An optimal experimental design algorithm is developed to select locations for a network of observation wells that provide maximum information about unknown groundwater pumping in a confined, anisotropic aquifer. The design uses a maximal information criterion that chooses, among competing designs, the design that maximizes the sum of squared sensitivities while conforming to specified design constraints. The formulated optimization problem is non‐convex and contains integer variables necessitating a combinatorial search. Given a realistic large‐scale model, the size of the combinatorial search required can make the problem difficult, if not impossible, to solve using traditional mathematical programming techniques. Genetic algorithms (GAs) can be used to perform the global search; however, because a GA requires a large number of calls to a groundwater model, the formulated optimization problem still may be infeasible to solve. As a result, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to the groundwater model to reduce its dimensionality. Then, the information matrix in the full model space can be searched without solving the full model. Results from a small‐scale test case show identical optimal solutions among the GA, integer programming, and exhaustive search methods. This demonstrates the GA's ability to determine the optimal solution. In addition, the results show that a GA with POD model reduction is several orders of magnitude faster in finding the optimal solution than a GA using the full model. The proposed experimental design algorithm is applied to a realistic, two‐dimensional, large‐scale groundwater problem. The GA converged to a solution for this large‐scale problem.


In January 2021, a new academic unit (School of Engineering Design and Teaching Innovation) was created in the Faculty of Engineering for the first time in over 20 years. After identifying needs in the job market for programs with a focus on multidisciplinary skills, the academic unit's first task was to develop a three-year nonaccredited program, titled "Bachelor's of Multidisciplinary Design (Internship)". Fundamentally, the program will include core technical expertise expected from an engineering faculty but will also offer flexibility for students to explore other interests. This type of flexibility and openness may seem daunting for first year students. Therefore, example learning paths were created based on current job market trends, with more learning paths in development.
This paper focuses not only on the development of such a unique program in Canada, considering insight provided through stakeholder and focus group meetings, but also the challenges associated with submitting this program proposal through all levels of university bureaucracy, from the faculty committees through to provincial review. While there have been questions, and sometimes doubts, that such a program could be fully developed, the program is on track to pass all levels of approval and welcome its first cohort of students for the Fall 2023 term.


Despite emerging evidence on cost-related nonadherence (CRNA) to prescription medications, there is little conceptualization and exploration of this phenomenon with respect to disability. Specifically, there is a gap in the literature that explores factors influencing medication cost–adherence relationship among individuals living with a disability. To advance research on and policy for CRNA to medications among people with disabilities, we need a framework that can contribute towards guiding solutions to this problem. We examined the applicability of Piette and colleagues' existing model for CRNA to the context of people with disabilities and suggested an adapted model (CRNA to medications for persons with disability [CRNA-d]) that can provide a more specific conceptualization of CRNA with respect to disability. The adapted CRNA-d model depicts that CRNA to prescription medications with respect to disability is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon, determined by various socioeconomic, disability-related, medication-related, prescriber-related, and system-related factors. We discuss how higher susceptibility to health complications, barriers to income and employment, additional health care costs, the complexity of medical regimens, limited access to physician services, and other policy-related factors increase the risk of persons with disabilities to face cost-related barriers to fulfill their necessary medications.


In cloud computing, data owners host their data on cloud servers and users can easily access the data from cloud servers. By way of data outsourcing, users can also be relieved from the burden of regional data storage and maintenance. However in view that of the large quantity of data on the cloud it increases privacy challenges against data loss and hacking. For earlier it makes use of regenerating code even as supplying fault tolerance towards data loss. However given that of the fault tolerance the data owner ought to continuously keep on-line to affirm the individual data. However challenges are providing integrity of the data. Public audit potential for cloud storage allows users to ask third party auditor (TPA) to determine the integrity of the data. To obtain answer for regeneration main issue of failed authenticators within the absence of data holders, we make a proxy, which is privileged to regenerate the authenticators, in the normal public auditing approach model. We also design a novel public verifiable authenticator, which is made by using some keys. Accordingly, this scheme can just about release data holders from online burden. Key Words : Cloud Storage, regenerating codes , public auditing, privacy preserving, proxy.


Two new azo-dye chromophores containing different electron-acceptor groups were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR and UV-vis spectra, respectively. The second-order nonlinearity of azo-dyes doped films in poly (methylmethacrylate) and the first hyperpolarizability of the azo molecules were investigated by the Maker Fringe method and the solvatochromic method, respectively. Experimental results showed that both of the two dyes exhibited large second-order nonlinearity (d33 > 30 pm/v) and the stronger electron-acceptor groups in dye molecules would induce larger second-order nonlinearity. This was confirmed by the measurement of the first hyperpolarizability.


Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used in many fields due to their compatibility with various biosystems and their ability to be easily functionalized with biomolecules. However, current citrate-reduced GNPs are prone to aggregate and unstable at high ionic strength solution, which greatly limits their applications. Thus, new preparation methods of the GNPs, which can maintain the stability under the extreme conditions, are still urgently needed. Here, we describe a new GNP synthesis strategy by using trisodium citrate to reduce hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) (HAuCl4) in the presence of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) at 37 °C. Under the assistance of the ssDNA, the GNPs can be prepared at physiological temperature and still maintain the uniform shape and dispersity. More importantly, the stability of the GNPs against salt-induced aggregation was improved greatly. With their high stability and in situ functionalized ssDNA, these GNPs have great potential in physiological systems and could be used for nanom...


A large, segmented, paged, virtual memory [I-4] makes the programming of certain applications easier. There are several reasons why such a two dimensional address space is helpful. First, the programmer need not waste any effort trying to cram a large program into a small memory. Second, if one procedure is changed, it is only necessary to relink the segment to which it belongs, and not any other segments. Third a protection system such as the MULTICS ring structure [5] can be implemented to increase security and trap certain kinds of errors. In addition to the above reasons, which apply primarily to the program, there are also advantages that accrue from having many large data segments as well.


Slices of beef adrenal cortex incubated in vitro with glucose -1-C14 and 6-C14 yield a C14O2 ratio of carbons 1 to 6 of 5.9, and this decreases to 3.3 in the presence of ACTH. ACTH increases the oxidation of carbons 1 and 6 of glucose to CO2 and decreases their incorporation into glycogen. The ratio of incorporation of carbons 1 to 6 into glycogen is one. Corticosteroid concentration in the medium increases 2- to 3-fold on ACTH addition. Under these conditions, there is a 10% contribution of the pentose cycle to over-all glucose metabolism. This estimate is derived from the extent of randomization of carbon 2 of glucose during its incorporation into glycogen and depends upon a model for calculation in which a complete pentose cycle is assumed to exist. Evidence in support of this model is obtained from the occurrence of the same ratio of C14O2 yields from fructose-1-C14 and 6-C14 as from glucose-1-C14 and 6-C14.


A nature-inspired solution methodology is used to address flooding issues at high relative humidity (RH) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The water management strategy is based on the mechanism employed by certain lizards, residing in arid environments, to drink water. A thin graphite plate with laser engraved capillaries is installed on our best performing lung-inspired flow-field based PEMFCs with 4 generations (N) and its performance at 100% RH is compared against commercial serpentine flow-field and lung-inspired flow-field (N = 4) based PEMFCs. Initial results demonstrate significant improvement in the performance and operating range of the lung-inspired flow-field based PEMFC when implementing this water management mechanism.


Teacher's curriculum enactment(TCE) intends to explain the intrinsic relationship between the teacher and curriculum.This article describes its rationality from three perspectives of history,reality and logic.From historical perspective,one of revelations brought by the failure of new curriculum reform in America is that only when teacher becomes the subject and take part in curriculum development creatively,does curriculum reform advance successfully.From realistic perspective,TCE is the important ideal and imperative need of our new curriculum reform.From logical analysis,whether it is to make up for the intrinsic limits of national curriculum,to adapt to imbalance of our educational development and contextualization of curriculum practice,or to accomplish students' individualized development and facilitate teacher's professional development,it is necessary for teachers to enact curriculum.


Backgroud.Loss of teeth can affect chewing function, therefore the tooth should
be immediately replaced with denture. One type of denture is a Bridge. Bridge is
intended to restore the reduced power chewable because the loss of one or more
teeth. Need to do research on the denture chewing replace the reduced power due
to the loss of one or more teeth. The greater the bite force bridge or close to
strength of teeth, the denture can be said to be effective bridge to replace the
teeth are missing. Purpose. To know the difference bite force of teeth and denture
bridge three units with AT-89S91 microcontroller that had been treated at the
clinic Prostodonsia Faculty of Dentistry Airlangga University. Methods. This
study used 2 groups of samples, at 18 the same person. The first group is in a
normal tooth is measured three times using the AT-89S81 microcontroller to feel
pain and then look average. Then the second group are the same person's user
denture bridge three units of measurement three times using the AT-89S81
microcontroller to feel pain and then look averange. Result. The result was
analyzed statistically using paired t-test with level of significance of 0,05. The
result showed that the mean normal teeth 0,5 % for the first group is 8,45 kg; and
for the second group is 6,37 kg. This showed that there is significant differences
between 2 group with p < 0,05 . Conclusion. Bite force of teeth is larger than bite
force of bridge with the effectiveness of 75.49%


This present article sets out to study on the vocabulary the terms "perpetrator" and "victim" to consider them as concepts, founded by areas of knowledge such present times' history and oral history. At this sense, the author argued upon his own experience related to this subject: a research in oral history on the action of a paramilitary group named Comando de Caca aos Comunistas (Hunting Commando to Communists), during the first years of brazilian civil-military regime (1964-85).


The utility model discloses a tool setting gauge which comprises an upright which comprises a motor connected with a power supply, wherein the motor rotates driven by the power supply; one end of a coupler is sheathed and connected with the rotor end of the motor; the other end of the coupler is connected with one end of a screw rod; a lock nut is arranged at the joint between the coupler and the screw rod; one end of the screw rod is positioned in a first bearing which is fixed by a first bearing support; the other end of the screw rod is positioned in a second bearing which is fixed by a second bearing support; a screw rod nut is sleeved on the screw rod; the screw rod is fixedly connected with a Z-axis moving block; a first bevel gear is fixed at the other end of the screw rod; a gear shaft penetrates through one side of the upright; a second bevel gear is fixed by one end of the gear shaft; and a hand wheel is fixed by the other end of the gear shaft. The tool setting gauge is convenient in operation, and the Z-axis moving block is fast in movement, therefore, the efficiency is greatly improved; and a manual fine adjustment function is arranged on the Z-axis, so that the adjustment precision is ensured.


Since 2015, the Government has allocated village development funds in the form of Village Fund policies of IDR 20.7 trillion, then in 2016 it increased to IDR 46.9 trillion, and continues to increase in the following years. However, based on field research in a number of regions in Indonesia, it turns out that the use of Village Funds is not optimal, some of which have been proven wrongly targeted, not transparent in use, and not accountable in reporting. The aspect of planning activities and the quality of human resources implementing policies and coordination between parties that should play a role are still a major problem.
The PPP (Public-Private Partnership) model is actually intended for the development of large-scale projects, such as the construction of highways or seaports and airports. But by taking the substance of cooperation from the parties that each have strengths, the PPP model (and its variants) may be applicable in the use of Village Funds. Using secondary data analysts, the following article discusses the theoretical aspects of the advantages of the PPP model. This model is juxtaposed with cases of success in building the economic self-reliance of rural communities with the help of private parties and academics. It is assumed that the partnership model can be an alternative solution to further optimize the use of Village Funds in order to reduce poverty in rural areas.


This paper proposes an VBA add in function for excel for a dynamic statistics and allocation table for the quota of teaching-practicing normal graduates. The add in function initially calls some built-in functions such as SUMPRODUCT to sum all interlaced and partition columns. Then it applies the "protection attribute" of cell and "protect worksheet function" to protect the worksheets layout and existing formulas. After added the menu design by VBA programming, it finishes the dynamic statistical sheet in form of the template. This add in function has been approved that the efficiency of allocating the quota of teaching-practicing graduates can be improved a lot through this powerful add in.


Providing special correlated template,an improved ultra wide band(UWB) receiver based on parallel combinatory spread spectrum is presented.With help of these special templates,the UWB signals demodulation and de-spread of parallel combinatory spread spectrum signals can accomplished,and the infection coming from the error codes in demodulation of the UWB portion is reduced as well.Simulation shows that,under the background of the additive white Gaussian noise,the improved structure has a better bit-error rate performance.And when the bit error rate is about 10-4,the signal to noise ratio of the improved structure needed is about 2 dB lower than the former one.


3 Enfermeira. Mestre no Ensino nas Ciências da Saúde pelas Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe. Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe. Docente. Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail. firstname.lastname@example.com ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-4414 Objective: to unveil the experience of mothers of babies with cleft lip and palate as to breastfeeding, identify the care needs of these mothers and propose nursing care to mothers and babies in light of Kolcaba's theory. Method: this is a research-care with a qualitative approach with 20 mothers of babies with cleft lip and palate through nursing consultation. Content analysis was adopted. Results: the context units emerged: physical and private comfort during breastfeeding; baby satiety; breastfeeding management; support from health professionals. Conclusion: it is concluded that the most important need reported by most mothers is babies' hunger satiety. It is notorious to transfer mother comfort to baby comfort, which can configure transcendence in this aspect, i.e., comfortable newborn, comfortable mother.


A large number of Western women today occupy the roles of an employee, a partner, and a mother. The three life spheres may spell contradictory expectations, demands, and rewards. The aim of this article is to examine self-rated health (SRH) and psychological distress of Finnish women aged 30 to 49 years. In addition to the number of roles the respondent occupies, the quality and the characteristics of each role are analyzed. The employee role is most strongly associated with SRH, whereas job control (jc) is the most important work characteristic. The partner role and, in more detail, support from partner determines psychological distress most significantly. Multiple-role occupancy is associated with good SRH. This, however, appears to be a cumulative effect of the individual roles and mostly not due to interactions between the roles the women occupy.


Steganography is a method of hiding secret information within non-secret information. For the purpose of steganography, a lot of works based on convolutional neural network(CNN) were framed recent years and they showed the improvement of deep learning particularly in the field of hiding information. The major key factors that were kept in the account by those works include enhancing the capacity, invisibility, and security. In this research, a work based on steganography via generative adversarial networks was utilized to increase the invisibility and security, thus extracting that same secret image at the receiver side precisely. The focus of this research was to select the best suitable optimizer for the image based Steganography. Here, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adaptive Momentum (Adam) were compared and from the investigation, it was concluded that Adam optimizer performs better in handling the model to improve the hiding and revealing ability.


A television link with nonlinear circuits aids X-ray movie production by allowing concentration on a small brightness range, and dose can be determined by the detail to be observed rather than by film properties. A continuously-moving-film camera viewing a single line on the kinescope, or a video tape recorder, need lose the effect of no interacting quantum. The frame rate aspect is considered and a systematic exposure procedure is given. An X-ray beam monitor is also described. The probable course of certain future developments is given as well as suggestions for the best use of existing detectors.


Objective To study the correlation between the coagulative function and the content of HBV-DNA in the serum of hepatitis B patients.Methods There were 486 patients with hepatitis B and 50 healthy individuals as control.Parameters of coagulative function(prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time,fibrinogen)and the content of HBV-DNA in the serum of the patients with hepatitis B were measured.Then all parameters of coagulative function were analyzed among different groups divided by the content of HBV-DNA.Results The prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of each group were higher than those of control group(P0.05).There was significant difference in APTT and FIB between HBV-DNA103 hepatitis group and other groups.Conclusion With the increase of the content of HBV-DNA,the coagulative disfunction attenuates in patients with hepatitis B,but it is not positively correlated with the content of HBV-DNA in the serum.The coagulative function should be checked at any time in order to prevent serious bleeding disorders.


Tread scratch brings excess vibration while traveling,and affects the safety and life of train and railway establishment.On the basis of many common dynamic measurements ar home and abroad,this paper introduces an optical method of auto-detecting of tread scratch based on LD-PSD,and designs the detection system.Then during the data processing,low pass filtering,load conversion and threshold comparison are achieved by using MATLAB,consequently the information of the wheel scratch is got.


We aimed to investigate the correlation between the four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNAs (miR146a rs2910164, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-499 rs3746444 and miR-149 rs2292832) and hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) risk through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were pooled to explore the strength of associations between SNPs in microRNAs and HBV-related HCC risk. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12.0 software. For miR-146a rs2910164, a significantly decreased risk of HBV-related HCC development was observed under recessive model (CC versus GC+GG: OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.98, P = 0.03), and results remain robust in Asian populations. As for miR-196a2 rs11614913, significant association was found under four genetic models (T versus C: OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.87, P = 0.01; TT versus CC: OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.75, P = 0.01; TT+CT versus CC: OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.96, P = 0.03; TT versus CT+CC: OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.87, P = 0.02) among Caucasians, but no significant association on Asians. The current meta-analysis demonstrates that miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism may play a potential role in genetic susceptibility to HBV-related HCC in Asian populations. Published by www.inter-use.com. Available online April. 25 2015, Vol. 3 Issue 3 Page 45-55.


Based on the existing limited test data, it is possible to set up an approximate constitutive model for creep and shrinkage at temperatures above 100°C, up to about 400°C. The model presented here describes the effect of various constant temperatures on the creep rate and the rate of aging, similar effects of the specific water content, the creep increase caused by simultaneous changes in moisture content, the thermal volume changes as well as the volume changes caused by changes in moisture content (drying shrinkage or thermal shrinkage), and the effect of pore pressure produced by heating. Generalizations to time-variable stresses and multiaxial stresses are also given. The model should allow more realistic analysis of nuclear reactor vessels and containments for accident situations, of concrete structures subjected to fire, of vessels for coal gassification or liquefaction, etc.


STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE The killer whale is distributed worldwide from tropical to polar regions (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983). Sightings of these animals in the northern Gulf of Mexico (i.e., U.S. Gulf of Mexico) during 1951-1995 occurred primarily in oceanic waters ranging from 256 to 2,652 m (averaging 1,242 m) in the north-central Gulf of Mexico (O'Sullivan and Mullin 1997). More recent sightings from NMFS vessel surveys have also occurred in oceanic waters of the north-central Gulf (Figure 1). Despite extensive shelf surveys (O'Sullivan and Mullin 1997), no killer whales have been reported on the Gulf of Mexico shelf waters other than those reported in 1921, 1985 and 1987 by Katona et al. (1988). Killer whales were seen only in the summer during GulfCet aerial surveys of the northern Gulf of Mexico between 1992 and 1998 (Hansen et al. 1996; Mullin and Hoggard 2000), were reported from May through June during vessel surveys (Mullin and Fulling 2004; Maze-Foley and Mullin 2006) and recorded in May, August, September and November by earlier opportunistic ship-based sources (O'Sullivan and Mullin 1997). Different stocks were identified in the northeastern Pacific based on morphological, behavioral and genetic characteristics (Bigg et al. 1990; Hoelzel 1991). There is no information on stock differentiation for the Atlantic Ocean population, although an analysis of vocalizations of killer whales from Iceland and Norway indicated that whales from these areas may represent different stocks (Moore et al. 1988). Thirty-two individuals have been photographically identified to date in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with 6 individuals having been sighted over a 5 year period, and 1 whale resighted over 10 years. Three animals have been sighted over a range of more than 1,100km (O'Sullivan and Mullin 1997). The Gulf of Mexico population is provisionally being considered a separate stock for management purposes, although there is currently no information to differentiate this stock from the Atlantic Ocean stock(s). Additional morphological, genetic and/or behavioral data are needed to provide further information on stock delineation.


According to characteristics of reservoirs with special lithology in Damintun sag, potential reservoir damage factors, mechanism, types and degrees are analyzed through lab compatibility evaluation, X - diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and multi - purpose microscope . The result is that water and acid sensitivity of this block are not so strong. The factors which may cause reservoir damage during modifying are pointed out, and corresponding improving plans are proposed accordingly.


3 Introduction 4 Objectives 4 Material and Method 5 Survey sites 5 Status of the species 6 Equipment 6 Usage possibilities of the equipment 8 Identification of suitable location 8 Pattern of elephants visit to waterholes 9 Usability of the pictures from sequences 9 Results and Discussion 12 Ratings of the pictures 12 Comparison of results from different studies 15 Other findings and suggestions 16 Setting up a camera at a waterhole 17 Time of setting the traps 18 Identification of distinct or duplications of Individuals or groups 19 Conclusion 20 References 20 Table 1: Proportion of usable and unusable photographs for each sequence 23 Table 2: Classification (age and sex) based on 9 primary usable sequences 24 Table 3: Classification (age and sex) based on 11 extended usable sequences 25 Table 4: Comparison of results of different studies of classification of elephant by age and sex 26 Appendix 1: Poster Presentation at Elephant Research Symposium in Fort Worth, Texas (USA) December 3-5, 2004 27 Bibliographical Sketches 29 Usage of camera-traps for population study 1 Preface There is a history of using technology in wildlife studies; however, only recently the value of applying technology (camera trap technique in particular) has been very well highlighted. This interest has given rise to initiating many systematic or scientific experiments or studies using technology in wildlife studies. The camera trap technology has considerable scientific, conservation and management advantages for a variety of species, more importantly with a multi-disciplinary team, both the technology design as well as the knowledge of the wildlife species, experimental or conservation needs of both technology and wildlife can be taken care of. The camera trap technology has been used in variety of species ranging from the largest to the smallest and even elusive wildlife species. Here we emphasize the findings of using camera trap technique for the Asian elephants, an endangered and flagship species of biodiversity conservation. The study results indicate that the technique is usable for population studies of the species. These findings based on "opportunistic" samplings are comparable with the long-term studies of the species and motivates us to suggest that manpower, resource and time involved in classification of elephants for population studies could be brought down considerably through this technology. The other key gains in using this technique are that, unlike other conventional methods, there is no need for specialists to be present in the field all the time, and all the location and the cameras can be deployed simultaneously in many elephant habitats. This document presents primarily on an experimental study on using technology in wildlife more specifically in Asian elephant population and demography. Details of survey sites, status of the species in these sites, camera trap equipment, usage possibilities of the same, comparison of results from different studies, identification of distinct or duplications of individuals or groups and other aspects associated to it are discussed. Usage of camera-traps for population study 2 Acknowledgments Dr. Arun Venkataraman, Sub-regional Support Officer, CITES/MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) Programme South Asia, motivated us to process the "opportunistic data". Presentation of this work in the MIKE meeting and discussions with Prof. Anil Gore (Department of Statistics, Pune University) are the motivating factors for this document and other publications related to the work. "It is risky setting up "traps" in elephant country", but that was made possible through the excellent field knowledge of the field staff at Bandipur, Mudumalai and BRT. The processing of data was not easy and was time consuming but was done meticulously by Aparna G. Agnihotri, The Nityata Foundation. Special thanks are due to Mr. Gopa Kumar (The Nityata Foundation) for his inputs and Ms. T.N.C. Vidya (CES IISc) for the data of elephants from Mudumalai. Joshua David, Arivazhzgan, Narendra Babu and Ratna Ghosal read through the document and provided useful suggestions. Usage of camera-traps for population study 3 Abstract To evaluate the application of camera trap technology in population dynamics studies of Asian Elephant, indigenously designed, cost effective, infrared triggered camera traps were used in the tropical mixed deciduous and high-density elephant habitats in southern India. This has been the first ever such approach for the species; the data collected and processed were "Opportunistic" as usage and placement of the traps were arbitrary, no sampling protocol or design or planning were observed. Usability of pictures was defined through a rating value (0 to 10, 0 to 4 = unusable, 5-10 = usable), which was based on quality, clarity and the portion of the object captured in a given frame. As an initial step, identification of suitable location for the placement of camera trap for the species and the patterns (referred as sequences) through which the "picturisation" takes place were described. In 10 trips, 99 pictures of 330 elephants belonging to 20 sequences were obtained. The result shows that mean rating of all pictures was 3.36 (N=99, SE=0.16, %CV 5), 80% of the pictures were unusable and only 20% were usable. The picturisation process referred to as a "Sequence" and that ranged from 1 to 25 with an average of 5 pictures (N=20, SE=1.4 & %CV 23) and an average proportion of usable pictures (of all sequences) of 0.26 (N=20, SE=0.09 & %CV 35) and unusable pictures of 0.74 (N=20, SE=0.09 & %CV 12). Using sequences that have usable pictures (45%), 44 distinct individuals were identified and it was found that 38.6% were adult females, 4.5% were adult males, and juvenile males were poorly represented (2%). Results obtained from this "Opportunistic" study were comparable and surprisingly identical to that of other systematic and long-term studies. The experience suggests the need for redefining sampling effort and parallel survey through camera traps and traditional approaches. The survey does provide some inputs on other aspects related to the use of camera-trap technique for studying the Asian elephants in the forest. The relationship between the applicability of the technique and the type of usable picture captured, time of setting the traps and identification of distinct or duplicates of individuals or groups are also discussed in this document. Usage of camera-traps for population study 4 Introduction Camera-traps have been used for documentation of wildlife since the early 1900's (Shiras, 1906). Despite the availability of this technology for more than a century, only recently have there been some attempts to use camera-traps systematically to study wildlife populations (Seydack, 1984; Rappole et al., 1985; Kucera and Barrett, 1993; Mace et al., 1994; Karanth, 1995; Karanth and Nichols, 1998, Carbone et al., 2001). There could be a number of reasons for this. Factors such as availability of this technique, quality of information obtainable, interest or need for testing the technique, cost involved in developing and executing the approach, may have been responsible for this technique not having been used extensively. This technology has a significant scientific, conservation and management advantage for a variety of wildlife species ranging in size from elephants to the smallest mammal or bird (Karanth and Nichols, 1998; Carbone et al., 2001). It aids in appreciating their habitat, population dynamics, activity pattern, and identification of "problem animals" (habitual crop raiders, or human property destroyers or killers, for instance). Problem animals that are very dangerous to approach for observation or animals that are active only during night hours could be identified (through camera-trap-based photographic evidence) and specific understanding or management (capture or relocation) of such animals could be evolved (Varma, pers. obs). The Asian elephant has been considered as one of most suggestive cultural symbols of the people of Asia and it also stands for the need of safeguarding sufficient natural forest areas, however the survival of the species has been endangered due to number of conservation issues (AERCC 1998). For a meaningful, species and habitat based conservation and management approach there is a requirement of understanding the population status of the species. Several established methods of assessing population densities are available (Burnham et al., 1980; Sukumar et al 1991; Varman and Sukumar, 1995; Varma, 2001). The possibility of using camera-trap technique for population dynamics studies of Asian elephants has never been tested or validated for the species. For elephants, if a "unit", defined as all or maximum individuals of a group, is photographed through camera-traps, it is possible to identify different individuals based on distinct features. Here we relate our experience in using camera-traps to classify elephants into different age and sex classes for population structure and dynamics studies of the species. Our approach, with a multi-disciplinary team, presents the advantage to incorporate both the technology design expertise as well as the knowledge of the species and its habitat. More importantly, this expertise is available to take care of most of the field or technology based needs at any situation, and it was not developed for any commercial advantage. The idea behind this study was to explore if any useful information could be extracted from the collection of photographs obtained randomly during field testing of the camera trap units. We looked for patterns, if any, that emerges from such pictures, and could be used for quantification. They could also help in evaluating the method and getting insight form proper planning and for devising strategies for further action. Objectives In this study a collection of random pictures obtained with camera-traps w


This essay investigates the starkly contrasting affective states of seventeenth-century spiritual subjects. Whilst the self-inscriptions of Calvinists such as John Bunyan are characterised by an unassuagable anxiety, the Journal of the founder of the Quaker movement, George Fox, charts his transition from a position of anxiety to an equally overwhelming and unshakeable spiritual, social and subjective confidence. Locating its argument in relation to the critical debates about early modern masculinity and the specificities of Quaker doctrine, it concludes that Fox's confidence is rooted in a heteronomous subjectivity predicated on the Quaker theological cornerstone of the indwelling Christ.


When making requests, speakers need to select from a range of alternative forms available to them. In a corpus of naturally occurring Italian interaction, the two most common formats chosen are imperatives and interrogative constructions that include a turn-initial dative pronoun mi 'to/for me', which is referred to as the Mi X? format in this article. In informal contexts, both forms are used to request low-cost actions for here-and-now purposes. Building on this premise, this article argues for a functional distinction between them. The imperative format is selected to implement bilateral requests—that is, to request actions that are integral to an already established joint project between requester and recipient. On the other hand, the Mi X? format is a vehicle for unilateral requests, which means that it is used for enlisting help in new, self-contained projects that are launched in the interest of the speaker as an individual.


This presentation focuses on the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers in medium to long (100 - 1000 km) alloptical links and reports on their application in a field trial.


In this study, mica, treated by three types of coupling agents, isopropyl trioleic titanate (NDZ105), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550), and vinyltrimethoxysiloxane homopolymer (SG-Si6490), were utilized to improve the properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/barium titanate (BaTiO3) composites. It is found that the addition of untreated mica can increase the complex viscosity, while the KH550 modified mica can reduce the complex viscosity. Compared to single usage of coupling agent SG-Si6490, the hybrid usage of KH550 and SG-Si6490 can further increase the tensile strength of EPDM/BaTiO3/SG-Si6490 treated mica (70/20/10) from 9.10 MPa to 11.01 MPa (22% increase). The untreated mica can increase the interfacial polarity and improve the dielectric constant of EPDM/BaTiO3 (70/30) from 7 to 9 at 40 MHz (28% increase). Moreover, the KH550 treated mica can enhance the thermal conductivity of EPDM/BaTiO3 (70/30) from 0.323 W m−1 K−1 to 0.446 W m−1 K−1 (38% increase). In the meantime, the increased crosslink density caused by coupling agents can increase the volume resistivity of EPDM composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 133, 44833.


A pattern reconfigurable antenna is proposed in this paper, which can be reconfigured between omnidirectional and bidirectional radiation modes. The antenna employs split-ring patches for bidirectional radiation and a monopole for omnidirectional radiation. A ground is placed off center with the antenna to help improve the omnidirectional radiation. A circular ring is etched on the ground for bidirectional radiation. Two pairs of orthogonal vertical split rings (VSRs) are introduced for bandwidth enhancement of the monopole mode. A feeding structure with two PIN diodes is developed to reconFigure the antenna. The antenna achieves an overlapped bandwidth of 12.7% for omnidirectional and bidirectional modes.


According to lagging situations of building energy saving works in Shanxi the causing reasons are analyzed and some measures are proposed to improve building energy conservation work, which should focus on strengthening publicity, perfecting management system, carrying out energy saving design standards and so on.


Abstract We have recently developed a new estimator of recreational fishing effort. Here we used a simulation model to determine and demonstrate the statistical behavior of this new estimator. The estimator is used with access-intercept surveys and was designed to give accurate, efficient estimates of fishing effort over a geographically large and diverse fishery. Because this is a new estimator, little is known about its behavior. Specifically, the form of the estimator's sampling distribution, the variance components (within-day versus between-day), and its t-distribution were unknown and could not be determined analytically. Hence, to assist people who will want to know the statistical properties of this estimator and to characterize it more completely, we studied its behavior numerically by use of a simulation model based on real-world data. Analysis of the simulation results showed the sampling distribution of the estimator to be non-normal when limited to a single survey route; it was more closely a...


Imitatio Christi: The Poetics of Piety in Early Modern England. By Nandra Perry. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2014, Pp. viii, 280. $32.00, paper.)Imitatio or imitation was, as Nandra Perry shows in this ambitious and provocative book, a persistent theme in Renaissance humanism as well as in Catholic and Protestant religious thought. The idea of imitation was so widespread that it would be difficult for readers to understand the literature, theology, and devotional writing of the early modern period in England without some grasp of the concept. Perry's analysis begins appropriately with Thomas a Kempis' The Imitation of Christ, a fifteenth-century classic from the Devotio Moderna movement in the Netherlands. Kempis treats the imitation of Christ's life and Passion on the cross as the key to salvation and the living of a Christian life. This approach focuses on the physical body of Christ, which Kempis discusses in the final chapter in sacramental terms as the sustenance at the heart of Christian experience. What Perry describes is the process by which English writers from Thomas Rogers and Sir Philip Sidney to John Milton reinterpreted imitation to express distinctive and very influential ideas.Among the important and persuasive arguments that Perry develops is that Thomas Rogers, the translator of Kempis' book into English in 1580, reinterpreted Kempis' text to focus attention on Christ as the Logos or divine Word and on the words of scripture as the means of understanding Christ as savior. Rogers omits from the translation the final chapter of Kempis' book with its treatment of the transubstantiation of the material elements of communion into the body of Christ. Scripture becomes for Rogers the means of communicating Christ. Thus Rogers helped to formulate a Reformed imitatio based on the following of the divine word. Rogers and his contemporary Sir Philip Sidney were pioneers in this new Protestant approach to imitation. Sidney, whose Arcadia (1590) and The Defence of Poesy (1595), published after his death in battle in 1586, went further by relating to this theme that of imitation as an act of the creative imagination expressed in poetic language by means of metaphors, idealized social settings, and characters of symbolic significance. Aristotle and other ancient thinkers had represented imitation as art imitating nature in such a way as to bring out a deeper meaning than actual events conveyed, a view rediscovered by Renaissance humanists in Italy and France. These two conceptions-Protestant and humanist-were uneasy partners, as Perry's further discussions show. …


Compared with the conventional plane LEDs, the nanorod LEDs will commonly have poor electrical properties. The dangling bonds at the side wall of nanorods will not only lead to the serious leakage current, but also decrease the hole density in p-GaN layer. It is necessary to passivate the dangling bonds to improve the electrical performance of nanorods LEDs. In this paper, by applying the standard SOG (spin on glass) planarization process, we study the influence of SiO2 or SiNx passivation layers with different thickness on the electrical properties of GaN-based nanorods LEDs. The experimental results show that SiNx give the better passivation effect on the dangling bonds than that of SiO2, but induce more hydrogen atom into the p-GaN region of the nanorods which will reduce the hole concentration in p-GaN. The electrical performance of the nanorod LEDs can be greatly improved after appropriate passivation treatment. The optimized passivation layer is 30nm SiNx, which has the lowest operate voltage and a relative low reverse current.


Post-operative hypoxia is a fairly common clinical complication with severe consequences that can result in permanent organ damage, increased morbidity, increased cost, poor prognosis, and increased fatality. To effectively understand the factors that contribute to such a disease, we conducted a study to determine if obesity is a risk factor of post-operative hypoxia. A thorough search for articles was conducted on various databases. A total of 15658 potential studies were identified out of which 8 were included in this meta-analysis. Data was extracted and analyzed which included 2500 subjects; 1265 subjects in the obese group, and 1235 subjects in the lean group. The combined effect size was 0.19. The results showed that the incidence of post-operative hypoxia in obese was not significantly higher than the lean patients. In conclusion, the meta-analysis reveals that there is no significant correlation between obesity and postoperative hypoxia.


Abstract : With repeated exposure to a distorted visual environment an individual perceives less distortion on each subsequent occasion. This positive advantage of repeated exposure is found to transfer to a different distortion provided that the subject has not had too much experience with the first distortion. Overtraining on one distortion cancels any positive transfer of advantage from one distortion to another. It may, therefore, be possible to train divers, out of water, to perform more effectively as soon as they enter the water.


In response to stresses, Mycobacterium cells become dormant. This process is regulated by the DosR transcription factor. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the dormancy regulon is well characterized and contains the dosR gene itself and dosS and dosT genes encoding DosR kinases, nitroreductases (acg; Rv3131), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) (Rv3130c), and many universal stress proteins (USPs). In this study, we apply comparative genomic analysis to characterize the DosR regulons in nine Mycobacterium genomes, Rhodococcus sp. the orthologs of the predicted kinase [Rv2004c] from M. tuberculosis) and 10 additional genes with more restricted taxonomic distribution that are mostly involved in anaerobic respiration. The largest regulon is observed in M. marinum and the smallest in M. abscessus. Analysis of large gene families encoding USPs, nitroreductases, and DGATs demonstrates a mosaic distribution of regulated and nonregulated members, suggesting frequent acquisition and loss of DosR-binding sites. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dangerous human pathogen infecting nearly one-third of the human population (1). An important feature of tuberculosis is the prevalence of latent infection without disease manifestation (14). During latency, M. tuberculosis is believed to exist in a state of nonreplicating persistence with low metabolic activity (40, 46, 49). Understanding the mechanisms used by M. tuberculosis to exist in this state and to switch to a metabolically active, infectious form is an important problem in tuberculosis research. M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe; under hypoxia, it ceases growth, decreases protein and RNA synthesis, and enters a dormant state (48, 49). Low oxygen tension, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide activate a three-component regulatory system comprised of two sensor kinases, DosS (Rv3132c) and DosT (Rv2027c), and a response regulator, DosR (Rv3133c) (21, 34, 38, 46–48). DosR-DosS is the dormancy regulon, which has been studied in M. tuberculosis, M. bovis (19), and M. smegmatis (5, 25). For M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, not only DosS, but also DosT, was shown to be a sensor kinase for DosR (17, 18, 42). DosR activates transcription of genes that allow bacteria to survive long periods of anaerobiosis and hence may be important for long-term survival within the host during latent infec-Both kinases, DosT and DosS, respond to nitric oxide, but DosT is more important at the early stage of hypoxia. When oxygen becomes limited, DosT becomes less prominent in the regulatory cascade and DosS alone maintains induction of the dormancy regulon (18, 22, 23, 50). As with many other two-component systems, the dosRS operon is …


Abstract : Emerging military communication systems are being developed to provide multimedia communication on the move. To this end it is critical that the network maintain a deterministic type of service across an interconnected mobile environment. In these environments the provision of highly available and reliable communication with a guaranteed Quality of Service must overcome the problems of interference and potentially frequent topology re- configuration. In this proposal we developed and validated a number of approaches that provide bonded delay and guaranteed delivery of data in rapidly moving mobile networks and lay the basis for future integration of additional services in the same network. Our solutiofls cover the access level and the network level protocols and support an easy integration with terrestrial networks by being in many ways consistent with the emerging ATM standard.


To question and discuss the diagnostic terminology,chondromalacia patellae.After consulting and reviewing the related literatures,it is proposed that chondromalacia patellae is just a process of early pathological changes of knee osteoarthritis,which should not be taken as the name of a separate disease.For such patients,knee osteoarthritis was the correct diagnosis,and the same treatment principle as that for knee osteoarthritis should be followed.


soma sp. larvae, intestine; NEMATODA: Philometra americana Kiutunen-Ekbaum 1933, muscle; Cucullanellus kanabus Walder & Arai 1974, intestine; Cystidicolidae, coelom; Phocanema sp. larvae, intestine; CESTODA: Trypanorhyncha larvae, intestine. Since the completion of this survey we found the digene Neozoogonus californicus Arai 1954 in Embiotoca lateralis off Santa Cruz Island. Specimens deposited in the National Parasite Collection, Beltsville, Maryland: Telolecithus pugetensis (76469); Diplangus macrovitellus (76460); D. mexicanus (76471); Lepidophyllum pleuronectini (76472); Allencotyla pricei (76473); Neozoogonus californicus (76474); Neobenedenia girellae (76475); Sterrhurus exodicus (76476); Genitocotyla acirra (76477); Clavella sp. (76478); Bomolochus cuneatus (76479); Corynosoma sp. (76480); Phocanema sp. (76481); Cucullanellus kanabus (76482). We thank Dr. Elmer Noble and Dr. Jack King at University of California, Santa Barbara, for their help in preparing this manuscript; Dr. Z. Kabata and Mr. Thomas McDonald, Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, for their help in identifying the copepods and digenes; Dr. Richard Brusca, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, for his help in identifying isopods; and Dr. David Huffman, Southwest Texas State University, for identification of the acanthocephalan larvae. We also thank the divers and staff of the Marine Science Institute and Larry Jensen, Brigham Young University. This investigation was supported in part by NOAA Office of Sea Grant 045-158-20 and Public Health Service IR01 GM 21283-10.


Background: Despite the prevalence of intestinal malformation in Childs, late-onset during adulthood is rare and usually diagnosed incidentally. It may be present as subtle or vague abdominal pain following mid-gut volvulus. Computerized tomography may help diagnosis, but surgery remains the gold standard of diagnosis and treatment. Case Presentation: We presented a 24-year-old woman who complained of chronic intermittent abdominal pain, progressive food intolerance, and severe weight loss. Magnetic resonance enterography revealed dilated jejunum and collapsed ileum with slight bowel rotation around its mesentery (whirlpool sign), which was suggestive for mal-rotation of the intestine complicated by midgut volvulus, then the diagnosis was confirmed by laparotomy. During six months of follow-up after surgery, the patient's appetite improved significantly with eight kilograms of weight gain and resolution of abdominal pain. Conclusion: It may be a rationale to consider intestinal malformation as a differential diagnosis in a patient who complained of chronic abdominal pain with progressive weight loss, anorexia, and recurrent bowel obstructive symptoms.


Milk quality is usually defined in terms of mastitis. Milk with a low somatic cell count (SCC) and is visibly normal (no clots) is considered high quality. Although these measures are clearly important, the definition of high quality milk must be expanded. To ensure a continued growing demand by consumers for dairy products, milk and dairy products must also taste good. A consumer that has a bad tasting glass of milk may be hesitant to purchase milk again.


A wide variety of water-soluble cores are widely used in hollow composite castings with internal cavities, curved channels, and undercuts. Among them, the cores made by adding binders of inorganic salts in the form of aqueous solutions have excellent solubility in water. However, excellent collapsibility is often accompanied by poor moisture absorption resistance. In this study, a water-soluble core with moderate strength and moisture absorption resistance was prepared by hot pressing and sintering the core sand mixture of sand, bentonite, and composite salts


Contexts are vital notion of the conceptual graph theory and are especially useful for packaging information. Based on formal concept analysis, contexts are described as a tuple of two sets of conceptual graphs, which are called intention and extension respectively. Context lattice is a definitional framework for formal context, which depicts the subsumption relations between formal contexts. This paper reinforces the formal definition of context lattice, provides some properties of formal contexts, and proves that a context lattice is a complete lattice.


Abstract In situ observation method is employed to study the sintering process of BaTiO3, ceramics doped with Si, Al, Nb, Mn, Ti at microscopic level. The development of the anomalous grain growth is directly observed, and the existence of the reactive fluid liquid during the sintering process is also in situ certified. In terms of the inhomogeneous distribution of the formation of the reactive liquid, the anomalous grain growth can be explained.


Greedoid languages provide a basis to infer best-fitting noncompensatory decision rules from full-rank conjoint data or partial-rank data such as consider-then-rank, consider-only, or choice data. Potential decision rules include elimination by aspects, acceptance by aspects, lexicographic by features, and a mixed-rule lexicographic by aspects (LBA) that nests the other rules. We provide a dynamic program that makes estimation practical for a moderately large numbers of aspects.

We test greedoid methods with applications to SmartPhones (339 respondents, both full-rank and consider-then-rank data) and computers (201 respondents from Lenk et al. 1996). We compare LBA to two compensatory benchmarks: hierarchical Bayes ranked logit (HBRL) and LINMAP. For each benchmark, we consider an unconstrained model and a model constrained so that aspects are truly compensatory. For both data sets, LBA predicts (new task) holdouts at least as well as compensatory methods for the majority of the respondents. LBA's relative predictive ability increases (ranks and choices) if the task is full rank rather than consider then rank. LBA's relative predictive ability does not change if (1) we allow respondents to presort profiles, or (2) we increase the number of profiles in a consider-then-rank task from 16 to 32. We examine trade-offs between effort and accuracy for the type of task and the number of profiles.


Time series forecasting has widespread applications in urban life ranging from air quality monitoring to traffic analysis. However, accurate time series forecasting is challenging because real-world time series suffer from the distribution shift problem, where their statistical properties change over time. Despite extensive solutions to distribution shifts in domain adaptation or generalization, they fail to function effectively in unknown, constantly-changing distribution shifts, which are common in time series. In this paper, we propose Hyper TimeSeries Forecasting (HTSF), a hypernetwork-based framework for accurate time series forecasting under distribution shift. HTSF jointly learns the time-varying distributions and the corresponding forecasting models in an end-to-end fashion. Specifically, HTSF exploits the hyper layers to learn the best characterization of the distribution shifts, generating the model parameters for the main layers to make accurate predictions. We implement HTSF as an extensible framework that can incorporate diverse time series forecasting models such as RNNs. Extensive experiments on 7 benchmarks demonstrate that HTSF achieves state-of-the-art performances.


Garuda Purdnas. He also showed himself totally opposed to the idea of Dr. Meyer that individual authors were at the bottom of the ancient Indian law-books and formally declared his disbelief in the main doctrines of the author of tJber das Wesen der altindischen Rechtsschriften. All this has evoked from Dr. Meyer a very spirited opposition. Not only does he firmly stand his ground and contest all the arguments of his opponent; he also scarcely hesitates to tell us that Dr. Losch is still somewhat unripe to give an opinion on things as important as these. Of the points in dispute we shall at once confess ourselves to be no competent judges, though it appears that the balance is somewhat in favour of Dr. Meyer, and would certainly be still more so if his arguments were couched in more readable language. But of one thing we feel fairly certain, if Dr. Losch tries to deny the magical foundation of most precepts of Indian law and interpret them according to methods of modern European jurisprudence then he is on a dangerous path. Some eminent philosophers and lawyers amongst my own countrymen have recently proved, with fair success, that magic is the real foundation of Roman as well as of modern law. Nowhere does this fact appear more clearly stated than in India ; and nowhere has it been more thoroughly explained than in the previous work of Dr. J. J. Meyer. As for the etymology of avid (p. 30) consult also Johansson, Monde Oriental, ii, 97 seq.


The human cervical spine and the atlanto-occipital articulation can suffer traumatic and degenerative disorders, like whiplash or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), for example. RA is a inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints and affects 0,5-1% of the world population. Usually the spine is the last part to be affected and the atlanto-occipital joint the first part of the spine to be involved [1]. The upper cervical spinal cord may be compressed and neurological symptoms may appear. In these situations, sometimes, the therapeutic approach is chirurgic and it consists in the realignment of the injured anatomical structures which compress the spinal cord. In this way, it is necessary to fix the spine internally aiming the osteofusion of the C1 and C2 vertebrae or the C1 and occipital bone. Whiplash is a soft tissue injury, caused by excessive hyper extension or hyper flexion to the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spines. It is commonly related to the injuries in a motor vehicle accident, especially when the vehicle is hit in the rear, throwing the neck backwards. Specifically, it may include lesions to intervertebral joints, discs and ligaments, cervical muscles and nerve roots. The main goal of this work was to develop a 3D biomechanical model of the cervical spine and occipital bone, using a multibody system dynamics approach, in order to predict the results of chirurgical interventions needed to fix pathologic situations. The model comprises the occipital bone, seven cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis and 5 similar cervical vertebrae), the first thoracic vertebra (fixed, used as origin of the global coordinate system), intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles. In this model, briefly depicted in fig. 1, intervertebral discs were modelled as 6 degree-of-freedom bushing elements, restricted through spring-damper relationships. There are no discs between the atlas, axis and occiput. All the properties of the discs were collected from the literature [3]. The limits of motion between adjacent vertebrae are defined by the facet joints, as proposed by Lopik [3]. The lumbar, thoracic and cervical curves of the spine are produced by the differences in


This recognition-scene may be divided into three or four steps; this progression seems very close the theory of the five degrees of knowledge in Plato (Epist. 7): both seem to depend from Gorgias' ideas.


The economic advantages of the large airship as a long-distance carrier depend to a great extent upon its useful-load capacity, its speed and its cruising radius. Improvement in design or in auxiliary equipment, therefore, which will increase materially any or all of these three factors, is of prime importance.
 This paper touches on the fundamentals underlying the carrying capacity of lighter-than-air craft and points out possible changes in construction, means of ballasting, power-plant equipment, and fuel characteristics whereby substantial economic and operating advantages may be effected in future designs.


Issues and policies pertaining to children and families are often labeled "women's issues" and assumed to be on the radar of all women, but we argue that they are more salient for mothers, particularly working mothers, than for other women. This study examines the role of motherhood as an identity for women in Congress by looking at the introduction of bills that affect children and families from 1973 through 2013. We define working mothers as women who have children below 18 years of age at home while they are in office, as opposed to those who have adult children or no children. Our findings show that Congressional working mothers are more likely to introduce legislation that address issues specific to parents and children. We also find that legislation specifically dealing with children's health and welfare is more likely to be introduced by members with children than those without.


I T is generally conceded that American schools are dominated by middle class values, staffed by people imbued with middle class values, and offer a fairly good chance for success to children from lower class families if they accept the dominant value system. If the child's value system is compatible with the teacher's, he will be judged primarily according to his ability and performance rather than the social status of his parents. In Vienna a child enters the Volksschule at the age of six and after four years of school is given an examination which will determine whether he will be admitted to the Gymnasium or to the Hauptschule.1 Those who pass the exam. may go to the Gymnasium for eight years of college preparatory training which will lead to admission to the university. Those who do not pass must go to the Hauptschule, which provides the remaining four years of compulsory education. Approximately 27 % of the students enter the college preparatory program while the rest attend the Hauptschule.2 2


Right © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.; This is a pre-copyedited, authorproduced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Rheumatology following peer review. The version of record Rheumatology, 54(1), pp.5-6; 2014 is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu282 NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE


In the light of the gap between current equipment level and strategic objectives positioning of Linfen Steel Company, this paper probes into how to implement the scientific viewpoint of development to create the quality medium/thick plate enterprise with the most competitive power


Young's modulus (Y) of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 has been investigated for polycrystals and single crystals oriented along 〈001〉, 〈110〉, and 〈111〉. The value of Y〈001〉 and Y〈110〉 for single crystals was dramatically lower than either Y〈111〉 or the polycrystalline averaged value. For ceramics, field dependent measurements revealed a significant softening of Y, which was not observed for oriented crystals. For both forms, the elastic energy densities were similar, however significantly higher hysteretic losses were found for polycrystals.


The fate of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, will be decided later this month. Just two years after the CERN council approved construction of the SwF 2bn (about £940m) accelerator, the project is facing financial difficulties. German officials are reported to be ready to give notice to quit CERN unless their demands for a reduced subscription are met. It is rumoured that the necessary documentation will be at the German permanent mission in Geneva in time for the CERN council meeting on 20 December.


Investigating a Batterer Typology: The Role of Personality Characteristics, Attachment, and Family of Origin Dynamics. (May 2005) Lori R. Robinson, B.A., The University of Texas at Austin; M.Ed., Southwest Texas State University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. David Lawson Dr. Victor Willson The purpose of this study was to further investigate the tripartite typology of batterers, proposed initially by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994). This study empirically examined the typologies of male batterers based on personality characteristics followed by an examination of the possible differences between batterer typologies based on attachment dimensions, severity of violence in current adult romantic relationships, witnessing or experiencing family of origin violence, and family of origin dynamics. Participants in this study include a sample of 93 court-mandated adult males who were on probation for some type of spousal abuse. Data was obtained by administering a demographic form, severity of abuse rating form, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial InventoryIII (Millon, Davis, Millon, 1997), Straus' (1979) Conflict Tactics Scale, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-III)(Olson, Portner, & Labee, 1985), and the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Reid, 1990). Four clusters of men were identified as Borderline/Dysphoric (B/D), Antisocial (A), Non-Pathological (N-P), and Depressive (D). Three of the groups resembled the predicted subtypes (B/D, A, and N-P). The results of this study indicated that the N-P


In Rust v. Sullivan, 59 U.S.L.W. 4451 (1991), the US Supreme Court ruled that neither the privacy interests of family planning clients nor the 1st Amendment interests of their counselors prevented the government from banning all discussion of abortions in federally funded family planning clinics. In doing so, the Court also reaffirmed its view that the state and federal legislatures have virtually unlimited discretion in limiting or conditioning social welfare programs, a view having even greater long-term implications for American health policy than the implications of Rust for the constitutional protection of abortion. Rust upheld the Department of Health and Human Services' 1988 directive prohibiting the use of any funds from Title X of the Public Health Service Act (authorizing family planning programs) in programs where abortion is a method of family planning. This means that a clinician may lawfully respond to a client's inquiry about abortion only with a denial that abortion is an option. Thus, while allowing women the constitutional protection to chose an abortion, the Court has allowed the legislature to freely use the power of the purse to discourage or prevent the choice of abortion. Rust's greatest impact may well be in its acceptance of the enormous power wielded by the government over funded activities, especially in health policy. Justice Rehnquist believes there is not constitutional right to health, welfare, or any other government benefit; the legislative branches of the government cannot be required by judicial interpretation of the Constitution to provide any particular benefit or service to anyone. Even when the government chooses to fund a particular benefit, it is free to condition that benefit with virtually no judicially enforceable limits on that discretion.


The inter-Korean summit held in Pyongyang between 13 and 15 June 2000 was an unprecedented event. It was the first time the leaders of North and South have met face to face since the formal partitioning of Korea in 1948. This article examines the main reasons why the 2000 summit occurred, what the summit produced, and its implications for inter-Korean relations in the early part of the 21st century. Although the summit could well be an important step towards breaking down the long-standing barriers of suspicion and mistrust between Pyongyang and Seoul, it is premature to conclude (as some observers have) that the summit has heightened the prospects for reunification on the Korean peninsula. Instead of grandly portraying the 2000 summit as heralding a transition to reunification, it is far more accurate to view it as a positive step towards the more modest objective of longer-term reconciliation between the two Koreas.


Mushroom is highly proteinaceous food having many beneficial impacts on human health. Mite species like Tyrophagus spp, Tarsonemus myceliophagus, Pygmephorus are reported from mushroom cultivation having the potentiality to cause severe yield loss if proper management option has not taken. Sanitation, use of good quality compost and application of disinfectants are considered as key components for mite management in mushroom cultivation.


Background: Transition from school to university life involves maturation changes in areas of academic and personal life. Method: Evaluation of factors involved was studied though analysis of appraisal interview outcomes during the first two years, which documented achievements and goal setting in 511 medical students (98% of two student-year cohorts). Qualitative analysis identified key issues in study skills, aspects of personal lives and differences in approach to university life. Results: Study goals were identified in 71% of first-year students. New study skills goals were set by over one-third of students in year 2, including goals for change in both learning techniques and assessment preparation. Organizational skills deficiencies were identified in 24.5% of first years, and as a new issue in an additional 16% of second years. Personal difficulties had little impact on resolution of study skills goals, whilst imbalances in study–leisure activities and organizational skills were significant. Motivation and consideration of career choice remained unresolved in 4.5% of second-year students. Some 63% of second years reported changes in approach to studies following discussion during the previous year's appraisal. Conclusion: Appraisals are resource intensive but valued highly by students. Appraisal outcomes provided valuable information elucidating factors affecting transition into university life.


The formation of sporangia by Phytophthora drechsleri was examined in soil at constant matric potentials (ψm) between 0 and −0.3 bar, corresponding to soil water contents between saturation and field capacity. At ψm = −0.3 bar, P. drechsleri required 1.5 days to form a significant number of sporangia in soil. After 3–11 days in soil, when maximum numbers of sporangia were found, all ψm values from −0.025 to −0.3 bar were optimum for the formation of sporangia in both sterilized and unsterilized soil. In contrast, few sporangia were formed in soil at ψm values of 0 and −0.01 bar. Mycelia on the soil surface at ψm = 0 formed many sporangia, indicating that aeration at a depth of 5 mm in saturated soil was inadequate for sporangia to form. Viable sporangia were recovered from soil as long as 35 days after mycelial disks were placed in soil. Evidence is presented for the release of zoospores by sporangia in soil at all ψm values tested.


Competition among enterprises is changing. Initially competition was made between individual production systems. Now we are assisting to development of another kind of competition between production systems organized according to virtual enterprise (VE) concepts. This new focus is motivated by several aspects. The new global markets and the evolution of technologies and communications accomplished by the unpredictable consumer's attitude may be pointed out as the most relevant. Understanding social, economical, and technological changes, and taking advantage of them, is the path that will allow production systems to sustain their competitiveness. In this path, enterprises must make radical modifications, both inside their boundaries and also in their relations with partners and competitors. Coordination of participants in new forms of organization, such as virtual enterprises, global manufacturing, and logistics networks, and other company-to-company alliances, has become functionally and strategically important (Gunasekaran, Williams, McGaughey, 2005). The definition of each participant function in the organization and overall information exchange have become key components in their manufacturing strategies.


Optimization-based methods for pencil-beam design often incorporate controlling the dynamic range ratio (DRR) of excitation coefficients. However, constraining the DRR causes the deterioration of sidelobe region, in which some lobes may rise and even exceed design specifications. To prevent such behavior, additional requirement can be specified to constrain maximum sidelobe level (SLL). This paper presents a global design of pencil beams with specified DRR and SLL. The design is based on branch and bound method that utilizes convex optimization and feasibility analysis for tree pruning. As a case study, the paper considers design of pencil beams optimum in $L_{1}$-sense to which DRR and SLL constraints are added. The resulting beam patterns exhibit low DRRs and decreasing side lobes.


There has been a great deal of SPAC activity in the last year and a half, but there are still a lot of unknowns in the dynamics of a SPAC deal. In this paper, I explain Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs), their origins in the 1990s and evolution to current status, celebrity endorsements, and resultant SPAC bubble. A recent SPAC acquisition – ARBE Robotics' acquisition by ITAC, a publicly-traded SPAC is used as an example of the valuation conundrum faced by SPAC sponsors. The findings summarized in this paper are arrived from analyzing publicly available data. I perform a valuation analysis on the deal above and try to reconcile the values used in the investor presentation to 2 commonly used valuation methodologies that highlight the lack of correlation of valuation to value. It is important to note that the majority of business combinations associated with SPACs have no requirement for independent valuation opinions. My findings indicate that this lack of requirement is going to lead to more failures and losses for investors in SPACs and therefore public investors in SPACs should refrain from investing in their IPOs. Public investors are advised to wait till after the business combination is announced despite the benefits associate with warrants in the IPO units. I analyze recent SEC guidance on warrants and how that will limit future SPAC deals. This paper argues that SPACs have recently lost investor interest as they have come out of the positive feedback cycle due to negative media coverage, SEC focus, expected regulation tightening, and weak returns in the past year.


ix CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION l Older Population and Consumption Power 1 Activity Theory 1 Older Consumers' Apparel Shopping Behavior 2 Purpose 4 Constitutive Definitions for Terms 6 Dissertation Organization 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 Activity Theory 8 Life satisfaction 10 Consumers' characteristics and activities 12 Apparel Shopping Orientations 13 Consumer characteristics and apparel shopping orientations 15 Activities and apparel shopping orientations 17 Older Consumers' Apparel Shopping Activities 18 Consumer characteristics, apparel expenditures, and patronage behavior 18 Activities and apparel shopping activities 21 Apparel shopping orientations and apparel shopping activities 22 Hypotheses 23 CHAPTER 3: METHOD 28 Questionnaire Development 28 Activities 29 Life satisfaction 29 Apparel shopping activities 29 Types of apparel shipping location 31 Hours spent on apparel shopping 32 Frequencies of apparel shopping 32 Times of apparel purchase 32 Amount of money spent on apparel 32 Apparel shopping information sources 33 Apparel shopping orientations 33 Community information 34 Consumer characteristics 35


The utility model relates to a novel laminated glass on-line production device, which is characterized in that the novel laminated glass on-line production device is arranged at the cold end of a flat glass production line and is positioned between a glass plate longitudinal edge cutting device and a glass plate transverse cutting device, and the novel laminated glass on-line production device at least consists of several parts including a glass plate cleaning mechanism (3), a glass plate drying mechanism (4), a glue coating mechanism (5), a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film paving mechanism (6), a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film unreeling mechanism (7), a laminated glass plate cutting mechanism (11) and the like. When the used glue solution is UV (ultraviolet) glue, an ultraviolet curing device (8) is arranged between the PET film paving mechanism (6) and a protecting film paving mechanism (10), a dust removal glue roller (12) is arranged between the glass plate drying mechanism (4),and the glue coating mechanism (5), and a protecting film unreeling mechanism (9) and the protecting film paving mechanism (10) are arranged between the PET film unreeling mechanism (7) and the laminated glass plate cutting mechanism (11).


Twelve selected compounds were evaluated for their MIC values against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus by broth microdilution method. The highest antibacterial activities were obse...


The present invention relates to a gas barrier laminate having a substrate and a gas barrier unit, the gas barrier property unit comprises an inorganic layer of at least two layers, among the inorganic layer of the at least two layers, at least one layer is a silicon oxynitride layer, the silicon oxynitride layer, a thickness of the abundance ratio of oxygen element is reduced in accordance with the thickness direction in more layers 25nm toward the substrate side, the abundance ratio of nitrogen element increases those having a gradient composition region is that, the thickness of the graded composition region, the gas barrier layered product that the ratio to the thickness of the entire silicon oxynitride layer is characterized in that it is of 0.15 or more, the gas barrier laminate electronic device member consisting of the body, and an electronic device comprising a member for the electronic device. According to the present invention, the gas barrier laminate having a very high gas barrier properties and bending resistance, the electronic device member comprising the gas barrier laminate, and an electronic device comprising a member for the electronic device is provided.


An apparatus for powering a lamp connected to the ballast circuit to be used. DC bus voltage to provide a DC signal to the inverter. A control circuit for selectively energizing the inverter to generate an AC signal to the lamp load by the rectifier circuit and the inverter circuit. It is connected between the lamp and the inverter circuit generates a detection signal detecting the presence or absence of the arc condition indication circuit. Sensing the magnitude of the sensing circuit further detects the detection signal, and generates a command signal to the control circuit to inhibit the power supply to the lamp during the arc condition. Switching circuit is coupled between the output terminal of the circuit and detecting circuit, and in response to an ignition signal from the control circuit during the ignition cycle detection signal directed to the ground.


Detailed descriptions are given of various second-generation coal gasification processes, including the Institute of Gas Technology's Hygas and U-Gas processes, FMC Corp.'s COGAS process, Rockwell International Corp.'s and Cities Service Co.'s flash hydropyrolysis process, and Exxon Research and Engineering Co.'s catalytic gasification; of direct coal liquefaction processes including Gulf Oil Corp.'s solvent refined coal process, Exxon Corp.'s donor solvent process, and Hydrocarbon Research Inc.'s H-Coal Process; of oil shale processes, including Oil Shale Co.'s TOSCO II process, Union Oil Co.'s steam gas recirculation process, Occidental Petroleum's modified in-situ retorting, and Dow Chemical Co.'s underground gasification process. A planned commercial-scale coal gasification facility in North Dakota, which will be based on the first-generation Lurgi process, which like the Winkler and Koppers-Totzek processes, has been proven commercially abroad; the conclusion that biomass-derived fuels other than ethanol for gasohol cannot contribute significantly to total U.S. fuel supplies by 1990; environmental problems with synthetic fuel processes; and uncertainty as to the ultimate costs of synthetic fuels are discussed.


Real-time image analysis and classification onboard robotic marine vehicles, such as AUVs, is a key step in the realisation of adaptive mission planning for large-scale habitat mapping in previously unexplored environments. This paper describes a novel technique to train, process, and classify images collected onboard an AUV used in relatively shallow waters with poor visibility and non-uniform lighting. The approach utilises Förstner feature detectors and Laws texture energy masks for image characterisation, and a bag of words approach for feature recognition. To improve classification performance we propose a usefulness gain to learn the importance of each histogram component for each class. Experimental results illustrate the performance of the system in characterisation of a variety of marine habitats and its ability to operate onboard an AUV's main processor suitable for real-time mission planning.


FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: fuel is burned out at oxygen excess and then fed to the combustion products obtained. Working fluid is obtained and its internal energy is converted to the work done by thrust. Before obtaining the working fluid, pyrolysis of fuel and freezing of pyrolysis products are carried out. Internal energy of the working fluid is converted to the work done by thrust by periodically repeated detonation. The fuel is fed to the combustion products until the total value of oxygen excess achieves 0.1-0.9, and fuel is burned out in the presence of oxygen at 1-4 of oxygen excess. The device comprises housing 1, combustion chamber 2 provided with inlet 3, intermediate chamber 4 having inlet 5 and outlet 6, ring passage 7 with inlet 8 and outlet 9, enclosing chamber 10, converter for converting internal energy of the working fluid into mechanical work done by thrust constructed as gas dynamic resonator 11 defined by the outer disk 12 and internal disk 13 having openings 14. The resonator is provided with cover 15 having the central opening 16 with chamfered edges 17. The cover and the surface of the internal disk define nozzle 16. The surface of the outer disk and the cover define passage 19 for exhaust. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency. 5 cl, 1 dwg


The diversity and distribution of anthozoans were studied from intertidal regions along the state of Ceara, in northeastern Brazil. The material was collected between 2002 and 2004 from sandstone reefs (beach rocks) on 17 beaches that are part of this tropical coastline. Eight species were surveyed in ecological zones with high faunistic similarities. Environmental aspects of the analyzed beaches revealed important and predominant factors related to the presence or absence of these species.


The selective laser melting (SLM) process is a metal-based 3D printing technology which is capable of fabricating cellular structures for various engineering applications. This study aims to investigate the compressive mechanical performance and energy absorption capability of uniform and functionally graded lattice structures fabricated using this process. A solution heat treatment was carried out to explore its effect on the mechanical properties of the printed Al-Si12 lattice structures. The as-built condition of SLM lattice structures underwent brittle failure and demonstrated non-ideal energy absorption behaviours, while heat treatment was found to significantly improve deformation and energy absorption performance. The deformation behaviour of the heat-treated lattice structure exhibited distinct responses with typical stress strain curves, providing ideal compressive regions. Calculation of energy absorption showed that the gradually denser lattice structure absorbed higher levels of energy than the uniform lattice structure.


Background/aims To determine the reproducibility among readers of two independent certified centres, the Vienna Reading Center (VRC) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Reading Center (UW-FPRC) for optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Fast macular thickness scans and 6 mm cross hair scans were obtained from 100 eyes with all subtypes of AMD using Stratus OCT. Consensus readings were performed by two certified OCT readers of each reading center using their grading protocol. Common variables of both grading protocols, such as presence of cystoid spaces, subretinal fluid, vitreomacular traction and retinal pigment epithelial detachment, were compared using k statistics. In addition, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for centre point thickness (CPT) of values re-measured manually in the presence of alignment errors. Results The reproducibility was dependent on the variable measured with a k value of 0.81 for the presence of cystoid spaces, 0.78 for the presence of subretinal fluid and 0.795 for the presence of vitreomacular traction. The lowest reproducibility was found for the presence of retinal pigment epithelial detachment with a k value of 0.51. The CPT was re-measured in 29 out of 100 scans at both sites with an ICC of the re-measured thicknesses of 0.92. Conclusion OCT scan data are crucial in monitoring treatment efficacy in AMD clinical trials. For comparison of results obtained by different reading centers, the inter-reading center reproducibility is essential. Although the reproducibility is generally high, the reliability depends on the selected morphological parameters.


It is from the 20th century that people employed modern scientific methods to study the education history,and further created the Chinese education historiography.The development of the research on the history of legal education in modern China can generally be divided chronolog- ically into three stages,1920's~1940's,1960's~1970's,and since 1980's.


Review(s) of: Bosnia and the destruction of cultural heritage, by Helen Walasek, With contributions by Richard Carlton, Amra Hadzimuhamedovic, Valery Perry and Tina Wik, Ashgate Publishing, 2015, ISBN 9781409437048.


Camel milk was collected from eight locations in Jordan from north to south and was subjected to analysis of chemical and physical properties and vitamin and mineral contents. There was a wide variation in the chemical composition of camel milk collected from different locations with ranges of 21.0 (Al Jweideh) to 24.9% (Wadi Araba) for crude protein, 28.2 (Wadi Araba) to 45.8% (As Safawi) for fat, 6.1 (As Safawi) to 7.3% (Wadi Araba) for ash, 23.8 (As Safawi) to 41.0% (Al Jweideh) for lactose and 10.5 (Al Qatrana) to 17.2% (As Safawi) for dry matter. Camel milk acidity ranged from 0.12 to 0.15% and no significant differences were found in specific gravity values (1.01–1.03 g/ml) for milk collected from different locations. Refractive Index values varied significantly and ranged between 1.3470 (Al Qatrana) and 1.3524 (Al Khalidyah). Total soluble solids ranged between 9.5 (Al Jweideh) and 12.9% (Al Khalidyah). For mineral contents of camel milk collected from different locations, variations were significant for all analyzed minerals except for copper, iron and manganese. This study recommends using camel milk as a nutriceutical and functional food. The camel milk could be used as a new product in food technology.


Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering is a significant yet efficient unsupervised learning methods in many fields such as image segmentation, pattern recognition, etc. However, the traditional FCM algorithm cannot perform well at segmentation on images with vague boundaries especially in the presence of noises. To address this problem, by means of the sparse self-representation technique and the incorporation of the neighbor information, a novel FCM clustering method is put forward, which is called fuzzy c-means clustering with neighbor information constraint using sparse self-representation (SSRFCM_N). The main idea of the proposed SSRFCM_N is two fold: 1) besides the traditional cluster center regarding the global information of similarity, another center with respect to the local information is introduced into the objective by using the sparse self-representation technique; and 2) to consider the data distribution adequately, the neighbor information constraint is also incorporated into the objective, contributing to a better accuracy as well as the good robustness to the noise. Finally, experiments on different images show that SSRFCM_N is effective and more competitive than state-of-the-art clustering methods.


The running loss SHED was selected to study the impact of temperature on the running loss emission for light-duty vehicles, and the monthly evolution of vehicle running loss emissions was analyzed in consideration with calculation model, meteorological temperature, and travel patterns. The test results show that the running loss emissions of the vehicle gradually increased with the increase of temperature. In the CLTC cycle conditions, the emission in the low speed phase account for the highest emissions, and is mostly affected by temperature with the highest emission increment due to the accumulation of volatile or permeable fuel vapor before the running loss test caused by long-time hot soak and the fuel tank heating. Based on the meteorological temperature of Tianjin from January to December, the average annual mileage of motor vehicles, the monthly variation coefficient, and the number of motor vehicle, the annual running loss emission is estimated to be approximately 159.54 tons. The monthly running loss emission in January and February are relatively low, then gradually increase and reach the peak at June, stabilize from June to August, and gradually decrease from September to December.


Compositions of the γ, γ' and DO22 phases in the nickel-base superalloy RSR 143 (76Ni-13A1-9Mo-2Ta, at. %) have been determined via atom probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) as 76Ni-6A1-18Mo, 67Ni-25A1-4Mo-4Ta and be 73Ni-4A1-20Mo-3Ta respectively. Using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in the analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the composition of the γ' phase (69Ni-22A1-4Mo-5Ta) was found to be similar to that determined by APFIM. The deviation of the DO22 composition from Ni3Mo is in agreement with the prediction of a recent TEM study (Martin et al, 1980, 1982).


ABSTRACTThe concept of social capital has received enormous attention in the social sciences and beyond. Researchers have shown a particular interest in "neighbourhood effects" - how neighbourhood social capital and local area environments might impact a variety of outcomes in positive and negative ways. However, insufficient attention has been given to issues of local governance in the social capital literature, despite much of the public policy, urban politics and multilevel governance literature associating local democracy with positive policy outcomes. Surprisingly, little such research has considered local governance in the area of early childhood development (ECD). Therefore, the paper will explore the relationship between "neighbourhood effects" and local democracy within the setting of policies for families and children. It will map and compare the community governance structures at work in the area of ECD in several communities in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Through the lens of feminist political economy, the paper canvasses the ECD roundtables across BC communities, and identifies at least three regimes: Traditional Public Administration (TPA), New Public Management (NPM), and Community Democracy (CD). While all three are strongly shaped by the dominant neoliberal context, community democracy seems to be the most successful in bringing together procedural and substantive democracy in the realm of ECD.Keywords: social capital; democracy; community engagementA Feminist Political Economy of Social Capital and Local GovernanceDespite the immense popularity of social capital as an analytical and conceptual tool, it has attracted much criticism. While social capital can be useful to social science, greater attention must be paid to the power relations in which it is embedded. This study locates both social capital and governance within a neoliberal gender order and an overarching political economy of residualism for ECD policy at both the provincial and federal scales in Canada.Social Capital and Local GovernanceA range of social capital components (network ties and diversity, neighbourhood attachment, resources, collective efficacy, personal safety, health) are relevant to the area of ECD. However, social capital tends to direct focus to the level of the individual or family (Warner, 1999), and not to the impact of local governance and political processes and institutions (such as local political economy, community partnerships, citizen engagement) on child outcomes. This is indicative of a significant gap in the social capital research, which largely sidesteps issues of democracy and the state. In the bulk of the literature, very little is said about the role of government in fostering or damaging social capital (Kumlin and Rothstein, 2005; OECD, 2001; Skocpol, 1996; Taylor, 2002 and 2003; Warner, 1999). Yet as Taylor indicates, "the state has an important role to play in creating the conditions in which social capital, and indeed civil society, can thrive and avoiding policies which destroy them" (2003: 230). Local government can support and complement social capital development in communities (Taylor 2003; OECD 2001). Governance is also needed to address inequalities in social capital.This project makes questions of governance central to the process of socialcapital development. It also contributes to the public policy, urban politics, and multilevel governance literature, which associates local democracy with positive policy outcomes (Bradford, 2003a, 2005 and 2007). In doing so, the study explores the relationship between two concepts that have thus far remained largely distinct: "neighbourhood effects" (Kershaw et al., 2007) and neighbourhood, local, or community democracy (Taylor 2003). "Neighbourhood effects" refers to "the impact on developmental outcomes of the area in which children live" (Beauvais and Jenson, 2003: v).Researchers have been canvassing the multiplicity of experiments in neighbourhood, local, or community democracy, but seldom in the area of ECD (Beauvais and Jenson 2003). …


Last summer, in company with Mr. H. Tryon,
Government Entomologist, I spent five weeks on Roberts
Plateau, a spur from the Macpherson Range, on the
borders of New South Wales and Queensland. A
large amount of plant material was collected, principally
phanerogams and lichens. When collecting lichens a few
mosses were incidentaly collected, and, by the kindness
of Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.R.S., were determined by Mr.
Whitelegge, custodian of mosses and ferns at the Botanic
Gai'dens, Sydney. Several of these mosses, collected at
heights of 3,000-3,800 feet, proved new to Queensland.
On examining Mr. Rodway's lists, published in the
proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, I find that
two of the most common species on the plateau — Tracheloma
planifolium, Bridel, and Hypnodenaron spininervium,
Hook — are reported as part of the Tasmanian moss
flora. It occurred to me that it would be well to place
on record mosses common to the two States, giving
Queensland localities. Many species may be rare in southern
localities, though quite common here, and vice versa.
By the kind permission of Mr. C. White, Acting Government
Botanist, I examined the mosses in the State herbarium,
finding a number without localities, and others
represented by New South Wales specimens only. Other
localities were obtained from reports of the Field Naturalists'
Section of the Royal Society, and from papers by
Messrs. James Keys, J. Gwyther, and C. J. Wild.