Creep behavior of the Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-RE(rare earth) BGA (ball grid array) solder joints on copper pad containing 0.05La wt.% and 0.05 Ce wt.% respectively was studied by Berkovich nanoindentation tests with different loading rates at room temperature. The results of the two new solder joints were compared with that of BGA solder joints of Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu. The load-depth curves were rate dependent. As the rate increased, the creep depth was increased at same hold time. The derived Young's modulus with Oliver-Pharr method from unloading curves was loading rate-independent. The Young's modulus of BGA solder joints of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5La and Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ce are 19.3±1.0 GPa, 17.8±1.2 GPa, 25.23±1.3 GPa and 29.3±1.0 GPa, respectively. In addition, the Young's modulus of Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.05Ce low-Ag BGA solder joint is 52 percent higher than that of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu BGA solder joint. The results indicated that RE additions significantly improve Young's modulus of BGA solder joints, whereas RE additions have inconspicuous effect on increasing indention hardness of Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu BGA solder joint. The stress exponents of 15.5424, 11.5741, 17.6897, and 20.0401 are obtained for BGA solder joints of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5La and Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ce, respectively. Results shows that adding trace amounts of RE elements into low-Ag solders have notable effort to improve the creep resistance and RE elements will play an important role in providing better electronic interconnections.


Destructive changes in the acromial end of the clavicles have been reported in 11 patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis by Alpert (1961).We wish to report a similar case which has recently come to our notice.The patient was a 37-year-old male with a three year history of rheumatoid arhtritis. The main radiographic findings were tapering of the acromial end of right clavicle and widening of the acromioclavicular joint space. Two remnants of non-osteolysed bone were seen between the acromion and the end of clavicle. The shoulder joint was not affected. Roentgen examination of another joints were within normal limits.This clavicular lesion must be distinguished from bone destruction caused by hyperparathyroidism, post-traumatic osteolysis, tuberculosis and acro-osteolysis.


While debate about immigration rages within the United States, people worldwide are moving across national borders with unprecedented intensity. In this timely volume, leading scholars in sociology, anthropology, history, and law examine how the actions of the United States as a global leader are increasing pressures on people to migrate, while simultaneously degrading migrant rights from East Asia to Mexico. Uniting such diverse issues as market reform, drug policy, and terrorism under a common framework of human rights, the book constitutes a call for a new vision on immigration more comprehensive than anything yet imagined in the U.S. immigration debate. The volume includes essays by Susan M. Akram, Alexia Bloch, Leo R. Chavez, Christopher Dole, Tricia Gabany-Guerrero, Scott Harding. Julia Meredith Hess, Josiah McC. Heyman, Kevin R. Johnson, Kathryn Libal, Samuel Martinez, Douglas S. Massey, Carole Nagengast, Nancy A. Naples, Maria Teresa Restrepo-Ruiz, and J. C. Salyer.


The properties of the.mitogenic effects of sheep antiporcine lymphocyte E-recep-tor IgG(APERIgG),PHA and Con A were studied and compared in a porcine lym-phocyte culture system in vitro.It was found that APERIgG along with PHA or Con Aat sub-optimal doses co-stimulated lymphocyte to proliferate.Calf thymic pepti-des were shown to lack definite enhancing action on the mitogenicity of APERIgG,while they did strongly augment the cell response to PHA or Con A.Transfer factor,in contrast,inhibited the effects of all the three mitogens.Free E-receptor moleculeswore purified from porcine serum and were demonstrated to inhibit cell prolifera-tion induced by Con A.The suppressive effect,another property similar to thatof the human counterpart,was due to neither cytotoxicity of the E-receptor mo-lecules nor a shift of the kinetic curve of lymphocyte proliferation.


In Persian text, unlike English, the letters are stick together and their shapes varies depending on where they are in the word. This makes it difficult to distinguish letters in Persian OCR. One way to overcome this problem is to recognize the sub-words, not the letters. In this paper with the help of a complete sub-word image dictionary, a new approach for Persian OCR is presented. For sub-word image recognition, two cascade SVM classifiers that are trained with the features extracted by Auto-Encoder, are exploited. The extracted sub-word texts form the words based on the results of a pre-process word segmentation step. The resulted text is enhanced using a fast post-process algorithm which uses a word dictionary.


The stabilization of new isomeric forms of heavier group 14 element (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) analogues of ethylene are described. The simplest such compounds, involving hydrogen substituents only, were calculated by Trinquier to have structures that were quite different from the familiar planar one found in ethylene. The most stable arrangement for the disilene Si 2 H 4 and the digermene Ge 2 H 4 were similar to ethylene except that silicon and germanium had pyramidal instead of planar coordination. For Sn 2 H 4 and Pb 2 H 4 , however, the trans-doubly bridged structures HE(μ-H) 2 EH (E = Sn or Pb) were calculated to be the most stable. Moreover, the calculations also showed that several other minima could exist, for example, HEEH 3 or HE(μ-H)EH 2 , which had stabilities close to those of the trans-pyramidal or bridged structures. Nonetheless, up to the year 2000, the only stable examples of these structural forms that had been isolated were those that corresponded to the trans-pyramidal isomer. In this chapter, the synthesis and characterization of the first stable derivatives of the HE(μ-H) 2 EH, HEEH 3 and HE(μ-H)EH 2 isomers are described.


With thousands of consumers searching online for the latest anti-ageing cosmetic treatments every day, there are many opportunities for aesthetic nurses to launch their own blogs to support their professional development and reap the financial benefits of increasing readers' awareness of their business. Effortless Skin's Marketing Director Helen Elldred offers her advice on setting up a one-stop shop to more business


Abstract A derivation of the egg production model Yt = A(e−k2 − e−k1), where k1 and k2 are instantaneous rates of increase and decrease in egg production, respectively, and A is the maximum potential egg production, is presented in which it is assumed that hens begin production at a maximum laying rate and at starting times which are exponentially distributed within a hen-group. Part records are used to predict 30-week total group production.


In this paper, we propose two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based generalized spatial modulation (GSM) techniques, i.e., frequency domain GSM (FD-GSM) and time domain GSM (TD-GSM), for indoor multiple-input multiple-output optical wireless communication (MIMO-OWC) systems. Specifically, FD-GSM selects a subset of parallel OFDM modulators to transmit the same quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation symbol in the subcarrier level, while TD-GSM selects a subset of light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters to transmit the same time domain sample after OFDM modulation. Compared with the existing OFDM-based spatial modulation (SM) scheme, OFDM-based GSM can provide additional transmit diversity. For both FD-GSM and TD-GSM, maximum-likelihood (ML) detectors are employed to recover the spatial and constellation symbols. Moreover, TD-GSM usually requires a secondary direct current (DC) bias to work properly. The simulation results show that in a typical indoor $4\times 4$ MIMO-OWC system, OFDM-based TD-GSM outperforms OFDM-based FD-GSM by adding a proper secondary DC bias.


Bulk modulus which relates seismic attributes to rock and fluid properties is considered as an important parameter for seismic reservoir characterisation workflows, and can provide useful information for such studies. However, its measurement and modelling approaches are yet to be sufficiently addressed and discussed especially for carbonate rocks. In this research, in order to provide more information about bulk modulus, nine samples from a carbonate oilfield were subjected to static and dynamic investigations under dry and saturated conditions. Then, the dynamic modulus was calculated using well log data and ultrasonic measurements. In order to obtain static data, multi-stage triaxial compression tests were performed on the vertical plugs extracted from conventional cores taken at different selected depths. The results showed that static and dynamic bulk moduli follow similar trends, although the value of dynamic modulus is usually higher. Furthermore, several empirical relationships based on simple linear regression and forward and backward stepwise multiple linear regressions were developed to relate measured static and dynamic bulk moduli for the given field, then proposed equations were evaluated by ANOVA analysis. Besides, dry and saturated bulk moduli were modelled using Xu and Payne rock physics model. Here, saturated bulk modulus was modelled using either dynamic or static dry bulk moduli within the Gassmann's theory. It is observed that Gassmann's equation gives a more accurate result using dynamic data rather than static ones. The poor Gassmann's equation prediction under static condition could be attributed to microcracks in the samples and the uncertainty associated with this theory for complex pore geometry. The outcomes of this study can, furthermore, provide the necessary information and relationships for rock physics (e.g. shear wave estimating and fluid substitution modelling) and geomechanical (e.g. CO2 injection and compaction forecast) studies for exploration and development programs.


The metaphorical mapping theoretically that metaphor is a mapping of the source domain to the target domain.That is to reuse the knowledge about a source domain we have experienced on in order to reason about the target domain.Metaphor plays a big role in language development,especially in lexical sphere.Translation is a metaphor of the process.The "borrowing" of English in Chinese can be viewed as a mapping process of seeking etymological motivation.


A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and an undetectable plasma level of protein S (PS), associated with recurrent venous thrombosis, is described. The laboratory investigation revealed the concomitant presence of an inhibitor directed to PS and a monoclonal protein in the patient's plasma. After treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide both the inhibitor to PS and the monoclonal component disappeared.


The synthesis of ferrocenyl hydroxytamoxifen 1, a prototype for a new range hof oestradiol receptor site-directed cytotoxic compounds, and some preliminary biochemical tests are reported.


Purpose: To determine the dose response of implantable DVS MOSFET dosimeters to kilovoltage x‐ray radiation compared to the response to irradiation from a 60 Co source. Method and Materials: Sicel Technologies, Inc. has developed a Dose Verification System (DVS®), using implantable MOSFET dosimeters that are read telemetrically by an inductively coupled antenna. Three Virtual Water™ phantom cassettes, each containing four DVS dosimeters, were irradiated in a Virtual Water phantom with a 60 Co source for five doses of 200 cGy. These were used as controls to compare to a fourth cassette that was similarly irradiated by the 60 Co source before it was exposed to kV energy at NIST‐equivalent beam qualities of M80, L100, M100, M120, and M150. The dose delivered was determined following TG‐61 protocol (in‐phantom method at 2 cm depth), substituting Virtual Water for liquid water. Following the x‐ray exposures, the cassette was exposed again to 60 Co to confirm device stability. Results: Before correcting for temperature, energy, and isotropy, the 60 Co cassettes demonstrated a slight and consistent under‐response. After appropriate scaling, the overall ratio of corrected dose measured to dose delivered was 1.002 ± 0.004. The dosimeters irradiated with the kV beams, however, exhibited an over‐response. The overall ratio of corrected dose measured to dose delivered for the kV beams was 2.428 ± 0.043, whereas the same cassette demonstrated nearly the same response to the 60 Co source as the other three cassettes, with a ratio of corrected dose measured to dose delivered of 0.9755 ± 0.0113. Conclusion: This data shows the DVS dose response for the examined kV beams at 2 cm depth is ∼2–3 times greater than the response at MeV energies from the 60 Co source due to the shift in dominance from Compton to photoelectric events. Conflict of Interest: Funding for this research was provided by Sicel Technologies, Inc.


This study shows the catalytic converter developed by the Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP) on the basis of non precious metals. This converter can utilize leaded and unleaded gasolines. The optimum performance of the IMP converter is achieved with a fuel injection system or with a closed-loop A/F ratio control system. This converter was developed for IMP under the auspices for PEMEX-Refination and is a contribution to the air quality improvement research program in Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). It was designed for car models older than 1990, but it can be used in newer models, too.


The present forecast covers the initial recovery phase from the early 1990s recession and was conducted using the FAI's Medium Term Model (MTM) of the Scottish economy and was prepared in July 1992. Following this short introduction, the remainder of the paper is in 4 further parts. Section (b) sets out our projections of Scottish final demand. These are purposefully sanguine in order to illustrate the most favourable outcomes likely for Scottish output and employment. These projections are relatively invariant to the recent upheavals in the foreign exchange markets and monetary policy excepting that the new macro profile makes the attainment of this performance more likely. Section (c) sets out our estimates of Scottish output, employment and unemployment for the 1990-96 period. Section (d) discusses how Black Wednesday and subsequent developments are likely to affect the forecast. Our argument is that this forecast is essentially a projection of maximum Scottish growth potential. Devaluation without supply side policy is no panacea. Section (d) sets out our concluding remarks whilst detailed sectoral projections are appended.


Anti-interference magnets sensor is used to railway wheel signal detection, it includes a magnetic field, a set which have induction to the magnetic field and the signal processing circuit which connect to the induction parts. In order to completely overcome the defect compared with ordinary wheel sensor in anti-interference, and not only adapt to measure the high speed train, but also adapt to measure the low speed train. We designed a kind of new wide response speed railway wheel sensor used giant magnetic resistance. It satisfies the requirements of detecting speed of 0km/h to 350 km/h, and improves the accuracy of detecting kinds of parameters in train. So it can ensure the safety of the train traffic[1-2].


Focusing on two major coal‐industry strikes, one in Alabama (1920–1921) and one in the Transvaal (1922), this article seeks to understand why the former was biracial and the latter only involved white employees. The contrast is interesting because of its wider significance within the US and South Africa, and because of resemblances between the two cases. In Alabama, blacks and whites undertook similar work and there were cultural commonalities as well as divides, but in the Transvaal the economic and social gulf was so great that, for practical purposes, there were two working classes. In Alabama, most black miners and most white miners were free and settled, and came from similar rural areas. In the Transvaal, whilst blacks were coerced and migrated between subsistence societies and the collieries, whites were free and settled, and mostly had proletarian backgrounds. In South Africa, the regular supply of 'cheap' black labour – upon which the economy depended – was maintained by institutions created or supported by the state. It is argued, finally, that whilst the possibility of interracialism was rooted in the outcome of the Civil War, the institutionalisation of a dual working class was a product of imperialist victory in the South African War.


A structure for constructing a floor-fixing type upper plate using a square timber and a construction method of the same are provided to preclude the motion and prevent the curling of the upper plate by fixing the molding material with the concrete tacker pin or the concrete nail. A structure for constructing a floor-fixing type upper plate using a square timber is composed of an insulating material(20) installed on a floor(10); a square timber(60) mounted between the insulating materials and directly fixed at the floor; a side molding material(70) installed between the insulating material and a wall(W) and directly fixed at the floor; a heat radiating body(30) mounted at the upper part of the insulating material to use the hot water as a heat source; and an upper plate(40) laminated on the heat radiating body and fixed at the square timber and the side molding material. The square timber and the side molding material are fixed at the floor with the concrete tacker pin or the concrete nail when the floor is the concrete slab or the mortar layer.


The paper views how Russian historiography reflects the Middle Eastern policy of the USSR and modern Russia. Egypt is taken as an example due to its crucial role for the Soviet and - later on - Russian interests in the region. We reveal the spheres of Russian interaction with Egypt, which received the greatest attention of the scholars, as well as a number of lacunae that require further research to improve our understanding on the image of Russia in the regions, the most promising directions of cooperation, as well as the potential risks and means of their prevention.


DEVELOPING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS: A SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CENTER CASE STUDY During the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) programs have emerged as a promising new technology for structuring, guiding, and improving information processing for decision making. AI programs give consultative advice to physicians about infectious diseases; help physicists examine unknown molecules and predict their molecular structures with spectroscopic analysis; assist mathematicians in solving complex problems (Harmon and King 1985); process credit requests for American Express; hunt submarines for the U.S. Navy (Kupfer 1987); help create advertisements for retailers (McCann, Tadlaqui, and Gallagher 1990); and evaluate a client's potential for repaying a loan (Waterman 1985). AI computer software, in some sense, can think. In other words, the programs can "solve problems in a way that would be considered intelligent if done by a human" (Waterman 1985, 267). AI programs will build human knowledge and processing into an interactive system, draw from that knowledge, and then present selected information that helps solve problems (Nilsson 1980, Van Horn 1986). The subdivision of AI with the most promise for small businesses is "expert systems." Expert systems are programs that contain the information processing ability of experts in a given area. With the proliferation of personal computers and programs for designing AI applications, expert systems are within the reach of small businesses and Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs). While some AI applications are costly and time consuming, potential cost-effective applications for small businesses exist. SBDCs and small businesses need to know the capabilities of expert systems and become familiar with case studies of applications. This article documents an AI application for an information transfer task at an SBDC. THE STRUCTURE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS The major components of expert systems are the knowledge base and the inference engine. The knowledge base is the set of information collected from expert(s) for the structuring, focusing, and processing of information to answer questions. The definition of objects and variables in a chosen area or domain creates the elements of the knowledge base. The relationships between variables and objects are defined and coded as rules. The most common example of a knowledge-base rule is the "if-then" statement: If a given event occurs, then a given step or question follows. To make the knowledge base compatible with the AI software, each process is reduced to a detailed logical sequence with rules and branching. Since even simple processes have several decision paths, many alternative sets of logic are necessary. Knowledge bases are usually large and complex. The inference engine controls the internal logic relating the facts and rules to the user's information. The direction of analysis can be forward or backward, working from either the beginning logic to a conclusion or from a conclusion to the beginning logic. The inference engine will prompt the computer to ask the user questions; and the answers determine branching to other questions and the outcome. The inference engine controls the AI's speed and style, while the knowledge base controls the AI's content. The result will be expert opinions and information about a given opportunity. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AI APPLICATION Two major elements in the development of AI systems are the selection of the program shell to be used and the process of developing information for the shell. Several companies offer computer programming shells--general frameworks with defined logic paths and rules--for the development of AI applications. The developer uses the logical templates to create the AI application. The shells contain the raw material and a general structure, but the developer needs to supply the specific blueprint, frame the application, and adjust the fit. …


The utility model discloses an instantaneous type water and electricity separated heater, which comprises a casing, a circulating diversion system, a heating component and a control system, wherein, the circulating diversion system is composed of a plurality of electric heating tubes and upper and lower diversion cavities at two ends of the electric heating tube; the electric heating tubes are in a up and down staggered arrangement; the lower diversion cavity is connected with a water inlet tube and a water outlet tube; a plurality of diversion holes corresponding to each electric heating tube are arranged on the upper and the lower diversion cavities; the two adjacent upper and lower diversion cavities are connected via a diversion groove; each electric heating tube is inserted the diversion hole two ends of which correspond to each other to form a return flow diversion channel; the periphery of each electric heating tube is wrapped with a heat transmission membrane; the outer parts of two ends of the heat transmission membrane are coated with galactic poles; the periphery of the galactic pole is sheathed and connected with electrodes which are connected with a power supply. The instantaneous type water and electricity separated heater alters the water heating way of the traditional electric water heater that electrical bars are directly inserted into the water, and the heating and the heat guiding are carried through by the electric heating tubes combining with the heat transmission membranes; and the real separation of water and electricity is realized. The instantaneous type water and electricity separated heater has the advantages of good safety performance, uniform heat energy distribution and balanced water temperature of the channel.


Little isknownaboutthespecies composition andvariability ofnatural bacterial communities, mostly because conventional identification requires purecultures, but<1% ofactive natural bacteria arecultivable. Thisproblem was circumvented bycomparing species compositions viahybridization oftotal DNA ofnatural bacterioplankton communities fortheestimation ofthefraction ofDNA incommon between twosamples (similarity). DNA probes that were labeled with35Sbynicktranslation were hybridized tofilter-bound DNA ina reciprocal fashion; similarities (inpercent) were calculated bynormalizing thevalues toself-hybridizations. Intests withDNA mixtures ofpure cultures, theexperimentally observed similarities agreedwith expectations. However, reciprocal similarities (probe andtarget reversed) were often asymmetric, unlike those ofDNAfromsingle strains. This was duetotherelative complexity andG+C content ofDNA,whichprovided a means tointerpret theasymmetry that was occasionally observed innatural samples. Natural bacteria were collected byfiltration fromLongIsland Sound(LIS), N.Y., theCaribbean andSargasso seas,anda coral reef lagoon nearBermuda. Thesamples showedsimilarities of<10to95%.TheLISandSargasso andCaribbean seasamples were 20to50%similar toeachother. Thecoral reefsample was <10% similar totheothers, indicating itsunique composition. Seasonality was alsoobserved; an LISsample obtained intheautumnwas 40% similar totwoLISsamples obtained inthesummer; these latter twosamples were 95%similar. We concluded that total DNA hybridization isarapid, simple, andunbiased methodforinvestigating thevariation ofbacterioplankton species composition overtimeandspace,avoiding theneedofculturing. Muchresearch hasbeenperformed tomeasure andcompare bacterial activities invarious marineenvironments, withthegoalofunderstanding theroles ofmarine microorganisms. However, bacterioplankton assemblages haveusually beentreated as a single group,andmostofthestudies were doneattheassemblage level. Although assemblagelevel measurements havetheir own virtue inthestudy and comparison ofbacterioplankton processes,bulkparameters alone, without properattention given totheidentities ofthe components, donotallow ustounderstand natural variability. Oneofthemajor reasonsthatlittle isknownaboutspecies composition anditsvariation isthedifficulty ofconventional identification. Conventional identification ofbacteria needs purecultures. However,mostmarineplanktonic bacteria arenoncultivable (CFU,<1% oftotal counts[11]), despite theobservation that many (40to90%oftotal counts) can be showntobemetabolically active bymicroautoradiography (13). Comparison ofthebasesequencesofrRNAhasbecomea powerful tool toinfer theevolutionary pathways ofprocaryotes(reference 33andreferences therein). Recently, a procedure thatuses rRNA sequencehomology was proposedfordefining andenumerating thecomponents ofa mixednatural population ofbacteria (25). Itshould allow the definition ofapopulation, bothquantitatively (species diversity) andqualitatively (phylogenetic relatedness), without


The goal of the paper is to compare turbulent attenuation calculated by Rytov relations and the method of available power as well as determine maximal range of free space optical link on the basis of communication margin.


YouTube is one of online video sharing platform that contains several videos and users promoting hate and extremism .Because of low barrier to publication and anonymity, YouTube is misused as a platform by most of users and communities to post negative videos spreading hatred against a particular religion, country or person. The problem of finding out of such hatred videos is proposed in this paper. For that there are several tasks: search strategy or algorithm, node similarity computation metric, learning from exemplary poles serving as training data, stopping criterion, node classier and queue manager. There will implementation of: classification algorithm named shark search. There will be comparison of number of words in the language model based comparer, similarity threshold for the classifier and present the results of comparison using standard Information Retrieval metrics such as precision, recall and F-measure. The influential video metadata on YouTube will be studied.[1]. General Terms Algorithm, shark search..


Bayesian hierarchical models usually model the risk surface on the same arbitrary geographical units for all data sources. Poisson/gamma random field models overcome this restriction as the underlying risk surface can be specified independently to the resolution of the data. Moreover, covariates may be considered as either excess or relative risk factors. We compare the performance of the Poisson/gamma random field model to the Markov random field (MRF)‐based ecologic regression model and the Bayesian Detection of Clusters and Discontinuities (BDCD) model, in both a simulation study and a real data example. We find the BDCD model to have advantages in situations dominated by abruptly changing risk while the Poisson/gamma random field model convinces by its flexibility in the estimation of random field structures and by its flexibility incorporating covariates. The MRF‐based ecologic regression model is inferior. WinBUGS code for Poisson/gamma random field models is provided.


A new learning control algorithm is presented aiming at the trajectory tracking problem realized within a limited time region for a class of nonlinear time-varying systems.The new algorithm simultaneously adopts close-loop iterative learning rule with time-varying exponential gain for both control input and initial state of systems.Using the operator theory,the convergence of systems with any initial states is strictly proven under the operation of the iterative rule.Meanwhile,a sufficient convergence condition in the spectral radius form of the learning algorithm is provided.Compared with iterative learning control with the fixed learning gain,the proposed algorithm can not only significantly enhance the convergent speed but also solve the problem that the iterative learning control with time-varying exponential gain needs the rigid repetition of initial state.Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


A multidomain spectral method for computing very high precision three-dimensional stellar models is presented. The boundary of each domain is chosen in order to coincide with a physical discontinuity (e.g., the star's surface). In addition, a regularization procedure is introduced to deal with the infinite derivatives on the boundary that may appear in the density field when stiff equations of state are used. Consequently all the physical fields are smooth functions on each domain and the spectral method is absolutely free of any Gibbs phenomenon, which yields to a very high precision. The power of this method is demonstrated by direct comparison with analytical solutions such as MacLaurin spheroids and Roche ellipsoids. The relative numerical error is revealed to be of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}.$ This approach has been developed for the study of relativistic inspiralling binaries. It may be applied to a wider class of astrophysical problems such as the study of relativistic rotating stars too.


Artificial glasses containing nanoscale inclusions of iron oxides, including magnetite and hematite, were obtained via the method of the high-temperature melting of rocks. The main factors influencing the magnetic properties of glasses are the composition of the initial charge and the conditions of cooling of the melt. The data of magnetic granulometry and frequency-field dependencies of magnetic susceptibility showed the presence of a sufficiently large superparamagnetic fraction in the samples. Coordinated theoretical modeling using two independent models that take into consideration possible the chemical inhomogeneity of particles and magnetostatic interaction between them made it possible to calculate hysteresis characteristics corresponding to the experiment and to estimate ferrimagnetic concentrations in the samples, including the superparamagnetic fraction.


A study of the variation of the spectral shape and the harmonic distribution of the high-order harmonics generated from silver plasma on the frequency chirp of the driving laser ra- diation (793 nm 48 fs) is reported. The results of the systematic study of the harmonic generation from the 21st order up to the 61st order (λ = 13 nm) are presented. A tuning of the harmonic wavelength up to 0 .8 nm can be accomplished by variation of the laser chirp.


SUMMARY Problems of potato culture are discussed with respect to photosensitivity, seed stock degeneration, and the maturity behaviour of varieties bred in the temperate world. Varieties adapted to temperate climates, when grown under sub-tropical conditions, matured earlier and yielded less than when grown under temperate conditions. The complex problems involved in combining several desirable attributes in a variety are discussed in the light of current breeding procedures and new approaches to solve several of the problems are indicated. Data on the bionomics of aphid vectors of potato viruses suggest methods for maintaining high health standards in breeders' stocks. Techniques are discussed for raising large populations of seedlings from true seeds under sub-tropical conditions.


Automobile exhaust emission are an important feature of urban environment contamination due to movement of high traffic density and are widely believed to have detrimental effects on plant growth. The effects of automobile exhaust emission on the germination and early seedling growth performance of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. was observed. The auto emission showed negative effects on seedling height, leaf area, total plant fresh weight, total plant dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, root/shoot ratio for fresh weight and root/shoot ratio for dry weight of A. lebbeck. Auto emission showed significantly (p<0.05) toxic effects on seedling growth of A. lebbeck growing in polluted sites (Tariq Road, Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal) of city as compared to Karachi University Campus (Cleaner site). The seeds of A. lebbeck collected from the Karachi University campus, which is considered as control site showed better percentage of seed germination and seedling growth as compared to the seeds of the same species collected from the different polluted areas of the city. A high percentage of decrease in seed germination was found for the seeds collected from the Tariq Road, followed by Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road and Gulshan-e-Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. Seedling length was also highly decreased for seeds of same species collected from Tariq Road as compared to control. High percentage of decrease in seedling dry weight was found for seeds of same species collected from Tariq Road, Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. Root growth of A. lebbeck was significantly decreased in the polluted seedlings as compared to control. According to tolerance test it was observed that seedling growth of A. lebbeck showed lowest percentage of tolerance in samples collected from Tariq Road, followed by Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road and Gulshan-e- Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to University Campus.


The Fractional Fourier Transform is very useful tool in digital signal processing. The Offset Fractional Fourier transform, however, is generalization of the Fractional Fourier transform. The Offset Fractional Fourier Transform is more flexible than the original Fractional Fourier Transform and can solve some problem that cannot be solved well by the original fractional Fourier transform. In this paper, we present generalization of Two Dimensional offset fractional Fourier transform (2D offset FRFT) in distributional sense. Inversion formula for 2D offset FRFT is also proved.


Cooperative sensors are a novel measurement architecture based on active dry electrodes that allows the acquisition of biopotential signals (e.g., electrocardiogram, ECG) on patients in a comfortable and easy-to-integrate manner. This paper starts by analyzing the classical methods for measuring multilead ECG signals. Based on these classical methods, we then briefly introduce the concept of cooperative sensors and show how these sensors can be implemented in a wearable and reliable system that measures ECG signals in a real-life scenario. The main focus and innovation presented in this paper is on the duplex communication between the cooperative sensors. In addition, we show a first measurement of an ECG signal with cooperative sensors.


The proximate composition and mineral constituents of Asparagus officinalis stem and Alocacia indica stem were evaluated in order to standard methods. Asparagus officinalis stem contained a ashes: 10.70%,crude protein: 32.69%, crude lipid: 3.44%, crude fiber: 18.50% and carbohydrates: 34.67%. The stem also have high energy value (384.27kcal/100g) dry. Alocacia indica stem contained a ashes: 9.1%,crude protein: 5.44%, crude lipid: 3.25%, crude fiber: 22.9% and carbohydrates: 59.31%. The stem also have high energy value (288.25kcal/100g) dry weight. Comparing proximate and minerals contents of the stem and the fruit, the results indicated that Asparagus officinalis stem could be a good supplement for some nutrients such as protein, potassium and carbohydrates. The stem could be promoted as a carbohydrate supplement for cereal-based diets in poor rural communities, while Alocacia indica stem could be a good supplement for some nutrients such as Fibre, Potassium, Zinc, lipid and Carbohydrates. A. officinalis is suitable for high-temperature food processes.


The nature of the Cl–O chemical bond is investigated in a series of chlorine oxides. Several parameters, both experimental and theoretical, are used for this purpose. The geometrical structure is taken from the literature. Force constants are derived from experimental frequencies for 11 molecules, where data from isotopic species, up to a number of 52, are used. Also a topological study of the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d) electron density is carried out. All the parameters mentioned are related and discussed to analyse the different kinds of Cl–O bonds, and a classification is put forward, in which three different types of Cl–O bonds are found.PACS No.: 31.10tz


Please cite this paper as: Human melanocytes can be isolated, propagated and expanded from plucked anagen hair follicles. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 543–545.


Influenza has become an increasingly frequent topic in the news and medical literature. Although the 1918 influenza pandemic killed more people than died during the first World War, for much of the 20th century, the disease was considered of interest primarily during the winter months, as emergency departments and hospitals filled with sick patients. Less than a decade ago, few pediatricians in the United States could differentiate influenza from other seasonal viral illnesses or could describe its impact on children. However, since the 1990s, influenza has been publicized virtually year-round. Much of this new attention concerns the threat of an influenza pandemic arising from the H5N1 avian influenza strain, which can cross-over into humans. The H5N1 strain first gained attention in Hong Kong, where influenza was then considered to be a relatively unimportant illness. The first reported outbreak of H5N1 infection in 1997 killed one-third of those with confirmed infections. Outbreaks of influenza virus H5N1 infection in humans have subsequently occurred in Vietnam, Thailand, and Cam-bodia, and outbreaks in poultry have oc-and Laos [1]. Before the H5N1 strain appeared, the impact of influenza was not well appreciated in tropical areas. In 1996, for example , Hong Kong had occurrences of influenza year-round. Fewer than 100 doses of vaccine were used annually, and the medical, social, and monetary costs of influenza were estimated to be proportional to those in developed countries [2]. After the appearance of H5N1, a study conducted in Hong Kong by Chiu et al. [3] revealed that children's hospitalization rates due to influenza in 1998 and 1999 exceeded those reported in the United States, with the risk for otherwise healthy children in Hong Kong being comparable to that for high-risk US children. These results were obtained in a study specifically designed to measure the impact of influenza with and without the confounding factor of illnesses due to respiratory syn-cytial virus and, thus, to provide a clear correlation between influenza and untoward outcomes in young children [3]. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes influenza's impact in terms of excess mortality. The excess mortality from influenza averaged 20,000 deaths annually through the 1980s [4]; estimates from the 1990s to the present are nearly twice as high [5]. With the documented presence of H5N1 strains in various parts of the world, influenza has become of increasing concern to health care providers and policy makers. …


We focus our review on the cross-cultural studies on the development of theory of mind. We present evidence that the acquisition and development of theory of mind is cultural-universal as well as cultural-specific. Although children from different cultural backgrounds pass false belief task at about 4 years old, they show significant difference in timing and sequence in understanding of different mental states. To explore influential factors in the development of children's theory of mind, more researchers begin to focus on the effect of macroscopic cultural backgrounds. This paper review the cultural differences between East and West in parent-child talk, parental rearing pattern, pedagogical experience and development of executive function, and their relations with children's theory of mind to understand cultural specificity of Eastern children's theory of mind acquisition and development. In family parenting practices, Western parents talk more about mental-state terms, and tend to adopt authoritative parenting style. In contrast, Eastern parents refer more actions and its consequences in parent-child talking, and tend to adopt authoritarian parenting style. Mental-state talking can promote children's attention and cognition to mental state of themselves and others, and thus directly facilitate theory of mind development of Western children. Action-consequence talking, which needs children to infer themselves or others' mental state, could indirectly facilitate Eastern children's mental-state understanding. Comparing with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents encourage their children more to question, discuss and argue, which offer more opportunities for Western children to be exposed to mental-state terms, thus promote theory of mind development of Western children. In contrast, authoritarian parenting style chosen by Eastern parents has negative effects on the development of their children's mental understanding. As for pedagogical experience, Western schools adopt inquiry-teaching model, which characterized by encouraging students to express their views and cooperative learning that facilitated Eastern children's mental understanding. On the contrary, eastern schools adopt traditional teaching model, which characterized by behavior control and unconditional rule-following that impede the theory of mind development of the Eastern children. Executive function of Oriental children is significantly better than that of the Western peers, but this advantage has not been transformed into the of the theory of mind development. We hypothesize that the combination of executive function and social experience about mental understanding together promote the development of theory of mind. In conclusion, we hold the opinion that "every road leads to Rome", the Eastern and Western children's theory of mind may have undergone different development paths. This article, based on the existing literature, presented a cultural model of children's theory of mind development. Furthermore, some issues arising from this review that we hope will be addressed in future studies. Firstly, there are needs to explore the cross-cultural differences of theory of mind from the developmental perspective. Secondly, we should conduct cross-cultural study to explore the path and effect size of these influential factors of theory of mind. Thirdly, what the impact of cultural exchanges has on the development of children's theory of mind is an issue that is worth studying. Fourthly, there are needs to explore the indirect effects of social changes on children's ToM development.


Description Photons not welcome Two identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state, or so says the Pauli principle. For a cold gas of fermionic atoms, this means that all states up to the Fermi energy will be occupied, with only the atoms with the highest energy able to change their state. Such conditions have long been predicted to suppress light scattering off gases because the atoms receiving a kick from collisions with photons would have no state to move to. Deb et al., Margalit et al., and Sanner et al. now describe this so-called Pauli blocking of light scattering. —JS Lack of empty final states leads to the suppression of light scattering off an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms. Transition rates between coupled states in a quantum system depend on the density of available final states. The radiative decay of an excited atomic state has been suppressed by reducing the density of electromagnetic vacuum modes near the atomic transition. Likewise, reducing the density of available momentum modes of the atomic motion when it is embedded inside a Fermi sea will suppress spontaneous emission and photon scattering rates. Here we report the experimental demonstration of suppressed light scattering in a quantum degenerate Fermi gas. We systematically measured the dependence of the suppression factor on the temperature and Fermi energy of a strontium quantum gas and achieved suppression of scattering rates by up to a factor of 2 compared with a thermal gas.


Objective To discuss the safety of carotid stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Methods Fifty-two stents were placed in 48 patients, with 25 stents in left carotid artery, 23 in right, 2 in C1 segment of right internal carotid, and 1 in M1 segment of left middle cerebral artery. Protection devices were used in 2 patients. Results Heart rate and blood pressure decreased in 34 patients during operation, and in 12 after operation. Nerve function decreased in 1 patient. Dissecting aneurysm of right external iliac artery and hematoma of puncture point, and arterial embolism of right lower limb in 1 patients. Restenosis emerged in 2 patients 3 months after operation. All of the complications were treated promptly without any severe residual lesion. Conclusion Carotid stenting is effective for carotid artery stenosis as long as taking correct methods to decrease the risk and complications.


Author(s): Killilea, Alison Nisbet | Advisor(s): Downing, Kenneth H | Abstract: The microtubule cytoskeleton is essential for regulation of cell morphology, trafficking within the cell and cell cycle progression. These diverse functions involve complex microtubule dynamics and the interaction of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), molecular motors, and various small ligands. Here we investigate three distinct aspects of microtubule activity: the interactions of microtubules with parkin and tau which may be involved in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, respectively, and effects on microtubule stability in prostate cancer. Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinson's disease (ARJP) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Over 50% of ARJP cases result from mutations that occur within the PARK2 gene that encodes the protein parkin. Recent evidence has suggested that parkin binds to microtubules and can stabilize microtubules against depolymerization. Visualization of the parkin-tubulin complex would help us understand the mechanism of this interaction and provide insights on the role of parkin in the cell. Parkin was expressed, purified and used to decorate microtubules for cryo-electron microscopy. Fourier transforms of images suggest that parkin binds specifically to the tubulin dimer. Further cryo microscopy of the interaction of parkin with microtubules will help define the etiology of ARJP and may reveal novel targets of therapeutic intervention. Hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau results in a pathological form of the protein found in plaques of patients with Alzheimers disease. Our work has been focused on clarification of the two current models proposed for tau binding along the outside and the inside of the microtubule.Microtubule networks are also clinically important as targets of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Prostate cancer is commonly treated with the microtubule-targeted drug paclitaxel (taxol). A previous report indicated that supplemental zinc sensitized prostate cancer cells to taxol-induced apoptosis, suggesting that increased zinc levels might affect taxol efficacy. We tested taxol's effect in two prostate cancer cell lines maintained under moderately zinc deficient conditions. Taxol-induced apoptosis was reduced in LNCaP cells from zinc-deficient conditions. The IC50 for paclitaxel-induced cell cycle arrest was higher in LNCaP cells. Extracellular zinc levels were thus shown to be an important factor in paclitaxel activity in a prostate cell cancer line.


Refrigeration evaporator is the important equipment in refrigeration system.The boiling heat transfer performance of the evaporator has significant influence on the energy utilization efficiency in whole system.The refrigeration evaporator with irregular tube bundle arrangement was studied with Fluent software,and the effect of tube bundle arrangement on the shell side fluid flow and the boiling heat transfer performance was discussed.The results show that at the same fluid feed rate,the pressure change trend of the evaporator with irregular tube bundle arrangement is similar with that of the evaporator with square tube bundle arrangement.For the comprehensive performance,the irregular tube bundle model with reasonable air flow channels is obviously better than both square and equilateral triangle tube bundles models.


Purpose: To assess the short and medium-term influence of antiglaucomatous treatment on the OPA value by DCT.

Methods: Prospective non-randomized study including 35 eyes of 25 patients (mean age: 63±10,9 years) with newly diagnosed POAG or OHT and treated with latanoprost, bimatoprost or Cosopt®. The IOP and OPA were measured with GAT and DCT before starting the study and after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment. Central corneal thickness (CCT), systolic, diastolic blood pressure (BP) and cardiac frequency were recorded. Pearson coefficient was used to assess correlations.

Results: The mean GAT IOP was 25.0±5.6 mmHg at baseline, 17.7±3.6 mmHg, 17.9±3.2 mmHg and 17.6±3.3 mmHg at first,3 and 6 months post-treatment respectively (p 0.05). The baseline OPA was significantly correlated with DCT IOP, systolic and diastolic BP. It was only correlated with BP at first month (p<0.05). The decreases in OPA and IOP were significantly correlated.

Conclusions: Antiglaucomatous medications are associated with a significant short-term decrease in OPA which remains stable in the medium-term.


Contents:Introduction: What Matters for Institutions' Effect on Development:Conditions and QualificationsNatalia Dinello and Vladimir PopovPART I: MACROPOLITICAL INSTITUTIONS: DEMOCRACY, FEDERALISM, DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE1. Development and the Limits of Institutional DesignFrancis Fukuyama2. Democracy and Poverty Reduction: Explorations on the Sen ConjectureLuca Barbone, Louise Cord, Katy Hull and Justin Sandefur3. Democratization, Institutional Quality and Economic GrowthVictor Polterovich and Vladimir Popov4. Federalism and Political CentralizationRuben Enikolopov and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya5. Democracy and State EffectivenessShaoguang WangPART II: PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNANCE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES6. Has Forest Co-Management in Malawi Benefited the Poor?Charles B.L. Jumbe and Arild Angelsen7. Participation and Joint Forest Management in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBhagirath Behera and Stefanie Engel8. Clientelism, Public Workfare and the Emergence of the Piqueteros inArgentinaLucas Ronconi and Ignacio FranceschelliIndex


The Microsoft Windows 95 product team introduces readers to Windows 95. This guide describes the features, behavior, and benefits of Windows 95. The comprehensive overview will leave readers with a clear vision of what the software will look, feel, and act like. It includes everything readers have wanted to know about Windows 95 but didn't know who to ask! (Operating Systems)


Achieving macromolecular chain ambient cross-linking to form a network structure in acrylic resin leather coating process is a kind of currently widely adopted technical ideas and methods.Its mechanism and modes are also a hot topic in the current research field of acrylic resin emulsion preparation.This paper reviews the technical development and application of ambient cross-linking systems in acrylic resin leather finishing and emphatically introduces the research progress of several late-model ambient cross-linking systems.


The aim of this paper is to document the living and working conditions of abandoned seafarers by focusing on one particular case the Obo Basak. The paper provides rich and detailed information on the conditions of abandoned seafarers for practitioners, policy makers and seafarer welfare organisations. The paper begins with a brief description of recent regulatory developments directed at addressing the problem of abandoned seafarers. The experiences of the Obo Basak crew during their nine month period of abandonment in Dunkirk are then documented in chronological order. In doing this, the individual circumstances of the seafarers who were involved are highlighted and special attention is paid to social relations on board. The paper also demonstrates the legal complexity involved in dealing with abandonment cases as well as the devastating impact of the abandonment on the seafarer families. The events of this case and the experiences of the seafarers on the Obo Basak are relatively typical of the many cases of abandonment that occur worldwide.


ABSTRACT Disclosing child sexual abuse (CSA) is a necessary first step to access the legal, health, and psycho-social services that survivors and their families need. However, disclosure rates are low: of young women who experienced CSA in Zimbabwe, only 9% disclosed the first incident. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe perceived barriers to disclosing CSA in Zimbabwe. We conducted focus group discussions with children aged 10–14 years (n = 40) and their parents/caregivers aged 20–62 years (n = 40), participating in an intervention trial in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. We found that potential retaliation against survivors and their families is a major barrier to disclosing CSA. These retaliatory acts, which we refer to as "re-victimization," arise from stigma or the victim feeling blamed or doubted and manifest through physical violence, emotional violence, and deprivation of family life and education. Our findings suggest that addressing social and cultural norms related to sex and strengthening legal protection for CSA survivors and their families could encourage CSA disclosure and could help end this violence. Our findings also highlight a need to increase children's awareness of their rights and to create safe systems for disclosure of sexual abuse.


The invention discloses an electromagnetic dynamic positive pressure sequencing cyclic therapeutic apparatus applied to rehabilitation. The therapeutic apparatus comprises a controller and a shrink sleeve, wherein the shrinking power of the shrink sleeve is originated from the suction force generated by mutual attraction of electromagnets in an electromagnetic device linked with every shrink belt in series; and the shrinkage of the shrink belt is directly acted on limbs. The shrinking frequency, the flexibility, and controllability of the shrink belt are improved by utilizing the electromagnetic dynamic, therefore, the efficiency of pushing blood and lymph to a proximal part is more largely improved, and the backflow of the blood and the lymph are accelerated. The therapeutic apparatus is mainly applied to prevent or treat the deep vein thrombosis, crus varicosity, venous return barrier hydroncus, lymphatic return barrier hydroncus, complex regional pain syndrome and the like after operation, or used for performing local massage and remitting the muscle fatigue.


Since Covid-19 appeared, the world has entered into a new stage, in which everybody is trying to mitigate the effects of the virus. The mandatory use of face masks in public places and when maintaining contact with people outside the family circle is one of mandatory measures that many countries have implemented, such as Ecuador, thus, the purpose of this article is to develop a convolutional neural network model using TensorFlow based on MobileNetV2, that allows to perform mask detection in real time video with the key feature of determining if the person is using the face mask properly or if it is not wearing a mask, in order to use the model with OpenCV and a pretrained neural network that detects faces. In addition, the performance metrics of the neural network are analyzed, including precision, accuracy, recall and the F1 score. All performance metrics consider the number of epochs for the training process, obtaining as a result a model that classifies between three groups: faces without face mask, faces wearing a face mask improperly and faces wearing a mask properly. with a great performance in all metrics; The results show values greater than 85% for precision, recall and F1 score, and accuracy values between 93% for 5 epochs and 95% for 25 epochs.


We report on the fabrication and characterization of a very compact filtering structure based on a resonant stub fabricated using optical wire technology in the InP material line. The stub length is close to 1.6 microm and has been designed to get a resonance wavelength close to 1550 nm. The characterization showed a resonance frequency at 1520 nm with a 12 dB resonance peak.


The effects of four food plants(castor,cowpea,papaya,and banana) on the development and nutriention of Prodenia litura were studied under 28.1℃ of laboratory temperature and 84.0% of relative humidity.The results showed that there were significant differences in developmental duration of larvae,pupa weight and nutrient function of the P.litura when fed on the four food plants.Among them,the larvae fed with the castor has the shortest developmental duration(9.93 d) and heaviest pupa weight(377.8 mg),while the larvae fed with the banana has the longest developmental duration(15.84 d) and the lightest pupa weiht(245.6 mg);the survival rate of the larvae was 98% when fed with the castor,while 66.0% when fed with banana;the consumption index,approximate digestibility,and relative growth rates of P.litura were the highest(5.458,68.492,0.531) when fed with castor,and those with banana were the lowest(0.860,16.300,0.255).The castor is a more sutible food plant to P.litura than bnana.


REFERENCES 1. Ito A, Sugita K, Ikeda A, Yamamoto O. CD4/CD8 double-negative mycosis fungoides: a case report and literature review. Yonago Acta Med. 2019;62(1):153-158. 2. Ralfkiaer E, Wollf-Sneedorff A, Thomsen K, Vejlsgaard GL. Immunophenotypic studies in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: clinical implications. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(6):655-659. 3. Hodak E, David M, Maron L, Aviram A, Kaganovsky E, Feinmesser M. CD4/CD8 double-negative epidermotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an immunohistochemical variant of mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(2):276-284. 4. Massone C, Crisman G, Kerl H, Cerroni L. The prognosis of early mycosis fungoides is not influenced by phenotype and T-cell clonality. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(4):881-886. 5. Wu H, Telang GH, Lessin SR, Vonderheid EC. Mycosis fungoides with CD30-positive cells in the epidermis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2000;22(3): 212-216.


The paper reports the results of the cause investigations of the suspended ceiling collapse, in the auditorium of Kudan Kaikan, which occurred during the off the pacific of Tohoku earthquake on March 11 th , 2011. In part 1, the detection of the mechanical behavior and process of the collapse of the ceiling are described, while the structural identification and the historical documentations of it are reported in the part 2. The paper reports the results of the cause investigations of the suspended ceiling collapse, in the auditorium of Kudan Kaikan, which occurred during the off the pacific of Tohoku earthquake on March 11 th , 2011. In part1, the detection of the mechanical behavior and process of the collapse of the ceiling are described, while the structural identification and the historical documentations of it are reported in the part 2.


The present invention discloses a method by monitoring the engine over the noise analysis. The method (a) after a plurality of the engine is started the first time, measuring a noise measurement unit engine noise in the plurality of time regions; (B) the step of analyzing the noise addition sampling frequency components to convert the measured engine noise into a frequency domain; (C) outputting an autocorrelation result by analyzing the autocorrelation between the noise analysis portion the sampled frequency components; And (d) of the engine by a method predetermined by analyzing the cross-correlation between the plurality of the engine depending on whether the central server is receiving the autocorrelation result is a kind of the autocorrelation result failure and repair history data It characterized in that it comprises a; predicting the failure. If you are in the present invention, the analytical mind the noise characteristics of the engine self-relationship and mutual correlation to determine the cause of a specific failure and can preventive measures, partial or expectations that are not a risk of failure eliminated by the regular maintenance not even a part of the fault has occurred can be systematically managed.


The present invention provides a vehicle such as an electric power steering both the miniaturization and low-vibration apparatus is used, of the low-noise motor driving device. Motor drive control device (30) comprising: a radiator (50), the heat sink (50) attached to the switching element (73) controlled by a motor drive (10) and disposed at the front or rear side of the motor; and a housing (40), the housing (40) engages with the radiator, and the radiator and connected to the frame or covering the switching elements mounted on the heat sink, the heat sink housing abutment surface (110) located at the rotary shaft of the electric motor a direction intersecting a single plane, and for the position of the screw holes (42, 52) of the frame, the radiator and the housing engaged with each other in the circumferential direction is set uniform.


DING, JUN, M.S., March 2011, Mechanical Engineering Mechanism Design, Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis of a 7-Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) Cable-Driven Humanoid Robot Arm (118 pp.) Director of Thesis: Robert L. Williams II The purpose of this thesis is to study a 7-DOF humanoid cable-driven robotic arm, implement kinematics and dynamics analysis, present different cable-driven designs and evaluate their merits and drawbacks. Since this is a redundant mechanism, kinematics optimization is used to avoid joint limits, singularities and obstacles. Cable kinematics analysis studies the relations between lengths of cables and pose of the end-effector. This is a design modified from the literature. Several new designs are compared in statics analysis of the whole arm and the most favorable design is suggested in terms of motion range and the consumption of cable tensions. Linear programming is used to optimize cable tensions. The energy consumption of the cable-driven arm is much less than that of the traditional motor-driven arm in dynamics analysis. Cable-driven robots have potential benefits but also some limitations. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Robert L. Williams II Professor of Mechanical Engineering


Virgil Gheorghiu, an important but controversial figure in Romanian exile literature,
remains one of his country's best-known writers today. Based on his works and their
reception, but also on the existing secondary literature, this study examines his
reflection on three important ideologies, namely communism, national socialism and
capitalism, in order to highlight the specificities of Virgil Gheorghiu's thought and to
see what aspects of topicality and contemporary relevance can be found in it.


Abstract If is a polynomial of degree n having no zeros in |z| < K, K ≥ 1, then it is well known that for 1 ≤ R ≤ K, In this paper we have generalized as well as improved upon the above inequality for the polynomials of the type Our result also gives generalization as well as improvement of some other well known results.


This paper presents a study of correlation between subjects of Diploma in Electrical Engineering (Electronics/Power) at Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) Cawangan Terengganu using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The analysis was done to see the effect of mathematical subjects (Pre-calculus and Calculus 1) and core subject (Electric Circuit 1) on Electronics 1. Electronics 1 is found to be a core subject with the history of high failure rate percentage (more than 25%) in previous semesters. This research has been conducted on current final semester students (Semester 5). Seven (7) models of ANN are developed to observe the correlation between the subjects. In order to develop an ANN model, ANN design and parameters need to be chosen to find the best model. In this study, historical data from students' database were used for training and testing purpose. Total number of datasets used are 58 sets. 70% of the datasets are used for training process and 30% of the datasets are used for testing process. The Regression Coefficient, (R) values from the developed models was observed and analyzed to see the effect of the subject on the performance of students. It can be proven that Electric Circuit 1 has significant correlation with the Electronics 1 subject respected to the highest R value obtained (0.8100). The result obtained proves that student's understanding on Electric Circuit 1 subject (taken during semester 2) has direct impact on the performance of students on Electronics 1 subject (taken during semester 3). Hence, early preventive measures could be taken by the respective parties.


To improve the pertinence and effectiveness of cadres training is the requirement and concern of the new era.From the improvement of training courses,contents and models to the enhancement of training strength,the trainging effect would be promeoted.


The calibration of classifiers is an important task in information fusion. To compare or combine the outputs of several classifiers, they need to be represented in a common space. Probabilistic calibration methods transform the output of a classifier into a posterior probability distribution. In this paper, we introduce an evidential calibration method for multiclass classification problems. Our approach uses an extension of multinomial logistic regression to the theory of belief functions. We demonstrate that the use of belief functions instead of probability distributions is often beneficial. In particular, when different classifiers are trained with unbalanced amount of training data, the gain achieved by our evidential approach can become significant. We applied our method to the calibration of multiclass SVM classifiers which were constructed through a "one-vs-all" framework. Experiments were conducted using six different datasets from the UCI repository.


Moldflow software is used to analyze the warping of the PMMA sheet in this article. It is shown that density of bar-defects, cross-section shape of bar-defects and sectional dimension of bar defects influence the warping in different level. The relationship of bar-defects and warping is amply analyzed. As a result, it is found that cross-section shape of bar-defects and sectional dimension of bar defects have more influence to warping, especially in the vertical direction of the surface. At last, some feasible method is put forward to decrease the warping.


Here I want to continue the discussion on the use of dominance analysis, and the variables used in the analysis. The authors provide the example of groundwater, where the technique was used to study the relative impacts of monsoon rainfall and pumping on the groundwater table dynamics. This example actually illustrates my point fairly well. In case of rainfall and pumping, nobody would argue against that these are the two main factors that control groundwater table dynamics in a rather direct, predictable and proportional way. This however is not the case when considering impacts of global CO2 and local soil moisture deficits. The link between global CO2 is indirect, and opposite to the groundwater example nobody would argue that there is or should be a direct link between global CO2 levels and HWD at any particular time and location. The same is true for soil moisture. Soil moisture is known to contribute to heatwave temperatures (e.g. Miralles et al., 2014, doi:10.1038/ngeo2141), but much of the local heat actually comes from advection driven by circulation patterns (e.g. Rasmijn et al., 2018, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0114-0 and Schumacher et al, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41561-019-04316). In spite of the strong correlation, the contribution of local soil moisture to heatwave temperatures is important, but by no means dominant. The problem here is the classical pitfall that correlation is not causality. Soil moisture and temperature will be strongly negatively correlated in many regions simply because synoptic conditions leading to high temperatures (clear skies) are the same as those enhancing soil drying. But this does not mean that dry soils cause the high temperatures. In regions that are wet enough for ET not to become limited by soil moisture even during hot extremes, one would not expect soil moisture to impact temperature. By only using simple correlation, these regions will incorrectly be flagged as regions where soil moisture impacts temperature. To circumvent this, more complex coupling metrics have been developed that look for instance at anomalies in the surface energy balance (see Miralles et al. (2012) doi:10.1029/2012GL053703 among many others). The main factors in determining year-to-year variability of HWDs, like circulation indices, are not considered here. By only looking at correlation between variables that only weakly and indirectly impact HWDs, statistically significant results might be found, but that doesn't mean that they also provide new or meaningful insights.


During the year 2010 a surprising increase of thromboembolic events (TEEs) was observed after administration of distinct Octagam® 5% (human normal immunoglobulin 50 mg/ml) batches to patients. Immediately, Octapharma initiated a massive voluntary recall of Octagam batches from EU and US markets in August 2010. In Europe, the marketing authorization was suspended in September 2010. In order to identify the biochemical root cause(s) of the TEEs in concerned Octagam batches, suitable assays had to be evaluated. In particular, a Thrombin Generation Assay (TGA) turned out to be the most sensitive and predictive test-system to assess an increased procoagulant potential. A number of e x p e r i m e n t s a n d a n a l y s e s , i n c l u d i n g thrombelastometry, an activated Factor XI (FXIa) assay as well as all coagulation system and contact phase related assays identified FXIa as the major procoagulant activity. Other procoagulant compounds were excluded. Only moderate Kallikrein activities were found in distinct Octagam batches, which had a negligible contribution to thrombin generation. The Wessler stasis model in rabbits confirmed the biochemical results and finally provided the in vivo proof of the successful removal of FXI(a) by implementation of corrective and preventive measures into the manufacturing process. FXI minimization is now controlled by in-process sample testing. In addition, TGA was validated and implemented for routine Octagam batch release. Consequently, based on the elucidated biochemical and technical root causes and corresponding implemented measures, the CHMP recommended the lifting of the suspension of the marketing authorization in Europe in April 2011, with confirmation following by the EMA in May 2011. A corresponding file is currently under review by the FDA.


Convolution Neural Network (CNN) has been the most influential innovations in the filed of Computer Vision. CNN have shown a substantial improvement in the field of Machine Learning. But they do come with their own set of drawbacks - CNN need a large dataset, hyperparameter tuning is nontrivial and importantly, they lose all the internal information about pose and transformation to pooling. Capsule Networks have addressed the limitations of CNNs and have shown a great improvement by calculating the pose and transformation of the image. On the other hand, deeper networks are more powerful than shallow networks but at the same time, more difficult to train. Simply adding layers to make the network deep has led to vanishing gradient problem. Residual Networks introduce skip connections to ease the training and have shown evidence that they can give good accuracy with considerable depth. Putting the best of Capsule Network and Residual Network together, we present Residual Capsule Network, a framework that uses the best features of both Residual and Capsule Networks. In the proposed model, the conventional Convolutional layer in Capsule Network is replaced by skip connections like the Residual Networks to decrease the complexity of the Baseline Capsule Network and seven ensemble Capsule Network. We trained our model on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets and have noted a significant decrease in the number of parameters when compared to the Baseline models.


To improve the atomization quality of water jet, the atomization angle, atomization fineness and atomization distance of the continuous water jet nozzle, self-excited oscillation pulsed jet nozzle and swirl nozzle were investigated respectively. The results showed: the atomization angle of the swirl nozzle was the largest, the atomization fineness and the atomization distance of the self-excited oscillation pulsed jet nozzle were the best compared with others; jet flow was split up into many tiny fog particles at high pump pressure, showing aerosol properties. In addition, the dust-fall effects of each nozzle were also examined. The results indicated that the swirl nozzle brought about the better effects of dust-fall in a short time due to its wider dust-catching surface, while the self-excited oscillating pulsed jet nozzle was easier as for capturing tiny dust because of the improvement of atomization fineness.


Commission by Professor John Baillie made a deep impression. It is proposed to follow up the Report by a study textbook, which should at once elucidate the subject matter and submit it in a form suitable for group discussion. We anticipate a wide circulation for this important document, which marks a new step in the forward policy of the Church of Scotland, showing as it does a newer and more intimate concern in the Civil Order.


This paper shows the design methodology of a low phase noise frequency synthesizer used for high sensitivity FM receivers. Stability and noise analysis for the frequency synthesizer are discussed in details with the effect of the critical parameters in each case. System modeling and simulation using Matlab was performed after determining the parameters of each block of the complete frequency synthesizer and simulation results are shown at the end of this work. Keywords-component — Frequency synthesizer; System analysis; Noise analysis; matlab modeling.


The efficient evaluation the dynamic stability of legged robots on non-coplanar terrains is important when developing motion planning and control policies. The inference time of this measure has a strong influence on how fast a robot can react to unexpected events, plan its future footsteps or its body trajectory. Existing approaches suitable for real-time decision making are either limited to flat ground or to quasi-static locomotion. Furthermore, joint-space feasibility constraints are usually not considered in receding-horizon planning as their high dimensionality prohibits this. In this paper we propose the usage of a stability criterion for dynamic locomotion on rough terrain based on the Feasible Region (FR) and the Instantaneous Capture Point (ICP) and we leverage a Neural Network (NN) to quickly estimate it. We show that our network achieves satisfactory accuracy with respect to its analytical counterpart with a speed up of three orders-of-magnitude. It also enables the evaluation of the stability margin's gradient. We demonstrate this learned stability margin in two diverse applications - Reinforcement Learning (RL) and nonlinear Trajectory Optimization (TO) for legged robots. We demonstrate on a full-sized quadruped robot that the network enables the computation of physically-realizable Center of Mass (CoM) trajectories and foothold locations satisfying friction constraints and joint-torque limits in a receding-horizon fashion and on non-coplanar terrains.


Four beryllium hydrogen phosphates, Be2(Hea)(PO4)(HPO4) (1), Him·Be3(OH)(HPO4)3 (2a), Hpy·Be3(OH)(HPO4)3 (2b), and Hma·Be1.5(HPO4)2·0.5H2O (3) in which ea = ethanolamine, im = imidazole, py = pyridine, and ma = methylamine, were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. All compounds have open-framework structures with (3,4)-connected networks. Compound 1 features a neutral inorganic–organic hybrid framework with an interrupted zeolitic GIS topology. The dual role of the amine molecules as charge-balancing agents and coordinating agents to the beryllium atoms is noteworthy. Compounds 2a and 2b are isostructural, and they have an AFI-related framework with elliptical 12-ring channels. Compound 3 has a 3D structure with 4.82 layers pillared by corner-sharing four-ring chains. It represents the first example of an open-framework beryllium hydrogen phosphate with 16-ring channels.


This paper studies the manufacturing process of ultra-fine extruding rods using nano-composite powder manufactured by water dissolving-chemical method. Appropriate composite inhibitor is added to the Nano- composite powder containing 12 % Cobalt. Then technologies of wet-milling, extrusion forming, high pressure sintering are applied to the Nano-composite powder. Technology parameters of extruded rods made by composite powder are studied by comparing the alloy properties under different wet milling time and sintering temperatures. The results show high quality rods can be made out of composite powder by using extrusion forming manufacturing technique. The hardness, flexural strength the alloy rod with 12 % cobalt attains 92.8RA and 4 200 MPa. The WC grain size is lower than 0.4 μm. The properties of 12 % Cobalt content alloy rods are hardness could be more than 92.8 HRA, bending resistance up to 4 200 MPa, tungsten carbide particle grain size smaller than 0.4 μm.


RESULTS • The PK of tanezumab was well described by a 2-compartment model. • Body weight was found to be a significant predictor of clearance and volume but only explained 4% of the overall 47% unexplained inter-subject variability. 1 • Placebo effect was well described by an exponential time-dependent model. The onset of placebo effect was relatively fast with an equilibrium half-life of 7.7 days after the first dose. The maximum placebo effect was estimated to be 25.2% of the baseline value. • An indirect response model was found to best characterize the relationship between tanezumab concentration and response (Figure 3), and the observed attenuation of DPS was captured by this model. • The drug effect was characterized by an inhibitory E max model, which was expressed in terms of I max , and the tanezumab concentration required to achieve half of I max (IC 50 ). I max and IC 50 were estimated to be 0.538 and 69.3 ng/ml, respectively. The major PD parameter estimates are presented in Table 1.


This paper investigates Samuelson's (JEP, 2004) argument that technical progress of the trade partner may hurt the home country. We illustrate this prospect in a simple Ricardian model for situations with outward knowledge spillovers. Within this framework Samuelson's Act II effects may occur. Based on industry level panel data for seventeen OECD countries for the period 1973 to 2000 we show econometrically that the outflow of domestic knowledge via exports or FDI may have a negative impact on industry output in the home country. This is particularly so when exporting to technologically less advanced countries and, more specifically, China.


Submucosal vital root retention is one of the valid means of retaining an adequate residual bony alveolar ridge to a greater degree than when patients are rendered totally edentulous. In sub mucosal vital root retention procedure the vital tooth root portion, till the alveolar crest level is retained under the full thickness flap, after surgical removal of the crown portion, to prevent rapid resorption of the alveolar ridge. Alveolar bone maintenance depends on the presence of healthy root and periodontal ligament, which transmits functional and parafunctional forces to surrounding bone. Various techniques including root retention and purposeful implants are available for alveolar ridge preservation. Studies have shown that submucosal vital root retention also maintains a clinically acceptable physiology of residual ridges. An approach to soft tissue management and surgical crown/root sectioning for submucosal vital root retention has been presented.


Values and growth rates of fourth leg articles, calamistrum, ventral comb and cribellum were greater in female than in male Hyptiotes cavatus (Hentz). These differences plus disparity in growth rates of the fourth leg articles and similarity in cribellum, calamistrum and ventral comb values and growth rates appear necessary to allow the cribellum, calamistrum and perhaps the ventral comb to manipulate cribellar and wrapping silk. The two silk-handling combs must be able to pass in proper orientation over the calamistrum and/or spinnerets and must have lengths that will accommodate silk strands issuing from these structures. Cribellum size and the spacing of setae in the calamistrum and ventral comb increased during development, but cribellar spinning spigot density remained constant. This resulted in adult females having 4.1 times more cribellum spigots than third instars and producing webs with about 14 times more cribellar silk.


There are some questions in sonar images features extract, such as strong speckle noise, low image resolution, poor image quality, and difficult target segmentation. In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional algorithms in sonar image feature extraction, we apply Mask RCNN instance segmentation network to sonar image feature extraction. The effectiveness of the deep learning algorithm is verified by experiments. First of all, we use online and off-line data enhancement method to expand the data set. Then, we improve the residual network, and adding convolutional block attention module (CBAM), group normalization (GN) and atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module to network. Finally, we choose the best network structure and add focal loss function to improve semantic segmentation. The final experimental results show that the Average Precision (AP) and Mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of the proposed network are improved compared with the original network on the side scan sonar dataset.


Most tunnel barriers contain localized electronic states nl(Δx, e) in large amounts decreasing with distance Δx from the metal. The localized states hybridize with conduction electrons forming interface states with a decay width Δl∝exp(−2Δxκ) and a correlation energy ΔU* ∝ 1/erΔx. For ΔU*>Δl these states are localized, which yields a strong coupling to surface plasmons, phonons, and spins. These states cause diffuse surface scattering and enhance exponentially [∝ Δ−1l  ∝exp(+2Δxκ)] the tunnel matrix element by resonant tunneling  jR as compared to tunneling jφ through the whole potential barrier φ. Consequently at voltages ‖eU‖ <φ, jR(U,T) is identified by its stronger U and T dependencies and can even dominate over jφ. The enhanced interaction of the localized electrons with surface plasmons, phonons, and spins yield strong U, T, and time dependencies in the tunnel current which produce giant zero‐bias anomaly and spin‐flip zero‐bias anomaly; capacitance changes; inelastic processes, noise, and barri...


The necessity for evolving existing Web applications has become one of the major problems faced by organizations. Content Management Systems (CMS) have proved to be the best platforms to manage huge amounts of digital content in a reliable manner. Thus, many organizations have experienced the necessity of migrating their legacy Web applications to these CMS platforms which meet their needs better. Model-driven reengineering methods have shown their efficiency in such kind of evolution and migration processes, but they only become effective when they are automated by using appropriate tools. This work presents the RE-CMS toolkit, a toolkit that automates a model-driven reengineering method defined for the migration of traditional Web applications to CMS platforms. The RE-CMS toolkit supports the extraction of knowledge from a Web application and its representation within a CMS domain from which a modern CMS-based Web application may be generated. To validate its usability, we present a case study where a traditional Web application is migrated to Wordpress, one of the most used CMS platforms.


BACKGROUND
Studies from Western countries show that doctors working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) find withdrawal of treatment to be their most difficult ethical dilemma. There is less knowledge of how this is experienced in other economic, cultural, religious and educational contexts.

OBJECTIVES
To explore and describe how Indian doctors experience ethical dilemmas concerning the withdrawal of treatment among critically sick and/or premature neonates.

METHOD
Qualitative data from interviews was analysed according to Giorgi's phenomenological approach. The subjects were 14 doctors with various levels of neonatal experience, recruited from two state-owned NICUs in India.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
description reflecting the nature of ethical dilemmas and how they are experienced.

RESULTS
All doctors reported situations where the question of withdrawal of treatment was experienced as the worst part of their job. They felt that they lacked training in how to handle such dilemmas, and some had never talked about ethics before. They were especially concerned about non-medical considerations that do not feature in current treatment guidelines. In describing their personal experiences, the informants mentioned their sense of responsibility in situations where they were aware that their decisions would influence a family's economy and reputation, availability of food and education for siblings, other children's access to equipment in the unit, and the use of resources in an underprivileged population. Sometimes lack of resources, usually ventilators, forced them to make decisions about which babies should get the chance to live. Other reported dilemmas included difficulties co-operating with uneducated and poor parents.

CONCLUSION
While Western doctors seem to focus on the rights and problems of the individual child, Indian doctors tend to refer to consequences for other children, for parents and society. There is a need for further research in this field, and for the development of guidelines on how to cope with differences in resources, and how to handle different patient groups' cultural and religious concerns.


This paper attempts to quantify the economic losses due to early leaf
spot in Malawi. Based on yield loss estimates, the mean annual
production loss in groundnut in on-station and on-farm situations is
estimated at 34.3% and 18.9%, respectively. Early leaf spot of
groundnut alone causes a mean annual loss of US $4.79 million to the
national income. Groundnut being a major export earner, eliminating
yield losses due to early leaf spot would contribute up to 46% of the
trade balance. The impact of early leaf spot management on household
food security and on farm income is also analyzed. The results show
that depending on the area allocated to groundnut cultivation, an
additional 1.75 to 14.0 persons per family could be made food-secure by
controlling early leaf spot. Implications for research policies on
disease management are derived from the results of the analyses. It is
stressed that unless economically viable technological alternatives are
developed for reducing yield losses, the potential benefits of crop
production cannot be fully realized.


Despite intensive research and numerous publications the precise mechanism by which free fatty acids cross the plasma membrane is still controversial. Within this work we addressed the question whether acyl-CoA synthetases are involved in lipid transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our previous studies we could show that the combined deletion of the acyl-CoA synthetases FAA1 and FAA4 in YB332 leads to a fatty acid secretion phenotype which is characterized by a massive export of free fatty acids during the exponential phase and a re-import of free fatty acids during the stationary phase. In order to carry out further transport studies all additional acyl-CoA synthetases were inactivated in the background of the double mutant faa1Δfaa4Δ. Our results could show that transport through the plasma membrane can take place in the absence of any acyl-CoA synthetase activity. The direction of free fatty acid transport is reversible and can be actively regulated by the metabolic state of the cell. Obviously, a specific control mechanism initiates an active export of fatty acids upon a drastic alteration in the composition of the fatty acid pool of the cell. In contrast, shortage of carbon sources, namely a starvation signal, triggers the import of exogenous fatty acids during the stationary phase. In contrast to fatty acid transport across the plasma membrane, transport of fatty acids across the peroxisomal membrane is understood in more detail. In both yeast and plants peroxisomal ABC-transporters with an essential function in the uptake of fatty acids during β-oxidation have been identified. Despite the existence of comparable elements, the mechanism of fatty acid import in plant peroxisomes appears to differ fundamentally from that of S. cerevisiae. In this work, it could be shown, that the ABC-transporter Pat1p-Pat2p from yeast cannot be functionally replaced by the plant ABC-transporter PXA1. Only the combined expression of the plant proteins PXA1 and LACS7 resulted in successful complementation of the double mutant pat1Δfaa2Δ. Therefore, the mechanism of fatty acid import in plant peroxisomes appears to be significantly different from that of S. cerevisiae. In addition, it was possible to obtain insights on the process of fatty acid transport across the peroxisomal membrane and subsequent metabolisation by β-oxidation through the manipulation of the peroxisomal acyl-CoA pool in S. cerevisiae. The combined deletion of the acyl-CoA thioesterase TES1 and the peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetase FAA2 in YB332 led to a distinct phenotype. This mutant did not exhibit growth in minimal medium in the presence or absence of oleic acid. In addition, a drastic reduction of the cellular acyl-CoA pool was observed. Our data support the hypothesis of a tight interaction of Tes1p and Faa2p, which in combination appear to regulate the ratio of free CoA to acyl-CoA in the peroxisomes. Interestingly, the additional deletion of the peroxisomal ABC-transporter PAT1 could partly suppress the phenotype. Thus, inhibition of the import of acyl-CoA into the peroxisomes can prevent the destabilization of the CoA/acyl-CoA-ratio. Our data indicate for the first time that a degenerated peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism is able to impact the metabolism of the entire cell. Another aspect of fatty acid metabolism was investigated in plants. Very little is known regarding the function of the ABC-transporter PXA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana during the vegetative growth phase. In this work, the phenotype of the pxa1-mutant induced by a phase of prolonged darkness was investigated. An extension of the dark phase resulted in lethality for these plants, while wild-type plants showed no symptoms. Extended dark conditions led to massive damages to the membrane system. Extensive wilting was observed despite sufficient water supply. Our studies showed that under conditions of prolonged darkness, TAG functions as a transient buffer for fatty acids that can finally be released by β-oxidation. The combination of β-oxidation and TAG-synthesis resulted in constant low levels of fatty acids in the wild-type. In the pxa1-mutant, the degradation of fatty acids via β-oxidation is impaired leading to a distinct increase in the concentration of free fatty acids. The detergent-like properties of free fatty acids resulted in severe structural damage of chloroplasts and subsequent cell death. As this phenotype can be suppressed by providing exogenous sucrose, we propose that the release of fatty acids serves as a mechanism to compensate for shortage of energy during extended darkness. It can be concluded that β-oxidation plays an essential role in energy maintenance in adult plants during a phase of prolonged darkness.


This paper proposes a new type of local trajectory planning method for autonomous vehicles. In this frame, a lane-change or lane-keeping operation passed by the upper module is performed. Then, the trajectory planning algorithm can directly optimize the control sequences and obtain a feasible trajectory considering chassis nonlinearities and obstacles avoidance. A more accurate nonlinear model that considers the chassis' nonlinearity based on the traditional linear bicycle model is realized using a cubic polynomial of slip angle to fit the magic formula. Constraint conditions are designed based on the traffic environment to avoid obstacles. With a more precise model, the control sequences can be used as feedforward control and accompany with fine feedback control to receive a good motion control performance even in a high-speed situation. Furthermore, different time-steps of the control variables are used to reduce the number of solving variables to decrease calculation time. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and the accuracy of the proposed nonlinear vehicle model.


Knowledge-Based System in the Design, Implementation, and Validation of Resource Scheduling on the Shop Floor of Manufacturing Systems. Neural Network Systems Techniques in the Intelligent Control of Chemical Manufacturing Plants. Rule-Based Expert System for Designing Flexible Manufacturing Systems. Tool Condition Monitoring in Manufacturing System Machine Tools Using Neural Networks. Intelligent Real-Time Expert System Environment in Process Control. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control Methods for Milling Operations in Manufacturing Systems. Instrumental Robots Design with Applications to Manufacturing. Object-Oriented Techniques and Automated Methods for Robotic Assembly in Manufacturing Systems. CAD-Based Techniques in Task Planning and Programming of Robots in Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Physical Model Techniques for Design of Robotic Manipulators in Manufacturing Systems.


Juvenile arthritis continues to be a serious diagnostic problem of pediatric rheumatology despite the improvement of clinical, immunological and instrumental methods of examination. Clinical heterogeneity, nonspecificity of instrumental picture and limited application of some examination methods account for the diagnostic difficulties of articular pathology in young children. Chronic oligoarthritis in young children presents a particular challenge due to a frequent vague onset and minimally symptomatic course which can result in a late diagnosis and a high risk of early disability. This paper identifies the problem of diagnosis of childhood arthropathy in relation to its informative value and the practical and clinical significance of basic instrumental methods of chronic arthritis visualization. Special attention is paid to particular roentgenologic features and interpretation of MR images in diagnosis of juvenile olighoarthritis. This article aims at systematizing and expanding the views of pediatricians and rheumatologists on the importance of radiography methods in the diagnosis of joint pathology in children.


In this paper, a 1.5 V high-gain high-frequency CMOS complementary operational amplifier is presented. The input stage of op-amp is designed for supporting the constant transconductance on the Input stage by consisting of the parallel-connected rail-to-rail complementary differential pairs. And consisting of the class-AB rail-to-rail output stage using the concept of elementary shunt stage and the grounded-gate cascode compensation technique for improving the low PSRR which was a disadvantage in the general CMOS complementary input stage, the load dependence of open loop gain and the stability of op- amp on the output load are improved, and the high-gain high-frequency operation can be achieved. The designed op-amp operates perfectly on the complementary mode with the 180° phase conversion for a 1.5 V supply voltage, and shows the DC open loop gain of 84 dB, the phase margin of 65°, and the unity gain frequency of 20 MHz. In addition, the amplifier shows the 0.1 % settling time of .179 ㎲ for the positive step and 0.154 ㎲ for the negative step on the 100 mV small-signal step, respectively, and shows the total power dissipation of 8.93 mW