This anthology offers multiple perspectives on assessment, curriculum development, and research on technology education, presented in 14 chapters. Each chapter contains a rich array of historical developments, theoretical background or conceptual explanations, methods, new approaches and examples, conclusions and references, as well as various charts, illustrations, and photographs to illuminate the topics. The book has a heavy engineering perspective with some explanation of advancements in computer technology. Future technology education should incorporate multiple tools for learning, interdisciplinary content, real life problem solving skills, and assessment practices. http://ijea.asu.edu/v7r4/ 2 Technology Education Based on papers presented at the "Technology and Environment Conference" in Germany 10 years ago, this anthology presents a Nordic interactive educational model that features "a multi-perspective approach of dialogue and reflection" (p. 9). The approach is sound and significant because of its open, ongoing, and all encompassing dialogical approach to learning. The authors conceive of technology as "techne," tools for learning skills in handling a wide range of problems to be solved. The papers fall into three major sections, including assessment, curriculum development, and research. The book lacks a good definition and discussion of assessment in general and differences between assessment and evaluation. The assessment section is really about technological education; and, Chapter Two and Three, for example, contain few assessment ideas. However, the first and last chapters offer several clever assessment models or approaches. The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having, growing, and proving" ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as "wow" and "yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness" (p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical" and "aesthetic" pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix. In Chapter 2, Graube and Theurerkauf (TU Braunschweig, Germany) maintain that the traditions in technology education include manual skills, polytechnics, work orientation, science, general technology, and systems theory. They believe that design and technology study should be playful at the primary level for life-long learning. In Chapter 3, Graube http://ijea.asu.edu/v7r4/ 3 proposes a competent technological education model consisting of three dimensions of technology action (e.g., developing goals and ideas, prototyping, producing, distributing, and disposing), technological systems (materials, energy, and info), and relationships (among humans, nature and society). Lost in translation, his level of explanation is abstract with few models for actions/activities. For example, he refers to technological action as "step by step acquisition of nature in order to satisfy social and personality needs" (p. 54). Under Examples, he stipulates that "Building" and "Dwelling" are the action fields primary school students should develop, as in making ideal rooms. It seems evident that the writer has not taught young children because the language and tasks are too general and vague. For instance, the objectives "to realize and formulate own needs, to analyze the room, develop size notion (from original to the paper), 3D and 2D illustration of simple solids (e.g. furniture) . . . and transfer them in a model like way" seems difficult for children to understand. For assessment, the author uses the term "valuation of the results," which is also quite vague. If this is a competence model, to whom is the language aimed? The model described certainly fails to convey a sense of playfulness at the primary level as promised in Chapter 2. An explanation of technology by Lindstrom (Stockholm Institute of Education) in Chapter 4 is much more concrete and understandable, as the author concentrates on generating competency criteria in the area of metalwork. He explains the term competence by describing the difference between the "in process" problem-solving of experts and the "makeshift" troubleshooting of novices. Craftsmanship, which is assessed in terms of competence, involves differences in skills and which abilities are emphasized. Based on teacher and student practice in design and technology, Lindstrom promotes an inductive approach to formulating criteria through the use of a quantitative hierarchical repertory grid. This is "a technique for charting individuals' constructs of phenomena in the world around them, based on a set of 'examples or elements' " (p. 62) found in their portfolios that provide a rich picture of products and processes (sketches, notes, drafts of working habits). The grid is constructed with a Macintosh computer program that randomly presents three portfolios [triads] at a time for subject experts [professional artisan or college professor] to indicate how they are both similar and different. The laddering grid (ratings from high to low) uses such bipolar constructs as novice/expert, experimental/fixity of purpose, and free/strict task interpretation. The judging process continues until respondents or triads are exhausted. After cluster analysis, which is not adequately explained, grids reveal percentages that stipulate how the bipolar qualities agree with the novice/expert. Resulting process criteria include idea and design, realization (planning, problem-solving, and executing), and evaluation. The differences are a matter of degree between experts who are absorbed and detailed in their work and novices who are detached and incomplete. In addition, five students and two experts describe their goals and the evolution of their finished product using photographs and notes in their own everyday portfolio language. http://ijea.asu.edu/v7r4/ 4 Such models are helpful for teachers to develop their own portfolio guidelines. This qualitative evidence also reveals different evaluation approaches between experts and novices. One such example is the extreme focus on process by teachers as opposed to the product orientation of artisans. In conclusion, Lindstrom notes that experts solve problems "in process," while novices may be distracted by external conditions, which may result in less desirable projects. This reveals differences in the learning cultures of school and workplace and further indicates a lengthy history of disagreement between the aims of social and personal development in design. In school, the main aim is learning and the object can remain unfinished. The educational purpose is no longer the making of useful things but exploring craft processes. The latter practice increases risk-taking, self expression, and evaluation, but divorces learning from the reality of craft cultures outside of school and the need to develop higher levels of competence. In contrast, too much emphasis on authentic schooling and accountability leaves little room for freedom to experiment and fail. The next section incorporates the state of contemporary curriculum development in Nordic lands. In Chapter 5, Schlagennhauf (Freiburg, Germany) finds that secondary educators regard technological education as applied natural science with disregard for social perspectives. He argues that without a broader notion of technology beyond manual labor, technology education will become extinct. Similarly in the Ukraine, technology education is in dire straits due to workshop and equipment deterioration cause by a lack of funds. In Chapter 6, Sidorenko (Pedagogical University of Kiev, Russia) calls for an innovative technocultural discipline that stresses transformation of modern society in daily life, recreation, and business. In Chapter 7, Eva Blomdahl (Institute of Education in Stockholm) regards technology education not as an isolated activity, but as "re-presenting" technology—as in Heidegger's idea of a complex socio-technical system. She also argues against training. She favors gaining understanding, as in Dewey's idea of reflection on the technological consequences on people and environment—the techno-culture. In Chapter 8, Lindgren (Halmstad University College, Sweden) relates his experiences in teaching technology to college students from various occupations and backgrounds. He emphasizes the fact that we are surrounded by technology in everyday life and the result is some form of human activity. This activity, for instance, includes an artifact (product-hammer), a method (technique-to hammer), and a theory/science (the systemic explanation of its material strength). Technologists organize artifacts to function together, resulting in innovations that include developing and spreading new mechanisms that function for useful purposes (wind, gas, e


1 Prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin exert synergistic effects on vascular permeability in rat skin and in rat paws. Prostaglandin E2 is inactive in this respect. 2 Prostaglandin F2α reduces the bradykinin response in rat skin but not in rat paws. It also markedly reduces the response of the skin to dextran, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and histamine. 3 Prostaglandin E1 and dextran exert synergistic effects in rat skin when threshold doses of each agent are used. 4 Rats genetically resistant to dextran fail to respond to intradermal dextran in the presence of prostaglandin E1.


The elimination of electron transport layers (ETLs) to fabricate ETLs-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) could save the manufacturing cost and time. However, compared with PSCs based on traditional architecture, ETLs-free...


urpose〕To evaluate the efficacy of functional neck dissection for oral oropharyngeal cancer.〔Methods〕Ninty eight cases with functional neck dissection in our hospital from 1988 to 1997 were studied retrospectively and compared with radical neck dissection cases in the same period.〔Results〕The two groups were similar in operation time,complications,recurrence rate and survival rate.〔Conclusion〕Functional neck dissection is effective procedure for neck management in oral oropharyngeal cancer.Shoulder function preservation is acceptable.


Over the years, enthusiasts of geographical indication (GI) protection have often asserted its benefits for developing countries. It has been said that GIs can assist with the promotion of rural and regional development; support the emerging creative industries; help to protect traditional cultural expressions; ensure that the exploitation of traditional knowledge would recognize sacred beliefs and practices of traditional peoples; safeguard cultural heritage; promote environmentally sustainable


This research focuses on the different ways donors and NGOs are seeking to strengthen indigenous organizations to more actively participate within the new "democratic" and "decentralized" institutional structures recently established as part of state reforms in many Latin America countries; specifically Bolivia. Research is based on as series of qualitative case studies examining interactions between NGOs, municipal governments, and indigenous organizations.


Summary Extensive thermometric and kryometrie investigations of cassiterites und other minerals of the tin-tungsten-mineralization of the Erzgebirge teere earried out. Besides a briet' statement of the methodology whieh Wati used the results are diseussed. Referring to the cassiterites five typen of homogenisation were detected (tab. 1). The predominant patt of the inelusions in the eassiterites homogenises in the liquid phase. Because of thermometrie results tce ean distinguish four postn ag latie formation stages of cassiterites: pegmat it ic 550 C high- hydrot hermal 451)( 2-2)) C pneumatolvtic 382 ( .-221 20) C hydrothermal 350 to 270 C The geleassiterite (wood-tin) whieh oeeurs in the Erzgebirge wasn't taken into aecount. The position and relation of the cassiterites to the most significant paragenetie attendant minerals in shown in figure S. Those minernlisatimt stages obtained for the cassiterites are also pereeivable in this table. One should especially pay attention to the relatively limited field of temperature of the pncumatolytie-hydrothermal transition-stage (420 to 360 C) which coneerns all minerals. The results of the kryometrie investigations (salinity: tab. 2) show an intensive (lange of the salinity including the pH-value of mineral-forming solutions simultaneously with the precipitation of the eassiterite II-stage (intensive separation of pneumatolytie solutions!). Measurements of the speeifie volume of the included solutions show (t :lb.


The international community that concerned itself with the welfare of children, protecting childhood and eventually with the wellbeing of the African child found itself with an overwhelming project in during the colonial era. The League of Nations Advisory Committees on the Traffic of Women and Children and the Protection and Welfare of Children and Young People recognized Nigerian children to be a protected group as a local expression of an international movement that targeted women and children during the 1920s and 1930s. As a result of the increased international attention and pressure, colonial officials began to investigate specific practices involving the pawning, marriage and domestic slavery. This paper examines the status of domestic servants, slaves 'for sale', pawns, apprentices, prostitutes and child wives in the Bight of Biafra during the colonial era and the consequences of the continued trade in children during the twentieth century. Child trafficking is still going on and it is useful to look at West Africa's past in order to understand this contemporary phenomenon. Benjamin N. Lawrance and Richard L. Roberts suggest that child trafficking must be considered in relation to how colonization related to the global economy. The Igbo, Ibibio, Ijaw (Ijo) and Efik had many methods of appropriating child labor as economic shifts dictated. Child trafficking seemed to increase as Nigeria's economy became absorbed by the international economy. My thesis is that scholars and policy makers can best understand the contemporary problems of child trafficking in West Africa (and abroad) by tracing its historical development from the transatlantic slave trade to colonial forms of servitude and beyond.


Sense of problem refers to the ability of being curious about new things, sensitive to and good at finding the problem, which is significant in developing students thinking, especially creative thinking. It is the start of thinking and creativity, and the drive of thinking, as well as the expression of motivated learning and the progress in learning. To develop students sense of problem asks for arousing students curiosity and desire to learn, developing their sense of inquiring, and a good teacher should deliberately set some problems for the student to inquire, training them to ask a question, so as to develop their thinking ability while reading.


Mandala Nusantara Ltd is a joint venture company set up for the development and ownership of a private power development at the Wayang Windu Geothermal Project, West Java, Indonesia. The exploration effort for Wayang Windu has been permitted and is underway. Permitting of the final development is now in process. Experience indicates that the legal framework is particularly conducive to rapid project development. Standards are at times less stringent, while some can be stricter than California standards. Pertamina (the state oil and gas company) has developed considerable expertise in the permitting area and has been cooperative. Mandala Nusantara Ltd has found it appropriate to supplement its written commitment to environmental monitoring with its own process of continuous environmental audit.


Introduction and Aim: The National Medical Council of India (NMC) has updated the undergraduate medical curriculum by establishing "competency based medical education," which focuses on a one-month foundation course. This time is thought to be crucial for students to adjust to their new college surroundings. The purpose of this study was to assess the initial one-month foundation course from the perspectives of students.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 first year MBBS students joining the college in the academic year 2020-21 were included in the study. Therefore, all students' means universal samples were included in the study. The core curriculum was meticulously organised and carried out in accordance with the National Medical Council of India's recommendations. Students provided feedback using a five-point Likert scale. Before the final study, we conducted a pilot study for assessment of the reliability of the scale by taking convenient samples and reliability coefficient was found to be 0.8769. Overall recommendations were solicited, and the outcomes were analysed using feedback from students. It calculated the percentage of students who responded. The data were analysed by using statistical software i.e., SPSS version 20.00 with simple frequency and percentages.

Results: The percentages of students who agreed and strongly agreed on something ranged from 77.14 to 90.92 percent. All the sessions are positive feedback given by students who strongly agree and biosafety, E-learning, language, and biomedical waste management needed improvement in the module. Good collaboration, teamwork, and thorough planning at the interdepartmental and intradepartmental levels, according to the faculty, were vital elements for the course's successful implementation.

Conclusion: The foundation course sessions were generally well welcomed by the students. The findings will aid us in improving our foundation programme for the following year to accomplish the goals of the foundation course.


This chapter attempts to unravel some of the relationships in the gender, energy and poverty nexus. It starts by explaining that there is an energy dimension to poverty, and considers why energy policy and planning in most developing countries has paid scant attention to this. Energy poverty is a concept that captures the energy dimension of poverty. It has a number of effects on poor families, which tend to use less energy than wealthier ones. To understand more clearly why energy planning fails the poor, one has to understand that it involves two quite different sub-sectors: the modern sector, including renewable energy technologies (RETs), and the traditional sector. New and RETs can be considered part of the modern, commercial energy sector and are receiving increasing attention. Of several important reasons, the chapter explores: the structure of mainstream development theories and the failure of the energy sector to keep abreast of developments in other sectors as regards gender.


Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(12) scale (HDRS) was administered to all patients (Hamilton, 1960). Patients with a score 7 or more were considered to be 'cases' of depression (score of 8−13 was considered mild depression and 14−18 was categorized as moderate depression). There were 63 (42.6%) males and 85 (57.4%) females. Age (mean ± SD) was 48.14±12.6 years. Mean duration of symptoms was found to be 3.3±2.1 months. Prevalence of depression was found to be 25.7 % (mild 23%, moderate 2.7%). Mean HDRS score was 10.5%, amounting to 25.7% depression in this sample. Prevalence of depression in patients with sarcoidosis appears to be higher than that of the general population. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Asia to report prevalence of depression in sarcoidosis patients. Though, there are limitations (no structured interview was used to diagnose depression, no comparative sample from the general population/patients with other medical disorders), this study draws attention to an important clinical issue in consultation liaison psychiatry. Further prospective studies are urgently needed to study depression in sarcoidosis. References


This study was conducted using different mixtures of tannin-free flour from three varieties of sorghum (621A, 621B, 622B) and wheat. These three varieties of sorghum have been approved by the Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research (ISRA). Parameters such as the Zeleny index, the Hagberg fall time and the baking strength of the different wheat flour mixtures with 20% and 30% incorporation of sorghum flour were determined at the level of the unit. Industrial Biochemistry of the University Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Gembloux (Belgium). The study showed that a substitution of wheat flour by sorghum flour leads to a decrease in the Zeleny index, amylase activity, flour strength, extensibility and increased fall time and balance between toughness and extensibility. Breadmaking tests using compound flours incorporating 20% of the flours from the different varieties of sorghum were also carried out at the pilot bakery of the Dakar Institute of Food Technology. The breads obtained had a good volume, a good texture of the crumb, crust and a good taste comparable to 100% wheat bread.


1 + 8 p. Review produced for HC 441: Science Colloquium: Willamette River Environmental Health, Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon , Spring term, 2004. Files also contain the content of the Web site that was reviewed, captured Dec. 22, 2005


The SMC (structure maintenance of chromosome) complexes are conserved from bacteria to humans. They are key components of higher-order chromatin structures and play important roles in genome stability. The SMC5/6 complex is involved in the homologous recombination-based DNA repair, in replication fork stability and processing, and in cohesin regulation. Eight subunits compose the SMC5/6 complex and contribute to its functions and dynamics. Recently, we discovered several important features of the Nse3 subunit: its role in structural organization of the SMC5/6 complex, its DNA-binding ability, its evolution from bacteria to novel mammalian protein family. In addition, we described new chromosome breakage syndrome associated with Nse3 mutations. We will present our in depth analysis of Nse3 interactions with other Nse subunits of the SMC5/6 complex and their role in structural organization of the SMC5/6 complex. Via these interactions, Nse3 forms Nse1/Nse3/Nse4 sub-complex which (in addition) binds to DNA and assists in loading of SMC5/6 to chromatin. In vivo studies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe nse3 mutants suggest Nse3 essential role in chromatin protection and organization (yeast cells exhibit chromatin aberrations and hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents). In addition to yeast studies, we will present the new chromosome breakage syndrome associated with severe lung disease in early childhood. Four children from two unrelated kindreds died during infancy of severe pulmonary disease following viral pneumonia with evidence of combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiency. Whole exome sequencing revealed biallelic missense mutations in NSE3, which disrupt NSE3 interactions within the SMC5/6 complex, leading to destabilization of the complex. Patient cells showed chromosome rearrangements, micronuclei, sensitivity to replication stress and DNA damage, and defective homologous recombination.


Objective To investigate the effect of nutritional status on the parameters of pulmonary ventilate function of Uygur minority elder.Methods Three hundred and fifty Uygur country elder over 60 years in 3county countrysides were divided into three groups A(weight group),B(weight group),C(overweight group)according to IBW%from low to high.Lung function indexes were measured in A,B,C groups including FEV1,FVC,FEV1%,PEF,FEF25~75,FEF25,FEF50,FEF75and SpO2.Results(1)In the lung function indexes,the nourishment normal group was more obviously higher than the malnutrition and the overweight group(all P0.01),but the malnutrition and overweight group didn't have obvious differences(all P0.05).(2)SpO2had no differences in 3groups.Conclusion Uygur old people's malnutrition and overweight all influence lung function,increasing nourishment and controlling weight can improve lung function and prevent decrease of lung function.


A standard software tool is developed to assist analysts with sourcing decisions in a finite three-stage supply chain network. The purpose of this tool is to determine the minimum cost sourcing or make-versus-buy strategy. The tool can consider up to 13 major cost categories across the supply chain network. These costs can be viewed on an aggregated or disaggregated basis. The tool is also capable of performing analyses using discounted cash flow techniques. The tool consists of five worksheets within Microsoft Excel. The last worksheet contains a one period mixed-integer linear program that uses Solver to find a minimum cost sourcing arrangement. The tool is flexible, easily disseminated, transparent, and easy to use. Use of this tool should lead to more expeditious analyses while yielding reasonable estimates of the costs associated with a finite set of sourcing or make-versus-buy alternatives. Thesis Supervisor: Donald B. Rosenfield Title: Senior Lecturer of Management Thesis Supervisor: Alvin W. Drake Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science


Exercise and pregnancy are known to induce physiological cardiac hypertrophy, and the molecular mechanisms have recently been revealed exercise-induced and pregnancy-induced cardiac hypertrophy. However, current understanding of the interaction of exercise and pregnancy on heart health is poorly understood. Our objectives were to study how exercise during pregnancy modifies pregnancy-induced cardiac hypertrophy and to determine gene expression patterns when two different physiological hypertrophic stimuli are concurrent. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: non-pregnant sedentary control (C), sedentary pregnant (LP), and exercise during pregnant (ExP) groups. The mice in the ExP group were exercised voluntarily from gestational day 1 through gestational day 17, at which time they were sacrificed. Both the ExP and LP groups showed a significant increase in heart mass compared to the C group. Phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and p70S6K were all significantly increased in the hearts of the ExP group when compared to the C group. Phosphorylation of mTOR was different between the ExP and the LP groups. The ExP group displayed significant upregulation of α-myosin heavy chain compared to the LP group. In addition, the ExP group significantly downregulated Ccl2 (monocyte chemotactic protein) compared to the C group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that exercise during pregnancy initiated at day one of gestation may be beneficial by activating several cardiac protective genes.


For Alice Walker, a womanist is "not a separatist." This chapter discusses the experience of an otherwise privileged white woman exiled from her home by the separatist Parti Quebecois coming to power in Quebec, Canada, in 1976. Then and now, the separatists believe the only way to preserve French-Canadian culture is to exclude and marginalize English speakers. They have successfully passed many discriminatory and xenophobic laws to this end. The author shares how the exile experience influenced her not only to become a lawyer advocating for refugees forced to cross borders because of oppression in their homelands but to self-identify as a womanist.


A study was conducted with a sample of 150 potential growers of export-oriented cutflowers identified through snowball sampling technique from Nilgiris district. The training needs of the respondents on knowledge and skill aspects of cutflowers and their preference to various dimensions of training were studied. Results indicate that farmers needed training in 12 major subject matter areas of cutflower cultivation for knowledge level and packaging technology of cutflowers for skill level training. Based on the felt needs of the respondents, appropriate capacity building strategies were formulated.


Apportionment The process of assigning the number of members of Congress that each state may elect following each census. On the state level, apportionment is the process of assigning the number of House members to each county. Census Enumeration of the population as mandated by the United States Constitution. Census block, Census tract Geographic areas recommended by the states and used by the Census Bureau for the collection and presentation of data. Blocks are the smallest unit of geography used by the Census Bureau for counting people. Compactness Having the minimum distance between all parts of a constituency (a circle or a large hexagon is the most compact district). Contiguity A part of a district being connected at some point with the rest of the district. Deviation A measure of the degree to which a single district's population varies from the ideal population of the district. Absolute deviation the difference between a single district's population and the ideal population. Average deviation – average of all deviations in a state without regard to whether they are above or below the ideal population. Deviation percentage variance the difference between a single district's population and the ideal population, divided by the ideal population, expressed as a percentage. Thus, if the ideal population of a district is 100,000, and the population of a particular district in a redistricting plan is 102,000, the absolute


No consensus exists on the etiology and diagnostic criteria for Dieulafoy's ulcer. To clarify the characteristics of this disease, clinical and pathological evaluation was made on 13 cases treated surgically in Tokushima Municipal Hospital. It was most frequently found in the upper gastric body (6 patients), while multiple ulcers were found in six cases. The depth of ulceration was UL-II in seven and UL-III in six cases. The ulcerations measured from 3×5 mm to 10×25 mm, with the diameter of the exposed vessels ranging from 1.0 mm to 2.5 mm.In all cases examined, the exposed vessels run without changing their diameters even after penetrating through the muscular layers, but ruptured after reaching the submucosa. None, however, showed arteritis or aneurysm, and only mild arteriosclerosis was found in one patient. One possible etiology is that the fortuitous occurrence of ulceration over an unusually large submucosal artery may cause it to rupture.In making the diagnosis of this disease, attention should be paid to abnormal running of large arteries. It is important to confirm hemorrhagic sites by gastrotomy during surgery. In postoperative period, it is necessary to follow the patients closely keeping in mind the possible recurrence of gastric hemorrhage. In addition to this cases, 107 others reported in Japan were reviewed for clinical evaluation.


The effects of chemical pesticides on arthropod community in spring wild cabbage field were studied from the ecological point in this article. The results showed that the species abundance, diversity index and evenness of the arthropod community were decreased because of the use of chemical pesticides, and that the species abundance and diversity index of the enemy sub-community decreased more than that of pest sub-community. Consequently, the stability of the arthropod community in spring wild cabbage field was cut down and the ecosystem was seriously destroyed.


This chapter simply encapsulates the basics of image restoration, various noise models, and degradation model including some blur and image restoration filters. The mining of high resolution information from the low-resolution images is a very vital task in several applications of digital image processing. In recent times, a lot of research work has been carried out in this field in order to improve the resolution of real medical images especially when the given images are corrupted with some kind of noise. The displayed images are the result of the various stages that might cause imperfections in the digital images, for instance the so-called imaging and capturing process can itself degrade the original scene. The imperfections present in the image need to be studied and analyzed if the noise present in the images is not modelled properly. There are different types of degradations which are considered such as noise, geometrical degradations, imperfections (due to improper illumination and color), and blur. Blurring in the images is generally caused by the relative motion between the camera and the original object being captured or due to poor focusing of an optical system. In the production of aerial photographs for remote sensing purposes, blurs are introduced by the atmospheric turbulence, aberrations in the optical system, and relative motion between the camera and the ground. Apart from the blurring effect, noise also creates imperfections in the images that corrupt the images under analysis. The noise may be introduced by several factors (e.g., medium, recording or capturing system, or by the quantization process). Due to this noise or blur present in the images, resolution needs to be improved and the image is to be restored from the geometrically warped, blurred, and noisy images.


The crystallization of Nylon-6, which is induced by the stretching or heat-treatment in the wet-process, is enhanced by the existence of the dyestuff in the aqueous medium. However, the diffusion of water into amorphous region of Nylon-6 is promoted in the presence of the surfactant in the aqueous medium and it helped the intermiscellar swelling. Consequently the growth of a crystallite in the crystallization process by the heat-treatment is supressed and many fine crystallites are formed. In this work, the effects of the coexistence of two antipodal solutes (dyestuff and surfactant), on the internal structure of Nylon-6 in the dyeing were investigated. Following two types of Nylon-6 films were used in this experiment, that is, unoriented low crystalline film and uniaxially stretched film (3 x). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the surfactant and C.I. Acid Orange 7 or C.I. Disperse Red 4 (Anthraquinone derivatives) were used as the dyestuffs. Dyeing was performed at 70°C for 20 hr. The following results were obtained; Nylon-6 has a greater affinity for SDS than for dyestuff, SDS sorbed on the solid interface supressed the growth of crystallite which were formed by the heat crystallization process and great numbers of fine crystallite were formed. But when the dye in molecular state or in minute particles are coexisted with SDS in the dye aqueous solution, the dyestuff was drawn near to solid interface of Nylon-6 by the formation of SDS complex or by the stabilization of the dispresion. And it was captured among the molecular chains of the amorphous region and the neighboring chains seem to be more extented, since the supression on the crystalline growth by SDS was mitigated. As a result, the dualistic crystallization was observed. (Received March 12, 1979)


This article explores how local school leaders construct the conditions for professional community in their schools. This paper argues that professional community is a special form of social capital that results, in part, from the design and implementation of facilitating structural networks by instructional leaders in schools. The structural aspects of a school community can be conceived as a system of practice , that is, a network of structures, tasks and traditions that create and facilitate complex webs of practice in organizations. Systems of practice are composed of networks of artifacts , such as policies, programs and procedures, which can be seen as powerful tools used by local leaders to influence local instructional practices. The system of practice framework suggests that leaders use artifacts to establish structures that facilitate the closure of professional networks among teachers, which in turns builds professional community. The leadership


Terahertz (THz) frequencies especially in the 94GHz and 220GHz frequency bands are very much demanding for ultra broadband communication, remote sensing, security, medical imaging, and many other new applications. There is an urgent need of compact devices for efficient high power generation and amplification at THz frequencies. Present solid-state devices cannot be used at 100GHz and above for power more than 10mW. Vacuum electronic devices (VEDs) like travelling-wave tubes have many advantages over solid-state devices at high frequencies. Electron transport in vacuum conveys as advantages to VEDs such features as wide band performance, high efficiency, high thermal robustness and radiation hardness. But VEDs are difficult to fabricate with the conventional tube technologies because of small dimensions of parts of the RF circuit at THz frequencies. MEMS technologies are used for fabrication of RF structure and field-emitter array (FEA) cathode. Such devices are named vacuum microelectronic devices (VMDs) needing fusion of vacuum tube technology with semiconductor technology. Significant efforts are being carried out to develop compact VMDs for meeting our future communication systems and other applications.


Purpose – The aim of this paper is to determine whether the accelerated growth of web content during the years 1989-2011 had an effect on New Mexico State University engineering PhD students' use of the library's collections. The research also solicited direct input from PhD advisors regarding their expectations for and perceptions of present day PhD reference lists. If the collections were being used with less frequency, there would be reason to increase outreach to the engineering graduate student population, as well as to review current engineering collection development policies. Design/methodology/approach – Reference lists from College of Engineering PhD dissertations produced 1989-1991 (pre-web), 1999-2001 (web-emergent), and 2009-2011 (post-web) time periods were analyzed using descriptive statistics. PhD faculty advisors from the College of Engineering were interviewed about their expectations for, and perceptions of, research resources used in PhD dissertations. Findings – The number of resource...


The South China Sea ranks among the most geographically and geopolitically complex ocean spaces in the world. It certainly appears to have been one of its most vigorously contested, featuring multiple, longstanding and competing territorial and maritime jurisdictional claims. The objective of this chapter is to provide the geographical and geopolitical background to the frequently conflicting national maritime claims made by the South China Sea littoral States. This exercise is designed to provide the necessary contextual backdrop to considerations of the application of maritime joint development mechanisms and/or other provisional arrangements of a practical nature in the South China Sea. With this in mind, key characteristics of the coastal geography of the South China Sea are outlined, notably the implications of its semienclosed nature and the baselines that have been defined along its coasts. The insular features of the South China Sea, many of which are subject to conflicting sovereignty claims, are then examined with particular reference to their potential maritime claims and role in the delimitation of maritime boundaries. The chapter then outlines the maritime jurisdictional claims of the South China Sea coastal States, including existing maritime boundary agreements and maritime joint development zones, as well as unilateral and historical maritime claims. Accordingly, a spatial picture of the maritime geography of the South China Sea including the locations and extents of claims to maritime jurisdiction is built up. The chapter then proceeds to highlight the main geopolitical factors that arguably serve as key drivers for the South China Sea disputes. These include longstanding yet still powerful sovereignty imperatives, significant and growing marine resource interests and energy security concerns, crucial navigational and maritime trade considerations and evolving military and strategic factors.


We are, of course, pleased and proud to be given the Canadian Education Association's Whitworth Award for contributions to educational research in Canada for the year 2000. Our pleasure is all the greater because this is, apparently, the first time the award has been given to two people not only for their individual success, but also for their collective, collaborative achievements. Among the many things we try to stand for in educational research, one is undoubtedly promoting and participating in joint endeavours of research, evaluation, publication and development work with many of our colleagues in the wider educational community — including other highly accomplished research peers such as Michael Fullan, Dean Fink and Brad Cousins, energetic new scholars and the new ideas they bring to the field, and eager graduate


Concrete contents or key points on entity supervision and behavior supervision were presented in this paper after the characteristics of construction of steel structure engineering at different stages (from examination of working drawing, construction preparation,construction process to engineering acceptance) were analyzed. Supervision work has more pertinence about steel structure engineering through studying the supervision methods in this paper, and the engineering supervision and inspection will be standardized and table-structured. Finally,quality supervision level of steel structure engineering will be improved.


Recent studies indicate that malignant tumors resist chemotherapy drugs through a variety of mechanisms.As one of the most important receptors of the Notch signaling pathway,Notch-1 is related with the processing of cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.Activation of Notch-1 is not only directly involved in tumor development,but also closely related with tumor resistance.Notch-1 is widely expressed in many kinds of tumor cells,and can cause tumor resistance to chemotherapy drugs by EMT promotion,occurrence of cancer stem cell phenotypes and regulation of microRNAs.Therefore,Notch-1 is a potential target for anti-tumor drug resistance.Specific inhibition of Notch-1 activity in tumor cells combined with chemotherapy is expected to be an effective cancer treatment strategy.


A portion of this work is based on a spacial and a featured invited lecture given in the Third International Conference on the, "Dynamic Systems and Applications" that was held at Morehouse College, Atalanta, Georgia, USA during, May 26-29, 1999. This featured presentation was to honour Professor V. Lakshmikantham's 75th birthday and his half centuary contributions to the mathematics and the teaching profession. I am honored by the Marathwada Mathematical Society for inviting me to write an article on the occasion of honoring the 80th birthday of Professor V. Lakshmikantham. This work is to honour Professor V. Lakshmikantham's 80th birthday and his more than half century contributions in mathematical sciences together with his professional legacies. This invited work is an updated version of my above cited presentation. The work sheds light on Professor Lakshmikantham as: (1) a mathematical scientist (2) a teacher (3) an administrator, and (4) outlines his major legacies.


5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) increases the external carotid blood flow (ECBF) in dogs with intact sympathetic tone via prejunctional 5-HT1-like receptors similar to the 5-HTID subtype which, upon stimulation, inhibit the carotid sympathetic outflow.' In contrast, 5-HT decreases the ECBF in vagosympathectomized dogs via postjunctional 5-HT1 -like receptors, but other mechanisms can also be involved? In this study, we have further investigated these receptors using GR127935, a selective 5 H T I D receptor antagonist,' and ritanserin, a putative 5-HTIh receptor antag~nist.~ Thus, 16 vagosympathectomized dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (baseline values of blood pressure and heart rate were 141 2 6 mmHg and 174 ? 10 beatdmin, respectively) received intracarotid (i.c.) infusions (for 1 min) of 5-HT (1, 3, and 10 pg/min) and sumatriptan (3, 10, and 30 pg/min). The animals were then divided into three groups and the responses to 5-HT and sumatriptan were induced after i.v. saline (0.015, 0.05, and 0.15 mllkg; n = 6), GR127935 (1, 3, and 10 pg/kg; n = 6) or ritanserin (1 mg/kg; n = 4). The infusions of 5-HT and sumatriptan resulted in dose-dependent decreases in ECBF (TABLE 1) which remained unaltered after saline or ritanserin (not shown). In contrast, GR127935: i) abolished the vasoconstrictor responses to 5-HT and, notably, a dose-dependent vasodilator component was unmasked (TABLE 1, upper part); and ii) dose-dependently antagonized, but did not revert, the vasoconstrictor responses to the more selective agonist, sumatriptans (TABLE 1, lower part); this antagonism was specific since GR127935 did not affect the vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline (not shown). Therefore, we suggest that the sumatriptan-sensitive 5-HT1-like receptors mediating canine external carotid vasoconstriction resemble the 5-HTID-like receptor subtype. Although the resistance to antagonism by ritanserin might exclude the possible role of the 5-HTIDa subtype, the involvement of the 5-HTlD, subtype will undoubtedly be reinforced by the advent of a highly selective 5-HTlD, receptor antagonist.


It has been more that 20 years since the 505(b)(2) application route for a New Drug Application was created by Congress to encourage innovation in drug development without requiring the conduct of expensive, time-consuming studies that demonstrate already-known qualities about a drug. Although the use of this approach was not frequently employed by sponsors in the many years it has been available, the awareness of the provision has been heightened and some of the mystery surrounding its interpretation lessened by the issuance of a draft Guidance for Industry entitled "Applications Covered by Section 505(b)(2)" in October 1999 by the Food and Drug Administration. This approach has significant strategic advantages, given the right situation, and should be an important consideration when determining a regulatory strategy to employ in developing new dosage forms or other modifications to previously approved active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition, even if your company is primarily focused on new chemical entity development, keep abreast of the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to better understand potential strategies being considered by your competitors.


This study aimed to examine the relationships among four coordination tests with different movement styles according to gender difference and hand dominance. The subjects performed the coordinated force exertion test, the moving beans with tweezers test and the Purdue pegboard test for three trials as well as the pursuit rotor test for seven trials with the dominant and non-dominant hands. Significant and low correlations were found between the moving beans with tweezers test and the Purdue pegboard test for both hands in females but not among the other tests. Significant correlations were found for both hands in males and females in all tests, showing a significant gender difference between correlations only in the pursuit rotor test. In conclusion,relationships among the four tests for both hands were low, and each test is highly unique. In addition, females have higher relationships between dominant and non-dominant hands, and the tendency is marked, particularly in tests that involve pursuing a moving target.


Remarkable progress has been made in agricultural structural adjustment, urban and rural construction and planning, and public services in Xifeng District. However, low integration rate and management level, and other unfavorable situations are the result of many factors, such as backwardness in historical, natural and geographical conditions and economic development, and shortage in construction capital. Accordingly, institutional innovation should be implemented, urban and rural planning should be more scientific, surplus labor should be transferred rationally and a set of longtermoriented mechanism should be established to speed up the integration of urban and rural areas.


Abstract The Marmara Sea region southwest of Istanbul contains a succession of older Palaeozoic rocks representative for northwest Turkey. An apparently continuous sequence extends from Ordovician to Middle Carboniferous and is more than 3000 m. thick. Clastic deposits of the Ordovician and Lower Silurian pass upwards into limestones of the higher Silurian Akviran Formation (nov.) In general the Devonian sequence begins with the Soganli Beds (nov.). Mainly nodular limestones succeed Upper Ludlovian bedded limestones and pass upwards into marls with limestone nodules. The mainly Hercynian fauna indicates Lochkovian to Pragian. The arenaceous shales of the overlying Kartal Beds (nov.) contain a Rhenish fauna of late Early Emsian or early Late Emsian age. The Kurtdogmus Beds (nov.) consist of arenaceous limestones and calcareous graywackes with a predominantly Rhenish fauna of Late Emsian age. The calcareous marls with limestone nodules of the Dede Beds (nov.) contain a mainly Hercynian fauna. They represent the uppermost Emsian. The Dede Beds pass upwards in the Gebze Beds (nov.) consisting of marls with limestone nodules, containing a mainly Hercynian fauna of Eifelian age. The overlying Denizli Beds (nov.) are nodular limestones and thin bedded limestones with a poor fauna, extending from later Eifelian probably to the end of the Devonian. The Soganli, Kartal, Kurtdogmus and Dede Beds together form the Marmara Formation (nov.). The Tuzla Formation (nov.) consists of the Gebze and Denizli Beds. The beds are overlain by the Thracian Series (nov. sens.) consisting of many-coloured siliceous shales and lydites and thick graywackes of Early to Middle Carboniferous age. The Triassic follows with sharp angular discordance.


The thermal desorption is an important method for the introduction of liquid and solid samples into an ion mobility spectrometer(IMS).There are the problems of recondensation or decomposition for detecting low-volatile or thermally unstable organic compounds.A rapid thermal desorption device coupled with IMS membrane was developed.A micro-heater and a thermocouple were used to control the temperature of desorption for improving the efficiency of sample introduction.The experiments were carried out for the detection of low-concentration melamine solution.The effect of heating parameters on IMS product ion peak was investigated.The results show that the sample can be concentrated and sample loss and pollution can be reduced by using a temperature controlled heater with a heating rate of 76 ℃/s up to the 230 ℃ which ensures the linear response and low limit of detection(lower than 0.05 ng).


A protocol that allows any two entities to negotiate a shared session key is commonly called a key exchange protocol. If the protocol provides a function to authenticate each other, we call the protocol authenticated key exchange protocol (AKE). Password authentication key exchange (PAKE) is the AKE protocol in which the two entities share a humanmemorable password. Most of current PAKE relies on the existence of a public key infrastructure, which sometime is impossible for a certain environments such as low computational device due to the computation overhead. In this paper, we propose password–based authenticated key exchange using smart card. Compared to previous PAKE, our protocol is more efficient because our protocol is based on ECC. Thereby, the proposed protocol can be well applied to low computation device.


Subsequent set pulse in stair-case pulse, which is used to control the cooling process of phase change memory (PCM), is still not enough in-depth exploration. A detailed investigation that the effect of subsequent set pulse on the set resistance distribution is presented. The improper subsequent set pulse amplitude and duration cause the cooling process of phase change material to deviate from the crystallization requirements, which leads to poor set resistance distribution. The optimal cooling current (OCC) can generate a linear decrease of the temperature, it is necessary for optimum crystallization. The thermal simulation suggests that the optimal subsequent set pulse has a similar temperature evolution to OCC. Hence the optimal subsequent set pulse enables minimum resistance, and its amplitudes are from 400 to 80 μA and each pulse duration is 50 ns.


Objective To study the anti-oxidative effects of Sodium quercetin-7-sulfonate(SQMS) in Vitro.Methods In vitro homogenated mice liver and incubated with SQMS in different concentration(0.10,0.25,0.50 mmol/L),the content of malonaldehyde(MDA),total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were detected by spectrophotometric method.Results Compared with the control group,treatment with SQMS(0.10,0.25,0.50 mmol/L),the content of MDA in liver homogenate was significant decreased.The T-AOC was elevated significantly in middle and high concentration of SQMS(0.25,0.50 mmol/L).The activity of SOD was elevated signifi cantly in low and middle concentration of SQMS(0.10,0.25 mmol/L).Conclusion These results suggest that SQMS has strong antioxidant activities in vitro and its antioxidative capacity maybe related to improve the activity of SOD.


Currently, academia is grappling with a significant problem—a lack of engagement. Humankind has gone too far into exploring entertainment options, while the education system has not really kept up. Millennials love playing games, and this addiction can be used to engage and motivate them in the learning process. This study examines the effect of digital game-based learning on student engagement and motivation levels and the gender differences in online learning settings. This study was conducted in two distinct phases. A game-based and traditional online quizzing tools were used to compare levels of engagement and motivation, as well as to assess the additional parameter of gender difference. During the first phase of the study, 276 male and female undergraduate students were recruited from Sophomore Seminar classes, and 101 participated in the survey, of which 83 were male and 18 were female. In the second phase, 126 participants were recruited, of which 107 (63 females and 44 males) participated in the anonymous feedback surveys. The results revealed that digital game-based learning has a more positive impact on student engagement and motivation compared to traditional online activities. The incorporation of a leaderboard as a gaming element in the study was found to positively impact the academic performance of certain students, but it could also demotivate some students. Furthermore, female students generally showed a slightly higher level of enjoyment toward the games compared to male students, but they did not prefer a comparison with other students as much as male students did. The favorable response from students toward digital game-based activities indicates that enhancing instruction with such activities will not only make learning an enjoyable experience for learners but also enhance their engagement.


We define and investigate (structural) row-finite matrices, lower triangular matrices, and power series in near-rings by using inverse limits of some special classes of matrices. Our approach is different from that described in [8]. We show that polynomials can be embedded in power series and power series can be embedded in lower triangular matrices as in rings. We extend the concept of order of a polynomial (or a power series) from rings to near-rings. A natural topology is defined on lower triangular matrices by generalizing the concept of order of power series. We also obtain some results concerning prime and completely prime ideals in lower triangular matrix near-rings.


In a global world, the industrial relations have become the strategical tool for economic development of the states. Our paper aim to emphasise the increasing role of wage bargaining systems in the industrial relations in European Union, going from the presumption that the labour market is changing every day and the European authorities must take the decisions with a high economic and social impact. Going from an extended literature review and using the data provided by Eurostat and Eurofound, reflecting the new European regulations concerning the employment relations, the findings of our paper reflect a dynamic transformation of wage bargaining systems at institutional level, labour market and collective bargaining. The results reflect the direct implications of wage bargaining systems on the labour productivity, on the political decisions considering the minimum wage and the real and nominal wage. Our findings are valuable for the academicians and practitioner interested in industrial relations and wage bargaining systems.


Aiming at existing problems of Pig Production course in the teaching process in the application-oriented undergraduate universities, the course system of Pig Production in application-oriented undergraduate universities with Hetao College as an example was constructed from the aspects of course orientation, design concepts and thought, content selection and organization,presentation pattern of teaching content, teaching mode and methods.


Hydrological change in peatlands due to anthropogenic disturbance and global warming can release enormous amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Passive microwave satellite observations are an opportunity to globally monitor these changes. Abundant static and dynamic open water surfaces in peatlands strongly affect observed brightness temperatures (Tb). Here, we account for these contributions in radiative transfer modeling using NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System Model version 5 (GEOS-5) static open water mask and, for the dynamic open water fraction, the simulated inundated area using a version of the GEOS-5 Catchment land surface model that has been modified for peatland areas (PEAT-CLSM). Modeled Tb is compared against two years of SMAP L-band Tb. Preliminary results indicate: (i) a bias reduction when including the static open water fraction in a simple RTM mixing model, and ii) significantly improved correlation between modeled and observed Tb when using land surface output from PEAT-CLSM instead of the operational CLSM.


The 1957 Australia-Canada taxation treaty was the third comprehensive taxation treaty entered into by Australia and the 11th entered into by Canada. Neither the negotiation and drafting of the treaty nor its relevance for understanding the development of the treaty practice and policy of each country has previously been the subject of published research. This article is based on archival sources located in the National Archives of Australia and in Library and Archives Canada.The impetus for the treaty came from Canada following submissions by Canadian businesses (initially shipping companies and subsequently Ford and Massey-Harris-Ferguson), which, after the signing of the 1946 Australia-UK taxation treaty and the 1953 Australia-US taxation treaty, regarded themselves as being at a competitive disadvantage as compared with UK or US businesses investing in or doing business with Australia. The active lobbying by Canadian business reflected the high levels of source taxation in Australia and Canada's then net capital export position in relation to Australia. Australia was initially reluctant to enter into further taxation treaties; but in 1953, awareness of the direct benefit that could flow to foreign investors through treaties, coupled with a desire not to offend Canada and notions of Commonwealth solidarity, meant that Australia was then willing to enter into a treaty with Canada on similar terms to those in the 1953 Australia-US treaty.Remarkably, following face-to-face negotiations in 1953, officials continued to negotiate via correspondence until 1957, even though the only technical issue of substantial disagreement between them concerned Australian undistributed profits tax. Canadian Department of Finance officials may have been concerned about a possible adverse US reaction if Canada conceded more to Australia on undistributed profits tax than it had to the United States in the 1946 Canada-US treaty. Once the technical issues had been resolved, following a concession by Canada on undistributed profits tax, the Australian Treasury reignited its general opposition to taxation treaties in response to adverse public reaction to high levels of dividend remittances by the Australian subsidiary of General Motors to its US parent. In both countries, the departments of External Affairs and relevant ministers were more concerned with promoting Commonwealth solidarity and direct investment between the two countries than with technical issues. Ultimately, this pragmatic and foreign-policy-oriented perspective prevailed, leading to the signing of the treaty in 1957.The treaty entered into was similar to earlier Canadian treaties but with variations resulting from Australia's desire to protect the operation of specific features of its domestic law. Some of those distinctive features continue in Australian treaty practice to this day. The impression gained from the negotiations is that, in this period, Canada was prepared to agree to unusual features in some treaties provided that they did not conflict with key features that Canada considered essential to all its taxation treaties.


A novel single-fed high-gain and phase-adjustable cavity slot antenna element is presented in this paper. The antenna consists of a slotted cavity cover, a driven dipole and a polarization twist reflector. And a 2×4 slots array is etched on the top surface of the cavity cover. To excite the cavity slots with uniform amplitude and phase, the polarization twist reflector is used here. Thus, the antenna can achieve the high-gain property. In addition, by rotating the polarization of the driven dipole, the antenna can provide a continuous and linear phase in the far-field region. With the phase-adjustable property, the element can be regarded as an integration of a high-gain antenna and a phase shifter, which is a favorable feature for a phased array. The proposed antenna element is fabricated and can achieve an impedance bandwidth of 2.1%. Within the bandwidth, the measured maximum gain and radiation efficiency are 13.6 dBi and 93%, respectively. Additionally, under the constrains of 1-dB gain drop and VSWR ≤ 2.0, a continuous and linear phase change from 0° to 40.2° at 5.8 GHz is obtained.


SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM p. 4 Scientific Sessions (Abstracts): – Session I Epidemiology, Genetics, Anatomy and Physiopathology of Lymphatic Disorders p. 10 – Session II Prevention of Lymphatic Disorders p. 15 – Session III Controversies in Lymphology p. 19 – Session IV News in Physical and Medical Treatment of Lymphatic Disorders p. 23 – Session V Lymphatic disorders and Vascular Malformations in Pediatric p. 27 – Session VI News in Surgical Treatment of Lymphatic Disorders p. 30


Aiming at the risks of the real estate appraisal methods of subjectivity, easy handling high dimensional data, Projection Pursuit technique is proposed risk evaluation of real estate to reduce the dimension. And using the PSO algorithm to optimize the projection index function to establish the Projection Pursuit of Real Estate Risk Assessment Model witch is based on PSO. The model is high of objectivity and practical and provides a new risk assessment tool to the real estate.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various hypoxia vs. normoxia on metabolic and skeletal muscle oxygenation function during grated exercise and exercise performance.


The Dawn mission to Vesta has greatly improved the quality and resolution of data available to explore the asteroid. Prior to the Dawn mission the best data available was the one from Hubble Space Telescope with a maximum resolution of 50 km per pixel. The survey phase of the mission has pushed spatial resolution up to about 100 meters per pixel by the Framing Camera on-board Dawn, and 700 meters per pixel for the VIR spectrometer, spanning the spectral range from the visible to infrared at 0.25-1 μm and 1-5 μm. The frames of the FC and VIR have been processed and mosaicked. A preliminary Geologic map has been produced by mapping units and structures over the FC mosaic and the DTM derived from stereo processing of visible imagery. We will present some examples of correlation between the preliminary geologic and VIR-derived mineralogic maps. The Dawn mission team is using Geographic Information System tools for locating frames and for data exchange among the team. The use of GIS tools and data formats significantly improves our ability to create and interpret geologic maps, and also improves the interoperability of high level data products among the instruments' team. VIR data have been synthesized into a series of spectral indicators that give indications on the mineralogical composition and the physical state of the surface. We ingested in GIS the the preliminary geologic map as units and structures and we projected the mosaics of spectral indicators in a common coordinate reference system. The first spectral indicators we started to look at were the Band Depth computed on pyroxene Band II and the Band Center also computed on Band II. The comparison of the preliminary geologic map and the mosaics of spectral indicators extracted from VIR data show promising aspects on both the geologic and mineralogic aspects. Geologic units are made up of bodies of rock that are interpreted to have been formed by a particular process or set of related processes over a discrete interval of time, so the morphology and the topography are the primary sources for the crafting of a geologic map. Mineralogy as interpreted from spectroscopy provides unique information in interpreting unit boundaries and the processes that formed those units. In particular, spectral indicators synthesize the complex methods of data reduction, making mineralogic measurements accessible to non-spectroscopists. This way, within a digital mapping context in GIS, including the spectral indicators in the stack of imagery and topographic layers enriches the observation possibilities of the geologic mapper. However, caution must be used to ensure that surface mineralogic expression are not misinterpreted as geologic units, and only the combined effort of geologic mappers and spectroscopists will develop good practices in the use of spectral indicators. We believe that the combined observation of image mosaics, topography and mineralogic parameters will greatly improve the interpretative process of geologic mapping and thus the quality of the next series of forthcoming geologic maps of Vesta. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Dawn Instrument, Operations, and Science Teams. This work is supported by an Italian Space Agency (ASI) grant and by NASA through the Dawn project and a Dawn at Vesta Participating Scientist grant.


This study examines the effectiveness of corporate governance practices in Nigeria, focusing on a comparative analysis of selected firms. The study uses a sample of selected banks against some selected non-bank companies. The study uses both primary and secondary data, relying more on secondary data for the comparative analysis. The main objective of the study is to examine how effectively the principles of corporate governance are applied in the banks vis-a-vis the non-bank companies. A major stated and tested the hypothesis is that corporate governance practices in Nigeria firms have significant affects in attracting investments. Amongst the findings of this study are: there are better disclosures in Nigerian banks than non-bank companies; the application of the principles of corporate governance is higher in the banks than the non-bank companies in Nigeria, and corporate governance practices have significant effects in attracting investment in Nigeria. The study recommends, amongst others: that non-bank companies in Nigeria should adopt more effectively the principles of corporate governance; minimum standards should be set for disclosures by corporate entities in Nigeria; and the Nigerian Stock Exchange should improve it oversight function of corporate entities in Nigeria with a view to promoting better corporate governance practices. Keyword: Corporate Governance, Board of Directors, CEO Duality, Independent Auditors, Audit Committee, Accountability, Transparency 1.0 Introduction In the last few years, global attention has focused on business practices and corporate cultures. This has been prompted by the incidence of corporate scandals and business collapse. This is so because of high-profile scandals involving abuse of corporate power and, in some cases, alleged criminal activities by corporate officers (searchfinancialsecurity.com, 2009). Many businesses have collapsed due to poor management styles and approaches; others have done so because of accumulated debts thus shaking business confidence. The very tenets upon which capitalism is built have been called to question therefore. Capitalism presupposes that economic activities are self-regulating through the invisible hand, thus suggesting that when inadequate practices exist, the system has sufficient inbuilt Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 5, No.9; April 2016 20 mechanisms to remedy the wrongs however, the corporate scandals and business collapse of the recent past have made a case for a rethink not only of the ideals of regulation but also the overall approach to the way business is done. Over the years, businesses have grown in complexity and ownership has become increasingly devoiced from management and control of businesses. These have raised higher the stakes of corporate governance and the need to protect the interests of all stakeholders. Modern businesses are operated through a web of relationships between executives, directors and stakeholders' monitoring. Recent cases of corporate scandals/failures have shown a trend of failings on the part of directors in achieving their de facto function of protecting the interests of shareholders, even if they are minority shareholders. This has prompted increased focus on directors' and executives' roles and responsibilities which require systematic frameworks for implementing critical corporate governance principles on ethics, code of conduct, compensation, financial policy, and financial reporting (metricstream, 2009). Another key aspect of corporate governance is the engendering of confidence in the investing public. A major component of corporate governance is accountability and transparency. Corporate governance principles highlight the separation of functions between the functionaries of an organization and a reporting system in which all the operations and activities of management and top officials can be clearly seen and appraised by all. This is why auditing is a vital aspect of best practices advocated in corporate governance principles. Hussey (1999) observes that, the topic of corporate governance gained increased importance in 1992 with the publication of the Cadbury Report in the UK. It was in the post-structural adjustment programme (SAP) era that the topic gained relevance in Nigeria. This was the era that witnessed the growth of private ownership of productive resources and the multiplication of banks and financial institutions in Nigeria. Because of the weak corporate culture in these banks and financial institutions, the nation witnessed a very high incidence of corporate mortality and banking distress. To help establish stability and regain the confidence of the public, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) set up a committee in 2000 whose report was the first to articulate a code of best practices for public companies in Nigeria (Report of the Committee on Corporate Governance of Public Companies in Nigeria, 2003). This was followed by a similar code by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2006 to address the corporate governance practices in Nigerian banks (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2006). The Central Bank of Nigeria (2006) traces the need for a new code of corporate governance in the Nigerian banking industry to the poor corporate governance practices in the banks which it identifies as one of the major factors in virtually all known instances of corporate collapse of financial institutions in the country. The CBN (2006) identifies weaknesses in the corporate governance practices of banks in Nigeria (these weaknesses are also very evident in the non-bank sectors) as: Disagreement between board and management, giving rise to beard squabbles; Ineffective board oversight functions; Fraudulent and self-serving practices among members of the boards, management and staff; Overbearing influence of chairman or MD/CEO, especially in family-controlled banks; Weak internal controls; Non-compliance with laid down internal controls and operations procedures; Ignorance of and non-compliance with rules, laws and regulations guiding banking business; Passive shareholders; Poor risk management practices resulting in large quantum of non-performing credits; Abuses of lending, including lending in excess of single obligor limit; Sit-tight directors even where such directors fail to make meaningful contribution to the growth and development of the bank; Succumbing to pressure from other stakeholders, e.g shareholders and appetite for high dividends and depositor's quest Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 5, No.9; April 2016 21 for high interest on deposits; Technical incompetence, poor leadership and administrative ability; Inability to plan and respond to changing business circumstances; and ineffective management information system. These weaknesses in corporate governance practices by banks are even more pronounced in the largely unregulated non-bank sectors where ownerships of corporate entities are not as diffused as the banking sector. The scenario painted above has a way of discouraging investments particularly, foreign investments. Investors want to be sure that there will be timely returns on their investments. This can only be guaranteed by transparency, accountability and a general corporate culture in which the interest of every stakeholder is adequately catered for. This study therefore seeks to examine the extent of the application of corporate governance principles by Nigerian firms, and to assess the effectiveness of the application of the principles of corporate governance. To achieve the objectives of this study, the remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The remaining part of this section identifies the problem statement, objectives of the study, the scope of the study, the research questions and the significance of the study. Section 2 examines relevant literature on the subject matter. Section 3 specifies the methodology of the research. Section 4 presents and analyzes data and section 5 presents relevant conclusions and recommendations. The hypotheses of this study are (i) Corporate governance principles are applied by Nigerian banks more than other firms. (ii) Corporate governance practices in Nigerian firm have positive and significant effects in attracting investments. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Corporate Governance Over the past two decades, many corporate entities have collapsed, due more to unethical practices than inadequate funding or shortage of skilled personnel. The recent situation in the Nigerian banking sector tells the whole story. Bank facilities were given to customers, who more often are cronies, relations and accomplices of management/directors of the banks without going through the proper procedures. In the end such loans become non-performing and uncollectible. The current global economic crisis emphasizes the consequences of breaches in corporate governance practices by actors. There is a lag in the transparency of actors. Corporate reports are shrouded in manipulations, (creative accounting and window-dressing are constantly employed by management to create the impression of sound financial positions). The case of Enron the world energy giant is still very fresh in memories around the globe. The effect of such unhealthy practices is that business failures are inevitable with attendant implications. The idea of corporate governance is deeply rooted in the principal-agency theory; contemporary businesses are such that ownership and control of businesses are detached. Audu (2007) defines corporate governance as "the relationship between the stakeholders and management of an organization as defined by the corporate charter, bye laws, formal policies and rule of laws." According to him the fundamental concerns of corporate governance include:  Ensuring that conditions apply whereby directors, and principal officers of the (entity) act in the interest of the (entity) and i


BACKGROUND
ReLEx®flex is a corneal refractive procedure performed by removing corneal lenticules with a femtosecond (fs) laser system. Using electron microscopy, tissue parameters of extracted lenticules were analysed for potential correlations to the refractive results. Furthermore, the effect of previous contact lens (CL) wear on refractive stability (regression) was tested.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
19 lenticules from 11 patients (age 24-56 years, 8 f, 3 m) were prepared for EM. The central areas of the samples were photographed and the distance between the collagen fibres and their diameters were digitally measured. ANOVA analysis was used to correlate postoperative refractional stability with time of preoperative CL use, fibre diameter and the coefficient of variation (CV) of fibre distance.

RESULTS
14 of 19 lenticules were from patients who had worn CL preoperatively. The cumulative duration of CL wear averaged around 31.2 ± 35.5 thousand hours. Preoperative CL use significantly influenced the postoperative regression: the longer time patients had worn CL, the greater was the regression towards myopia (p = 0.01). Additionally, the morphological parameters collagen fibre diameter (p = 0.09) and CV of fibre distance (p = 0.07) had an impact on regression.

CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged CL use and alterations in ultrastructural patterns affected the refractive stability after ReLExflex. Although the pathophysiological relationships between CL use, corneal morphological parameters, and refractive stability are still poorly understood, these findings could potentially be used as prognostic markers for postoperative refraction after ReLExflex.


The concepts of spontaneous and stimulated emission are well known from Einstein's 1917 paper on radiation, but his theory of radiation comprises many other concepts—the paper is a treasure trove of physics.


OBJECTIVE To study the antibacterial activity of vancomycin,teicoplanin and norvancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus(MRS) in vitro,and to investigate the correlation among their minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) values and the factors which affect the distribution of vancomycin MIC values.METHODS Clinical first isolates from patients with MRS infections were collected.MICs were determined by agar dilution.RESULTS The range of MIC values of vancomycin,norvancomycin and teicoplanin to 246 strains were 0.25-2.0,0.25-4.0 and 0.125-8.0 μg·mL-1 respectively.30 strains(12.14%) exhibited high vancomycin MIC(≥1.5 μg·mL-1).Vancomycin MIC values were significantly positive correlated with those of norvancomycin and teicoplanin(P0.01,Spearman coefficient correlation=0.747;P0.01,Spearman coefficient correlation = 0.497 respectively).Norvancomycin MIC values were also significantly positive correlated with teicoplanin MIC values(P0.01,Spearman coefficient correlation=0.424).Compared with patients not resident in ICU,the distribution of vancomycin MIC values in patients resident in ICU markedly removed to high value(P=0.008).The distribution of vancomycin MIC values in patients who had glycopeptides exposure in recent 30 d also moved to higher value than those had not glycopeptides exposure in recent 30 d(P=0.000 2).CONCLUSION The 246 isolated MRS were all sensitive to three glycopeptides antibiotics.The antibacterial activity of three glycopeptides antibiotics had positive correlation to a certain extent.Patients resident in ICU or with glycopeptides exposure in recent 30 d should consider larger dose of vancomycin.


Flutter is a vibration caused by energy absorbed by a non-rigid wing from the airstream.This results of flutter are always disastrous.This paper studies the active flutter suppression of the two-dimensional airfoil with control surface by using ultrasonic motor as the actuator.Firstly,the paper designs the flutter model of the two-dimensional airfoil with control surface,then sets up the transfer function model of the ultrasonic motor's actuator.Based on this,it infers the three-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic equations of the whole system on this basis.Lastly suboptimal control law based on the output feedback is designed.The simulation results show that suboptimal control can succeed to increase the flutter speed and suppress the flutter.


Chemical reactions on annealed Pd/GaAs(110) interfaces have been studied using soft x‐ray core level photoemission spectroscopy. Substantial surface segregation of As and formation of an As‐rich ternary phase close to the surface have been observed. Thicker Pd overlayers (22 and 52 A) annealed to between 250 and 380 °C form reacted interfaces with chemically stable composition. As with the room temperature case, the reaction products due to annealing appear to be As rich close to the surface. Our results are compared with earlier transmission electron microscope studies and sources of some differences are discussed.


Study Objective: Concussion is highly prevalent in adolescents and associated with a higher risk of substance use. With the rising use of opioids among adolescents, one form of substance use of concern is the misuse of prescription opioids. This study aimed to examine the association between a history of sports-related concussion in the past year and current prescription opioid misuse among high school students in the United States. Setting: Secondary data analysis from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Participants: Nationally representative sample of high school students (n = 7314). Design: Cross-sectional study. Main Measures: Participants were asked whether they experienced any concussions related to sports or being physically active during the past 12 months and whether they had any prescription opioid misuse within the past 30 days. Results: Among this cohort, 14.0% reported sustaining a concussion in the past 12 months and 6% reported current prescription opioid misuse. The prevalence of prescription opioid misuse was higher among those with a history of concussion (9.9%) than among those without concussion (5.5%, P = .002). Controlling for covariates (sex, race/ethnicity, other substance use, depressive symptoms), the odds of prescription opioid misuse was 1.5 times higher for adolescents with concussion than those without (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.3; P = .029). Conclusion: Concussion was associated with prescription opioid misuse among the US youth, even after accounting for depressive symptoms and other substance use. Longitudinal studies are needed to test causal relationships and understand biobehavioral mechanisms that underlie associations between concussion and opioid misuse in adolescents.


Level is one of the important parameters to be controlled in process control systems, irrigation and in industries. The process industries require liquids to be pumped, stored in tanks and then pumped to another tank. In agriculture, the level of the water must be controlled for irrigation in order to protect the plants. Always level of fluids in tanks must be controlled and the flow between tanks must be regulated. This is a laborious process and involves immense time and patience. So the paper has been taken up to make it an efficient process. This paper presents about the level control of the interacting system using PID control, neuro control and non-linear transformation control. First, the single tank (SISO) process is modeled and the level is controlled. Next, the interacting system with multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) process is taken and the levels in the two tanks are controlled. Because of the interactions, the levels of the two tanks are varied and there is a need for decoupler to minimize the interactions. The controller design is divided into two parts: firstly, a decoupling matrix is designed in order to minimize the interaction effects. Then, the controller design is obtained for the process + decoupler block. The reason is to meet design specifications for each loop independently. The modeling and controlling design is done using MATLAB R2008b tool box. So, with the help of conventional control, neural control and adaptive control the levels in the tanks are maintained as well as the interacting loops in the process is rendered non-interacting by the use of decouplers. The result shows that, neural controller replaces two PID controllers & two decouplers whereas adaptive controller is designed directly for the nonlinear process which minimizes the time very well.


Since the discovery of the Bechgaard salts a quarter century ago, its fascinating physical properties opened a new horizon of the low-dimensional condensed matter physics. But there are still many interesting properties only partially understood or not understood at all. The high magnetic field state of the title compound, following the integer quantum Hall effects, is one of such examples. Originally argued as a reentrant metallic state, identical with the high temperature state, there are now a number of evidences that this state is richer in physics. One of the recent examples is the oscillating Hall resistance of large amplitude above 27 T.[1] Because a simple theory for metals failed to explain the phenomenon, a possibility of novel quantum state was suggested. As a preparative step to investigate the magnetic properties of this high field state, we used the commercial self-sensing piezoelectric cantilever to measure the magnetic torque signal from the sample in a superconducting magnet. We found the cantilever very useful and sensitive tool for the study of small samples like the title compound.


As the development of smart cities, energy management systems have been changing from centralized management systems to distributed energy management systems for better energy efficiency. In the distributed energy management systems, while producing the energy from distributed users, there can be two types of users such that 1) users who have surplus energy generations and 2) users who lack energy generations compared to their demands. In this paper, to alleviate such imbalance of energy generation between distributed users, a peer to peer (P2P) based energy trading platform is proposed. Specifically, blockchain is one of emerging solutions in which transactions can be made reliably to achieve P2P transactions without any centralized broker intervention. Correspondingly, we implement the P2P energy trading platform under Ethereum's smart contract for reliable trading. The energy generated from distributed users at the proposed platform can be traded by utilizing the characteristics of Decentralize Application. Specifically, we provide the details of implementations of the proposed platform, which includes both hardware platform and software platform. Further, we establish a web page and an mobile application for monitoring the transaction information such as transaction details and energy prices, which can enhance users' accessibility. Finally, the demonstration of process of energy trading via web interface is represented.


This thesis investigates the Swedish media's reporting on the VW emission scandal that took place in the fall of 2015. By using a qualitative approach data was collected from three of Sweden's largest newspapers; Aftonbladet, Expressen and Dagens Nyheter and processed with analytic tools and content analysis inspired by CDA. The aim of this study is to gain a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of how this scandal has evolved in Swedish media.
The study identified a number of agents involved in the scandal, and categorized them based on what role they were made to fill in the narrative. These agents were then seen taking a passive or active role in the course of the scandal and depending on their subject, played the villain, victim or a passive part in the scandal's narrative.

This particular scandal revolves around an organization, with the precise internal responsibility being unknown. For this reason, media's treatment of the organization and its management as agents deviates from a standard simplistic theoretical framework. One example of this is when the CEO of the organization resigned, and filled the role of a scapegoat even though his involvement in the scandal was not clear, hence illustrates a problem with individualization in scandals. The media was also shown to use characteristics stereotypically connected to VW and Germans in order to emphasize how norms had been broken.

The content analysis inspired by CDA clearly highlights underlying values and intentions regarding the reporting. We see that actors with an active role tend to be assigned some moral weight in order to fit into the story being told and capture the readers' interest, while other actors are involved in the scandal without filling a morally relevant role. We can also see clearly how metaphors are being used in order to convey certain notions.

Revealing these intentions and values is important in order to understand the nature of scandals, and is essential whenever themes such as values in the media are discussed.


Objectives : The aim of this study were to assess a) the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, b) the comparison of characteristics of patients with or without the metabolic syndrome, c) the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of individual criteria for metabolic syndrome. Methods : This study assessed the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among 128 schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder patients using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. Results : Of patients, 54.7% (M : 49.3%, F : 61.4%) had metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was associated with medical history of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Presence of abdominal obesity was most sensitive (97.1%), while raised fasting glucose was most specific (89.7%). Combining abdominal obesity/raised triglycerides and abdominal obesity/low HDL cholesterol had 100% sensitivity. Conclusion : The metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. This study suggests that the measurement of abdominal obesity is a simple test to identify individuals at high risk for metabolic syndrome. (Korean J Schizophr Res 2012;15:39-45)


Broadside and end‐on scattering from solid elastic spheroids composed of aluminum, steel, and WC is examined. The spheroids range in aspect ratio from 4 to 10 with a kL/2 range out to 26. A comparison of the form functions for the different materials shows that the ratios of the kL/2 values at resonances are equal to the ratio of the Rayleigh phase velocities of the respective materials and that the end‐on and broadside resonance locations are in accordance with the phase matching method of Uberall et al., which is based on the leaky Rayleigh type wave interpretation of resonances. Further, it is shown that the resonance locations are only sensitive to the shear speed and that it is possible to generate resonances that occur end‐on at all angles including broadside, which is only consistent with the Rayleigh wave interpretation of resonances.


HANS BARON 'S SEMINAL THESIS on Florentine civic humanism has engendered several fruitful historical and theoretical debates. By now one of Baron's claims, namely, that fifteenth-century humanists affirmed the vivere civile, has been almost universally accepted. However, most scholars of humanism have rejected Baron's key argument about the intrinsic relationship between this commitment to active citizenship and the republican political ideology that he attributed to the civic humanists. Studies on humanism in its various political contexts seem to have conclusively disproved Baron's argument concerning republicanism. They have demonstrated that humanists in aristocratic Venice, despotic Milan, theocratic Rome, and monarchical Naples (to name only the most important humanist centers in quattrocento Italy) strongly favored public activity while propagating the dominant political ideology of their given polity.


This paper is a theoretical study on the elasto-plastic behavior
and the restoring characteristics of tubular X-braced frames. To
grasp the behavior of braced frames under cyclic loading is of
 great importance in designing structures which do not collapse
 during an extreme earthquake. And this is the primary concern in
 this paper. The theoretical analysis is performed with simple
 method to understand approximately hysteresis loops.


This paper presents a solution for a propulsion system that provides perfect speed control and manoeuvrability for a survey launch used in the process of underwater coal mining. First, mining aspects of coal exploitation are explained. There is also a brief technical description of a cutting wheel suction dredger, including specifications for dredging equipment. The important role of the survey launch in underwater mining procedures is outlined and technical specifications of an installed indirect diesel-hydraulic drive are given. A qualitative comparison between the diesel-hydraulic and the other conventional propulsion system is made. Finally, some operating parameters of the diesel-hydraulic propulsion system are given through a number of diagrams recorded during trials.


The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment is one of four experiments that will fly on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED) mission to be launched in May 2000. The primary science goal of SABER is to achieve major advances in understanding the structure, energetics, chemistry, and dynamics, in the atmospheric region extending from 60 km to 180 km altitude. This will be accomplished using the space flight proven experiment approach of spectral broadband limb emission radiometry. SABER will scan the horizon in 10 selected bands ranging from 1.27 micrometer to 17 micrometer wavelength. The observed vertical horizon emission profiles will be processed on the ground to provide vertical profiles with 2 km altitude resolution, of temperature, O3, H2O, and CO2; volume emission rates due to O2(1(Delta) ), OH((upsilon) equals 3,4,5), OH((upsilon) equals 7,8,9), and NO; key atmospheric cooling rates, solar heating rates, chemical heating rates, airglow losses; geostrophic winds, atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen. Measurements will be made both night and day over the latitude range from the southern to northern polar regions. The SABER instrument uses an on-axis Cassegrain design with a clam shell reimager. Preliminary test and calibration results show excellent radiometric performance.


SAW MOTOR CHAIN IS EQUIPPED WITH A BRAKING MECHANISM 9 MAY BE OPERATED BY A TRIGGER OR CALIPER 6 HAND GUARD IS MAINTAINED BY A LOCK, AGAINST THE FORCE A SPRING IN THE TRIP TO OWN POSITION AND INVOLVES A LEVER 15 WHICH IS FIXED BRAKE 16. TAPE TAPE BRAKE MAY BE BASED AROUND A DRUM CLUTCH 2 BY A MECHANISM FOR ADDITIONAL BRAKING 10, PREFERABLY MAY BE oPERATED FROM THE tHROTTLE 7 OR 8 BODY LOCK THE SAME, SO 2 DRUM SOON IS EVEN WHEN THE BRAKE BRAKING TRIGGER MECHANISM 9 IS NOT ACTIVATED. SAME CAN ENTER AND IN ACTION DURING OPERATION SAW, FOR EXAMPLE IN THE CASE OF A KICKBACK SAW MOTOR.


Hessenberg varieties are a family of subvarieties of the flag variety, including the Springer fibers, the Peterson variety, and the entire flag variety itself. The seminal example arises from numerical analysis and consists, for a fixed linear operator M , of the full flags V1 ( V2 . . . ( Vn in GLn with MVi ⊆ Vi+1 for all i. In this paper, I show that all nilpotent Hessenberg varieties in type A and regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties in types B,C, and D can be paved by affines. Moreover, this paving is induced by a particular Bruhat decomposition on the Hessenberg variety. In type A, an equivalent combinatorial description of the cells of the paving in terms of certain fillings of a Young diagram can be used to determine the dimension of the cell. As an example, I show that the Poincare polynomial of the Peterson variety in An is ∑ n−1 i=0 (