Abstract This study explores the feasibility of performing an objective analysis of instantaneous rain rate combining satellite estimates (and eventually other types of observations) with those from a numerical prediction model using the method of statistical interpolation. Results demonstrate that the quality of the short-term precipitation forecasts serving as background field has reached a level that makes such an objective analysis possible. The two main requirements to obtain an accurate analysis from available information are a realistic estimate of background field and observation errors and knowledge of the horizontal correlation of these errors with distance. The importance of specifying the errors for joint model-observation situations is emphasized; it is especially important in situations where model and observations are in conflict. These aspects of the problem are studied using collocated 6-h forecast with satellite estimates derived from visible and infrared imagery, and ground-truth rainfa...


by John O'Toole The office is inset, twiceremoved from the crowded corridor of the Business Administration building, nestled behind an empty wait ing room. It is the usual white cubicle with tubular windows and a view of parked cars. Surprisingly, there is no desk; instead a narrow tableshelf extends the length of one wall. It is cluttered like a desk, with tape-recorder, typewriter and professional journals. "The center is no more than the people in it. It's just the staff." Dr. John Tucker, director of the University Counseling Center, is short and dark with a cleft chin and rectangular glasses. He wears a dark striped suit and a bright t ie , patterned with swirling Egyptian life symbols. His voice is soft except when he leans back to laugh. Beside him, Mrs. Al Gene Biggs, recent addition to the center's staff, listens silently. Her soft Afro-cut hair, oval face, and long legs are more Ebony cover girl than psychologist. The Counseling Center is five professional counselors and seven interns in advanced stages of doctoral study. Their building-block offices form the foundation of one side of the B.A. building, set side-by-side behind four waiting rooms with b l a c k , c l o s e d c o r r i a o r doors—l 12 through 115. The center shares the responsibility for counseling the University community with Resident Assistants and Directors, University College advisement, Health Service, Graduate School of Social Welfare, Placement office, EOP counseling, Financial Aids, Middle Earth, and 5300. Understandably, the Counseling Center is continually defining its role. Dr. Rucker leans forward. "We are like a community of counseling services. All the services make great efforts to interact with each other. Bob Squatriglia is out working with the housing people now. Marty Coffey, another one of our guys, is out working with people interested in career problems. Everybody knows everybody. A student shows up in any of those places with an emotional problem...he goes in to talk about money but the guy there is sensitive enough to know he's upset—he ends up here or at the medical service or Middle Earth. Bureaucracy? "Don't think of it as bureaucratic. I don't think that's right. The bureaucracy lets us live freely because they recognize that we are the outlet for people. We are the place where people go when they don't feel they can talk to the bureaucracy.


Actuarial Science is a branch of applied and financial mathematics which has nowadays developed rapidly in the field of insurance. Specifically, bankruptcy theory, as one of the most important branches of risk theory, studies the evolution of the surplus, id est the changes in the income and the expenses over time for an insurance portfolio. Moreover, it is particularly essential to model the amounts of compensation in the model of collective risk and select the appropriate distributions for the description of both individual sizes and total losses.
Over many years, Gamma distribution which is a continuous distribution with two parameters (scale and shape), is widely used not only in statistical analysis but also in the field of actuarial science. They are distributions that have now been studied in detail and for this reason are widely applied in the modeling of insurance portfolios. Nevertheless, the mixtures and the convolutions of these distributions are of particular interest for the actuarial science and risk management. For the purpose of this thesis, we will try to investigate through examples the asymmetry and the kurtosis for the mixtures and the convolutions of Gamma distributions in order to analyze their shape and identify what combinations of parameters and weights (for mixtures only) give us specific characteristics respectively. At the same time, we will attempt to approach the convolution of Gamma distributions through other distributions because it is widely known that convolutions of Gamma do not always have a closed form and we will also study their application in the risk theory and the collective model of portfolios.


In this paper, we introduce a new feature named spherical vector norms for 3D face recognition. The proposed feature is efficient, insensitive to facial expression and contains discriminatory information of 3D face. The feature extraction method is firstly finding a set of the points with the closest distance to the standard face, denoted as closest point coordinates, and then extracting the spherical vector norms of these points. This paper combines point coordinates and spherical vector norms for improving recognition. Finally this approach is finished by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Nearest Neighbor classifier. We have performed different experiments on the Face Recognition Grand Challenge database. It achieves the verification rate of 97.11% on All vs. All experiment at 0.1% FAR and 96.64% verification rate on Neutral vs. Expression experiment.


DO LUMBAR ORTHOSES AFFECT THE MUSCULAR REGENERATION AFTER POSTERIOR LUMBAR FUSION? A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRAIL TO PROOF A DIFFERENCE IN MUSCLE REGENERATION WITH SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY Yorck Rommelspacher, Jana Ziob, Hannah Bode, Charlotte Struwe, Rahel Bornemann, Andreas Strauss, Dieter Christian Wirtz, Robert Pflugmacher Dept of Orthopedics and Trauma surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Germany


Minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin to thirty Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were determined . The results revealed that (12) S.epidermidis isolates ( 40 %) were vancomycin resistant, the MIC of them were between 256 μg\ml and 32 μg\ml , (4) S.epidermidis isolates (13.3%) were intermediate resistance , the MIC to 3 of them were 16 μg\ml and the last was 8 μg\ml. The isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in monoplex pattern to amplify resistant incoding the vanA and vanB genes. The results by this study showed that 12 (40%) S. epidermidis isolates gave the implicone size (1030 base pair) of the vanA gene. However the results of MIC and PCR were similar but no any isolates gave product for presence of vanB gene.


A vertical pin photodiode with a thick intrinsic layer is integrated in a 0.15 µm CMOS process. A deep n-well (N-ISO) allows increase of the reverse voltage of the pin photodiode far above the circuit supply voltage enabling a high drift velocity. Therefore, the large thickness of the intrinsic layer and the high reverse voltage lead to a high dynamic quantum efficiency and to a high bandwidth. The maximum responsivity of 0.46 A/W was measured at 730 nm corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 78.3%. For 850 nm, the −3 dB bandwidth of 700 MHz and for 650 nm the −3 dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz was obtained at −8 V.


The present invention is in the field of application of feed additives, to a heat stress anti-pig feed additives selenium enriched compound bacteria and its application. Selection Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus as bacteria, 1: 2: 2 volume ratio of the fermentation broth inoculated with a suitable sodium selenite and selenium into probiotic growth promoting agent, in temperature is 20 ~ 40 ℃, an aeration amount of 0.05m3 / h, number of revolutions 70r / min, pressure of the fermentation tank 30 ~ 40h under 0.04Mpa by suitable subsequent processing, to obtain a composite organic selenium-enriched probiotics . Feeding the formulation significantly improved daily gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs at high temperature, oxidation resistance and enhanced immune function, decrease of Hsp70 and Hsp27mRNA level, heat stress effectively play the role of anti-pig.


In mice the oral LD50 values of aluminium chloride and aluminium sulphate were 0·77 ± 0·12 and 0·98 ± 0·09 g. Al/kg. (± S.E.) respectively. Mice and rats were fed on a normal diet containing about 170 p.p.m. of aluminium. Doubling this concentration caused a decrease in growth in the second and third generations of mice. A high intake of aluminium sulphate (2,835 p.p.m.) caused a 20-fold increase of aluminium retention in white rats. Aluminium accumulated in various tissues, especially in the skeleton, liver, and testes. A high rate of intake (2,665 p.p.m.) caused a negative phosphorus balance in the rat, with an increased output of phosphorus in the faeces. The lower absorption of phosphorus was also demonstrated with Na2H32PO4. Chronic and acute poisoning by aluminium chloride caused, after intraperitoneal Na2H32PO4, decreased incorporation of 32P into the phospholipids and nucleic acids of various tissues in the rat. It also caused a fall in the adenosinetriphosphate acid-levels in plasma, and a rise in the adenosine diphosphate level. The results suggest that the toxic effects of aluminium salts result both from decreased absorption of phosphorus and from interference with phosphorylation processes in the tissues.


Various forms of energy can be used for the ablation of uterine fibroids. After hyperthermic ablation and interventional therapy,the uterine fibroids devascularized could be shrank,and clinical symptoms would be improved.


New technologies are rapidly emerging helping to obtain optimal drainage of large reservoirs. 4D seismic is such a reservoir monitoring technique. The physical basis for the technique is to do repeated seismic measurements over a reservoir in production. The changes in the formation response can then be attributed to changes in the reservoir i.e. fluid saturation changes in the reservoir pore space. The implementation of 4D seismic includes developments of new tools to quantify the repeatability of the seismic experiments and new tools for analysing 4D seismic data. The focus of this paper will be to apply the new analysis tools to a 4D seismic case study.


The object of this paper is to examine possible reasons for the emergence of the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, an institution which was to serve as a model for the introduction of competitive examinations throughout nineteenth-century Britain. After tracing the evolution of the Tripos, the links between this examination and the changing pattern of teaching within the University are investigated and the possible influence of the threatened parliamentary visitation of 1749 on the formation of the Tripos is also discussed. The degree to which the early Tripos served meritocratic ideals is investigated through an analysis of the pattern of appointment to fellowships and college livings. Lastly, the reasons why mathematics loomed so large in Cambridge's early examination system are explored and the situation there contrasted with that at Oxford where logic, rather than mathematics, remained pre-eminent.


degradation, indicating an aggravated BBB damage as an underlying mechanism. Treatment with the chimeric monoclonal TNF α antibody Infliximab attenuated all these findings. The results from this study call for further investiga-tion of the role of inflammatory responses in I/R brain injury with a special focus on the BBB integrity and downstream targets of TNF α . Finally, findings from this study could help to delineate therapeutic targets specific to the subacute, inflammatory phase of stroke. Purpose: We sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of RLX on arrhythmo- genesis, cardiac remodeling and inflammation in a post-infarction mouse model. Methods: Standardized myocardial infarction (MI) was performed in wild-type CD1 mice by cryolesion of the left anterior ventricular wall. Subsequently osmotic minipumps releasing either vehicle (sodium acetate) or RLX (75 μ g/kg/d) were implanted subcutaneously. After two weeks of treatment, we performed transve-nous electrophysiological investigation, epicardial mapping and left ventricular catheterization. Hearts were further analyzed for RLX-mediated changes in fibrosis, cardiac conduction and inflammation. Results: After cryolesion, ventricular tachycardia (VT) inducibility increased from 30% in control animals without MI to 91% in vehicle treated mice and RLX treatment reduced inducibility to 18% (p < 0.001 compared to vehicle). The eval-uation of left ventricular function via left heart catheterization revealed signifi- cant improvements of stroke volume, ejection fraction (vehicle: 41.1±1.9%, RLX: 50.5±3.5%, p=0.04) and cardiac output. In addition, we could demonstrate a sig- nificant increment of conduction velocities via epicardial electro-anatomical mapping in right and left ventricular myocardium as well as in the infarct border- zone (BZ: vehicle: 55.5±1.8 cm/s, RLX: 65.4±2.1 cm/s, p=0.012). Immunohis-tochemistry revealed reduced infarct


This paper introduces the concepts fuzzy pre-Hilbert spaces and fuzzy co-pre-Hilbert spaces and proves some theorems in this subject. Also, it illustrates many examples to clarify the validity of the new concepts.


We present the smallest non-lattice orthomodular poset and show that it is unique up to isomorphism. Since not every Boolean poset is orthomodular, we consider the class of skew orthomodular posets previously introduced by the first and third author under the name "generalized orthomodular posets". We show that this class contains all Boolean posets and we study its subclass consisting of horizontal sums of Boolean posets. For this purpose, we introduce the concept of a compatibility relation and the so-called commutator of two elements. We show the relationship between these concepts and introduce a kind of ternary discriminator for horizontal sums of Boolean posets. Numerous examples illuminating these concepts and results are included in the paper.


We study the mechanisms of the spin Hall effect (SHE) and anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in 3 d ferromagnetic metals (Fe, Co, permalloy (Ni 81 Fe 19 ; Py), and Ni) by varying their resistivities and temperature. At low temperatures where the phonon scattering is negligible, the skew scattering coefficients of the SHE and AHE in Py are related to its spin polarization. However, this simple relation breaks down for Py at higher temperatures as well as for the other ferromagnetic metals at any temperature. We find that, in general, the relation between the SHE and AHE is more complex, with the temperature dependence of the SHE being much stronger than that of AHE.


Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exceptions — Foreign armed forces — Criminal jurisdiction of receiving State — Acts and omissions of foreign serviceman unconnected with official duties — Whether rule of customary international law that sending State has jurisdiction in such cases — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951, Article VII(3) — Waiver of jurisdictions by receiving State — Whether constitutional — The law of Italy


Abstract : The present invention relates generally to the field of optical signal processing apparatus, and more specifically to a spatial light modulator whose construction is optimized for diffractive readout. Two dimensional spatial light modulators are devices which allow control of an optical wavefront for processing or imaging operations. These devices, often called light valves, have potential for application in large screen display systems, including missile guidance and robotic vision systems. Listed below are several articles which describe their construction and operation.


Rapidly changing technologies in libraries require continuous learning on the part of staff, particularly librarians, to keep up to date. This paper examines some of the factors affecting the participation of librarians in professional development activities. Reference librarians working in large urban public libraries in Ontario were surveyed in 2001. Data on their participation in formal and informal learning activities, together with information about their perceptions of their libraries' environment with respect to updating and learning were obtained from 553 respondents. The analysis shows that an environment which encourages learning plays a role in librarians' participation in professional development, particularly participation in informal learning activities, such as discussions with colleagues, reading and conference participation. Surprisingly, the climate for updating was found to reduce participation levels in informal activities. Having a supportive manager who provides feedback about job performance, assigns opportunities to develop and strengthen new skills and supports attempts to acquire additional training plays a positive role in the participation of reference librarians in informal professional development activities. If libraries are truly determined to become learning organizations, they must first examine their own culture of learning and climate for updating.


In this study, a new method based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) for screening phage antibody library against antigen in solution was reported. The purified antigen with His-tag was mixed with phage antibody library. After well combining, affinity resin was added to the mixture. Then the non-specific phage antibodies were removed by washing and the eluted specific bound phage antibodies were used to infeet TG1 and then stepped into the next round. The binding process of antigen and antibody completed in the solution, which doesn't have the shortage of conformational changes encountered in the immobilized screening. We applied the method to screen human phage antibodies specific to HEV NE2. The results of antigen competitive ELISA, sera- blocking ELISA, scFv expression and sequence analysis indicated that two specific human phage antibodies were obtained.


What could be the educational relevance of an architecture designed to make its inhabitants live forever? At first, it is hard to take seriously that Madeline Gins and Arakawa, in their work Architectural Body, are trying to escape mortality. Many are those who smile and say that what they call "the architectural surrounds" that they have designed and built for what they call "organisms that person" are intriguing enough, but this idea of slipping death's grip. . . Really. They say. Hmmm. And they clear their throats. But is it really that unusual to think that what inspires philosophical thinking is death? And insofar as death has inspired philosophy, hasn't it inspired escape—and if not escape from death itself then at least escape from its terrors? Plato's Phaedo is an early instance of this, and Wittgenstein's Tractatus is a more recent one, no less explicit in its discussion of death. Gins and Arakawa are therefore part of a long and traditional line of philosophers who's thinking never quite loses sight of death. But why are philosophers concerned with death? The reason is simple. By and large, philosophers don't like it here. They would rather be somewhere else. And what don't they like about it here? Often, almost invariably, it is becoming that bothers them. Becoming. And they don't like becoming both for existential and metaphysical reasons. Existentially, "becoming" means change. Today's friends may betray you tomorrow, or the next day. And even if they don't, they will die. And be gone. You too. Soon enough. Dead. Existentially, change and becoming ruin everything we care about—people and projects. Metaphysically, "becoming" is a threat to the dream of understanding, the dream of forming a precise


Abstract Interplay between a Maclise portrait of Harriet Martineau and an 1833 Fraser's article attacking her Malthusianism as aligned with the "shameless books" of "Mother Woolstonecroft" (sic) opens an enquiry into Wollstonecraft's reputation in the first half of the nineteenth century. The evidence suggests she was remembered, and named, by men writing across a wide political spectrum and remembered, but not named, by women in their signed publications. Among the latter was Anna Jameson, whose Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (1838) recalled to a male reviewer the literary felicity of Wollstonecraft's Letters Written … In Sweden. The essay explores Wollstonecraft's legacy for Jameson in her use of a travel account to frame a feminist project: comparison of the situation of native women in Upper Canada to that of women in European society. Demands on native women are shown to be "rational" relative to the given stage of social development with respect to conditions of work, considerations of ...


The paper discusses the intrinsic properties, the geological history, the natural structure and the mechanical behaviour of intensely ˆssured clays from Santa Croce di Magliano, a site located within the East-side border of the Apennine chain (southern Italy). The clays were originally deposited elsewhere and subsequently moved and largely deformed during the Apennine orogenesis, so that their structure appears severely disturbed and ˆssured. The applicability of a continuum-based approach to describe the mechanical behaviour of a Representative Element Volume (REV, hereafter) of the natural, ˆssured clay is experimentally investigated by analysing the clay specimen deformation under plane strain compression by means of False Relief Stereophotogrammetry. The results of such analysis show that, despite the intense network of pre-existing ˆssures, the patterns of deformation – including the eventual development of shear bands within the REV of the natural clay – are similar to those observed for unˆssured clays. Triaxial tests were carried out on both natural and reconstituted clay samples and the results were compared with those recognised in the literature to be typical of unˆssured clays. Based on such comparisons, the study provides a few essential elements that are useful to deˆne a general framework for the mechanical behaviour of intensely ˆssured clays.


Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total ankle replacement (TAR) is common tool used by the foot and ankle specialist to treat end stage ankle arthritis. Current data about ankle motion following TAR is derived from gait analysis utilizing external markers. Utilizing Xray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM), which combines 3-D mapping technology with biplanar fluoroscopy in vivo to visualize true skeletal motion, we can evaluate true motion of TAR implants. Current TAR replacement systems are either mobile bearing or fixed bearing. We hypothesized that subjects implanted with a fixed bearing prosthesis would exhibit less tibiotalar rotation and translation than subjects implanted with a mobile bearing prosthesis. Methods: Six subjects with total ankle replacement at least one-year post implantation gave informed consent before participating (IRB #H16496). Three subjects with a mobile bearing prosthesis with an average age 63.3+-11.1 yrs were compared to three matched subjects with a fixed bearing prosthesis with an average age of 64.7+-1.5 yrs. Utilizing 3D slicer software, lower body CT scans for each subject were evaluated to create 3D models of the foot and ankle bones and implant components. All subjects walked for several trials at a self-selected pace along a walkway while their foot and ankle motions were captured by a high-speed biplanar fluoroscopic x-ray motion analysis (XMA) system. The 3D models were combined with the x-ray images within a 3D animation platform and rotoscoped to resolve accurate kinematic motions at the tibiotalar joint during stance phase of gait. We examined for differences between the two groups using a two-sample t-test (p<0.05). Results: Subjects with a mobile-bearing prosthesis demonstrated mean ROM's of 7.4+-1.1°, 5.3+-2.3° and 7.1+-4.3° for dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, and internal/external rotation, respectively. Subjects with a fixed bearing ankle prosthesis did not exhibit significantly different mean ROM's for dorsiflexion/plantarflexion (9.1+-4.0°, p=0.35), inversion/eversion (4.4+-2.1°, p=0.42), and internal/external rotation (9.0+-3.4°, p=0.35), respectively. Subjects with a fixed bearing prosthesis displayed significantly more translation along the anteroposterior (3.6+-1.2mm, p<0.01) and mediolateral (2.2+-0.7mm, p<0.01) axes compared to the mobile bearing prosthesis (1.8+-1.2mm and 1.3+-0.8mm, respectively). Conclusion: Our preliminary results indicate that mobile and fixed bearing prosthesis provides similar angular motion at the tibiotalar joint, however, the fixed bearing prosthesis exhibits greater translational motion during walking. Further, there is the same amount of internal and external translation with both component designs. The implications of this work on success or failure of current implant designs is beyond the scope of this study but this work will provide the basis for future studies to help determine optimal future total ankle replacement designs.


The judicious post endodontic restoration of the tooth afterwards the accomplishment of endodontic management, is just as bossy for the effective cure of teeth with striking tooth structural disfigurement as, is the eminence of the endodontic rehabilitation. The pivotal objective of the post is to retain the core that ropes/pulleys the absolute prosthesis. When there is diminutive tooth structure left, a post and core also encouragements in augmenting the fracture confrontation after root canal management. The genus of post endodontic restoration must be elected with consideration for the diversity of post schemes obtainable and the clinical scenario. A custom cast post and core are endorsed when a noteworthy aggregate of tooth structure has been removed or if not ample ferrule is accessible. The overhaul of carious anterior tooth is publicized in the case study below, utilising custom cast post and PFM crown.


Neil Lazarus is Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at
Warwick University, UK. His PhD in Sociology from Keele University
focused on the novels of Ayi Kwei Armah and lent itself to an
interdisciplinary approach to the study of literature, which turned into his
first book Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction, published in 1990.
He worked at Yale, Wesleyan, Louisiana State and Brown University
before returning to the UK in 1999. Since then he has published a number
of field-defining works, specifically issuing from a cultural materialist
position, including over 40 articles, Nationalism and Cultural Practice in
the Postcolonial World (1999), Marxism, Modernity and Postcolonial
Studies (2002, edited with Crystal Bartolovich), The Cambridge Guide to
Postcolonial Studies (2004) and After Iraq: Reframing Postcolonial
Studies (2006, special issue of New Formations edited with Priyamvada
Gopal). His most recent book, The Postcolonial Unconscious (2011), is a
striking and insightful analysis of postcolonial studies past, present and
future that will undoubtedly shape the development of the discipline. In
this interview he talks about the idea of the postcolonial unconscious, the
role of the intellectual and the future direction of his own work. I began by
inviting him to chart his intellectual development from Resistance in
Postcolonial African Fiction to The Postcolonial Unconscious.


ABSTRACT A Brucella suis mutant with a nonpolar deletion in the virB8 gene was attenuated in a macrophage infection model. Complementation with the B. suis VirB8 protein expressed from the virB promoter restored virulence. Expression of TraJ, a VirB8 homologue from plasmid pSB102, did not restore virulence; however, virulence was partially restored by a chimeric protein containing the N terminus of the B. suis VirB8 protein and the C-terminal periplasmic domain of TraJ.


Catalysing the transfer of oses and ose derivatives on various accepters, glucosyltransferases are of increasing importance in biology and pathology. Their sub-cellular localisation is now known together with the physico-chemical parameters of their activity and the importance of polyprenic intermediates. The first phenomenological studies concerning them are in favour of a mechanism of Bi-Bi type. For example, they may play a role in mucoviscidosis, virus diseases, vaccination and arthrosis.


Pollutants and other external factors effect the strength and  service life of fishing nets. The effects of some pollutants such as heavy metals and temperature on the mesh breaking strength of knotless polyamide (PA) fishing nets were determined in this study. The PA net samples were subjected to heavy metal solutions containing Cd (Cadmium), Cu (Copper), Ni (Nickel), Hg (Mercury), Zn (Zinc), Cr (Chromium) and Pb (Lead) for 14 days at 99°C in metal and glass containers. Also, the samples were hold on metal and glass surfaces and suspended in the air at 130 and 175°C for the periods of 30 min., 1 and 2 hours. The order of breaking strenght values of heavy metal treated samples in metal containers was found Ni> Cd >Pb > Zn> Hg> Cu> Cr, respectively, whereas the order of samples was Cr> Hg> Cu> Pb> Zn> Cd> Ni for glass containers. Regarding to the test conditions and the temperature, the breaking strenght values of samples treated with 130°C were found significantly high (p˂0.05) compared with those hold at 175°C for both metal and glass surfaces and air suspended groups in all durations.


An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on a nuclear weapon or the airlift of an electronic bomb affects weapons systems, information devices, wired and wireless communication equipment, and power supply equipment. It can lead to confusion on the battlefield. The current standards for EMP protection when applied to the military are centered on fixed and mobile facilities and equipment. It is, however, important to study EMP protection for a single tactical unit centered on the weapon system. In this study, EMP protection standards were established for command and control, maneuvering and firepower systems vulnerable to EMPs, focusing on battle tanks with mobility, firepower, and shock force. Also, specific development plans for EMP protection capabilities are proposed, including the shielding and blocking of EMPs. Through the study, the Korean government intends to ensure a unit's command and control under an EMP attack as well as preserve the viability of a unit's personnel and guarantee the conditions for the execution of a mission.


We develop a new method which measures the projected density distribution wp(rp)n of photometric galaxies surrounding a set of spectroscopically identified galaxies and simultaneously the projected cross-correlation function wp(rp) between the two populations. In this method, we are able to divide the photometric galaxies into subsamples in luminosity intervals even when redshift information is unavailable, enabling us to measure wp(rp)n and wp(rp) as a function of not only the luminosity of the spectroscopic galaxy, but also that of the photometric galaxy. Extensive tests show that our method can measure wp(rp) in a statistically unbiased way. The accuracy of the measurement depends on the validity of the assumption inherent to the method that the foreground/background galaxies are randomly distributed and are thus uncorrelated with those galaxies of interest. Therefore, our method can be applied to the cases where foreground/background galaxies are distributed in large volumes, which is usually valid in real observations. We have applied our method to data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) including a sample of 105 luminous red galaxies at z ∼ 0.4 and a sample of about half a million galaxies at z ∼ 0.1, both of which are cross-correlated with a deep photometric sample drawn from the SDSS. On large scales, the relative bias factor of galaxies measured from wp(rp) at z ∼ 0.4 depends on luminosity in a manner similar to what is found for those at z ∼ 0.1, which are usually probed by autocorrelations of spectroscopic samples in previous studies. On scales smaller than a few Mpc and at both z ∼ 0.4 and z ∼ 0.1, the photometric galaxies of different luminosities exhibit similar density profiles around spectroscopic galaxies at fixed luminosity and redshift. This provides clear observational support for the assumption commonly adopted in halo occupation distribution models that satellite galaxies of different luminosities are distributed in a similar way, following the dark matter distribution within their host halos.


In 1972 James Taylor published a sma~ book entitled, A Porcine History of PhIlosophy andReligion. In it, significant historical and current themes are depicted through the use of cartoons of pigs. One of those cartoons shows a group of pigs pla~ing "ring around the rosey," ~hile off to the side, one pig plays by himself. The caption on the cartoon is "Southern Baptist pig caught up in the heat of ecumenical activity." That cartoon captures a situation which this book is intended to address: regardless of responsibility, the lack of conversation between Southern Baptists and other Christians, in this case, American evangelicals. A symposium must be evaluated in terms of editorial selection and authorial content. In this case the selection resulted instead from the choice of speakers at conferences held at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, in 1989 and 1990, which was beyond the editor's control. In general, it appears that the spectrum of Southern Baptist authors is somewhat broader theologically than is that of the evangelicals involved. Four of the five evangelicals are from the "progressive" wing of evangelicalism closely allied with Fuller Seminary-its president, provost, the historian of the school and an evangelical "revisioner." The ~outhern Baptists include representatives of the left wing-Glenn Hinson-and the right Wing-Rick Mellick and Danny Akins. The introduction, written by Dockery and James Emery White, is worth the price of the book alone. It gives some excellent synoptic and analytic insights, especially helpful to someone unfamiliar with the Southern Baptist Convention, and it is a bibliographic gold mine. It is by a considerable margin the longest chapter in the book. Part I, "Searching for Identity," focuses to a large extent upon defining "evangelical," since Southern Baptists can be more easily identified through their ecclesiastical connection. Numerous suggested definitions of "evangelical" are offered, and there is even an extended discussion of the psychology and logic of categories and category-making, by Robert Johnston. There is much of interest and of help in this section to those struggling to understand what constitutes an evangelical. Especially helpful is George Marsden's distinction between the broader and the narrower sense of evangelicalism (pp. 28-30). Evangelicals in the broad sense are Simply those who hold certain basic beliefs. Evangelicals in the narrower sense-"card-carrying evangelicals"-are those who call themselves evangelicals and find their identity as part of the transdenominational evangelical movement. Even more helpful is a set of distinctions drawn in an article by Samuel Hill cited in a number of places in this '


A combined experimental and modelling study was carried out to investigate the flame spread phenomenon over a porous bed wetted with finite quantity of super-flash liquid fuel. Measurements included flame spread rate, temperature distribution, and visual observation. Sand particles ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm and Propanol (flash point 12 °C) were used as porous bed and liquid fuel, respectively.Results corresponding to the rate of flame spread show that regardless of airflow speed and/or direction the rate of flame spread decreases as either the bed depth or particle size increases, however the flame spread deceleration rate is more distinct under opposed airflow.Temperature measurements and mathematical modelling results indicated the existences of three different temperature regions in the bed. The magnitude of temperature in upper region was significantly larger than those of the lower region. The modelling results were in good agreement with the experimental data.


Background and aim: Malaria as a mosquito-borne disease is largely depe ndent on climatic conditions. Temperature, rainfall and relative humi dity are considered as climatic factors affecting the geographical distribution of this dis ea e. These climatic factors have definite roles not only in the growth and proliferation of t he mosquito Anopheles but also in the parasite Plasmodium activity. The purpose of this study was to find in which regions of Iran climatic conditions favour spread of malaria. Material and Methods: Data on 3 climatic factors, including the mean mon thly temperature, rainfall and mixed ratio of humidity, obtained from 31 synoptic meteorological stations during the 30-year period 1975-2005 were used. By r unning the informative filters through map algebra tools in the Geographical Information S ystem (GIS), the synoptic meteorological stations were classified into 4 groups in terms of climatic conditions favouring activity and proliferation of the mosquito Anopheles and the parasite Plasmodium. Then the regions were interpolated in terms of climate risk of malaria in cidence using the tension Spiline interpolation method. Results: The maps of climatic potential malaria risk indica ted that the southern provinces including Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan, souther n parts of Sistan-Balouchistan province, such as Chabahar and Nikshahr, as well as Northern provinces of the country, including Mazandaran and Gilan, have the highest cl imatic potential for risk of malaria spread. On the other hand, provinces in the North W estern region, including West and East Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Kurdistan and Zanjan, have the lowest climatic potential risk of malaria spread. Further analysis of the data showed that a large segment of the population is living in regions with mediumto high-risk zones. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used when design ing malaria control programs to identify different regions in terms of climate-b ased malaria risk. The presented risk map of malaria in this study is completely based on climat c factors. The disconformity between these presented climate-based maps and the observed high-risk map is due to such factors as socioeconomic and lifestyle changes, as well as bor der problems (foreign subjects entering the country).


In this paper, we describe an approach for extending distributed system specifications. The approach consists of building a new specification Snew by adding a new behavior described by a specification Sadded to a specification Sold with preservation of the properties of Sold and Sadded. Snew has all the properties of Sold and Sadded, if Snew can do whatever Sold (and Sadded) can do, and it does not block where Sold (or Sadded) does not block. Our approach is described in terms of Labeled Transition Systems, and it is applicable for a wide range of specification languages.


Wind power generation possesses the advantages of abundant reserves, extensive distribution and great development and utilization potential as a clean and renewable energy. But the randomicity and intermittence of wind have limited its utilization in power system. This paper sorted out and summarized some relative researches about wind speed forecasting methods. The discussional principle of wind speed prediction hosted on the wind power plants. To conduct the empirical computational analysis, it designed a time sequence model ARIMA, a grey prediction model and a combined forecasting method, and their applicability and effectiveness have been verified. The composite prediction model improved its accuracy more than 12.90% and 1.15% respectively, comparing with the two single ones. It's feasible to improve the forecasting level of wind speed in wind power project to a certain extent and enrich evaluation methods of wind power output for reference.


ABSTRACT Increase in proofing periods of frozen dough subjected to extended frozen storage and freeze-thaw cycles and finally a lower loaf volume is attributed to the changes in rheological properties of frozen doughs. These changes occur due to the physical damage on the gluten network caused by ice recrystallization. The major objective of this research was to reduce ice crystallization and recrystallization in frozen dough by incorporating hydrophilic gums such as carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), gum arabic, kappa carrageenan (κ-carrageenan), and locust bean gum at three different levels with flour derived from a Hard Red Spring wheat cultivar. The doughs were stored frozen for up to 16 weeks. Bread characteristics were analyzed after day 0, day 1, and after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of frozen storage for specific loaf volume, external and internal appearance, color, texture, and shelf-life. Specific loaf volume increased significantly with the addition of different levels of all the four gums compared wit...


Arthritis is a recognized extra‐intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies show altered uric acid metabolism in IBD. This study aims to investigate the association between IBD and gout.


In this study, we investigated the surface morphology of uniform pure and zinc‐doped tin oxide thin films in detail. Films of undoped and Zn‐doped tin oxide (SnO2: Zn) were prepared on glass substrates at 450 °C by spray pyrolysis technique. Tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O), and zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were used as sources of tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn), respectively. The variation in the solution concentration of the films was reflected in their morphologies as examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Their findings show that the films have nanoscale structure. The surface parameters were calculated for thin films. The root mean square (RMS) roughness obtained for undoped SnO2 thin films reduced with the addition of Zn in the starting solution. A comparison between the doped films with zinc acetate and zinc chloride shows a difference in their roughness. The electrical and optical properties of the films were also measured. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Solar noble gases He, Ne, Ar and Kr implanted in the H3–6 meteorite regolith breccia Acfer 111 agree in their elemental composition with that in present-day solar wind and, except for a 25% deficit of 4He, also with adopted solar abundances. The presence of such unfractionated solar gases makes Acfer 111 unique (until now). Closed system stepped etching releases noble gases that can be explained as mixtures of two distinct types of He, Ne, and Kr of isotopic compositions as they have been derived previously from meteorites and lunar samples that contain heavily fractionated solar gases. Since the same putative end members, ascribed to the solar wind (SW) and supra-thermal solar energetic particles (SEP), are also present in Acfer 111, we argue that these end members represent two truly independent components. We discount the possibility that one isotopic composition derived from the other by diffusion of the gases within, or upon their release from, their host phases. The isotopic signatures of noble gases in Acfer 111 agree with those in a lunar ilmenite of young antiquity ≅100 Ma) but are in disagreement with the noble gases in lunar ilmenite 79035 of 1–2 Ga antiquity. Systematic changes are discussed of the nuclide abundance ratios as etching proceeds; they are ascribed to differences in trapping efficiency and in penetration depth of the different noble gas ion species upon their implantation.


Cancer has remained one of the biggest challenges for human health during the past few decades despite major advances in medicine [1]. Poor prognosis of cancer is mainly caused by a lack of effective treatment. Moreover, many patients cannot receive appropriate treatment despite early diagnosis. High heterogeneity is a tumor characteristic and different types of cancer usually vary in clinical features and tumorigenic mechanisms, which results in different responses to drugs [2]. How to predict accurately the patient's response to drugs and choose personalized treatment is one of the main concerns of doctors. Cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are widely used as preclinical tumor models for screening drugs and assessing drug responses. Cancer cell lines are derived from primary patient tumors and have contributed greatly to cancer research. Cancer cell lines are able to expand rapidly and are often used for high-throughput drug screening. Moreover, they are amenable to genetic modification, which is necessary for research on mechanisms of cancer development. However, it is clear that histological and genetic features in cancer cell lines have changed a lot compared with those in native tumors [3]. As a result, many drugs that perform well in cancer cell lines finally fail in clinical trials. PDX models are generated by transplanting fresh tumor tissue from patients subcutaneously or orthotopically into immunodeficient mice. They mimic the biological characteristics of the primary tumors better than do cancer cell lines. Although PDX models can better predict drug responses, their application in medicine is limited because they are expensive and timeand resource-consuming [4]. It is necessary to develop a new model that has the advantages of the two models mentioned above. Tumor organoids may be superior models to identify and test novel anticancer drugs. Organoids are 3D cultured multicellular clusters. They are derived from pluripotent stem cells or isolated organ progenitors that differentiate to form an organlike tissue exhibiting multiple cell types. Organoids have selfrenewal and self-organization capabilities and retain the characteristics of the physiological structure and function of their source tumor. Sato et al. [5] placed intestinal stem cells into a gel matrix to mimic the extracellular matrix microenvironment, and finally the stem cells began to divide, differentiate and form structures resembling intestinal villi and crypts. Since then, organoids have been widely studied. Upon embedment into a 3D matrix, tissue-derived tumors from patients can also grow into organoids, termed tumor organoids (Figure 1) [6]. So far, 12 tumor organoids have been established (Table 1) [7–16]. In a recent study, Vlachogiannis and colleagues [7] developed patient-derived organoids (PDOs) derived from 110 metastatic tumor samples from 71 patients with colorectal or gastroesophageal cancer enrolled in phase I/II clinical trials. Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of PDOs was similar to that of the original tumors and they had the same gene-mutation spectrum. Besides, molecular profiling of the tumor organoids was matched to drug-screening results. More importantly, PDOs had 88% accuracy for predicting whether they would respond to some drugs and 100% accuracy for predicting whether they would not. The outcomes of PDOs for predicting treatment are encouraging and suggest that PDOs may be an ideal platform to identify and assess the efficacy of anticancer drugs. PDOs are 3D in vitro models; many studies have shown that they can recapitulate basic features of primary tumors,


Plethysmography is an easy and quickly method for the determination of the body composition that uses the inverse relation between pressure and volume. The objective of the present study was to compare the values obtained by plethysmography and DEXA in an obese adolescents population. The sample was composed of 88 adolescents of both genders, aged between 15 and 19 years (17.01 ± 1.6 years) engaged in a multidisciplinary physical activity program. The volunteers were submitted to a body composition evaluation in distinct days in the same week, through plethysmography and DEXA. When the different methods were compared, no significant correlation between parameters common to both methods (fat free mass, fat mass (kg) and fat mass (%), r = 0.88 p < 0.05; r = 0.92 p < 0.05; r = 0.75 p < 0.05, respectively) was observed. Our data suggest that for this specific population, plethysmography may be used as an important method of body composition evaluation.


Specimens from 33 heats of three types of nuclear pressure vessel steel were heat treated to produce a simulated weld HAZ microstructure and tested to determine their resistance to stress relief cracking (SRC). The method employed a special jig in which notched specimens were loaded in 3-point bending to a fixed displacement and then heated to 610/sup 0/C for 6 h in a simulated stress relief treatment. The susceptibility to SRC was measured in terms of the extent of cracking as a function of the notch-opening displacement. The results showed that the forging grade A508-2 was generically much more susceptible to SRC than either the plate grade A533-B or the forging grade A508-3. The four tested heats of the latter steel showed almost no SRC susceptibility within the limitations of these tests. In the other two steels wide heat-to-heat variation in SRC susceptibility was found. 20 refs., 24 figs.


The email medium plays a prevalent role in globalised professional communication. Where English as a Lingua Franca is the language of choice, challenges may arise based on differing assumptions about the appropriate degree of directness, in particular with face-threatening speech acts such as requests. Given the frequency of email requests between colleagues, they are investigated here with the aim of identifying common practices in diverse speaker groups. Requests for information and requests for action were analysed with respect to request perspective and realisation strategy. The results indicate that these request types differ on both measures. The former are primarily realised as impersonal questions, focusing on the content rather than highlighting the requestive character. The latter make use of different realisation strategies and perspectives, one of them being the most direct strategy in hearer perspective, i.e. placing emphasis on the requestive illocutionary force. Direct requests are common in business (email) requests, but are less in line with both native and L2 English speakers' preferred choices outside this context. We urge for raising awareness of ELF language use in language policies and instruction on business communication.


The inducible prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway is defined by the concerted activities of the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 in producing PGE2. PGE2 has pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions and is involved in an array of diseases with an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory component, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, mPGES-1 and COX-2 are up-regulated in the inflamed synovium of patients. COX inhibitors like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXibs) relieve inflammation and pain in RA, but their respective GI tract and cardiovascular side effects precluding long-term use, which is essential in chronic inflammation. Moreover, other effective RA therapies like TNF blockade and B-cell depletion therapy leave the inducible PGE2 pathway unaffected, suggesting that targeting this pathway could have additional benefits in a combinatorial approach. mPGES-1 is currently investigated as a target that could dissociate the anti-inflammatory benefits of COX inhibitors from their detrimental side effects. However, most inhibitors of human mPGES-1 activity generated so far fail to inhibit the murine enzyme ortholog, complicating characterization of mPGES-1 inhibition in vivo in relevant disease models. The first objective of this thesis was to extend the characterization of the PGE2 pathway in arthritis. The second objective was to investigate mPGES-1 as a therapeutic target. The latter was accomplished in part through the development and evaluation of pharmacological inhibitors active on both human and murine mPGES-1. To fulfill the first objective, we characterized a new mechanism for the induction of PGE2 production in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), whereby complexes of the alarmin high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1) and the cytokine IL-1β cause an up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression. We also characterized 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) to co-localize with mPGES-1 and the COX enzymes in the synovium of RA patients, suggesting a concerted activity of the anabolic and catabolic parts of the PGE2 cascade in the joint. In the same patients, we determined that methotrexate therapy did not interfere with the expression of COXs, mPGES-1 or 15-PGDH, adding that therapy to the list of approaches leaving the PGE2 pathway unaffected. Lastly, we could not confirm an association between the expression of COXs, mPGES-1 and 15-PGDH and quantitative pain assessment or arthritis development in arthralgic individuals at risk of developing arthritis or in early arthritis patients. In line with the second objective, we developed compounds II and III, which inhibit PGE2 synthesis in vitro in different human and murine cell assays and in vivo in the air pouch model of acute inflammation. Compound II also reduced edema in the rat adjuvantinduced arthritis model. When the PG profile elicited by mPGES-1 inhibition with compound III was compared to that resulting from mPGES-1 gene deletion in the air pouch model, different results were observed suggesting the two modes of inhibition might not have the exact same outcome. While inhibition of PGE2 synthesis with both compound II and III did not result in the shunting of PGH2 to other prostanoids, a shunt to thromboxane (TX) B2 was observed in the mPGES-1 knockout mouse. We also used the mPGES-1 knockout mouse to investigate the impact of mPGES-1 gene deletion on the eicosanoid and fatty acid profiles in inflammation. We discovered that it resulted in macrophages producing more 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 PGJ2 and the spleen containing more eicosadienoic acid (EDA). This suggests mPGES-1 inhibition could not only inhibit the synthesis of the proinflammatory PGE2, but also cause the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, this thesis further advances the knowledge about the PGE2 synthesis cascade in arthritis and describes two new mPGES-1 inhibitors with an in vivo activity in native rodent models of disease. The latter constitute new valuable tools for the study of mPGES-1 in whichever pathology it has an involvement. ISBN 978-‐91-‐7549-‐194-‐3


Primary breast sarcomas are an extremely rare and heterogeneous entity derived from mesenchymal tissue of the breast. Phyllodes tumors are usually classified separately from breast sarcomas due to their malignant epithelial component, but as a group, nonphyllodes primary breast sarcomas make up less than 1% of all breast malignancies. Originally thought to be a variant of phyllodes tumors, periductal stromal tumors (PDST) are now considered a rare separate pathological entity that is typically found in perimenopausal and postmenopausal females. Our patient is a 74‐year‐old woman who presented to our clinic for evaluation of a right‐breast mass that was found by her primary care physician during her yearly examination. Her past medical and surgical history was noncontributory, and she had no family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Both mammography and ultrasonography did not detect the mass. Therefore, she underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for further characterization which revealed a subtle area of enhancement in the right breast that coincided with the area of the palpable mass. Stereotactic core biopsy revealed fragments of a cellular fibroepithelial lesion and favored a diagnosis of phyllodes tumor. Wire‐localization excisional biopsy was performed, and a 5.8 × 4.2 × 1.8 cm specimen was removed. Grossly, the tumor was a white, tan, fleshy mass surrounded by normal breast parenchyma. Histology revealed a biphasic neoplasm containing both bland spindle cells and ducts (Figure 1). Because mitotic activity, tumor necrosis, and nuclear pleomorphism were nearly absent, a favorable prognosis prevailed. Immunohistochemistry was positive for both vimentin and CD34 (Figure 2) and negative for cytokeratin 5 on the spindle‐cell component. Staining was negative for smooth muscle actin, S‐100, nuclear B‐catenin, cytokeratin 18/8, p63, and estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR). Periductal stromal tumor of the breast was the final diagnosis based on this constellation of findings. The histology of PDST is biphasic, consisting of benign ductal elements within a spindle‐cell stroma that infiltrates surrounding adipose tissue. While phyllodes tumors are thought to originate from F IGURE 1 Hematoxylin and eosin section shows a biphasic neoplasm with benign ducts and infiltrating spindle cells (4× magnification)


Vol. 30, No. 6, 2018 731 Received July 11, 2016, Revised December 21, 2017, Accepted for publication December 31, 2017 Corresponding author: You Chan Kim, Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 WorldCup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea. Tel: 82-31-219-5190, Fax: 82-31-219-5189, E-mail: email@example.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4840-594X This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Korean Dermatological Association and The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology Fig. 1. (A) Multiple grouped erythematous papules mimicking herpes infection on the back of a 53-yearold man and (B) biopsy site (black arrow). https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.6.731


Objective To analysis the effect of two method on treatment granulopenia with the same granulocyte colony stimulating factor(G-CSF) , and summarized the method of nursing, given the instruction for reasonable application in medicine.Methods 220 granulopenia patients after chemotherapy were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, each group had 110 patients.The patients of treatment group were injected into Xuehai point acupuncture with G-CSF, and the patients of control group were injected into hypodermic with the same G-CSF.Well-regulated Check the blood routine for observation the number change of leukocyte.Results the two group had significantly difference ( P < 0.05 ) in the time of leukocyte increased normal level and leukocyte lasted normal level, furthermore, the treatment group were obviously better than the control group.Conclusions The treatment method of acupuncture injection in Xuehai point with G-CSF were obviously effectiveness, it is simple and convenient, be worthy of expansion.

Key words:
Acupuncture injection;  Granulopenia;  Nursing;  Granulocyte colony stimulating factor


Only 21% of U.S. children meet federal physical activity (PA) guidelines. Schools have insufficient time for physical education classes. School children typically have recess daily, making recess a venue to increase PA. Programs such as Wellness In the Schools (WITS) provide a coach during school recess to lead organized activities and encourage all students to participate may provide students with health, psychological, academic and social benefits. This study was a quasi-experimental matched-control design with seven WITS intervention schools and seven matched control schools, measuring two outcomes: 1) PA level, 2) PA type (measured with an observational tool: System for Observing Play and Leisure Activities in Youth (SOPLAY)). Outcomes were measured in second and third graders pre-(T0) and post-(T1), one school-year into the WITS intervention during outdoor (T0 and T1) and indoor (inclement weather) (T1 only) recess. Results at T1 were compared between control and WITS schools with ANOVA tests. For PA level, the WITS intervention increased PA in indoor recess, a higher percentage of WITS girls and boys were vigorously active, a lower percentage were sedentary, and overall recess PA levels were higher (all p ≤ .001). For PA type, WITS intervention schools had higher overall PA level during ball-like activities during outdoor recess in girls (p = 0.002) and boys (p = 0.010). This study suggests active recess interventions increase PA level during indoor recess and during ball-like activities in outdoor recess, suggesting the WITS intervention has the potential to increase PA during school and help students receive the benefits of regular PA.


Driving tests using model plastic piles with different hammer cushion materials were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of energy transfer ratio from the hammer, degree of vibration of the surrounding ground and noise due to impacting. A small pile driving analyzer (PDA) was composed using straingages and Hopkinson bar which is measuring force signal and pile-head velocity. The hammer cushion (cap block) materials used for the model driving tests were commercial Micarta, plywood, polyurethane, rubber (SBR) and silicone rubber. The highest energy transfer ratio was obtained from Micarta in the same soil and driving conditions. Micarta was followed by polyurethane, plywood, rubber and silicone in descending order. The more efficient energy transfdr ratio of the hammer cushion materials became, the bigger average noisy (sound) level was found. In addition, Micarta and polyurethane provided bigger bearing capacities than other materials compared in the same soil and driving conditions in which the static loading tests were performed at the end of driving.


Abstract The differences in the fluorescence spectra of 42 oil samples, which are measured with a laboratory arrangement, are discussed. It appears that the accuracy of these measurements gives the possibility of discriminating between a large number of oil samples. Special attention is given to the changes in the spectra caused by light and wind action. These changes are large compared with the differences that can be distinguished in the spectra.


PURPOSE: It has in the intaglio pattern of the pattern roll used for the gravure offset print it includes the sub pattern. The printability generating can be improved in the constant area or greater. CONSTITUTION: A pattern roll comprises a engraving pattern(121). The same pattern roll forms the metal wiring pattern into the gravure offset print. The engraving pattern copes with the printing pattern. The engraving pattern comprises 1 or more sub patterns. The engraving pattern comprises the unit area more than 120μm*120μm. The sub pattern comprises the unit area of (60~120) μm * μm. The depth of the sub pattern 1~100μm.


Formula R (Wherein, R The fluorinated acid compound particle may be a condensate of a proton acid, and the molar ratio of 1.0 or lower alkoxy silane with respect to the fluorinated alcohol and the fluorinated alcohol. These fluorine-containing compound particles have a good adhesion against the like inorganic base.


[Objective] The purpose was to study the effect of weather condition on the winter wheat grouting rate.[Method]Winter wheat varieties of half-winter and feeble-spring were choice to determine grouting rate,while weather factors that were synchronously observed in relative time were analyzed.[Result]The results indicated that the dominant weather factor of effecting grouting rate was sunlight.Temperature was limiting factor.The effect of other weather factors on grouting rate was commonly indirect.The weather indexes of feeble-spring variety during grouting were lower than half-winter,and the main difference was that they needed the different temperature.The big-grain half winter variety was not popular in production.The favourable draught and fully light condition in field was propitious to enhance grouting rate.[Conclusion] The relationship among fountain,current and storeroom is finely harmonized,which can adequately exert the potentials of climate and raise seed grain weight of wheat.


According to FAO data (FAOSTAT 2004), production of fresh cow milk in Comesa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and East Africa Community (EAC) countries stood at 12 million metric tons in 2003 (see Table 1 for a complete list of Comesa and EAC countries? production of fresh milk for the period 1997-2003).


where k i s an a rb i t r a ry pos i t ive oonstant . In the paper [3J the geometry of the tangent bundle to with the g°-pseudoriemannian metrio which i s a complete l i f t of the metric given on £ 2 T 2 c o n B i d e r o d I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to give fundamental proper t ies of the spherioal bundle T^g* T h i s paper i s concerned in t h i s problem. We denote by T^Iig the set of a l l tangent vectors to 2>2 of the length 1. The s t r u c t u r e on T . ^ l s induced from TL2, I f we reduce the s t r u c t u r a l group of the bundle T&2 to 0 (2 ) , we obtain the spherical bundle T-,*^' In the papers [4], [5], [7] the authors inves t iga te the proper t ies of spher ical bundle T̂ M with the metric


The invention discloses an array substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, a display panel, and a display device. The utilization rate of material can be increased, environment benefits can be increased, and the precision of a semiconductor device can be improved. The manufacturing method of the array substrate includes the steps: making a pixel electrode on a substrate; making grid lines, data lines and electrode blocks connected to the pixel electrode on the pixel electrode through composition processes, wherein the grid lines and the data lines are disconnected in intersection positions; making a plurality of film transistors on a wafer substrate, wherein each film transistor includes a source electrode, a drain electrode and a grid electrode that are manufactured on the same layer and insulated from each other, and also includes a source electrode bonding electrode, a drain electrode bonding electrode and a grid electrode bonding electrode that are manufactured on the same layer and insulated from each other; and separating each film transistor from the wafer substrate, bonding the grid electrode bonding electrodes with the grid lines in preset positions, bonding the source electrode bonding electrodes with the data lines in preset positions, and bonding drain electrode bonding electrodes with the electrode blocks in preset positions.


This paper introduces a novel transparent proximity-coupled-fed patch antenna with enhanced impedance bandwidth and good filtering response. The proposed antenna consists of a ground plane, a specific feeding structure and a slotted patch. All the conducting surfaces are realized with metal meshes printed on glass substrates. Optical transparency of the antenna depends on the mesh density. The feed line of a traditional proximity-coupled-fed patch antenna is terminated with a driven stub etched with a half-wavelength U-shaped slot. This modification introduces an additional resonant mode but also a radiating null. By further etching a pair of quarter-wavelength open slots on the radiating patch, another resonant mode accompanied with an extra radiation null is generated. Finally, three resonant modes within the operating band along with two radiation nulls near the two edges of the passband are achieved. The proposed antenna is implemented to demonstrate an impedance bandwidth of 7.6% from 3.41 to 3.68 GHz and a maximum gain of 4.6 dBi.


The relationship between row crop land use and nitrate N concentrations in surface water was evaluated for 15 Iowa watersheds ranging from 1002 to 2774 km 2 and 10 smaller watersheds ranging from 47 to 775 km 2 for the period 1996 to 1998. The percentage of land in row crop varied from 24 to >87% in the 15 large watersheds, and mean annual NO 3 -N concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 10.8 mg/L. In the small watersheds, row crop percentage varied from 28 to 87% and mean annual NO 3 -N concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 10.5 mg/L. In both cases, nitrate N concentrations were directly related to the percentage of row crop in the watershed (p < 0.0003). Linear regression showed similar slope for both sets of watersheds (0.11) suggesting that average annual surface water nitrate concentrations in Iowa, and possibly similar agricultural areas in the midwestern USA, can be approximated by multiplying a watershed's row crop percentage by 0.1. Comparing the Iowa watershed data with similar data collected at a subwatershed scale in Iowa (0.1 to 8.1 km 2 ) and a larger midcontinent scale (7300 to 237100 km 2 ) suggests that watershed scale affects the relationship of nitrate concentration and land use. The slope of nitrate concentration versus row crop percentage decreases with increasing watershed size.


This chapter begins with the promise of the Nelson Mandela presidency which made a commitment to building a 'rainbow nation' that would consign racism to the dustbin of history. Against this background, the opening chapter seeks to contextualize firstly the placing of Indians in the South African political economy through the long twentieth century that saw waves of colonialism, segregation and apartheid. It shows how through all these periods Indians were always regarded as outsiders and threatened with repatriation. It was only in 1961 a century after the arrival of the first indentured labourers that Indians were regarded as citizens. The chapter plays close attention to the way in which Indian South Africans reacted to discrimination and their attempts to build alliances with Africans. The chapter then zooms into the present and points to how the post-apartheid period raises in new ways the old chestnuts of diaspora, belonging, and citizenship.


Cr 7 Te 8 exhibits two types of crystal structure according to the difference of thermal treatment; one is the ordered and the other is the disordered arrangements of the vacancies among the successive Cr layers. The saturation moments and the magnetic susceptibilities of both structures are measured in the temperature range from 77°K to 1000°K. It is observed that the magnetic properties depend largely on the arrangements of the vacancies. In addition, at 4.2°K two nuclear magnetic resonance absorption lines are observed at 45.1 and 58.2 MHz in the ordered samples whereas a very broad absorption line is observed in the disordered samples. These absorption lines may be considered as Cr 53 -signals from the measurements in the external magnetic field. It seems that these magnetic and NMR date are interpreted by the ionic model, though the interpretation includes some degree of incompleteness.


This paper gives attention to the particular application of Wireless Sensor Network. Since the Wireless sensors network nodes are typically battery equipped, the primary goal is to optimize the available resources. These resources can be utilized by the various parameters in every layer of the WSN. Wireless sensor networks are now used in many applications including military, environmental, healthcare, home and in traffic control. In this paper Structural Health Monitoring application with the help of WSN along with various routing parameters have been discussed.


1. INTRODUCTION Web-based courses are being offered by colleges and universities as a means of delivering education to students facing location and time constraints (Carr, 2000; Honan, 1997). For example, web-based classes are becoming popular in business schools as alternatives or supplements to traditional on-campus courses (Alavi, Yoo, and Vogel, 1997; Arbaugh, 2000). Although researchers have shown that the traditional classroom learning environment still offers some advantages (Zhang et al., 2004), student interest in and demand for online courses are increasing over time (McFarlane and Hamilton, 2005/2006; Lundgren and Nantz, 2003). The present study seeks to increase our understanding of the underlying psychological experiences of students participating in an online course in business schools. Specifically, the study examines the effects of flow, a psychological state associated with improvements in task performance, on learning outcomes in an online graduate-level course in information management. We examine the effects of flow on several types of learning outcomes including objective measures of learning, student perceptions of learning, and student satisfaction. The effects of flow on learning outcomes are examined through a field study in which data were collected during the course of an online information management course offered through an MBA program in a public university. The remaining sections of the paper discuss (1) the literature on flow and learning outcomes, (2) the theoretical framework underlying the study, (3) the research question and hypotheses examined in the study, (4) the methodology of the study, (5) the findings of the study, and (6) the implications of the results. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW We begin by discussing the motivation for improving our understanding of learning outcomes in online courses offered in business schools. Next, a review of the literature on flow and learning outcomes is presented. 2.1 Learning Outcomes in Online Business School Courses Much of the literature on online courses has focused on the question of whether online courses or campus-based courses are more effective in terms of student learning. This literature suggests that there is not a significant difference between the two mediums. For example, Borthick and Jones (2000) found no significant difference when comparing student test scores from an online class with the on-campus version of the class taught the previous semester. Piccoli, Ahmad, and Ives (2001) also discovered no significant difference in the exam scores of students when comparing online and on-campus courses. Harrington (1999) compared on-campus and online social work graduate students and concluded that students, by and large, could perform equally well in both learning environments. Also, Thirunarayanan and Perez-Prad (2001) reported in their comparison of education students in both an online and on-campus group that there was no significant statistical difference on the class post-test between the two groups. Although several studies have found no significant difference in student performance between the online and on-campus class environments, it may be too hasty to conclude that equivalent learning outcomes are guaranteed in online learning environments. A deeper understanding of learning outcomes in online course environments may be gained by examining how underlying psychological phenomenon associated with learning affect students taking online courses. Such an understanding may help students learn more effectively while taking online courses, help instructors teach more effectively in the online environment, and provide guidance for more effective design of online courses. To date, there has been little research that examines psychological phenomenon associated with student learning in online courses offered in business schools. With faculty and institutions of higher learning facing concerns involving financial, workload, and curriculum limitations regarding providing online educational programs (Arnone, 2002a, 2002b; Gehring, 2002), finding an effective role for online courses in the curriculum can be aided if scholarly research can shed light on how various factors such as flow are involved in the learning process. …


Canadian scholars are often thought of as "takers" of theories, conducting research by applying theories developed elsewhere to the case of Canada. The argument presented in the following pages is that this process has led to a better, comparative understanding of the theories themselves due to the challenges, corrections and contradictions that the Canadian case provides for the original literature. In this paper I focus on Canadian contributions to two areas of research, elections and political behaviour. I argue that the lessons the Canadian case offers in these areas originate in the character of the Canadian party system, which has been greatly influenced by the regionalism that has characterized the country since it was created. Not only has Canada provided unique findings that enrich comparative studies of elections and political behaviour, but the realization of how Canada differs from other countries of study has also highlighted a prominent and important area of study (party politics and regionalism) for domestic scholars.


Fission track dating has greatly expanded its usefulness to geology over the last 40 years. It is central to thermochronology—the use of shortened fission tracks to decipher the thermal history, movement, and provenance of rocks. When combined with other indicators, such as zircon color and (U–Th)/He, a range of temperatures from 40 ◦C to 400◦C can be studied. Combining fission track analysis with cosmogenic nuclide decay rates, one can study landscape development and denudation of passive margins. Technological applications have expanded from biological filters, radon mapping, and dosimetry to the use of ion track microtechnology in microlithography, micromachining by ion track etching, microscopic field emission tips, magnetic nanowires as magnetoresistive sensors, microfluidic devices, physiology of ion channels in single cells, and so on. In nuclear and particle physics, relatively insensitive glass detectors have been almost single-handedly responsible for our knowledge of cluster radioactivity, and plastic track detectors together with automated measuring systems have been used at the Bevalac, Brookhaven, CERN, and GSI, mainly to study fragmentation of high-energy heavy nuclei. Almost everything we know about the ultraheavy cosmic rays has been learned using Lexan on the Long Duration Exposure Facility and BP-1 phosphate glass on the Mir Station. New topics include development of calorimetric aerogels capable of measuring kinetic energies of hypervelocity interstellar and interplanetary dust grains in space and research on identification of strains of B cillus spores by measurements of their size and swelling rates when humidified. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


MESSOC (Model for Estimating Space Station Operations Costs) is the result of a multi-year effort by NASA to understand and model the mature operations cost of Space Station Freedom. This paper focuses on MESSOC's ability to contribute to life-cycle cost analyses through its logistics equations and databases. Together, these afford MESSOC the capability to project not only annual logistics costs for a variety of Space Station scenarios, but critical non-cost logistics results such as annual Station maintenance crewhours, upweight/downweight, and on-orbit sparing availability as well. MESSOC results using current logistics databases and baseline scenario have already shown important implications for on-orbit maintenance approaches, space transportation systems, and international operations cost sharing.


general, one of the following two different principles has been applied for the electrochemical measurements. First, the oxygen potential at the metal-electrolyte interface can be fixed by applying a preselected voltage to a cell and consequently an unsteady diffusion of oxygen arises in liquid metal. The change in current with time which corresponds to the flux of oxygen from the metal to the interface is recorded. In this principle, the oxygen polarization in the reference electrode is apt to take


It's known,that the complex mixture of nitrogencontaining compounds forms as a result of the thermal transformations of cyanamide or urea. There is the complication of the structure of the compounds when the temperature or the time of the reactions increases. On the contrary the thermolysis of organosilicon derivatives of cyanamide or urea gives the stable compounds type of isocyanates,carbodiimides and melamines.


This study aimed to determine viscosity curves prepared from whey protein concentrates (WPCs) by the rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) and determine the optimal heat treatment time in order to obtain the maximum viscosity solutions at this stage. The WPCs produced from whey samples initially subjected to thermal treatment and microfiltration presented composition compatible with the international standards, with a significant difference (p<0.05) for fat concentration. Viscographic profiles indicated that WPCs produced from microfiltered whey had higher viscosities than those subjected to heat treatment. In addition, 10 min was determined to be the optimal length of time for heat treatment in order to maximise WPCs viscosity. These results indicate that WPC production can be designed for different food applications. Finally, a rapid viscosity analyzer was  demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to study the application of whey proteins in food systems


In contemporary physics a conservation law states that the total sum of particular measurable properties of an isolated physical system remains constant over time. This statement is incomplete. This article formulates a complete set of conservation laws.


A physical embodiment of a virtual human has shown benefits in applications that involve social interaction with virtual humans. However, it often incorporates cumbersome haptic devices or robotic bodies. In this position paper, we first discuss our motivation for utilizing a surrounding environment in human-virtual human interaction and present our preliminary studies and results. Considering the previous studies and related literature, we define the concept of Mediated Physicality for virtual humans, which utilizes environmental objects to increase perceived physicality of the virtual humans, and discuss fundamental aspects of the Mediated Physicality as well as future research plans.


This paper introduces the method of developing signal generator that uses DDS technique. It is implemented on ALTERA EPM7256CPLD, AT28C64 FLASH and TLC7528DAC. The results of experiments have proved that the technique and system in this paper are feasible and effective.


It is helpful to analyze the causes of corruption crime for preventing and eradicating the crime,which is the extreme form of alienation of power.The article,based on the investigation of the causes of corruption crime,from traditional culture of power,analyses the causes of the crime of corruption,in order to eradicate corruption crime.


This study compares the male and female attitudes towards sexual imagery in press
advertising and identifies the demographic and psychographic factors influencing their
attitudes. Although this topic has received previous attention in literature, genders'
attitudes have not been exclusively compared and particularly not with a view to the
factors influencing these attitudes. We employed qualitative methodology to gain a
greater understanding of the participants' views. The findings revealed the significance of
gender and age on shaping consumers' attitude. The contrast between male and female
attitudes was undeniable, however overall interviewees implied their growing
indifference to the genre.


A frequency-based modeling approach has been developed for the vehicle fitted with Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension (HIS) system. This frequency-based model has fewer degrees of freedom (DOF) than the reference time-based model. Several physical parameters of HIS system are selected to analytically investigate their effects on several indicators of vehicle roll, pitch and bounce modes, such as roll and pitch angular acceleration, vertical acceleration, and tire ground force. The HIS system parameters are also coordinately tuned and optimized to meet the ride comfort requirement. The full vehicle drop test is conducted for the experimental validation. The analytical results of the proposed model have a good agreement with the measurements.


CPM/PERT graphs can be successfully used as a computational model representation for power system restoration plans. They constitute an adequate container to decompose the plans into a logical interdependent sequence of activities and stages. This work describes a computational methodology that could be adopted in order to efficiently estimate the duration of restoration activities using CPM/PERT graphs, during the electric network reenergization. The methodology is based on object-oriented modeling and heuristic search approaches. Some issues about graphical representation of restoration plans and alarm generation for operators are also addressed. Test results of the proposed methodology, conducted on the IEEE-30 buses network, are presented.


Objective To evaluate the expression and significance of Ezrin and PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) protein in human gastric carcinoma tissues.Methods With EnVision immunohistochemistry,the expressions of Ezrin and PTEN proteins were detected in 485 gastric adenocarcinoma samples from the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed by pathology after surgery,who did not receive preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy.Of 485 cases,254 cases had well moderately differentiated,231 cases had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma,353 cases had lymph node metastasis,166 cases were with TNM stage of Ⅰ to Ⅱstage and 319 were with TNM stage of Ⅲ to Ⅳ.Another 40 tumor-adjacent normal gastric epithelium samples(7 cm away from the edge of the tumor) were taken as the control group.ResultsEzrin protein expression was higher,but PTEN protein expression was lower,in gastric cancer than those in normal gastric epithelium,which were closely related to tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis(P0.05).Ezrin protein expression was also closely related to TNM stage.The expression of Ezrin was negatively correlated to that of PTEN in gastric cancer(r=-0.016,P0.05).ConclusionEzrin protein could be an useful marker to predict the metastasis of gastric cancer.Combined detection of the expressions of Ezrin and PTEN can be taken as the valuable indicators for evaluating the prognosis and screening the cases with high risk for metastasis in the patients with gastric cancer.


The Clinch River Remedial Investigation (CRRI) is designed to address the transport, fate, and distribution of waterborne contaminants released from the US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) and to assess potential risks to human health and the environment associated with these contaminants. The contaminants released since the early 1940s include a variety of radionuclides, metals, and organic compounds. The purpose of this report is to summarize the results of Phase 1 of the CRRI. Phase 1 was designed to (1) obtain high-quality data to confirm existing historical data for contaminant levels in fish, sediment, and water from the CR/WBR; (2) determine the in the range of contaminant concentrations present river-reservoir system; (3) identify specific contaminants of concern; and (4) establish the reference (background) concentrations for those contaminants.


An expression for the evaluation of nuclear and screening contributions to the total energy is proposed. This expression is valuable for semi-empirical SCF methods without neglecting overlap. This method is utilized for simple systems CO, FeCO, NiCO Proposition d'une expression pour l'evaluation des contributions nucleaire et d'ecran a l'energie totale. Application a CO, FeCO et NiCO


In accordance with European plans, dynamic controls are developed to allow for system-wide integration of 100% renewable energy sources (RESs) interfaced through power electronic converters while maintaining security. At the heart of the development is the concept of the grid-forming resource (GFR) which brings together both the technologies of renewable energy resource and grid-forming converter. Extending on an extensive review, a grid-forming converter control and protection scheme is presented to ensure operation under small- and large-signal transients as needed for overall system security. The scheme is shown to be practical in offering inertial response emulation and frequency control based on droop characteristics to maintain power balances rapidly, to control voltages, as well as to support transient stability enhancement under grid faults. The integration with the control of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) creates a grid-forming wind park as the prototype of the GFR. Feedforward signals exchanged between grid and resource-side controls enhance fast overall controllability. The principal claims are substantiated based on a scenario developed in the European project initiative MIGRATE with a focus on the Irish power transmission system. The model comprises more than 2000 individual WECSs grouped into wind parks, where ten wind parks are GFRs. The transient behavior of this scenario comprising 100% converter-interfaced generation is shown to be superior compared with a counterpart case comprising synchronous machinery. The results validate the fact that GFRs with their proposed controls are expected to be key elements in creating a renewable and secure electric power system.


The present paper aims to assess the friction coefficients obtained with pin-on-disc tests against those acquired in mechanical processing of materials, under similar conditions of surface texture and to evaluate the role of the mechanical properties of the pin-on-disc tribo-pairs in the overall frictional behaviour. It is shown that pin-on-disc tests, when performed with an adequate control of surface texture, are capable of providing a good estimate of the average value of the friction coefficient in mechanical processing applications and, in certain cases, when the tribo-pairs have similar mechanical properties, the value of the friction coefficient is independent of surface morphology.


Software maintenance (SM) environment is highly complex, knowledge-driven and collaborative. Therefore, a Knowledge Management System (KMS) is critical to provide an environment for sharing and sustaining knowledge among members of SM community of practice (CoP). Based on earlier works on KMS framework for collaborative SM, an agent-based KMS prototype system called SM Collaborative Agent Team (SCAT) is designed and developed, to assist maintainers to share information and perform their SM activities. The aims of this paper are to discuss the design of SCAT and to evaluate SCAT's success as a KMS tool. Designing SCAT involves three major aspects: Multi Agent System (MAS) design, Combined Ontology of SM and Domain knowledge areas, and System design. For evaluation, SCAT was benchmark against another agent-based KMS prototype. A survey was conducted to gauge the responses of users and maintainers on the success of both KMS tools, based on Wu & Wang KMS Success model. The results of the survey are analyzed using Rasch rating-scale model to determine if SCAT fares better than Rodriguez. Based on t-test comparison on overall Rasch estimated measures, SCAT KMS is slightly better than Rodriguez KMS. Using Common Person Equating (CPE) plot, SCAT are better than Rodriguez KMS in several key areas. In future, SCAT could be enhanced to improve the weak areas.


Breathing is the flyover between mind and body, the connection between consciousness and unconsciousness. Chronic respiratory disease is found to be one of the most troubles conditions, badly affecting the calibre of human life in our society. Objective: Effectiveness of Balloon Therapy on respiratory status among the patients with lower respiratory tract diseases. Methodology: A quantitative research approach and quasi experimental research design was used and the research setting was in the selected hospital (Civil Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab & ESI Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab). Total 60 samples were selected with purposive sampling technique i.e. 30 from experimental and 30 from control group. Modified Dyspnoea scale, Self-structured oxygen saturation scale and selfstructured respiratory rate scale was used to assess the effectiveness of balloon therapy. Results and conclusion: Results depicts that 3 scales were used to check the effectiveness of respiratory status. First modified dyspnoea scale finding shows that Pre-interventional and post-interventional level of dyspnoea was significant at p<0.001 by using chi square in experimental group, pre-interventional and post-interventional level of dyspnea was non-significant in control group. Second self-structured oxygen saturation scale shows that the Pre-interventional mean ± SD of oxygen saturation was 89.90±3.39 and Post-interventional mean ± SD was 95.80±2.97 in experimental group which was significant at p<0.001. Pre-interventional mean ± SD was 90.30±3.91 and post-interventional mean ± SD was 90.60±3.82 in control group which was non-significant at p<0.001. Third self-structured respiratory rate scale shows that pre-interventional mean ± SD of respiratory rate was 24.60±2.6 and post-interventional mean ± SD was 21.60±2.3 in experimental group which was significant at p<0.001. Pre-interventional mean ± SD of respiratory rate was 25.40±2.92 and post-interventional mean ± SD was 25.40±3.4 in control group which was non-significant at p<0.001. Hence it can be said that there was effect of balloon therapy on the respiratory status among the patients with lower respiratory tract diseases in experimental group as compared to control group. Index Terms – Balloon therapy, Lower Respiratory tract disease www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 9 September 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRT2109249 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org c321


In this paper we for the first time present two new concepts of conditional crank, and unconditional crank and study the relation between parameters of crank and input movement. The formulations of conditional crank and unconditional cranks are given, those formulations are significant to the study of controlled mechanism.


Additional energy demand is needed to accomplish the mega-projects of the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). As energy consumption is one of the prime determinants of environmental degradation, the present study investigates the impact of energy inequalities on environmental degradation along with financial development. The entropy approach is applied to quantify the three energy consumption inequalities; average, between, and total energy consumption inequality respectively. The energy consumption inequality of BRI economies follows an uprising temporal trend. The estimates reveal that East Asia and South Asia have the highest and lowest energy consumption inequality among the BRI regions. Within regions, it is found that Central Asia has the lowest, and East Asia has the highest energy inequality among the BRI regions, respectively. Based on bootstrapping, the generalized least square (GLS) is applied to quantify the impact of energy consumption inequalities on environmental degradation along financial development. The energy inequalities have a statistically positive impact on environmental degradation in BRI regions, East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and North African region (MENA), and Southeast Asia respectively. In contrast, South Asian economies are sustaining environmental quality despite the energy consumption inequalities. Financial development also has a significantly major impact on environmental degradation in BRI, and its regions except for Central Asia, and MENA.


This article designs an ultrasonic distance measuring system based on the AT89S51 SCM. The system is primarily composed of four modules:the main controller,the ultrasonic wave launching module,the ultrasonic wave receiving module and the display module. I/O ports of 51 SCM are used to cause the ultrasonic wave transducer to send out 40 kHz ultrasonic wave. The reflected signal enters 51 SCM again through the amplification and shaping circuit,and the system will complete the distance measurement after comparion and debugging,which is able to realize the distance measurement within 3 m and has LED display.


In human body, which is exposed to number of chemicals and physical agents in daily life, malfunctions may occur from time to time in detoxification mechanisms that will prevent the harmful effects of genotoxic agents, whose negative effects cannot be eliminated. In this study, the genoprotective effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) seed and fruit extracts against the genotoxic potential of the antineoplastic agent cisplatin and the antiepileptic drug valproic acid in 72±4 hours old transheterozygous larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen were determined by the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The results showed that the mutation frequencies approached the negative control values by inhibiting the formation of chemical agent-induced mutant clones in all doses in the experimental groups in which plant extracts were applied at doses of 1.25, 2.5 ve 5 mg/mL, while the mutation frequency increased only in the groups that applied cisplatin and valproic acid. These results show that co-administration of cisplatin and valproic acid reduces the genotoxic effect of M. charantia.


A speech delivered at Opening Convocation, Washington & Lee University, Fall 1994; "[S]ome of us, by temperament or because of metaphysical reflection, tend to prefer stability as more important than change; others will generally prefer change to stability. Some are inclined to see the world through Burke's eyes; others through Rousseau's. Some of us have great faith in theory and in synoptic solutions; others think that truth is more likely to evolve, little by little. Some of us are devoted to codification in the law; others to the common law tradition. In a sense, these are biases or predilections that any of us who has thought seriously about these things is likely to have developed. What I want to suggest is that they are like other biases and predilections; once we are conscious of them, as Aristotle suggested, we need to try and compensate for them. We must try and get past the labels and dig into the nitty-gritty."