1. How large do you instrument canals and to what tip size and taper? As a guiding principle, instrumentation should leave the minor constriction (MC) of the apical foramen at its original position and size. It is my empirical opinion that all instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation ideally terminate at the MC (if a MC is present) in both necrotic and vital cases. Arbitrarily instrumenting short of the MC in certain cases (1mm short for example in vital canals or 0.5mm short by intention in non vital cases as I have heard advocated by some) is by definition intending to leave untreated space within the canal system. Such recommendations are puzzling. The position of the MC can primarily be determined very accurately with electronic apex locators such as the Elements Diagnostic Unit (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) and bleeding point measurement. The above measurements can be confirmed subjectively with the clinician's tactile feel and a comparison to the estimated working length taken via digital radiographs ideally before treatment (DEXIS, DEXIS digital radiography, Alpharetta, GA). In other words, why would it be desirable to back away from a reproducible landmark in treatment for what are most often wholly arbitrary reasons (safety, less extrusion, a desire to leave a stump of vital tissue, etc.) that have little if anything to do with the anatomy of the canal at hand (Fig. 1)?


K2K is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a neutrino beam produced at the KEK 12 GeV PS, a near detector complex at KEK and a far detector (Super-Kamiokande) in Kamioka, Japan. The experiment was constructed and is being operated by an international consortium of institutions from Japan, Korea, and the US. The experiment started taking data in 1999 and has successfully taken data for about two years. K2K is the first long beseline neutrino oscillation experiment with a baseline of order hundreds of km and is the first accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiment that is sensitive to the Super-Kamiokande allowed region obtained from the atmospheric neutrino oscillation analysis. A total of 44 events have been observed in the far detector during the period of June 1999 to April 2001 corresponding to 3.85 × 1019 protons on target. The observation is consistent with the neutrino oscillation expectations based on the oscillation parameters derived from the atmospheric neutrinos, and the probability that this is a statistical fluctuation of non-oscillation expectation of is less than 3%.


The Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) behaviour and machining properties of advanced engineering Si3N4-based ceramic composites Si3N4-TiN are investigated and discussed in this paper. Two types of EDM machining configurations, micro-EDM milling and die-sinking EDM, are employed in the investigation. Relaxation type of pulse is used, and the performances of EDM process in the form of material removal rate, tool wear and surface quality are studied. These tests result in a performance comparison and a discussion on the ceramic composites material removal mechanism. The feature of material removal mechanism is characterised as chemical decomposition of Si3N4 and TiN at elevated temperature rather than melting/evaporation. The generation of nitrogen gas bubbles leads to a porous and foamy top surface structure. Due to the ideal mechanical and physical property of Si3N4-TiN ceramic composites, an application example a turbine impeller as a crucial component in a micro power generation system is manufactured with obtained knowledge in both machining configurations.


The belief or misconception that correlation may mean causation has seen widespread use of various types of correlations in the analysis of numerical data. The role of correlation, in particular partial correlations, in specific areas of data analysis; approach of problem, interrelationships of variables and modeling will be considered in a particular case study, namely the Malaysian road accident problem


Now is the era of globalization, the profound changes that are experiencing in the area of trade and accounting, therefore employers should specialize in what corresponds to the administrative and financial area. The implementation of an accounting system is carried out on the basis of the objective proposed to introduce an accounting system and apply indicators for the Distributor and importer of Instrumental medical financial "Olmer Chacon", in the city of Cuenca period November to December 2015.
was broken down specific objectives met in the process of implementation of the accounting system that began with the taking of inventory, then the formulation of a Plan of accounts, the design of records accounting, to continue with the accounting process to conclude with the basic financial statements and proceed to the application of the financial indicators applicable to the entity object of study.
In the same way for the fulfilment of the same applied methods and techniques, with professional criteria, allowing the owner to have information about the costs and expenses; of equal it forms a successful control of inventory through the use of cards Kardex To have completed this research work, is recommended to the owner considered this document as the Foundation to continue its accounting records couple having accurate information timely and efficient decision-making right in the management of its finances.


The process of classroom teaching is the one of delivering,transfering,changing and storing.Whether teaching at certain time has been improved depends on how much information has been transfered.This essay,on the basis of research of modern methods of teaching,taking information negative entropy formula as example,makes a discussion on how to raise transfering of effective information in classroom teaching.


A study of advancements in power plant designs for use at geothermal resources in the low to moderate (300 to 400F) temperature range is reported. In 3 case studies, the benefits of R and D to achieve these advancements are evaluated in terms of expected increases in installed geothermal generating capacity over the next 2 decades. A parametric sensitivity study is discussed which analyzes differential power development for combinations of power plant efficiency and capitol cost. Affordable tradeoffs between plant performance and capital costs are illustrated. The independent review and analysis of the expected costs of construction, operation and maintenance of the Heber Binary Cycle Geothermal Power Demonstration Plant are described. Included in this assessment is an analysis of each of the major cost components of the project, including (1) construction cost, (2) well field development costs, (3) fluid purchase costs, and (4) well field and power plant operation and maintenance costs. The total cost of power generated from the Heber Plant (in terms of mills per kWh) is then compared to the cost of power from alternative fossil-fueled base load units. Also evaluated are the provisions of both: (a) the Cooperative Agreement between the federal government and San Diegomore » Gas and Electric (SDG and E); and (b) the Geothermal Heat Sales Contract with Union Oil Company.« less


The advantages of liquid-based cytology (LBC) include rapid xation, even distribution of cells over a smaller slide area, and decreased obscuring background elements, such as blood, in ammation, and mucus. Also, standardized LBC xation provides advantages for centralized laboratories, especiall ywhen FNA procedures are carried out without rapid assessment.LBC preparations provide material for ancillary techniques, and their routine application in pathology laboratories with speci c reference to procedure standardization and the opportunity to store cells are signi cant bene ts of nongynecological LBC, which can be used in different organs for different applications.Only a few studies have addressed usage regarding FNA of different organs such as breast, salivary gland, thyroid gland, lymph nodes, bone and soft tissue prepared by LBC technique.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of manual LBC (MLBC) and conventional smears (CS) in various FNA samples.


: Denmark has persistent challenges with an unacceptably large 'residual group' of young people with no upper secondary education. Vocational education and training programs continue to suffer low enrollment and high dropout rates. Far too many ethnic minority boys drop out of school and educational system in Denmark. At the same time, there is a growing shortage of labor within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In this article, we introduce and discuss an educational approach, invented in the Pathway-to-Technology (P-Tech) schools in the US, as a reflection model for Denmark and Scandinavia and for teacher educators. P-Tech is the concerted pedagogical efforts of various educational institutions, businesses, and political initiatives aimed specifically at the large marginalized and vulnerable residual youth groups in the US.


The present invention has the method and / or relates to the electrochemical cell, at least one gas diffusion electrode is wet pressure and / or the bubble point of greater than 0.2bar to use at least one gas diffusion electrode (GDE) from the electrochemical cell. At least one gas diffusion electrode can be affected by the pressure difference between the gas side and liquid side. Pressure on the liquid surface of the GDE to the gas side during operation (in the case with the liquid electrolyte if higher pressure) does not exceed the wet pressure of the GDE, and / or the pressure on the gas side of the GDE to the liquid surface (gas If the surface having the higher pressure) does not exceed the bubble point of the GDE.


We introduce a memory efficient approach for the reduction of the required memory storage in time domain transmission line modeling (TLM)-based adjoint variable method (AVM). The proposed approach is based on manipulating the TLM scattering matrices to remove all redundant calculations. The required memory overhead for our approach is drastically reduced to only 10% of that of the original TLM-based AVM. This represents the ultimate memory reduction preserving the same accuracy of previously reported AVM approaches. Utilizing this approach, we can conduct AVM calculations for dielectric bulk structures 10 times larger. Our algorithm has been verified by comparison to the expensive finite difference approaches.


In November 2008, Muhajir and I paid a visit to Teungku Faisal Ali, the founder and leader of the Dayah Ulum al-Aziziyah in the village of Sukamakmur, Aceh Besar. Teungku Faisal was (and is) also the leader of the traditionalist organisation Himpunan Ulama Dayah Aceh (Association of Acehnese Ulama, HUDA), and the chairman of the Acehnese branch of the Nahdlatul Ulama.1 Over the past few years, he has been a well-known presence in the local and national media, because of his activist stance on the need for Shari'a law to eradicate immorality in Acehnese society.2 One of the themes we discussed during the visit was the historical role of the ulama in Aceh, and the way in which HUDA fitted in. When I asked Teungku Faisal about the differences between Islamic currents (aliran) in Aceh, he emphasized that 80 per cent of the ulama dayah in Aceh, including himself and most members of HUDA, belonged to the line of Syaikh Muda Wali Al-Khalidy, the famous Pertileader and founder of the traditionalist dayah Darussalam in Labuhan Haji (South Aceh).3 In response to this affirmation of Acehnese traditionalism, I wondered – somewhat provocatively perhaps – whether the HUDA may be regarded as the first attempt by Acehnese ulama to 'unite' in an activist organisation since the PUSA. Evidently, this was not a very appropriate remark to make. While the conversation had been rather spontaneous up until this point, Teungku Faisal suddenly looked cautious. He curtly responded to my suggestion by stating that Daud Beureueh was a 'soldier, not an ulama' (orang militer, bukan ulama). Not much later, the conversation was over, and Muhajir and I were on our way again. Today, the ulama in Aceh are in somewhat dire straits. As experts of religious law, they remain the most important group of specialists providing religious services to the Acehnese people, ranging from religious education and counselling to the facilitation of traditional life cycle rituals, especially in rural areas. At the same time, their position is marked by moral and political ambivalence. On the one hand, the presence of the ulama


With the prospect to deploy hydrokinetic energy converters in areas with heavy boat traffic, a study was conducted to observe and assess the depth range of cavitating flow produced by ferryboats in ...


The present study illustrates an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS, i.e., Geospatial techniques for assessment of land use/cover dynamics of a tourist town located in the middle Himalayan range of the Uttarakhand State (India) viz., the Nainital. Landsat satellite imageries of two different time periods, i.e., Landsat TM of 1990 and Landsat TM 2010 were acquired by USGS Earth Explorer and quantified the land use/cover changes in the Nainital town from 1990 to 2010 over a period of 2 decades. Supervised Classification methodology has been employed using Maximum Likelihood Technique in ERDAS 9.3. The images of the study area were categorized into five different classes, viz. built-up area, vegetation, agricultural land, water bodies and sand bar. The results indicate that during the last two decades, built-up area and open space of the Nainital town area has been increased about 15.96% (i.e., 1.95 km2) and 0.15% (i.e., 0.02 km2), respectively, while area under other land categories such as vegetation, agricultural land have decreased about 15.36% (i.e., 1.86 km2), 0.75% (i.e., 0.09 km2) respectively while there is no traceable change in the water bodies in the lake. The study reveals that the Nainital town is expanding around the Nainital town with the nuclear settlement. The paper also highlights the nature, rate and location of change and the importance of digital change detection techniques for proper land use planning for a sustainable, directional and uniform urban growth of the Nainital town area.


Long-term insect abundances have been studied to investigate factors structuring the insect communities of the temporary wetlands around the River Dalalven floodplain. In the wet meadows and swamps ...


[reaction: see text] A concise, four-step conversion of 2-methylcyclopentenone to hydroazulene 2 is described. An alternative approach that led to an unexpected [5,5]-bicyclic carbon framework is also discussed.


Peer-to-peer (P2P) transactive energy trading has emerged as a promising paradigm towards maximizing the flexibility value of prosumers' distributed energy resources (DERs). Despite reinforcement learning constitutes a well-suited model-free and data-driven methodological framework to optimize prosumers' energy management decisions, its application to the large-scale coordinated management and P2P trading among multiple prosumers within an energy community is still challenging, due to the scalability, non-stationarity and privacy limitations of state-of-the-art multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) approaches. This paper proposes a novel P2P transactive trading scheme based on the multi-actor-attention-critic (MAAC) algorithm, which addresses the above challenges individually. This method is complemented by a P2P trading platform that incentivizes prosumers to engage in local energy trading while also penalizes each prosumer's addition to rebound peaks. Case studies involving a real-world, large-scale scenario with 300 residential prosumers demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art MADRL methods in reducing the community's cost and peak demand.


Communication system (200) comprising: generates a high-frequency oscillator (202) having a first high-frequency signal (# HCLK1) upon receipt of an enable signal (#en); a first module (210) which is connected to the high frequency oscillator (202) and which is either in the mode of operation (busy mode) or in the idle mode (idle mode) operates, wherein the first module (210) to the first high-frequency signal (# HCLK1) operates when it is in the operating mode; wherein the first module (210) emits a first request signal (# en1) when the first module (210) operates in the operation mode; wherein the first module (210) includes an automatic frequency controller (208) connected to the first high-frequency oscillator (202) and generates a set signal (#AFC) to (upon receipt of the enable signal # s) the accuracy of the first high-frequency signal (# HCLK1) to maintain, and wherein the automatic frequency controller terminates the generation of the adjustment signal when the enable signal (#en) is not detected dispensed; a second module (220) which is connected to the high frequency oscillator (202) and operate in either operation mode or in idle mode, wherein the second module (220), the first high-frequency signal (# HCLK1) in a second high-frequency signal (# HCLK2) converts and to the second high-frequency signal (# HCLK2) operates when it is in the operating mode; wherein the second module (220) transmits a second request signal (# en2), when the second module (220) operates in the operation mode; a release unit (206) connected to the first module (210) and the second module (220) for generating the enable signal (#en) is connected, wherein generating the enable unit (206) when one of the first and second request signals is output, the enable signal (#en) for the high-frequency oscillator (202) wherein the high-frequency oscillator (202) stops generating the first high frequency signal (# HCLK1) when the enable signal (#en) is not discharged.


That the city and its development and the growth of environmental problems in it generated the use of methods that help reduce urban problems, as they were used for planning directives in developed countries to adopt the concepts of modern urban construction for the environment that preserves the right of nature and man, using systems that work to sustain and achieve the system of integrated urban performance and a section of the system Natural performance, as is the practice in eco-cities, and from the contemporary modern directives in urban planning, there is an ecological phenomenon, which helps ecosystems by reducing the negative effects of the urban environment. And that the absence of interest in the urban environment of the city, testing the existence of an integrated urban structure for the city, following the methods and objectives of urban ecosystems in planning and designing the city and reducing the problems of the urban environment, and the formation of environmentally friendly complexes that achieve the goals of an integrated urban environment based on the foundations of the ecosystems taken from laws, foundations and standards that seek to preserve The natural structure, achieving the objectives of urban management and preserving the environment and forming an integrated environmentally friendly urban construction and adopting it locally by adopting the methods and methods used in planning and designing the eco-friendly city.


A self-healing database system is a grand-challenge vision where the system will detect, diagnose, and repair software/hardware failures automatically. We identify performance-availability problems (PAPs) as an important target for self-healing, and develop techniques that enable database systems to recover automatically from common PAPs. PAPs can be caused by many factors in database systems, e.g., contention for hardware (e.g., CPU, memory) and software resources (e.g., locks), inappropriate setting of configuration parameters (e.g., undersized buffer pool), and poor physical design (e.g., missing indexes). Many "tuning knobs" (mechanisms) are available to recover from these failures online. We propose to demonstrate the Shaman database system that implements policies to invoke these mechanisms automatically, efficiently, and correctly by addressing two challenges: (i) which knob to turn? and (ii) by how much? Shaman uses a mix of analytical modeling (queuing networks) and statistical learning (planned experiments and regression) techniques to estimate the benefit and cost associated with the tuning of each knob.


Background: Germination of Desmodium triflorum is used for the scarification using the acid is valuable for the different light condition. Methods: The sample was collected as four month of interval of time and the seed is treated with acids with different time. Results: seeds scarified with sulfuric acids for 10 min before sowing had better germination than those scarified for 5 and 15 min. Among them light qualities, red and white light had slightly promoted effect whereas blue light and dark condition had slightly negative effect on seed germination. Conclusions: In comparison to blue light and dark condition, red light and white light were promoted to percentage germination indicating the role of phytochrome in seed germination of Desmodium triflorum .


Nonlinear and linear model-based control (MBC) strategies including process model-based control (PMBC), model predictive control (MPC), internal model control (IMC), and advanced conventional control (ACC) have been experimentally compared for flow, temperature, pressure, and composition control. The test systems have nonlinear characteristics and include a pilot scale fluid flow and heat exchanger system, a commercial plasma reactor, and a laboratory scale distillation column. The evaluation criteria includes the effort required for model development and implementation, as well as conventional measures of controlled and manipulated variable activity.


This paper highlights the integration challenges for Civil Information Modeling (CIM) in highway infrastructure projects and documents the principal data sources necessary for advancing its applications in project work processes. Researchers and practitioners have positively evaluated the benefits of CIM towards accomplishing several work processes such as model-based design coordination, spatial and temporal conflicts resolution, constructability analyses, work area management, and visualization, among others. Nonetheless, CIM technology and processes have not been adequately integrated with the project delivery practices of highway infrastructure. A significant challenge in this regard is the lack of standardized knowledge towards understanding the data requirements for developing and utilizing CIM models. Quite often, the necessary information resides in the databases of several coordinating agencies and the integration processes mandate retrieving the data from multiple, disparate sources to create models. This study evaluates the modeling practices followed in a large infrastructure project in Dallas, Texas and discusses the opportunities and challenges for streamlining CIM integration for design and construction activities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) engineers to gather insights into the data requirements and deduce the practical challenges encountered while collecting and fusing the information. Lessons learned from this study can act as a reference for assimilating the information requirements and a valuable resource for both novice professionals and experts developing models for project delivery


An analysis methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of stiffeners and other geometric features on the elastic buckling edge fixity of monolithic machined metallic shear webs. Three-dimensional finite element models of aluminum spar and rib webs show the benefits of accounting for stiffener dimensions, web fillet radii and web corner radii in buckling calculations. For design applications, a Rayleigh-Ritz buckling methodology for rectangular shear webs with four elastically restrained edges is presented, along with an equation for estimating edge torsional stiffness. The discussion focuses on shear loading applications, but the buckling methodology is applicable to more general in-plane loading conditions as well.


Abstract Exponential fatigue curves for dynamic work of the forearm muscles were obtained from 200 boys arid girls ranging from 8 through 17 years of age. The fatigue parameters analyzed in relation to initial strength were fatigable strength, steady-state equilibrium strength, and relative rate of strength loss per contraction. Older children were stronger and exhibited greater fatigue. When their strength loss and steady-state levels were considered in relation to their initial strength-capacity, there were no age differences in fatigability, and sex differences were either absent or very small. At age eight, boys and girls had equal rates of strength loss per muscle contraction. Older boys, since they exerted more strength initially, tended to reach the fatigue level more rapidly than younger children. Older girls reached their fatigue level more slowly.


Planetary gear is an important component of the reducers.The planetary gear need grinding to ensure the accuracy in transmission.Grinding surplus is reduced by controlling heat treatment of the workpiece.This not only satisfies the requirements of grinding,but also reduces the time significantly to guarantee great production efficiency.


The article reviews two books: "Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis," edited by Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe; and "Megacities: The Politics of Urban Exclusion and Violence in the Global South," edited by Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruijt.


The theory and application of the resin matrix composite in infrared stealthy technique,radar stealthy technique,and multiple spectrum stealthy technique are presented.The status and expected future of the resin matrix composite in stealthy technique are analysed.


"Information is at the heart of the knowledge economy and is increasingly sought after. Information also lies at the heart of intellectual property, even if it has been traditionally left beyond its scope. In addition to recent evolution, some basic principles have gradually fallen from view, and the subject has experienced a deep mutation. Copyright was originally designed to protect authors and to provide incentives for them to create for the benefit of society. Nowadays, however, it is increasingly presented as a mechanism for protecting an investment. Furthermore, access to creative work in the digital environment has been restricted by technical measures, which are at the same time protected by anti-circumvention law. This change has had some influence over the free use of information, which has been called into question in many regards. This contribution seeks to trace back this evolution, acknowledging the trend toward the privatization of information through copyright (understood here in an extended sense, including neighboring and sui generis rights). Secondly, it proposes three types of remedy: (1) returning to basic principles in applying rules pertaining to this issue; (2) re-establishing these principles through rules outside of copyright law, such as competition law, media law, and fundamental rights; and (3) re-evaluating and reshaping existing rules in the light of their new paradigms."


The retina is the light sensitive tissue, lining the back of our eye. Light rays are focused onto the retina through our cornea, pupil and lens. The retina converts the light rays into impulses that travel through optic nerve to our brain, where they are interpreted as the images. The task of manually segmenting fundus from retina images is generally time-consuming and difficult. In most settings, the task is done by marking the fundus regions slice-by-slice, which limits the human rater's view and generates distorted images. Manual segmentation is also typically done largely based on a single image with intensity enhancement provided by an injected contrast agent.  In the current research the fundus is detected and extracted in retinal image. Fundus is distinguished from normal tissues by their image intensity, threshold-based or region growing techniques. The fundus in this approach is detected with the help of geometric features. Skew symmetric matrix is used to avoid any angular orientation. In this approach the accuracy on fundus is quite promising.  Accuracy of fundus detection is improved according to the area and the acceptance rate .In this approach ,once the image is loaded, it is filtered and normalized. Then superpixels are generated using linear iterative clustering approach and the features are generated. From the available set of features, some of the features are selected using sequential forward selection approach .Classifier is constructed in order to determine different classes in a test image. Proposed work is two class problem in which algorithm is applied that consists of skew symmetric matrix .Experimental results show substantial improvements in the accuracy and the performance of fundus detection as well as in false acceptance rate and false rejection rate.


Abuse against women is a severe social problem that needs an effective combat mechanism. Globally, women have been subjected to violence to such an extent that the problem has caught the international community's attention. In response to the abuse of women, the international community has introduced a legal framework to assist countries in setting up preventative and protective measures to realise women's rights and make them free from all forms of violence. The instruments introduced by the international community include UN Resolutions, General Recommendations on violence against women and children, and the like. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 guarantees everyone the right to freedom of security, including the right to be free from all forms of violence. While South Africa has made great strides in passing legislation to protect women from violence, the preventative methods have not been effective in combating women abuse. Thus, South Africa needs more preventative mechanisms to protect women, and police at the forefront of implementing those preventative mechanisms. This article investigates mechanisms that the international community has suggested, looks at other countries' approaches to combating violence against women, and then argues for a process where women have access to information about a potential abuser's previous criminal history.


The article aim at a typical speed reducer measuring points (failure-prone region) of main feed belt for the blast furnace to find the developing trend of the equipment malfunction and to make more accurate judgments for equipment malfunction, according to measurement data on many occasions. At the same time, a corresponding vibration diagnostic criteria of the equipment and a common fault intelligent identification system are made and continuously updated to facilitate the monitoring of equipment vibration condition in the site, to improve the operating condition of the equipment, to make site inspection accurate and efficient.


Notched box plots have been discussed previously as a simple approach to analyze physiologically 'normal' laboratory values. yet when the data are from skewed distributions, a more refined approach is generally applicable. This paper presents one such r..


The invention discloses a legal monitoring method which comprises the steps that: an edge tag switching router, as the monitoring access point, receives the monitored data and acquires the monitored tags of the monitored data; an equivalence class is transmitted according to the monitored tags and the destination address of the transmitted equivalence class is a monitoring gateway; the monitored data are sent to the monitoring gateway by a tag switching path corresponding to the transmitted equivalence class. The edge tag switching router in the invention, as the monitoring access point, allows not to encapsulate the monitored data in the IP message of the monitoring gateway which is the destination address after the router receives the monitored data, thereby simplifying the processing flow of the router. The invention also discloses a communication system, a router and a monitoring gateway.


Michelia alba DC is a well known fragrant plant that is rich in high quality essential oils of economic importance especially for the perfumery industry. At biochemical
level, the exact metabolic pathway that is responsible for the generation of the essential oils in M. alba and the regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Therefore, profiling of proteomes from the organs that are involved in the formation of the oils is an approach to obtain the potential candidate proteins related to the oils production. This study was carried out as an attempt to identify differentially expressed proteins during the development of fragrant-producing organs by optimizing the methods of protein extraction and profiling the proteomes at different developmental stages. The objectives of this study were i) to optimize the protein extraction protocols for profiling of M. alba proteomes by two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis (2-DGE), ii) to optimize the reproducibility of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) in flower and leaf tissues of M. alba, iii) to profile the proteomes of the leaf and flower of M. alba using 2-DGE at different developmental stages of the organs, iv) to find trends and correlation of the proteomic profile in term of regulation of unique proteins and v) to identify uniquely proteins expressed for fragrance production throughout developmental stages.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) is currently one of the methods that can offer a relatively good separation power for proteomics analysis. In this study,
traditional 2-DGE was used to profile the proteomes of the leaf and flower organs of M. alba at different evelopmental stages. A prerequisite for a reproducible, high resolution of proteomic protein separation on the 2-DGE, is the availability of protein extraction protocol that is optimized for the plant especially for M. alba as a woody
plant. Three different protein extraction methods were evaluated for their abilities to extract high amounts of soluble protein, to produce high resolution of protein
separation of the crude extract on 1D and 2D gels, and to eliminate maximum amounts of non-protein contaminants from the extract. The protocol based on the use of Bis-Tris/acetone was the best protein extraction protocol for M. alba based on the criteria above and was significantly highest in total protein content in both flower and leaf tissues (p<0.05).
Using this protein extraction protocol, the proteomes of different developmental stages of M. alba leaf and flower were successfully resolved on 2-DGE. The numbers of protein spots and their expression levels were monitored during the
development of the organs. Generally the numbers of protein spots increased during the development of the organs. During the development of M. alba flower, the numbers of protein spots reached its peak when the flower was about to open, but then decreased once the flower bloomed. Profiling of the leaf and flower proteomes from different developmental stages generated 80 to 210 spots, of which some showed differentially-expressed patterns. Five protein spots from the flower proteome and eight from the leaf were successfully identified based on peptide mass
fingerprinting method. These proteins are categorized into three major classes according to their functions: primary metabolism, developmental and fragrancerelated proteins. Five of these are fragrance-related proteins namely 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, guaiadiene synthase, acyl carrier protein 3 and caffeate omethyltransferase.
The findings of the study provide some fundamental information for a more comprehensive approach to analyze and then explain the mechanism involved in fragrance biosynthesis and its regulation in this plant.


In this paper,Isolated Mining which is a method belonged to data mining is used in CRM,in order to discovered these exceptional behaviors of the unusual customer,for enterprise's policy-maker the corresponding marketing strategy which provides in view of the different customer community.


Background: Stillbirth is one of the most devastating pregnancy outcomes that affects approximately 2.6 million pregnancies worldwide. Several factors have been identified to be associated with stillbirth, and grouped based on the pathophysiological aspects, such as maternal, placental, fetal, and unknown or unexplained factors. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, along with the baseline and risk factor characteristics of stillbirth among singleton pregnancies at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was conducted, including all stillbirth medical records from 2017 to 2020 obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Medical records with complete baseline data, 2nd–3rd trimester pregnancies, and singleton pregnancies were collected.Results: The prevalence of stillbirth cases in this study was 2.2%. Most of the cases occurred in the age range of 20–35 years old (64.4%) with the gestational age of >28 weeks (65.8%). Of all risk factors observed, hypertensive disorders were the most common medical conditions found (45.6%), followed by unknown factors (17.8%), and congenital abnormalities (14.2%).Conclusions: The majority of stillbirth patients are at their optimal reproductive age, nulliparity, and have hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, specifically the superimposed preeclampsia subtype. Although the prevalence is considerably low, early management of the risk factors, particularly hypertensive disorder, is important to prevent its occurrence.


Let students become themselves,which is the higher pursuit of education.And let students develop with freedom,which is the higher level of education.Only let students become themselves,can they develop with freedom.If let students develop with freedom,first of all it requires that students become the subject of study.Besides,it needs teachers to do more,which is more difficult than before indeed.And the education management department is the key to change the present plight.


This paper describes the development of a nano-satellite altitude control system (ACS) which employ a filter base controller with comparison with a simple adaptive predictive fuzzy logic controller (APFLC) for a 1, 2 and 3 axis orientation using RCM3400 controller. For this the paper describe about the different performance both controller apply in the hardware. The physical interface, module and configuration with several key features are described. The result of the controller apply in to the hardware is shown in this paper. The interface, communication protocol and data handling for the microcontroller are described in this paper.


We report on a custom designed system for the deposition and characterization of polypyrrole bilayer actuators. Unlike conventional commercial electrochemical cells and potentiostats, the system described in this paper has specifications commensurate to its application and thus can be readily implemented using off the shelf electronic components at relatively low cost. Deposition rates and actuation are computer controlled through a standard data acquisition interface card with a program written in Matlab. We also discuss the design of the masks that are employed to fabricate the polypyrrole structures. This is accomplished through silicon compilation using the CAD software LEDIT (1999) from Tanner Research. We have implemented a selection of parameterized routines in the LEDIT script language LComp that greatly reduces design turnaround time


Background: The number of patients admitted with infective endocarditis (IE) from intravenous drug use (IVDU) in Appalachia is increasing, a direct downstream effect of the opioid crisis. Extant literature highlights the pejorative attitudes health care workers have toward patients with substance use disorder, with nurses among the most punitive. Rather than describe attitudes, the purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with IE from IVDU in Appalachia. Aims: To describe an unexplored phenomenon in Appalachia to inform nursing practice, nursing education, and health policy. Method: Qualitative phenomenological study using the University of Tennessee method based on the tenets of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Nine nurses (ages 29-53 years) recruited using purposive and snowball sampling participated in unstructured phenomenological interviews. Results: The essential meaning or central theme of the nurse experience working with these patients was a sense of hopelessness/hope, with four interrelated themes derived from the central theme: (1) guarding/escaping, (2) responsibility and revulsion, (3) apathy/empathy, and (4) grief and sorrow/cold and unemotional. Universally, nurses perceived caring for this population as futile, feeling a sense of powerlessness to change the outcome. Conclusions: These care experiences frustrated nurses, who described being physically and emotionally drained. To improve care delivery and improve patient outcomes, emphasis must be placed on nurse addiction education and standardizing nurse to patient with substance use disorder ratios to decrease work-related stress on nurses.


Mg-12%Li-1%Al alloys were prepared and the effects of small quantity of CaF2 additive on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-obtained alloys were studied.By observing the microstructures of the alloys,it was found that the reduced element Ca resulted in refinement of the β(bcc) phase,Ca enriched on the grain boundaries,which resulted in the formation of Al2Ca chemical.According to the refinement mechanism,grain growth was inhibited significantly due to the absorption of Ca on the grain boundaries,which leaded to grain refinement.Mechanical tests were carried out at room temperature.The results showed that tensile strength and elongation percentage were enhanced by the replaced element Ca.


We propose a pervasive technology that can structure collaborative learning process in collocated settings, by constraining interactions, imposing a sequence of activities and/or specifying individual roles. Our tool, lantern 2.0, in contrast to the other collaboration scripting tools, embeds the scripts in the process and environment of learning. It neither takes the focus of the learners from their main task nor makes a visual barrier like a computer screen between them. Furthermore, a large variety of scripts can be designed and run using lantern 2.0. This paper describes the technical properties of Lantern and provides some examples of the scripts that it can implement. The given examples are applied to two common pedagogical practices: recitation sections and group problem solving.


Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has been linked harmful health outcome which is an important cause of short-lifespan morbidity and mortality. However, it is not clear pathological condition in old man exposure to SHS. This report reviews SHS exposure to old age to determine health mechanisms of the heart. SHS exposure increases the primary progressive atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness and increase risk of coronary disease events causes human diseases, especially in elderly. Aging is a physiology process involving progressive impairment of normal heart functions, due to an increasing vulnerability which reduces the ability of survive. Aging of the very elderly heart is associated with heart failure, expected or normal aging change. SHS exposure involves the combination of the smoke emitted by the burning end of a tobacco cigarette and the smoke exhaled by the smoker into the environment. SHS led to cardiac remodeling has been observed in exposed increases cardiovascular diseases mortality. Even for the elderly exposed to SHS at home was higher than outside of the home, or both at home and outside of the home.


Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the root distribution of grasses and shrubs, at different soil depths, in two ecological sites (ES): highland (forest) and lowland (grassland). The root density (RD) estimation was used as a proxy to test the two-layer hypothesis. Three trenches were dug in both ES and the number of roots m−2 was registered at different depth classes. The roots were classified in categories: (a) life forms (LF), grasses and shrubs and (b) root size (diameter): fine (<0.1 cm), small (0.11–0.5 cm); medium (0.51–1.5 cm) and large (>1.51 cm). Soil bulk density (Bd) was assessed by gravimetric method and its relation with RD was determined by regression analysis. RD was analyzed by using ANOVA with the factors: ES, LF, depth and root size. There were no significant differences in RD between the ES but RD significantly decreased with depth in both ES. In the upper horizons of the forest, there was higher shrubs RD (764 roots m2) than grass RD (128 roots m2) (p < 0.0001). In grassland, grass RD was registered in all the depths. Mean fine root density was greater than the mean of other root size categories. The relationship between RD and Bd was negative and only significant in the forest (p = 0.009). The distribution of roots of both LF in the soil profile of both ES did not respond completely to the two-layer hypothesis since in upper horizons an overlap was observed.


In industrial processes, all available resources, are selected to improve the process performance. However, in critical processes, any kind of faults may lead to serious consequences. One of the main techniques to enhance process reliability is to early detect and isolate faults. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technique is a good tool to detect and isolate several types of faults in industrial systems. Fault detection and isolation based on ANN is proposed in this paper. This technique is implemented and tested on Three-Tank system as a bench mark. Moreover different fault scenarios are tested.


A Swiss lawyer and diplomat, Vattel was one of a distinguished group of eighteenth-century jurists that included Montesquieu and Christian Wolff who brought the emerging discipline of international law to bear on the conduct of warfare. Vattel's most influential work, Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle or The Law of Nations, published in 1758, was a general manual of statesmanship and international relations that dealt also with issues of war. It built upon the earlier work of Hugo Grotius and continued to exercise a significant influence upon statesmen and diplomats until the time of World War I. Many of his underlying propositions anticipated the stipulations of the Hague and Geneva Conventions.

Keywords:

eighteenth century;
biography;
civil rights;
Law;
Western Europe


Abstract : This report examines technical and operational tender evaluations for complex computer based military systems. Detailed recommendations are made with respect to getting the right technical proposals, developing an evaluation model and controlling the evaluation process.


the rate of decrease of 65Zn in these newborns when they were nursed by uncontaminated dams, and (3) the amount of 65Zn accumulated in newborns via milk from 65Zn-contaminated dams . In addition, the relative contributions of the transplacental and milk-borne 65Zn in these newborns during nursing period could be calculated, because 65Zn contained in these newborns was partially due to placental transfer and partially due to dam's milk. Fig. 1 shows the results obtained. The 65Zn body burden of the newborns on the day of birth was 2.7% of the radioactivity which was administered to the dam. This value was regarded as the amount of 65Zn incorporated into each newborn during fetal life. The amount of 65Zn of these newborns increased gradually with age until 10 days after birth, and then decreased slowly although they were kept being nursed by the same dam. On the other hand, the 65Zn body burden of the young which were delivered by 65Zn-contaminated dams and subsequently nursed by uncontaminated foster ones, decreased gradually after birth as indicated by the solid circle in Fig. 1. The 65Zn content of these young mice at the time of weaning was approximately 70% of the radioactivity detected at birth. Based on these data, biological half-life of 65Zn in these young mice was estimated to be about 40 days, which was close to the data


The setting time, elasticity and dimensional stability of silicone rubber base materials are described. An impression technic for deep-seated proximal cavities is presented which takes advantage of the properties of the silicone material and avoids the preoperative treatment of the gingival tissues with astringents or vasoconstrictors.


For short distance power transmission system,it can be decomposed into its physical components in digital simulation.The transmission lines,synchronous generator,transformers and composite load are modeled separately and the voltages at the intersections are substituted with the coupling voltage sources.Then each module can be numerically integrated in parallel.A lumped parameter mathematical model of 35 kV power transmission system with its transmission line under mid point fault is established for the digital simulation.Based on the known synchronous generator model and composite load model,its multi module coupling model for digital real time simulation is developed.The digital simulation results of a numerical example that the presented model and the given algorithm are correct and suitable.The real time digital simulation can be realized on a Pentium Ⅲ750 system.


A review of the management practices and problems surrounding hypertension in pregnancy in the Asia‐Oceania region was made. This review was achieved by surveying institutions in the region. Sixteen countries responded to this survey and the results were analysed. Both rural and city hospitals were involved in the survey. The centres were selected by members of the Maternal Perinatal Committee of the Asia‐Oceania Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AOFOG) under whose patronage the survey was performed.


As a complement to the over-all Department of Defense (DOD) conservation scheme, the Secretary of Defense in July 1974 approved a facilities energy conservation investment program. This program resulted from a Defense Energy Task Group recommendation that recognized the necessity of making a capital investment by retrofitting existing facilities for further conservation of energy. It is anticipated that, through this program, significant savings will be realized that will not only reduce energy consumption but also offset the spiraling costs of utilities. The projects that are eligible to be included in this program range from the simple storm window, sunshade, and insulation improvements to the more sophisticated energy recovery systems, power factor corrections, and utility load management systems. The criteria for FY 1976 limited the type of work accomplished to retrofit projects that could be amortized quickly and provide energy savings. No major new construction or repair work was included. In FY 1977, the payback period was increased to a maximum of 10 years and the inclusion of repair projects of $1 million or more that will provide high energy savings was permitted. This may appear to be rather high, but it is not when the condition of some existing utilities more » systems is considered. Major new construction was again excluded as it was determined that all new conservation construction should continue to be programmed and justified within the normal military construction program. (MCW) « less


As part of an exceptionally lucid analysis of the Lottery Paradox, Dana Nelkin (2000) castigates the solutions to that paradox put forward by Laurence Bonjour (1985) and Sharon Ryan (1996). According to her, these are "so finely tailored to lottery-like cases that they are limited in their ability to explain [what seem the intuitively right responses to such cases]" (385). She then offers a solution to the Lottery Paradox that allegedly has the virtue of being independently motivated by our intuitions regarding certain non-lottery-like cases. This note argues that Nelkin fails to show that her solution applies to other than lotterylike cases or in any event that it is more general than Bonjour's and Ryan's solutions. Nelkin considers two versions of the Lottery Paradox, one concerned with knowledge, the other with rationality. Loosely stated, the knowledge version goes like this: Suppose that you own a ticket in what you know is a fair 1,000,000-ticket lottery with exactly one winner, and that, given the odds, you believe your ticket is a loser. If it is a loser indeed, do you know that it is? The widely shared intuition is that the answer should be negative. However, since there are few empirical facts you can be as certain of as that your ticket is a loser, the intuitive answer raises the worry that your empirical knowledge is exceedingly limited at best.


Flow field at pre-ignition phase in a supersonic combustor with perpendicular injections behind a backward facing step was simulated in cold flow tests with inert gas injection, to investigate the mechanism of the ignition enhancement observed in the ignition tests with the same combustor. The interaction, namely the merging, of separation at step base with that upstream of the injector caused enlargement of ignition region and the enhancement. The change in ignition ability was estimated based on ignition parameters. Based on the experimentally obtained ignition parameters, the ignition limit for the interacted separation region was predicted and showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results.


A two state Markov chain model is used to describe and forecast the over time behavior of the best retail customers at Merrill Lynch. This model has 4 behaviorally meaningful parameters which capture the effect of recently being a prime customer, the differing average commissions generated across customers and the exiting of some of these customers from the Merrill Lynch system. This model helps management to understand the dynamics of the prime customers' behavior. In particular, the forecasts generated by the model allow for better analyses of possible strategies for providing special services for these very good customers. The model which was developed with 1976–1979 data is validated against the actual 1980 behavior of Merrill Lynch customers.


'Voices' evaluates the role of voices in short stories. In English fiction, from the Romantic period to the Edwardians, the voice of the storyteller often dominated. As the story form moved away from its sensational or journalistic style, the use of a performative frame became a popular device. Monologues and dialogues are soundscapes as well as content. Once discouraged by many style manuals, dialogue has become essential shorthand in creating effects of characterization, realism, and regional inflection. The performance element originally used in 19th-century tales as a frame to create atmosphere and setting, while much less used, remains available today.


The City of Pocatello and The Idaho Foodbank are hosting a new art competition in conjunction with the annual Art for Food Celebration. The "Can it be Art?" Competition is open to any individual, business or organization that would like to design and build a unique structure with food cans. Teams will have one day (October 11) to build the structure of their choice. The public will then be invited to vote for their favorite display from October 12 through 14. Votes can be cast with cans of food – one can equals one vote – or with money – $1 equals one vote. There will be awards for Best Use of Labels, Structural Ingenuity, Juror's Favorite, Honorable Mention, People's Choice and Most Cans (Collected). The winners will be announced October 14 during the Art for Food Celebration, which is held in honor of the Mayor's Awards for the Arts recipients. All food cans and food items used in the construction of the entries are then donated to The Idaho Foodbank to help fill their pantry.


Healthcare buildings are of great specific and general interest for architectural research as they are decidedly spatial at the same time as they are highly programmed, a type of architecture that has consistently challenged research to find clear relations between design solutions and performance or use. This paper argues that one of the main problems of finding consistent relations between workflow, organization, and spatial configurations valuable for the design of healthcare environments lies in that programmes and activities studied have been described from an organizational point of view rather than a spatial, and have been studied as efficiency machines. This paper attempts to begin a shift towards a more complex, if still ordered, approach. The line of argument is meant to be supportive in the programmatic and early planning stages, focused on how space and working conditions facilitate workflow for and communication between different personnel groups. It is proposed that of vital importance for such an understanding is the dual relations of primary ('functional') and secondary ('informational', 'communicative') benefits of programme configuration and distribution, as well as internal and external conditions of workflow – where the latter can be seen as a difference between conditions inherent in activities themselves and conditions produced by technical, organizational, practical, or other means that affect them. These benefits and conditions are rather studied as tensions where on one hand priorities need to be made between benefits, and on the other hand material conditions of architectural design force choices to be made on distribution and configuration of programme. This discussion is supported by empirical data gathered through interviews and observations from a research project of Karolinska University Hospital in Huddinge, south of Stockholm, where several hospital units have been studied to allow a continuously refined understanding of workflow and its spatial conditions in consecutive iterations.


Digital Arts Festivals (DAF) are one of the most booming situated formats and performative experiences for debate, dissemination, exhibition and artistic practice around the science-art-technology intersection. From Ars Electronica or Transmediale and CTM in Berlin to the Spanish Sónar, L.E.V. or MIRA, more than 50 Digital Arts Festivals have appeared in Europe in the last few decades. Although the paradigm of the "festivalization of culture" has received a great deal of academic attention, DAFs have been minimally analysed. What are Digital Arts Festivals? How do they differ from other festivals? How can we define, categorize and analyse these festivals in depth in order to understand their role in cultural production and artistic creation today? In order to address these questions, this article presents the first results of an empirical study which began at the end of 2020 and is still ongoing and which concerns the paradigm of Digital Arts Festivals in Europe. Based on qualitative, multi-sited and wide-ranging research, and having generated a list of more than 50 DAFs in Europe and conducted a first round of semi-structured in-depth interviews with 10 festival directors, I introduce a starting definition of Digital Arts Festivals. Based on three case studies from Southern Europe – the Semibreve festival in Braga, the MIRA festival in Barcelona and the ROBOT festival in Bologna – I present a theoretical apparatus and an analytical approach in dialogue with the concept of festivalscape, that allows us to expand the study of Digital Arts Festivals, especially from the tools of cultural sociology.


We present FLOWMATRIX, a system for the interactive exploration of time-labeled multivariate flows between pairs of geographic locations. FLOWMATRIX offers a coordinated visualization based on the interplay between a geographic map and a matrix that allow to discover trends tied to specific locations while offering an overview of metrics of the flows between all pairs of locations. The input data is clustered following a geographic hierarchy and the user can navigate between different levels of detail. The design of our system privileges the execution of simple tasks like assessing the volume and features of the flows between pairs of locations, enumerating destinations with poor performance, and sorting flow streams based on their volume.


Background The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic. We evaluated the temporal trends and risk factors of inpatient opioid overdose. Based on the opioid overdose patterns, we further examined the innate properties underlying less overdose events. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study based a large-scale inpatient electronic health records database, Cerner Health Facts ® . We included patients admitted between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2017. Opioid overdose prevalence by year, demographics and prescription opioid exposures.


A comparison of stratification schemes developed by Canada and the United States for sea scallop surveys on Georges Bank did not provide a clear indication of a superior approach. The United States employs depth and latitude as the basis for stratification, while Canada uses strata defined from commercial catch and effort. Analysis of variance of research catch data and comparisons of the mean squares and of the reductions in variance were the criteria for comparison. Based on the standard error of abundance, at least 20 tows per stratum are advocated, but little improvement would be expected with more than 40 stations per stratum. Neither approach uses an optimal allocation of stations to strata. The highly non-proportional allocation of stations in the Canadian scheme is due to an emphasis on management and assessment of the stock on the commercially-important grounds.


This paper takes up the question of the analyst's roles in the analytic situation. The author argues that for the patient, the analyst inevitably wears several hats. At various times and in various phases of the analysis he is a real object, a transference object, an old object, and a new object, and that each of these roles contributes to the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. The author includes a clinical example to illustrate how these interweaving and overlapping roles function in analytic treatment. Questo scritto solleva la domanda sui ruoli dell'analista durante l'analisi. L'autore sostiene che per il paziente, l'analista inevitabilmente ha diversi ruoli. In vari momenti e in varie fasi dell'analisi egli e un oggetto reale, un oggetto transferale, un oggetto antico, o nuovo, e ciascuno di questi ruoli contribuisce all'azione terapeutica della psicoanalisi. L'autore ha inserito esempi clinici per illustrare come questi ruoli interagiscono e si sovrappongono nel trattamento analitico.


This manual, Water Treatment and Plant Design , covers a broad range of topics related to water processing and purification and the design of water treatment plants. Topics this manual discusses include the general arrangement of a plant, primary water treatment, final water treatment with special emphasis on filtration, chemical and other agents used in water treatment processes, and hydraulics. This manual will be of interest to both practitioners and researchers engaged in water treatment and the design of water treatment plants.


A biography of Mary Ann McCracken, the sister of the executed United Irishman Henry Joy McCracken, who was a committed champion of Belfast's poor in the early 19th century.


Summary Malthusian theory traditionally related mortality to economic performance. But Malthus's assumptions are subject to different interpretations. In most of them mortality is regarded as a function of income per head. When tested, however, they are generally found wanting. But these implications do not express fully Malthus's assumptions. A reformulation of Malthusian assumptions is offered, supported and related to research into mortality and economic performance. Our formulation is consistent with published research. From this interpretation testable consequences may be derived. And the reformulation, together with studies of fertility as an economic phenomenon, can serve as the basis for a modern economic theory of population.


Copyright: © 2020 Puli C, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Multinomial logit discrete-choice models are now being used more frequently in sociological research, but often without appropriate attention to the central role played by the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property. In this article, three tests of the IIA property are discussed and then how to apply them is illustrated, using a data set previously analyzed by Hoffman and Duncan. The IIA tests decisively reject the IIA property in the single/welfare/remarriage choice model.


There has been an increased demand for lightweight composite materials in recent years. In particular, aluminium-matrix composites (AMC) have been applied in many different sectors such as the aerospace industry, automobile production, or power-electronics. Composite filler metals with low melting ranges and adjusted technologies have been especially developed for joining temperature-sensitive AMCs. These special composites produced by equal-channel angular pressing feature a very high strength due to a very fine-grained structure. As a result of the addition of ceramic reinforcement components, an improvement of mechanical properties of the fillers has been achieved. In the present investigations, the microstructure of the joints and the influence of thermal treatment during the joining process on the temperature-sensitive base material were demonstrated. Therefore, the Brinell hardness was measured. The results show a high joining strength due to the use of the composite fillers but also a deterioration...


Animal nervous system organization is crucial for all body functions and its disruption can manifest in severe cognitive and behavioral impairment. This organization relies on features across scales, from nano-level localization of synapses, through multiplicities of neuronal morphologies and their contribution to circuit organization, to the high level stereotyped connections between different regions of the brain. The sheer complexity of this organ means that to date, we have yet to reconstruct and model the structure of a complete nervous system that is integrated across all these scales. Here, we present a complete structure-function model of the nematode C. elegans main neuropil, the nerve ring, which we derive by integrating the volumetric reconstruction from two animals with corresponding synaptic and gap junctional connectomes. Whereas previously the nerve ring was considered a densely packed tract of axons, we uncover internal organization into 5 functional bundles and show how they spatially constrain and support the synaptic connectome. We find that the C. elegans connectome is not invariant, but that a precisely wired core circuit is embedded in a background of variable connectivity, and propose a corresponding reference connectome for the core circuit. Using this reference, we show that the architecture of the C. elegans brain can be viewed as a modular Residual Network that supports sensory computation and integration, sensory-motor convergence, and brain-wide coordination. Thesendings point to scalable and robust features of brain organization that are likely universal across phyla.


This study ains to find out about the implementation of health development in the Southern Kayan District, Malinau District. The type of this research is descriptive and analyzed by using qualitative method, data analysis using interactive model data analysis technique . The results showed that the implementation of health development in Kecamatan Kayan Selatan Malinau District has shown significant progress but has not achieved what is expected and still seems slow. It is seen from the facilities and infrastructure of health has not been adequate and has not reached the standards and the lack of health personnel located in the hinterlands, so that health services to the community has not run optimally. Keywords: Development, Health, Human Resources,


METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 542 patients newly diagnosed with invasive breast cancer one year prior to and after the incorporation of a cMDC program was performed for primary outcome: rate of overall appropriate genetic referrals as defined by age, family history, triple negative status, and personal history. Secondary outcomes: compliance and equity in genetic referrals across demographics (race, insurance type and hospital site). SPSS was used for multivariate analysis, (P,.05).


The brief discussion of the studies of the effects of the radiative QCD corrections to the decay widths and branching ratios of the Standard Model Higgs boson with the mass


Studies on the nutrient composition of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus were carried out, to assess the effects of pest infestation on the dried catfish from two different market (Abakpa and Kpirikpiri market) area in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Fish samples from the two markets where kept for pest to infest it and it were taken to Biochemistry Laboratory of Food Science and Technology in Ebonyi State University to assess the damage of pest on dried catfish using standard methods. There was a significant different among the mean weight of fish from the two markets (Abakpa and kpirikpiri; 19.13kg and 18.98kg respectively) compared with the mean weight of the control 20.09kg. There was a variation in the proximate composition of the fishes from the two markets compared with the control, the decreases of the proximate composition are: crude protein from 60.07% to 40.27%; fat from 8.35% to 5.90%; moisture content from 11.67% to 10.67; fiber from 12.93 to 11.93; ash from 4.02% to 3.54% and carbohydrate 12.67% to 5.89%. The longer the storage periods of the infested smoked fish the more the tissue was degraded. Proper handling and storage of dried catfish are required to prolong the shelf life and nutrient content of dried catfish.


Software Radio: from Idea to Reality.- Sampling Rate Selection, Timing Jitter and Time Interleaved ADCs.- Radio Design.- Spectral Analysis.- Synchronization.


been describ neurons and neuromuscu 1989b; Satte Spencer, 1985; Satterlie et al. 1985, 1990). The pattern generator is relatively simple, producing a two-phase output that is translated into dorsal and ventral flexions of a pair of wing-like parapodia. Two forms of swimming, slow and fast, have been described which reflect plasticity in the organization of the pattern generator since the change from slow to fast swimming involves the activation of additional interneurons (Arshavsky et al. 1985d, 1989b). All but one type of swim interneuron and all swim motor neurons are restricted to the pedal ganglia. The swim musculature includes slow-twitch fatigue-resistant and fast-twitch fatigable fibers, the former being activated by a population of small motor neurons during slow swimming, while the latter are recruited into activity by a pair of large motor neurons during fast swimming (Satterlie, 1991a, 1993; Satterlie et al. 1990). This change of swimming be abr ddition w or fa wimmi to the almost entirely restricted to the pedal ganglia, the two-speed organization of the neuromuscular system, and our current anatomical and physiological understanding of swim system components, the Clione limacina swimming system represents an excellent model system for investigation of neuronal mechanisms of control and modulation of locomotory speed. One trigger for acceleration of swimming in Clione limacina is bath application or local application of serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), which produces both an increase in the frequency of swimming movements and an increase in the force of wing contractions (Arshavsky et al. 1985a; Satterlie, 1989; Kabotyansky and Sakharov, 1990). These behavioral changes are characteristic of fast swimming, suggesting that serotonergic inputs to the swimming system may be involved in at least some forms of swim acceleration. Similarly, serotonin The Journal of Exp Printed in Great B


Academic plagiarism is one of the challenges the academic institutions meet in maintaining the high-quality standards of research and higher education. The contradictions between legal and ethical regulation of plagiarism cases indicate the need for more efficient solutions for prevention and resolution of the plagiarism and other acts of research misconduct at academic institutions. This paper presents a case study of the lawsuit where one Lithuanian University was sued for "illegal revocation" of a doctoral degree due to plagiarism. The arguments provided by the parties to the legal process during the court hearings illustrate the prevalence of cynical attitude towards ethical norms and regulations in academia as well as in wider society. The authors suggest that academic institutions should rely more on the multiple benefits provided by ethics tools and that the congruence between legal and ethical norms is essential for building


If any trend can be confidently predicted for the next millennium (or, more modestly, for our lifetimes) it is the globalization of health law. We live in an age of global markets and global communications. While care of the individual patient has remained largely local, national borders are quite porous to health care professionals. The cross-border flow of patients is a significant factor in some regions, and the development of telemedicine and internet pharmacies is radically expanding the possibility of cross-border medical practice.


In this study we propose a method for phase stability analysis at pressure and temperature specifications, in the frame of a "volume-based" thermodynamics. The formulation of the tangent plane distance (TPD) criterion in terms of the Helmholtz free energy is used in this work for testing phase thermodynamic stability at p-T conditions, using component molar densities as primary variables. The phase stability problem is non-convex; the TPD function may exhibit multiple local minima and saddle points, the use of global optimization methods for its minimization being appropriate. For the unconstrained minimization of the TPD function we use the tunneling global optimization method, which has shown its ability in efficiently solving difficult non-convex, highly nonlinear problems. The method is tested for a variety of mixtures ranging from binaries to mixtures with many components, with emphasis on difficult conditions. The proposed method proved to be an efficient and reliable tool for phase stability analysis.


The invention includes ( "W") power facilities create prerequisites ( "A") to produce electric power from a prevailing wind. In the water-supporting facilities ( "A"), it is proposed in the utilized pontoon units (1,2,3) may be vertical or substantially vertical floating at least two uprights ( ', 2' 1) and the beam structure at least one strut (3) (5) cooperate to form a first frame structure (21), a first stable position and a vertical frame structure (21) in the body of water included in the second horizontal frame structure (22). Specified in the present invention, a first triangular frame structure (21) shall be connected (16, 17) fixed but rotatable about a horizontal axis (6 ') and a second triangular frame structure (22). In particular, be noted that the control equipment (100), for location response to a prevailing wind direction and facilities ( "A"), and with the help of one or more tools, equipment and / or apparatus, via an underwater tool ( "B1", "B2" and "B3") as the actuating means is rotatably floatable facility ( "a"), to manipulate a wind turbine (4-4c) and facilities ( "a") towards the eye dominant wind direction .


We present a search for Standard Model (SM) Higgs to WW production in dilepton plus missing transverse energy final states using 4.8 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. In order to maximize sensitivity, the multivariate discriminants used to separate signal from background in the oppositesign dilepton event sample have been independently optimized for final states with either zero, one, or two or more identified jets. All significant Higgs boson production modes (gluon fusion, associated production with either a W or Z boson, and vector boson fusion) are considered in determining potential signal contributions. We also incorporate a separate analysis of the same-sign dilepton event sample which can potentially contain additional signal events originating from the associated Higgs boson production mechanisms. Cross section limits relative to the combined SM prediction are presented for a range of different Higgs mass hypothesis between 110 and 200 GeV/c2.


A number of methods for the finishing, dyeing and printnig of fabrics have recently been described using copolymers as binding agents. Finishes of particularly good fastness to Washing and to rubbing are obtained by these methods when applied in combination with agents which promote cross-linking of the polymer film on the fibre. Other processes of printing and dyeing textiles use as film-forming agents water-soluble salts of sub stances containing amino or imino groups. These salts are converted into insoluble substances in the course of printing, inter alia by the addition of polyfunctional vinyl compounds. Prints on staple fibre of particularly good fastness properties are obtained by combining suitable copolymer emulsions with water-soluble basic self-cross linking polymers, especially when the copolymer emul sions employed carry in the polymer chain reactive groups capable of reacting with the basic polymers. In accordance with the present invention it has been found that the printnig, padding and dyeing of fabrics by means of pigments and the impregnating can be car ried out in a particularly simple manner by using for the impregnation or as binding agents aqueous emulsions of self-cross-linking copolymers from about 0.5 to 25%, preferably 1 to 12%, of monomers containing at least one of the grouping


An integrated chemical engineering lab experiment is described in this paper. It makes use of a laminar-flow tubular reactor (LFTR) through consecutive lab sessions. In a first session (not described here), the pseudo first-order kinetic constant for the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide is determined at different temperatures in a batch reactor. Then a tracer experiment is used to characterize the flow pattern in the LFTR, and finally the steady-state conversion of crystal violet in the reactor is measured. For computing the theoretical reactor conversion, students must use the previously collected kinetic and tracer data, in a conceptintegration exercise. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (Fluent) is also used to simulate both the tracer and the isothermal reaction experiments performed in the LFTR. A very good agreement is obtained between experimental and simulated results and both only differ slightly from the theoretical predictions. The use of the CFD program is particularly noteworthy. For instance, transient simulations allow a very nice visualization of the tracer concentration front evolution, while the steady-state profiles along the axial position provide a good perspective of how reactant concentration varies within the reactor.


The development of multimedia technology is an important feature of today's times. This paper studies the value orientation of calligraphy education in colleges and universities in the multimedia era. It first discusses the multimedia age and calligraphy education in multimedia era, points out the differences from traditional calligraphy education, and demonstrates the important role of multimedia in calligraphy education in colleges and universities. Se-condly, this paper analyzes the situation of calligraphy education in colleges and universities in the multimedia era and points out the difficulties in culti-vating the value orientation of calligraphy education in colleges and universities in the multimedia era from the aspects of cultivation and expression. Fi-nally, this paper puts forward suggestions to improve the cultivation ability of value orientation of calligraphy education in the multimedia era from three aspects: multi-path cultivation method, flexible cultivation strategy and diversified expression channels.


Robustness and hiding are the key technologies of watermarking technology. A watermarking algorithm using multi-embedding is proposed in DWT. Let one watermark pixel with NVF embed a DWT block many times into DC, mid, low frequency. Not reversing the embedding, it adds all coefficients in the same block in DWT. By judging the sign of the sum, get the last mark. The experimental results show that the watermarking algorithm has strong hiding and robustness for anti-attack.


paper presents result analysis of proposed method of smoke detection in video based on image processing to provide an early warning of anomalous events. The experimental results show that an adaptive background subtraction method, HSV color model and SVM classifier provides more accurate results in the segmentation and detection of smoke region in video. Also it shows that smoke features helps in decision making that is whether the segmented region in video is of smoke or not, hence this improves the reliability of system. The proposed method reduces the false detection and increases the smoke detection rate. This paper is organized into following sections. Section 1 contains introduction to smoke detection. Section 2 contains description of the proposed method. Section 3 contains result analysis of the proposed method. Section 4 contains the conclusion of the work.


This thesis investigates the similarities between the task description for the EU Delegations established by the EEAS Decision and the task description in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the framework for national representations. After a comparison, nine points tasks were found which are mentioned in the Vienna Conventions but are absent in the EEAS Decision. The thesis continues by analyzing how Delegations behave regarding these tasks. A literature review gives an indication of where the academic discussion regarding each point stands, and what role can be imagined for the Delegations. In order to test whether Delegations fulfill such tasks, a questionnaire was developed and sent to six Delegations. After analyzing the results, the thesis comes to the conclusion that the Delegations refrain from parting from their role as an information provider in eight of out the nine points. Regarding the ninth task, the promotion of bilateral relations, Delegations stated that they engage in this task and even believe it to be one of their most important tasks.


Some general features of the electromagnetic interaction are discussed, features which make it useful as a probe of nuclear and few body systems. Then some specific reactions are reviewed, including pp→ppγ, np→npγ, pd→3Heγ, dd→4Heγ, and A(p,γ)A+1, with the aim of focusing on some of the interesting physics which perhaps could be investigated via such reactions at a medium energy proton facility with stored cooled beam as is being developed at IUCF.


Remote information acquisition and monitoring functions were realized by combining wireless sensor network with mobile communication network via embedded platform.Zigbee wireless sensor network was composed through a star topology by CC2430.The terminal node of Zigbee gathered information and Zigbee coordinator aggregated information through the wireless sensor networks and passed information to the S3C2410 via serial port.S3C2410 controlled the GPRS Module via AT commands and sent a message to the remote user via SMS.The testing results show that this design is reasonable.


The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between rumination and emotional reactions to infidelity. The sample of the study consisted of 72 participants who reported to being cheated on. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) was used to measure the reactions to infidelity and the Ruminative Response Scale (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003) was used to measure rumination. Canonical correlation analyses were utilized to determine the relationships between rumination with the canonical variables of Brooding and Reflection and emotional reactions to infidelity with the canonical variables of Positive Affect and Negative Affect of participants from Turkey. Results indicated that brooding and reflection, and negative and positive affect are interrelated. In other words, rumination is positively related with negative affect and negatively related with positive affect as reactions to infidelity.


A sensor comprising a frame (1) and one on the frame spanned (1) membrane (2), wherein the membrane (2) strip-shaped ribs (14) increased with a compared to the other thickness of the membrane (2) thickness, characterized in that that the strip-shaped ribs (14) extend over the membrane (2) addition to the frame (1).


A total of 366 faecal samples of goats (75 in summer, 173 in monsoon and 118 in winter) were collected in the year 2004–2005 and faecal eggs were estimated by modified McMaster egg counting technique. Data on nematode infection at experimental goat farm revealed 96.00, 87.28 and 98.30% incidence during summer, monsoon and winter, respectively. Eggs per gram (EPG) of GI nematodes in goats was higher during monsoon (1717) followed by summer (838) and winter (775). Tapeworm infection (Moniezia sp.) was found almost similar (about 10%) in all three seasons.


The effect of preoxidative treatments on the reducing characteristics of ShenHua (SH) coal char and the evolution of surface nitrogen-containing complexes during the reducing process under different temperature conditions were investigated using temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SH samples were oxidized to different conversion degrees (0.15, 0.22, 0.32, 0.42, 0.52, 0.73, and 0.89) under an O2 atmosphere, and the reductivity of each char sample was considerably enhanced after the preoxidative treatment. This phenomenon could be attributed to the generation of active sites and oxygen-containing complexes on the SH particle surface during the oxidation process. The preoxidized samples were obviously more reactive than the raw char, and per unit mass almost all the preoxidized samples could consume more NO than SH raw char under the same experimental conditions. The entire TPR process could be divided into the following four sections: (a) the reversible phy...


Methods for pose estimation of flying objects are introduced. Among them is the model-based optical method. We focus on the feature description aspect in model-based method. Feature descriptors of chain codes, moments, Fourier descriptors are used for 2D silhouette or region description. Common issues and techniques, particularly representation and normalization, of such three kinds of descriptors in the application of model-based pose estimation are analyzed. We build a Matlab pose estimation framework to compare pose estimation procedures using different feature descriptors. A missile model of MilkShape 3D file format is created as the simulation object. Experiments concerning with the abilities of descriptors are proceeded to show the difference of these descriptors.


Objective
To study the diagnostic value of CT combined with serum carbohydrate antigen19-9(CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Methods
68 patients with pancreatic occupying lesions were selected and they were divided into pancreatic cancer group(n=43)and non-pancreatic cancer group(n=25)according to pathological diagnosis. 34 cases from physical examination were set as the control group. All patients received CT examination and the consistency between CT diagnosis and pathological results was analyzed. Serum CA19-9, CEA, and CA125 were detected by chemiluminescence method. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CT combined serum CA19-9, CEA, CA125 were analyzed.

Results
Among the 68 cases, 35 cases were pancreatic cancer diagnosed by CT, and the CT diagnosis was not ideal compared with pathological results. Nonparametric test found that serum CA19-9, CEA and CA125 in pancreatic cancer group were higher than those of the non-pancreatic cancer group and the control group, and the difference had statistical significance(P 0.05).

Conclusion
CT diagnosis had high susceptibility and low specificity, CT combined with serum CA19-9, CEA, and CA125 can improve accuracy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis.

Key words:
Computed tomography(CT); Carbohydrate antigen19-9; Carcinoembryonic antigen; Carbohydrate antigen 125; Pancreatic cancer


2014 A topological study and symmetry considerations imply that toric domains have the same structure in C and C* phases. In the C* phase, we have observed half toric domains stuck to plates treated by oblique evaporation of SiO, in liquid crystals showing the following set of phase transitions : SC* ~ N* ~ I. The results depend on the quality of the anchorage : in the case of a rather strong planar anchorage, a singular line, normal to the smectic layers, draws a rhombus close to the dechiralization plane containing the toric axis. A topological interpretation shows that the singular diameter, which is topologically necessary in the case of a complete torus, can be avoided when one deals with a half-torus ; on the other hand, this interpretation leads to a model which explains the rhombus formation. J. Physique 42 (1981) 1559-1568 NOVEMBRE 1981, Classification Physics Abstracts 61.30 61.70


Abstract The Kortweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is more appropriate to simulate some natural phenomena and gives more accurate results for some physical systems such as the movement of water waves. In this work, novel analytical traveling wave solutions for a nonlinear KdV system are explored using the sech method. The exact solutions are presented in the form of hyperbolic functions. These solutions show the propagation of water waves on the surface. We also implement the numerical adaptive moving technique (MMPDEs) to construct the relevant system's numerical solutions. A detailed comparison between the numerical and analytical solutions is also presented to confirm the accuracy of the numerical technique. We present some new 2D and 3D figures to illustrate the behaviour of the exact and numerical solutions. The obtained numerical solutions verify the accuracy of the considered methods qualitatively and quantitatively. The stability of the obtained solutions is investigated using the Hamiltonian system. The achieved results can be applied for some new observations in the ocean, coastal water, macroscopic phenomena, and processes. The proposed techniques are potent tools to solve many other non-linear partial differential equations in applied mathematics.


Analysis of energies and widths of the lowest 1/2+ T = 3/2 states in A = 11 nuclei suggests that the excitation energy in 11C should be about 200 keV below the energy in the literature, and the width should be 4 to 5 times the literature value. Properties of the state in 11B and 11N are in agreement with the present model. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.85.044304 PACS number(s): 21.10.Sf, 21.10.Tg, 27.20.+n


This paper proposes a very effective salt and pepper noise detecting algorithm,two poles threshold detecting method,according to the feature of salt and pepper noise pixels in digital images,and validates this algorithm's validity by experiment.Based on the two poles threshold detecting method,this paper proposes an improved median filtering algorithm farther.The improved algorithm can filter highly density salt and pepper noises in digital images effectively,and preserve image details by the greatest extent.


This objective of this research is to examine empirically the infuence of firm size and managerial ownership of tax avoidance through related party transaction as intervening variable. The Object of  this research is firm size, managerial ownership, tax avoidance and related party transaction. Population of this research is mining companies which are registered in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) Period 2010-2018. The sample of the population consist of 322mining companies. Data technique analysis used in this research is panel data regression with sobel test. Based on statistical test and hypothesis test in the level of significance α = 0,05 can be proved that in partially firm size and managerial ownership has a positive significant effect of related party transaction, related party transaction has a positive significant effect of tax avoidance, firm size has a negative effect significant, managerial ownership has a negative effect and not significant effect of tax avoidance, related party transcation can be moderate leverage and managerial ownership of tax avoidance.


The impact of the edges and the presence of dopants to the work function (WF) of graphene nanoribbons (GNR) and nanoflakes was studied by an ab initio approach. The strong dependence of the WF upon the GNR structure was found and a promising character for the field emission by the donor type impurities was observed. Basing on the predominant impact of the nanostructure edges to the emission properties, the small graphene flakes were investigated as a possible source for the electron emission. The obtained weak dependence of the low WF values of the graphene flakes on their size and shape allows to suggest that the pure carbon medium with high and uniform emission properties can be fabricated by today's technology.


Research on the role and profile of project managers has been a growing concern in the field with researchers and professional associations developing a fragmented body of knowledge regarding project management competency. In order to address this issue, this article systematically reviews the literature regarding project management competency. This review found that a project managers' competency profile is composed of 81 competencies divided across 11 dimensions: influencing, communication, emotional, contextual, management, cognitive skills, professionalism, knowledge and experience, project management knowledge, and personal skills and attributes. Based on the competencies identified, we developed a project management competency assessment instrument that can be used by practitioners and academics.


Particle emission from a spatially static nucleus at finite temperature is studied by means of a computer simulation. In particular, the two-particle correlation function at small relative momentum is constructed from the analysis of 20X0 emission events. The apparent size of the emitting region is found to decrease with increasing energy of the emitted particles, as has been observed experimentally. In the simulations, the large apparent source size associated with slow particles arises because of the longer average emission time of these particles, which tends to wash out the correlations.


Factors determining the catalytic activity of the title system, its selectivity and stability have been studied, using hydrogenation of low erucic rapeseed oil as a model reaction. It was found that catalytically active systems are formed already at substoichiometric Al:Ni molar ratios. By contrast to their efficiency, their stability is depended strongly on the way of their preparation, the catalysts obtained under solventless conditions being more stable. The selectivity of the above systems determined by a partial hydrogenation of the oil was insensitive to changes of preparation conditions, as demonstrated by similar relative composition of hydrogenated fatty acids as well as by the same level of trans-isomerization.


The valleys that comprise the Kulu District of Himachal Pradesh are in motion-agricultural and pastoral activities are changing, tourism is expanding rapidly, protected areas are being established and hydroelectric projects are being planned and built. In the valleys of Kulu District there is an unusual conjunction of these diverse state and national projects, with several changes occurring at once. As is true elsewhere, change is patchy and costs and benefits uneven . Especially important are the different opportunities that arise for those people in areas served by roads versus those in areas of the district who remain engaged in a walking economy. The Kulu valleys are layered with the sacred domains of the village gods, the remnants of past government policies and programs, earlier property regimes, and constructed landscapes, such as grazing areas, grain fields, and apple orchards. As with other upland and mountainous regions, the present state of the Kulu valleys reflects both the actual and remembered past and the imagined and intended future.


We present a comparison of high Q-factor tapered membrane-type one- dimensional photonic crystal micro-cavities embedded in photonic wire waveguides based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Q-factor values as large as 24,000 have been measured, together with normalized transmission of 67%: an improvement in the Q-factor value in comparison with previous results obtained on structures with silicon cores supported by a silica buffer layer. Simulation using a 3D FDTD approach shows close agreement with measurements.


The orthogonal design was used in a trickle irrigation experiment to study the effects of irrigation rate and periodicity on the growth of impatiens New Guinea(Impatiens hawkerii) in a greenhouse.The optimum irrigation rate and periodicity were tentatively established.The results showed that effects of irrigation rate and periodicity and their interactions on the growth of I.hawkerii varied with the growth stages of the plant.Therefore,we should refer to the different growth stages and actual production conditions in determining irrigation rate and periodicity for the plant.