Teaching material is a very important aspect in the open and distance higher education The material in the open and distance higher education can be used to replace the role of lecturer. Therefore, the teaching material on open and distance higher education must have complete, updated material and the adequate instructional design. The purpose of this research is to analyze the feasibility of instructional content and design of teaching material on the Environmental Education course on Faculty of Education and Teacher Training of Universitas Terbuka. The study is limited only on 2 modules from the teaching material; module 2 on Human Being, Energy, and Natural Resource, and module 7 on Ethics of Environment. Those two modules were presented to 3 experts in its field and 1 expert of instructional media/design to analyze in terms of feasibility, instructional content, and design based on their expertise. The study of material by the expert was done by giving the comment directly to the teaching material and through the assessment form of teaching material that was provided. To understand the result of study by expert more comprehensive, the interview was also conducted. The collected data were analyzed by using the descriptive-qualitative technique. The result of research shows that the material of those two modules was not adequate anymore to use as the teaching material for distance education in terms of the lack of revision of its content and its instructional design.


This review on Sustainability covers selected journal articles and conferences papers published in 2010 and is divided into the following sections
 • Sustainable water and wastewater utilities:
 • Sustainable water resources management
 • Industrial and corporate approaches towards sustainability
 • Stormwater and green infrastructure
 • Sustainability in wastewater treatment
 • Life cycle assessment (LCA) applications
 • Sustainability and energy in wastewater industry
 • Sustainability and climate change
 • Sustainability and water reuse
 • Sustainability rating systems
 The sustainable water and wastewater utilities reviewed sustainable practices and sustainable workforce management. The stormwater and green infrastructure (GI) described the current development in five categories: new studies of GI and low impact development (LID) system performance; GI/LID system planning assessments; macro‐scale hydrologic and hydraulic modeling of GI/LID systems; efforts to model changes of water flow and quality in individual GI/LID systems; and social implications of GI/LID systems. The sustainability in wastewater treatment reviewed wastewater treatment; source separation; anaerobic technologies; wetland and low impact treatment systems; algae technologies; and the microbial fuel cell technology.


Here, Leopold et al. investigated the molecular mechanisms which control the diverse functions of multiple HP1 isoforms in genome regulation. Their results show how a dedicated and extensive molecular interaction between a specific HP1 protein and the gene silencing machinery drives functional specialization of HP1 isoforms.


Landsat TM data have been used for lithological mapping in a part of the northernmost Scandinavian Caledomdes, dominated by bare rock but with frequent occurrence of vegetation-covered glacial deposits. In order to efficiently use existing image enhancement methods, e.g. principal component analysis, it is important to concentrate on the spectral characteristics of the bedrock. Various image enhancement methods for geological mapping are discussed, and procedures for removal of pixels influenced by ve etation, water, clouds, snow and deep shadows are descried.


Neuralgic type pain of the occipital nerve is a syndrome of protean etiologies. It can often present in the form of intermittent or chronic headaches masquerading as vascular or tension headaches. In many cases, there is accompanying orbital pain on the ipsilateral side. Local anesthetic infiltration into the area of the emergence of the occipital nerve on the occiput can bring prompt and lasting relief to the sufferer.


One of the issues in teaching Korean and culture for foreigner is the identity of modern Korean culture. Generally Korean Culture in Korean textbook is composed of Korean pre-modern culture, but it is not the real culture Korean learners could confront in daily life of modern Korea. Korean textbook must contain core value or thought running through the modern Korean society. Another issue is teaching Korean and culture in terms of the globalization of Korean culture. Through Korean class Korean learners abroad can enjoy or perform Korean culture, and recognize values involved in Korean culture, and then express the values in Korean. For example foreigners can try Korean costume and recognize the unique beauty of Korean costume, and then express the beauty in Korean like as `meot(멋)'. Teaching Korean and culture can contribute to build up national image. Korea has formed her image by traditional culture, remarkable economic development and Hi-tech so far, but this image can not exceed the limit of nationalism. In the furture the national image of Korea must stand as a symbol for universal value to further the spiritual happiness of human race.


interventions may be warranted at the early stages of cluster development while less intervention may be necessary in maturity (a life cycle approach to policy). They also note the role of institutions (e.g. industry associations, universities, governments, etc.) in improving cluster brand and image and that this role needs to be adapted to life cycle and local conditions. In other examples, the authors note that product specialization and export policies appear to be a key to competitiveness. They also suggest that external ties (i.e. ties outside the cluster) are important although knowledge gleaned through these ties need to be contextualized to local conditions. Such findings, while interesting in the context of wine clusters, do not seem to contradict the findings in other types of clusters and therefore are not necessarily novel. Furthermore, the empiricist in me kept hoping for some multivariate analysis around the relationship between constructs of interest and firm competitiveness. Yet, the survey appears to lack the level of rigour necessary to conduct such tests (although clearly this was not the intent of the study so my point here needs to be taken with a grain of salt). In summary, I like this book and I applaud the effort and work of the authors. There are many good points, particularly for wine researchers and those with an interest in wine cluster policy. However, if you are schooled in the cluster literature do not expect many novel policy insights.


Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are essential agricultural inputs needed to produce food for urban populations. Novel strategies are required to sustainably harvest these resources. One option is to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from nutrient-rich waste streams, such as human urine and poultry litter. Nutrient recovery will not only constitute new, and potentially lucrative, markets, but also reduce environmental impacts from major point (wastewater treatment plants) and non-point (agriculture) sources. Although human urine constitutes less than 1% of municipal wastewater, 50% of the nitrogen and 75% of the phosphorus in wastewater come from urine. Concentrated poultry operations in the Delmarva Peninsula (USA) annually generate about 1,000,000 tons of phosphorus-rich poultry litter, approximately 180 tons per square mile. With new regulations limiting nutrient discharge from wastewater treatment plants and nutrient runoff from agricultural fields, new, sustainable technologies are needed. In this project, we explored two innovative approaches to recover nutrients from urine (liquid waste) and poultry litter (solid waste).

To recover nutrients from urine, we pursued the following specific objectives: (1.1) demonstrate nutrient recovery by Donnan dialysis, which uses ion-exchange membranes to selectively concentrate nutrients in a draw solution composed of simple salts; (1.2) examine the effects of membrane type, draw solution composition, and competing ions on nutrient transport across the ion-exchange membrane; and, (1.3) develop a continuous-flow Donnan dialysis reactor. Bench- scale experiments recovered 51% of the ammonium, 66% of the potassium, and 67% of the phosphorus in synthetic urine. Nutrient recovery was dependent on ion diffusion through the membrane. Diffusion rates were determined for two draw ions, namely chloride (4.5 × 10#$$ m2 min-1) and formate (8.6 × 10#$$ m2 min-1), to identify opportunities to offset inorganic/organic salt content in waste solutions. While the high chloride concentration in urine exerted some competitive effects, high phosphorus recovery was still achieved. The continuous-flow reactor employed tubular ion-exchange membranes to achieve 61%, 93%, and 67% recovery of phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium in a synthetic waste solution.

The following objectives guided nutrient recovery from poultry litter: (2.1) investigate pH- dependent extraction of nutrients from poultry litter; (2.2) optimize conditions for precipitation of value-added fertilizers from filtered poultry litter extracts; and, (2.3) develop an automated nutrient recovery system to process poultry litter and generate struvite-based fertilizers. At pH 4- 5, the extraction efficiencies for phosphorus and nitrogen were greater than 80% and 85%, respectively. The composition of the precipitated nutrient-laden solids was controlled by solution pH, aeration, and addition of chelating agents. These measures resulted in preferential formation of struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) or potassium-struvite (KMgPO4·6H2O). An automated lab-based pilot reactor was developed and used to assess the overall mass balance on nutrients and determine product purity.

The aforementioned technologies require minimal chemical and energy inputs to transform waste streams into value-added fertilizers. In this manner, we can reduce nutrient pollution into the environment, decrease the energy/mining costs associated with current fertilizer production, and improve food security. These strategies can be applied to other liquid and solid waste streams to ensure sustainable urban systems.


Electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) is a technique that combines the benefits of coagulation, flotation, and electrochemistry and can be very efficient in removing contaminants present in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine an ideal configuration for an ECF reactor for the treatment of drinking water. A fractional factorial experimental design (26–2) was performed using initial pH, electric current, electrolysis time, agitation, inter-electrode distance, and a number of electrodes as variables. Subsequently, a central composite rotatable design was conducted using the most significant variables of the fractional design, which were initial pH, electrical current, electrolysis time, and a number of electrodes. The response variables analyzed were color removal, electrode mass consumption, sludge production, and energy consumption. The ECF experiment was performed in a batch system with aluminum electrodes in a monopolar parallel configuration. The ECF technique was adequate for treating drinking water with the best treatment conditions at an initial pH of 8.5, an electrical current of 0.25 A, electrolysis time of 12.5 min, and 3 electrodes. Under these conditions, the efficiency of color removal was 86.42%, electrode mass consumption of 0.019 kg m–3, sludge production of 0.087 kg m–3, and energy consumption of 0.21 kWh m–3.


A cluster sample of 62 galaxies complete to MB = −16.5 m has been observed at B, R, I,K bands with imaging detectors. The distribution of exponential disk central surface brightnesses is found to be bimodal. The bimodality is particularly significant at K because obscuration is not a problem and because the high surface brightness galaxies are redder than the low surface brightness galaxies so the bifurcation is greater. The bimodality signal is especially clear when galaxies with close companions are excluded from consideration. High and low surface brightness pairs with essentially identical luminosities and maximum rotation characteristics are compared. It is suggested that the high surface brightness galaxies have self-gravitating disks while the low surface brightness galaxies are halo dominated at all radii. Evidently the intermediate surface brightness regime is unstable. If a disk has sufficiently low angular momentum and it shrinks enough that the disk potential begins to dominate the halo potential locally, then the disk must secularly evolve to the high surface brightness state characterized by a flat rotation curve.


The world could be short of nearly 13 million health workers by 2035 because of an ageing workforce, a shortage of trainees, and workers leaving for better paid jobs, says a report by the World Health Organization.1

It says that currently the world is short of 7.2 million doctors, nurses, and midwives but that this number will rise to 12.9 million by 2035 if the shortages are not tackled.

The report found that of 186 countries with available data 83 fell below the basic threshold of 22.8 skilled health professionals for …


Summary:  Based on blood sampling in a formula‐fed pair of twins, the estimated serum half‐life of levetiracetam (LEV) at birth is 16–18 h.


With advancement of the European integration process, income convergence has become a debated topic that has challenged both the academic forums andthe decision-makers' community. With the first waves of the EU enlargement, it has become indisputable for the European leaders that in order to ensure economic and political stability, the European Union has to promote convergence between countries and regions. The main purpose of this paper is to study income convergence in the European Union by taking into consideration both the national and regional dimensions. In this respect, we have examined (absolute) βand σ-convergence between 2000 and 2018, finding evidences in favour of the neoclassical growth model assumptions. The results of our study confirm the β-convergence hypothesis as the poorer countries and regions from Central and Eastern Europe experienced higher growth rates than the developed ones. In the second part of our paper, we have tried to examine the key drivers of economic growth in the European Union (conditional β-convergence). Our study suggests that variables such as gross fixed capital formation, real labour productivity and labour force participation rate had a positive impact on convergence. In contrast, the growth rates in the European Union were hampered by over-indebtedness, high rates of inflation and unemployment. These internal vulnerabilities together with external challenges threaten the stability and prosperity of the European continent. Consequently, the European Union needs more than ever to reconsider its growth model in order to ensure long-term convergence and to avoid the polarisation between its Members.


A century of sulphur dioxide fumigation, copper and nickel particulate deposition, fire, soil erosion, and enhanced frost action has created 10 000 ha of barren land and 36 000 ha of stunted, open birch–maple woodland in the Sudbury area. The primary factor limiting plant colonization is the acidic and aluminum-, copper-, and nickel-toxic properties of the soils, although certain plant species survive the challenges through genetically based metal tolerance. In revegetation programs, the soil can be detoxified sufficiently to initiate colonization by the surface application of ground limestone. The drought vulnerability of seedlings, resulting from soil toxicity limiting root growth, is exacerbated by enhanced frost action resulting from the lack of leaf litter. Manual surface application of ground limestone, with or without an accompanying fertilizer and (or) grass–legume seed application, leads to immediate colonization by woody species including birch, aspen, and willows, and more than 3000 ha have bee...


Improvements in cryopreservation techniques have made possible excellent long-term results using aortic valve allografts. Few studies. however, have examined the echocardlographlc characteristics of allograft aortic valves and postoperative valve function. Aortic allograft function was eveluated in 16 patients by intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, postoperative catheterization. and angiography. The mean(s.d.) coaptation zone length of the allograft leaflet was significantly greater (7.3(1.4) mm) than that of the normal aortic valve (3.2(0.8) mm) (P < 0.01). No regurgitatIon was noted in any patients with coaptation zone length of 7-11 mm (P < 0.01). The increment of the leaflet coaptation zone length did not produce a significant pressure gradient during exercise and appeared to be one of the important mechanisms for the prevention of postoperative aortic regurgitation, because commissural orientations may be distorted in the new aortic position. This finding Is consistent with the report that allografts with the largest diameter implantable in the recipIent annulus should be selected for use. Copyright © 1996 The International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.


A /possible mechanism lies in the prolactin-stimulating property of reserpine,' and this raises the question Whether other drugs which also stimulate prolaetlnsecretion, such as phenothlazlnes and methyldopa, which are used regularly far less often than reserpine, are also associated with breast cancer. However, there has been no relationship shown between breast cancer and the use of phenothiazlnes or methyldopa.'" I Even though !pregnancy and lactation are characterized by elevated prolactin levels, neither Increases the risk of breast cancer, and the basal levels of plasma prolactin in women with breast cancer appear to be normat,' In any case, it appears that prolonged stimulation of prolactin secretion may be reqUired,' and reserpine has been used for some 20 years, whereas the newer antlhgperteualve drugs have been prescribed for only ten years or so." The role of prolactin in breast cancer Is not fully established, however, since high prolactin levels may be associated with retardation of mammary carcinoma in animals." It is also possible that reserpine and its analogues induce breast cancer by some mechanism which is unrelated to prolactin.' ..


Cardiac output, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured with non-invasive techniques before, during and after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone (7.5–8.5 mg/kg) and suxamethonium (1.4–1.7 mg/kg), and after intubation in unpremedicated infants and diazepam-atropine premedicated children. Cardiac output was measured with a combination of M-mode and pulsed doppler echocardiography. Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, cardiac index and stroke volume index were observed during induction in both infants and children. Intubation caused increases above pre-induction levels of heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac index in both infants and children. Stroke volume index increased marginally in infants but remained depressed in children after intubation. Left ventricular shortening fraction decreased significantly in five other children during induction. It is concluded that thiopentone causes significant reduction in cardiac output by depression of myocardial contractility manifested by depression of blood pressure and stroke volume. Premedication with atropine may ameliorate reduction in cardiac output by permitting an increase in heart rate during induction. Induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone and premedication with diazepam does not prevent hypertension and tachycardia occurring with intubation.


The genus Guizotia belongs to the tribe Heliantheae in the family Asteraceae. It has been placed under different subtribes. The genus has its center of origin, distribution and genetic diversity in Ethiopia, where G. abyssinica (niger) has been domesticated. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and DNA sequencing were applied to study the genetic diversity, phylogenetics, and molecular systematics of this genus. A large number of niger populations, representing all regions in Ethiopia where this crop is grown, was investigated using AFLP and RAPD molecular marker techniques. The extent of genetic variation in niger is distributed throughout its growing regions, regardless of the extent and altitude of cultivation. Despite the fact that most of the variation was within populations, significant population differentiation was obtained (AMOVA; P < 0.001) in all guizotias. It is concluded that both G. abyssinica and its wild and/or weedy relatives have wide genetic bases that need to be conserved and utilized for the improvement of G. abyssinica. Further collection of niger germplasm and exploration and conservation of highly localized guizotias are recommended. Most of the diagnostic markers generated from AFLPs and RAPDs in this study were specific to G. arborescens and G. zavattarii. Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Guizotia were undertaken based on molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and five chloroplast DNA regions. The analyses revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between G. abyssinica and G. scabra ssp. schimperi and support the previous suggestion that the latter is the progenitor of the former. According to this study, G. scabra ssp. scabra, G. scabra ssp. schimperi, and the Chelelu and Ketcha populations are best viewed at present as separate species within the genus Guizotia. Those perennial guizotias with highly localized geographic distribution appears to have evolved first during the evolutionary history of the genus. This study supports the placement of the genus Guizotia within the subtribe Milleriinae. It is suggested that the present species composition of Guizotia and the subtribal placement of the genus need to be redefined.


: A topological index reflects the physical, chemical and structural properties of a molecule, and its study has an important role in molecular topology, chemical graph theory and mathematical chemistry. It is a natural problem to characterize non-isomorphic graphs with the same topological index value. By introducing a relation on trees with respect to edge division vectors, denoted by hT n , (cid:22)i , in this paper we give some results for the relation order in hT n , (cid:22)i , it allows us to compare the size of the topological index value without relying on the specific forms of them, and naturally we can determine which trees have the same topological index value. Based on these results we characterize some classes of trees that are uniquely determined by their edge division vectors and construct infinite classes of non-isomorphic trees with the same topological index value, particularly such trees of order no more than 10 are completely determined.


Previous research has shown that desirability influences perceived distance to an object, such that desirable objects are perceived as closer to the viewer than undesirable objects (Balcetis & Dunning, 2010). Research regarding conceptual metaphors has suggested that making the head or heart salient by placing the index finger there produces characteristics commonly associated with these body parts (i.e., emotionality for the heart and rationality for the head) (Fetterman & Robinson, 2013). The current studies examined the effects of desirability and head or heart salience on distance perception. Participants had their attention drawn to their head or their heart by touching it with their index finger while throwing a beanbag towards a desirable or a neutral object. In Experiment 2, a verbal estimate of distance was also measured. We predicted that, due to the popular association of the heart with desire, there would be a significant interaction between desirability of an object and hand placement. Specifically, there would be no effect of hand placement when the object was neutral, but heart-pointers would perceive the desirable object as closer than head-pointers. Results from both studies failed to support the predictions, as neither hand placement nor object desirability affected distance perceptions. Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.


Since the existing experimental data on gamma rays produced by the inelastic scattering of neutrons with oxygen and nitrogen are rather sparce, it is necessary to rely upon theoretical cross sections to predict the spectra of inelastic scattering gamma rays produced by an ordinary neutron flux distribution. Because of the model used in the cross section calculation a considerable amount of uncertainty existed in regard to the accuracy of these results. In order to provide a check on the results of such calculations, an experiment was performed at the ORNL Tower Shielding Facility to directly measure the spectra of capture and inelastic scattering gamma rays produced in air by a reactor neutron spectrum. Unfortunntely, it was necessary to make these gamma-ray measurements behind a thick shield through which a long water collimator was inserted. Hence, before a direct comparison could be made between the calculations and the experiment it was necessary to first calculate the spectra of capture and inelastic scattering gamma rays produced in air, then to determine the effect of attenuation and buildup in the water collimator, and finally, to include the detector response functions. When the calculated and measured pulse-height distributions were compared the shapes were foundmore » to be in excellent agreement. This indicates that considerably more confidence may be placed in calculations which use spectra of inelastic scattering gamma rays determined from the existing theoretical cross section. (auth)« less


THE widespread interest in the care of crippled children has led to many inquiries from different parts of the country about the "Children's Hospital-School," which has been in operation for nearly four years. The Illinois Children's Hospital-School was created by action of the General Assembly in 1945 and opened September 23, 1946. A unit in the State Department of Public Welfare, it is a residential center offering facilities for physical rehabilitation, an educational program, and experience in group living for educable children with physical handicaps so specialized and severe that other resources are unsuited to their needs. The institution is located in Chi-


Background: Stroke rehabilitation improves functional recovery among stroke patients. However, little is known about clinical practice in China regarding the assessment and provision of rehabilitation among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Aims: We examined the frequency and determinants of an assessment for rehabilitation among AIS patients from the China National Stroke Registry II. Methods: Data for 19,294 AIS patients admitted to 219 hospitals from June 2012 to January 2013 were analyzed. The multivariable logistic regression model with the generalized estimating equation method accounting for in-hospital clustering was used to identify patient and hospitals factors associated with having a rehabilitation assessment during the acute hospitalization. Results: Among 19,294 AIS patients, 11,451 (59.4%) were assessed for rehabilitation. Rehabilitation assessment rates varied considerably among centers: median 64.8% (interquartile range: 41.4%-83.3%). Factors associated with increased likelihood of a rehabilitation assessment in the multivariable model (p Conclusions: Up to a third of patients in China do not receive rehabilitation assessment follow an AIS. Thus, there appears to be opportunities to improve adherence to recommended care for stroke survivors in China.


Donors often condition foreign aid to recipients on policy adjustments. How do domestic interest groups influence a donor's ability to credibly commit to implementing threats and promises? In our model, domestic interest groups in the donor country can mobilize to support the donor's implementation of punishments and rewards. The expectation of such mobilization influences the credibility of threats and promises at the prior contracting stage. The analysis produces three central findings. First, the donor chooses to rely on a single instrument when the domestic interest group exhibits a strong preference for that instrument, even if the cost of using that instrument is relatively high. Second, for credibility reasons the donor often promises generous rewards or threatens ruthless sanctions that seem out of proportion. Finally, the donor cannot simultaneously make credible threats and promises unless domestic interest groups mobilize to support both instruments. We examine the case of US foreign aid to Israel and Palestine to illustrate these theoretical propositions.


Machine Learning models are often composed of sequences of transformations. While this design makes it easy to decompose and efficiently execute single model components at training time, predictions require low latency and high-performance predictability whereby end-to-end and multi-model runtime optimizations are needed to meet such goals. This paper sheds some light on the problem by introducing a new system design for high-performance prediction serving. We report some preliminary results showing how our system design is able to improve performance over several dimensions with respect to current state-of-the-art approaches.


From the accession of Charles II, English drama manifested a continuous strain of political satire, most of it in favor of the Court party. The Roundheads, the citizens, the Presbyterians, the opposers of the Crown, above all the foremost Liberal of the day, Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the Earl of Shaftesbury, were fair game to be attacked in a prologue, an epilogue, and even at times in a full-length character portrayal or an entire play.


Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumor that usually occurs in adults. The occurrence of these tumors in infants, known as congenital or infantile hemangiopericytoma, is even rarer and their behavior may be more benign than the adult type. We describe a 10 days old male neonate with congenital hemangiopericytoma, presenting with a mass on the right anterior chest wall at birth. The anterior chest wall location is an unusual site for a congenital hemangiopericytoma. Tumor excision was performed and morphologic and immunohistochemical results confirmed the diagnosis of infan- tile hemangiopericytoma. There was no tumor recurrence during 11 months of follow-up.


We introduce a new mean field approach to the extended tJ model that incorporates both electronlike quasiparticle and spin-charge separated excitations as suggested by experiments and numerical studies. It leads to a mean field phase diagram which is consistent with that of hole and electron doped cuprates. Moreover, it provides a framework to describe the observed evolution of the electron spectral function from the undoped insulator to the overdoped Fermi metal for both hole and electron doping. The theory also provides a non-BCS mechanism leading to superconductivity.


rertility or sub-fertility, and contraception. Mr. Kenneth Walker's book is a sequel to his previous Love, Marriage and the Family. It says, in a new way, the standard things and sidetracks into other matters such as coitus in pregnancy, the duration of normal labour, the need to reform the abortion law, and how to obtain legal separation and divorce. Modern Marriage is the 26th edition of a book of which already one-quarter of a million copies have been sold. It is objective, authoritative, and covers the whole field so well that it is sure to continue to be a best seller. Major changes from previous editions include a new set of illustrations and a chapter on sex relations outside marriage. J. H. Wallis, in Sexual Harmony in Marriage, writes from his experience as a teacher and now as training officer for the National Marriage Guidance Council. He is not concerned with the technical and medical aspects of marital problems so much as the emotional ones. His aim is to make the individual understand his or her own sex drive and to put the wife's point of view to the husband and vice versa. All these books overlap in their material and to substantiate certain statements one author sometimes quotes from another. One book from which quotations are frequent is The Art of Marriage, by Dr. Mary Macaulay, who now offers her many readers a sequel in the form of Marriage for the Married. With her experience as a doctor, marriage counsellor, family planner, magistrate, mother, and grandmother she has much to say which commands attention. And she says it simply, directly, and without resorting to the glib and often meaningless phrases which tend to appear in this type of book. Dr. Macaulay mentions only briefly what has so often been said about sex, and relegates birth control to an appendix. This allows her to concentrate on practical issues such as living with " inlaws," family budgets, the impact on husband and wife of the arrival of the first baby, the behaviour of parents in the presence of their children, the crises which beset most marriages, the battle of wills and of religions, and the possibility of reconciliation between estranged partners. She takes matters further by considering not only the newly-weds and their problems, but the older-weds and their sexual life, their attitude to grandchildren, and the management of their retirement. This book abounds in common sense and is one which every married couple, of any age, could read with profit. One of the problems facing young parents is how to educate children in sex so that they may avoid pitfalls in the future and ultimately be able to create a happy marriage for themselves. Teach Your Child about Sex aims to cover this side of the problem. It is attractively written by Dr. Julia Dawkins and forms one of a series of " Teach your child " books. The illust'Rations are in Haro's inimitable style. The advice offered follows the generally accepted lines. Treat sex as a subject of ordinary conversation in the family, tell the truth no matter how young the questioner, allow children to see and understand sex anatomy-even to the extent of the mother and child sharing the same bath. If there are solutions to the problems of how to teach sex to a child without embarrassment arnd before it learns it from other sources, and how to manage teenagers, this book helps to provide them. All these works are intended for lay readers but family doctors will themselves find them helpful guides to the personal advice they should give to patients. T. N. A. JEFFCOATE.


Abstract : Wusor II is the second program that has been developed to tutor student in the game of Wumpus. From the earlier efforts with Wusor I it was possible to produce a rule-based expert which possesed a relatively complete mastery of the game. Wusor endeavours to teach the knowledge embodied in the rules used by the Expert. The Student Model represents Wusor's estimation of the student's knowledge of said rules, and this estimation is based primarily on analyses of the player's moves. The student Model allows Wusor to personalize his explanations to the student according to the student's current knowledge of the game. The result is a system which, according to preliminary results, is highly effective at tutoring students of varied abilities. (Author)


Our results on both solution doped and aerosol doped silica waveguide lasers have been described. Using the solution doping technique and optimising the output coupling a Nd-doped laser with a slope efficiency of 10 % has been demonstrated. This figure is greater than has been observed before . Laser oscillation using the aerosol doping technique has also been observed for the first time. It is envisaged that monolithic integration of both active and passive devices will be possible using selective area doping techniques and grating structures.


K e y w o r d s green office development; green premium; greening process; local office market; U.K. Commercial offices are recognized globally as the workplace for service-sector employees and the base for the large proportion of economic activities in cities (Jancey et al., 2016). As a result, office buildings constitute a significant source of the carbon footprint emanating not only from construction, usage, and demolition of the physical structures but also from the way users of such buildings commute (Jones, 2013: Luo, Yang, and Liu, 2016). The overwhelming contribution of offices to environmental concerns continues to make them a key target on the global green agenda and in response, many environmental certification schemes have been introduced to ensure buildings are built to certain predefined green standards (Yudelson, 2010; Roderick, McEwan, Wheatley, and Alonso, 2009; Seinre, Kurnitski, and Voll, 2014; Nurick et al., 2015). Although not often expressly stated, it can be argued that the ultimate essence of establishing the certification schemes is to create a market premium for labeled buildings and 8 2 O y e d o k u n , D u n s e , a n d J o n e s speed up the rate of their adoption by the relevant stakeholders (Reed, Bilos, and Wilkinson, 2009; Malkani and Starik, 2013). Indeed, many researchers have concluded that there is a premium for green-labeled buildings both in terms of rent and sales price (e.g., Dermisi, 2009; Wiley, Benefield, and Johnson, 2010; Das, Tidwell, and Ziobrowski, 2011; Gripne, Martel, and Lewandowski, 2012; Chegut, Eichholtz, and Kok, 2014; Das and Wiley, 2014; Fuerst and van de Wetering, 2015). In accordance with the workings and dynamics of the real estate market (see DiPasquale and Wheaton, 1992; Ball, Lizieri, and MacGregor, 1998; Dunse, Leishman, and Watkins, 2002; Roxana and Vasile, 2012; Jones, 2013), the existence of a green premium could potentially drive the investment and development of new green-labeled buildings, as well as the green-refurbishment of the existing uncertified buildings. In a recent analysis of the growth of the green office market in the United Kingdom, Oyedokun, Jones, and Dunse (2015) found that the green office stock is composed of not only newly built but also of refurbished buildings that obtained green certification after undergoing extensive refurbishment. This implies that city office markets have started to undergo a greening process through both new development and green refurbishment of the existing stock. However, it is not clear whether investors' expectation of a green premium is crucial for this rapid market transition. In this study, therefore, we address the following question: Is the current office property greening process in the U.K. a consequence of an expectation of a green premium? We examine this question using qualitative evidence from four cities in the U.K.: London, Manchester, Birmingham, and Edinburgh. The premise of the study is that the greening process is best envisaged within the operation of local office markets. This greening process is analyzed within a framework of ''green steps'' using data obtained through semi-structured one-toone interviews and content analysis of relevant documents. Thirty-two commercial real estate professionals, working for organizations that are involved in the development, sale, letting or management of green offices, were interviewed across the four cities. In the context of this study, green offices are taken as those that have been certified by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), which was established in 1990 as the world's first green building certification scheme. BREEAM is a voluntary rating tool, which makes it the most appropriate indicator of the market embrace of green buildings when compared to mandatory certification schemes like the Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) and the Display Energy Certificates (Rashid, Spreckelmeyer, and Angrisano, 2012; Fuerst and van de Wetering, 2015; van der Heijden, 2015). A BREEAM rating encompasses a range of sustainability dimensions, such as energy efficiency, health and well-being, water, waste, materials, transport, land use and ecology, and management (BRE, 2012; Schweber, 2013). The label is the accepted green building standard within the commercial property sector in the U.K. The equivalent accreditation system to BREEAM in the United States is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) (Lee and Burnett, 2008; Roderick, McEwan, Wheatley, and Alonso, 2009). T h e I m p a c t o f G r e e n P r e m i u m 8 3 J O S R E V o l . 1 0 2 0 1 8 In terms of structure, the paper begins with a discussion of the underlying nature of the office greening process, followed by a detailed explanation of the research approach adopted. We then consider the evidence on the dynamics of the office market greening process in a series of linked sections including the green premium and its valuation, the existence of a green office submarket, drivers of green office investment, and local insights from three of the four case study cities. In the conclusion, we assess the relative power of the green premium and other influences identified during data collection. T h e G r e e n i n g P r o c e s s One potential route to the greening of the office stock is the existence of a green premium (Sayce, Ellison, and Parnell, 2007). Based on real estate economic fundamentals, a premium value for green-labeled offices at the local level should lead to the new development of these types of buildings if land is available (Ball, Lizieri, and MacGregor, 1998; Ke and White, 2009). This would occur through the price mechanism in that increased rents and capital values could make green developments profitable (DiPasquale and Wheaton, 1992). If the green premium is sufficiently high enough, it could stimulate the viable development of new offices and refurbishment of the existing stock of office buildings. However, in addition to the greening impact of the existence of a green premium, the internal dynamics of a local office market are likely to be more complex than can be predicted in the context of the traditional economic theories (Stevenson, 2007; Dunse, Jones, and White, 2010; Das, Tidwell, and Ziobrowsk, 2011). Central to this is the pace of green building supply, which is likely to constitute a major influence on the demand for a green office or the premium that comes with it (Chegut, Eichholtz, and Kok, 2014). It is possible that a green building is an essential feature for certain firms and that other offices might be rejected in favor of the labeled office units (Eichholtz, Kok, and Quigley, 2010). If there is sufficient inelastic demand of this nature, then this would create a green submarket with an associated premium if there is insufficient supply (Day, 2003; Wu and Sharma, 2012). But in practice, choosing a new office involves normally considering a range of substitute properties in which the choice balances a range of attributes, such as rent, location, and size, with green features (Nappi-Choulet and Decamps, 2013; Sanderson and Edwards, 2014). The tenant's choice is likely to involve a trade-off between the ''positive'' and the ''negative'' characteristics of the different offices (Levy and Peterson, 2013). A similar issue is raised in the greening of the existing office stock. Leishman, Orr, and Pellegrini-Masini (2012) examined the acceptability to occupiers of carbon emission reducing adaptations to offices. They employed a form of stated preference modeling conjoint analysis that presented hypothetical choices on office characteristics in terms of layout, rent, building/IT systems, and location to respondents. The survey comprised 150 executives in the U.K. who were making decisions about the choice of premises. The authors find that energy-efficient building adaptations that severely restrict the functionality of office space are unlikely to be taken up. Their findings suggest that a certain degree of restriction 8 4 O y e d o k u n , D u n s e , a n d J o n e s on office functionality is possible but would have to be compensated for by either an improved green profile or a lower rent. There are, therefore, possible barriers to a premium for green buildings, especially to adapting existing offices (Miller and Buys, 2008). Although sustainability seems to be gaining increasing importance on the priority list of corporate organizations (Zieba, Belniak, and Gluszak, 2013; Robinson, Simons, Lee, and Kern, 2016), it is useful to examine the dynamics of the greening of the office market. At the beginning of the process, the greenness of offices is a secondary demand characteristic subservient to location and the suitability/functionality of space (Jones, 2013). If and when the benefits of green offices to tenants become widely accepted, and such offices become the norm, then there could be a negative impact on the values of non-green stock. From this perspective, rather than a green premium, there is a non-green discount rent (Runde and Thoyre, 2010). However, this phenomenon would not happen overnight and probably would take some years as the take up will be constrained by new supply. But looking into the future also, there may be a threshold or tipping point in terms of the additional/adapted green office stock at which it becomes unacceptable to have additional supply (Chegut, Eichholtz, and Kok, 2014). As a result, one of the implications of greening the office stock is that eventually existing non-green offices can become unattractive to tenants and their rents depreciate in relative terms. At this point, these offices will become obsolete, and require refurbishment or complete redevelopment (Miller, Spivey, and Florance, 2008; Rodi, Hwa, Said, and Mahamood, 2015). ''Green obsolescence'' in this way stems from the internal dynamics of local markets. Indeed, Dunse and Jones (2005) have already demon


The accuracy of determining the LTEC with respect to metals and alloys with an HCP lattice based on inverse pole figures (IPF) is analyzed depending on the number of experimental points on the IPF using three averaging options: (1) taking into account the irregular arrangement of reflections on the stereographic triangle according to Morris; (2) by the multiplicity factor and (3) with the same weight of each orientation. It is shown that when evaluating the LTEC for semi-finished products with a basal texture, 17 reflections on the IPF are sufficient to provide an error of <1% when using Morris averaging and the multiplicity factor; in the case of a prismatic texture, an error of <1% is provided by all three averaging options, while Morris averaging is minimal.


Previous attempts to distinguish the tetraploid ferns Asplenium oblongi- folium and A. obtusatum subsp. obtusatum with chloroplast DNA sequence data have been unsuccessful, although they have implicated one or other of these taxa as the chloro- plast parents of the putative allopolyploids A. lyallii and A. scleroprium. Here we report new chloroplast DNA sequence data from the trnL intron, which are able to distinguish genetically the samples of A. oblongifolium and A. obtusatum subsp. obtusatum investigat- ed. However, these data are insufficient to resolve which of the tetraploids were involved in the allopolyploid events producing A. lyallii and A. scleroprium.


Through using the method of literature review,interview and investigation at site,this paper makes study on techniques of making a dragon firework in Luxu county of Guangxi province.It reveals that the dragon dance inherits Chinese traditional culture and exhibits ethnic creativity with its unique character.


Nowadays, globalisation is driving us to a process of transformation in economic performance, in shaping institutions and in the definition of economic policy. Globalisation is associated to positive aspects but also to mayor risks. Technology development, markets integration and international trade bring along with and increasing flow of commerce in terms of goods and services, capitals, technology and knowledge that make it possible economic growth and a better quality of life for the population. It is beyond question that the knowledge based economy implies new challenges and opportunities for regions and enterprises, specially small and medium sized firms. However, there are important costs related mainly with the environment and social cohesion.


STEPHEN PARTRIDGE AND ERIK KWAKKEL, EDS. Author, Reader; Book: Medieval Authorship in Theory and Practice Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. ix + 305 pp., 11 plates In the introduction to Author, Reader, Book, Stephen Partridge characterizes this collection of essays that he co-edited with fellow Early Book Society member Erik Kwakkel as a conversation responding "to two related phenomena of recent scholarship on the Middle Ages" (1). Alistair Minnis's Medieval Theory of Authorship is the first as well as the source of much of the theory underlying the essays. According to Partridge, "by joining the history of a set of ideas developed largely in the medieval Latin tradition with illustrations of that tradition's contact with vernacular writing, Minnis's book helped enable an increased sophistication in studies of medieval literature" (1). Partridge goes on to identify an increase in scholarly work on the practical manifestations of medieval theories of authority, the author, and authorship as the second related phenomenon. Partridge continues by categorizing how the essays respond to these phenomena: some of the essays read texts such as prologues and epilogues where authorial self-representation is an important enabling practice; others analyze the ways in which ideas about authors manifest themselves in codices, the construction of a single author manuscript collection, for instance, while still others examine the author s interactions with her readers. Finally, Partridge identifies two persistent themes in the essays: the relationships between authors and readers, and between authorship and the book. Alistair Minnis's essay, "The Trouble with Theology: Ethical Poetics and the Ends of Scripture," opens the collection. Minnis begins with the observation that many crucial theoretical issues regarding the exegesis of texts were developed and defined within the exposition of the Bible and only later applied to secular literary texts whether in Latin or a vernacular. Theological thinking was not antithetical to literary criticism, but rather a stimulus to it, and, Minnis says, "the converse was also true" (20). Herein lies the trouble. If the end of both theology and poetry was to drive men away from vice towards good, and both discourses used figurative techniques, then the anxiety arose that theology, the queen of sciences, was in danger of pertaining to ethics, one of its handmaiden disciplines. Minnis proceeds to trace this theological trouble through the Prohemia poetarum of Thomas Walshingham, The Middle Commentary of Averroes on Aristotle's Poetics as translated into Latin by Hermann the German, and the poetics of Roger Bacon among others. He concludes that "the fraught relationship between poetry and theology in late medieval thought has led us to the major underlying question of what sort of pedagogy the great medieval schoolmen believed to be appropriate to Christianity" (34), an issue that remained troublesome within the history of the church far beyond that time. Erik Kwakkel contributes "Late Medieval Text Collections: A Codicological Typology Based on Single-Author Manuscripts" to the volume in which he examines compilation in the specific material context of Middle Dutch manuscripts. Kwakkel's essay takes as a touchstone Malcolm Parkes's suggestion in "The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio" that focused compilations, which Kwakkel terms "collections," were produced in greater numbers in the later Middle Ages than they had been previously. Kwakkel's primary interest is to categorize composite manuscripts, which he defines partially as books that consist of multiple production units, a concept that has similarities with the oft cited "booklet," but which places greater emphasis on the diachronic aspects of production. …


The invention relates to a crawler type engineering driller comprising a chassis, a hydraulic device, an operating rack, a drilling tower and a drilling power head, wherein the hydraulic device, the operating rack and the drilling tower are all arranged on the chassis; the chassis is provided with a mud pump which is connected with the drilling power head through a delivery pipeline and is used for delivering a medium for drilling into the drilling power head; a crawler traveling structure is arranged under the chassis; a hydraulic motor is connected with a traveling driving wheel to drive the traveling driving wheel to rotate; a crawler is arranged between the traveling driving wheel and a driven wheel; the traveling driving wheel drives the crawler to rotate when rotating. The driller provided by the invention has a self-traveling crawler type structure so as to be convenient to transport, and particularly, the driller can be rapidly transferred to an adjacent drilling position through the crawler type structure after one hole is drilled on an operation site; the driller is provided with four forward gears and one reverse gear, and the drilling speed is determined according to the actual geological condition during drilling, so that the driller is in an optimal drilling state, the abrasion is reduced, the service life of the driller is prolonged, and the drilling effect is improved.


ABSTRACT There have been a few studies focusing on the online information-seeking behavior of business faculty, the most recent one having been done by Hoppenfeld and Smith and another by Proquest. This current case study adds to the literature by focusing on two activities: finding scholarly articles and finding scholarly books. The purpose was to learn how business and economics faculty at this institution discover and retrieve material for their scholarly research and to evaluate whether they use the University Libraries' subscription databases. Furthermore, participants who taught graduate- and undergraduate-level courses were asked whether their students needed to do research to complete their assignments.


Historical accounts of the British aristocracy argue its economic decline was owed to anachronistic characteristics, declining land values, and inheritance taxes. We find disconfirming evidence based on the hereditary peerage's probates 1858 to 2018, showing: decline only began after World War I; no links between aristocratic wealth and farmland prices; and a greater role for tax avoidance with respect to inheritance taxes. Aristocrats also followed the rich with their share of wealth dwindling over the 20th century. Together, these arguments suggest the British aristocracy detached economic interests from status characteristics enabling them to persist more effectively than previously thought.


[Abstract] This article reveals the application of optical comb technique which makes the scope and the precision of multi-wave sky patrol constantly increased in the big bang of current cosmographic observation and study. Howeverdue to the limitation of the scope of multi-wave observation, the background radiation of neutrino is not yet detectedcurrently. This article emphatically discusses the issues in expansion rate paradox that may appear in the current cosmographic study and proves the new and reasonable explanations theoretically to realize the important scientific significance for eliminating the logical paradox. [Wei Zhang. Paradox of Expansion Speed in Big-Bang Cosmology. Nature and Science 2011;9(9):87-92]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net.


This article analyzes the transformations of the media coverage of professional football in Europe since the 1980s through the French coverage of European competitions. Basing itself essentially on interviews, the current investigation shows that it is less a process of "Europeanization" than an increasing transnationalization and economization of this entertainment sport. The subspace of sports journalism is structured along a continuum of positions linked in part to the volume of economic capital of the media, which partly determines the holding or not of "television rights," i.e. co-producers' access to the "show." Indeed, the media space has become so strategic in the co-production of social representations that most professional agents and structures are increasingly seeking to keep journalists at a distance. This intensification of commercial logic in the professional football space has an impact on journalistic practices and contents between those who are in the "game" and those who are partly excluded from the "game."


In this study, the toxicity of reactive dyes and dyed fabrics was investigated using spermatozoa cells in vitro. Boar semen was exposed to different concentrations of monochlorotriazinyl dyes: yellow, red and blue. The spermatozoa cells were also exposed to extracts of dyed fabrics. After 24 and 72 hours respectively, the viability of the cells was evaluated by microscopy. The mean inhibitor concentrations IC50, showing the concentration of the dye when half of the cells are dead compared to the control sample, were calculated from the viability values. After 24 hours' exposure, the IC50 value calculated for the yellow dye was 135µg/ml, and after 72 hours 60µg/ml. The IC50 value for the red dye was 124µg/ml after 24 hours, and 46µg/ml after 72 hours. The IC50 value for the blue dye after 24 hours was 127µg/ml. After 72 hours, the blue dye caused high toxicity: more than half the cells were dead. Cotton fabrics dyed using these three reactive dyestuffs were extracted by water and analysed by the spermatozoa motility inhibition test. The viability of the cells when exposed to fabric extracts was good. However, after 72 hours' exposure, the standard deviation and coefficient of variation values for cell viability of fabric extracts were large. The spermatozoa inhibition test indicated the toxicity of pure dyes, the dyed fabrics having no adverse effects. The spermatozoa test seems to be useful when screening different substances and when used in addition to other tests. The spermatozoa motility inhibition test can be used for textile material studies.


While there isn't a lot of data available on the EHR, recent studies show the promise of the technology in cost savings, diagnosis, and patient safety.


Preventing early births in a regional tertiary maternity unit: Evaluating preterm and early term birth rates before and after implementation of the Preterm Birth Prevention Initiative in the Australian Capital Territory 693 Orefi ce R, Smythe J, Doherty DA, Lim B A retrospective audit of cumulative ionising radiation levels in hospitalised pregnant patients 700 McEvoy-May JH, Bihari S, Hooker AM, Dixon D.-L.


Implant stability is essential parameters that indicate the success of the implant treatment. However, the relation between implant stability, osseointegration and also remodeling process during that period is still unclear. This study was to evaluate the behavior of implant stability during implant treatment period.To investigate the behavior of the implant stability and its relation with quality and quantity of the bone during implant treatment, eight dental implant patients have been involved. Series of monitoring stages were conducted. The implant stability for each stage were measured using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) devise and the behavior of quality and quantity of the bone during treatment have been monitored by using CBCT data. The phases of monitoring are divided into 3 phases; phase 1 is immediately after implant insertion, phase 2 is immediately after crown installation (4 month after implant insertion), and phase 3 is 1 month after crown installation (5 month after implant insertion).  The results were tabulated and analyzed using statistical software namely SPSS 20.5 to examine the correlation between basic measurement of bone quality and quantity and ISQ. The results show that during 4 month after implant insertion  period, the density of bone around the implant are decrease, this period was predicted as remodeling process. After 5 moth since implant insertion, the density start to increase. This phase possibly indicated the starting phase of osseointegration process. In addition, the ISQ for each patient was increased significantly. The primary implant stability was correlated with the space availability and bone quantity and quality, the result shows that the implant stability is proportional with the height of the mandibular and cortical thickness and inversely with width of mandibular. The highest correlation with the primary implant stability is the product of cortical thickness with the height of mandibular. There is a significant correlation between implant stability (ISQ) with dimension of site implant and density of bone.


We consider the estimation of the locations of multiple transmitters based on received signal strength measurements at a network of randomly-placed receivers. We generalize the expectation-maximization (EM) method to create a quasi EM algorithm for localization under lognormal shadowing. Simulated performance is compared to a state-of-the-art global optimizer and to random guessing. Results reveal that the proposed quasi EM algorithm outperforms both alternatives in median and ninety-fifth percentile error, especially as the number of receivers increases.


Ubiquitous physiological monitoring will be a key driving force in the upcoming wireless health revolution. Cardiac and brain signals in the form of ECG and EEG are two critical health indicators that directly benefit from long-term monitoring. Despite advancements in wireless technology and electronics miniaturization, however, the use of wireless home ECG/EEG monitoring is still limited by the inconvenience and discomfort of wet adhesive electrodes.
 We have developed a wireless biopotential instrumentation system using non-contact capacitive electrodes that operate without skin contact. The sensors can be embedded within comfortable layers of fabric for unobtrusive use. All of the issues relating to the design of low noise, high performance capacitive sensors are discussed along with full technical details, circuit schematics and construction techniques.
 The non-contact electrode has been integrated into both a wearable ECG chest harness as well a EEG headband. We have also designed a compact, battery-powered, wireless data acquisition system to interface with multiple electrodes and monitor patient cardiac and neural signals in real time. Experimental data shows that the non-contact capacitive electrode perform comparable to Ag/AgCl electrodes using our special chest harness and head bands to ensure tight, movement-free electrode positioning.


The results reported show that tissue fragments cultivated in vitro may be successfully employed to demonstrate the presence of a cumulative action in germicidal compounds or preparations.

Iodine and Hexylresorcinol did not exhibit an appreciable cumulative action on proliferating tissue when applied twice daily for 12 days.

Under the same conditions mercuric chloride exhibited a pronounced cumulative action after 72 hours resulting in the death of the tissue fragments.

The organic mercurials Merthiolate and Metaphen produced considerable damage to the fibroblasts but did not exhibit an appreciable cumulative effect on the tissue fragments. The fragments remained vigorous throughout the experimental period.

Silver nitrate produced considerable damage on the fibroblasts and a slow cumulation of silver in the tissue fragments.

The organic silver protein strong also produced considerable damage on the fibroblasts but the tissue fragments remained vigorous throughout the experimental period, indicating that the cumulation of silver was negligible.


Reliability of the system, efficiency of the system, fault correction and operational performance of the network are the key characteristics of a power system. The issues of deregulation trend in the industry and the requirement of better network monitoring, leads to the development of the solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control, than the currently used methods which are mostly good for local area monitoring, protection and control In our paper, a wide area power system network is designed and Phasor Measuring Unit (PMU) is used as monitoring system and the protection of the network is done by using Slip back neural control system and the proposed model is then tested under various operational parameters. Our proposed model and control technique implemented offers a smart tool for wide area system which has good optimization in its performance.


Objective To establish a method to determine the ketamine by thin layer chromatography (TLCS). Methods The specimens were alkalized and extracted with ether. The morphine, heroin and ketamine were separated and quantitatively detected by TLCS. Results As established in the TLCS method ,ketamine, morphine and heroin were well separated. The linear range of ketamine was 0.2~10 μg/spot (R 2=0.976 8), and the detective limit was 0.1 μg/spot(S/N = 4). Conclusion The TLCS method can be used to detect ketamine from the drugs and to do the forensic medical identification in case of ketamine abuse.


Ring sideroblasts (RS) are erythroid precursors with abnormal perinuclear mitochondrial iron accumulation. Two myeloid neoplasms defined by the presence of RS, include myelodysplastic syndromes with RS (MDS‐RS) and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN‐RS‐T).


The paper put forward a new switching technology Photonic Packet Switching,we introduce a switching priciple and a few methods to realize,analyse its character.Then propose that it is an effective way to solve electronic prcessing bottleneck.


In this book, Fruton identifies two basic ways in which large research groups in biochemistry were organized at nineteenth-century German universities. Some groups were organized in 'quasi-military' fashion, with the professor assigning his students and post-doctoral fellows to work on particular aspects of one giant project and often publishing their work under his name only. Other laboratories were run along more egalitarian lines: the professor suggested a variety of problems to his juniors, and although helping to prepare their work for publication, rarely added his own name to their papers. Although the dictatorial leaders have generally been more successful in gaining prizes and recognition, it is the egalitarian 'leadership style', Fruton argues, which has been more important for the development of biochemistry in the long run. Possessing a broader conception of their discipline, egalitarian leaders fostered intellectual independence among their disciples by encouraging work on a wide range of problems. Moreover, most of the biochemists trained in the latter groups took jobs in academic or similar institutions and thus continued to publish, while the majority of those trained in military institutes went on to jobs in industry or commerce where they published little. Four of the book's six chapters document in great detail the work (and, to a much lesser extent, the organization) of the research groups


We present a new entanglement assisted classical communication scheme which can correct a fixed number of erasures or errors. The scheme transmits classical information over a quantum channel assisted by maximally entangled pairs. We establish a general framework to accomplish such a task by reducing it to a classical problem. We use direct coding or super-dense coding based on the amount of entanglement available. This results in a combination of two classical channels. For this scenario we present an explicit encoding scheme. We compare our scheme with specific bounds and find certain ranges of parameters where the scheme is optimal. The presented scheme can easily be realized. It requires only the implementation of super-dense coding which has been demonstrated successfully in experiments.


Enabling components for next gen high speed systems reviewed Challenges for single carrier and multi-carrier solutions highlighted Integration - both hybrid and monolithic - key to success Advances in DAC/ADC to accommodate parallelism also important 400G and 1T data rates using advanced modulation formats will benefit greatly from new transmission fibers with low loss and large effective area


MEANS TO COMBAT Eupoecilia AMBIQUELLA GRAPE, by the method of Verwirrung, comprising Z-9-DODECENILACETATO (1) and E-9-DODECENILACETATO (11) CONTAINING WEIGHT 100: 1 to 1: 100, ASI AS MEDIA optionally uSUAL AUXILIARY SUBSTANCES AND impurities manufacturing and a method for controlling THE GRAPE AMBIQUELLA Eupoecilia by the method of Verwirrung.


We present basic data on the female reproductive traits and diet of the lacertid lizard Algyroides nigropunctatus from Bisage island in Lake Skadar (Montenegro) in late spring. Individual females commonly laid clutches of three (range 2 5) eggs with an average mass of 0.40 g. At least two clutches were produced in a breeding season. The female body size had no effect on clutch and egg size. There was no evidence of the predicted trade-off between egg size and clutch size. The diet was composed of various types of invertebrates, basically small arthropods, and also small amounts of plant material. Araneae and Coleoptera were the most common and the most important food items.


In the car manufacturing industry the trend is to drastically reduce the time-to-market by increasing the use of the Digital Mock-up instead of physical prototypes. Design review and ergonomic studies are specific tasks because they involve qualitative or even subjective judgements. In this paper, we present IMAVE (IMmersion Adapted to a VEhicle) designed for immersive styling review, gaps visualization and simple ergonomic studies. We show that stereoscopic displays are necessary and must fulfill several constraints due to the proximity and size of the car dashboard. The duration fo the work sessions forces us to eliminate all vertical parallax, and 1:1 scale is obviously required for a valid immersion. Two demonstrators were realized allowing us to have a large set of testers (over 100). More than 80% of the testers saw an immediate use of the IMAVE system. We discuss the good and bad marks awarded to the system. Future work include being able to use several rear-projected stereo screens for doors and central console visualization, but without the parallax presently visible in some CAVE-like environments.


We carry out a mathematical analysis, \`{a} la Helmholtz's and Boltzmann's 1884 studies of monocyclic Newtonian mechanics, for the Lotka-Volterra (LV) equation exhibiting oscillatory predator-prey dynamics. One of the important features of the latter system, absent in the classical mechanical model, is a natural stochastic dynamic formulation of which the LV equation is the infinite population limit. The invariant density for the stochastic dynamics plays a central role in the deterministic LV dynamics. We show how the conservation law along a single trajectory can be extended to incorporate both variations in model parameter $\alpha$ and in the initial conditions: Helmholtz's theorem establishes a broadly valid conservation law in a class of ecological dynamics. We analyze the relationships among mean ecological activeness $\theta$, quantities characterizing dynamic ranges of populations $\mathcal{A}$ and $\alpha$, and the ecological force $F_{\alpha}$. The analysis identifies an entire orbit as a stationary ecology, and establishes the notion of an "equation of ecological state". Studies of the stochastic dynamics with finite populations show the LV equation as the rubust, fast cyclic underlying behavior. The mathematical narrative provides a novel way of capturing long-term ecological dynamical behavior with an emergent conservative ecology.


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used for the different multimedia applications in which the data in multimedia form (e.g., images and videos) are captured by visual sensors and transmitted to base stations or destination nodes, and such networks, commonly called wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN), transmit high-quality images over sensor nodes with image quality improvement and CS technique while the security of CS data is achieved. The one-way DF-based cooperative digital image transmission model over WSNs using advanced terminologies for image compression called advanced JPEG2000 compression and modified elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) encryption is proposed. Image quality improvement efficiency is essential in multimedia applications and wireless communications. The authors proposed a novel technique based on adaptive and dynamic noise removal and quality improvement for both before compression and after compression. The compression method designed is based on CS technique.


Abstract In addition to drugs received through the Medicare hospice benefit, each year Medicare hospice beneficiaries receive nearly $700 million in medications through Medicare Part D. Little is known about the nature of these medications. To explore this issue, we identified all beneficiaries who were enrolled in Part D and elected hospice during Calendar Year (CY) 2020. We cross-walked hospice dates of service to Part D medication fill dates. We also collected information on drugs hospices themselves provided and voluntarily reported on hospice claims. Nationally, 1.2 million out of 1.8 million beneficiaries had some drugs provided, through hospice alone (406,423), Part D alone (412,810), and also from both sources (348,659). Medications from Part D tended to be more expensive, upwards of $40 per fill, compared to medications from hospices, which were about $15 per fill or less. Moreover, we found that 98,561 of beneficiaries (8.4%) received the exact same drug from both sources. Across diagnoses, the daily rates of pre-hospice Part D utilization were nearly identical to Part D utilization after electing hospice, and there was no relation to prior Part D use and hospice election duration. Categorically, the greatest amount of Part D expenditures during hospice are for diabetic therapies ($100.2 million), followed by anticoagulants ($97.8 million) and bronchodilators ($57.2 million). CMS should continue to monitor the provision of medications during hospice to maintain the integrity of the benefit and to ensure beneficiaries receive adequate care.


The improvement in SC-1 bath lifetime was studied by adding complexing agents: TEA, EDTA, CDTA, DTPA and DTPMP, to a bath, which was intentionally contaminated with a multimetal standard solution. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the bath was monitored in situ by an optical analyzer. Adsorption of metals to wafers was analyzed by spinning cleaning solutions, containing metals and complexing agents, on wafers. Metal concentrations were measured by TXRF and GFAAS combined with VPD sample preparation.


INTRODUCTION: Meningiomas are solid neoplasms, cysts are extremely rare, diagnostically elusive, and behave differently. Therefore, a study was initiated comparing our cases with various series. This is the second largest series so far reported. We tried to hypothesize how to eliminate diagnostic errors in this study, while few interesting points were discovered.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: All meningiomas operated in the last seventeen years were reviewed. It was a retrospective study. Diagnostic errors, clinical behaviour and histopathology were reviewed. Planning of surgery and prognostication demands that the diagnosis be established pre-operatively and since these tumours may mimic other brain tumour types on radiology , factors that may lead to better diagnostic accuracy were tried to be established. Categorization of the tumours with different cyst types according to various classifications was done. The follow up period was two months to ten years.
 RESULTS: Out of 530 meningiomas, we found 20 with cystic changes.. There mean age was 47.5 years. The commonest symptoms were raised intra cranial pressure, hemiparesis, memory loss, behavioral changes, vision loss,  papilloedem and cranial nerve palsies. The most common histological variety was meningothelial meningioma. The incidence of high grade or malignant tumors was 30 %. Based on radiology, the highest diagnostic accuracy was achieved in 62.5% cases only.
 CONCLUSION: Cystic meningiomas continue to pose diagnostic challenges.  Multi-planar contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will help in establishing accurate diagnosis, it reveals cysts missed on computed tomography (CT) scans. This would lead to accurate prognostication and better surgical planning with the aim of preventing recurrences.


The DLR HyperSpectral Unmixing (DLR HySU) open benchmark dataset includes airborne hyperspectral and RGB imagery of targets of different materials and sizes on a homogeneous background, complemented by simultaneous ground-based reflectance measurements. The dataset allows assessing dimensionality estimation, endmember extraction with and without pure pixel assumption, and abundance estimation in the frame of spectral unmixing applications, enabling estimations at sub-pixel level. This paper presents the first works in the literature using the dataset, which demonstrate that DLR HySU is filling a gap regarding validation using real imaging spectrometer data with accurately measured targets.


Due to climatic conditions, Southern Europe is at the limit of the rice cropping area. All European rice cropping regions share common constraints (short vegetative period and cold tolerance) but also have specific problems (cryptogamic or insect pests, salt tolerance, grain quality...). So, European rice breeding has specific needs. So, the European Commission has supported a research program for the characterization of available European rice genetic resources in order to evaluate their diversity and structure. The evaluation of about 50 agronomic, morphological and technological traits of 430 genotypes was conducted from 1996 to 2000 in France, Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal. The obtained data show that genotype X environment interactions are low and can be neglected for most of observed traits, and can be used to build up a reliable database very useful to breeders. (Resume d'auteur)


The HgCdTe semiconductor alloy system is now firmly established as today's most widely applicable high-performance infrared detector material. This paper summarizes the status of HgCdTe infrared detector technology, with emphasis on recent developments in HgCdTe photoconductive detector technology for use in first generation thermal imaging systems.


In the new construction or reconstruction of expressway projects, the number of highway twin tunnels with eight lanes is increasing. However, there are no corresponding design support parameters and measures in the current technical specifications for tunnel design and construction in China. In Laohushan superlarge-span highway tunnel with single hole and four lanes, the deformation behavior and mechanical characteristics of support structures are measured and analyzed. The monitoring results indicated that the deformation of tunnel structure mainly experienced three stages: rapid deformation, slow deformation, and stable deformation, and finally reached a relatively stable state; the structure stress of primary support and secondary lining increases sharply at first and then tends to be stable gradually with the gradual construction of each excavation part in the tunnel; the stress of each measuring point at the steel rib is less than the yield limit of steel rib (235 MPa), and the support structure is safe and stable in the process of tunnel construction. Then, the structure safety of primary support under different support parameters is simulated and calculated by numerical simulation with Grade IV rock mass, and the reasonable support parameters for Laohushan highway tunnel are studied considering the structural safety and engineering economy. It is suggested to use the H175-type steel sets with a distance of 80 cm and C25 shotcrete with a thickness of 26 cm. The results could provide reference for similar tunnel projects and provide a basis for the design specification and construction standards for superlarge-span tunnels.


The field of mechanical engineering is evolving with latest technologies such as artificial intelligence. the blend of AI technologies such as deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), artificial neural network (ANN) which contributes more to control the process parameters, process planning, machining, quality control and optimization for a better product or system. The implementation of AI in mechanical engineering applications results in minimizing the rejection of machine components which helps the whole process to be economical with better quality outputs. Considering the stiff competition among the manufacturers in the market, increasing the production rate while maintaining stringent quality control is a big challenge. In this perspective, artificial intelligence is gaining popularity in production lines to maintain a high quality for the products. A CNN is a deep learning algorithm, that is analogous to that the connectivity pattern of neurons in the human brain, has become popular and effective to image classification problems recently. It takes in the image of the object and assigns importance to various aspects/objects in the image so as to differentiate one from the other. In fruit-sorting process, manual classification is time-consuming, expensive, and requires experienced experts whose availability is often limited. To address these issues, various machine learning algorithms have been proposed to support the automated classification of fruits. In this paper, to classify "regular apples" and "damaged apples", deep learning algorithm is applied. The pre-trained, deep learning models namely, VGG 16, ResNet50, Inceptionv3, Mobilenet_v2 along with a basic sequential convolutional model are applied to differentiate the damaged apples from regular ones and their performance variation is also analyzed. For this work, the data set containing damaged and regular apples was garnered from various local stores and farms. The data set consisted of 400 color images of both regular and damaged apples. Though the number of samples is smaller, the above-mentioned deep learning models demonstrated to overcome this deficit. For the training of model, 80% of the total sample (280) images were utilized while 20% and 10% of the sample (80 & 40) were applied for the validation and testing the model. The results show more than 90% accuracy for all the models except ResNet 50. The performance of these models can be improved even further by increasing the size of data set by adding more fruit images through better training of the models. Our experimental study demonstrates the application of artificial intelligence through four different transfer learning techniques works well for deep neural network-based fruit classification. It minimizes the labor and human errors involved in the fruit-sorting process which results in saving money and time.


Silvopastoral systems integrate the complexity of forestry and forage-livestock management in an economically and ecologically sustainable way. However these systems have undergone intensive pressure in the past decades caused by changes in land-uses and in the local socioeconomic priorities that suppressed traditional practices such as livestock grazing. These changes have respectively caused land cover spatiotemporal diversifications and their effects were investigated in a traditional oak silvopastoral system at western Greece under the framework of this study. The temporal landcover changes were analyzed using aerial orthophotographs for a distinctive time period, from the year 1945 to the years 2007 2009. Land-cover was digitized with the use of ArcGis software for the above mentioned time period. Based on the analysis of produced maps, land cover changes are mainly attributed to the human intervention related to land cultivation and livestock grazing.


Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can analyze and detect abnormal network activity, which addresses potential attacks based on studying and analyzing past attacks. This paper uses four supervised machine learning methods, which are logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine, and random forest, to detect these abnormal attacks. The dataset used in this paper is from KDDCUP'99, a publicly available dataset for network-based anomaly detection systems. Certain features and outcomes are first extracted from the dataset.  The values in nominal features are converted into dummy variables, and the values in outcome are changed to either normal or attack. Then the training processes are performed with the four algorithms, and the models are tested to get the accuracy scores. According to the results, the logistic regression model has the highest accuracy score of 0.9415, and the other three models all have accuracy scores above 0.90. The accuracy scores of the decision tree, support vector machine, and random forest are 0.9317, 0.9374, and 0.9202, respectively. Our models turn out to be efficient in identifying the network anomaly with provided data.


A recessed gate (RG) structure is presented for the IGBT and its characteristics are compared with DMOS and UMOS-IGBT for the first time. For the fabrication of the RG structure, it is not necessary to perform the difficult polysilicon planarization step required for the UMOS-IGBT. The breakdown voltage of the RG-IGBT is close to that of the DMOS-IGBT, even though it has a trench structure. The RG-IGBT has a lower on-state voltage drop when compared with the DMOS-IGBT because there is no JFET resistance. The parasitic thyristor latch-up current density of the RG-IGBT is higher than that of the DMOS-IGBT. In addition, the RG-IGBT has a wide forward bias SOA (FBSOA). The saturation current density of the RG-IGBT is lower than that of the UMOS-IGBT, leading to a superior short circuit SOA (SC-SOA).


Anorexia nervosa (AN) occurs nine times more often in females than in males. Although environmental factors likely play a role, the reasons for this imbalanced sex ratio remain unresolved. AN displays high genetic correlations with anthropometric and metabolic traits. Given sex differences in body composition, we investigated the possible metabolic underpinnings of female propensity for AN. We conducted sex‐specific GWAS in a healthy and medication‐free subsample of the UK Biobank (n = 155,961), identifying 77 genome‐wide significant loci associated with body fat percentage (BF%) and 174 with fat‐free mass (FFM). Partitioned heritability analysis showed an enrichment for central nervous tissue‐associated genes for BF%, which was more prominent in females than males. Genetic correlations of BF% and FFM with the largest GWAS of AN by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were estimated to explore shared genomics. The genetic correlations of BF%male and BF%female with AN differed significantly from each other (p < .0001, δ = −0.17), suggesting that the female preponderance in AN may, in part, be explained by sex‐specific anthropometric and metabolic genetic factors increasing liability to AN.


Contents: Introduction: democracy and the vote in British politics Reform and revolution, 1848a "1852 Peelites, protectionists and popular Toryism The coalition and the Crimea, 1852a "1855 Grasping the nettle: the Reform Bills of 1859 and 1860 Democracy in practice: France and America 'The Liberal dilemma' The Liberal collapse The accidental revolution: the making of the second Reform Act Epilogue: 'Toryism on a national foundation' Select bibliography Index.


Traffic engineering uses engineering methods and techniques to achieve the safe and time efficient movement of people and goods on roadway. The safe and time efficient movement of the people and goods depends on traffic flow, which is directly connected to the traffic characteristics. The three main parameters of a traffic flow are volume, speed and density. In the absence of effective planning and traffic management of the city, the current road infrastructure cannot cater the future needs of city. Pedestrian and vehicle volumes have increased significantly in the last decade due to the change of the economics of the middle-class families. The current work studies the traffic characteristics in Virudhunagar at selected priority junctions. In this work emphasis is given on traffic volume and the analysis will be carried out through primary traffic flow surveys at the selected junctions in Virudhunagar. Traffic flow is studied by manual methods. For better understanding of the present status of traffic flow at the junction, traffic survey is conducted. Traffic volume is usually expressed in terms of PCU. IndexTerms Volume of flow, Rate of flow, Average Daily Traffic (ADT), Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT), Passenger Car Unit INTRODUCTION Traffic engineers and planners need information about traffic. They need information to design and manage road and traffic system. They use the information for planning and designing traffic facilities, selecting geometric standards, economic analysis and determination of priorities. They use this to justify warrant of traffic control devices such as signs, traffic signals, pavement markings, school and pedestrian crossings. They also use this information to study the effectiveness of introduced schemes, diagnosing given situations and finding appropriate solutions, forecasting the effects of projected strategies, calibrating and validating traffic models. Transportation system is a dynamic system. Information about traffic must be regularly updated to keep pace with everchanging transportation system. Data must be collected and analyzed systematically to get representative information. Traffic surveys are the means of obtaining information about traffic. This is a systematic way of collecting data to be used for various traffic engineering purposes. Scope Of Traffic Volume Studies: The traffic volume count study is carried out to get following useful information:  Magnitudes, classifications and the time and directional split of vehicular flows. Magnitude is represented by volume of traffic.  Vehicles are classified into some predefined classes based on vehicle size and capacity. In a two-way road, vehicles moving towards two directions are counted separately to get the proportion. Time and directional split is useful to identify tidal flow.  Proportions of vehicles in traffic stream. Proportion of vehicles indicates whether public or private transport dominates the traffic system. It also indicates the choice of road users.  Hourly, daily, yearly and seasonal variation of vehicular flows. These variations are needed to establish expansion factors for future use. Using expansion factors, AADT can be calculated from short count.  Flow fluctuation on different approaches at a junction or different parts of a road network system. Measurement at point The data required by a traffic engineer can mainly be observed on field rather than at laboratory. Now the field studies can be classified into three types depending upon the length of observation:  Measurement at a point  Measurement over a short section  Measurement over a long section Out of these we will be discussing the first type here. Flow is the main traffic parameter measured at a point. Flow can be defined as the no of vehicles passing a section per unit time. Traffic volume studies are mainly carried out to obtain factual data concerning the movement of vehicles at selected point on the street or highway system. METHODOLOGY Types of Volume Measurement Volume count varies considerably with time. Hence, several types of measurement of volume are commonly adopted to average these variations. These measurements are described below: Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) This is given by the total no. of vehicles passing through a section in a year divided by 365. This can be used for following purposes:  Measuring the present demand for service by the street or highway  Developing the major or arterial street  Evaluating the present traffic flow with respect to the street system  Locating areas where new facilities or improvements to existing facilities are needed. © 2020 JETIR April 2020, Volume 7, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIR2004012 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 76 Average Annual Weekday Traffic (AAWT) This is defined as the average 24-hour traffic volume occurring on weekdays over a full year. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) An average 24-hour traffic volume at a given location for some period of time less than a year. It may be measured for six months, a season, a month, a week, or as little as two days. An ADT is a valid number only for the period over which it was measured. Average Weekday Traffic (AWT) An average 24-hour traffic volume occurring on weekdays for some period of time less than one year, such as for a month or a season. Type of Counts Various types of traffic counts are carried out, depending on the anticipated use of the data to be collected. They include: Cordon Count These are made at the perimeter of an enclosed area (CBD, shopping center etc.). Vehicles or persons entering and leaving the area during a specified time period are counted. Screen Line Count These are classified counts taken at all streets intersecting an imaginary line (screen line) bisecting the area. These counts are used to determine trends, expand urban travel data, traffic assignment etc. Pedestrian Count These are used in evaluating sidewalk and crosswalk needs, justifying pedestrian signals, traffic signal timings etc. Intersection Count These are measured at the intersections and are used in planning turn prohibitions, designing channelization, computing capacity, analyzing high accident intersections etc. Counting Techniques Number of vehicles can be counted either manually or by machine depending upon the duration of study, accuracy required, location of study area etc. Manual counting In its simplest form an observer counts the numbers of vehicles along with its type, passing through the section for a definite time interval. For light volumes, tally marks on a form are adequate. Mechanical or electrical counters are used for heavy traffic. Although it is good to take some manual observations for every counting for checking the instruments, some other specific uses of manual counts are following:  Turning and through movement studies  Classification and occupancy studies  For analysis of crosswalks, sidewalks, street corner space and other pedestrian facilities Automatic counting These can be used to obtain vehicular counts at non-intersection points. Total volume, direc-tional volume or lane volumes can be obtained depending upon the equipment available. Permanent Counters These are installed to obtain control counts on a continuous basis. A detector (sensor) which responds on the passage of vehicle past a selected point is an essential part of this type of counters. These can be mainly grouped into contact types, pulsed types, radar types. Among the contact type counters, pneumatic tubes are mostly used. Air pulse actuated by vehicle wheels, pass along the tube thereby increasing the count. Pulsed types mainly depend upon the interruption of a beam generated from a station located near the site, which is detected by the receiver. In radar types, a continuous beam of energy is directed towards the vehicle. The frequency shift of energy reflected from approaching vehicle is conceived by sensors. Due to tedious reduction of the voluminous amount of data obtained, use of such counters was decreasing. But the use of computers and data readable counters has reversed the trend. Portable Counters These are used to obtain temporary or short term counts. Generally these make use of a transducer unit actuated by energy pulses. Each axle or vehicle passage operates a switch attached to a counter which is usually set to register one unit for every two axles. If significant number of multi-axle vehicles is present, an error is introduced. A correction factor, obtained from a sample classification count, is introduced to reduce this error. This can further be sub-divided into two types: [1] Recording counters provides a permanent record of volumes by printing the total volume. These may be set for various counting intervals. [2] Non-Recording Counters must be read by an observer at desired intervals. Counting Periods The time and length that a specific location should be counted depends upon the data desired and the application in which the data are used. Counting periods vary from short counts at spot points to continuous counts at permanent stations. Hourly counts are generally significant in all engineering design, while daily and annual traffic is important in economic calculations, road system classification and investment programmes. Continuous counts are made to establish national and local highway use, trends of use and behaviour and for estimating purposes. Some of the more commonly used intervals are: Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess traffic-flow rate on a highway. A Passenger Car Unit is a measure of the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single standard passenger Determination of PCU Traffic in many parts of the world is heterogeneous, where road space is shared among many traffic modes with different physical