Deep neural networks are black boxes by construction. Explanation and interpretation methods therefore are pivotal for a trustworthy application. Existing methods are mostly based on heatmapping and focus on locally determining the relevant input parts triggering the network prediction. However, these methods struggle to uncover global causes. While this is a rare case in the image or NLP modality, it is of high relevance in the time series domain.This paper presents a novel framework, i.e. Conceptual Explanation, designed to evaluate the effect of abstract (local or global) input features on the model behavior. The method is model-agnostic and allows utilizing expert knowledge. On three time series datasets Conceptual Explanation demonstrates its ability to pinpoint the causes inherent to the data to trigger the correct model prediction.


It is well-known that real data often contain outliers. The term outlier typically refers to a case, that is, a row of the $n \times d$ data matrix. In recent times a different type has come into focus, the cellwise outliers. These are suspicious cells (entries) that can occur anywhere in the data matrix. Even a relatively small proportion of outlying cells can contaminate over half the rows, which is a problem for rowwise robust methods. In this article we discuss the challenges posed by cellwise outliers, and some methods developed so far to deal with them. We obtain new results on cellwise breakdown values for location, covariance and regression. We also propose a cellwise robust method for correspondence analysis, with real data illustrations. The paper concludes by formulating some points for debate.


Abstract A new species of raphidiid snakefly (Raphidioptera: Raphidiomorpha) is described and figured from the Eocene-Oligocene Florissant Formation of Colorado. Raphidia funerata, new species, is most similar to R. mortua Rohwer but can be distinguished by details of forewing venation.


Studies about the flow of news out of Africa and about the continent's image generally lead to the conclusion that Africa is not favourably portrayed in Western media and that news out of Africa is exceptionally negative and limited to regions of conflict. The article looks at news from Africa in two weekly news magazines, the American Newsweek and the German Der Spiegel. The study finds that both publications report about Africa on a regular basis and that, over a period of one year, the majority of African countries are covered. However, most of the news comes from regions of conflict and can be regarded as crisis news. This is especially the case in Der Spiegel. In Newsweek the ratio of crisis to non-crisis news is more balanced, and news about economic development, African culture, religion and sport features prominently. An analysis of the accompanying photographs and illustrations published and a study of comparable stories, one from each publication, confirm the discrepancies between the two public...


There are many supportive factors in the process of carrying new curriculum out.It's crucial to PE teaching that establishs a democratic harmonious and equal relation between teachers and students,on the base of this new relationship,the teachers and students can be mutual co-operating and communicating without any gap.


—The Salair fold-thrust orogenic belt (Salair orogen, Salair) is located in the northwestern Altai–Sayan fold area within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The Salair orogen is an allochthon overriding the Kuznetsk Basin on a system of imbricate thrusts. The southern flank of the Salair thrust system is tectonically juxtaposed against the Gornaya Shoria terrane which differs markedly from Salair in its geological setting. The Salair and Gornaya Shoria terranes are separated by the Nenya-Chumysh Basin, a deep Mesozoic trough. The Salair orogen is composed of Cambrian–Early Ordovician island arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks, widespread garnet amphibolites and gneisses of the Angurep complex in its southern flank, and the Shalap subduction-related melange in the Alambai ophiolite suture. The southern Salair orogen and its junction with Gornaya Shoria have been imaged down to the lower crust by magnetotelluric (MT) soundings, which is an efficient tool for investigating the deep structure and tectonic history of orogenic areas. The MT surveys were performed at 25 stations on a 120 km long profile. MT data revealed an up to 70 km wide low-resistivity zone (a conductor) traceable till a depth of 20 km between the Salair and Gornaya Shoria terranes. The low-resistivity zone has a complex structure with its outer and interior boundaries dipping almost vertically. The conductor lies under several major geological structures: the Shalap melange, the Nenya-Chumysh Basin, and the NE trending Altai–Salair right-lateral strike-slip fault. The Altai–Salair fault, along which the Salair allochthon was displaced relative to Gorny Altai and Gornaya Shoria, joins the Salair system of imbricate thrusts. The Nenya-Chumysh Basin at the Salair–Gornaya Shoria junction is a deep trough having an asymmetric transversal profile with a steep western side and a shallower-dipping stepped eastern side. The southeastern flank of the basin is a wide area of thin sediments over the Paleozoic basement dipping gently in the northwestern direction. The revealed deep structure of the Nenya-Chumysh trough is consistent with its tectonic model implying an Early Cretaceous basin superposed over an early Jurassic pull-apart basin. Early Mesozoic motions on major faults is a regional-scale phenomenon known from many areas of southern West Siberia.


Abstract The following article is drawn from a thesis investigating early print culture during the Reformation in England. It is previously unpublished and discusses Reformation rhetoric in light of the impact of the printing press and the nature of early printed propaganda. A text from this period is edited and presented with full notes to illuminate the nature, tone and style of quickly-assembled and distributed Reformation rhetoric.


College-students' moral quality is composed of moral cognition, moral emotion and moral will. Moral cognition is the key guiding factor for one's moral behaviors and quality; moral emotion is the determinant and motive power and the key link while moral will is the process factor and the final link.


A new defected ground structure (DGS) in the microstrip line was presented for the use in the design of high-Q band-stop filter. The Q factor increases rapidly when the slot width and the distance between the two slots decrease, or the conductor patch is embedded within the slots. By employing three cascaded U-slot DGS, a high-Q band-stop filter was designed and fabricated. Experimental result shows that the Q factor of the band-stop filter with three U-slot DGS is 35.3.


(75) Inventors: Alexander Y. Gopp, Ann Arbor, MI U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (US); John Ottavio Michelini, Sterling 5,090,199 A 2/1992 Ikuta et al. Heights, MI (US) 5,115,639 A 5/1992 Gopp 5,319,921. A 6/1994 Gopp (73) Assignee: Ford Global Technologies, LLC, 5,473,889. A 12/1995 Ehard et al. Dearborn, MI (US) 5,615,550 A 4/1997 Ogawa et al. s 5,735,245 A 4/1998 Kubesh et al. 5832724. A 11/1998 Watanabe et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2Y-12 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 6,026,795. A 2/2000 Poggio et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 255 days. Primary Examiner Andrew M. Dolinar ttorney, Agent, Or Firm an J. Lippa, JOnn LJ. 74Y A y -All ; oh D (21) Appl. No.: 09/772,549 Russell (22) Filed: Jan. 30, 2001 (57) ABSTRACT A method for controlling air-fuel ratio of an engine coupled to an emission control device uses an upstream linear US 2002/0184876 A1 Dec. 12, 2002 exhaust gas Sensor and a Switching downstream exhaust gas Sensor. During Stoichiometric operation, both Sensors are (65) Prior Publication Data


ABSTRACT Water scarcity has led to the adoption of water-saving irrigation technology around the world. Drip-irrigation has been used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Xinjiang, China. Researchers reported 12.0 t/ha yield; however, drip-irrigated rice produces around 6-8 t/ha in practice, and it is clear that water deficiency explains this gap. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to compare the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of rice grown in nutrient solutions with water potentials of 0.00, -0.02, -0.05, and -0.09 MPa [0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively], to determine the optimal water conditions for drip-irrigated rice. There was no significant difference between the 0, 2.5, and 5.0% PEG treatments for relative growth rate and relative water content after 10 and 20 days. However, 2.5 and 5.0% PEG treatments substantially affected the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity after 10 and 20 days. Treatment with 7.5% PEG inhibited shoot growth. There was a significant reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity. Water-saving rice cultivation, such as drip-irrigated rice, suffered mild drought stress at -0.02 to -0.05 Mpa, but this did not inhibit growth. The amount of irrigation should be increased to obtain higher rice yields under drip-irrigation conditions.


This qualitative study explores the development of trust in executive coaching relationships. Interviews were conducted with 27 high-level executives who were voluntarily engaged in executive coaching for the purpose of leadership development. The theory that emerged from these findings, as expressed in an integrated model of sequential, interdependent trust development, was that interplay of relational, situational, and behavioral factors influenced the development of trust in executive coaching. Trust was highest when (a) the client was willing to disclose honest feelings and thoughts to the coach and was met with a supportive, nonjudgmental reaction from the coach; (b) the organization was supportive of the positive leadership development that could occur in executive coaching; (c) the coach and client were clear about expectations of confidentiality and outcomes; and (d) the coach supportively confirmed the client's developmental needs, and challenged the client's leadership behaviors. These multiple, interdependent factors manifested throughout the coaching relationship to result in bonds of trust.


Ultra-violet initiated polymerisation has been used to form acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives directly on to backing material. The adhesives are best prepared under a transparent polyethylene film which prevents oxygen inhibition. The polyethylene film then protects the tacky adhesive and can be peeled off prior to application of the adhesive to a substrate. Adhesion peel tests have shown that adhesives thus prepared are suitable for applications when optimum amounts of a cross-linking monomer and a polar monomer are present.


When offered a choice (Choice Y) between a smiiall immediate reward (2-sec exposure to grain) and a large rewvard (4-sec exposure to grain) delayed by 4 sec, pigeons invariably preferred the small, immnediate reward. However, when offered a choice (Choice X) between a delay of T seconds followed by Choice Y and a delay of T seconds followed by restriction to the large delayed reward only, the pigeon's choice depended on T. When T was small, the pigeons chose the alternative lea(ling to Choice Y (and then chose the small, immediate reward). When T was large, the pigeons chose the alternative leading to the large delayed rewvard only. The reversal of preference as T increases is predicted by several recent models for choice between various amounts and delays of reward. The preference for the large delayed alternative with long durations of T parallels everyday instances of advance com-mitmiient to a given course of action. Such coullmitment may be seen as a prototype for self-control. Commitment to a course of action is a form of self-control (Skinner, 1953) the utility of which depends on reversals of preference from time to time. Consider, for instance, a popular form of commitment, payroll savings. When a man signs a payroll savings agreement he prefers saving a certain portion of his paycheck to spending it. The utility of making this commitment rests on the fact that, when the man actually receives the money, he prefers to spend it rather than save it. Were it not for the reversal, there would be no reason to sign the payroll deduction agreement in the first place. A similar reversal of preference underlies the effectiveness of a device invented by Azrin and Powell (1968) to limit chain smoking. The device consists of a cigarette case that locks for 2 hr when it is closed. When the user takes out one cigarette, the value of the next cigarette is minimal. It sinks below the value of limiting smoking and the case is cheerfully locked. Later, when the first cigarette is finished and the value of the next cigarette is greater than the value of limiting smoking, it is too late to have the cigarette. The availability of cigarettes from sources other than the locking case ' may limit the usefulness of the device, but if such a case were the only source of cigarettes and if the relative values of …


While pharmacists in other countries have broad independent prescribing privileges, pharmacists in the United States are making progress. Pharmacist prescriptive authority in the U.S. occurs on a continuum with four identified models: patient‐specific collaborative prescribing through collaborative practice agreements (CPAs), population‐specific prescribing through CPAs, statewide protocols, and class‐specific prescribing. States have implemented pharmacist prescriptive authority across this spectrum. As approximately 90% of Americans reside within two miles of a community pharmacy, prescriptive authority of pharmacists leads to improved public health access points and outcomes.


A drug-like molecule could be considered as a congregation of small fragments which are chemically linked to each other and the biological effect of such molecule is due to the contribution of these small fragments working together. This molecular unit has been constructed gradually through a multi-step synthesis route. Assessment of the biological activity of all the intermediary compounds of a multi-step synthesis process helps to track down the emergence of biological activity alongside the synthesis process and the results provide valuable clues about the SAR of the compounds. Furthermore unanticipated findings may be encountered if such approach is exercised. A two-step synthesis route was employed to make a few 2-aminopyrimidines from their corresponding enamine precursors. Both aminopyrimidines and enamines were subjected to antiproliferative and antimicrobial tests. Hit compounds with acceptable activities were found in both aminopyrimidine and enamine series. With respect to antimicrobial activity, enamine series were found more promising. This experiment sets an example for the applicability of our new approach called "Synthesis route-based hit identification" as a tool in medicinal chemistry to increase the hit rate in drug discovery processes.


This paper reports the results of a study of household income in the Las Cuevas region of the Dominican Republic. The study area is rural in character, relatively isolated from major urban areas, and dependent to a large extent on agricultural activities for income. As such, the area is typical of many other regions in the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries. Thus, reported results should provide insights which extend beyond the particular region under study.


An overview on the design of increasingly wider bandwidth radiators that are amenable to being integrated in array configurations is presented. The initial step is represented by moderate bandwidth radiator of the cavity backed patch antennas. The bandwidth characteristics are then substantially increased by combining coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedings and profiled dipoles, the result being radiators with unprecedented performances. This type of radiators are further refined for improving their time-domain adequacy or for ensuring intrinsic filtering properties.


Six homosexual men with a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC- CDC IVA/C2) were assessed with a series of neuropsychological and psychiatric tests prior to commencing treatment with zidovudine and again after 5–6 months. Significant improvements were seen in cognitive functioning, mental state and physical health at the second assessment.


Background An increasing number of research studies in the psychological and biobehavioral sciences support incorporating patients' personal strengths into illness management as a way to empower and activate the patients, thus improving their health and well-being. However, lack of attention to patients' personal strengths is still reported in patient–provider communication. Information technology (IT) has great potential to support strengths-based patient–provider communication and collaboration, but knowledge about the users' requirements and preferences is inadequate. Objective This study explored the aspirations and requirements of patients with chronic conditions concerning IT tools that could help increase their awareness of their own personal strengths and resources, and support discussion of these assets in consultations with health care providers. Methods We included patients with different chronic conditions (chronic pain, morbid obesity, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and used various participatory research methods to gain insight into the participants' needs, values, and opinions, and the contexts in which they felt strengths-based IT tools could be used. Results Participants were positive toward using technology to support them in identifying and discussing their personal strengths in clinical consultation, but also underlined the importance of fitting it to their specific requirements and the right contexts of use. Participants recommended that technology be designed for use in preconsultation settings (eg, at home) and felt that it should support them in both identifying strengths and in finding out new ways how strengths can be used to attain personal health-related goals. Participants advocated use of technology to support advance preparation for consultations and empower them to take a more active role. IT tools were suggested to be potentially useful in specific contexts, including individual or group consultations with health care providers (physician, nurse, specialist, care team) in clinical consultations but also outside health care settings (eg, as a part of a self-management program). Participants' requirements for functionality and design include, among others: providing examples of strengths reported by other patients with chronic conditions, along with an option to extend the list with personal examples; giving an option to briefly summarize health-related history; using intuitive, easy-to-use but also engaging user interface design. Additionally, the findings are exemplified with a description of a low-fidelity paper prototype of a strengths-based tool, developed with participants in this study. Conclusions Users requirements for IT support of a strengths-based approach to health care appear feasible. The presented findings reflect patients' values and lists potential contexts where they feel that technology could facilitate meaningful patient–provider communication that focuses not just on symptoms and problems, but also takes into account patients' strengths and resources. The findings can be used to inform further development of IT tools for use in clinical consultations.


Abstract Introduction Burn patients often require changing wound care routines dependent on wound characteristic and operative interventions. Unfortunately, order discrepancies on electronic medical systems, poor communication between providers, nursing, and wound care technicians leads to incorrect wound care treatment. By creating a daily dedicated wound care discussion involving integral components of the wound care team (provider, charge nurse, and wound care technicians), we hope to improve communication amongst team members and provide wound care education at all levels. Methods The study was carried out at a single-center burn unit. A pre-intervention, de-identified survey was distributed to the nursing staff to determine familiarity with wound care as well as assessment of communication regarding wound care in the burn unit. A planned intervention was then initiated for a period of four weeks. Daily, timed dedicated wound care rounds were carried out. The wound plan was then reflected on a personalized diagram for each patient, on electronic medical records and updated on resident/fellow notes. Nursing staff satisfaction and assessment of communication was completed again using a post-intervention, de-identified survey. Results Initial data from our planned four-week intervention showed that on average, we round on 7.9 patients on burn wound unit, 4 patients on intermediate care unit (IMC), and 2.9 patients on intensive care unit daily. During wound care handoff, we discussed 12.5 patients daily with an average time of 51 seconds per patient. When wound care routines are added to morning rounds, we spend 50 seconds per each burn wound unit patient, 120.5 seconds per each IMC patient and 735 seconds per each ICU patient. There was a total of 19 surveys collected prior to intervention. Four of the 19 surveys were filled by burn wound floor nurses and 15 were filled by ICU nurses. On average, nursing reported their wound care proficiency to be 4 out of 5 (5 being the highest score). Majority reported spending about 1-3 hours per shift on wound care (58%). Most nurses review wound care routine on nursing handoff (66%), resident/fellow notes (22%) and electronic medical record orders (11%). Mid-intervention satisfaction survey showed that most nurses felt that communication was improved, discrepancies between staff members were minimized, and that 100% of nurses wanted this intervention to be continued. Conclusions Adverse wound care events can happen despite nursing self-reported high level of wound care proficiency. To ensure accurate plan of care, wound care routine needs to be communicated at multiple levels: during rounds, in daily progress notes, and on electronic medical record orders.


The surface ultrastructure of rat granulosa cells in culture was studied and correlated with progesterone secretion. Granulosa cells were harvested from pregnant mares' serum-Iuteinizing hormone (PMS-LH) treated immature female rats and cultured on glass coverslips in Leighton tubes. Progesterone secretion as measured by specific radioimmunoassay and cell surface morph- ology utilizing routine procedures were studied in rat granulosa cell cultures under varying stimu- latory and inhibitory conditions. Cultures maintained without exogenous hormones added to the culture medium (controls) secreted relatively low levels of progesterone throughout a 2-12 day culture period. The surface morphology of these cells was characterized by numerous smooth surfaced blebs. All cells regard- less of hormone stimulation exhibited a centric clump of smooth surfaced blebs. The cell borders of control granulosa cells exhibited numerous slender filopodia and occasional ruffles. Granulosa cells cultured in the presence of rat prolactin (rPRL) or human placental lactogen (hPL) secreted enhanced levels of progesterone. The cell surface morphology of this group was characterized by smooth surfaced blebs which were fewer in number than control cultures. lated many Filopodia


This paper describes a 12-bit zero-crossing based pipeline 100-MS/s ADC. The prototype ADC, fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process, occupies 0.32 mm2. The capacitor mismatch is calibrated by decision boundary gap estimate algorithm that runs in the background. It achieves an ENOB of 10.2 bits for a 49 MHz input signal and dissipates 6.2 mW from a 1.2V supply for a FOM of 53fJ/step.


The Chinese, a 'silent minority', are the most scattered, but neglected, community in the UK. Most dentists will have at least a few Chinese people in their community. This paper describes the health beliefs, dental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the Chinese. Implications for general dental practitioners are discussed.


Regarding the issue of Olympic Games hosting strategy, first, the entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis are used to construct the overall model. Secondly, the CGE model is used to comprehensively analyze the impacts of the two Olympic policies on production, national income, and national trade by considering land, income, and trade. Thirdly, the Transformer algorithm is used to make predictions to avoid the limitations of the CGE model. Finally, the predicted growth rates of Olympic tourism and GDP for the next year are used to comprehensively evaluate the two strategies of hosting the Olympics by season and by a fixed location. The study concludes that, based on the comprehensive impact of land, income, trade, and tourism, the weights for these factors are 0.26, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.26, respectively. Meanwhile, the comprehensive scores for hosting the Olympics by season and by a fixed location are 1.3569 and 1.2414, respectively.


The purpose of this research was to find out the perception of managers on their own learning behavior and to identify the different learning behaviors that prevails amongst managers surveyed. Whilst the perception on their learning behaviour was generally good, they are however inclined to relying on past experiences to generate new ideas to solve problems rather than taking riskier prospective pathways to undertake learning. Some recommendations are given towards the end for management consideration for appropriate interventions for management development.


between changes in iron stores and potential toxicity of deferiprone. In proposing a "cruel dilemma" that has no scientific underpinning, Brittenham et al miss the truly cruel dilemma for patients with thalassemia: In the absence of chelation therapy, iron that comes from lifesaving transfusion therapy causes lifethreatening damage to the liver and other organs. Third, we agree that it is impossible to demonstrate with absolute certainty the absence of a selection bias in our study or, for that matter, in the much smaller study by Olivieri et al in which biopsies were analyzed in only 14 of 21 patients treated with deferiprone and 12 of 20 patients treated with deferoxamine.1 Brittenham et al suggest that the patients in our study who underwent biopsy may have had less severe iron overload than the remainder of the group, and, by implication, may have been less susceptible to potentially toxic effects of deferiprone. Having previously invoked the duration of follow-up and the theory of protection of increasing iron stores as reasons to disregard the absence of an association between deferiprone and liver fibrosis in our study, Brittenham et al now put forth a third unsubstantiated explanation, that is, less severe iron overload. We continue to believe that the most likely explanation for our findings is that deferiprone does not cause liver fibrosis. Finally, Brittenham et al believe that deferiprone should not be given to patients with thalassemia, even if they are "unable or unwilling to use deferoxamine." Given the absence of an alternative chelator at present, this approach means no chelation and virtually certain iron-related morbidity and mortality for patients who are not using deferoxamine effectively. We respectfully disagree with this approach, and we believe that physicians in most major thalassemia centers would disagree as well. Most importantly, we strongly believe that the best way to address the issues surrounding deferiprone and to be fair to the patients, who are, after all, the major stakeholders in this debate, is to focus on the science and to encourage the unfettered and dispassionate exchange of scientific views.


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) streaming systems becoming more and more popular on
the Internet, and most of them are using proprietary protocols. This
document identifies problems associated with proprietary protocols;
proposes the development of the Peer-to-Peer Streaming Protocol
(PPSP), which includes the tracker and peer protocols; and discusses
the scope, requirements, and use cases of PPSP.


In this paper we assume that QCD is the underlying theory of the strong interaction. Applying the methods of operator product expansion and renormalization group, we examine and obtain the large momentum behavior of the Bethe--Salpeter wave function and the electromagnetic form factor of the pion.


This quasi-experimental research aimed to 1) compare mean score of self-care agency  before and after implementation of discharge planning 2) investigate the occurrence of  complications and 3) determine satisfaction of patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy with redivac drain towards discharge planning in Female Surgical Ward, Songkhla Hospital. Sample were 27 patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy with redivac drain, selected  purposively from Female Surgical Ward, Songkhla hospital. Instruments were self-care agency questionnaire, occurrence of complications recording form, and satisfaction questionnaire.  All instruments were tested for content validity. For reliability, Cronbach Alpha Coefficient was tested with self-care agency questionnaire and satisfaction questionnaire, yielding value of .83 and .80, respectively. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and the paired t-test. Results revealed that, as follows: 1). Mean score of self-care agency after implementation of discharge planning (=15.92, SD=0.26) was statistically significantly higher than that of before (=7.18, SD=2.76) (p<.001). 2). The percentage of occurrence of complications was 18.52%. 3). Satisfaction of patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy with redivac drain towards discharge planning in Female Surgical Ward, Songkhla Hospital was at a high level ( =3.78, SD=0.33) Keywords: Breast Cancer, Modified Radical Mastectomy, Radivac Drain, Discharge Planning,  Self-Care Agency


In this paper, we discuss the positive integers solutions of the Diophantine equations x^2+y^2+z^2=kxyz. (1)When k doesn't equal to 1 and 3, the equations have no positive integers solutions. (2)When k=1, the equation has infitely many positive integers solutions. We can let (a,b,c) be the solution and arrange its entries in ascending order. ①The solution is determined uniquely by c when c=3p^n or c=6p^n. ②If c is odd, the solution is determined uniquely by c when c-2=p^n or c+2=p^n . ③If c is even, the solution is determined uniquely by c when c-2=4p^n or c+2=8p^n. (3)When k=3, it is the well known Markoff equation.


Summary Adrenal gland homogenates from a Jersey bull with a fascicular nodule converted 4-C 14 progesterone to cortisol three to four times as rapidly as glands from other bulls. Adrenal glands from three bulls of the Norwegian Red and White breed, also with fascicular nodules, converted progesterone to cortisol at rates comparable to glands from bulls without nodules. The adrenals from these three animals converted the 4-C 14 progesterone to cortical steroids similar to, but probably not identical with, corticosterone at faster rates than homogenates from glands of the other groups. Changes in the semen and testes associated with the changes found in the adrenals are described.


In this chapter we introduce stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and discuss existence and uniqueness questions. The geometric and linear equations are studied in some detail and their most important properties are derived. We then discuss the connection between SDEs and partial differential equations (PDEs). In particular we prove the Feynman–Kač representation theorem which provides the solution to a parabolic PDE in terms of an expected value connected to a certain SDE. We also discuss and derive the Kolmogorov forward and backward equations.


minimally invasive medical system comprising a robot manipulator (10) having an effector unit (12) equipped with a force sensor / torque of 6 degrees of freedom (6 DOF) (30), which has a reference system (X , Y, Z) sensor with three axes which are orthogonal to each other and is configured to hold a minimally invasive instrument (14), said instrument (14), when held by said effector unit (12), a first end ( 16) mounted on said effector unit, a second end (20) located beyond an external fulcrum (23) limiting the movement of said tool and a tree tool (18) with a longitudinal axis that is collinear with an axis of instrument (Z) of said reference system (X, Y, Z) sensor, said system comprising a programmable computing device programmed to: determine a position of said instrument relative to external fulcrum that includes determining a distance vector ref Initial erence (Dfulcro0) from the origin of the reference system (X, Y, Z) sensor to external fulcrum (23); so that the determination of a distance vector baseline (Dfulcro0) comprises: moving said minimally invasive instrument (14) along the two axes (X, Y) of said reference system (X, Y, Z) sensor, which are perpendicular to said axis (Z) of the instrument respectively, until the reaction forces along the two axes (X, Y) is below a given threshold, which corresponds to a force contact almost zero; and determining the position of external fulcrum (23) along said axis (Z) of the instrument using the principle of the lever by pivoting the tool (14) to its tip in a first direction until it reaches a first sufficient contact force, said first contact force determined by said force sensor / 6 DOF pair (30); measuring module a first time table and the module a first vector corresponding to said first contact force force; and calculating a first position of the external fulcrum (23) along said axis (Z) of the instrument by dividing said first vector module when said module by the first force vector; swinging the instrument (14) to its tip in a second direction which is opposite to said first direction, until a second sufficient contact force is reached, said second force determined contact through said force sensor / par 6 DOF (30); measuring a second module moment vector and a second vector module corresponding to said second contact force force; calculating a second position of the external fulcrum (23) along said axis (Z) of the instrument by dividing the modulus of said second vector time by the module of said second force vector; and fixing said distance vector baseline (Dfulcro0) using the average value calculated from said first position and said second position calculated.


From the aspects of the background, content, supporting measures and operation of the urban system planning, this paper respectively introduces the global city system theory, urban competitiveness theory, spatial governance and region coordination theory. It would contribute to constructing new theory framework of urban system planning.


The 1870 Atlas is a series of maps depicting land ownership in Summit County circa 1870. The maps show property owners, acreage, roads, water features, and original subdivision lines. It is believed that the atlas was the product of a private company. The original ink on cloth-reinforced paper maps were scanned by a vendor hired by the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Scans are 200 dots per inch (DPI) one-bit (black and white) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) with Group 4 Fax Encoding compression. These images are NOT georeferenced.


The wavelet neural network has already been widely applied to the fields of signal processing and industrial detection etc. Proportion-integration-differentiation(PID) arithmetic is very common in industrial control. it can greatly improve the efficiency of economy if they are integrated. the PID control arithmetic based on the wavelet neural network is proposed to apply to the economy air condition. the software and hardware of system is implemented by TMS320F2812. Compared with the traditional schemas, it proves to be optimized, high in stability and efficiency.


Focusing on Mohsen Hosseini Taha, a person with cerebral palsy, and his family, this research explores the social and mental consequences of having a member with physical disability on a typical Iranian family. The oral narratives used in this research have been collected in a series of  in-depth interviews with Mohsen, his parents, and his only sister, in 4 sessions or 10 hours of face-to-face interviews.  The analysis of the interviews addresses several questions: How was Mohsen's disability initially diagnosed and what were his parents' first reactions? What have been the social obstacles facing Mohsen's family's efforts to practice a routine life within Iranian society? How has Mohsen's disability affected his family's life socially and mentally throughout the years? Finally, how well do core concepts of Western disability studies apply within a typical non-western family? The real names of the participants have been used with their permission.


The authors of the article "Effect of Microcurrrent Stimulation on DelayedOnset Muscle Soreness: A DoubleBlind Comparison," (J Athl Train. 1999;34:334-337) are to be congratulated for choosing to research a treatment modality that needs further investigation. Although we do not disagree with their conclusion that "At the parameters selected for this experiment, microcurrent stimulation was not effective... ," we do have data and experience to suggest that, if applied in an appropriate fashion, positive results can be expected when using this modality on muscle soreness. At the time of our group's introduction to this instrumentation 15 years ago, it was clear that the information needed to obtain optimal clinical results was not available. Over a period of years, we embarked on a series of clinical studies to attempt to identify the most effective methods of application of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS). 1-4 Based upon these studies and our clinical experiences, we believe a different result could have been obtained in this study. MENS requires pad placement that facilitates current traveling through the involved tissues, as opposed to arcing along the superficial tissues (ie, anterior, posterior or medial, and lateral placement instead of all pads being on 1 body surface). The optimal placement for treating the biceps is medial and lateral. The positioning of pads on body surfaces opposite a large bone (eg, the humerus) will predictably result in reduction or elimination of a positive clinical result. In this study, a 1-channel set-up with 2 pads was used instead of 4 pads via either a 2-channel unit or splitters on a 1-channel instrument. A 4-pad application will produce a superior result, possibly because there is an impact on more neuroepidermal junctions. Application of MENS via probes can produce a better response than application with pads. To treat the biceps with probes, the same medial and lateral approach is used. Results will vary depending on how many points on the arm are treated. A total treatment time of 10 minutes with probes used every 2.54 cm (1 in) along the muscle will not produce as good a result as probes used every 1.27 cm (0.5 in) along the muscle. The every 1.27-cm (0.5-in) application possibly is more effective because of the impact on more neuroepidermal junctions. Selection of treatment time, frequency, output, and wave slope will also affect the outcome. Optimal treatment time varies with the individual response to the treatment. The total treatment time of 20 minutes used in this study is less than optimal. The 30-Hz and 0.3-Hz frequencies are commonly used and produce predictable results if the other treatment parameters are correctly chosen. Better choices are 100 ,ua and 40 ,ua, given the results of several studies suggesting that, for this type of electrotherapy, less current tends to be more productive. If the meter on the unit shows that the circuit is not 100% conductive, then the output must be turned down until 100% conductivity is achieved. The paper does not state the type of wave slope used in this study. The selection of wave slope has a distinct impact on pain reduction. A square wave tends to have an immediate impact on pain relief, but selection of a more gradually ascending sloped curve will positively affect pain status 24 hours later. Patient positioning during treatment, presence or absence of movement during treatment, and clinician attitude are all variables that will influence outcome. Based upon a review of 1531 consecutive cases in 1 of our clinics, we have established treatment goals using MENS. The average of these cases was a 52% reduction in pain during the first visit, 33% carryover to the next visit, and 3.8 visits to pain-free status. Results obtained with MENS are very consistent, regardless of use on extremities, spine, joints, muscles, or tendons. Some differences in results occur in that the more vascular tissues respond better. Certainly more double-blind studies are needed on this instrument and the multiple variables that need to be manipulated to achieve an optimal clinical result. We hope that the authors will continue to use the resources at their disposal for further investigation in this area.


Setting a cement plug on the target zone either creates a solid seal to stop fluid movement or provides a kick-off point for sidetrack drilling operations. Successfully placing cement plugs is one of most critical steps to ensure trouble free completion, reduce the risk of loss of circulation, isolate pressure zones and enhance wellbore integrity.
 The traditional method is to pump all the fluids until each fluid level is equal to that inside the string. The limitation to this method is that the fluid could be contaminated once the string is pulled out of the hole, due to variable fluid densities, as well as wellbore and work string sizes. Thus, the volume of spacers pumped ahead and behind the cement and the volume of displacement are critical to the quality of the cement plug.
 A computer program is developed to model the displacement hydraulics of fluids and simulate fluids contamination during pulling pipe out of hole. The computer modeling aids in optimizing the pumping schedule to ensure balanced slurry and spacer levels after POOH (Pull out of the hole), minimizing contamination within the cement slurry and spacer, ultimately, reducing the risk of loss of circulation and enhancing wellbore integrity.


Focusing on seismic behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular frame structure considering reinforced concrete shear wall,the finite element analysis software SAP2000 is used to analyze conduct modal analysis and seismic response elastic-plastic time history analysis of the 12 layers structure of concrete-filled steel tubular frame-shear wall and the results are compared with 12 layers structure of concrete-filled steel tubular frame.The results showed that the maximum displacements,the maximum relative storm displacement angle,the peak horizontal acceleration,and the bottom shear force of the concrete-filled steel tubular frame-shear wall structure were less than those of the concrete-filled steel tube frame structure under the function of the different kinds of seismic waves.The concrete-filled steel tubular frame structure cooperated well with the reinforced concrete shear wall and exhibited excellent seismic performance.


Natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 in humans leads to the development of a strong neutralizing antibody response, however the immunodominant targets of the polyclonal neutralizing antibody response are still unknown. Here, we functionally define the role SARS-CoV-2 spike plays as a target of the human neutralizing antibody response. In this study, we identify the spike protein subunits that contain antigenic determinants and examine the neutralization capacity of polyclonal sera from a cohort of patients that tested qRT-PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2. Using an ELISA format, we assessed binding of human sera to spike subunit 1 (S1), spike subunit 2 (S2) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike. To functionally identify the key target of neutralizing antibody, we depleted sera of subunit-specific antibodies to determine the contribution of these individual subunits to the antigen-specific neutralizing antibody response. We show that epitopes within RBD are the target of a majority of the neutralizing antibodies in the human polyclonal antibody response. These data provide critical information for vaccine development and development of sensitive and specific serological testing.


Metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets were used as reference preparation,which have been imported from overseas.The release behavior similarity was investigated between the reference and self-prepared tablets in release mediums at different pH.Similar factors(f2) were used to evaluate the similarity of release curves.The values of f2 were all more than 50.The release behaviors were similar.Appling the release kinetic models to the tablets at different release mediums,the release of metoprolol succinate was basically in conformity with the Higuchi model.According to the Peppas equation,the release of metoprolol succinate was affected by drug diffusion and matrix erosion.


Objectives – Consultation of internet sources for educational and research purposes is the new normal. As a result of information communication technology, information creation and access are more convenient. The current study was carried out to investigate the proportion of use of internet sources for research purposes by research scholars of three central universities of North East India, namely Tezpur University, Mizoram University, and Rajiv Gandhi University.
Methods – The researchers collected data from 123 respondents through an online questionnaire that was distributed through different social media platforms. The study was conducted among Research Scholars (PhD and M.Phil) of Mizoram University, Rajiv Gandhi University, and Tezpur University.
Results – The research results show that research communities are moving toward digital platforms for searching and consulting their required resources. Most of the respondents consult internet sources for writing their research reports, but they do not format the references properly. Some research scholars do not follow any referencing style for citing web documents, and respondents do not have much awareness about the differences between URLs and DOIs. Research communities also face problems due to the inaccessibility of online documents cited by former researchers.
Conclusion – Since most of the respondents are not familiar with the use of web archives, the current study suggests that higher education institutions should arrange awareness programs on the use of web archives. Research communities should follow the proper referencing formats to acknowledge others' works. Publishers should mandate a citation style for authors and verify the accuracy of the references before publishing articles or other works.


Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease that affects humans and dogs and is caused
by protozoan species Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi. There is evidence to
suggest that the domestic dog is the main reservoir of the causative agent. An effective
vaccine against canine VL may contribute to infection control and/or human and canine
disease. The protective immune response against canine VL is cellular (Th1 type). In our
laboratory, among a group of five recombinant antigens selected from a cDNA library of L.
chagasi, using a mixture of sera from naturally infected dogs that showed humoral and
cellular specific responses, one fragment of the carboxyl terminus of a kinesin with a 6 His-
Tag (rLci2B-NH6) was chosen to evaluate its potential as a candidate component of a vaccine
against canine VL. In the present study, we evaluated the immune response of BALB/c
immunized with rLci2B-NH6/saponin in combination with pcDNA3.1-scmu-IL-12 and
pcDNA3.1-mu-IL-2. The animals immunized with rLci2B-NH6 associated IL-12 and/or IL-2
produced IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 reactive to rLci2B-NH6. Splenocytes of these animals
exhibited proliferation but failed to produce IFN-γ and IL-5 after in vitro stimulation with
rLci2B-NH6. These results suggest that adding IL-2 was not enough to induce a
predominantly Th1 immune response. We also analyzed the immunization of mice with
recombinant chimeric (rLci2-NT-CT-NH6) formed by non-repetitive domains present in the
amine and carboxyl ends encoded by the gene for kinesin. BALB/c mice immunized with
rLci2-NT-CT-NH6 or a control chimeric recombinant protein containing 5 repeated domains
present in rLci2B-NH6 between the domains of non-repetitive rLci2-NT-CT-NH6 showed
production of IgG, IgG2a and IgG1. Splenocytes of these animals exhibited proliferation, but
failed to produce IFN-γ and only splenocytes from mice immunized with rLci2-NT-5R-CTNH6
synthesized IL-5 after in vitro stimulation with the respective proteins. However, during
the purification rLci2-NT-CT-NH6 and rLci2-NT-5R-CT-NH6 occurred intense proteolysis
that may have resulted in the destruction of epitopes capable of inducing Th1. Previously, in
our laboratory, it was observed the death of some mice injected with 100 μg saponin/dose,
therefore, lower doses of saponin (50 or 25 μg) were evaluated as an adjuvant to induce an
immune response to rLci2B-NH6. The results of measuring the antibodies were similar in the
three groups. Interestingly, only splenocytes from the group injected with 25 μg/dose
exhibited specific proliferation. The group injected with 100 μg/dose produced IFN-γ and IL-
5 and the group injected with 50 μg /dose synthesized IFN-γ, but did not produce IL-5 after in
vitro stimulation with rLci2B-NH6.


Synthesis and characterization of microsheets, microrods, microflowers and microspheres of orthorhombic phase molybdenum oxide (MoO3) were reported. The reaction between ammonium molybdate and hydrochloric acid was used to prepare MoO3 microstructures and followed by annealing in air at 400oC for 2h. The combined techniques of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the effect of pH and additives on the as-prepared samples. Results indicated that they were of microsize. With alcohol as an additive, the sample was plate-like MoO3 at pH=2.5, and it was a mixture of MoO3 and MoO3•0.55H2O of irradiative corolla at pH=1. The sample obtained by hydrothermal was MoO3 flowers. Meanwhile, when silane coupling agent was introduced as the additive, the sample was MoO3 spheres.


The clinical, gross, and microscopic findings of an outbreak of bluetongue (BT) in a herd of captive white-tailed deer are described. Serologic diagnosis of BT was accomplished by fluorescent antibody (FA) reaction in tissues from affected deer. The basic lesion was considered on the basis of histopathologic and FA findings to be a vasculitis. A possible relationship of BTV of deer and sheep to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer is discussed.


Based on the analysis of the development of GIS application and technology, this paper brought forward the concept of CoGIS, namely Cooperative Operation GIS. Outer space earth man computer relationship in CoGIS was analyzed, CoGIS was GIS supporting human human interaction, and geographical information group communication in CoGIS was discussed, all of which made it differ from former GISs. CoGIS should embody the human oriented idea. Then, the characteristics of general CSCW application and the complexity of Geographical Information Science were analyzed, and the conclusion that CoGIS was not a simple GIS layer on CSCW was reached. Further, this paper brought forward the research content of CoGIS, and discussed some of them in detail as following: modeling theory and system architecture, distributed multi source GIS and knowledge sharing platform, group spatial decision making, CoGIS and VR(virtual reality), CoGIS and multi agents. Finally, this paper analyzed CoGIS application mode in brief.


Providing effective mentoring to preservice teachers in their field-based practice continues to be a major challenge in preservice teacher education programs, particularly because it requires substantial investments of time, money, effort, and resources.Therefore, in a climate of limited resources, there is the need to do research on possible effective alternatives, e.g., on peers learning from peers in school-based teacher education. It has been suggested that peer mentoring, which in this research refers to the peer learning process among participants who are directly involved in each other's learning by being mentors for each other, might be one such useful component of a comprehensive teacher preparation program. Thus, apart from being mentored by their school practicum mentors, preservice teachers could learn from one another and mentor one another to assist in the development of their teaching practices.However, not much research has been done into the use of peer mentoring as a strategy for developing EFL teaching practices for preservice EFL teachers during their field experience. Therefore, this research advocates the use and benefits of peer mentoring in preservice teacher education programs. This presentation gives an overview of an ongoing study, whose major focus is to examine the impacts of the peer mentoring experience of preservice EFL teachers during thier practicum. A concurrent triangulated mixed method design, that included both qualitative and quasi-experimental techniques, was used to investigate the affect of the peer mentoring on participants' instructional practice. The research investigates the impact of peer mentoring experience by (1) using quantitative data (by the means of survey questionnaire) to assess the instructional practice of the participants in comparison to a group of preservice teachers who do not participate in the peer mentoring experience, and by (2) using qualitative data to identify the key components of the peer mentoring experience that facilitated teaching practices,and explored the percieved benefits and the effectiveness of the peer mentoring experience for the participants (by the means of interviews and practicum journals).The results are expected to indicate that the participants in the peer mentoring program make significant improvements in their self assessment of their teaching practices. In addition, the study will highlight the essential components of peer mentoring for preservice EFL teachers during their practicum. It is hoped that based on the findings,peer mentoring will be shown to be an effective way to improve preservice EFL teacher's teaching practice, and their personal and professional development during their practicum. The findings from this study should be of significance to a variety of educational groups, interested in peer mentoring to improve the quality of preservice teacher education programs.


Arm first microgel polymers were successfully synthesised utilising Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerisation techniques. A functional prearm linear AB block copolymer intermediate, (polystyrene)-block-(polydivinylbenzene), was prepared via RAFT by simple one pot chain extension and arm coupling of a preprepared polystyrene macromer. The arms are coupled together via the residual unsaturation present in the polydivinylbenzene block by free radical means to form core-crosslinked microgels. It was found that the arm coupling process could be described by invoking a two-stage coupling system. The initial induction period consists of the formation of largely two-arm (on average) species. This is followed by a latter growth period, where true core-crosslinked microgels are formed consisting of polyarm clusters having 16 arms (on average) per cluster. These microgel materials were cast under specific conditions to form porous polymer films of varying quality. Image analysis of these films demonstrated the importance of the linear component : microgel component ratio in determining both a uniform pore size and the formation of a hexagonal close packed array of pores.


A composition and a fiber treated with the composition are provided to achieve effective antimicrobial treatment of the fiber, by preparing the composition such that the composition contains silver nanoparticles and saponin. A composition for antimicrobial treatment of a fiber comprises silver nanoparticles and saponin. The silver nanoparticles have an average particle size of 1-100 nm. The silver nanoparticles are obtained from a colloid solution of silver nanoparticles. The colloid solution of silver nanoparticles has a silver nanoparticle-concentration of 10,000-500,000 ppm. Further, the fiber is used for sports, cloth, bed or footwear.


A region of the toxin II of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector, possessing a loop structure, is shown to be antigenic. Some clear hints for the probable antigenic character of this region were obtained by the protruding properties of the loop region, as assessed by accessibility computations using atomic coordinates of the toxin and Lee-Richards algorithm. A synthetic replica of the loop region was obtained in a linear and cyclised form. Within the total anti-toxin antibody population, we have found and isolated those that recognize the model peptides. A high affinity binding of these specific antibodies to the parent toxin was demonstrated, affording experimental evidence for the antigenic properties of the loop region.


The development and application results of offshore overall infill drilling technology charged by the CNOOC as one of major national science technology programs are summarized herein from 3 aspects.First,The overall infill drilling technology was first used for offshore oil and gas fields with great success,which provides a valuable reference for the improvement of EOR and future development efficiency in offshore oil and gas fields.Second,The secondary re-infill drilling was first successfully performed within the already close-spaced offshore cluster wells,particularly some drilling technologies have been improved to a significantly higher level like directional well trajectory control and collision avoidance.c.Third,package of reservoir protection technologies was used for the first time for the high-porosity,high-permeability and low-pressure loose sandstone reservoirs with an obviously satisfactory result.Ever since the above-mentioned achievements were used for the intermediate-and later-stage EOR operation in offshore oil and gas fields,the drilling capability and the management of directional wells have been both improved to a higher degree.As a result,the production of each single well has reached or exceeded its previous rate.Successful field practices demonstrate that the above technologies will help promote the development of offshore oil and gas fields in China and improve the level of the offshore cluster well drilling and directional well drilling technologies.All those achieved results prove that successful trial has been made for future fast development of offshore oil and gas fields and for the improvement of offshore drilling and completion technologies.


A three-month-old boy with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (mitral atresia, aortic atresia) and moderate tricuspid regurgitation developed ascending aorta obstruction two months after a Norwood stage I procedure. An emergent left mammary artery bypass grafting to the ascending aorta and extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support resulted in successful salvage. The patient subsequently underwent a bidirectional Glenn procedure and tricuspid valve repair at the age of five months. Follow-up at an outpatient clinic reveals no electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia, and echocardiography shows recovery of ventricular function.


An efficient three-component one-pot and operationally simple cascade of 2-aminopyridines with sulfonyl azides and terminal ynones is reported, providing a variety of polysubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. In particular, the reaction goes a through CuAAC/ring-cleavage process and forms a highly active intermediate α-acyl-N-sulfonyl ketenimine with base free.


People can be reassured that spinal injections are less painful than either intravenous or intramuscular ones, an Italian researcher says.


Pioneered in Scandinavia in the 1970s, participatory design (PD) has been recognized as an empowering, sensitive and inclusive approach. Thus it has been applied in a wide variety of fields, from architecture to teaching to game design. One of the goals of PD is to challenge the power imbalance, with the aim of reducing the power differential between researchers and participants. This paper borrows from Foucault's ideas that power is relations of force as a theoretical guideline, to explore how power is exercised at the individual level in the case of a game design project. Recommendations are provided to help researchers overcome such issues in facilitating PD projects.


The electronic structures of intermetallic rare earth compounds of different compositions: RMn 2 Ge 2 (R = Nd, Sm), R 3 Mn 4 Sn 4 (R = La, Ce, Nd), Ce 3 Ag 4 X 4 (X = Ge, Sn), and Ce 2 MnGe 6 , have been investi- gated. XPS measurements were performed using a commercial LHS10 spectrometer. The valence band and core-level states have been analysed. In Mn compounds, the Mn 3d state forms a broad band near the Fermi level. The analysis of XPS spectra using the Gunnarsson–Schönhammer model gives the coupling parameters (hybridisation energy) between the R 4f states and electrons of the conduction band.


Aiming at the operational pattern of aviation during the air attacking battle,the thesis synthetically considered the intelligence,weather,armament,their subdiathsis and so on.Adopting the AHP method,the thesis established the coefficient valuation model of the target type the power weight,computed power heavy coefficient of the target type,and proved that its power heavy coefficient has ration-ality with examination.Finally,using AHP method,this thesis established the calculate model of attacking operational ability of aviation,which can establish the theoretical foundation for the further valuation of the operational ability of weapon system.


ABSTRACT: Canoe bagan is one of the lift net were operated on shore or coastal waters at night by using light as a means of towing the fish. Generally chart in South Sulawesi operated using a generator to provide energy. Operation bagan by using genset or generator sets will increase spending, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the fishing gear. The purpose of this research is to create a source of electrical energy environmental friendly renewable canoe bagan and actually can be adapted into afield capture of light fishing and to boost the productivity and income of fishing communities especially fishing canoe bagan . The research method is the stage design, the machine frame, shaft fly whell, and manufacture a series of LED lights. The results showed independent power generator can't function as expected because of the electrical energy generated can't be used to rotate the electro motors as prime movers of independent power generator. Voltage generated by the generator 122 volts necessary to add the inverter so as to produce a voltage 220.


In this paper, a driving topology for Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) drive device is proposed. Currently, PDLC driving system uses to be connected to grid through a transformer, which makes it difficult to change the driving voltage, thus it can only be used as an ON / OFF function. By using an inverter, the driving voltage can be easily changed and the level of transparency of the PDLC film can be regulated. The proposed system is verified by experiments.


The one-electron reduction potential and the pKa of 10 ortho-, meta- and para-substituted aniline radical cations have been determined by means of pulse radiolysis. The N–H bond dissociation energies of the corresponding anilines were also determined using a thermodynamic cycle. All three properties of the aniline radical cations and the corresponding anilines were shown to be linearly dependent on the sum of the Brown substituent constants, Σσ+. A conditional scale for ortho substituents was also derived (σo+= 0.73σp+). The results from this work along with previously published results have been used to derive a linear free energy relationship between one-electron reduction potentials of benzene radical cations and the substituent pattern. In addition an equation for the calculation of X–Y bond dissociation energies of arbitrarily substituted molecules with the general formula Ph–X–Y is proposed.


Effective migration is estimated in genetic demography from migrants in reproductive age, considering that their descendents are part of the population, in which the coefficient assortative mating is not considered. In the H coefficient, different combinations of mates were considered (both born in the studied locality, one of them migrant, both migrants). H was calculated in 11 populations from Salta, five of them are in the Puna, five in the Calchaqui Valley and three in the Lerma Valley, one from Tucuman and one from Catamarca. H varied from -0,3464 (El Pichao-Valle Calchaqui, Tucuman) to 0,787 (Cobres-Puna, Salta). Negative H values (El Pichao and Santa Rosa de los Pastos Grandes) indicated trends towards exogamic mating. Cobres had the highest H value, El Barrial and La Isla were the most homogamic populations in the Calchaqui Valle, in the Lerma Valley, respectively. Surprisingly the Puna on the whole was less homogamic than the Lerma and Calchaqui Valleys.


The main objective of the study is to protect cloud from different types of attacks by using AlexNet classifier compared accuracy with Artificial Neural Network and user's data to be stored in the cloud safely by Advanced Encryption Standard. Materials and Methods: This research examines two groups AlexNet withArtificial Neural Network. Statistical study used 1300 training and 403 testing datasets from UNSW-NB15 dataset. ClinCalc programme utilised N=10, 0.05 is alpha value, 0.8% is G-Power, and 95% confidence interval.Result and Discussion: Novel Alexnet (91.081%) has an increased precision over ANN (90.075%) with the P value is 0.012(p<0.05) from the results of Independent samples t-test. There is a statistical significant difference between these two algorithms.Conclusion: This study concludes that the Novel AlexNet classifier algorithm seems fundamentally better than the ANN in terms of increasing the accuracy of secure cloud data and holding sensitive data with the dataset of UNSW-NB15.


Octane-3,6-dione (1a) and undecane-3,6,9-trione (1b) were prepared by co-oligomerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide in the presence of rhodium trioxide catalyst. C-Nitrosation of active methylene groups of 1a and 1b with butyl nitrite or nitrosyl chloride gave products 3, 4, 6, and 7 and 10–14 containing hydroxyimino groups or isoxazole rings. The oximes 16–20 were obtained by oximation of carbonyl groups of 1a, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.


T he advent of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) storage solution effectively initiated 4°C whole blood storage and has provided the basis for many subsequent red blood cell (RBC) storage developments. Since early studies had shown poor RBC preservation in the presence of storage induced hemolysis, these studies included a 1% poststorage hemolysis goal. Later developments focused on the avoidance of the collection lesion and utilized osmotic fragility hemolysis measurements as one of the markers of stored RBC quality in the development of citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD). Ensuing developments focused on packed RBCs, which had the limitation that reduced RBC quality was observed if storage hematocrit (Hct) exceeded 70% and was associated with increased poststorage hemolysis. Since these RBC quality deficiencies were noted at the same time as the conversion to CPD-adenine, the newer storage solutions contained higher glucose levels to ensure adequate nutrient availability for satisfactory RBC recoveries at the end of 35 days of storage. At 35 days with a 75% storage Hct, CPDA-1 packed cell supernatant hemoglobin (Hb) levels averaged approximately 0.4% with CPDA-1–packed RBC posttransfusion recovery of 71%, which then supported product approval. The current generation of RBC additive solutions (ASs) was driven by the need to correct the poor CPD flow properties through the addition of saline-adenine-glucose (SAG) solutions. Hemolysis levels averaged 0.77%, although it was noted that posttransfusion recoveries were unaffected. Later it was shown that poststorage hemolysis levels in SAG-RBCs could be reduced by the addition of plasma or by reduction of white cell content. The effect of white blood cells (WBCs) could be reduced by enzyme inhibitors suggesting that it was intracellular enzymes that affected RBC membranes. Subsequent AS development included buffy coat (BC) depletion as a prerequisite, and formulations included mannitol (SAGM), an osmotic stabilizer, since the combination exhibited poststorage hemolysis comparable to whole blood. The concern about hemolysis was a principal goal of AS-1 development. This solution allowed the storage of nonleukoreduced RBCs for 42 days after high-efficiency plasma removal with poststorage hemolysis averaging approximately 0.27% (Adsol, Fenwal, Inc., Lake Zurich, IL). The addition of extra mannitol was essential for reduced hemolysis, since comparable non–mannitol (AS3)-based additives were associated with hemolysis levels averaging 0.7 0.56% compared to mannitol-based additives (0.38 0.19%). The formulation of SAGM adopted for the US market contained a higher adenine load and comparable mannitol levels to that of SAGM but exhibited slightly greater 42-day poststorage hemolysis than AS-1 (AS-5, Optisol, Terumo, Inc., Elkton, MD). Later review of current US AS formulations (AS-1, AS-3, and AS-5) suggested that although RBC viability correlated reasonably with RBC ATP (r = ~0.6) in standard RBC products, hemolysis correlated poorly (r = ~0.4) with viability. It was the later development of high efficiency prestorage 3to 5-log leukoreduction filters that enabled significant reductions in poststorage hemolysis from 0.54% to 0.18%. These studies showed a small (2%-3%) but significant improvement in RBC recoveries and that residual unfiltered WBC content correlated with RBC lactate production; in filtered units glucose consumption correlated with poststorage osmotic fragility, suggesting a membrane-based stress effect on RBC metabolism. RBC recoveries in filtered units correlated with hemolysis after 42 days of storage when the long-term membrane effect might be expected to be at its greatest. Other studies failed to show such a relationship. European-style additives (SAGM) in routine use have therefore included leukoreduction, initially through BC reduction using topand-bottom bags and more recently with the addition of prestorage leukofiltration. In the United States, AS systems are used mostly with prestorage filtration. The Australian family of additives (AS-3) included more adenine and citrate instead of mannitol, modified through the addition of high-efficiency prestorage leukofiltration (Leukotrap-RC system, Pall Corp., Roslyn, NY). In this issue of TRANSFUSION, Hess and the BEST team review the hemolysis quality outcome measures in AS-RBC over approximately 10 years of routine AS RBC manufacture and storage. This study includes a large enough sample size to offer insights into the effect of different solutions and some perspective on biologic variability in practice. These studies confirmed a significant effect of prestorage leukoreduction on poststorage hemolysis. In the largest comparison, the use of highefficiency prestorage leukofiltration reduced hemolysis by approximately 50% from 0.34% in standard units to 0.16%, a reduction similar to that of earlier studies. It should be noted that the BC reduced/unfiltered group utilized AS-1, which contains approximately 1.7 ¥ the amount of adenine of the earlier SAGM, although this fact would be unlikely to explain AS-1 and SAGM differences. TRANSFUSION 2009;49:2551-2554.


A novel speed sensor-less vector control system for the mining local ventilator is presented in order to drain the gas out immediately for safety production in the paper. The identification speed signal is estimated based on Popov hyper-stability theory to real-time control the local ventilator in mining workspace under coal well. The theoretical analysis has indicated that the speed identification algorithm is stability and astringent, and the simulation results show the utility of the system.


Objectives were to: (1) assess toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls on Eisenia foetida, in terms of survival (LC5O/LD5O), and suppression of coelomocytes to form secretory (SR) and erythrocyte rosettes (ER) with, and to phagocytize rabbit erythrocytes; and (2) compare results with those of Lumbricus terrestris to assess relative sensitivities to PCB. Using 5-d filter paper contact exposure protocol, LC50 and LD50 were 30.4 cg/cm2 and 4450 cg/g dry mass, respectively. Nominal PCB exposure concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 pg/cm2 resulted in tissue levels of 1389 and 2895 pg/g dry mass causing a significant reduction in SR formation by 18 and 52%, respectively. ER formation and phagocytosis were reduced significantly (52 and 61%) only at the higher tissue concentration. Compared to reported data on lethality and immunomodulation in L. terrestris, E. foetida appears to be more resistant.


The internal factors (characteristics) of students are assumed to have an impact on the learning process. Internal factors of students include motivation, creativity, intelligence, emotional intelligence, anxiety, etc. Most English language education students still worry about statistics course, which contains numbers and different calculation process types. However, the 'statistics' course is a compulsory subject that students must study, particularly at IKIP PGRI Bojonegoro, which is very useful to complete final and daily assignments. Statistics is a part of mathematics that studies how to access, analyze, and interpret data. Most English language education students find numbers-related topics difficult. Anxiety in subjects related to numbers is assumed to affect students' psychological state, especially emotional states, which is an important factor that leads to achievement. This study aimed to determine the effect of mathematics anxiety and emotional quotient on English language education students' statistics learning outcomes at IKIP PGRI Bojonegoro. The subjects in this study were the third-year students of English language education in 2019/2020. The technique of data analysis used was the Multiple Regression Analysis. The data were obtained from questionnaires and documentation. The results showed that mathematical anxiety and emotional quotient affect English Language Education students' statistics learning outcomes at IKIP PGRI Bojonegoro. This is evidenced by the value of Fcount = 69,992 higher than Ftable = 1,607. Mathematical anxiety and emotional quotient affect the statistics learning outcomes by 74.9% (strong category).


Introduction Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is widely used for surface analysis. The study of Auger processes using AES, however, has so far been mainly restricted to major normal-Auger processes. The other elementary Auger processes, such as cascade Auger, shake-up and -off Auger, and site-specific Auger, have not been fully explored. Recently, Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) has developed into an ideal tool to elucidate individual Auger processes associated with a specific core-ionization [1]. In this article we report development of a new APECS apparatus that consists of a coaxially symmetric mirror analyzer (ASMA) and a double-pass cylindrical mirror analyzer (DPCMA) with an improved electron-energy resolution [2].


The article discusses an approach to the analysis of static information based on the use of neural network technologies. Kohonen maps were constructed on the basis of data on the yields of the main agricultural crops in four adjacent areas of the Volga region over 30 years. As a result, based on the analysis of the maps obtained, three clusters were identified: a cluster with high, medium and low yields for the main crops. Also, on the basis of a comparative analysis, regions were identified for which similar results were observed for different crops. The results obtained have a significant impact on the process of making managerial decisions regarding the use of the agricultural insurance tool.


This study examined the effects of macro-economic variables of inflation rate, interest rate, exchange rate and balance of trade on stock market performance in Nigeria using the Gross Domestic Product as a measure of economic growth for the period 1994-2013. The need to empirically determine the effect of these macro-economic variables on stock market performance in Nigeria arose as a result of its centrality in the national economy. Secondary data for this study was collected from Central Bank of Nigeria, Securities and Exchange Commission, Nigerian Stock Exchange and the annual reports and accounts of the companies sampled for the relevant years. Multiple regression analysis (ordinary least square) method of data analysis was employed to determine the effect of each of the macro-economic variables on stock market performance. Findings of the study indicate that inflation rate and stock market performance are negatively related 5% level of significance. Interest rate also showed a negative relationship with stock market performance at the chosen 5% level of significance. There is a positive but insignificant relationship at 5% level of significance between exchange rate and All Share Index in Nigeria. The result on balance of trade showed a positive and insignificant relationship while the coefficient of the control variable gross domestic product indicated that economic growth has a positive effect on the performance of stock market in Nigeria. It was recommended that for the stock market to take full advantage of various opportunities and cope with challenges, interest rates must be properly put at check.


It is possible to make measurements, to evaluate and form digital maps of the images by using digital image processing and analysis techniques with computers. Digital cameras are being used in computer vision applications commonly. Digital cameras have been absolutely calibrated to use precision need works. Photogrammetry is based on direct measurement of the objects which is captured with the digital cameras and images. Camera parameters are determined with camera calibration procedures as mathematically. Images coordinates (u, v) and object space coordinates (X, Y, Z) have been modeled with analytical relationships and transformations have been completed. In this study Nikon D100 digital SLR (Single Lens Reflex) camera have been used to take images of the test object from different points. A software, which have capability of the calculate camera calibration parameters; have been developed in Delphi program language. Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) methods have been used to calculate calibration parameters. After finishing the test successfully results have been obtained.


Some distinctive characteristics of cases of early stuttering suggest that a recurring, convenient and unobtrusive measurement procedure might be beneficial during clinical management. The present study investigated the reliability of a parent-based 10-point scale for measuring stuttering severity in four preschool-age stuttering children. For each child, listening tapes were constructed that consisted of around 24 speech samples, from everyday speaking situations, over a period of six days. Each parent used the severity scale to rate the speech samples on their child's listening tape. A clinician also scored the severity of the samples on the listening tapes using the same scale. Results indicated that, for two parents, extremely high agreement with the clinician's severity scores was achieved. Extremely high consistency scores were achieved by one of the parents, and also by the clinician when rating the speech samples of two of the children. To a considerable extent, clinician and parent severity score...


Opportunistic screening may serve as an effective tool for estimating the burden of a disease. In case of diseases like hypertension, a simple non-invasive modality (BP measurement) is used in quantifying the burden. The study examined the utility of developing opportunistic screening as a modality for hypertension in a primary care setting. It was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 estimated of burden of hypertension in a tertiary care centre in a rural area of North West India. 424 attendants accompanying patients suffering from episodic illnesses of 2-3 days in outpatient departments of the hospital were invited to participate and 400 (94.3% response rate) were screened for blood pressure (BP), height and weight. The second phase of the study comprised of comparative assessment of studies across India in rural setting. As per the JNC VII criteria for classifying hypertension 40.5% (162/400) were pre hypertensive, 15% (60/400) were in Stage 1 hypertension and 6.5% (26/400) in Stage 2 hypertension, with a total of 21.5% hypertensive subjects. Prevalence of hypertension in various studies conducted across India in rural settings give a range from 5-40% with a mean prevalence of 25.63%. Hence, opportunistic screening can be used as a useful tool to screen for early detection of hypertension and also to raise awareness about it in a primary care setting.


We study some important properties of the direct product of fuzzy topological groups of type(QU),prove that product of fuzzy topological groups still is a fuzzy topological group of type(QU),study structure of base for Q-neighborhoods system of fuzzy point e_λ,and obtain some important results for product fuzzy topological groups of type(QU).


The SO(4) Yang-Mills theory is formulated in terms of matrices and finds solutions with both instantons and anti-instantons. The ''left-handed'' and ''right-handed'' projections of the gauge field yield the instanton and anti-instanton sectors, respectively. There are no interactions among instantons and anti-instantons in this model. The matrix formalism developed will facilitate the analysis of various SO(4) models in which the gauge field is coupled with other fields.


The genusPhyllonoma, easily recognized by its epiphyllous inflorescence, ranges from the mountains of Mexico and Central America into the Andes of northwestern Bolivia. A key to the species and distribution maps and descriptions for the 4 species recognized,Phyllonoma ruscifolia Willd. ex Schultes,P. tenuidens Pittier,P. laticuspis (Turcz.) Engler, andP. weberbaueri Engler, are given. Vegetative and floral anatomy as well as pollen morphology are discussed in relation to taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus.


This review explores the use of microwave heating and microwave-generated plasma for biosecurity applications. Microwave heating has been shown to rapidly heat and kill a wide range of pests and pathogens. Examples of microwave thermal disinfestation of soils, grains, hay, and timber are presented and discussed. Microwave energy can also ionize various gasses, including air, to create plasma. Plasmas are described by many characteristics, such as temperature, degree of ionization, and density. In the "after glow" (cold plasma) of a plasma discharge, there are sufficient charged particles and excited atoms to generate elevated UV levels and ionize the surfaces of objects. Examples of cold plasma and plasma-activated water disinfestation of grains and other commodities are also presented and discussed. Brief comments on the scale-up of this technology have also been presented.


Objective: To establish the 10-year results of long saphenous vein stripping in the treatment of varicose veins. Design: Single patient group study of patients who received surgical treatment for varicose veins 10 years earlier. Setting: Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Tampere, Finland. Patients: All men and a randomly picked sample of women were invited to attend for a follow-up examination; 81% (52 men, 74 women) participated. Intervention: Long saphenous vein stripping in all Patients. Main outcome measures: The presence of visible varicose veins as graded in four categories by clinical examination. Results: Seventy per cent of the operated legs in women free of varicosities or showed only minor varicose veins compared with 51% in men; 28% of the patients required further treatment (mostly sclerotherapy) for varicose veins. Conclusions: Long saphenous vein stripping combined with additional procedures results in a relatively low rate of severe recurrent varicose veins in 10 years.


Envelope fraction I prepared from a ϕX174 sensitive host, KD4301, showed a strong eclipsing activity, while the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction showed a weak activity. The eclipsing activity in envelope fraction I was sensitive to heat treatment, while that in the LPS fraction was insensitive. When the complete phage particles (114S) were treated with envelope fraction I, the eclipsed particles (70S) and a rapidly sedimenting component were obtained, but when they were treated with LPS, only 70S eclipsed particles were obtained. Electron microscopic observation showed that there were two types of eclipsed particles formed on treatment with fraction I; in one of them phage DNA was extruded from the phage particles as a thick bundle, and in the other more than 95% of the phage DNA was extruded from the phage particles. The rapidly sedimenting component was the membrane-eclipsed particle complex. LPS gave only one type of eclipsed particles in which DNA was extruded as a thick bundle. These results indicat...


Strategic objective of any state is to ensure food safety. The existence of safe food products is one of the principal human rights. For Russia, the problem of food safety is especially important considering the country's transition to new political and economic relations. Despite the integration and development of agricultural and food branches of industry as well as globalization of trade with food products and changing of the systems of products' manufacture and circulation, the issues of safety and quality are becoming more and more topical lately. Consuming unsafe products negatively affects human health, and in some cases this can lead to irreversible processes. Under these conditions, it is necessary to set optimal requirements in order to ensure the necessary safety level of food products for a consumer from the one hand, and from the other hand – provide producers with the possibility to introduce new technologies and materials. Nowadays, technical regulations are one of the efficient tools for solving the set problem. Technical regulations are the means of technical regulation of safety. Safety of food products is acting as one of the main requirements of a consumer. All this is totally applicable to products of the dairy industry as well. In this article, requirements of regulatory documents that determine hygiene and sanitary conditions of production of fermented milk products, namely the TR TS 033/2013 "Technical Regulation on Milk and Dairy Products" and SanPiN 18.104.22.1688-01 "Hygienic Requirements for Safety and Nutrition Value of Food Products" were analyzed. We found that requirements of these documents determine safety of food products in microbiological regard, as well as they determine the content of chemical pollutants. Producers of food products, who consider food safety to be of top priority, strictly follow requirements of technical regulations.


Abstract : After assuming command of U.S. Forces - Afghanistan and NATO ISAF, GEN McChrystal was requested by the Secretary of Defense to provide his assessment of the war in Afghanistan. In less than two months, after conducting an in-depth assessment of the entire campaign to-date, GEN McChrystal and his staff produced his Commander's Initial Assessment, outlining the way forward for all U.S. and Coalition forces in Afghanistan. His assessment outlined and highlighted significant changes to the force structure and force employment. The third paragraph of General McChrystal's assessment briefly summarizes: "Success is achievable, but it will not be attained simply by training harder or by 'doubling down' on the previous strategy. Additional resources are requested, but focusing on the force or resource requirements misses the point entirely. The key take away from this assessment is the urgent need for a significant change to our strategy and the way we think and operate." Future Joint Task Force Commanders in comparable, protracted conflicts must rapidly recognize the changing nature of a conflict and establish functional and adaptable command and control structures and relationships that allow them to implement successful strategies. Command and control is the most important operational function. Once the command and control structure is correct, everything else will follow. The proper command and control structure allows a commander to set the "tone" or craft the appropriate operational culture for the campaign. When the operational culture must change, having the correct command and control structure and relationships in place allows the commander to do so, effectively and efficiently.


The leader is the main actor in a system. In the world of education, leaders are usually called school principals. This study focuses on the description of basic concepts and characteristics of leadership. Becomes very important figure of a leader so that it starts with a basic concept in shaping it. To find out the basic concepts and leadership characteristics of MA head Nurul Ummah, a mini study was conducted with the type of qualitative research. The data collection technique is to use interviews, observation and documentation so as to produce a basic concept of leadership that consists of functions, characteristics, tasks, and theories of leadership emergence and leadership characteristics of MA Nurul Ummah, which is seen from the basic concepts of leadership, leadership has been seen MA Chief Nurul Ummah has been based on the basic concepts and characteristics of leadership.
Keywords: Basic Concepts, Characteristics, Leadership


Background: Meningitis is more common during the neonatal period than other periods of life and has a prevalence of one in 1000 live births. The similarity of its clinical manifestations with other infectious diseases makes it difficult to diagnose. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory test results of newborns in which bacterial menin gitis had been confirmed by positive CSF culture. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed by a non-randomized simple sampling method, in which the medical files of neonates hospitalized between March 1994 and Oct. 1999 were reviewed. Results: A total of294 files (16 boys, 127 girls; 54 preterrn, 240 full-term in fants) were reviewed. Fifteen newborns (8 girls, 7 boys) had positive CSF culture results. A significant statistical relationship was not found between sex and pre-term cases with meningitis. The most common results in newborns with positive CSF culture were poor feeding, lethargy and hyperthermia, followed by seizures,jitleriness, hypo thermia and vomiting. Blood culture was positive in only 6 (40%) of the 15 neonates with positive CSF cultures. Leukocytosis (3 cases, 20%), thrombocytopenia (2 cases, 13 .3%) and positive direct CSF smear (9 cases, 60%) were also present. Group B Streptococcus (GBS), E. coli and gram-negative bacteria were the leading causes of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. A significant difference was found in the WBC count, CSF protein and glucose levels with bacterial meningitis. A significant relationship was also found to exist between CSF glucose-simultaneous blood glucose ratio and neona tal meningitis. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between CSF protein and glu cose, WBC count and bacterial meningitis. A significant relationship was also found between CSF and blood glucose ratio ( CG ) and neonatal bacterial meningitis. BG MJIR1, Va!. 19, No.3, 241-245, 2005.


Singaporean famous poet Peh Chinhua shows his emotional world of a statesman to the readers by the poems.He communicates with his spirits from a poet's feelings,expresses the deeper emotion and thoughts,and also creates a colorful world with love and motion by diverse languages,intense or gentle,optimistic or sad.Undoubtedly he makes a good interpretation of his philosophy about love and beauty in the poems,which describes the harmony between human beings and nature,compatiblity between mankind and society,and friendship between person and person.With love Peh Chinhua discovers the omnipresent beauty in this world.He has pholosophy and large wisdom about life,moreover,he implies the simple truth in his casual writing by lively language and in the free way.


I: Introduction. 1. Menopause: Epidemiologic Aspects W.R. Harlan. 2. Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women: What we Know and What we Must Learn N.K. Wenger. II: Introductory Issues. 3. Effects of HRT on Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease J.C. Stevenson. 4. Precocious Menopause: a Diagnostic Challenge R. Rolland. 5. Effect of Ovarian Failure on Target Tissues G. Samsioe. 6. Epidemiology of Cancer in Women P. Boyle, T. Evstifeeva, L. Luchini. 7. Breast Cancer Risk in Hormone Replacement Therapy-Treated Women C. La Vecchia. III: Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease. 8. Benefits of Different Routes of Administration M.H. Birkhauser, W. Hanggi. 9. Atherosclerosis and Estrogen Replacement Therapy J.M. Sullivan. 10. Cardiovascular Protection by Estrogen: a Hemodynamic Mechanism? S. Rozenberg, I. Liebens, J. Vandromme, A. Hotimsky, M. Van Rijsselberge. IV: Prophylactic Oophorectomy: a Debate. 11. Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Risks and Adverse Effects Outweigh Potential Benefits G. Samsioe. 12. The Arguments in Favour of Prophylactic Oophorectomy at Hysterectomy J. Studd, R. Sands. V: Behaviour and Lifestyle in Perimenopausal Years. 13. Hypophysiotropic Peptides and Ageing D. Cocchi, E.E. Muller. 14. Psychosocial Factors Influencing Experience of the Menopause and Help-Seeking Behaviour M.S. Hunter. VI: Cardiovascular Disease and Hormone Replacement. 15. Lipoprotein(a) Changes in Perimenopausal Years M. Meschia, F. Bruschi, M. Soma, F. Amicarelli, R. Paoletti, P. Crosignani. 16. Epidemiologic Studies on ERT and Cardioprotection: State of the Art on HRT and Cardiovascular Disease F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer. 17. Vasoactive Effects of Estrogens P.M. Sarrel. 18. HRT and Correction of Lipoprotein Disorders C.R. Sirtori, M.R. Soma. 19. Menopause, Thrombosis, and Hormone Replacement Therapy V.V. Kakkar. VIII: Menopause Management: Extensive Clinical Experience and Benefits of Natural Conjugated Estrogens. 20. Effects of Conjugated Estrogen Therapy: Medrogestone and Lipidic Metabolism M.H. Birkhauser, W. Hanggi. 21. Ovarian Hormones and Arterial Function P.M. Sarrel. 22. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Gynaecologic Cancers P. Sismondi, N. Biglia, E. De Fabiani, L. Sgro, A. Sandri, C. Campagnoli. VIII: Hormone Replacement Therapy: Improved Quality of Life. 23.From Contraception to Menopause R.J.E. Kirkman. 24. Choice of a Preparate in HRT. Clinical Aspects with Estradiol Valerate/Cyproterone Acetate M. Oliveira da Silva. (Part contents).


Throughout the health care system, the traditional boundaries between professional groups are becoming increasingly blurred in response to local service needs and national policy objectives. New clinical roles are developing and nurses and other health professionals are finding opportunities to review and reconfigure their roles in response to changing health care needs and national policy imperatives. This book grew out of the editors' involvement in the UKCC's work on the regulation of specialist, advanced and higher level practice and Department of Health research on new role developments and the impact of the `New Deal' reduction in junior doctors hours. It combines a comprehensive and thought provoking overview of the key issues and emerging challenges with practical suggestions for promoting appropriate and sustainable role development.


The aim of the present research was to describe 1) the understanding of
principal and teachers related the theory of multiple intelligences 2) implementation
learning based on multiple intelligences-based learning 3) barriers of
implementation multiple intelligences-based learning, 4) solving of barriers
implementation multiple intelligences-based learning in MI Muhammadiyah PK
Kartasura. This research is qualitative with case study design. The subjects in this
research were head master, fourth grade teachers, and fourth grade students. Data
collection techniques was used interviews, observation, and documentation. Data
validity was used techniques and source triangulation and data analysis with data
reduction, data display and verification. The results of the study are: 1) the head
master and the teachers had an understanding of the theory of multiple intelligences.
2) implementation of multiple intelligence based learning carried out in three stages,
are planning, implementation, and assessment . 3) the barrier on planning stage is
the design of lesson plan,the barrier implementation stage are teacher teaching
strategies are still less varied and student factors, barrier on assessment stage are
found in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor assessment. 4) Solutions to overcome
the barriers are by teacher learning activities every week on 2 and 4, involving
teachers in seminars and training, providing teaching methodology books to
teachers, collaboration with students, parents and psychology students who conduct
research.