MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. College School Cooperation; Educational Cooperation; Interaction; *Intergroup Relations; Organizational Climate; Organizational Communication: *Partnerships in Education; 'Politics of Education; 'Power Structure; School Business Relationship; Secondary Education This case study examined how representatives of one high-profile partnership worked to influence their associated school. Analysis drew from the "power-influence" perspective of educational policy analysis, a "microcosmic" approach that illuminates the political dynamics of an organizations by analyzing how people in organizations interact politically to produce particular outcomes. The case study was conducted in a major West Coast city in a small, innercity high school populated primarily by Asian and African-American students. It is the site of a 4-year, all-city magnet program aimed at attracting minority students into the teaching profession. The program has been supported since 1989 by four major parties: the primary industrial employer in the state; the College of Education of a respected state univer ity; the largest urban school district in the state; and one of the major national computer manufacturers. Data were derived from: (1) meeting transcripts and field notes; (2) taped interviews with the four main partnership r presentatives, two founding teachers of the magnet program, and the school-district partnership administrator; (3) journal entries; and (4) document analysis. Findings indicate that this partnership influenced every aspect of its associated school program, and that this influence was manifested in three ways--in formal meetings, through pairs and small groups, and through brokers or linkers. Implications are that intensive community involvement in a school can lead to confusion about the "inside/outside" relationship; partnerships that exercise considerable influence in a school are working outside the normal hierarchy of district decision making; people who are skilled at bridging roles are critical partnership members; and a partnership's influence is related more to the dynamics of interpersonal interactions among pairs of people or small groups in informal settings than to large group interactions in formal meetings. Four tables and the data coding scheme are included. Contains 36 references. (LMI) The politics of collaboration: How an educational partnership works


Aim: Left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a frequent complication in obese individuals; an updated review and meta-analysis focusing on this issue is lacking. Thus, we analysed the literature in order to provide a comprehensive information on the left-ventricular structural changes, as assessed by echocardiography, associated to obesity. Design: A literature search using the keywords 'left ventricle', 'left-ventricular hypertrophy', 'cardiac hypertrophy', 'obesity', 'hypertension' and 'echocardiography' was performed in order to identify relevant papers. Full articles published in English language in the past 12 years reporting studies in adult obese individuals were considered. Results: A total of 22 studies including 5486 obese individuals were considered. Overall, in the pooled obese population, prevalence of LVH, defined by 12 criteria, was 56.0% (range 20.0–85.0%). Data provided by 15 studies (n = 4999 obese individuals), including 6623 non-obese controls, showed that the probability of having LVH was much higher in cases than in non-obese counterparts (odds ratio 4.19, 95% confidence interval 2.67–6.53, P < 0.01). A meta-regression analysis (n = 2214; 14 studies) showed a direct correlation between BMI and left-ventricular mass (P < 0.01). Among obese patients with LVH (n = 1930; 15 studies), eccentric hypertrophy was more frequent than the concentric phenotype (66 versus 34%; P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our analysis shows that LVH is present in a consistent fraction of the obese population and that eccentric hypertrophy prevails over the concentric phenotype. As obesity-related LVH is a powerful risk factor for systolic/diastolic dysfunction, the prevention/treatment of obesity may have a strong, favourable impact on incident heart failure.


To solve the determination problem of the allowed residual defects from electronic product in batch production, according to the different data base of products, determination methods of allowed residual defect in electronic product are given in this paper combined with engineering practice. The determination methods of allowed residual defect in electronic product are given based on conditional probability method, mixed distribution method and failure rate definition, when the historical data or similar product data are enough; the determination method of allowed residual defect in electronic product is given based on yield definition, when the historical data or similar product data are lacking.


Standard dynamic transistor parameters have proven to be inadequate in defining the response of NPN−N transistors in high frequency power circuits. Two new parameters, related to the process of conductivity modulation of the N−N collector, are proposed to describe the switching characteristics associated with the quasi-saturation region.


Optical losses in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell account for a substantial part of solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion losses, but limited attention is paid to the detailed investigation of optical losses in PEC cells. In this work, an optical model of combined coherent and incoherent light propagation in all layers of the PEC cell based on spectroscopic measurements is presented. Specifically, photoelectrodes using transparent conductive substrates such as F:SnO2 coated with thin absorber films are focused. The optical model is verified for hematite photoanodes fabricated by atomic layer deposition and successfully used to determine wavelength‐dependent reflection, transmission, layer absorptances, and charge generation rates. Furthermore, the calculated absorptances enable 20–30% more accurate calculations of the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency of PEC cells. Our optical model is a powerful tool for the optimization of the optical performance of PEC cells focusing on single absorber or tandem configurations and represents a cornerstone of a complete (optical and electrical) model for PEC water splitting cells.


Organic matter (OM) decomposition rate depends on the quality of the OM, the soil physico-chemical conditions, the microclimate and the decomposer community. In a dynamic floodplain, OM distribution is strongly influenced by the flooding regime, but the determinants of decomposition rates remain partially understood. In a restored floodplain in northeast Switzerland, we selected seven different functional processes zones (FPZ) differing in their distance from the river, topography and vascular plant community. In each FPZ, we estimated the decomposition rates of Phalaris litter and cotton strips in litterbags of two different mesh sizes over two periods of time of eight and 12 months. The decay coefficient was significantly different among FPZs for Phalaris litter in the first period. Decomposition was faster in the more dynamic FPZ, but not in the site closest to the river. In the forests, decomposition rates measured over one year were higher than over eight months, indicating an acceleration of decay in spring. No correlation was found between Phalaris and cotton decomposition in any of the mesh size or harvest time. Small and large mesh size decomposition rates were significantly correlated in the first period, indicating a spatially stable proportion of small versus large decomposer community. This stability was lost in spring, indicating higher spatial variability in the decomposer community in this season. Flooding regime and soil temperature influenced only indirectly decomposition rates, while enzymatic activity, soil moisture and soil diversity and phosphorus content were directly linked to both the small and large decomposer community. Based on these results, we discuss the potential factors affecting the decomposition rates in an ecosystem subject to natural pulsing floods.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent brain diseases among the elderly, majority of which is caused by abnormal deposition of amyloid beta‐peptide (Aβ). Galantamine, currently the first‐line drug in treatment of AD, has been shown to diminish Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity and exert favourable neuroprotective effects, but the detail mechanisms remain unclear.


This book links knowledge management literature and information systems research to explore the process of knowledge preservation within a community of practice. It contributes to existing literature in different ways. First, it provides a conceptualization of the community knowledge preservation process. In contrast to previous knowledge management research, knowledge preservation is thus viewed as a process in its own right rather than an integral part of knowledge creation and sharing. Furthermore, the book also investigates how communities of practice preserve knowledge, by identifying the main mechanisms and tools enabling members to select, store and actualize the explicit and tacit forms of collective knowledge. More in general, the book presents guidance on how to use communities of practice to ensure the preservation of knowledge in development processes, for individuals and organizations alike.


AUTHOR Peterson, Karen; Bercik, Janet TITLE Frame Theory Analysis of the Cultures of Three Outstanding Teacher Induction Programs. PUB DATE 1995-10-00 NOTE 40p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, October 11-14, 1995). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Beginning Teacher Induction; *Beginning Teachers; College School Cooperation; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; *Mentors; *Partnerships in Education; Program Effectiveness


The end of classical computer science is coming, and most of us are dinosaurs waiting for the meteor to hit.


The classical technology of culture of very early potato is used on very small surfaces because it presents a lot of disadvantages.
 Through the experience organized this year at a private vegetable farm near Buzău town, it was experimented the rooting of sprouted tubers in Jiffy pots.
 The experimental variants in solarium were: V1–sprouted and rooted tubers, V2– sprouted and rooted minitubers, V3– sprouted tubers and V4– sprouted minitubers. Same variants, in open field represented the control variants.
 The tubers preparation for planting had begun on 27 January for V1 and V2 , on 8 February for V3, V4, V1Mt and V2Mt and on 20 February for V3Mt and V4Mt, having 2 stages: sprouting (applied to all variants) and rooting (V1, V2, V1Mt and V2Mt).
The mean yield obtained in solarium and in the unprotected crop was measured for two consecutive dates (01.05.2007 and 10.05.2007 for the solarium crop and on 19.05.2007 04.06.2007 for the control crop) over the growth period.
 The best yield obtained in solarium were registered at V1(31,26 at the 1st of May and 36,27 t/ha at the 10th of May) and V2 (21,72 at the 1st of May and 32,12 t/ha at the 10th of May). At the variants where were have used sprouted tubers, the yields were smaller(14,31 at the 1st of May and 25,59 t/ha at the 10th of May at V3). These results show that the tubers rooting in Jiffy pots determines a production increase over 16 t/ha in solarium on 1st of May.
In the open field, the yields were influenced by the dimension of the tubers used for planting. Thus, at V1 were obtained 20,31 t/ha on 19th of May, in the same time at V2 the yield at the same date was just 7,11 t/ha. At the harvest from the 4th of June, the yields varied between 31,21 t/ha at V1, 14, 46 t/ha at V2, 24,82 t/ha at V3 and 15, 03 t/ha at V4.
The influence of the culture system can be remarked by comparing the yield obtained in open field and also in solarium at the variant where were used rooted tubers. Thus, at V1 in solarium on the 1st of May were obtained 31,26 t/ha; same yield was obtained in open field only on the 4th of June.


A child restraint device comprising: a backrest (10) arranged along the back section of a vehicle seat and having a backrest surface (10a) extending in the vertical direction; a seat section (9) connected to the bottom section of the backrest so as to be swingable between a usage position and a stowed position, and configured so as to extend in front of the backrest surface in the usage position and extend along the backrest surface behind the backrest surface in the stowed position; top-side position regulating sections (16) that regulate the top-side position of a pair of shoulder belts (30) and which are each provided in left and right sections in an upper section of the backrest surface; bottom-side position regulating sections (17) that regulate the bottom-side position of a pair of shoulder belts each provided below the top-side position regulating sections in the backrest surface or in left and right sections of the seat section (9); an upper body belt section (12) including the pair of shoulder belts that extend from the top-side position regulating sections to the bottom-side position regulating sections, and a pair of tongue plates (31) each attached to the pair of shoulder belts such that each of the pair of shoulder belts are inserted therethrough; side guard sections (14) that extend forward from the left edge and right edges sections of the bottom section of the backrest; and a crotch belt section (13) extending from a crotch belt attachment section (40) provided in the center section of the front end section of the seat section, and having provided in the front end section thereof a pair of tongue plates and a detachable buckle (35).


A rare and unusual case of reduction "en masse" is reported and the clinical and roentgenologic features discussed.Although there are not specific roentgenographic signs of hernia reduction "en masse," it should be considered as a cause of intestinal obstruction in patients with persistent bowel obstruction following reduction of inguinal or femoral hernia.


Paschal Preston, a youthful Professor of Communications at the Dublin City University, has produced a noteworthy book which will have considerable in uence on those concerned with information and communication matters. It is extraordinarily wide ranging, encompassing just about every matter of signiŽ cance in this sprawling Ž eld, while presenting a forceful, even polemical, thesis. It has the enormous virtue of being empirically grounded, yet simultaneously capable of soaring with the best of the theorists (in a vastly over-theorized arena). Professor Preston, who cut his teeth during the 1980s working for the Economic and Social Research Council's Programme in Information and Communications Technology (PICT) initiative, ought really to have reduced the length of the text by a quarter or so, but nonetheless it will be essential reading for anyone concerned with iCS's subjects. Preston's thesis is as follows: to understand information (and associated technologies), we should adopt a neo-Schumpeterian 'long wave' approach to change, though one which avoids the over-technical stress of earlier enthusiasts (notably Chris Freeman at Sussex) of this approach. That is, Preston prioritizes the social in the process of change, while taking informational developments seriously enough to conceive of them constituting a radically new paradigm of organization of life. Arguing this, the author nods towards the contribution of Post-Fordist conceptions, since they share something of the neo-Schumpeterian perspective, and he includes in the book intriguing diagrammatic reviews of large scale historical changes (which will be a boon to teachers). En route Preston rejects the hegemonic approach to change of Tof er and Negroponte (dismissed as technologically determinist and crude, yet irrepressively in uential), examines and rejects Daniel Bell's post-industrial offerings, but takes the post-modernists' interests in culture seriously while ridiculing their post-modern pretension which vaults culture into an autonomous, yet vital and immaterial sphere. Against this


In this study,453 junior middle school students were investigated by using the questionnaires of reality belief and ideality belief about error in learning to explore the relationship between the two believes. The results showed as follows:( 1) the grade and gender differences on reality belief and ideality belief about error in learning were significant;( 2) the ideality belief about error in learning was a significant positive predictor for the reality belief about error in learning.


In this paper we study the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages. We show that a regular language has either constant or at least logarithmic non-deterministic communication complexity. We prove several linear lower bounds which we know cover a wide range of regular languages with linear complexity. Furthermore we find evidence that previous techniques (Tesson and Therien 2005) for proving linear lower bounds, for instance in deterministic and probabilistic models, do not work in the non-deterministic setting.


In the recent past, the reduction-based and the model-based methods to prove cut elimination have converged, so that they now appear just as two sides of the same coin. This paper details some of the steps of this transformation.


This invention relates to an evaluation indication system which comprises a guide control unit that displays a current location of a host vehicle together with a map around the current location on a display unit; a current evaluation acquisition unit that acquires a current evaluation that is an evaluation of a fuel efficiency level in a unit section of current travel of the host vehicle; a previous evaluation acquisition unit that acquires a previous evaluation that is an evaluation of the fuel efficiency level in the unit section of previous travel previous to the current travel; and an achievement difficulty level acquisition unit that acquires an achievement difficulty level of a target value of the fuel efficiency level, set on the basis of results of the fuel efficiency levels in the case where a plurality of vehicles have travelled the unit section. The guide control unit indicates the achievement difficulty level together with the current evaluation and the previous evaluation on the map.


In this study, two schemes of optical power splitter nodes to enable direct local intercommunications between optical network units (ONUs) in a passive optical network (PON) are proposed and analyzed. In comparison with the existing schemes, the new schemes dramatically increase the number of ONUs supported in a PON with the capability of direct local communication. Experimental demonstrations confirm that our proposed schemes can fit into gigabit PON standard by meeting its requirement on the power penalty. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51:2814–2817, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24771


Esophageal cancer is a highly malignant disease. The direct tumor invasion of adjacent organs is a highly advanced disease in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer. This invasive tumor is categorized as T4 in the TNM staging system. Data from Japanese tumor registries indicate that the incidence of clinical stage T4 is 15.2%, second only to clinical stage T3 at 37.6%. The results of esophagectomies in patients with pathological T4 tumors remain poor, with a five-year survival rate of 9.3%. No standard treatment for these T4 tumors is well established, despite the large population of patients with thoracic esophageal cancer. A computed tomographic scan of the chest and abdomen with intravenous contrast medium is used to detect metastatic disease and to establish the depth of tumor invasion. The detection accuracy of aortic involvement or tracheal invasion exceeds 90%, but is not yet 100%. Therefore clinical T4 disease includes tumors that are assessed as absolutely unresectable or as presumably resectable if neoadjuvant therapy is given. At our institution, these presumably resectable tumors are treated as T3.5. Three treatment options are available for patients with locally advanced cancers: definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT), neoadjuvant CRT followed by surgery, and surgery followed by CRT. Fujita et al. reported a prospective nonrandomized trial in which esophagectomy followed by CRT was compared with CRT followed by esophagectomy. The CRT-first group showed a significantly better five-year survival rate than the esophagectomy-first group (26% vs. 0%, respectively). Definitive CRT and neoadjuvant CRT followed by surgery have been generally used in patients with clinical stage T4 disease.


This paper offer the performances of a new application of optimization techniques used in artificial intelligence (AI ) which proposes Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm with a new operator for fix the problem of Traveling Salesman (TSP). This technique was used swapping and mutation based operation on TSP which is one of the popular and classical route planning problems of research and is accounted as one of the widely known of Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems which are usually simple to state but very difficult to solve. IPSO is an intelligent meta-heuristic optimization algorithm that is strong enough to find an optimal solution by find a shortest tour of minimum length between a certain numbers of cities based on problem characteristics and discrete variable. The numerical results in this paper are achieved good results and show the efficiency of the suggested algorithms by obtain better results than results of normal PSO for solving TSP. They are tested on benchmark problems from TSPLIB.


I ndonesia has many natural resources that have not been properly addressed or utilized, one of them is the Porang tuber. Porang tuber has the characteristic of araceae which has a high calcium crystal oxalate, that is 0.19%. These substances can cause itching and burning sensation in the mouth, even harm our kidneys. Thus, technology is needed to reduce the calcium oxalate content of Porang flour by modifying the processing method. The aims of this study are to obtain the most optimal technology for making modified porang flour with a decrease in optimal calcium oxalate levels and to know the physicochemical characteristics of the modified porang flour.. The research was carried out in three stages, namely the production process of Porang flour modified with the variations of wet and dry milling methods, and the fermentation time that were 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. Characteristics of modified Porang flour include chemical and physical, and the final stage is data analysis. The result showed that the modified Porang flour processing technology with the highest decrease in calcium oxalate content was the wet milling method with the fermentation time of 18 hours and the value of 62.28%. The chemical characteristics of the modified proximate content of Porang flour showed that the levels of protein, fat, water, ash and carbohydrates were 9.34%, 0.49%, 12.50%, 3.59% and 74.09% respectively. The physical characteristics of porang flour are brownish white, a distinctive aroma of flour, powder form and a slightly salty taste.


Supervisory Committee Dr. Patti-Jean Naylor, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education Co-Supervisor Dr. Joan Wharf Higgins, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education Co-Supervisor Background: Physical activity (PA) is responsible for a multitude of health benefits for girls and young women. Research on active transportation to school (ATS) shows that it is a known way to increase PA. However, girls do not regularly use ATS despite the many physical, mental, and community health benefits of an active commute. One route to improve girls' ATS is by using a Social Marketing framework to discern critical messages for use in a public health marketing campaign. Methods: Focus groups with 79 girls between the ages of 7 and 15 were conducted in Spring 2017. Transcripts and poster data were a priori categorized by the SM '4Ps' framework (Product, Price, Place and Promotion). Participant groups were segmented into three age categories for tailored messaging. Data were managed using NVivo 11 and were analyzed using Constant Comparative Method tools (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Results: Two thematic areas, Price and Place, were particularly important to girls in defining and appropriate 'marketing mix' for an ATS campaign. Based on our findings, a Social Marketing initiative with girls as the priority audience should be built on empowering girls to overcome the barriers to ATS. Positive and lighthearted messaging emphasizing friendship and independence as promised benefits of ATS would resonate with girls across a broad age range. Further segmentation of the audience would result in more tailored messages based on the different core values and beliefs held by this diverse group.


Objective: This paper reviews previous attempts to estimate the proportion of cancers caused by occupational factors in Australia and overseas and calculates an estimate of the burden of occupational cancer in Australia.


Experimental results are presented on the operational characteristics of GaAs laser amplifiers very closely coupled to a laser oscillator. The separation between the oscillator and the amplifier was varied from 0.2 to 2.0 microns. The amplifiers were made by lapping one end at an angle of 10 to 15 degrees. This angle is several times larger than the critical angle for confinement of radiation in GaAs lasers that is estimated from experimental data to be between 2 and 3 degrees. The measured signal gain is a decaying function of input power and approaches a value of 2 to 4 for large input signals. A maximum amplifier gain of about 150 was obtained for an input signal of 2 mW/mil junction width (corresponding to an optical flux-density of about 8 kW/cm2incident on the input side of the amplifier). At this input power level, the output fluoresence is reduced by about 50 percent and the internal oscillatory modes of the amplifier are almost completely quenched. The ratio of the oscillator output actually coupled into the amplifier to the measured output from the oscillator was estimated from gain saturation measurements. It was found to be inversely proportional to the cleaved separation between the oscillator and the amplifier and was estimated as 0.5 and 0.07 for separations of 0.2 and 2 microns, respectively. The output quantum efficiency of the laser amplifier was demonstrated to be comparable to the output quantum efficiency of a single oscillator. Tests of a new structure for a low-noise, constant-gain laser amplifier are described.


Abstract Many older adults manage multiple chronic conditions (MCC) that require adherence to complex medication regimens. Few studies have investigated the degree to which caregivers support medication-related behaviors. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 25 caregivers of older adults with MCC to characterize caregiver medication assistance. Two coders used content and constant comparative analysis to analyze transcripts. The mean age of caregivers was 61 years; the majority were female (68%) and identified as non-white (Black, 52%; Hispanic, 8%). Caregivers were predominantly spouses (n=10), or children (n=11). Older adults were on average 73 years old, managing 5 chronic conditions and prescribed 7 medications. Caregivers acknowledged the importance of medications to the older adult's health, but their involvement in daily medication management was limited. Some caregivers preferred that the older adult continue these tasks to maintain autonomy, especially when caring for older adults who valued maintaining independence. Caregivers assumed medication responsibilities after older adults experienced sudden changes in health or upon observing non-adherence (e.g. full pill bottles). Older adults with higher medication burden (12+ medicines) adopted inefficient, cumbersome medication management practices; caregivers suggested simplified strategies, but the older adults refused to adopt recommended strategies. To combat resistance from the older adult, caregivers disguised assistance and deployed workaround strategies to monitor medication-taking behaviors. These findings suggest older adults and caregivers share a value of promoting independence of medication management, up until safety is seriously questioned. Additionally, there is a breakdown in communication at the time when older adults may benefit from increased caregiver involvement.


INTRODUCTION The possibility to use molecular techniques for evaluation and selection of farm animals has led to the implementation of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in dairy cattle breeding (Spelman, 1998). Information on genotypes of selection candidates for markers flanking a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) can be combined with other information to obtain aggregate breeding values. Due to pleiotropic effects of a QTL or effects of closely linked QTL, MAS will not only affect one particular trait, but also other traits. The effects on other traits can be unfavorable, thus reducing the benefits from MAS. It is therefore necessary to have insight into the effects of MAS on all traits in the breeding goal. Multi-trait methods as described by Knott and Haley (2000) and Korol et al. (2001) can be used for this purpose. This paper describes and illustrates another method, which uses results from single trait analyses to draw conclusions on the effect of a QTL on multiple traits.


Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a common malignancy worldwide, affects 1200 new patients yearly in Sweden. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) develops in one in three and is commonly incurable. Clear cell histology ...


An Al/p‐AgGaTe2 polycrystalline thin film schottky barrier diode have been prepared by flash‐evaporation of p‐AgGaTe2 onto a pre‐deposited film of aluminium. The current‐voltage, capacitance‐voltage and photoresponse of the diode have been investigated. The important physical parameter such as barrier height of the fabricated diode was derived from these measurements. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Investigation was conducted for pesticides application on 739 vegetable farmers in Xinxiang.The results showed that aging tendency of vegetable farmers was obvious and their education level was lower.There were many difficulties in pest control,44.4% of farmers increased pesticide application,14.8% of them had the pesticides accidents.Besides,Pest control measures were simple and equipments were fall-behind,leaded unsatisfactory control effects.Farmers had not enough hazardness awareness of for pesticides,and fewer of them joined non-polluted vegetable production training and contract farming.This paper proposed feasible suggestions and strategies from the viewpoint of scientific and standardized pesticides application,development and promotion of new pesticides equipments,training for non-polluted vegetable production,contract farming,establishment of market access systems,and strengthen the pesticides market monitoring and legal enforcement.


The idea of direct contact between Greek tragedy and Job were possible. It has become impossible if one has to go back Job at an earlier time than that of Deutero-Isaiah. Some themes of Jobien dialogue and Yahweh speeches are likely to take on a new importance when one remembers their place in the celebration of the feast of the equinox or vernal or autumnal, Mesopotamia, Egypt and along the Fertile Crescent: (1) the reason for the royal ideology, and (2) the traces of the seasons hinged on the renewal of nature in autumn. The reason for the royal ideology persists in the speeches of Yahweh. The idea of an intercessor, a witness or an intermediate deity appeared in the Job Sumerian. The original context of the chapter is in French. Keywords: Deutero-Isaiah; Greek tragedy; Jobien dialogue; Yahweh speeches


Entrepreneurial culture is a special cultural pattern formed by entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial practices. Entrepreneurial culture is a system with a rigorous organizational structure. From the perspective of cultural spatial stratification, entrepreneurial culture can be divided into deep entrepreneurial spirit culture, middle entrepreneurial system culture, shallow entrepreneurial behavior culture and surface entrepreneurial material culture. These four parts interact and are closely connected, influencing the development of entrepreneurial culture in different ways and forming an inseparable organic whole. Keywords—entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial culture;


The insurance industry, like other parts of the financial sector, is vulnerable to climate change. Life as well as non-life products are affected and knowledge of future loss levels is valuable. Risk and premium calculations may be updated accordingly, and dedicated loss-preventive measures can be communicated to customers and regulators. We have established statistical claims models for the coherence between externally inflicted water damage to private buildings in Norway and selected meteorological variables. Based on these models and downscaled climate predictions from the Hadley centre HadAM3H climate model, the estimated loss level of a future scenario period (2071–2100) is compared to that of a control period (1961–1990). In spite of substantial estimation uncertainty, our analyses identify an incontestable increase in the claims level along with some regional variability. Of the uncertainties inherently involved in such predictions, only the error due to model fit is quantifiable.


This talk discusses some of the key challenges of designing future disruptive optical technologies for the Cloud, primarily in compute. A glimpse into some opportunities we see in the photonic space will also be covered.


The depth and attitude of underwater towed system show complex behavior during the towing ship turning maneuvers. However, it remains unclear how the two indexes change when the coupling relationship between the cable and the towed vehicle is considered. Here, to solve this issue, and we develop a new numerical method that can be used to predict the behavior of towed system during towing ship turning maneuvers. Specially, a finite difference method and six-degree-of-freedom equations are used to describe the motion of towed cable and towed vehicle respectively. Based on the center finite difference method, the partial differential equations and differential equations are transformed to nonlinear algebra equations then the Newton iteration method is used to solve the nonlinear equations. Then, we simulate the transient behaviors of towed system during the towing ship making 180 and 360 with different turning radius, and find that the depth and attitude of towed system are affected by the towing ship turning maneuvers. We show that the smaller of the turning radius, the variations of depth and attitude are larger. Moreover, the new steady state can be achieved easily during the 360 turning maneuver. The numerical method and result that we derived can be applied to design the towing ship turning maneuvers, towed system and control method.


Regularization approaches for the limited-angle reconstruction problem in digital breast tomosynthesis are widelyused. Though, their benefits depend largely upon a suitable regularization parameter estimation. We aim to evaluate the reconstruction quality of precise small contrast features objectively with the help of an automated process. These features were represented by so-called Landolt ring (LR) structures of descending sizes contained in an especially designed mammography test object (Quart Mam/Digi Phantom). A GPU-based iterative Barzilai-Borwein (BB) algorithm is applied to solve the inverse reconstruction problem using total variation (TV) regularization. Exemplarily, we analyzed limitedangle breast projection images from a commercially available digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system (Siemens Mammomat Inspiration). We show that the TV regularization parameter and number of iterations can be chosen in such a way that the detection rate for the LR features is considerably higher than that obtained from the manufacturer's reconstruction (modified filtered backprojection).


According to the characteristics of tire mold character, select the cylindrical section method as the processing path planning algorithms. The application of cylindrical section algorithm is analyzed in detail. The verification results show that the cylindrical cross-section method for the tire mold′s non-linear character processing have some advantages such as the simpler calculation, more concise processing program, higher precision. The cylindrical cross-section method has good adaptability to the processing of the parts like tire mold.


Edge computing has emerged as a viable approach to minimize the latency of time-critical Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The new frontier of research is to offload tasks directly on micro-controllers, i.e. on the same device generating the sensory data. However, this approach requires to cope with to the limited computational capabilities of the devices and consequently to adapt existing techniques and tools to the extreme edge. In this paper, we contribute to this research direction by investigating how to enable W3C Web of Things (WoT) capabilities on micro-controllers, for increased performance and interoperability purposes. Given the excessive complexity of the original proposal, we propose a revised architecture of the Web Thing (WT) that can fit the limited resources of constrained devices while maintaining the compatibility with the WoT standard. Then, we present the WoTTEE framework, a software suite that supports and facilitates the deployment, installation and monitoring of edge-oriented WTs. Finally, we validate the operations of WoTTEE in a small testbed and demonstrate the capability to support adaptive IoT systems where micro-controllers are able to dynamically switch among different IoT network protocols thanks to the Thing Description (TD) mechanism of the W3C WoT.


The author asserts that the exclusionary rule illustrates the pseudo-constitutional doctrine that can result from a judicial activist Supreme Court with a radical political agenda. He criticizes the rule as a form of radical leftist jurisprudence by activist judges who place their own personal policy preferences over the basic tenets of the American Constitution. He argues that the exclusionary rule disregards Natural Law, the combination of legality and morality on which the American legal system is founded. He cites several cases in the history of American Law to demonstrate that the exclusionary rule is both irrational and unconstitutional.


A computational design and analysis methodology is being developed to design a vehicle that can support significant regions of natural laminar flow (NLF) at supersonic flight conditions. The methodology is built in the CDISC design module to be used in this paper with the flow solvers Cart3D and USM3D, and the transition prediction modules BLSTA3D and LASTRAC. The NLF design technique prescribes a target pressure distribution for an existing geometry based on relationships between modal instability wave growth and pressure gradients. The modal instability wave growths (both on- and off-axes crossflow and Tollmien-Schlichting) are balanced to produce a pressure distribution that will have a theoretical maximum NLF region for a given streamwise wing station. An example application is presented showing the methodology on a generic supersonic transport wingbody configuration. The configuration has been successfully redesigned to support significant regions of NLF (approximately 40% of the wing upper surface by surface area). Computational analysis predicts NLF with transition Reynolds numbers (ReT) as high as 36 million with 72 degrees of leading-edge sweep (LE), significantly expanding the current boundary of ReT - LE combinations for NLF. This NLF geometry provides a total drag savings of 4.3 counts compared to the baseline wing-body configuration (approximately 5% of total drag). Off-design evaluations at near-cruise and low-speed, high-lift conditions are discussed, as well as attachment line contamination/transition concerns. This computational NLF design effort is a part of an ongoing cooperative agreement between NASA and JAXA researchers.


Should children pursue their education especially when parents need their children's assistance desperately in farming? It is more likely parents prefer them working to studying. Parents also perceive that there is no guarantee for being employed for their children with high educational level. These narrow perceptions are undoubtedly come from their limited educational level. One hundred and forty eight students from the SMANII Playen Gunung Kidul, Grade 2, participate enthusiastically on this research. The research hypothesis presumes that there is a positive correlation between the parent's educational level and parent's social support for their children in pursuing study. The higher parent's educational level, the stronger their social support. Research's result indicates that the hypothesis is significant (r = 0.172, p<0.05). The determinant coefficient is only 0.029584. It means that the prediction of parent's social support by the educational level is only 2.9% or 3%. Other variables which do not include on this research contribute 97% on explaining the emerging of social support.


In order to ascertain the practical possibility of home made retort pouches for production of retort pouch foods in factory, two kinds of retortable pouches, i. e. 3 ply film (polyester film/Al. foil/casting polypropylene) and 4 ply film(polyester film/Al. foil/nylon/casting poll·propylene) were developed in Korea, and then, their physical properties, such as physical strength, heat resistance during thermal processing and preservability of foods and sanitary safety, were tested and compared with the foreign made pouches. The results obtained were summarized as follows. a. The physical strength of home made retort pouches in processing model foods(soybean oil 5 %, acetic acid 2%, starch 5 % and water to 100 %) was equal to that of foreign made pouches at accelerated examination condition(, 98 % RH). But the lamination strength of home made products was a little bit superior to that of foreign made products. b. Home made retort pouches(SAMA-4 ply and SAMA-3 ply pouch) packed with rice or curry was possible to bear the thermal processing at and shelf-life was one year or more at ambient temperature(). c. Sanitary safety test showed that these home made retort pouches were acceptable comparing to the regulation recommended by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.


To the Editor: Erythrocytosis occurring in association with a subnormal serum erythropoietin level is indicative of underlying erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis, in patients with polycythem...


We demonstrate that splenic adherent cells (SACs) play an active role in the presentation of H-2Kk antigen for an alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. If antigen is incubated with SACs for 12 hr, they will provide maximal stimulation and present the antigen in the context of their Ia molecules. UV irradiation of these SACs, prior to the 12-hr incubation with H-2Kk antigen, abrogates this stimulatory capacity. Macrophage-bound antigen is not sufficient for stimulation of a response; a second signal is required as well, that, in our system, is provided by phorbol myristic acetate. The SACs are involved in the activation of helper T cells; however, they are not required for presentation of antigen to the precytotoxic T-lymphocyte, which requires two signals for activation, one provided by antigen and the other by a T-cell-derived helper factor.


Dunscomb's work sheds new light on a largely forgotten period of modern Japanese history, namely Japan's disastrous involvement in the Siberian Intervention. Works on Japanese participation in the 1918–1922 Siberian Intervention are few and, apart from Morley's 1954 examination of the diplomatic manoeuvring that preceded the intervention, there has been no single volume devoted to examining Japan's part in it until now. Drawing on the unpublished papers of a number of the significant Japanese players, as well as a detailed examination of public comment and discussion in the journals and magazines of the day, Dunscomb has produced a broad examination of the domestic politics, foreign policy and military action that made up the intervention, thereby furthering understanding of a period of Japanese history that forms an important stepping stone on Japan's path to World War II. In the space of an introduction, eight chapters and conclusion, Dunscomb covers what is at times a very complex and confusing period of Japanese history and, through a well-written and easy-to-read work, has managed to craft a narrative that allows the reader to follow the developments that occurred within Japan at the time of the intervention and to understand how these were both affected by and had an impact on developments outside of Japan. At first the large number of short chapters seems odd, but as one reads it becomes apparent that Dunscomb has, in fact, logically broken the narrative, as each of the periods is one part of the overall story of the intervention. The Introduction reviews well the existing literature on the Siberian Intervention in the context of the focus of this book: rather than being a continuation of Morley's 'excellent' work or a 'campaign history', it examines the Siberian Intervention as a means to tell the story of Japan's attempt to position itself in the new world order that emerged after 'the seeming triumph of liberal democracy over military autocracy and the supposed ascendancy of the new Wilsonian style of internationalism . . . [that] caused many Japanese to reconsider the traditional paradigm of Japan as a modern state' (4). Each of the eight chapters then covers one period of the intervention. Chapter 1 is a lengthy review of the period prior to the intervention, covering the changes that occurred on the Meiji political landscape from 1890 onwards as the power of the oligarchs waned and that of the nascent political parties began to rise. This is followed by a chapter that examines the debate, both within decision-making circles and the broader community, that preceded the decision to participate, noting how the question of whether to intervene or not was discussed widely throughout Japanese society. Here Dunscomb Japanese Studies, iFirst article, 1–2


Conditions have been defined for the production of sporangia by vegetative plants of Allomyces species. Diploid plants produced zoosporangia and released spores in 3-4 hr at 32°C. Haploid plants produced sexual spores in a similar period. The chief factor controlling differentiation to produce sporangia was the supply of amino acids. Amino acid deficiency induced sporogenesis but individual amino acids varied in their efficiency in delaying differentiation and ammonium salts were ineffective. The process of sporangium production required adequate aeration and plants had previously to have been cultivated with adequate thiamine and glucose or to have these nutrients supplied. I. INTRODUCTION Allomyces species have some advantages for the study of cell differentiation. The plants have a complex life cycle with diploid and haploid phases of growth. Two types of sporangium are produced on the diploid plant-zoosporangia and meiosporangia; and two types of sporangium are produced on the haploid plant male and female gametangia. In this cycle of development there are structural changes which may be followed by a combination of microscopic and chemical methods. As this paper will show, differentiation to produce sporangia can be con trolled through the external environment in a highly uniform manner. The formation of zoosporangia after the transfer of diploid vegetative plants to dilute salts solutions was reported by Machlis and Ossia (1953). Kobr and Turian (1967) investigated the formation of gametangia on haploid plants. To avoid the necessity of producing meiospores for the inoculation of haploid liquid cultures, these authors used small plugs taken from the growing edge of haploid cultures on solid medium. They found that, on transfer to distilled water, sporogenesis occurred and was not prevented by additions of glucose and various inorganic components, including ammonium salts. They did not test amino acids in their system despite the fact that their cultures had been grown with casein hydrolysate, and not ammonium salts, as the source of nitrogen. No gametangia were produced under anaerobic conditions and, with reduced levels of dissolved oxygen, the process was considerably retarded. Kobr and Turian concluded, therefore, that oxygen was the "trigger mechanism". The present report shows that plants of Allomyces respond to a deficiency of amino acids by producing sporangia. While the process is aerobic, evidence will be produced that differentiating plants do not have an increased demand for oxygen, as postulated by Kobr and Turian.


The effects of Instructional model on students' performance in chemistry in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State. The study was carried out to determine the effect of teaching students organic chemistry using physical model as instructional aid against teaching students organic chemistry using diagrams as instructional aid. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A pre-test posttest non-randomized control quasi-experimental design was adopted in the study. A cluster sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of two intact classes which consisted of 50 students in the control group and 50 students in the experimental group. Students in the control group comprised 28 male and 22 female while the experimental group comprised of 30 male and 20 female students. Two instruments were developed and used for data collection. To obtain reliability coefficient Using test-retest, Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to calculate the reliability coefficient. A reliability coefficient of 0.98 was obtained for the Chemistry Achievement. Treatment for both control and experimental groups lasted for a period of 2 weeks. The research questions were answered using mean while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance using analysis of covariance. The results of the study showed that there was a significant statistical difference in the mean achievement of students taught organic chemistry using physical model as instructional aid and students taught organic chemistry using diagram as instructional aid with the students taught using physical model performing better. It was also found that students exposed to instruction using physical model as instructional aid agreed that the exposure enhanced their interest in chemistry. Based on the findings of the study, it was therefore recommended that physical model should be made available in schools by government and teachers should also utilize this models in teaching the students because it enhancing their performance. Introduction The role of science and technology in the development of a nation is never in dispute. The current upsurge effort in development of science and technology has greatly affected human beings and, to be ignorant of this development is to live in an empty, meaningless and probably unreal life. The technological development of any nation lies on its emphasis on sciences especially chemistry. This is evidenced in the admission ratio of 60:40 of the science and science related courses to the Arts and Humanities into Nigerian Federal and State universities. In an effort to achieve national developmental needs, the Federal Government of Nigeria made special provisions and incentives through the provision of instructional materials, laboratory equipment's, training and retraining of teachers, provision of research grants and adoption of information and communication technology (ICT), (Federal Ministry of Education, 2008). International Journal of Education and Evaluation ISSN 2489-0073 Vol. 4 No. 6 2018


In this research I have studied the teaching/learning processes in lower secondary schools, with the aim of constructing particular teaching environments (milieu) and refining particular 'tools or attitudes', which the teacher can use in order to improve the understanding of mathematical topics. Considering that 'school learning operates by transforming conceptual thought' (Vigotskij, 1966), the teacher's activity is connected to a logical perception, which is characteristic for each and every learner. Indeed, every pupil is endowed with 'simple' and 'elementary' ideas which characterise the initial phase of learning. My ideas about teaching emphasizes places attention not only the teaching phase but also the possible repercussions in the learning phase. The specific use of cartoons and of a game and particular tools or teachers' attitudes in our experimentation are favourable in mediating and negotiating mathematical meaning in class. The word 'attitude' indicates the totality of all those gestures, words and fictitious strategies which the teacher can knowingly use in introducing various mathematical aims into a particular atmosphere, one which emotionally involves the learner. An important aspect in communicating a mathematical aim will be to encourage the learner to take into consideration the problem proposed as their personal problem (devolution), to be able to identify mathematical tools in resolving problems. The study of teaching activities has been dealt from many points of view: • the dynamics of interaction between problem situations and the learner, teacher-learner, or between the learners themselves • the use of the teacher's attitudes and precise tools with which to mediate and negotiate meaning • the learner's behaviour and the teacher's teaching strategies. I also wondered what effectively the role of emotions in learning is and if it would be possible to use emotions not by 'imposing' knowledge but by encouraging learning to become a 'wish to learn' (apetitus noscendi, Changeux, 2003).


Programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligands, PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 maintain self‐tolerance and modulate physiological immune responses. Recently, targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway with blocking antibodies has emerged as a potentially promising approach to treat advanced cancers in adult patients. Since tumor PD‐L1 expression is currently considered the most important predictive biomarker for successful checkpoint blockade, we summarize expression data for the most common tumors of childhood. Additionally, we give an introduction into PD‐1 function in the immune system to then focus on PD‐1 mediated tumor immune escape. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:190–197. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In this paper, we use a hierarchical identification principle to study identification problems for multivariable discrete-time systems. We propose a hierarchical gradient iterative algorithm and a hierarchical stochastic gradient algorithm and prove that the parameter estimation errors given by the algorithms converge to zero for any initial values under persistent excitation. The proposed algorithms can be applied to identification of systems involving non-stationary signals and have significant computational advantage over existing identification algorithms. Finally, we test the proposedalgorithms by simulation andshow their effectiveness. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


In this paper, we consider a Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls (DVRPB) followed by a two-dimensional loading problem (2L-DVRPB). For the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls (VRPB), a vehicle can deliver (Linehaul), then pickup objects (backhaul) and brings back items to the depot. Since the demands of each customer are characterized by a width and a length, the problem is considered as a 2L-VRPB. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been analysed so far in the literature. The 2L-DVRPB is an NP-Hard problem aims to design the route set of minimum cost. So, in order to ensure a better solution quality for a large number of instances, we propose to use a Genetic Algorithm and five packing heuristics. Also, to show the effectiveness of our AGA, we generate a new set of instances from the classical 2L-CVRP benchmarks. Results denote that the AGA improved the quality of the solution compared to the existing state-of-the-art approach.


autonomic nervous system tone would aid in the assessment of sudden cardiac death risk and intervention effectiveness. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive measure of autonomic nervous system activity, which has been used to evaluate sudden cardiac death risk in several patient populations. This presentation will provide a definition of heart rate variability, summarize the major time and frequency domain heart rate variability methods, and describe their advantages and disadvantages. The relationship of heart rate variability to other measures of autonomic nervous system activity (serum norepinephrine, direct nerve recordings ) will be reported. Additionally, the use of heart rate variability in the evaluation for sudden cardiac death risk in select adult (post-myocardial infarction, heart failure ) and pediatric (sudden infant death syndrome ) cardiac populations will be presented. Conclusion: There are many heart rate variability methods which have good clinical utility in identifying persons at increased risk for sudden cardiac death. However, clinicians should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of heart rate variability measurement methods before applying their findings. While the use of heart rate variability in the assessment of sudden cardiac death risk remains promising, its application may remain limited until we gain greater information on the mechanisms which influence the heart rate variability measures.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypertension relevant nutrition knowledge on practices for prevention of hypertension in Chinese college students studying in South Korea. Methods: We conducted a survey of 276 Chinese students studying more than three months in Korean universities who were aged 19 and older about hypertension and sodium relevant nutrition knowledge, intake of salty processed food, hypertension prevention practices, and stages of behavior change for hypertension. Results: The average score on the questionnaire for hypertension relevant nutritional knowledge was 40.62 out of 50 points, and the average score for sodium relevant nutritional knowledge was 24 out of 30 points. Kimchi was the most frequently eaten salty processed food. The average score for hypertension prevention practices was 3.10 out of 5 points. The behavior change stages for prevention of hypertension were contemplation (47.1%), action (32.2%), and pre-contemplation (20.7%). The students received high scores on nutrition knowledge and showed significantly higher scores on the action stage than on pre-contemplation or contemplation. Nutritional knowledge of hypertension and sodium showed positive correlation with hypertension prevention practices, whereas negative correlation with salty processed food intake. Conclusion: Development of an education program for Chinese students in Korea on hypertension and sodium relevant nutritional knowledge is needed so that they can practice for prevention of hypertension.


The over-current fault coal mine are the most common one in the supply system,in the event of over-current failure,serious damage to power supply equipment,power cables,fire caused serious and even give rise to gas and coal dust explosions,endangering polar large,therefore the application of fuses,electromagnetic flow,thermal relays,JP90-300D,electronic protection,and intelligent micro-computer devices such as protective measures to guard against underground low-voltage fault,and ensure normal production of coal mine.


Optical switches are key elements in modern network communications. We present the results of the experimental verification of a new theoretical concept proposed earlier for a full-optical wavelength-selective dual-channel switch based on the photonic hook effect, which is free from using any micro-mechanical devices or nonlinear materials. A large-scale laboratory prototype of such a device based on an off-axis Wood zone plate is considered, and its main parameters in the millimeter wavelength range are investigated. On the basis of the experiments, we show that the optical isolation of switched channels for a switch based on an off-axis zone plate can achieve 15 dB at a frequency difference of 25 GHz in a frequency range of 93 to 136 GHz. Given the scaling, these results can be transferred to another range, including the optical one.


Experiments involving the self-reference effect paradigm have yielded inconsistent results on the question of whether an individual's self-construal includes intimate others. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genuine intimacy plays a role in the lover-reference effect, and to explore the influences of assumed intimacy and gender on the lover-reference effect. We hypothesized that the lover-reference effect would be apparent in the participants' R (Remember) scores but not in their K (Know) scores. The study included 68 participants currently involved in romantic relationships (33 females, 35 males; age M= 22.5 years, range 19~28 years; length of relationship M = 14.89 months, range 0.5~54 months). A 4 (orienting tasks: self, lover, LuXun, semantic)×2 (genuine intimacy: high, low)×2 (assumed intimacy: high, low)×2 (gender: male, female) mixed design was used. The procedure consisted of three parts. Part one involved four orienting tasks. During each task, participants were asked to provide Yes/No judgments about reference objects, using the trait-adjective word displayed on a computer screen. Part two comprised a surprise recognition test including R/K judgments. In part three, participants were asked to complete the Genuine Intimacy Scale and Assumed Intimacy Scale. A repeated measure MANOVA on the R scores revealed a significant interaction between genuine intimacy and orienting tasks, such that the group with a high degree of genuine intimacy showed a lover-reference effect, while that with a low degree of genuine intimacy did not: F (3, 102) = 2.71, p 0.05, η2 = 0.07. A significant interaction was also found between gender and orienting tasks, such that females showed a lover-reference effect and males did not: F (3, 102) = 5.82, p 0.01, η2 = 0.15. There was no significant interaction between assumed intimacy and referential condition: F (3, 102)= 1.89, p 0.05, η2= 0.05. The K scores revealed no significant results. These results support the hypothesis that the lover-reference effect is influenced by genuine intimacy, and that there is a gender difference in the lover-reference effect. The lover-reference effect was only reflected in the participants' R scores and was not significantly influenced by assumed intimacy. Based on these results, the authors suggest that future research related to the inclusion of intimate others in an individual's self-construal should consider genuine intimacy and gender.


Ten years on from the creation of Bitcoin, the term 'cryptocurrency' has entered the public consciousness. Despite achieving some name recognition, cryptocurrencies are not widely used for payments. This article examines why Bitcoin is unlikely to become a ubiquitous payment method in Australia, and summarises how subsequent cryptocurrencies have sought to address some of the shortcomings of Bitcoin – such as its volatility and scalability problems. It also examines the proliferation of new 'coins' and concludes that, despite the developments in cryptocurrencies, none are currently functioning as money in the economy. B U L L E T I N – J U N E 2 0 1 9 1 9 5 Introduction On 3 January 2009, the first bitcoins were created.[1] Ten years on the terms 'bitcoin' and 'cryptocurrency' are widely known. 'How to buy bitcoin' was the third-ranked 'How to ...' search term in Google in 2017 (Google 2018), alongside significant growth in fraudulent and phishing spam mail related to cryptocurrencies (Kaspersky Lab 2018). However, neither Bitcoin nor the many thousands of cryptocurrencies that have followed have become widely used for payments. People are more likely to view cryptocurrencies as a speculative high-risk investment class than a payment system. In this article, we look back over the decade since the launch of Bitcoin. We examine how cryptocurrencies have changed over that period in an attempt to address some of the shortcomings of Bitcoin as a payment system – such as its volatility and scalability problems.[2] We also describe the development of 'programmable' cryptocurrencies. Despite these changes, we see little likelihood of a material take-up of cryptocurrencies for retail payments in Australia in the foreseeable future.[3] What is Cryptocurrency? One definition of cryptocurrency is that it is a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, nor necessarily attached to a national currency, but is designed to be accepted by some parties as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically.[4] Cryptocurrencies use computer software running across a network and rely on various established cryptographic techniques (hashing, digital signatures or one-way cryptographic functions) to control access and verify transactions. They use some form of 'consensus mechanism' to validate transactions; that is, a mechanism to achieve agreement across the network on whether a transaction is valid or not. The technology underlying cryptocurrencies is often referred to as distributed ledger technology (DLT).[5] Given this, cryptocurrency is sometimes described as a 'digital token' on a distributed ledger that can be used to exchange value and thereby facilitate payments. DLT platforms vary in many ways, including: who can see and/or keep a copy of the ledger, who can update the ledger, what information is required to verify a transaction on the ledger, and how tokens are created and distributed. Another way in which DLT platforms can differ is in how the data on the platform is structured; blockchain refers to one way of structuring the data. Blockchain and alternative methods are discussed later in the article. In recent years, other types of DLT-based digital tokens have been designed and launched. Some have characteristics that are similar in some respects to securities (such as shares or bonds) and others are tokens that can be redeemed for access to a specific product or service (that is often to be provided using DLT). These are often referred to as 'security tokens' and 'utility tokens', C R Y P TO C U R R E N C Y: T E N Y E A R S O N 1 9 6 R E S E R V E B A N K O F AU S T R A L I A respectively. Together cryptocurrency, security tokens and utility tokens are commonly referred to as 'crypto-assets'. It should be noted that, while commonly used, these terms can be misleading. For example, 'currency' is often thought as being synonymous with money. However, no cryptocurrencies currently have the key attributes of money; and similarly, many cryptoassets have been found to fall well short of the definition of an asset as 'a useful thing or quality' (Macquarie Dictionary 2019).[6] Cryptocurrencies (and crypto-assets more broadly) can enter circulation in a variety of ways. As described more fully below, in the case of Bitcoin, new bitcoins are created and paid out as a reward for participants of the system validating transactions. In other cases, new cryptocurrency units may be simply (and potentially arbitrarily) created by the controller of the protocol and sold (potentially via an initial coin offering) or given away for free (typically as a marketing exercise to broaden awareness of their coin). Cryptocurrency exchanges facilitate the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies in the secondary market. However, not all cryptocurrencies are listed on exchanges, or indeed have any market value. The First Generation of Cryptocurrencies Proposals for electronic versions of cash had been made and trialled at various points in the late 20th century, without success in practice.[7] Bitcoin, which launched in 2009 following the publication of a paper by an unknown author or authors in 2008, combined a series of existing technologies to provide a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash (Nakamoto 2008). Box A provides a high-level description of some of the basics of Bitcoin. Box A Bitcoin Basics[8] Bitcoin has a 'blockchain' of transactions. The 'ledger', or record of changes in ownership, consists of 'blocks' of information linked together in chronological order (a 'chain'). Every 10 minutes on average, the Bitcoin blockchain is updated to include a new block of transactions. Addresses (or ownership) on the ledger are in terms of alphanumeric pseudonyms rather than legal names. Most conventional payment methods – cash is the obvious exception – rely on some central party to keep and update the ledger or record of holdings. For example, the Reserve Bank maintains the ledger of commercial banks' Exchange Settlement Account holdings. And commercial banks maintain records of their customers' deposits. By contrast, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies rely on a distributed ledger. The Bitcoin ledger (the C R Y P TO C U R R E N C Y: T E N Y E A R S O N B U L L E T I N – J U N E 2 0 1 9 1 9 7 blockchain) is replicated across the 'nodes' (i.e. computers) connected to the network. The idea is that each of the nodes ends up with an identical copy of the latest version of the ledger. If a ledger is open to participation by any party, and any party can propose changes to the ledger, it is known as a public (or 'unpermissioned' or 'trustless') ledger. Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies are examples of trustless distributed ledgers. The user does not need to know or trust any party on the network but, in effect, needs to trust the algorithm and the cryptography used. This allows parties who do not necessarily trust each other to transact without the need for an intermediary. The security of the Bitcoin system relies on public/private-key cryptography. The transaction verification methodology is referred to as 'proof of work'. Participants in the system (or 'miners' as they are known) compete to successfully verify (by solving computationally intensive calculations for) a new block of transactions, with each block consisting of around 2,500 transactions at the time of writing. The first miner to do so earns a reward of newly 'mined' coins, currently set at 121⁄2 bitcoins (currently, worth around US$100,000). The successful miner also earns any transaction fees offered by the people initiating the transactions contained in that block. Bitcoin demonstrated that, under certain assumptions, information about transactions could be verified and relied upon without the need for a trusted central party. The possibility of transactions being recorded securely on a distributed basis led to considerable interest in Bitcoin and other potential implementations of DLT. While Bitcoin remains the most prominent cryptocurrency, a large number of alternative cryptocurrencies and digital tokens have been created in recent years. Some are essentially replicas of Bitcoin, while others seek to introduce additional functionality or have different design features. For example, Litecoin adopts most of the features of Bitcoin but has a shorter block confirmation time of around 21⁄2 minutes and uses an alternative hashing algorithm. Dogecoin, initially created as a novelty currency, gained use for various crowd-sourced fundraising efforts. As identified by Nakamoto, the purpose of Bitcoin was to act as a peer-to-peer payment mechanism. In practice, its use for this function has been limited. However, it has seen significant use as a vehicle for speculation. This was particularly the case in late 2017 when there was a very considerable increase in the price of bitcoin, along with most other cryptocurrencies. Media reports of these price increases generated further speculative interest, with many buyers unlikely C R Y P TO C U R R E N C Y: T E N Y E A R S O N 1 9 8 R E S E R V E B A N K O F AU S T R A L I A to have had familiarity with cryptocurrencies other than what they had heard or seen in the media or from acquaintances. Following this speculative episode, prices fell dramatically from their peaks, leaving many purchasers of cryptocurrencies with capital losses. Economic definitions of money typically reference three key features: a means of payment, unit of account, and store of value. Assessments of whether Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies meet this definition usually conclude that they do not (Ali et al 2014; RBA 2014). Bitcoin's very significant fluctuations in price mean that it is a poor store of value (Graph 1). In part reflecting this price volatility, it is not used as a unit of account: goods and services sold for bitcoin are nearly always priced in some national currency, with the amo


cell acrospiroma and clear cell syringoma, granular (clear) cell, basal cell carcinoma, (malignant) granular cell tumor, renal cell carcinoma, adrenal cortical carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors with clear cell change, germ cell tumors, and clear cell hepatoma.[4,5] Immunohistochemistry is helpful in excluding many of these entities. However, one must keep in mind that some clear cell tumors are immunopositive for melanocytic markers, such as Melan‐A+ adrenal cortical carcinomas, HMB‐45+ PEComas, and hibernomas with balloon‐like S‐100+ vacuolated cells.[1,6] There appears to be no difference in prognosis between BCM and other histologic types of cutaneous malignant melanoma.[4,5]


Normal human bone marrow cells were mixed with radioactively labeled tumor cells from different leukemia and neuroblastoma cell lines, and the cell mixtures were separated by differential agglutination with soybean agglutinin. It is shown that the cell fraction unagglutinated by soybean agglutinin, which was previously found to be capable of reconstituting the hematopoietic system of lethally irradiated recipients, can be purged of tumor cells with varying efficiency depending on the tumor cell expression of soybean agglutinin receptors as detected by flow cytofluorimetry with fluoresceinated soybean agglutinin.


From the perspective of the figure-ground theory in cognitive linguistics this article gives an explanation of the cleft sentence in English.It holds that the cleft sentence in English makes the focus of attention concentrating on varied marked figures,hence it becomes a marked sentence pattern.However the cleft sentence in which subject is highlighted makes an exception.In addition,this article points out the problem in the five principles concerning the figureground relation in the complex sentence put forward by Talmy.


Two kinds of commercial ZnO system varistors were investigated with relevance to their microstructures. Particularly, face-to-face fracture surfaces were characterized in terms of secondary electron image and backscatterd electron image to clarify the existence of precipitates at the grain-to-grain interface. It became more clear that the grain-to-grain interface was free of precipitates. This result agreed well with the observation carried out with a scanning transmission electron microscope and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Lattice spacings of ZnO grains in ZnO-Bi system varistor were found to be abnormally large which was considered to be associated with the segregation of bismuth to the grain-boundary region.


Energy harvesting from heat has been investigated for many decades and has found place in many areas such as space industry, aviation, automotive and industrial applications. Thermoelectric energy harvesting has a valuable potential to be used in mobile systems as well. In this study, the design, fabrication and test results of a low cost and low profile MEMS thermoelectric energy harvester composed of Cr and Ni thermocouples is introduced for mobile computing applications. Finite element modelling for performance optimization of the thermoelectric energy harvester, fabrication, and validation have been completed. When a temperature difference of 10 K is supplied across the TE harvester, 1.71 V Seebeck voltage and 1.1 μW electrical power can be generated within a 1cm2 area and 600 μm z-dimension thickness limitation.


We present an algorithm to automatically register magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) slices of the human brain. Our algorithm is an integrated approach. We simultaneously segment the brain in both modalities and register the slices. The algorithm does not attempt to remove the skull from the MR image, but rather uses "templates" constructed from PET images to locate the boundary between the brain and the surrounding tissue in the MR images. The PET templates are a sequence of estimates of the boundary of the brain in the PET images.


The influence of implantation temperature, dose, and oxygen concentration was investigated for 230 keV phosphorus implantation in crystalline silicon. It was found that oxygen impurities act as nucleation centers for extended defects, which increases their density in O-rich samples compared to conventional c-Si. For doses below 2×1014 P/cm2, the density of extended defects varies rapidly with dose and depends weakly on implantation temperature while for higher doses, the extended defect density varies linearly with dose and depends strongly on implantation temperature. Using a simple criterion for extended defect formation, the dose at which temperature control of extended defects becomes efficient is evaluated for several ion species and energies.


Partial singleton closure under weak composition, or partial singleton (weak) path-consistency for short, is essential for approximating satisfiability of qualitative constraints networks. Briefly put, partial singleton path-consistency ensures that each base relation of each of the constraints of a qualitative constraint network can define a singleton relation in the corresponding partial closure of that network under weak composition, or in its corresponding partially (weak) path-consistent subnetwork for short. In particular, partial singleton path-consistency has been shown to play a crucial role in tackling the minimal labeling problem of a qualitative constraint network, which is the problem of finding the strongest implied constraints of that network. In this paper, we propose a stronger local consistency that couples partial singleton path-consistency with the idea of collectively deleting certain unfeasible base relations by exploiting singleton checks. We then propose an efficient algorithm for enforcing this consistency that, given a qualitative constraint network, performs fewer constraint checks than the respective algorithm for enforcing partial singleton path-consistency in that network. We formally prove certain properties of our new local consistency, and motivate its usefulness through demonstrative examples and a preliminary experimental evaluation with qualitative constraint networks of Interval Algebra.


In this study Na 2 S 2 O 5 , was assessed as an inorganic reductant of Cr(VI) in aqueous phase. The absorbance of Cr(VI) was monitored at 349 nm using a Milton  Roy Spectronic 20D UV/Visible spectrophotometer  at different temperatures (298 – 323 K) to study the effect of temperature on reduction while, the effect of pH was studied at pH 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12. The effect of concentration was also considered by varying the concentrations of the reductants (i.e. 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg/L) over a pH of 5, 298 K and 5 minutes with concentration of Cr(VI) set at 10mg/L. The temperature effect showed that the reaction rate increased slightly with increase in temperature. It was found that there was a logarithmic increase in time required to reach a certain percentage reduction of the [Cr(VI)] initial , as the pH was increased. The kinetic results showed that the reaction was first – order with respect to Cr(VI) with the rate equation of . The activation entropy obtained from plots of ln ( k obs /T) vs. 1/T was -197.53 J.K -1 .mol -1 agreeing with the formation of a condensed compound. The activation enthalpy varied from (-7.5x10 -6 - 3.3x10 -4 kJmol -1 ) and most cases it was negative showing that the reaction was rather exothermic. The activation energies obtained were 58.87, 60.84, 62.82, 63.80 and   65.78 kJmol -1 for the respective Kelvin temperatures of 298, 308, 318,323 and 333. This increase in activation energy with increasing temperature implied that bond breakage and product formation was more favourable at lower temperature. The stoichiometry suggests that the Cr(VI) : Na 2 S 2 O 5 ratio was 1 Cr(VI) : 1.36 Na 2 S 2 O 5 , this value was found to be in agreement with the theoretically obtained result for both acidic and alkaline rigimes.  The findings from the research show that Na 2 S 2 O 5 could be used for the reductive detoxification of Cr(VI) in polluted areas.


The disaggregation of coarse precipitation products is desirable for spatially distributed hydrological applications where high‐resolution rainfall fields are required. In this study, we generate an ensemble of satellite‐based precipitation estimates using a spatiotemporal disaggregation framework for use in a spatially explicit hydrologic model. The framework effectively reproduced small, localized storm events using coarse precipitation estimates while simultaneously including known error characteristics into the precipitation fields. Ensemble precipitation inputs were propagated through a distributed hydrologic model to evaluate the impact on simulated hydrologic states and fluxes, such as streamflow, soil moisture content, and evapotranspiration. The disaggregation framework adds utility to the coarse satellite precipitation measurements by inducing a realistic hydrologic response in a manner similar to high‐resolution ground‐based radar observations. Errors introduced in the precipitation ensembles, namely, the overestimation of high‐intensity, short‐duration storm events, were tracked through the hydrological system, and physical mechanisms for the soil moisture and streamflow uncertainty are discussed. It was found that increases in streamflow magnitude and decreases in catchment area resulted in increased ensemble streamflow dispersion. In addition, precipitation uncertainty affected soil moisture predictions with more pronounced ensemble dispersion near the surface. Finally, spatial ensemble statistics were used to assess the precipitation and topographic control over soil moisture statistics in the study catchment.


This paper investigates how incomplete interest rate pass-through affects optimal discretionary policy when the policy maker fears a model misspecification.

We find several points as follows. First, loan rate stickiness amplifies a cautious policy response to the cost-push shock for robust policy under discretion. Second, the welfare loss under a discretionary policy improves as loan rate stickiness increases, though the welfare loss increases as loan rate stickiness increases under commitment. Loan rate stickiness works as a kind of policy inertia under a discretionary policy, and this improves the relative gains from commitment to discretion. Moreover, the cost of robust policy under discretion is small. These results are in marked contrast to the case of commitment, where the robust policy becomes costlier as loan rate stickiness increases.


This theoretical paper presents a review of existing literature on the Social Investment (SI) approach to social policy and its underlying and under-explored territorial dimension. The SI approach has been debated and promoted mainly at national and supranational level, while the territorial dimension has been relatively underestimated in the policy as well as in the academic debate. A place-sensitive approach should be included within the analytical framework when addressing the territorial articulation of SI, as territorial-related variables may foster or hinder SI policies. Therefore, we provide a theoretical frame to articulate the territorial dimension of SI, and we discuss relevant points of contact between Social Investment and Territorial Cohesion. First, we provide a critical discussion about Social Investment approach, with the simultaneous aim of highlighting the gaps and the flaws, among which we focus on the territorial dimension of these policies. Second, we argue that this territorial dimension is related to the interaction between four main factors: (1) The reliance on the provision of capacitating services; (2) the process of institutional rescaling; (3) the persistence of spatial inequalities at subnational levels; and (4) the characteristics of the knowledge and learning economy. Third, we explore the relationship between place-sensitive Social Investment and Territorial Cohesion, discussing potential implications for sustainable development. The work is a theoretical reflection based on the HORIZON2020 project COHSMO "Inequality, Urbanization and Territorial Cohesion: developing the European social model of economic growth and democratic capacity".


Orbifolds and the orbifold fundamental group are dened in Lecture 1. Lecture 2 deals with Euler characteristics of orbifolds and the classication of 2-dimensional orbifolds. the last three lectures concern orbifolds coming from groups genenerated by reections (\reectofolds").


The success of the idea of social exclusion in European social policy and social work has no direct correspondence with its conceptual clarity and empirical determination. The usual connection of social exclusion with economic deprivation has much to do with this problem, which also hinder to make the empirical research in a form proper to the main features of this relational phenomenon: the multidimensional, cumulative and sequentially loss of social inclusion.
The aim of this paper is to make a theoretical clarification of social exclusion from a (heterodox) neofunctionalist point of view, and from it to propose a methodology of research, in order to facilitate an empirical approach more adapted to the aforementioned features of this social phenomenon.


NURSES SHOULD be given clearer guidelines about who has the right to be consulted if a patient is incapable of making decisions on their treatment, the RCN has said.


The article studies the total number of nitrogen, winnner, molectuar connectivity index 1X of the low boiling point Kovats. It proves that molectuar connectivity index 1X bears good correlation with the low boiling point Kovats. The parameters of the low boiling point Kovats is 0.99527. So the method can be used to estimate and calculate the low boiling point Kovats.


SINS/GPS integrated navigation system is disturbed easily and the position of SINS/star sensor integrated system is emanative.To solve the problems mentioned above,a new method using SINS and CNS for long endurance UAV was proposed,in which CNS was based on indirect sensing earth horizon.In this paper,the principle of the least squares differential correction method for celestial localization was analysed.Also,we designed the filter of the system,and deduced the observation matrix.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can acquire accurate attitude and position of the UAV.The system has high reliability and accuracy,and can meet the requirement of the navigation system of long endurance UAV.


Problem behaviour is increasingly observed in preschool children. Its occurrence can negatively affect not only a child's pre-school education and readiness for further education, or develop into more serious behavioural disorders, but according to several studies, behavioural problems at an early age also affect an individual's educational attainment in adulthood. The proposed study presents the results of a nationwide survey in Slovakia, where, through a self-constructed questionnaire, pedagogical and professional staff of kindergartens in Slovakia (n=450) reflected on incidence, prevalence, symptoms, and gender differences in behaviour problems manifested among children of preschool age in the Slovak kindergartens.


Because the solving of the Inverse Kinematics of Robots is complicated,before the inverse neural network had been applied to solve the problem ,whose weights and bias was gotten through the genetic algorithm or the approved back propagated algorithm. However this method needed us to limit or reselect the training data to meet the demand of the existence of the inverse mapping. As a result it is infeasible for the complex system for which it is very difficult or impossible to provide the right training data. Therefore the new method based on CMAC neural network and constraint condition is used to solve the problem of the inverse kinematics of robots, and the results show it is good at solving this problem. Furthermore, the proposed method is widely applied to solve the Inverse Solution of the complex system whose mathematical model is too complixated to solve or unkown for us at present .


Background:Pacing-induced atrial electrical remodeling (AER is characterized by shortening of atrial effective refractory period (A-ERP and its altered rate adaptation. In paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF, periods of AF occur with interveneing normal sinus rhythm (NSR when atria recover from the preceding AER. Previous episodes of AF may precondition the atrial myocardium and cause different time course of AER in subsequent episodes of AF. But the influence of the preceding AER on the subsequent AER has not been described. Methods:Four mongrel dogs were anesthetized with enflurane. After thoracotomy, silicon band with 3 pairs of electrodes was sutured to the lateral wall of the left atrium. Atrial pacing was performed after 2 wks of recovery and autonomic blockade. Pacing protocol consisted of rapid atrial pacing (RAP at 500 bpm (for 60 min and recovery in NSR (for 60 min which was repeated three times. A-ERP was measured every 10 min. The same pacing protocol was repeated after pretreatment with verapamil (0.1 mg/kg/hr). Results:1 With 60 min of RAP, A-ERP decreased significantly (126±6 ms vs. 105±7 ms, p<0.005. 2 After cessation of pacing, A-ERP returned to 98% of baseline value in 15 minutes. Recovery from AER occurred faster than AER (78 vs 21 ms/h. 3 After pretreatment with verapamil, RAP decreased A-ERP from 127±5 ms to 116±5 ms. AER, the reduction in A-ERP, was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with verapamil (ΔERP=17±7 vs. 9±0.2 %, p<0.05. 4 When RAPs were repeated, AER showed a tendency of acceleration, but it was not statistically significant (ΔERP=22 ms, 24 ms, 28 ms at the end of 60 min pacing for the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd pacing. Conclusion:RAP induced AER in conscious dog atria and it was reduced by pretreatment with calcium channel blocking agent, verapamil. Upon repeated atrial stimulations, AER did not accelerate or decelerate when the atria recovered from the preceding AER. (Korean Circulation J 1998;28(6 :961-969


It were evaluated five different technical procedures to determine apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and ash. The aim of this study was to compare internal markers such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CEL) and hydrolysis resistant organic matter (HROM), as an alternative the external marker chromium oxide-III (Cr2O3), in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Thus, it were formulated two different diets, a purified diet based in protein of albumin and gelatin and a practical diet with soybean meal as protein source. Chromium oxide-III (0.1%) was added in both diets. Eighty fish (100.0±4.3 g) were placed in net tanks to feed handling and feces collecting. The ADC of nutrients was calculate based in the level of Cr2O3 content in diets and feces, and compared to other internal markers using the Tukey test (P<0.05). The utilization of NDF, ADF, CEL and HROM fraction as indicators of ADC were inefficient in every analyzed variable in purified diet. However, in control diet the fractions ADF and CEL were similar to Cr2O3 to determine ADC of DM, CP, CE and Ash.


Simple Summary Glucose is the main fuel cell used for energy production via a series of enzymatic reactions in the presence of oxygen in a process known as aerobic respiration. The main steps in this process are glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Cancer cells rely mostly on glycolysis and less on OXPHOS for rapid production of energy and intermediate macromolecules that are required to sustain their increased proliferation rate. This metabolic reprogramming is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer and has been linked to tumor growth and progression, as well as to the development of therapy resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of tumor cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities and have gained much attention due to their involvement in cancer initiation and resistance to conventional therapies. In contrast to the bulk of tumor cells, CSCs can switch between glycolysis and OXPHOS depending on stimuli from their microenvironment. This metabolic plasticity allows them to adapt and survive under various stressful conditions, maintaining, at the same time, their stemness properties, and, thus, contributing to the development of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Consequently, understanding the specific features of CSC metabolism is crucial for the successful elimination of these cells. In this review, we provide a concise description of the metabolic signatures of CSCs, emphasizing their metabolic plasticity and its involvement in drug resistance; we also draw attention to the potential of targeting CSC metabolism as a complementary therapeutic approach in cancer. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells with self-renewal capacity, have been associated with tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. While the bulk of tumor cells mainly use glycolysis for energy production, CSCs have gained attention for their ability to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, depending on their energy needs and stimuli from their microenvironment. This metabolic plasticity is mediated by signaling pathways that are also implicated in the regulation of CSC properties, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hippo networks. Two other stemness-associated processes, autophagy and hypoxia, seem to play a role in the metabolic switching of CSCs as well. Importantly, accumulating evidence has linked the metabolic plasticity of CSCs to their increased resistance to treatment. In this review, we summarize the metabolic signatures of CSCs and the pathways that regulate them; we especially highlight research data that demonstrate the metabolic adaptability of these cells and their role in stemness and therapy resistance. As the development of drug resistance is a major challenge for successful cancer treatment, the potential of specific elimination of CSCs through targeting their metabolism is of great interest and it is particularly examined.


Static adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of quaternary ammonium salts on soils and to determine the adsorption isotherms.The influence of adsorptive time,adsorptive temperature,soil organic matter content on the efficiency of absorption were investigated.The results indicate that the adsorption isotherms of quaternary ammonium salts on three soils could be well described by the Langmuir type.The constants of each equation calculated from the experimental data could indicate well the characterisics of soils adsorption.The adsorption of quaternary ammonium salts is very fast,close to 90% of the greatest adsorption rate after 30min oscillation and achieves to the equilibrium just after 1h.The increase of temperature is not favourable to adsorption of quaternary ammonium salts on soils.The maximum adsorbed quantity of quaternary ammonium salts decreases from 32.0 mg·g-1 to 29.9 mg·g-1 with increasing temperature from 25℃ to 45℃.The adsorption capacity of quaternary ammonium salts increases when pH value increases.There is a positive relationship between the absorptive capacity and soil organic matter content.


In the published article cited above, there was an error at the start of paragraph five, section two, β-Amyloid peptide vaccines where ACI-24 is introduced: the company behind ACI-24 was mis-attributed. The first sentence of the paragraph originally read: ACI-24 (AC Immune, Roche and Genentech) is designed to avoid eliciting a Th-1 response to Aβ. The sentence should read: ACI-24 (AC Immune) is designed to avoid eliciting a Th-1 response to Aβ. There was also an error at the start of paragraph six, section two, β-Amyloid peptide vaccines where ABvac40 is introduced: the company behind ABvac40 was mis-attributed. The first sentence of the paragraph originally read: ABvac40 (Axon Neuroscience SE) is designed to target the C-terminus of Aβ1–40. The sentence should read: ABvac40 (Araclon Biotech) is designed to target the C-terminus of Aβ1–40. The authors apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused. DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24309