The potentially deleterious effects of conventional cancer therapies (e.g. chemotherapy and radiotherapy) on cognitive functioning are well documented. However, there remains a great need to define more effectively the long-term neurocognitive sequelae of cancer treatment and the impact that these sequelae will have on the quality of life. Patients and healthcare providers are now considering these effects as well as the efficacy of therapy during treatment decision-making. Biological therapies, including hormone therapy and immunotherapy, are increasingly offering patients important treatment alternatives, but may be among the most potent in their effects on mental abilities. To date, few systematic efforts have been made to define the changes in cognitive outcomes among recipients of these treatment alternatives. In addition, if the toxic effects of cancer treatment do adversely compromise cognitive domains, it is unknown to what extent these potentially persistent effects will influence adherence to follow-up care. We review earlier investigations of neurocognitive sequelae of both conventional and biological cancer therapies, as well as the common methodological confounds that limit the interpretation of reported changes. The paper will also develop a theoretical framework to describe how neurocognitive impairment may present as a major threat to treatment adherence in cancer patients and survivors.


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of soft tissue dilation for repair of the scar formed after burn wound healing. Method: For primary repair, the soft tissue dilator was placed into the normal subcutaneous tissue around the lesion area, then secondary repairwas performed. Scar was removed and skin flap was applied to cover the wounds. Result: 8 cases with scar formed after burn wound healing were repaired using this method. The skin flap survived with good quality and color. The skin recovered with good appearance and good function. Conclusion: Soft tissue dilation is an ideal method for repair of the scar formed after burn wound healing.


ABSTRACT
Malaria is one of infectious and communicable disease that need high attention specially in endemic area like Banjarnegara District. Annual Paracyte Incidence (API) in Banjarnegara District in the last 5 years significantly decreases. Bevertheless environment condition that have connection with malaria vector caused almost all area in Banjarnegara have possibility for malaria transmission. On April-May 2009 malaria case in Bendawuluh Sub village, Banjarmangu Village increased.
The aims of this research were to know how much patient and type of Plasmodium, to know type of mosquito vector suspect and their habitat, to predict malaria transmission place and distribution of malaria cases, to know what was malaria indigenous transmission had been occur in Bendawuluh Sub village. This research was cross sectional by purposive sampling. Epidemiological investigation obtained by parasitology survey, entomology survey, breeding place survey and interview to malaria patient.
Result of this research showed malaria transmission was occur in Bendawuluh Sub Village on April-May 2009, there were 39 malaria cases (56% was male and 44% was female) with type of Plasmodium 62% Plasmodium vivax tropozoit dan 38% P. vivax gametosit. Malaria vector suspect were Anopheles maculatus, An. aconitus and An. balabacensis. Breeding places of An. balabacensis on water pool at salak garden and Anopheles sp at water pool around baby's malaria case home. Malaria transmission can be occurred in and out of the home. Index case predicted caused by outsider from Jambi. The found of baby with malaria showed there was indigenous malaria transmission in Bendawuluh Sub Village.

Key words : malaria, Banjarnegara, epidemiology, investigation, Anopheles


Since the pioneering work [2] of Caffarelli and Silvestre, it is known that the fractional Laplace operator (−∆) for s ∈ (0, 1) can be represented as the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of a degenerate PDE on an unbounded domain. Indeed, the fractional Laplacian is a non-local operator, and it can be represented as an integral operator with a singular kernel [1]. Hence, we can expect that techniques used in boundary element methods can be applied also in this case. For example, it is known that matrices arising in discretizations of Galerkin boundary element methods can be approximated by Hierarchical matrices [4]. Even more, the same is true for their inverses [3]. In this talk, we show how these results and techniques carry over to the case of the fractional Laplace operator.


The advantages of gasoline compared to other petroleum products in terms of feasibility of their research. Calculations of the duration of ventilation and changes in the concentration of vapors of gasoline remains in the gas space of the vertical tank with a capacity of 1000 m3 (RUS-1000). Nomogram constructed for the quantitative forecast available liquid balances petrol A-95 and the time duration ventylyaiyi RUS-1000 from the remnants of the petrol


This article uses the SCP paradigm to analyze industrial organization of Shanxi coal industry. The analysis shows that the market concentration and product differentiation of Shanxi coal industry are at a low level,what's more,the ability of coal enterprises in impoving product differentiation is weaker; Therefore,Pricing strategy is the main strategy to respond to competitive for Shanxi coal enterprises. Shanxi coal enterprises is at the subordinate status in mergers and acquisitions of industry because the specific industrial characteristics of coal industry.The other important strategy of coal enterprises to cope with market competition is the whole industry chain development strategy. The utilization efficiency of capital resources,land resources and labor resource in Shanxi coal industry is constantly upgrading in these years.


The performance analysis aimed to evaluate the fund manager's contribution is normally based on historical market data. In the real estate industry the active management analysis is mainly focused on Reits traded in developed and liquid markets. Empirical analyses on not Reit regimes is still limited and there are no studies focused on the Italian real estate funds. The article considers the standard active performance measures proposed for the asset management industry and evaluates their effectiveness for constructing an investment strategy on Italian real estate funds. Results show that portfolios constructed selecting only the top active performers funds outperform with respect to a standard naive diversification strategy and there is no clear difference among portfolios constructed using different measures of active performance.


This brief presents a low cost hardware-in-the-loop experimental design for large ship course control with actuator in the form of hybrid circuit, which can effectively capture the essential properties of friction and provide a more realistic environment to perform test. According to the Coulomb plus static friction model formulation, the velocity decision circuit, the absolute value circuit and the friction decision circuit are designed based on the basic circuit components and are validated by a series of simulations, respectively. Besides, the circuit of PID controller and the linear model of steering gear are also added to generate the closed-loop actuator. In addition, the model of the ship and the corresponding PID course controller are realized by the algorithm in the computer. The numerical model and the circuit implementation of realistic actuator can exchange information to establish a hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform. Finally, several experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed low-cost system.


This report is a sequel to the report "Linking systems" [6]. Some further results on linking systems are presented. The connections between linking systems and Hocquenghem's tabloid are elucidated. Furthermore a proof is given of theorem 7.5 of [6]: each base of a gammoid is a gannnoid base.


a five-point program for governmental action. The following report details the key factors in the sub¬ mission. The simple dissemination of in¬ formation on the health hazards in¬ volved alone will not significantly affect smoking habits. What is needed is the enforcement of tough Federal Government legislation, says the Brief. Canadian physicians themselves prove that point. With ample access to the evidence relating cigarette smoking to cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary disease, onethird of all doctors in the country continue to smoke. (A study pub¬ lished in the C.M.A. Journal, November 16, 1968 showed that though the proportion of doctors smoking was on the decline, 35.4 percent still smoked cigarettes regu¬ larly. This compared favourably with the fact that 65.3% of the pro¬ fession reported that they had smoked regularly. At that time 53.6 percent of all adult Canadian males had the smoking habit.) The Brief makes it clear that in the view of the Canadian medical profession there is no longer any scientific controversy about the risk created by cigarette smoking, and recommended: 1. The Federal Government enact legislation to eliminate the advertis¬ ing of cigarettes in all media and at the point of sale. 2. The Federal Government enact legislation requiring that all cigarette packaging be effectively labelled so as to indicate clearly that cigarette smoking is a health hazard. (Failing the above, the Federal Government should provide legisla-


The use of automated hand-held nerve conduction devices is among the newest and most controversial topics in the field of electrodiagnostic (EDX) medicine. These systems use anatomically configured biosensors to perform and record nerve conduction studies. A hand-held device records the responses. The user can then transmit the data to the company where a computer software system analyzes it and automatically provides an ''interpretation.'' Sounds slick and easy, right? There is no question about it: it is slick, and it is easy. But is this method of electrodiagnosis accurate enough to replace the currently acceptable standard of diagnosis for patients with peripheral nerve lesions? Can it really replace a focused history, physical examination, and tailored EDX evaluation performed by a specialist in electrodiagnostic medicine? The NC-stat system, manufactured by NeuroMetrix (Waltham, Massachusetts), is one of the most prevalent of these hand-held devices. According to company documents (www.neurometrix.com), NC-stat is capable of reliably diagnosing a number of peripheral nerve problems, including lumbosacral radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome. In a high-profile article in The New York Times, the chief executive of NeuroMetrix was quoted as saying, ''We've put the technology in the hands of all physicians, allowing them to replicate the diagnostic accuracy of the specialist.'' But how true is this? Let us review the evidence. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved marketing of the NC-stat as a ''nerve conduction velocity measurement device'' (www.neurometrix.com). The most recent FDA 510(k) Summary states that the NC-stat is ''substantially equivalent to the TECA TD-10/TD-20 EMG and nerve conduction velocity measurement device.'' What this means is that nerve conduction measurements obtained using the NC-stat are comparable to those obtained using conventional equipment. An electrical stimulus is delivered, and nerve or muscle compound action potentials are recorded. In other words, the NC-stat is ''substantially equivalent'' in an engineering sense to conventional equipment. However, neither diagnostic accuracy nor utility (outcomes) of devices are required by the FDA for 510(k) approval, only that the device is substantially equivalent to any other device approved prior to May 28, 1976. A successful 510(k) application means only that the device has received ''clearance'' for marketing, not that it is approved for use. For physicians and patients, however, knowing the diagnostic accuracy of a procedure is the most important part. For us, interpretation of the data and the formulation of an accurate diagnosis are paramount in determining the most appropriate treatment for our patients. It is in this arena that there are concerns about the usefulness of the hand-held devices. There are a few studies that support the usefulness of hand-held devices (i.e., NC-stat), but most of these have been industrysponsored studies with a possibility of significant biases. Only a few other independent studies have addressed the diagnostic accuracy of handheld devices. One study assessed the usefulness of the NCstat system as a screening tool for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in 1695 workers. Median distal motor latencies (DMLs) obtained with the device were plotted on a frequency histogram using the 95th percentile as the upper limit of normal. These results were compared with the same data interpreted by the automated NC-stat system. The automated reporting system classified 587 workers as having either ''borderline'' (n 1⁄4 221) or definitely ''prolonged'' (n 1⁄4 366) DML, whereas the independent analysis indicated that only 81 were abnormal. Thus, the automated system significantly overdiagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome in an Correspondence to: J. D. England; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Quasi-fl at zones are powerful morphological image simplification tools capable of producing unique image partitions at multiple scales. In this paper we investigate their impact on the morphological description of hyperspectral images and, specifically, whether they can improve classification performance when used for preprocessing. In particular, we employ them in order to group spatially adjacent pixels according to spectral criteria, prior to the computation of extended morphological profiles. Moreover, we explore both marginal quasi-flat zones and recent multivariate extensions using well-known vector orderings. The method studied is tested with multiple hyperspectral images, where it leads consistently to improvements in classification performance.


Mathematics culture elements of probability and statistics in the textbooks are quite abundant,the current mathematics cultural elements of probability and statistics in colleges and universities teaching materials embodied in:pay attention to cultivating students sense of life penetration,and the application of the technology of the combination of the background of emphasis on information technology and computing power.But also exist the history of mathematics,mathematical culture elements lack of knowledge presentation,multicultural issues such as lack of single.To this end,put forward the opinions and suggestions of reform of textbook design.


diagnosis of anthrax, since the organisms can test. Attention should be given to the epidemibe detected with rapidity in the tissues and ological and clinical features of the disease, since lesions. Therapeutic and control measures then the fluorescence of some nonpathogenic, gramcan be instituted. The presence of viable organpositive, sporeforming bacilli superficially may isms is not a requirement for application of the resemble that of B. anthraci.s.


The title compound, C10H5NO5, features an intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming a six-membered ring with an S(6) ring motif. The nitro group makes a dihedral angle of 71.66 (5)° with the plane of the benzene ring to which it is bound. The two rings are almost coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 4.44 (5)°. Short intermolecular distances between the centroids of the six-membered rings [3.7188 (6)–3.8299 (6) Å] indicate the existence of π–π interactions. The interesting features of the crystal structure are the short intermolecular O⋯O and O⋯N interactions. The crystal packing is stabilized by intramolecular O—H⋯O and intermolecular C—H⋯O (×3) hydrogen bonds, and C—H⋯π interactions.


This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute of Leadership at e-publications@RCSI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Institute of Leadership Articles by an authorized administrator of e-publications@RCSI. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Citation Joyce P & O'Boyle C. Sustaining Academic Leadership in Higher Education. In: O'Farrell C & Farrell A (Eds.) Emerging Issues in Higher Education 111. Athlone: EDIN; 2013. p. 69-81. brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk


The field experiments were carried out in 1999 _ 2002 at the Jogeva Plant Breeding Institute (PBI) in Estonia to investigate the genetic and environmental variation of agronomic characteristics of malting barley. 57 malting barley varieties were included in the trials. Grain yield, number of tillers per 1m², plant height, lodging resistance and growing time were measured in the trial with malting barley. Despite very different weather conditions, the grain yield stability of malting barley varieties was very high. Tillering showed somewhat lower genetic variability compared to the variation of grain yield. The plant height indicates moderate genetic variability. Lodging resistance and growing time showed low genetic variability.


The well being of people needs to be a priority in the modern world. In that respect, vibration cannot be one more cause of stress. Besides that, vibration comfort is very important, since high levels may cause health or even tasks' accomplishment problems. Several parameters may influence the levels of vibration a human being supports. Among them, one can mention the influence of gender, age, corporeal mass index (CMI), temperature, humor, anxiety, hearing, posture, vision, etc. The first three parameters mentioned were already investigated in previous studies undertaken by GRAVI (Group of Acoustics and Vibration) researchers. In this paper, the influence of vision is evaluated. The main objective with this series of tests performed is to try to quantify in a future the influence of each parameter in a global vibration comfort level. Conclusions are presented for the parameter investigated.


textural clarity and colouristic instrumental writing (here, for classic Pierrot lunaire line-up and harmonically aligned with Schoenberg's Farben op. 16, no. 3). The orchestral Microsymph (1997) and Quanta (2012) – UK and European premières respectively – now gave further insight into his unique, kaleidoscopic sound world and his preoccupation with time and musical memory. The earlier piece was a model of compressed symphonic form with a dazzling array of ideas and sounds; not one of which felt ill judged or extraneous to purpose. And this impressive feat was repeated in Quanta. Whereas Microsymph whirled through a five-movement symphony in just ten minutes, Quanta took concision to new heights in its succession of epigrammatic fragments inspired by written Chinese characters. The architecture of this piece, too, showed real brilliance, as myriad tiny, contrasting fragments, separated by silent pauses, gradually coalesced into a larger form. Both pieces were adroit and unselfconsciously witty and were, above all, distinguished by a strongly sophisticated sense of harmony seldom felt in contemporary music.


Early concepts of transport suggested that enzymes and transporters are evolutionarily related. In this brief minireview, evidence is presented suggesting that, contrary to this view, transport proteins and enzymes evolved independently of each other as two distinct classes of proteins from


Palliative Care aims to promote quality of life for patients with life-threatening diseases, seeking relief and prevention of physical, social, psychological and spiritual suffering. This study is a narrative review of the literature, which aims to present a conceptual and historical overview of Palliative Care, focusing on the Brazilian reality and the scenario regarding existing public policies. The results indicate that, despite an important health practice and the growing interest in the subject, it was only in 2018 that the Tripartite Inter-Agency Commission published a resolution that regulates its offer by the SUS as part of integrated continuing care. However, legal bases for its full implementation are still lacking and some challenges persist, such as the concentration of services in some regions of the country, difficulty in accessing opioids, lack of specialized teams, distance between demand and professional training, and the challenge of diversification at different levels of care.


Steatorrhoea which may occasionally present in middle or old age, is a treatable cause of diarrhoea. The possible causes based on a pathophysiological classification are innumerable.' We therefore thought it pertinent to analyse our experience of patients who presented over the age of 50 to find out the most likely cause in practice and assess the most useful diagnostic clinical and laboratory features.


James McNaught Inglis ("Jimmy") began giving anaesthetics as a medical student during the second world war. He continued in anaesthetics, initially as squadron leader with the …


The error of definition of take-off weight by processing of onboard recorder data using the working techniques does not exceed 4 %, that by the conclusion of certified committee of the Scince-Resiarching Institute of Sivil Aviation it is acceptable. Excess of the take-off weight menacing to safety of flights becomes obvious at such accuracy. But more exact data on weight and draft of engines are necessary for flight. It is possible to count a mistake of length of start calculation of less then 2000 m. For definition of weight with accuracy of 2 and less percents draft should be known with same accuracy or higher.


An interactive computer graphics approach for earthquake resistant design of two and three-dimensional steel frames is presented. Analysis and design are possible from code-related equivalent static load procedures, through approximate linear and nonlinear analysis methods, to advanced full nonlinear analysis. Capabilities employed for graphical display and two-way communication between the user and the computer for data preparation, control of the analysis/design process, and response evaluation are described. The experience gained from the use of such an approach are also discussed.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopy in the treatment of infertility caused by fallopian tube lesions.Methods Laparoscopy was performed in 145 cases of infertility patients to define the etiology, and appropriate operative procedures were adopted at the same time. Results Pelvic adhesions existed in 123 patients, which accounted for 84.8% of all the cases. Among them, chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases were found in 86 patients, causing proximal tubal obstruction (38/86,44.2%), distal tubal obstruction (38/86,44.2%), and total tubal obstruction (10/86,11.6%). Pelvic endometriosis were found in 37 cases, causing proximal tubal obstruction (30/37, 81.1 %), and distal tubal obstruction (7/37, 18.9%). After laparoscopic operations, tubal obstructions resulting from chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases decreased from 65.1% to 20.9%, while tubal obstructions resulting from pelvic endometriosis decreased from 24.3% to 8.1%.Conclusion Pelvic lesions ( especially tubal lesions ) can be identified through laparoscopy in the treatment of infertility. Appropriate operative procedures may help to recover the normal anatomic structures in the pelvis so as to recover the fertility of the patients.


The invention relates to the filed of molecule detection, in particular to a molecule detecting system, which comprises: a)chemical or biological molecules, b) polymers, c) cross-linked molecules, and d) an image sensor, wherein the polymers are in covalent connection with the photoelectric sensor; the chemical or biological molecules are transversely connected with the polymers; and the polymersare in covalent or non-covalent connection intramolecularly and intermolecularly by the cross-linked molecules. The molecules detecting system can directly detect nucleic acids of crude samples with various types, does not need nucleic acid extraction and amplification links, and can change or replace the prior application situations of gene tying, gene mutation and gene expression patterns in the field of clinical nucleic acid sample and other nucleic acid sample application. Another application of the molecules detecting system is to change or replace the prior ELISA detections in various types based on the protein immunity in a hypersensitive mode.


[Objective] To study the effect of Periplaneta americana on liver function of rats with immune hepatic fibrosis.[Method] The immune hepatic fibrosis model was induced by porcine serum,different dosages of drugs(the total extracts from Periplaneta americana and Meilianan) were administered to the rats,colchicine was took for the positive drug.After 4 weeks and 12 weeks,the alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and total bilirubin(TBIL) in the serum of the rats were detected and the hepatic index after 12 weeks was calculated.[Result] After 4 weeks,the serum levels of ALT,AST and TBIL was decreased by the total extracts from Periplaneta americana;after 12 weeks,the serum levels of ALT,AST and TBIL was decreased by Meilianan,but hardly influenced by the total extracts from Periplaneta americana.[Conclusion] Periplaneta americana can prevent the immune liver fibrosis to a certain extent and improve the liver function obviously.


Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is an important problem in both wireless communication and radar applications. This paper proposes a new algorithm combining deep Learning with multiple signal classification (MUSIC), called DLMUSIC. We use multiple convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to estimate the covariance matrix, and then take the eigenvalue decomposition of the covariance matrix instead of the empirical covariance matrix, meanwhile we use the spatial spectrum approximated by Gaussian function as the label of training data instead of MUSIC spectrum, so our algorithm can overcome many limitations of the MUSIC algorithm which include the inability to localize coherent sources and the poor performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation results demonstrate that the DLMUSIC algorithm perform much better than MUSIC algorithm at low SNR with a few snapshots.


When using monopulse method for tracking a hovering helicopter,a self-mixing method is proposed to eliminate signal modulation caused by rotor.The expressions in time and frequency domains of two coherent signals are derived,and the character-istics of frequency spectrum is analyzed.Both coherent signal integration performances are analyzed.Simulation results show that the integration performances are equivalent only for some carrier frequencies of partly coherent signal,and the performance of partly coherent signal is worse for other situations.


John C. Miller is a contributing editor of Institutions magazine and a free-lance writer. Readers of this article are invited to send us their opinions of and experiences with billboard advertis ing.—Ed.


This paper describes the control and operational management of plant-wide production processes from a viewpoint of control system, and analyzes the relationship between the control system actions and the multiple global production indices that characterise quality, yield, costs, consumptions, etc. The existing research results in the aspects of control and optimization are reviewed. From the angles of mathematical model-based, data-based, and the combination of mathematical model with data-based, the state-of-the-art of control and optimization are summarized. On the basis of the above review, this paper also analyzes the challenging of the optimal control for plant-wide production processes in terms of process control, operational optimization and the realization technique of the control systems. Finally, some research topics are discussed, which may be developed to realize the optimal control of the plant-wide production processes.


It introduces proportion design of asphalt mixture composed with proportion design of ore and best use level of asphalt, and researches the design method of asphalt mixture proportion from primary material?gradation design of mineral mixture and best use level of asphalt.


Firm leaders' inclination to adapt their business model is sensitive to how risk is framed (as an external threat or an opportunity) in the macro-economic environment. We apply threat-rigidity theory to examine the relationship between risk framing and business model adaptation. We also investigate if emotionality has explanatory value for how managers adapt to business models. We test our hypotheses in a field experiment involving 134 Scandinavian managers. Here, we relate managers' inclinations to adapt to different business models to different risk scenarios. The results reveal that, in general, managers are more risk seeking in gain scenarios than in loss scenarios. This finding is in line with the threat-rigidity theory. Emotionality was found to relate more to risk aversion than to risk seeking in the domain of potential gain. We argue that emotionality has explanatory value for how managers adapt to business models, because emotions are key influences on risk perception.


The concrete is the most commonly material used in modern buildings;it has an irreplaceable role in the buildings construction.With the rapid developing of the national economy,the using of high-strength concrete in the buildings construction will become more and more wide,which brings a lot of economic benefits.


It is very effective to increase the die material hardness by the heat treatment to improve the anti-heat checking characteristics of squeeze casting dies. Heat treatment procedures are very important for this. Because the harder dies, which is anti-heat checking, show sometimes the shorter life due to large cracks.In this paper, some heat treatment technique is introduced to solve the above problems. Local Tempering Process shows the die life improvement without large cracks in the initial stage of the die usage.


BACKGROUNDBiosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is considered a green method. Sunlight could induce the synthesis of AgNPs with bacteria and plant biomass, while animal and fungus biomass have not been investigated for synthesis of AgNPs under sunlight radiation. RESULTSUnder 80 000 lx sunlight intensity and 4 mg mL(-1) of tryptone solution, the maximum AgNPs yield was obtained after 60 min, and the Ag+ (1 mmol L-1) conversion rate reached 98 2%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that T-Ag (tryptone-mediated) were circular and oval, with an average diameter of 11.63 +/- 4.17 nm, and Y-Ag (yeast extract-mediated) displayed similar shape and size to T-Ag. X-ray diffraction confirmed that T-Ag and Y-Ag were in the form of nanocrystals. As-prepared AgNPs showed obvious antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli. Capping with peptides helped to maintain colloidal stability of AgNPs. Without sunlight, AgNPs showed high stability at pH 7-11 due to high -potential values, while the stability was destroyed at pH 4. Further exposure to sunlight for 48 h also resulted in sedimentation of AgNPs. CONCLUSION

 Sunlight could induce tryptone and yeast extract to synthesize AgNPs, and the stability of AgNPs could be regulated by capping peptides, pH, and sunlight exposure. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry


A retrospective case‐referent study was performed to analyse risk factors of perinatal mortality. Overweight defined by body mass index, smoking > 10 cigs/day, infertility, earlier low birth weight, earlier perinatal death were significant risk determinants of the obstetric history. Overweight and smoking, measured by the etiologic fractions, had the greatest impact on perinatal mortality. Significant risk factors of the present pregnancy were low weight gain, pre‐eclampsia, cervical incompetence, and late hemorrhage. Intra‐uterine growth retardation had the highest etiologic fraction. High risk assessment at the first antenatal visit had a sensitivity of 45%, increasing to 72% when adding supervening pregnancy complications. Although the positive predictive value of high‐risk classification was very low, % of the perinatal deaths occurred among high‐risk cases.


ABSTRACT In Finland, teachers' have extensive autonomy, that is freedom from control by others over their professional actions in the classroom, and it is considered a strength of Finnish education. At the same time, national assessment of learning outcomes has been constructed to examine the learner's progress and achievements in relation to the criteria of the Finnish National Core Curriculum for Basic Education in effect at the time. The national assessment of learning outcomes in music was conducted for the first time in 2011. In this article, the implementation and the main results of this National Assessment of Learning Outcomes in Music, in the ninth-grade of Finnish Basic Education are explored, and the whole process is examined critically from the perspective of teacher autonomy. The article discusses how, in the assessment, the ideals of teacher autonomy challenged assignment construction and the findings and conclusions of the national assessment. The article concludes that both teacher autonomy and national assessment are essential to compulsory education but must be balanced in a meaningful way.


PurposeThe Indian pharmaceutical industry has contributed significantly to global healthcare by securing superior-quality, inexpensive and reachable medicines worldwide. However, supply chain management (SCM) has been challenging due to constantly shifting requirements for short lifecycles of products, the convergence of industry and changeable realities on the ground. This study aims to identify, assess and prioritize the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of the pharmaceutical SCM environment in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) analysis and recognizes strategies to utilize the advantages of the strengths and opportunities, rectify weaknesses and resolve threats.FindingsA variety of strategies that could have a positive effect on the Indian pharmaceutical business are presented. Findings and suggested strategies can significantly advance knowledge, enhance understanding and contribute to the growth of a successful SCM for the Indian pharmaceutical sector.Originality/valueThis paper would act as a roadmap to greater comprehension of the market leaders and market leaders' operating climate. The findings from this study will offer academic scholars and business practitioners deeper insights into the environment of SCM.


Turf is often subject to traffic stresses during drought. Our objectives were to evaluate the impacts of golf cart traffic applied during simulated drought on soil properties and turfgrass rooting. Soil and roots in the upper profile (0–30.5 cm) were evaluated in two cool-season (C 3 ) [Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.)] and two warm-season (C 4 ) turfgrasses {buffalograss [ Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.)} maintained at golf course mowing heights (1.6 [fairway] and 6.3 cm [rough]) during a 41-d drought (with traffic) and subsequent 40-d recovery (without traffic). After drought, soil bulk density was ≤ 1.40 g cm − 3 and generally below the 1.55 g cm − 3 threshold, where root-growth restriction is more problematic. After drought, soil penetration resistance exceeded 2.0 MPa at lower depths, especially at fairway height, which may impede root-growth. The C 3 turfgrasses had 46–70% more root biomass and 150–290% more root length density than C 4 turfgrasses. However, only root diameter was correlated with turf canopy performance ( r = 0.501; P < .001), which was 20–23% less in Kentucky bluegrass; a smaller root diameter may have diminished its ability to explore for moisture as soils dried. Most differences in soil and root characteristics resulted from drought and not traffic stress, since the traffic main effect was not significant. Results indicate cart traffic during acute drought may have negligible effects on soil compaction and rooting.


We examined the process by which a pool of colonists was reduced to a pool of survivors in 160 small microsites on undisturbed tall-grass prairie in Missouri. Specifically, did the degree of species dominance shift as mortality proceeded and did rare and common species differ in their survivorship? Over 4 yr, 25 taxa of seedlings appeared and 12 survived until the end of the experiment; these pools contained 550 and 79 identified individuals, respectively. For vegetative shoots, 36 taxa appeared and 20 survived, with 1,750 and 387 identified individuals, respectively. Mean survivorship for seedlings (1 19 + 87 days) was briefer than for shoots (165 + 107 days). While species richness was lower among survivors than colonizers, it was not lower than one would expect based on random mortality. Rare species were not disproportionately lost given their population sizes in the microsites. Taxa that were common in the source pool remained common as survivors. The survivors showed more equitable species abundance distributions than the colonists, due to higher mortality among a few of the more common species. For the entire pool of colonists, there was no relationship between abundance and survivorship. In general, rare species did not have higher mortality than common species. These results do not support the notion of regeneration as a competitive "sorting out" of successful dominant from unsuccessful rarer species. Rather, they portray waves of turnover of tiny plants, with species largely acting independently of one another. THE TWO PREVIOUS analyses portray colonization and early establishment of prairie plants on disturbed and undisturbed microsites (Rabinowitz and Rapp, 1985; Rapp and Rabinowitz, 1985). This third paper examines for separate taxa the patterns of abundance and diversity and investigates several questions concerning rarity and commonness (Rabinowitz,1981): 1) Does the degree of"dominance" shift as establishment proceeds? Is the filter of mortality (Harper,1977) a "rlch get rscher, poor get poorer" process dunng which better competitors come to predominate? 2) Do common and rare species in the pool of seedlings and shoots differ in their sllrvivorships? Does regeneration appear to be the stage where limitation of abundance occurs for rare species (Grubb, 1977)? METHODS-Tucker Prairie Research Area, in Callaway County, MO, and its climate are t Received for publication 4 February 1985; revision accepted 28 August 1985. Funding for this study was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB 78-1 1 179, DEB 81-03503, DEB 82-91500, and BSR 84-06126). The University of Missouri provided hospitality and logistical support. The paper profited from discussions with Daniel Simberloff, Nickolas Gotelli, and Montgomery Slatkin. described in Rapp and Rabinowitz (1985). In 1977, 80 small cylindrical sod plugs (5.8 cm diam and 12.0 cm deep) were removed and replaced by sterilized prairie soil. Eighty paired undisturbed controls were established 10 cm from each disturbance/resource. These sites were censused on 18 occasions over 4 yr, and the plants were marked with plastic bird-rings. At each census, the number of previous colonists remaining alive and the number of new arrivals were counted for graminoids and forbs categorized as vegetative shoots or seedlings. Any individual present at the previous census but no longer alive was recorded as dead since the last observation. Over the study, 14,779 observations were made on 3,661 individuals. The methods are described in greater detail in Rapp and Rabinowitz (1985). We identified seedlings and shoots to species whenever possible, generally at the threeor four-leaf stage, but many seedlings and some shoots died before they could be identified. Because there was little response to the provision of an unoccupied resource (Rapp and Rabinowitz 1985), we combined data from disturbance/resource and control sites to provide greater sample sizes. The survivors at the final census (Search 18 in late September 1980) were compared with all individuals that arose over the course of the experiment (Searches 1 to 17 from June 1977


According to NASA, more than 20,000 pieces of debris are tracked as they orbit the Earth. They all travel at speeds up to 7,800 m/s, fast enough for a relatively small piece of orbital debris to damage a space vehicle, International Space Station or any future space system. Therefore, research on the space debris removal and mitigation of the impact of the space debris is attracting more and more attention of the international space community, including engineers, scientists, designers and space experts. In the current paper, the comprehensive non-linear models of following net capturing systems for debris removal are developed: (a) a rapidly deployed system, involving spider-like webs, ejected towards the remote targeted debris; (b) spin-stabilised ejected spider-like webs, (c) a framed static net system for capturing the on-going debris. Various simulated demonstration cases include symmetric and asymmetric (off-set) collisions of the ejected webs with the single and multiple obstacles, collision of the single and multiple debris with the stationary webs, cases of significant impacts, leading to the failure/rupture of the web. In all cases we were able to assess the dynamical parameters of the system and observe the influence of various operational parameters on the dynamics of the post-collision processes. These competing models are then used to study dynamics of the deployment of the net systems and their interaction with the capturing objects. A special attention is given to the biologically inspired nets, resembling with their shapes the spider webs. The dynamic analysis is complemented with the analysis of the stresses in the webs, used in various designs. Various study cases are illustrated with the animations of the representative cases in Virtual Reality.


In this paper, we consider frequency-selective coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple-access fading channels. Assuming that each of the users employs orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), we introduce a multiple-access scheme that gradually varies the amount of user collision in signal space by assigning different subsets of the available OFDM tones to different users. The corresponding multiple-access schemes range from frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) (each OFDM tone is assigned to at most one user) to CDMA (each OFDM tone is assigned to all the users). We quantify the effect of signal space collision between the users by computing the ergodic capacity region for the entire family of multiple-access schemes. It is shown that the ergodic capacity region obtained by a fully collision-based scheme (CDMA) is an outer bound to that corresponding to any other multiple-access strategy. In practice, however, minimizing the amount of user collision in frequency is desirable as this minimizes the receiver complexity incurred by having to separate the interfering (colliding) signals. Our analysis shows that the impact of collision on spectral efficiency depends critically on the channel's spatial fading statistics and the number of antennas


Acknowledgements A note on the text Introduction 1. A statesman's responsibility 2. The young statesman 3. Business of State 4. Law 5. A reformed state 6. A reformed natural philosophy Conclusion Appendix: a table of comparisons Notes Bibliography Index.


Should a body of workers be denied the privilege of organizing a union because of the peculiar nature of their occupation? Do police officers have the same right as industrial employees to improve their bargaining power? In short, should any group of workers be able to engage in an activity which endangers the public safety? This was the problem that confronted Boston in 1919. The strike was crushed, but the issue was not settled. It remains unsettled to this day. Not since 1919 has it appeared in the form of a police strike, but by the middle of the twentieth


The article provides a systematic analysis of VRS in art-design objects. Features of VRS are found. Specifications of VRS (elements, rules, links) are defined and described. The basis of mathematical model of VRS for art-design object are laid.


SUMMARY Here we report a method for estimating ecosystem respiration (R e) by exclusive use of remotely sensed land surface temperature (T r) from NASA's moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. A combination of daytime and nighttime MODIS T r data was used to model an 8-day mean value of land surface temperature (T r(mean)), which was then used in a modified Arrhenius-based Lloyd and Taylor [1994] respiration model to simulate 7 years of ecosystem respiration of a temperate deciduous forest. These model outputs were then compared with respiration estimates of the site measured by eddy covariance (EC) method. Measured and modeled values were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.64 — mol CO 2 m-2 s-1). This study demonstrates the potential of estimating " per-pixel " ecosystem respiration by exclusive use of remotely sensed data from the existing space-based sensors. Conventionally, temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (R e) is expressed by an exponential function of soil temperature or air temperature (T s and T a respectively) known as Q 10 (the factor by which respiration rate increases with every 10 o C increment of temperature). Recent studies showed that, for the forested flux-tower sites in the USA, a reasonably strong Q 10 based exponential relationship (R 2 = 0.6) exists between the16-day average R e and 16-day composite values of radiometric land surface temperature (T r) from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor [1]. But the principal limitations of Q 10 based R e estimation method are its constant temperature response relationship to respiration, and its site specificity [2]. In this paper we examine whether a more robust physiological based modeling framework, originally proposed for soil respiration only, can be utilized to estimate R e from MODIS T r. Our study areas was Morgan Monroe State Forest (MMSF) in south central Indiana (39.3232 o N, 86.4131 o W). For this study, we used eddy covariance (EC) estimates of R e from the flux tower at MMSF, and T r data of the flux tower footprint from MODIS. The EC system was located at the top of the 46 m tall tower and consisted of a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Sampling frequency was 10 Hz with fluxes calculated hourly. The flux values (F C) were then subjected to quality control, including outlier rejection, and a u * " 0.3 m s-1 (u* is the friction velocity) criterion to …


Data and information security, which is currently increasingly important, has resulted in many parties making efforts to control data and information at a better level, including data and information held by students at SMK Tunas Muda Karya Batam, community service activities targeting schools. implemented will provide training and guidance to students and students in the school to improve skills in securing personal data and information so that there is no misuse to the detriment of participants in the development of laws related to information and telecommunications technology or IT will also be given to increase the awareness of students and students or all participants in using internet-based platforms. Increasing the ability of participants in the information technology aspect along with legal awareness in digital literacy brackets and legal literacy allows participants to have the ability to avoid mistakes and increase expertise in using platforms and the internet. the target of this activity is to reduce the misuse of data and information as well as law violations committed in activities related to digital platforms or the internet.


The media has a huge influence on the direction of public life, as the mean of the mass media itself that the media specifically designed to reach a very wide community. The type of media traditionally known like newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. The needs of the audience will fulfilled by the existence of the shows that are presented by the media. In accordance with the uses and gratification theory which explains about the freedom in choosing which media that audiences are considered to be able to meet their needs after consuming media. Where in theory there are concepts of measuring satisfaction i.e Sought Gratification (Motif) and Gratification Obtained (Satisfaction). Sought Gratification is a motive as the background in using the media, while Gratification Obtained is a real satisfaction obtained after using the media. The method used in this research is quantitative method with a survey of explanation, the researcher collected data using questionnaires. The location of this research is in the village of Simpang Baru village Tampan sub district Pekanbaru. The number of samples for this study were 96 respondents obtained from the Unknow Populations formula , and the sampling itself using accidental sampling technique. To find out how much the relationship between the two variables, the researcher use Person Product Moment correlation analysis. For the questionnaire data processing, using Statistics Program Product Of Service Solution (SPSS) Windows version 17. These results indicate that the motif effect of watching Indonesia Lawak Club Trans 7 show entertainment satisfaction from the society of Simpang Baru village Tampan sub district Pekanbaru, that the value of R = 0.801 and the coefficient of determination (R square) is approximately 0,641 result of squaring the correlation coefficient of 0.343 x 0.343 with 0.001 significance level smaller than α = 0.05. The figure mean that the contribution of the effect upon the satisfaction motif variables obtained amounted to 64.1% with strong influence category. Keywords: Mass Media, Entertainment, Theory Uses And Gratifications, Motif, Satisfaction, Indonesia Lawak Club Trans 7 Show.


In order to realize a smart grid, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has started to be deployed. AMI automates meter reading operations and enables real-time monitoring of power usage. Monitoring power consumption data will be useful for power generation planning, power demand control, and peak shift. In addition to monitoring power consumption, in AMI networks, other types of communication (e.g., gas and water consumption, demand response for electricity, and inquiries to electric power companies) can be accommodated by using surplus bandwidth. An essential part of AMI is a set of electricity meters with communication functions, called smart meters, which transmit power consumption data to electric power companies periodically with fixed intervals. They have been installed in houses, factories, or buildings, and are expected to be equipped with electric vehicles in a future. We can also save energy by turning off smart meters when it is not necessary to communicate. In this paper, we present an analytical model to evaluate the performance of AMI taking the randomness of the number of smart meters into consideration, caused by the turn on/off of meters and mobility of meters across the AMI network coverage.


Many industrial firms focus on their core competencies and reduce their direct ownership over non-core functions. Maintenance activities are hard to classify as either core or noncore when being a support function to the core production in manufacturing firms. Further, maintenance activities encompass understanding of the interrelationship between processes in the production plant. The purpose of this study is to explore which governance types that are best suited for different kinds of maintenance. Based on a multiple case study within the process-industry, the study shows how a distinction between core-close and more distant maintenance informs the choice of governance model. Topics: Operation Strategy, Maintenance, Supply Chain Management


In recent decades colonial scholars have been turning their attention to the study of Colombia's lowland regions—the geographic frontiers that historians formerly bypassed to focus on the interaction of the highlands with the Caribbean coast. While much has been learned about the Llanos Orientales and Amazonia, until now developments on the Pacific coast or Chocó have been little explored.1 With Between Resistance and Adaptation, Caroline Williams has gone far to fill this gap. By "charting the process whereby the Chocó came to be incorporated into the political and economic life of the colony," and analyzing the dynamics of Spanish-Indian relations between the sixteenth and seventeenth century (p. 2), she has produced a fine regional history that also brings to light the features that made Chocó a most unique colonial frontier. Based on a meticulous review of archival sources in Seville and Bogotá, her book will be of interest to Colombian historians as well as the growing number of specialists who analyze Latin American frontiers.


Knowledge management and knowledge assets have gained much prominence in recent years and are said to improve organizational performance. However, the effects of knowledge management practices on organizational performance are not well known, particularly with respect to the newly established universities in the East African region. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of knowledge management practices on organizational performance at selected campuses of Kisii University in the South-western part of Kenya. The knowledge management practices identified were knowledge capture and acquisition, knowledge sharing, and knowledge management policies and strategies. The study established that knowledge management practices have a strong and positive effect on organizational performance. Hoarding of knowledge by members of staff was the major knowledge management challenge identified. Recommendations and areas for further studies are indicated.


In the experiments to be described, lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation was used to elicit feeding behavior in rats. To investigate the involvement of opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands in the mediation of feeding, receptor antagonists and highly specific antibodies to opioid peptides were administered in vivo. All subjects were male Sprague-DawIey rats prepared with chronically indwelling monopolar stimulating electrodes aimed at the lateral hypothalamic "feeding area." Rats were trained in a threshold procedure in which the frequency of 0.1-msec pulses was varied while intensity was held constant. Ttials were of 20-seconds duration, separated by 30-second intervals, and the criterion response was five seconds continuous eating of wet mash during stimulation. For experimental testing, a method of limits was employed such that four or six determinations of threshold were obtained over the course of each ISto 35-minute test session.


Extensive literature searches revealed the numerous advantages of using pyrolysis as a means of recovering usable resources from inedible plant biomass, paper, plastics, other polymers, and human waste. A possible design of a pyrolysis reactor with test plans and applications for use on a space-based habitat are proposed. The proposed system will accommodate the wastes generated by a four-person crew while requiring solar energy as the only power source. Waste materials will be collected and stored during the 15-day lunar darkness periods. Resource recovery will occur during the daylight periods. Usable gases such as methane and hydrogen and a solid char will be produced while reducing the mass and volume of the waste to almost infinitely small levels. The system will be operated economically, safely, and in a non-polluting manner.


To study the problem of multiple attribute decision making in which the decision making information values are triangular fuzzy number, a relative entropy decision making method for software quality evaluation is proposed. Then, according to the concept of the relative entropy, the relative closeness degree is defined to determine the ranking order of all alternatives by calculating the relative entropy to both the fuzzy positive-ideal solution FPIS and fuzzy negative-ideal solution FNIS simultaneously. At last, a numerical example for software quality evaluation is provided to illustrate the proposed method. The result shows the approach is simple, effective and easy to calculate.


Next-generation vehicular networks will impose unprecedented computation demand due to the wide adoption of compute-intensive services with stringent latency requirements. Computational capacity of vehicular networks can be enhanced by integration of vehicular edge or fog computing; however, the growing popularity and massive adoption of novel services make edge resources insufficient. This challenge can be addressed by utilizing the onboard computation resources of neighboring vehicles that are not resource-constrained along with the edge computing resources. To fill the gaps, in this paper, we propose to solve the problem of task offloading by jointly considering the communication and computation resources in a mobile vehicular network. We formulate a non-linear problem to minimize the energy consumption subject to the network resources. Further-more, we consider a practical vehicular environment by taking into account the dynamics of mobile vehicular networks. The formulated problem is solved via a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based approach. Finally, numerical evaluations are performed that demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.


Propionic acidemia is a disorder of branch-chain aminoacid metabolism. The defect is in the propionyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme with a resultant accumulation of toxic organic acid metabolites. This disorder most commonly is characterized by episodic decompansations with dehydration, lethargy, nause and vomiting. Patients with propionic acidemia usually present in the neonatal period with life-threatining ketoacidosis, often complicated by hyperammonemia. Neurological findings and mental retardation could accompanied clinical manifestations. We report a six-month-old child who had been investigated for choreoathetoid movements and pancytopenia in our clinic with unusual manifestations with a diagnosis of propionic acidemia.


How and to what extent can community be imaged as a spontaneous order? Is the spontaneous social order dichotomous or oppositional to state power? Despite vigorous scholarship and policy debate, the theorization of the community has not attended adequately to the ways in which interactional order emerges in various sociopolitical contexts. Reflecting the experience of community building in post-reform urban China, I present an organic statist vision of community, in which community is found to be the concomitant outgrowth of both state intervention and the spontaneous process of place-based identity mobilization. An expanded conception of community as embedded spontaneous order as well as its implication is also discussed.


This article looks at the financial markets' reaction to COVID-19 pandemic by using Panel Data Analysis method for SAARC countries over the period January 27, 2020 to June 30, 2020. By employing the Hausman test and random effect model this study finds that stock market has negative reaction to the daily growth in number of COVID-19 confirmed case and deaths. And this reaction is very strong for COVID-19 confirmed case compared to the growth in death. Again, the daily growth in number of recovered corona patient, and the recovery rate have positive association with stock market but weakly. Correlation matrix among variables finds that the daily growth in COVID-19 confirmed cases in SAARC country has strong negative correlation with stock market returns. Overall, this investigation implies that stock markets' reaction depends on severity of the outbreak and stages of COVID-19 spread.


This slide presentation reviews the use of commercial spacecraft and launch vehicles to deliver cargo to the International Space Station and other purposes.


We have followed the CMAJ series of case-based practice articles on polypharmacy with great interest and we commend the authors[1][1],[2][2] for drawing attention to this issue. As the population of older Canadians with multiple chronic conditions grows, the challenge of managing medications in


Dental plaque quantification is very important to patients,dentists as well as researchers.This paper presents a method to automatically quantify the dental plaque using Fuzzy C-Means(FCM) clustering algorithm associated with images' histogram analysis,and applies the proposed approach to clinical dental plaque quantification.The experimental results indicate that the quantification results based on proposed method are fully quantitative,repeatable,relatively accurate and automatic compared with those of quantification levels using plaque indices adopted in clinic.


This text covers topics on: advanced failure analysis techniques; advanced interconnects; dielectrics and hot-carrier reliabilty; EOS/ESD and CMOS latchup; practical issues in building-in reliability; and reliability and failure analysis in specialist devices.


The deformation mechanism and process of large-diametered thin tube sheets are analysed.By selecting reasonable technical parameters and improving forging process,new operation and measure methods are proposed.They are applied to the trial-manufacture of forging of φ5 825mm super large tube sheet,which verifies the reasonableness of the new forging process.


Ocular melanoma is associated with increased risk of liver metastases. The mean survival is only between 2–11 months after diagnosis. We describe 5 patients with liver metastases of ocular melanoma, only 1 patient being asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. The most patients are diagnosed too late, so followup should include abdominal ultrasonography and liver enzymes.


Numerical experiments compare Bayesian and non-Bayesian Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detection algorithms for opaque sub-pixel hyperspectral targets of unknown abundance. A simplified problem is identified, which allows the full range of Bayesian priors to be explored. When one seeks to minimize the false alarm rate at a fixed detection rate, one finds that GLRT detection outperforms Bayesian detection for any choice of prior. By contrast, when the criterion is detection rate at fixed false alarm rate, Bayesian detection is better. The results hold over a wide range of parameters, and appear to contradict known optimality results for Bayesian detectors. The apparent discrepancy is explained, and a case is made for the practical use of GLRT-based detection statistics.


Abstract Many online catalogs display each physical manifestation of a multiformat serial separately. Being able to display all the formats together as a single item could reduce confusion for the user. This study examines the feasibility of using the ISSN (022) and the additional physical entry field (776) of the MARC record for linking together the different formats of a serial for display. For multiformat serials that contain an electronic journal as one of the formats, the results show that the 776 field alone linked 96.4 percent of the records while the 022 field alone linked 80.3 percent. Using both the 776 and 022 fields, 98.6 percent of the records were linked.


Rehabilitation of hemiplegic patients is an integral component of their management. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that physiotherapists, like medical practitioners, seldom consider the importance of pulmonary assessment or rehabilitation in the overall management of the hemiplegic patient (Haas et al., 1967). Several scientific reports have focused on the mechanical dysfunction (Fluck, 1966; Haas et al., 1967; Korczyn et al., 1969a; Fugl-Meyer and Grimby, 1984; Cohen et al., 1994), neuromuscular deficits (Korczyn et al., 1969b; De Troyer et al., 1981) and lung volumes (Arborelius et al., 1975; Fugl-Meyer et al., 1983) of hemiplegic patients. These studies have measured forced lung function and capacities in static positions in resting patients who had their strokes over varying periods of time ranging from the acute to the chronic phases. However no research exists on the differences in the unforced lung function of hemiplegic patients, or gender differences during normal functional tasks. The objectives of the present investigation were:


The fatigue damage of machine components is the main reason for a stoppage of the machine movement.To improve the fatigue strength of machine components one, should lay stress on selecting materials and lowering the temperature or load,trying to avoid and slow down stress focus,together with improving function against fatigue of the component surface,and taking into account vibration design as well.


We investigate low-dimensional plasmons (PL's) in an array of metallic quantum wires. By developing a self-consistent local-fieldcorrection (LFC) theory for treatment of the PL's in the wire array, we take account of both the intrawire exchange-correlation (XC) effect and the interwire correlation effect. By comparing the results involving the LFC with those in the random-phase approximation, we examine the XC effect on the energy distribution and the energy-loss intensity of all the PL modes in an array of a finite number of wires. Our theoretical scheme is applied to an array of Au-atom wires on the Si(557) surface. The XC effect is found to play a significant role because of strong onedimensional confinement, though a high effective density of the electron system is suggestive of the free-electron-gas character. With an increase in wave number q, the XC effect operates to lower the mode energy increasingly, and to start the decline of the energy-loss intensity at smaller q values. In a smaller q range of qd . 1, where d denotes the interwire separation, the interwire interaction has the mode energies separated from one another to form an energy distribution of considerable width. Our results of the XC effect and the effect of the interwire interaction yield general insights into the PL's in a variety of wire arrays. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.48.718]


This study aims to determine accomplishment of Achievement Motivation Training (AMT) of principal candidates and to see the effect of AMT to create school innovation. This research is a research with analytical observation method with a cross sectional study approach, which is sampling a sample from the population at one time, and examining at the same time point of each individual in the sample. This study assigned 40 principal candidates in Surakarta Indonesia as the sample of the study. The instrument to collect data in this study is a questionnaire on AMT and innovation. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. Conlucion to sum up, this study reveals that principal candidate in Surakarta are capable to cope with AMT in a good level. Of 40 candidates, 86% perform good level of achievement in AMT. Additionally, results of training in AMT significantly affect motivation to innovate. The candidates show five sectors in the innovation that address the results as the novelty of this study. The innovations include awareness of motivation as the crucial factor in school policy, planning to develop the innovation, understanding on the use of AMT, implementing AMT on school policy, and implementing AMT for classroom teaching and curriculum. This study has a restriction in that the data collection does not involve indepth interview because of Covid-19 outbreak. Future research is suggested to include observation and group focus to explore more deeply the effectiveness of the AMT. In future researchers can use this research and further develop it. with innovation factors from other variables. Further research is expected to add research objects, namely research at the provincial level


Abstract Two practical and efficient approaches have been developed to synthesize two kinds of racemic spiroisobenzofuranopyrrole analogues as regioisomers. In the presence of sodium periodate, cis-indeno[1,2-b]pyrrol-4(1H)-ones were converted into spiro[isobenzofuran-1,2′-pyrrole] derivatives by a two-step process. In addition, oxidative reactions promoted by lead tetraacetate were demonstrated using cis-indeno[2,1-b]pyrrol-8(1H)-ones as substrates, affording spiro[isobenzofuran-1,3′-pyrrole] derivatives. The remarkable features of two approaches included mild and convenient reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and moderate to excellent yields. Possible mechanisms were proposed based on the comparison of the intermediates and products.


With a larger excess of peroxide some compound I is also formed. The way in which this reaction occurs excludes an explanation based on shifting the position of an equilibrium in the system; instead, peroxide must be used up in irreversible reactions. 4. The peroxide reactions of metmyoglobin, peroxidase and catalase are discussed in terms ofthe redosx properties of the intermediate compounds and the way they are formed.


Since the beginning of the new century, the questions of education fair has been widely concerned by the academic field and society, among which the unfair phenomena of the enrollment system of the college entrance examination are seriously criticized. Whether from the great aim of"management of the country and construction of socialist lawful country according to laws"or from the real need of the establishment of the socialist market economy, the unfairness of the enrollment system of the college entrance examination seriously infracts the citizens' right for being educated; besides, it has sharpened the unbalance of the development of education, culture and economy of various regions, and the harm is very profound. The reason why this phenomenon is produced has various aspects, they are: 1. the haunt of the plan economic thinking mode; 2.the shortage and unbalanced distribution of education funds; 3.the defect of the education reform measure; 4 the influence of the bad social mood in the course of type turning period. The basic way to eliminating these aspects lies in deepening education reform and carrying out managing education according to laws.


Persistence of lindane, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos, each applied at 500 and 1000 g a.i. ha−1 four wks after germination of safflower followed by a second application after 3 wks, did not show any residue of chlorpyriphos or quinalphos at both the doses and lindane at the lower dose in its seed and oil at harvest. At 1000 g a..i ha−1 1indane, 0.34 4nd d.95 5g kg−1 residues were detected in seed and oil, respectively which were above the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.05 ppm fixed for the oilseed crop.


Ritodrine hydrochloride is the only pharmacologic agent approved by the FDA for use in control and prevention of premature labor. The physiologic effects of ritodrine hydrochloride are reviewed and some practical guidelines for its administration are discussed.


522 Background: In the adjuvant setting, patients with HER2 breast cancer treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy have superior survival compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone. We previously showed that trastuzumab and chemotherapy induces HER2-specific antibodies which correlate with response to therapy in patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. It remained unclear from those studies, however, whether the HER2-specific immunity played a role and if antibody immunity was associated with improved disease free survival in the adjuvant setting. In the present study, we addressed these questions by analyzing sera samples from a subset of patients enrolled in the NCCTG adjuvant trial, N9831, which includes an arm (Arm A) in which trastuzumab was not used. Arms B and C received trastuzumab sequentially or concurrently to chemotherapy, respectively. Methods: Pre-and post-treatment initiation sera were obtained from 50 women enrolled in N9831 (22 Arm A; 14 Arm B, and 14 Arm C). Lambda IgG an...


Manganese silicide thin films have been successfully deposited by dc magnetron sputtering with Mn concentrations up to the high manganese silicide (HMS) range near MnSi1.7. We observed the formation of a number of tetragonal crystallite phases, including Mn4Si7, Mn27Si47, and Mn15Si26, which are commonly referred to in the literature as near MnSi1.7 or HMS; all of these phases have been confirmed using X-ray Diffraction. The formation of more HMS phases begin to appear at Mn concentrations around 29%, with XRD patterns clearly exhibiting the formation of the HMS phases with increased Mn concentrations. The low temperature saturation magnetization of these films increases with increased Mn concentration with a peak value of 100emu/cc for films near the MnSi1.7 range. Films are paramagnetic at room temperature but start to exhibit ferromagnetism at low temperatures with the Mn concentrations around 35%, which corresponds to the MnSi1.7 phases. Films close to MnSi1.7 have a coercivity of about 300 Oe.


Energy‐Momentum‐Entropy (EME) time‐stepping schemes are distinguished by their numerical stable and robust behaviour, which stems from their ability to preserve the structure of the underlying system. In the context of closed dissipative thermomechanical systems, they are energy‐ and momentum‐preserving as well as entropy‐producing. In order to illustrate the qualification of the GENERIC framework for the design of EME integrators, a thermoviscoelastic double pendulum is chosen as discrete model problem to which the discrete gradient operator due to Gonzalez [1] is applied. The acronym GENERIC pertains to 'General Equation for Non‐Equilibrium Reversible Irreversible Coupling' and provides by design a thermodynamic admissible mathematical framework for the evolution equations of dissipative thermomechanic systems. This contribution enlightens the incorporation of constraints in the GENERIC formalism and the necessity of a Lyapunov function as stability criterion.


If one's primary access to the figure of Krishna is through the medium of Sanskrit, then a visit to India brings definite surprises. To be sure, there will be a certain amount of talk about the Krishna of the Bhagavad Gita, particularly among the educated, and one may hear discussions of an episode or two depicting Krishna's heroic role in the Mahabharata. Much more important will be the amorous Krishna of the Puranas: popular bhajans are full of him, as are the movies, and one sees him beside his gopis (milkmaid friends) on calendars across the land. But there is an aspect of Krishna that is at least as prominent as this in popular art and song for which Sanskrit literature leaves one almost totally unprepared. This is Krishna as a child reaching his hand deep into a pot of butter and smearing its contents all over his face. In fact, some calendars take this as the central image of Krishna and array the other important elements and episodes of his life and personality around this butter thief like a great garland. This concentration upon the butter thief is not just an idiosyncrasy of calendar artists in the present day. The butter thief appears significantly among the earliest examples we have of


The study was designed for pharmacological investigation of chloroform fraction of Wedelia trilobata leaves extract (Family: Asteraceae). The powdered leaves of Wedelia trilobata were extracted with methanol and then partitioned with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate consecutively. The chloroform fraction was investigated for total flavonoid content, brine shrimp lethality bio-assay and antimicrobial test. The fraction contained 228.824mg AAE/g of total flavonoid content which shows that the fraction have prominent antioxidant property. Screening for cytotoxic properties using brine shrimp lethality bioassay with tamoxifen (LC50 value of 13.38μg/ml) as positive control showed that the fraction have considerable cytotoxic potency exhibiting LC50 value 27.17μg/ml. In antimicrobial activity investigation, the chloroform fraction showed low antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested organisms compared to ciprofloxacin (30μg/disc) which was used as positive control. The chloroform fraction showed moderate cytotoxic activity, potent antioxidant activity and slight antimicrobial activity. Further investigations are needed for the proper identification and isolation of these bioactive compounds to produce safer drugs for treatment of harmful diseases.


Summary. — The world is moving in the direction of using electricity derived from renewable sources. With the mass production of devices to enable the production of energy from such sources (wind, solar and tides), peak power capacity is competitive with that of deriving the electricity from fossil fuel. The problem is that the profile of power production does not match that of the requirements. This problem is not new, but it has become more acute: due to the extremely peaky nature of the power from the new sources, unless there is efficient energy storage, it is necessary to maintain the capacity to generate power to cover the full load in certain climatic conditions. While nuclear power is clean and would be ideal for satisfying the requirements of base load, the capital cost of nuclear plants (which should include that of decommissioning) makes the real cost of such power more expensive than that which can now obtained from renewables (and from burning gas or coal, of course). Ever since there have been electrical grids, companies have looked for ways to efficiently store energy so that power can be delivered on demand with minimum capital investment. A wide range of technologies is employed, and is being developed, so that everyday needs can be met. Energy storage is resource neutral: it allows us to use electricity from any power source more efficiently. However, it involves considerable capital investment, and can occupy a lot of space. The idea of moving towards reliance on renewable sources of energy has been taken up by a large segment of the population but there is technically still a lot to do, especially with regard to the essential corollary of energy storage. In addition to the challenge of producing the means to store energy, many other issues must be addressed. These include maintainability and longevity of the equipment (both for producing the energy and storing it). In this report we explore and compare the different methods available for storing energy and investigate trends.


The frequent occurrences of major water pollution emergencies in China have aroused the widespread social and governmental concerns. How to address serious water pollution is a complex task with integration of several elements. Focusing on the weakness of the mission, the paper has made comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of various water types, operation status of different pollutions. Study was made on the prediction simulation of unexpected events, and a forecast system of water pollution events was designed and established with the support of the environmental water models. The research in the paper has adapted to the environment management in the new phase and met the urgent demand in the water pollution emergencies; hence it is of practical significance.


Object-oriented, equation-based modeling systems (ASCEND, Omola, gPROMS, VeDa and others) can be very helpful in producing small novel mathematical models, i.e. involving a few tens to few hundreds of equations. These systems have so far not been shown to improve the speed of creating large, novel models involving several tens of thousands of equations, the kind that must be based on the application or modification of libraries. We present declarative modeling formalisms which aid the library user both in correct application and correct modification of complex library models. Compile times become an issue when a researcher or process designer is frequently recompiling a large model or when a synthesis program is constructing many hundreds to thousands of alternative process models. We report progress in developing automatic compilation algorithms which reduce times from minutes to seconds by taking into account the rich hierarchical semantics of user-written object definitions. We find that many of the same formalisms which aid in model application and modification also significantly improve compiler speed and diagnostic services. We also find that discovery of the anonymous types of compiled objects allows for large reductions in CPU time and core memory usage. Preliminary results indicate that interactive, interpreted modeling systems may soon become as fast as less flexible batch systems which rely on very rich libraries of precompiled binary modules.


This paper describes an exact algorithm for multi-layer topological planar routing in switchboxes and channels. Using recent developments in set covering resolution, this method produces in a few minutes the optimum solutions for routing problems that were previously solved by heuristics.


Objective To study the effects of different conditions of sample storage on the determination of hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood. Methods The number and ratio of hematopoietic stem cell was detected by SE-9000 hematology analyzer from anti-coagulated blood samples under different storage temperature and time. Results The number and ratio of hematopoietic stem cell had no significant changes with storage for 12 h at(4 °C),for 8 h at(20 °C) and for 6 h at (30 °C). Conclusions The number and ratio of hematopoietic stem cell examined by SE-9000 hematology analyzer show a good stability when the blood samples are stored for 6 h at (4)-(30 °C).


This paper proposes the shared-sequence-number ARQ (SSN-ARQ) scheme that achieves efficient and high-quality transmission for multimedia wireless communication systems. The proposed scheme gives the same sequence number (SN) to several sequential packets in order to decrease the maximum sequence number. Computer simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme offers throughput performance equivalent to that of the conventional scheme with fewer sequence number bits. The results also show that its throughput performance of the proposed scheme is excellent and steady even in the presence of higher packet error rate (PER) and large round trip time (RTT).


Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises play an essential role in economic growth in Indonesia but have many obstacles in carrying out business processes. Capital, limited information, raw materials, access to investors, and sales systems are the main problems for MSMEs in Kebumen Regency. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the supply of raw materials due to policies implemented by the government to overcome the spread of COVID-19; besides that, MSMEs are faced with sales problems. At the beginning of the pandemic, many MSMEs experienced a very sharp decline in turnover, but MSMEs have the flexibility to survive in these conditions. This research aims to integrate a business model in the form of Supply Chain Management (SCM) to help develop business in MSMEs. The methods used include a qualitative approach using interviews before using and after using the business model. The results of the implementation of business model integration have obstacles, including aspects of education owned by MSME actors (40%), poor product quality (10%), investor access (30%), and capital (20%)


Background: Severe traumatic brain injury can be a serious condition.
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the decompressive craniectomy (DC) of severe traumatic brain injury.
Methodology: This clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2012 to December 2013 for a period of two (02) years. Patients with the age of 18 years and above, GCS of the patients 8 to 4, severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with multiple hemorrhagic contusions and midline shift, on CT scan and severe TBI with gradual neurological deterioration were included for this study. Total 60 patients were included.
Result: A total of 60 patients were included in this study. Almost two third 18 (60.0%) patients had favorable outcome (GOS 4 and 5) in group A and exactly two third 20(66.7%) patients had Unfavorable outcome (GOS 1,2 and 3) in group B (p<0.05). In this study 8 patient died among which 5 had GCS 4 and 3 had GCS 5. One patient with GCS 5 became persistent vegetative. Eight patient with good recovery had GCS 8, 7 and 6. Death occurred at mean GCS 9±2.mm of midline shift followed by 8± mm in persistent vegetative, 5.67±2.08 mm in severe disability, 4.5±2.88 mm in moderate disability and 3.38±1.06 mm in good recovery.
Conclusion: Group A had better clinical outcome than group B. So based on statistical analysis it can be concluded that DC is preferable to conservative management in case of severe TBI.
Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2020;6(2): 124-128


Sol Schneider (SM'66-F'73-LF'96) received the B.A. degree from Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, and the M.S. degree from New York University, New York, NY. He served as Chief of the Plasma and Pulse Power Branch of the US. Army Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory at Fort Monmouth, NJ from 1965 to 1981. He had previously served as Chief of the Research Unit, Power and Gas Tube Section of the same Laboratory. Sol's work for the government also includes service in the armed forces in a tank unit under G. Patton in combat during World War TI.


Relations between indices on the Stromgren and multichannel spectrophotometry (MCSP) systems are noted to be composition-dependent, in a study of data for 110 white dwarfs which give the relations between Stromgren (b-y) and multichannel /G-R/, on the one hand, and between Stromgren (u-b) and multichannel /U-V/, on the other. The dispersion about the mean relations is greater for stars with He-dominated atmospheres, perhaps because such trace elements as C affect the color differently. Theoretical color indices for H-atmosphere models resemble those observed, where the slope and zero point of a Stromgren, MCSP color relation is given within 10 percent.


This study is aimed at identifying the problems of tax collection in Yewa North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study emphasizes the extent to which the tax collection irregularities hindered sustainable infrastructural development that arises from low-income generation by the local council, in the study area. The opinions of the population of study comprising taxpayers and authorities were sought through a structured questionnaire to elicit the opinions of fifty (50) respondents in the study area, then analysis of data was done by using the simple percentage method, while the formulated hypotheses were tested using the chi-square of fit technique at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there were inadequate facilities and infrastructure for the people, income generated by the council through taxes and levies was grossly inadequate. The study concluded that the local government needs to focus on improving the quality and condition of infrastructures such as inner roads within the communities. It was recommended that the citizens should pay tax correctly, and as at when due, the local government authority should make payment of taxes and levies to be very convenient for compliance. Keywords: Tax, Tax collection, Small Scale Business, Local government, infrastructures


Serological assays can detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) antibodies, but their sensitivity often comes at the expense of specificity. Here we used a Ternary Automated Blood Im-munoassay (TRABI) to assess the IgG response against SARS2 in 3,815 prepandemic plasma samples and 126 virologically and/or clinically confirmed COVID-19 samples. Posterior probabilities were calculated from 3x8 measurements of logarithmically diluted samples against the ectodomain and the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein and the nucleoprotein. We then performed 429,624 assays on 17,901 blood samples from patients of the University Hospital Zurich and from healthy blood donors. We found se-ropositivity in 44 of 8,591 patients and in 26 of 5,388 blood donors from December 2019 to May 2020. Western blotting confirmed seropositivity in COVID samples but in none of the prepandemic samples. Solution-equilibrium measurements revealed immunodominant antibodies with nanomolar affinity in COVID samples, whereas prepandemic plasma showed lower affinities despite similar titers for individual SARS2 antigens. Hence, TRABI identifies seropositive individuals in large unselected cohorts, discriminates be-tween SARS2 immunity and low-affinity crossreactivity, and is therefore suitable for large-scale nationwide screening campaigns.


Based on the calculations of location quotient,production competitive power and market competitive power,this paper systematically analysed the characteristics of both leading industries and industry system in northeast China,and divided the regional industries into four group-clustered by use of the model of Hierarchical cluster analysis and Discriminant analysis,including the industries with obvious advantage,the industries with some advantage,the industries without obvious advantage and the withered industries.The situation of comparative advantage for Northeast area region industries against national background can be showed visually according to this kind of classification.Furthermore,this article summarized the mechanism which brought about the evolvement of industrial structure.At last,the authors developed the future frame of leading industries,the blue print of reconstructing the industry system and countermeasures so as to alleviate negative affection which results from the more withered industries as well as the more industries of no obvious advantage.


This study compares the differences in causal attributions of a person experiencing success or failure in an achievement situation (the actor) and someone who read about the situation (the observer). The subjects were given sets of anagrams which varied in difficulty. The results of both studies showed that actors were relatively more likely to perceive their outcomes as caused by external factors (task difficulty and luck), while observers attributed these outcomes more to internal factors (effort) . Attributions for both actors and observers were also strongly affected by whether the outcome was a success or a failure. Hypotheses concerning significant differences in attributions made by male and female observers or actors were only weakly supported; however, the data that did emerge suggested a general tendency toward stereotypic thinking by both sexes, but especially by male observers. It has been suggested that the differential attributions made by an actor and an observer may cause conflicts in educational settings, where the student is the actor and the teacher the observer. However, this present study explores a situation that differs from a classroom situation, and additional research is needed to investigate differential attributions of teachers and pupils. (BD) *********************************************************************** * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (ED'S). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** ATTRIBUTIONS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE FOR MALES AND FEMALES AS ACTORS AND OBSERVERS Daniel Bar-Tal and Irene Hanson Frieze Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh 1975 U.S. DEPARTMENT DF HEALTH, EDUCATION I WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY The research reported herein was supported by the Learning Research and Development Center, supported in part as a research and development center by funds from the National Institute of Education (NIE), United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of NIE and no official endorsement should be inferred. The authors would like to thank Chuck Block and Torn Werner for their help in carrying out the first study, and to Yaffa BarTal for her assistance in both of the studies. The authors also wish to extend their appreciation to John Levine and Leonard Saxe for their helpful co.nrnents on an earlier version of this paper. ATTRIBUTIONS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE FOR MALES AND FEMALES AS ACTORS AND OBSERVERS Daniel BarTal and Irene Hanson Frieze University of Pittsburgh Jones and Nisbett (1971) suggested .t actors and observers have very different views about why the actor behaves in the way he or she does. They reviewed experimental literature showing that an actor tends to attribute his or her behavior to situational factors, while an observer of the same behavior tends to perceive it as the result of stable personal characteristics of the actor. A number of studies have confirmed this general proposition (e.g., McArthur, 1972; Nisbett, Caputo, Legant, & Marecek, 1973; Storms, 1973). These studies, however, have tended to focus upon actor/observer differences in social situations. The present two studies investigate some of the differences in attributions made by actors and observers in an achievement situation. It is hypothesized that the general tendency noted by Jones and Nisbett (1971) for the actor to attribute his or her behavior to situational factors and for the observer to attribute this behavior to stable characteristics of the actor will be present in an achievement situation. However, it is also hypothesized that these tendencies will be affected by the positivity or negativity of the outcome. Specifically, it is expected that the actor/observer attributional difference will be magnified in a failure situation, since actors would be most likely to attribute their behavior to situational factors in such a situation. Weiner, Frieze, Kukla, Reed, Rest, and Rosenbaum (1971) have outlined four causal attributions made in achievement situations: ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty. These causes differ along two dimensions. Ability and effort are within the person and are thus internal, while luck and task difficulty are outside the person and are thus external. Also, ability and task difficulty are relatively constant over time as a person reattempti the same task, while effort and luck can fluctuate widely. Therefore, the former causes, ability and task difficulty, are both stable, even though one is internal and the other external. Similarly, effort and luck are both unstable and also differ along the internal-external dimension. These dimensions have been meaningfully employed in previous studies of attributions of the causes of achievement success and failure. A number of studies have demonstrated that different causal attributions tend to be made in success and failure situations (i. e. , Feather & Simon, 1971; Frieze & Weiner, 1971). In general, people tend to attribute success more to internal factors and failure more to external and/or unstable factors (Frieze, 1973; Frieze & Weiner, 1971). A few studies have explored how actors and observers differentially react to success and failure in making attributions (e.g., Frieze & Weiner, 1971; Ruble 1973). In a simulation situation where subjects were told to imagine either themselves or someone else succeeding or failing in an achievement situation, results supported the hypothesis that actors would attribute their outcomes more to situational factors while observers would utilize more internal, stable attributions. However, these results were modified by the outcome which had more overall effect than the actor/ observer manipulation. In general, there was a tendency within both actor and observer groups to attribute more internal factors and stable factors to the success situation than to the failure one (Ruble, 1973). In another simulation study reported by Frieze and Weiner (1971), outcome had a very strong effect, but no actor/observer differences were found. Since this study controlled the type and amount of information available in both the actor and observer conditions (e.g., percent of past successes of


The trends and situation in area of fuels utilization as primary energy sources are distinguished by continuous change ― by countries and from year to year. New energy sources are arisen due to proving and opening the new deposits of fossil fuels and gas fi elds as well as by means of implementation of the processes of using the nontraditional fuels. At any rate the bigger half of primary energy demands are provided at the expense of hydrocarbons (on the order of 60%; see below) both of natural or casing ― head gases and by crude oil. The last time period is characterized by essential widening list of the fuels types that have been used in industry, residential, and district heating systems, engines, etc. (Soroka, 2010; Ptasinski et al., 2006; Hou et al., 2011). This situation is caused by defi ciency and increasing cost of hydrocarbon fuels all over the world [excepting the USA (Liss, 2012)] and by attempts to substitute natural gas for alternative gas fuels (AGF). The same is related to the types of the appropriate oxidants. Along with seDEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED POWER AND ENVIRONMENTAL FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL GAS SUBSTITUTION FOR ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTIBLE GASES


This presentation is for a workshop on behavioral interviewing. The author discusses behavioral interviewing, its importance, and offers exercises and how to develop interview questions.