxi irrigation district. The results show that compared to the actual area, the optimised surface water and groundwater availability increased by 23.5% and 22.7%; the optimised total area increased by 4%, whereas corn decreased by 40%, rice increased by 34.6% and soybean decreased by 33.8%; the energy consumption decreased by 17.6% and the total recycled resources amounted to 8.97 × 109 kg, with a combined net economic benefit of CNY 1.25 × 109 more than the actual current amount. The synergistic development of the water–energy–food nexus (WEFN) in the district is relatively harmonious, suggesting that the district should focus on developing agricultural mechanisation and balancing economic benefits with environmental and ecological protection; furthermore, the model constructed should provide decision-making support for the efficient use of agricultural resources in the irrigation district.


The article considers the system of pedagogical support of personal and professional formation of the future teacher on the ground of the course dedicated to choice of students due to which working teachers and graduates of pedagogical universities plunge into the system of mutually developing professional interaction and communication


The cross-spectral tensors for black-body emission into space are derived, and the results expressed in terms of Debye integrals which have recently been found to be important in the scalar theory of partial coherence. For the case of an infinite black-body surface, closed-form expressions can be obtained for the cross-spectral tensors which are exact within the constraints of the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption and the idealization of a perfectly absorbing surface. The trace of the electric cross-spectral tensor agrees with the recent results in the scalar theory of emission from uniform planar Lambertian sources.


There may not be much outright plagiarism or cheating in economics research, argues this economist, but there are grounds to conclude that a bias exists in statistical research. Does this amount to dishonesty? The author tackles the issue.


Stamina training is the core issue in training theories,also the key to enhancing sports performance.In Chinese training theories,stamina training is separated and deviated from technical training in general,and isolated from technical training in training practice.Wrong understanding of early event specific training is the fundamental cause for stamina and technique to exist separately and be developed independently.However,In competitive sports developed under the trend of event specific training,stamina and technique should be a relation of mutually founding and supporting,yet should not be separated from each other.Therefore,the orientation of the relation between stamina and technique is especially important for stamina training.


Objective To explore the effects of Yigankang on chronic hepatitis B.Methods 123 patients were divided into two groups at random.Yigankang group was given Yigankang decoction (one fold,bid),and the control group was given Gantaile (0.2,tid) for six months.Before and after the treatment,the function of liver and the index of liver fibrosis were determined,and the curative effect was evaluated.Results There was significant difference in the plasma levels of hyaluronic acid (HA),LN and PCⅢ in the two groups(P0.01),meanwhile,in the treatment group,the symptom of the patients improved,the liver function became better and the level of plasma albumin increased.Conclusion Yigankang is an effective drug treating the chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis.


Circadian rhythms of behaviour and gene expression are coupled to endogenous neuronal oscillators located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which are synchronised by the environmental light cycle. Besides light, other factors such as the pineal hormone melatonin, temperature and feeding have entraining properties. During senescence, the circadian system becomes weaker and susceptible to desynchronisation. It is unknown to what extent age‐related changes are the result of the deterioration of the hypothalamic master clock. Supplementing ageing mice with melatonin as well as maintaining them on a hypocaloric diet extends the life span and delays age‐related diseases. By means of DNA microarrays and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we have conducted an exploratory study to compare the effect of long‐term melatonin substitution (MEL) and caloric restriction (CR) on circadian gene expression in hypothalamic samples, which contained the SCN as well as other important nuclei involved in nutrient balance, reproduction, and so on. Over 4% of the hypothalamic transcripts showed an overt circadian rhythm in expression, and many of these contain E boxes in their promoter regions, suggesting a direct regulation by circadian clock genes. MEL and CR significantly influenced some of these rhythmically expressed transcripts, but often in opposite ways. Importantly, our studies emphasise that the apparent direction of treatment effects (i.e. up‐regulation versus down‐regulation) depends on the time of day at which the samples are compared.


Major depressive disorder has been a relevant cause of concern for the public health of several countries, causing personal, family and economic losses of great proportions. The rehabilitative treatment of patients suffering from this disorder has been pursued by clinicians to occur as quickly as possible. However, even when significant improvement is achieved, symptoms may persist and contribute to the maintenance of disability. Cognitive dysfunctions, for example, may persist even after recovery from the classic symptoms of psychiatric disorders [1,2], have been reported in pre-morbid stages and in healthy first-degree relatives of patients who developed schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [3], are strongly associated with functional impairment even when other symptoms are controlled [1,4], as well are related to worsening quality of life and the well-being of patients and caregivers [5,6].


A method is described for managing a map (140) stored in a memory (130) associated with a personal navigation device (10), comprising a command and data entry unit (115) operable by a user, wherein said map (140) can be visualized on a display (115) and comprises a road network, wherein said method comprises the step of combining a first set of data about said road network, stored in said map (140), with a second set of data about at least one road not present in said road network or defined as not viable, in particular a new road, wherein said second data can be entered by the user by means of said command and data entry unit (115).


The contents industries have been recognized as new power to tow the korean economy in the future. Behind the successful achievements of this industries. However, chronic unfair business practices have been committed through the agreement between contents producers and publishers. The sorts of practices are various and level of unfairness is serious and chronic. Of course the current legislations have legal and systemic devices to prevent and punish those practices in many ways, but they don"t work well in actual transactions. Furthermore, the contents firms, especially publishers don"t recognize unfairness and illegality of their behaviors. On the other hand the producers can"t dare to raise issues on those practices because of fear of transaction suspension. In this circumstances, the article attempts to suggest a new approach to correct current unfair transactions and improve business environment in the contents industries. For this trial, the article makes an analysis on actual state of unfair contents transactions, and points out the problems or limitations of the current legal and systemic approaches of that issue. As a conclusion, it proposes a new idea to evaluate fairness of each transactions as a kind of compliance program in the contents industries.


Objective: To assess the relationship between concentrations of bronchoalveolar cytokines and bacterial burden in children with CAP. Method: 58 children were divided into two subgroups: referral (n=28), and treated (n=30) CAP. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in the most abnormal area on chest radiograph by fiberoptic bronchoscope. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was processed for quantitative bacterial culture. The concentrations of bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10) also were measured. Results: Thirty-two patients had a positive bacterial culture (bronchoalveolar lavage > or = 10 colony-forming units/mL), and made up 76% of pathogens recovered at high concentrations. The concentrations of bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-1 beta were 181.1±16.3 and 45.1±10.6 pg/mL (mean ± se) in the children with positive and negative bacterial culture, respectively (p Conclusions: Concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-1 beta was correlated with bacterial burden in the alveoli, it may be a marker for progressive and ongoing inflammation in children who have not responded to CAP therapy.


. In this supplementary material, we provide more implementation details and experimental results of our PCW-Net. Firstly, more ablation study is provided to sufficiently prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Then, we introduce the inherent principle of the proposed switch training strategy. Finally, we discuss the limitations of our method and show more visual results.


Ferroelectric materials are a subclass of pyro- and piezoelectric materials. They are very rarely found in crystalline organic or polymeric materials because ferroelectric hysteresis requires enough molecular mobility to reorient molecular dipoles in space. So semicrystalline polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is nearly the only known compound. On the contrary, ferroelectric behavior is very often observed in chiral liquid crystalline materials, both low molar mass and polymeric.

Ferroelectric LC-elastomers represent an interesting class of material because they combine the ordering of liquid crystalline ferroelectric phases and the rubber elasticity of polymer networks. Switching of the electric polarization leads to deformation of the polymer network, equivalent to stretching a spring, and creates a stress in the network of polymer chains.

The interaction of mesogens and the network can be varied by using different topologies of net points: Crosslinking is carried out either within the siloxane sublayers (leading to fast switching elastomers) or between the siloxane sublayers (resulting in an elastomer that favors the ferroelectric switching state in which the cross-linking reaction took place).

Because the orientation of the smectic phase couples to the polymer network, electromechanical measurements show a piezoelectric effect. Mechanical deformation leads to polarization or an external electric field to deformation of the sample. Applying the electric field parallel to the smectic layer structure leads to an extremly high electrostrictive strain of 4% in an electric field of only 1.5 MV/m.

Keywords:

Ferroelectric liquid crysatlline elastomers;
Synthesis;
Properties;
Characterization


Abstract. Investigating groundwater residence time and recharge sources is crucial for
water resource management in the alluvium aquifers of arid basins.
Environmental tracers (chlorofluorocarbons, 3H, 14C, δ2H,
δ18O) and groundwater hydrochemical components are used for
assessing groundwater mean residence times (MRTs) and aquifer recharge in
fault-influenced hydraulic drop alluvium aquifers in the Manas River basin
(China). Aquifers under the Manas River upstream (south of the fault)
contains very high 3H activity (41.1–60 TU), implying water
recharge affected by the nuclear bomb tests of the 1960s. Carbon-14
groundwater age correlates positively with distance from mountain area
(3000–5000 years in the midstream to > 7000 years in the
downstream) and groundwater depth, but correlates negatively to a decrease in
3H activity (1.1 TU) and more negative δ18O values.
This phenomenon reveals that the source of the deeper groundwater in the
semi-confined aquifer is paleo-meteoric recharge. Special attention has been
paid to the estimation of MRTs using CFCs and 3H by an exponential
piston flow model. The results show that MRTs vary from 19 to 101 years by
CFCs and from 19 to 158 years by 3H. MRTs estimated from
3H are much longer than those from CFCs, probably due to the
different time lag of liquid (3H) and gas-phase CFCs through the
unsaturated zone. The MRTs estimated by CFCs show good correlations with pH
and the concentrations of SiO2 and SO42-, which can
provide a possible approach to estimate first-order proxies of MRTs for
groundwater age. The young water fractions are investigated by the CFC binary
mixing method in the south and north of the fault. Relatively modern recharge
is found in the south of the fault with young (post-1940) water fractions of
87 %–100 %, whereas in the north of the fault the young water
fractions vary from 12 % to 91 %. This study shows that the
combination of CFCs and 3H residence time tracers can help in
analysing the groundwater MRTs and the recharge sources for the different
mixing end-members.


The paper looks into the state of autonomous listening of non-English majors in independent colleges by administering self-designed questionnaires.The results show that students lack the habit of autonomous learning.They have some difficulties in setting goals and making plans,in application of listening strategies and in self-monitoring in the process of the learning.Some positive suggestions have come out according to the problems.


The text analyzes the reading of the history of modern philosophy presented by Hegel in Faith and Knowledge in the light of the controversy triggered by Jacobi's Spinozabriefe. The goal is to show that Faith and Knowledge is Hegel's first answer to the Jacobian challenge and that it represents the first chapter of an interpretative parable that will find its final shape only in Hegel's mature writings: if in the early Jena writings Hegel responds to the Jacobian conception of nihilism as destination of rationality, by showing that his reading is based on a concept of reason inheriting that which he seeks to criticize, and by presenting Spinoza as the key to deactivate such a reading, the Science of Logic accepts the Jacobian idea that philosophy is Spinozism. But presenting now his own philosophy as the true refutation of Spinozism, Hegel not only reverses the negative sign of nihilistic fate ascribed to rationalism by Jacobi, but also completes his reading of nihilism as an essential passage to philosophy: the nothing or the abyss of Spinoza's substance is now «end», but at the same time «genesis of the concept», within which the dialectical transformation of Abgrund in Grund is performed.


Metaphysical conceit means a far-fetched comparison between two totally different or dissimilar objects or situations to create aspects of similarity between the dissimilar ones. This meaning device is used widely by the Metaphysicals, a school of poets during the seventeenth century. Wallace Stevens's poems show his deep influence by this school in using conceits similar to the metaphysical one but with some invention and innovation according to his own age, temper and subject matter. His poetry is characterized by the seriousness implied by the use of elegant and light expressions (1) . Hence, Stevens's wit lies in his ability to conjoin two thoughts by force and by using free verse through compact poems.


A survey of empirical studies relating mating and parental investment reveals as many unpredicted patterns as results supporting existing hypotheses. This leaves us with individual post hoc explanations of observed patterns rather than an ability to make strong a priori predictions. I argue here that our ability to explain and predict empirical patterns can be improved by considering how social interactions and coevolution-ary dynamics affect male and female reproductive traits. Recent research suggests that these social and coevolu-tionary feedbacks can increase our understanding of empirical patterns, while suggesting new directions of research. I also describe a social and coevolutionary dynamics modelling approach that integrates ideas from reproductive cooperation and sexual conflict to increase understanding of mating and parental investment. Feedbacks between mating, fertilisation and parental investment The mating system of a species can be characterised by documenting observed patterns of mating, fertilisation and parental investment (see Glossary). These three key aspects of mating systems are intrinsically connected. Explaining and predicting the evolution of any particular trait (e.g. parental care or mating behaviour) therefore requires consideration of the many ways in which the evolution and expression of reproductive traits intertwine (Figure 1). First, traits are linked within individuals as a result of phenotypic tradeoffs or genetic correlations among traits (e.g. the allocation of energy between mating effort and parental investment). Second, social interactions within and between the sexes affect both the expression of, and selection on, mating and parental investment patterns in both sexes (e.g. mating is the outcome of both male and female behaviour). Finally, multiple traits in males and females coevolve simultaneously (e.g. the parental effort and mating behaviour of one sex affects selection on the parental effort and mating behaviour of the opposite sex). Rather than representing a series of independent relationships between traits, there is increasing evidence that these connections form social (i.e. beha-vioural) and coevolutionary feedback loops that affect both the immediate expression and long-term evolution of multiple traits simultaneously [1–5]. Mating systems are thus an emergent property of individual reproductive traits and the social interactions that shape their expression and coevolution. Although our understanding of mating systems and reproductive traits has increased immensely over the past decades, most research has examined how one trait interacts with another. For example, extensive research has focused on understanding the relationship between paternity and parental investment [6]. Separate research has looked at how female mate choice evolves in response …


The batch launch of small folding-wing UAVs by high altitude balloon at high altitude is a new technology in recent years. The wing deployment process at 20km altitude is analyzed, and mathematical model of the wing delivery is established. Using the multibody dynamics analysis software ADAMS simulate the wing deployment process in order to verify the correctness of the model established. Then, the impact of the wing with final velocity on the fuselage is analyzed, and an elastic locking mechanism is designed to reduce the impact. The analysis process provides a certain reference for the task design of balloon-UAVs and the folding mechanism analysis.


Abstract In recent decades China has emerged as a leader in international development finance, with the potential to provide sorely needed funds to address major global developmental gaps. However, not everyone is optimistic about this new source of lending. A narrative of 'debt-trap diplomacy' has emerged to describe Chinese lending to developing countries – most ardently advanced by the United States – contending that China seeks to ensnare smaller countries with onerous levels of debt in order to realise neocolonial aims. This article argues that the theory of debt-trap diplomacy does not accurately describe Chinese finance. First, investigating China–Africa relations, it will demonstrate that Chinese loans are not a major driver of debt distress. Second, it will demonstrate that China does not engage in predatory behaviour towards borrowing countries, using debt to facilitate takeovers of strategic assets and natural resources, or to promote military expansion. Finally, comparing Chinese and Western financial relations with Latin America and the Caribbean, it will demonstrate that, in contrast to the debt-trap narrative, China's non-interventionist approach has opened space for developing countries, particularly those with governments facing hostility from the US and its allies.


Spectrophotometry and polarimetry data received by the Descent Imaging Spectral Radiometer (DISR) onboard Cassini/Huygens probe, contain valuable information not only about vertical profile and sizes of haze particles, but also on their internal structure. In the previous analyses it has been found that the particles are characterized with relatively narrow distribution of monomer sizes, centered at ∼50 nm. Both observations and models suggest that this size remains stable whereas cluster sizes reveal dramatic change from few dozen monomers in the Titan stratosphere to thousands monomers in the lower troposphere. There are also indications that condensation of hydrocarbons below the tropopause may result in formation of droplets with internal structure including mixture of spherical monomers and liquid. In order to establish more strict constraints on the microphysical properties of haze particles in the Titan atmosphere, we have applied a comprehensive radiative transfer model based on discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and calculated scattering and polarization properties of tholin aggregates. Distribution of clusters and monomers in size and vertical profiles simulated by a self-consistent 1D microphysical model taking into account several mechanisms of charging, aggregation and vertical mixing, were adopted. Calculations suggest that while clusters simulated in BPCA approximation, characterized with fractal dimension close to 3, and cluster smaller than 256 monomers, reveal classical bell-shaped polarization curve, for larger clusters the polarization peak fades and shifts to larger scattering angles. However for highly porous tholin particles resulted from cluster-cluster aggregation, polarization curve reveals oscillations smoothed by monomer size distribution. Fitting synthetic radiances and polarization curves based on this model, to DISR data results in strict constraints on both cluster and monomer size distribution, as well as possible filling of pores by condensed volatiles.


Abstract The clinical features of vitamin A toxicity in a 7-year-old boy, a 16-year-old boy, and a 46-year-old man included vague skeletal pains and hypercalcemia. Experimental and clinical evidenc...


Pocket Data Mining (PDM) is our new term describing collaborative intelligent data analysis of streaming data in mobile and distributed computing environments. Advances in smartphone capabilities coupled with sheer amounts of data streams that are now available for subscription to be received on those phones, bring the potential of utiltising this data for decision making using advanced stream mining techniques. PDM has great potential in many important applications from telecare and telemedicine to mobile policing and disaster management. In this talk, we will explore application scenarios, and will discuss the building constructs of the technology. The talk will be concluded with a short video demonstrating the technology


Grammar is one of the language components that are very important in learning a language. Grammar is used in all language skills such as Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Despite its significance, Grammar is also perceived as one of the most difficult subject to learn. In English Department of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Grammar is also taught. Although it is given in series; Structure 1, Structure2, Structure 3 and Structure 4, a recent study by Widiati and Ngadiman shows that many students face problems in grammar proficiency. In fact, the EESP students often fail in Grammar or Structure classes.
The aim of language is communication of meaning, and meaning can only be reached if the sentence is understandable. Cohesive devices, one of them is
verb form, can be determined by tenses. English tenses, determined by the concept of time, rely on the time frame and aspects. The Present Perfect Tense and the
Present Perfect Continuous Tense are two tenses taught at Junior High School. These two tenses also caries aspects, the aspect of perfective and progressive.
Therefore, it is an issue to know the students mental process in applying English tenses. So far, the studies of errors make use of the theory of Error analysis.
Think-Aloud Protocols, at the other way round, give insight knowledge on the mental process that can not be seen by researchers. By adapting the theory and method of think-aloud protocols in interview, the writer believes that the mental process can be revealed. A study on this eventually reveals the mental processes that happen in the students' mind who commit errors in applying English tenses.
The subjects in this study were thirty EESP students who got the lowest score among sixty. Before they were chosen, they had been given an English Tenses test items, consisting of one hundred numbers. Fifty of them are in the
form of sentence application and the rest fifty are in the form of error. The subjects, then, were asked to reflect on their thought while doing the test and verbalize their thoughts. This method of interview is adapting the steps taken in Think-Aloud protocols held by Bernardini. Afterwards, their thoughts were transcribed and analyzed by the writer and several researchers.
The result of the study shows that the majority of the subjects' errors are related to the problem with the concept of Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Continuous Tense. The analysis also shows that they posses insufficient knowledge of the tenses and get difficulties when the particular tense is contrasted with other tenses.


- Most universities are developing or have already developed learning projects based on Information and Communication Technologies, either for exclusively online teaching (e-learning) or for blended teaching (b-learning). Like any process developed in the university environment, these courses must be subject to parameters that allow evaluating their quality. In this work we present a quality evaluation model specially adapted to the unique features of b-learning, which also has a tool for visualizing the results to facilitate decision-making. The evaluation model is integral, open and adaptable, and formalizes the information in fulfillment levels, which allows an easy comparison between the elements of the model. The fulfillment levels also facilitate the construction of a dashboard, in the form of a heat map, which turns out to be a compact and intuitive representation for decision making.


Jinah Kim's Postcolonial Grief engages with the transnational politics of grief, mourning, and militarization across the Paci�c. By examining literature and �lm produced by Japanese and Korean persons across the Asian diaspora, Kim reveals the ways in which loss and melancholia act as insurgent cultural forces. She considers how, despite silencing mechanisms which valorize narratives of reconciliation and pathologize the grief of colonized subjects, colonialism continues to haunt the present. A rich engagement with the overlapping histories of violence across the Paci�c, Kim effectively and carefully considers the relationship between liberal narratives of reconciliation, loss, and colonial violence.


The paper looks briefly at the development of vacuum interrupters to date, discusses limitations to the existing technology of Vacuum Switchgear, what these are, and also how these may be overcome. It then moves on to discuss new developments in Vacuum Interrupter/ Vacuum Circuit Breaker technology which are likely to have an impact on the next generation of devices. Finally, it looks forward ten years to what the impact of these developments may be on the use of Vacuum Circuit Breakers, and what switchgear and power systems may look like in the future.


Abstract Empirical models that relate multiple quality features to a set of design variables play a vital role in many industrial process optimization methods. Many of the current modeling methods employ a single-response normal model to analyze industrial processes without taking into consideration the high correlations and the non-normality among the response variables. Also, the problem of variable selection has also not yet been fully investigated within this modeling framework. Failure to account for these issues may result in a misleading prediction model, and therefore, poor process design. In this article, we propose a robust Bayesian seemingly unrelated regression model to simultaneously analyze multiple-feature systems while accounting for the high correlation, non-normality, and variable selection issues. Additionally, we propose a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm to generate posterior samples from the full joint posterior distribution to obtain the robust Bayesian estimates. Simulation experiments are executed to investigate the performance of the proposed Bayesian method, which is also illustrated by application to a laser cladding repair process. The analysis results show that the proposed modeling technique compares favorably with its classic counterpart in the literature.


Since most of the new versions of current biology lab manuals contain at least one experiment on amino acid chromatography, and since many of the procedures outlined do not work too well, I thought that perhaps I might pass along to biology teachers a foolproof procedure that works beautifully every time. Even the lowest class groups can turn out some excellent chromatographs. A kit of 12 amino acids was purchased from Nutritional Biochemicals in Cleveland, Ohio. They supply kits of from 12 to 20 amino acids at a very low cost. One percent aqueous solutions of amino acids were prepared. All of the amino acids are water soluble although some require a little heat and a few drops of 0.1 M HCl to dissolve completely. Three sets of four different amino acids and one unknown were prepared. The unknown had three of the four amino acids in that particular set. The acids were placed in small plastic vials with screw caps. Rectangular wooden blocks were made containing drilled holes to hold the vials and one toothpick (for spotting) for each vial. The wood blocks served to prevent spilling of the acids by students who may be lacking in manual dexterity. The chromatography paper used was Whattman, No. 1 in the 20 by 20 cms size. The paper was ruled with a pencil and the amino acids and the unknown identified by a small mark on the base line. Each mark was spotted four times with the amino acids and the unknown.


Since high-speed dynamic image analysis (HDIA) with powerful dry dispersion was introduced at ACHEMA in 2003. The technique has been extended into various fields of applications: (1) the addition of wet dispersion allows for characterisation of suspensions and size ranges down to 1 µm; (2) the introduction of a family of instruments with representative sampling, dry and wet dispersion for the process environment, including GMP versions and versions for hazardous areas; and (3) the development of software extensions for special shape parameter determination, sophisticated characterisation of fibres, and large samples quantities comprising more than 100,000,000 particles. These enhancements are presented and discussed.


Classical Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions Skin Effect Approximation SIBCs of the Order of Leontovich's Approximation High-Order SIBCs Rytov's Approach References General Perturbation Approach to Derivation of Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions Local Coordinates Perturbation Technique Tangential Components Normal Components Normal Derivatives Components of the Curl Operator Surface Impedance "Toolbox" Concept Numerical Example Appendix SIBCs in Terms of Various Formalisms Basic Equations Electric Field-Magnetic Field Formalism Magnetic Scalar Potential Formalism Magnetic Vector Potential Formalism Common Representation of Various SIBCs Using a Surface Impedance Function Surface Impedance near Corners and Edges Calculation of the Electromagnetic Field Characteristics in the Conductor's Skin Layer Distributions across the Skin Layer Resistance and Internal Inductance Forces Acting on the Conductor Derivation of SIBCs for Nonlinear and Nonhomogeneous Problems Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Problems Magnetic Materials Nonhomogeneous Conductors Implementation of SIBCs for the Boundary Integral Equation Method: Low-Frequency Problems Two-Dimensional Problems Three-Dimensional Problems Properties of the Surface Impedance Function Boundary Element Formulations for Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems in Invariant Form Numerical Examples Quasi-Three-Dimensional Integro-Differential Formulation for Symmetric Systems of Conductors Implementation of SIBCs for the Boundary Integral Equation Method: High-Frequency Problems Integral Representations of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields SIBCs for Lossy Dielectrics Direct Implementation of SIBCs into the Surface Integral Equations Implementation Using the Perturbation Technique Numerical Example Appendix Implementation of SIBCs for Volume Discretization Methods Statement of the Problem Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Finite Integration Technique Finite-Element Method Appendix Application and Experimental Validation of the SIBC Concept Selection of the Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions for a Given Problem Experimental Validation of SIBCs Appendix A: Review of Numerical Methods Index


The method of experimental determination of effective heat conductivity of the heated areas REA is developed and recommendations on his application depending on construction of vehicle are given


An experiment using phase‐locked acousto‐optic devices is described in which accurately detuned plane‐wave writing beams produce a stable, continuously moving intensity grating for the measurement of the temporal response of photorefractive grating formation and light‐induced decay in Bi12SiO20 in the frequency domain. Accurate measurements of the complex rate constant are obtained with this system (average experimental uncertainty 1.7%), making this configuration useful for the characterization of photorefractive materials to be employed as elements in practical information and signal processing systems.


ABSTRACT There are two commonly held beliefs concerning high-heeled shoes for females. The first is that high-heeled shoes are prone to cause slipping accidents. The second is that high-heeled shoes heighten the muscular load on the lower legs more than low-heeled shoes. Reports on high-heeled shoe slip resistance assessment together with a discussion on leg muscular activities when wearing high heels are, however, rare in the literature. This study assessed four commonly used female shoes, two high heels and two flat-soled shoes on four floor tiles via friction measurements and a gait experiment. In the gait experiment, the electromyographic (EMG) activities of the four muscles on the right shank of the subjects were recorded. Subjective ratings for shoe/floor slipperiness and the muscular effort in the right shank were also collected. The friction measurement results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) for the rubber-soled high-heeled shoes was significantly lower than that for the other three shoes. Conversely, the COF for the polyurethane-soled high-heeled shoes was significantly greater than that for the other three shoes. The gait experiment results showed that high-heeled shoes resulted in significantly greater normalized EMG for the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and soleus in the right shank during walking. The subjective rating results showed that high heels were unfavorable in terms of both slip-resistance and muscular effort in the right shank. Based on assessment of the four shoes, wearing flat-soled shoes, compared to the high heels, has the benefits of lower shank muscular load and proper slip resistance. This study provides a scientific basis for shoe designers when designing suitable female footwear concerning slip resistance and the muscular load on the lower legs.


Cytochrome P‐450cam monooxygenase is an important bacterial redox enzyme system with potential commercial value for detoxifying trace hydrocarbon contaminants, catalyzing regiospecific hydroxylations, and amperometric biosensing. The present study was undertaken to increase productivity of this enzyme, which is induced in its host, pseudomonas putida PpG 786, by D(+)‐camphor. Culture processes were studied in batch, fed‐batch, and continuous modes to evaluate metabolic behavior and develop constitutive equations for specific rate of growth (μ), camphor utilization (qp). Fed‐batch culture was characterized by an extended linear growth phase which is often encountered in hydrocarbon fermentations. Inhibition by the camphor solvent, dimethylformamide, was assessed. Production of the terminal protein of the p‐450cam enzyme system, cytochrome m, was shown to depend on growth medium iron content in fed‐batch culture and was increased by 130% over previously protocols by eliminating iron deficiency. A continuous process that enables greater production rates was developed by using oxygen enrichment while simultaneously reducing gas throughput. Camphor and oxygen requirements were determined for fedbatch and continuous growth. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


This paper analyzes whether taxation has an influence on the location decisions of multinational enterprises. As a tax measure, we employ a novel measure of tax attractiveness, the Tax Attractiveness Index. This index covers 18 different tax factors, such as the taxation of dividends and capital gains, withholding taxes, the existence of a group taxation regime, and thin capitalization rules. Our count data regression analysis is based on a novel hand-collected data set consisting of the subsidiaries of German DAX30 companies in 97 countries. Controlling for non-tax effects, we find that a country's tax environment as measured by the Tax Attractiveness Index has a significantly positive effect on the number of German-controlled subsidiaries located there. Hence, our study implies that location decisions depend on a bundle of tax factors as captured by the index. In a second step, we show that the location decisions of German DAX30 companies cannot be explained by the statutory tax rate alone. In contrast, withholding taxes, double tax treaty networks, and special holding regimes seem to play a decisive role in location decisions. Previous studies examining only the influence of statutory tax rates may thus have underestimated the effects of taxation on the activities of multinational companies and suffer from omitted variable bias.


In this paper, we explore and investigate the user experience or driver experience for those on board the autonomous car for the first time. The purpose of this study is to present the factors of experience by analyzing the autonomous car boarding experience which does not exist in reality. Grounded theory research method by Strauss and Corbin is employed in this study. The theoretical implication is the study on factors primarily affecting user's experience in the field of the autonomous vehicle as well as in that the study laid the foundation for later quantitative study through derived variables. The research has the practical implication in that UX concept as the result can be reflected in the appropriate strategy for algorithm and the HMI.


This research aim to for description act to say teacher with class student of XI in course of learning to teach Indonesian  in  SMA PGRI Field. used Theory  at  this research  is  theory told by Chaer and of Agustina (2004), that is hitting to act to say and event say. Research focus  is  acting to say direct in course of process study of Indonesian teacher of SMA PGRI 1 Field. this Type Research  is  research qualitative by using descriptive method. Technique data collecting  done/conducted  with step record and data description pass/through  article, later; then analyse data with step group to act to say directly. Result of research indicate that to act to say direct amount to 106 data. 64 data in the form of functioned news sentence conventionally to tell something, 20 data in the form of functioned interrogative sentence conventionally to enquire, and 14 data in the form of functioned comand sentence conventionally to request, to inviting, and ordering. Pursuant to result of research can be concluded that acting to say used by Indonesian teacher of SMA PGRI 1 Field  at  process learn to teach  is  form act to say directly. Keyword: Act To say Teacher Student in course of Learning To teach.


In general-purpose parallel and distributed systems, performance of the protected and virtualized user-level communications and synchronizations is the most crucial issue to realize efficient execution environments. We proposed a novel high-speed user-level communication and synchronization scheme "Memory-Based Communication Facilities (MBCF) "for a general-purpose system with an off-the-shelf communication-hardware. The MBCF realizes the direct remote-memory-accesses in user-task-space and offers programmers and compilers a large shared-memory space. This paper describes outlines and characteristics of the MBCF and evaluates basic performance of the MBCF/Ether which is the first sample implementation with 100BASE-TX interfaces. The evaluation tells that its peak bandwidth at half-duplex mode is 11.2 Mbyte/sec and its round-trip latency is 49 /spl mu/sec. Finally, we introduce a brand-new remote cache scheme "Asymmetric Distributed Shared Memory (ADSM)", which is suitable for the MBCF and optimizing compilers, and show the effects of optimization methods for the ADSM.


The aim of the present study is to develop and evaluate gastro-retentive floating beads and floating in situ gels of griseofulvin (GF) in order enhance the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of GF. Different formulae of GF floating beads and floating in situ gels were prepared using sodium alginate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), carbopol, xanthan gum and pectin as polymers. The prepared formulae were evaluated for their physiochemical properties including the drug encapsulation efficiency, particle size, morphology, swelling, floating, density, gelation and viscosity behavior. Furthermore, the in vitro release pattern was examined. The results indicated that for GF floating beads; as the concentration of polymer increased, the encapsulation efficiency, particle size and floating lag time were increased. Swelling study showed that all GF floating formulae remained intact during the time of the experiment in buffered solution (pH, 1.2). Floating beads containing pectin showed rapid swelling rate, while the beads prepared with HPMC showed slower rate of swelling. For the floating in situ gels the results revealed that floating duration was more than 24 hours and all prepared floating in situ gels shown a decrease in viscosity with the increase in the shear rate. It was also found that the release rate of GF from all floating beads and floating in situ gels was significantly higher than its release from powder.


Soils modified with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads are typically used as lightweight mixtures to solve many geotechnical challenges. In seismically active areas, understanding the relationship be...


Characters Prologue Chapter I Chapter Ii Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter Vi Chapter VII Glossary Oscar Wilde Wilde Quotations Wilde Time Line The Canterville Ghost is Born The Aesthetic Movement Wilde in America Graphic Novel Creation


Could irrigation water pricing be reformed so that the practice of irrigation is less harmful? Answering this question requires insights into how water pricing reform works for different irrigators/crops each with its own price elasticity of irrigation water demand and water supply, and into the political complexity of irrigation water pricing reform. In particular, the full benefits and costs associated with irrigation are an important, but often inadequately understood, element in irrigation water pricing reform. In this paper, these insights are investigated using the theoretical concepts of supply and demand. It is shown that the market cannot provide the full benefits from irrigation and ignores the full costs. It is also shown that the shape of the irrigation water supply and demand schedules, the current equilibrium position and the size of the charge required to get to a socially optimum position all work against irrigation water pricing as a tool that can be used to reduce demand. These concepts can be used to assess the implications of irrigation pricing reform comprehensively, explicitly and consistently, so that the implicit subsidies and externalities become visible.


Canada's population is ageing. In 2016, there were more people aged 65 and over than those aged 17 and under (Statistics Canada, 2016). This population change is predicted to continue and by 2036 one quarter of people in Canada will be aged 65 or more (Canadian Medical Association, 2016). Improvements in health, social care and lifestyle have resulted in people living for longer and many are remaining relatively active, therefore the incidence of traumatic injury in this age group is rising. The proportion of elderly trauma presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) is growing annually (Kozar et al., 2015) and the volume of older people with significant injury is expected make up more than a third (39%) of global trauma admissions by 2050 (Banks & Lewis, 2013).


Learning-based slot filling - a key component of spoken language understanding systems - typically requires a large amount of in-domain hand-labeled data for training. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage model architecture that can be trained with only a few in-domain hand-labeled examples. The first step is designed to remove non-slot tokens (i.e., O labeled tokens), as they introduce noise in the input of slot filling models. This step is domain-agnostic and therefore, can be trained by exploiting out-of-domain data. The second step identifies slot names only for slot tokens by using state-of-the-art pretrained contextual embeddings such as ELMO and BERT. We show that our approach outperforms other state-of-art systems on the SNIPS benchmark dataset.


Objective To understand the present situation of human resource allocation in the township hospitals of China after the new medical reform.Methods The scale and structure of the human resource in 186 township hospitals of 12 representative counties in 2012 were investigated.Results The number of the staffs in township hospitals was7496 cases,and the health technicians were accounted for 79.6%.33.4% of the health technicians were younger than35 years old,and 18.1% of the health technicians had bachelor degree or higher.One health technician engaged in1.25 professionals.12.5% of the clinical professionals did not obtain certificate of practice.31.2% of the township hospitals had general practitioner.Conclusion Both the number of the staffs and the number of the health technicians in township hospitals increased after new medical reform.However,the health technicians are ageing and the proportion of the health technicians with bachelor degree or higher are still low.The profession which health technicians engaged in is inconsistent with their professional background.Both the number of the clinical professionals with certificate of practice and the number of the general practitioner need to be improved further.


The challenge of immigration has divided EU member states, political parties, media and academia as well as the electorate of EU countries, leaving political decision makers under tremendous pressu ...


This paper aims to explore the role of competitive advantage in accelerating the internationalization ofSMEs in Indonesia. The source of this paper is secondary data with a literature and empirical study approach from previous articles and other supporting sources. Data sources and various articles show that digitalization as a competitive advantage has a very important role in accelerating the internationalization of SMEs in Indonesia, but the results of the study of various sources of digitizing strategies for competitive advantage, many factors determine the international acceleration of SMEs in Indonesia such as partnerships, customer relations, business process management, as well as investing in information and communication resources. The government's role is also very dominant in the process towards accelerating the internationalization of SMEs in Indonesia


Chapter 1: Defining the Terms. Chapter 2: The Bigger Picture: CAMHS, nursing and the strategic context. Chapter 3: Nursing Children and Young People with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Chapter 4: Self-Harm, Young People and Nursing. Chapter 5: Nursing Children and Young People with Emotional Disorders. Chapter 6: Nursing Children and Young People with Eating Disorders. Chapter 7: Young People and Early Onset Psychosis: a nursing perspective. Chapter 8: Nursing Children and Adolescents who are Aggressive or Violent: a psychological approach. Chapter 9: Nursing Children and Young People with Learning Disabilities and Mental Health Problems. Chapter 10: Child and Adolescent Forensic Mental Health Nursing. Chapter 11: Substance misuse, Young People and Nursing. Chapter 12: Nursing and School-Based Mental Health Services. Chapter 13: Nursing and Young People in a Multicultural Society: an acculturation model. Chapter 14: Treatment Interventions for Children and Young People with Mental Health Problems. Chapter 15: Clinical Governance for Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Nurses. Chapter 16: Education, Training and Workforce Development for Nurses Working in CAMHS. Chapter 17: The Legal Context in which Nurses Work with Children and Young People with Mental Disorders. Chapter 18: Ten Practical Tips for Nursing Children and Young People with Mental Health Problems


When Christopher Columbus first set foot on the white sands of Guanahani island, he performed a ceremony to "take possession" of the land for the king and queen of Spain, acting under the international laws of Western Christendom. Although the story of Columbus' "discovery" has taken on mythological proportions in most of the Western world, few people are aware that his act of "possession" was based on a religious doctrine now known in history as the Doctrine of Discovery. Even fewer people realize that today - five centuries later - the United States government still uses this archaic Judeo-Christian doctrine to deny the rights of Native American Indians.


This paper proposes JAM, a Joint Aggregation and MAC design, to improve the sensor network lifetime under the end-to-end delay constraint. The key idea is to adjust both network traffic (via data aggregation) and communication overhead (via duty-cycled MAC) in a holistic manner at each individual node as well as between neighbors. As a result, JAM extends the sensor network lifetime more efficiently and effectively than the state-of-the-art solutions while guaranteeing the desired delay bound and achieving a lower level of average nodal power consumption. JAM is a lightweight and distributed solution with limited control information exchanged between neighbors only, which makes it deployable in practical sensor networks. Extensive ns-2 simulation and TinyOS experiment results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of JAM in prolonging the network lifetime.


We aspire to be an ethical organisation, delivering efficient services, establishing an industry wide reputation for excellence in service provision. The mechanisms of our ISO 9001 Quality Management System, ensures every member of the team is committed to establishing objectives for key aspects of service delivery. In this endeavour, we will comply with all legislative requirements and strive to meet customer demands and aspirations. The IFM Group strives to promote continual improvement in all aspects of the business and industry related standards. This Policy Statement is published and communicated to our employees, our clients and to any interested parties. At each management review, our performance in conforming to specified targets will be assessed and if necessary measures taken to ensure they will be achieved.


The invention relates to anti-bacterial water-based paint and a preparation method thereof. The paint comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.2-11 parts of anti-bacterial agent, 8-33 parts of nano material, 23-64 parts of water-based resin dispersoid and 0.75-18 parts of adhesive resin or plasticizer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly preparing a nano silver anti-bacterial agent; mixing deionized water, the anti-bacterial agent, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent and a defoaming agent and uniformly mixing, adding the nano material, uniformly dispersing to obtain the water-based dispersoid; adding the obtained water-based dispersoid to the mixed emulsion or water-based resin dispersoid, then adding the adhesive resin or plasticizer and various conventional assistants, stirring and dispersing evenly; adding pigments or colorant; and supplementing water to obtain the anti-bacterial water-based paint. The long-acting broad-spectrum antibacterial water-based paint has high fungicidal efficiency (more than 99%) on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, black varietas of bacillus subtilis and the like and can reduce the high concentrate of organic matters of formaldehyde to the range of specified concentration index.


Premise of research. Formerly sparsely distributed southern cattail (Typha domingensis) is now rapidly replacing the historically predominant sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) in Florida Everglades wetlands. Previous studies have attributed anthropogenic phosphorus (P) enrichment as a causal factor. We investigated various traits of known importance to P acquisition and use in cattail and sawgrass, in order to determine the underlying mechanisms driving the sawgrass-cattail habitat shift. Methodology. An integration of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches were used to examine growth, root structure, photosynthesis, enzyme activities, and gene expression in plants grown under different P conditions. Pivotal results. Cattail and sawgrass exhibited distinct patterns of P responses between roots and shoots. While cattail displayed plasticity in shoots and inflexibility in roots, sawgrass demonstrated the opposite pattern, exhibiting a remarkable capacity for modulating its root system architecture, acid phosphatase activity, and phosphate transporter abundance. Likely advantageous under P impoverishment for sawgrass in the historic Everglades undisturbed by man, these adaptations are nullified under current anthropogenic P enrichment, thus opening the door for competition from cattail. In response to high P availability, cattail exhibited enhanced protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and growth in its plastic shoots, empowering its spatial expansion at the expense of sawgrass. Conclusions. The species-specific patterns of root/shoot-disparate plasticity may be an important mechanism underlying the spatial redistribution of cattail and sawgrass in the anthropogenic resource-altered environment. High plasticity in shoots in response to environmental nutrient enrichment is likely a common trait shared by invasive-prone plants.


This paper devices a kind of control system of the stepper motor based upon CPLD. As the core of the device, CPLD im- plements the most logic functions and minimizes the peripheral components. The distinctive advantages of the system are expandable, stable, simple, lowly-cost and changing functions on system without occupying CPU time etc.


Need to do academic research? Follow the info.lit.mod. to learn how to do it right! Geotom enables you to search nearly all of our physical holdings of books, videos, audio CDs and LP records.


Evidence-based practice is the wave of the... present. The Cochrane Collaboration has been one of the world leaders in the development of systematic reviews in the field of health care for 20 years. In fact, it's been 20 years exactly this year. The Cochrane Collaboration is a not-for-profit, global network of approximately 28,000 people in 120 countries that publishes its content in six languages. The establishment of the Cochrane Nursing Care Field in 2009 demonstrated the Collaboration's commitment to providing an evidence base for nursing care. Readers of Rehabilitation Nursing are familiar with the necessity of basing practice on available evidence from research. Pierce (2007) wrote an elegant article on "Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation Nursing." In it she outlines the purpose and process of gathering literature. It becomes clear that the rigor of this process is absolutely necessary, but enormously time-consuming. In reality, no single nurse working on a rehabilitation unit can review all the pertinent research being published about so many of the assessments, nursing diagnoses, and interventions we perform. There just isn't enough time in a day. Large groups of clinicians and researchers all over the world review research studies on specific clinical questions and subsequently develop Cochrane systematic reviews. A systematic review consists of a methodical choice of published and unpublished research articles to answer a specific PICO[T]question (Population, Intervention, Comparison intervention, Outcome, and [Time frame]). The choice of articles and methods of review follow rigorous guidelines. If there are enough research findings from well-conducted studies, then statements are made about what is the best practice to ensure our patients receive the care that meets their needs. Access to the Cochrane systematic review database provides worldwide availability of the evidence. By going to www.summaries.cochrane.org the rehabilitation nurse can find a number of systematic reviews such as Crotty et al. (2010) "Rehabilitation interventions for improving physical and psychosocial functioning after hip fracture in older people," and das Nair, Ferguson, Stark, and Lincoln (2012) "Memory Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis." When you enter the word "rehabilitation" in the search query it brings up 308 reviews. Rehabilitation nurses care for patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple trauma, spinal cord injury, exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, advancing Parkinson's, complex orthopedic surgeries, and other rehabilitation diagnoses. Our questions about our practice are endless. Seeking evidence to answer our questions facilitates sound decision making and interventions for our patients and their families. Sharing findings of systematic reviews with our interdisciplinary colleagues makes our collaborative care that much more robust. Happy Anniversary to the Cochrane Collaboration! We wish a long and happy life to this leader in evidencebased practice nursing.


Man's pursuance for new and improved materials has been expanding with time and it can be said that it is unending. Though introduced very late in the chain of materials, polymers occupy a major place and pivotal position in our materials map today. Unfolding of the science of polymers and polymer – based materials had evoked lot of interest and made them as a class of materials for their potential use in the field of
pharmaceuticals and industry based products. In recent years, an awareness and understanding of these polymers has increased based upon the following factors.
 As pharmaceutically active ingredients continue to become more ''potent'' the effective controlled delivery of doses have become intriguing. As a result, polymers now often constitute the major portion of many pharmaceutical dosage forms and as such can have profound impact on the reproducibility of drug release and overall performance of the dosage forms. The technical complexities associated with drug development have increased in controlled delivery due to challenges such as complex drug actives, and in cases of biotech products, stabilization of the active ingredient. The multidisciplinary understanding of polymers is thus required including technical, safety, quality, and regulatory aspects, which, prior to this effort, has not been available in a single resource. It also proposes new and innovative ways for regulatory review of polymers, which, if adopted,


Remarks before Tsinghua University's School of Economics and Management, Beijing, China, April 17, 2009. ; "The Federal Reserve is in the process of acquiring the tools to short-circuit any inflationary consequences of its balance sheet growth."


The paper summaries the important development on the stabilization of nonlinear control systems achieved in the last decade.It includes locally asymptotic stabilization,globally asmptotic stabilization,simi-globally aspoptotic stabilization,practical stabilization,bounded stabilization and stabilization via state detection. Some improtant conclusions as well as the feedback design arc given. Some new necessary conditions for stabilization are also included.


Several papers have given the pilot study of transient electromagnetic(TEM) field signals using joint time-frequency analysis(JTFA).However,all the JTFA methods have their advantages and disadvantages,and for deep insight the information in TEM the comparison between these methods and newly presented S-transform is necessary.This paper first uses S-transform and generalized Stransform processing transient electromagnetic(TEM) signal.Secondly,gives a method of evaluation instantaneous frequency(IF) using S-transform and give the result of the comparison.Thirdly,it gives a character of TEM diffuse by using IF.In the end this paper discuss the denoise in S-domain.


Recognizing the exaggeration ways to get this book practical lean six sigma for healthcare using the a3 and lean thinking to improve operational performance in hospitals clinics and physician group practices is additionally useful. You have remained in right site to begin getting this info. acquire the practical lean six sigma for healthcare using the a3 and lean thinking to improve operational performance in hospitals clinics and physician group practices connect that we offer here and check out the link.


The flag curvature of a Finsler metric is called a Riemannian quantity because it is an extension of sectional curvature in Riemannian geometry. In Finsler geometry, there are several non‐Riemannian quantities such as the (mean) Cartan torsion, the (mean) Landsberg curvature and the S‐curvature, which all vanish for Riemannian metrics. It is important to understand the geometric meanings of these quantities. In the paper, Finsler metrics of scalar curvature (that is, the flag curvature is a scalar function on the slit tangent bundle) are studied and the flag curvature is partially determined when certain non‐Riemannian quantities are isotropic. Using the obtained formula for the flag curvature, locally projectively flat Randers metrics with isotropic S‐curvature are classified.


The invention relates to a system and a method for realizing NAT (Network Address Translation) traversal on the basis of UDT (UDP (User Datagram Protocol)-based Data Transfer) hole punching and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) transfer. The system comprises a terminal, an NAT traversal server and an index server, wherein the terminal is used for carrying out registration on the NAT traversal server and realizing the NAT traversal by utilizing TDT hole punching or the TCP transfer; the NAT traversal server is interactive with the terminal and used for storing registration information of theterminal and assisting the terminal to carry out the UDT hole punching and the TCP transfer; and the index server is interactive with the terminal and used for providing peer list information containing an on-line terminal ID. The invention is simple and practicable and has high penetration success ratio and high data transmission reliability.


Purpose-Construction industry development council (CIDC) and national productivity Council (NPC) has emphasized the role of skill development and training as a means of improving productivity and profitability in Indian construction sector. The purpose of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of this policy within the context of the construction industry, through the recent published national and international literature review. Design/methodology/approach-A trend analysis of construction productivity (measured by Gross Value Added/worker) and skills indicators (qualification attainment and training) was conducted over the period 1999-2010. Findings-There is significant relationship between skill development and construction productivity and consistency in the industry's productivity performance and an overall increase in qualification attainment levels and participation rates in training over the same period. © IAEME Publication.


This study refers to the phenology of four populations of wild chile in the mountainous area of the municipality of Mocorito, Sinaloa, with the purpose of generating information that helps conservation, giving better management to the plant and being able to domesticate it. Four different sites were selected in altitude, type of soil and associated vegetation. It was carried out in the months of June-November 2015, where phenological observations were made during the vegetative and reproductive development. The altitude of the selected sites was between 226 masl and 360 masl. An analysis of the meteorological conditions was made finding that the maximum temperatures ranged from 30 to 40 ° C and the minimum temperatures between 20 and 28 ° C with a general average of 30.6 ° C. The soil types found were Vertisol, Fluvisol, Leptosol and Feozem.


In July, 2011, the Family Court Review published an article by Ackerman and Pritzl that purported to provide new data reflecting the current practices of custody evaluators. Regrettably, as a result of flawed methodology and a deficient legal analysis, the data reported, the interpretations offered, and the conclusions provided can only mislead courts, attorneys, and custody evaluators as to the present state of custody evaluation practices. This response will detail the flaws in the Ackerman and Pritzl article and explain why their conclusions should not be accepted either within the custody evaluation community or within the legal system.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

•
Assessment procedures and instruments used by psychologists in family law matters must be selected based upon their demonstrated reliability and validity.

•
As it pertains to assessment procedures and instruments, survey data that reflect frequency of use are a distraction, since the selection by test users of several of the often-used instruments is attributable to impressive marketing, not to psychometric attributes.


Cochlear implants are electrical prostheses that partially replace the functions of the human ear. They bypass normal hearing operation to directly simulate the auditory nerve with electric current. The input acoustic signal passes through a filter bank and the output of each filter modulates the energy of a stimulation waveform delivered to a different intra-cochlear electrode. This approach attempts to mimic the signal processing that takes place in a normal ear. When fitting a cochlear implant to a patient who has lost his hearing after learning language, one important problem is how to optimize the frequency range of the filter bank This optimization seeks a tradeoff between maximum speech perception and the patient's subjective preference. Unfortunately, currently available tools to change the frequency-to-electrode mapping (i.e., the frequencies of the filter bank) are cumbersome to use. In a previous project we developed a real time speech processor for the Nucleus-22 and Nucleus-24 cochlear implants, based on a common PC and additional hardware drivers. The present project involves the development of a similar system that is adjustable in real time. In other words, the patient can modify the frequency-to-electrode map using computer keystrokes, and a visual representation of the frequency range employed by the filter bank is displayed on the monitor. The patient adjusts the frequency range interactively and selects the preferred setting in a much faster way than can be accomplished with commercially available hardware. If successful, this approach may be implemented in the next generation of hardware used to program cochlear implants in the clinic.


This paper describes and expounds the usage of the adverbs of "bing" and "you", from a semantic background point of view to illustrate their differences in situation in which they are used. The author emphatically points out that, in the teaching of Chinese as a second language, it is essential to explain clearly the semantic background of every lexical or syntactic item that is taught.


In this paper, we prove weak and strong convergence of the Ishikawa iterative scheme with errors to common fixed point I-asymptotically quasinonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. The results obtained in this paper improve and generalize the corresponding results in the existing literature.


Introduction: The production of KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) has become an important mechanism of carbapenem-resistance among Enterobacteriaceae strains. In Brazil, KPC is already widespread and its incidence has increased significantly, reducing treatment options. The "perfect storm" combination of the absence of new drug developmentand the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains resulted in the need for the use of older drugs, with greater toxicity, such as polymyxins. Aims: To determine the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing strains in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients with nosocomial infection/colonization during September/2014 to August/2015, to determine the risk factors associated with 30-daymortality and the impact of inappropriate therapy. Materials and Methods: We performed a case control study to assess the risk factors (comorbidities, invasive procedures and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy) associated with 30-day-mortality, considering the first episode of infection in 111 patients. The resistance genes blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaNDM-1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction technique. Molecular typing of the strains involved in the outbreak was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. The polymyxin resistance was confirmed by the microdilution broth method. Results: 188 episodes of carbapenemresistant Enterobacteriaceae infections/colonizations were detected; of these, 122 strains were recovered from the hospital laboratory. The presence of blaKPC gene were confirmed in the majority (74.59%) of these isolates. It was not found the presence of blaIMP , blaVIM and blaNDM-1 genes. K. pneumoniae was the most frequent microorganism (77,13%), primarily responsible for urinary tract infections (21,38%) and infections from patients of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (61,38%). Multivariate statistical analysis showed as predictors independently associated with mortality: dialysis and bloodstream infection. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed a lower probability of survival in the group of patients receiving antibiotic therapy inappropriately. Antimicrobial use in adult ICU varied during the study period, but positive correlation between increased incidence of strains and the consumption was not observed. In May and July 2015, the occurrence rates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae KPC-producing per 1000 patient-days were higher than the control limit established, confirming two outbreaks, the first caused by colistin-susceptible KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, with a polyclonal profile and the second by a dominant clone of colistin-resistant (≥ 32 μg/mL) KPC-producing K. pneumoniae. The cross transmission between patients became clear by the temporal and spatial relationships observed in the second outbreak, since some patients occupied the same bed, showing problems in hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers and inadequate terminal disinfection of environment. The outbreak was contained when the ICU was closed to new admissions. Conclusions: The study showed an endemicity of K. pneumoniae KPC-producing in adult ICU, progressing to an epidemic monoclonal expansion, resulted by a very high antibiotic consumption of carbapenems and polymyxins and facilitated by failures in control measures the unit.


If we focus on intrauterine myocardial development, the premature myocardium's physiology is quite different from that of the full-term infant's myocardium. The premature heart's unique features include a less organized myocardium with smaller myocytes, fewer sarcomeres per unit mass, and higher water content. Hence, a less compliant and less contractile myocardium compromises hemodynamic status during the postnatal transitional phase. Also, problems from extracardiac systems, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and sepsis critically affect the morbidity and mortality of premature infants.


Turbulences in the Earths atmosphere lead to the loss in spatial resolution power of ground based telescopes. The common mechanism used to deal with this phenomenon is Adaptive Optics (AO), which compensates for the loss in resolution power, in real time, by means of a servo-control loop. In this paper, we propose a new approach to phase reconstruction of astronomical images using Microcanonical Multiscale Formalism (herein referred to as MMF) and also check the performance of the reconstruction under noise. In fact, turbulent flows, although chaotic in nature, possess a complex arrangement of geometrical structures related to the cascading properties of physical variables; the properties of these variables reflect the transfer of energy taking place from large scales to smaller ones. The geometrical representation of the cascade process can be exploited by the use of an appropriate wavelet (here Battle-Lemarié of order 3) decomposition which leads to a proper reconstruction of the turbulent phase. Keywords—adaptive optics, atmospheric turbulence, cascade processes, microcanonical multiscale formalism, phase reconstruction, wavelets.


This section covers some of the recent developments in vehicle automationranging from various forms of driver-assisted steering through totally autonomousvehicles. Commercial and research examples are given with a description ofhow behavioral robotics can be applied to agriculture.


The single quark transition model for parity violating hadron decays in triplet scheme is extended to that in charm scheme and many sum rules among charmed hadron decay amplitudes are obtained. The relation of the model to the current-current interaction is discussed and the .dl relations are also discussed.


Alizarin red (AR) can bind with aloe polysaccharide (APS) in doubly de-ionized water to form a red complex resulting in fluorescence quenching of it. The maximum fluorescence quenching wavelength is 572 nm. The chromogenic reaction is rapid and the fluorescence intensity remains stable for at least 2 h at room temperature. The quenched fluorescence intensity (ΔF) is directly proportional to APS concentration. Based on this interaction, a sensitive and selective fluorophotometric method is proposed for the determination of APS. The optimal experiment conditions were established. The corresponding linear equation is (F=0.8807C+1.8132, R2=0.9999. The quantification and detection limits are 0.4752 and 0.1425 µg·mL−1, respectively. The linear range is 0.444–16.65 µg·mL−1 for APS and the mean recovery (100.2±2)%, RSD⩽3%. The effect of various substances on the determination of APS was also investigated in detail, and the results show that most of the studied coexistent substances can be tolerated in considerable amounts. The proposed method is sensitive, simple, fast and suitable for routine assay.


Construction of a water-soluble, oxygen-tolerant, and acid-stable synthetic H2 production catalyst is vital for the development of an economic and user-friendly H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. Natural enzyme hydrogenases exhibit excellent energy-efficient H2 production activity. However, fragility of the overall protein structure has restricted their sustainable and practical application. Among the synthetic functional models of hydrogenase, cobaloxime-based complexes offer O2-insensitivity. However, they are only active near neutral conditions with moderate rates and poor aqueous solubility properties. Here, in this work, we have specifically stationed a series of enzyme-inspired, multicomponent outer coordination sphere components around the cobaloxime core to simultaneously improve its catalytic rate, aqueous solubility, and activity even under acidic conditions. We have also established that cobaloximes display catalytic H2 production via two independent mechanisms: (i) Co(II)-centric and (i...


Driver fatigue is an important cause of combination-unit traffic crashes and eyes are an important factor to embody driver's fatigue degree. At present, almost all of driver's eyes detecting and tracking systems are based on one camera. Such system of detecting and tracking eyes' features will give very lower accuracy. So a method of driver's eyes detection and tracking system using two cameras is proposed in this paper. It is based on a controllable camera and a fixed camera and the two cameras can communicate through serial port. The main principle is to collect the monitoring video of the cabin through camera A (shoot driver's upper body) at first, then locate the driver's face using rapid image processing algorithm in camera A. After that we control camera B (just shoot driver's face) through serial port according to face position in camera A and make it shoot driver's face all the time. At last, a new method which is based on combined Adaboost algorithm, particle filter and prior knowledge was applied to track driver's eyes in camera B.


This paper is based on an empirical study examining Turkish and Kurdish teachers' perception of the national ideology of Kemalism and its effects on Kurdish pupils. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 teachers working in the east/southeast provinces of Turkey, which are predominantly inhabited by Kurds. The findings revealed that the Kemalist ideology has serious negative effects on Kurdish pupils, as it directly excludes and alienates the Kurdish identity. This paper also showed that the dominance of Kemalism in education seems to trigger a lot of other issues existing in society such as the exclusion of non-Turks and polarisation.


Dating plays a specific role in the analysis of archaeological objects. Medieval materials of X-XI centuries are usually dated within a wide time range. The period is known for rapid development of crafts and strengthening of economic and cultural relations, which is reflected in the development of material culture. The periodization of the Rozhdestvenskiy burial ground's findings shows the stages of the development and their characteristic features. The findings of the first half of the X century have no considerable differences from those ones of the IX century, yet some innovations could be traced. In the second half of the X – first half of the XI centuries the interactions with Volga Bulgaria and neighboring Finno-Ugric cultures and the development of local craft centers contributed to the variety of costume decoration and other objects of material culture. New stable types of objects and variants of ornamentation appeared. In the XI century western influence from Russia and Finnish cultures could be traced. New aesthetic preferences and techniques, which shaped the outlines of the material culture of the following period, were developed by the end of the XI century.


Suppose that $f$ is an expansive homeomorphism of a compact metrizable space $X$ and that the dynamical system $(X,f)$ is the quotient by a uniformly bounded-to-one factor map of a topologically mixing subshift of finite type. Let $\tau \colon X \to X$ be a continuous map commuting with $f$. We prove that if there is no pair of distinct $f$-homoclinic points in $X$ with the same image under $\tau$ then $\tau$ is surjective. This result extends the Myhill implication in the Garden of Eden theorem of Moore and Myhill for cellular automata and applies in particular to elementary basic sets of Axiom A diffeomorphisms.


This study investigated the relations among children`s strategies in peer conflict situations, social behavior and children`s peer acceptance. Eighty-seven kindergarteners were asked about their strategies in response to 8 hypothetical peer conflict situations. Classroom teachers completed the social behavior rating scale to evaluate children`s behavioral characteristics. Children`s peer acceptance was measured by peer acceptance rating scale. Results indicated that children`s strategies for responding to peer conflicts and their social behavior correlated with peer acceptance, although the linkages were different for boys and girls. Furthermore, children`s strategies correlated with their social behavior.


Sunflower and cotton plants were grown in growth boxes at 460 µmol m-2 s-1. The mesophyll conductance in N2, the assimilatory charge (post-illumination CO2 uptake) and the CO2 capacity (the solubility of CO2 + HCO3- + CO32-) were measured at different temperatures. The mesophyll conductance had its maximum at 29-30°C in sunflower leaves and rapidly declined at higher and lower temperatures. In cotton, the maximum occurred at a somewhat higher temperature. The assimilatory charge changed in parallel with the mesophyll conductance. When the assimilatory charge was measured after a short exposure to CO2-free N2, it remained constant at lower temperatures and declined only at superoptimal temperatures. As the assimilatory charge reflects the RuP2 pool in the leaf, the temperature dependence of the mesophyll conductance at a constant assimilatory charge reveals the actual activation energy of the CO2 binding reaction of carboxylase (together with the CO2 transport conductance in the liquid phase of mesophyll cells) which was 29 kJ mol-¹ for both species. At superoptimal temperatures, the primary cause for the reversible decrease of photosynthesis was a decrease in the assimilatory charge (RuP2 pool). The decrease cannot be caused by an inadequate rate of RuP2 resynthesis but is, presumably, the result of either too rapid drainage of triosephosphates to the cytosol from chloroplasts or de-energisation of thylakoids at high temperatures.


An apparatus to produce francium atoms and to trap them in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) has been set up at the Legnaro INFN National Laboratories (Italy). A detailed description of the main parts of the apparatus is given together with step-by-step measurements characterizing the production, transport, neutralization, and trapping of the radioactive atoms. The Fr MOT is operative, and the first trapping signal of the 210 Fr isotope is reported.


When teaching the Internet section in the introductory class a year ago, I used to cover only Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 eras. This year, what some termed as "Web 3.0" becomes an inevitable topic. While the term is still controversial, it is clear that we are witnessing the rise of a new era marked with blockchain, cryptocurrency, and metaverse, which all bring about new concerns and challenges. Technological advancement has been fueling media ethics concerns for a long time. The ethical issues of Web 1.0 and 2.0 eras are still lingering as we discuss digital ethics, and it is already time to start thinking about what technology might bring us in the near future. This essay reviews two edited volumes that are published at the end of 2022. Ethics in the AI, Technology, and Information Age provides cutting-edge insights about the emerging ethical issues related to the advancement of digital media and technologies, and Social Media Ethics and Covid-19 offers multidisciplinary perspectives about the ethical use of social media (or the lack thereof) during the COVID-19 pandemic. These two books present helpful materials for us to think about current issues and look toward the future. Boylan, M., & Teays, W. (Eds.). (2022). Ethics in the AI, Technology, and Information Age. Rowman & Littlefield. This book is edited by two philosophy professors with an expertise in ethics: Michael Boylan from Marymount University, and Wanda Teays from at Mount Saint Mary's University. While the book title is not explicitly tied to media ethics, most information technologies covered in this volume play important roles in media and communication industries. In the preface, the editors explained the purpose of this volume is to "promote discussion on how we might take the best from technology while avoiding possible ethical pitfalls." This is a discussion important to media ethics when more and more information and digital technology are being used in media industries. The 20 chapters in the book are divided into three parts: theoretical background, applications, and challenges. Michael Boylan starts the book with two chapters discussing ethical reasoning and the definition of "nature." The ethical reasoning chapter provides a detailed philosophical explanation of different views and principles about moral decision-making. The chapter on "nature" discusses this concept as a "background condition" that is fundamental to evaluate various technologies when they go against nature. Boylan outlines the ethical constraints on interfering with nature (p.25), and advocates for a "go slow" approach to technological changes. Part one of the book further discusses the relationship between humans and machines with such topics as transformative technology, which the authors define to be "technology significantly transforms existing states of affairs" (p. 35), transhumanism, which promotes technology to radically enhance human intelligence, health, happiness and longevity" (p.49), and artificial intelligence's impact on human rights. Part two of the book strikes me as the most relatable among the three for media ethics scholars as the topics are directly connected to technology's impact on media use, media landscape, and moral development. "The Moral Fog of Social Media" by Dean Cocking and Jeroen van den Hoven describes how our social worlds online create "moral fog" that obscures our understanding of value and reality. They remind us that the ever-developing social worlds, now with the "metaverse," are selling us


Background: Professional nurses are prone to fatigue and poor health. Getting sufficient physical activity and sleep have reported benefits. However, the benefit of ample sleep and physical activity to nurse health is understudied.
Objective: The goal of the current article is to report nurse general and workplace health, productivity and wellbeing by comparing those professionals with recommended levels of physical activity and sleep to those with reduced profiles.
Design: Data were generated from the 2006-08 delivery of the e-Cohort survey of nurses and midwives.
Methods: The primary analysis (n=3967) was based on the physical activity and sleep categories: (LS1) Meeting the recommended guidelines or above for both leisure physical time activity and sleep; (LS2) Meeting the recommended guidelines or above for leisure time activity but not sleep; (LS3) Meeting the recommended guidelines or above for sleep but not leisure time activity; and (LS4) Not meeting the recommended guidelines for both leisure time activity and sleep.
Results: LS1 were significantly younger, had a lower body mass index than any other group and were the least likely to report in-work difficulty, emotional barriers to workplace productivity and restriction in basic daily tasks. LS4 were more likely to have osteoarthritis, depression and high blood pressure.
Conclusion: The study findings confirm health benefits from achieving recommended levels of physical activity and sleep. Adherence to beneficial lifestyle behaviours has important implications for the self-health of nurses. Workforce administrators should consider this when designing programs to reduce nurse workplace burnout and aid workforce retention.


Assembly systems are commonly seen in production practice, where multiple components are joined in a manufacturing process to make a final product. In this paper, a decomposition/aggregation-based method is presented to evaluate the performance metrics of assembly systems with machines following the exponential reliability model (either synchronous or asynchronous). In particular, we consider the assembly system with multiple merge operations, each connected to a single external component line. The idea of the proposed method is to decompose the assembly system into a set of virtual serial lines based on the overlapping decomposition technique, evaluate of the starvation and blockage of the merge operations, and recursively update of the virtual machines' parameters in the thus-obtained serial lines. Then, the performance metrics of the original assembly system can be approximated based on the corresponding machines and buffers in the virtual serial lines. Numerical experiments are carried out to justify the convergence and computational efficiency of the method, as well as to evaluate the approximation accuracy of the proposed algorithm.


A further development of the explosion-chamber principle avoids the mixing of arc and oil in the main gap, utilizing the high oil pressure together with smooth and controlled flow of oil from the chamber to sweep away the arc, replacing it with a stream of clean oil. With this design tests show that a voltage of 44 kv. per inch across the working gap actually is reached.


ABSTRACT
Objective: Purpose of this study was to compare kinematic parameters between professional and non professional swimmers. It will help in understanding of kinematic parameters in swimming.
Methodology: We took sample of 5 postgraduate students who were physically healthy and active but they were not professional swimmers. All subjects were explained about whole procedure and warm up was performed for 10 minutes. Head was reference point to take readings as all due to the differences that exists between subjects in terms of arm lengths. As a reference values for our comparisons, data obtained from 2011 Szczecin European Short course Championships men's finals of 50, 400 and 1500m freestyle was used. We carried out Pearson's Correlation between height, SL and SF to determine the effect of height on speed of swimming.
Result: Looking at the results, it can be said that, not unexpectedly, there are large differences between the groups, especially in the fast speed category, where all of the selected variables (stroke frequency, length and speed) are clearly higher for the professional swimmers. Additionally, professionals having similar stroke frequencies to IMPAS in the remaining two speed categories, albeit producing much higher speed and stroke length values would suggest that professionals (again, not unexpectedly) are more efficient at swimming by attaining more velocity and distance from the same number (or more precisely, frequency) of strokes.
Conclusion: There are different aspects that have to be taken into account in order to analyze the swimming competition. The stroke length is the most determinant factor and it would be related to the success. Stroke frequency, is not a significant factor that could explain the performance in swimming competition. However, it is has importance also for coaches and swimmers.