Glancing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) has been applied to the investigation of depth-dependent stress distributions within electroplated Cu films due to overlying capping layers. Cu films, 0.65 µm thick, plated on conventional barrier and seed layers received a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC_xN_yH_z cap, an electrolessly deposited CoWP layer, or a CoWP layer followed by a SiC_xN_yH_z cap. GIXRD and conventional x-ray diffraction measurements revealed that strain gradients were created in Cu films possessing a SiC_xN_yH_z cap, where a greater in-plane tensile stress of approximately 180 MPa was generated near the film/cap interface as a result of constraint imposed by the SiC_xN_yH_z layer during cooling from the cap deposition temperature. Although Cu films possessing a CoWP cap without a SiC_xN_yH_z layer did not exhibit depth-dependent stress distributions, subsequent annealing introduced stress gradients and increased the bulk Cu stress. However, a thermal excursion to liquid-nitrogen temperatures significantly reduced tensile stresses in the Cu films.


Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) result in somatic and mental health disturbances. Their influence on antenatal depression is scarcely studied. This study examined the association between experience of ACE and antenatal depressive symptomatology.


Objective To investigate the clinical application of naso-intestinal decompression intubation in the comprehensive treatment of small intestine obstruction caused by advanced malignant tumors. Methods Under DSA guidance,naso-intestinal decompression intubation was performed in 18 patients with small intestine obstruction caused by advanced malignant tumors. The naso-intestinal decompression tube was inserted into the small intestine and its tip was placed in the vicinity of ligament of Treitz. The patients' clinical manifestations and the drainage condition were observed and recorded. Contrast media was injected through the tube to clarify the diagnosis. Oral administration of supportan was applied in 15 patients after abdominal distension relieved. Results The naso-intestinal decompression tube was successfully inserted to scheduled position in all 18 patients and the symptoms of intestinal obstruction were basically alleviated in 2-7 days after the procedure. Intestinal contrast examination showed positive imaging signs. The malnutrition condition was obviously improved in 15 patients after orally taking supportan for two weeks. Conclusion DSA-guided naso-intestinal decompression intubation is a technically simple and clinically effective method for the treatment of small bowel obstruction caused by intraperitoneal metastases,therefore,it is worthy of clinical use.


The media have become obsessed with something called "Islam," which in their voguish lexicon has acquired only two meanings, both of them unacceptable and impoverishing. On the one hand, "Islam" represents the threat of a resurgent atavism, which suggests not only the menace of a return to the Middle Ages but the destruction of what Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan calls the democratic order in the Western world. On the other hand, "Islam" is made to stand for a defensive counterresponse to this first image of Islam as threat, especially when, for geopolitical reasons, "good" Moslems like the Saudi Arabians or the Afghan Moslem "freedom fighters" against the Soviet Union are in question. … But rejection alone does not take one very far, since if we are to claim, as we must, that as a religion and as a civilization Islam does have a meaning very much beyond either of the two currently given it, we must first be able to provide something in the way of a space in which to speak of Islam. Those who wish either to rebut the standard anti-Islamic and anti-Arab rhetoric that dominates the media and liberal intellectual discourse, or to avoid the idealization of Islam (to say nothing of its sentimentalization), find themselves with scarcely a place to stand on, much less a place in which to move freely. (Said, 1980:488)


Objective To investigate the methodology and feasibility of bedside temporary cardiac pacing with balloon-tipped floating catheter by femoral vein approach.Methods 86 patients in this study were treated with bedside temporary cardiac pacing by femoral vein for arrhythmias.A balloon-tipped floating catheter was inserted through the femoral vein in right ventricle,guided by the length of catheter in body and the QRS morphology of pacing electrocardiogram(ECG).After that,the pacing site was identified by X-ray fluoroscopy.Then,the feasibility and successful rate of this bedside temporary cardiac pacing,and the causes for failure were analyzed.Results Guided by the length of catheter and the QRS morphology of pacing ECG,the succesful rate of balloon-tipped floating catheter putted into right ventricle was 98.8%.The most successful pacing sites were located at the right ventricular apex(RVA) and right ventricular out-flow tract(RVOT).The lengths of catheter from the puncture sites to RVA and RVOT were (57.2±3.2)cm and (54.3±3.1)cm,respectively.Incidence of undersensing in RVOT pacing group was significantly higher than that in RVA pacing group(P0.05).However,there was no significant difference in pacing threshold between these two groups.Conclusion The balloon-tipped floating catheter can be safely used for bedside temporary cardiac pacing by femoral vein for patients with diffrerent age with a high successful rate.


Audio amplifier comprising a planar inductor structure, the planar inductor structure comprises a plurality of a first winding and a second plurality of windings formed on the layer of the second circuit board is formed on the layer of the first circuit board. The planar inductor structure may further include a sensing winding.


The need to better understand the role of context has emerged after the revolution of mobile computing, as such devices are used in heterogeneous circumstances. However, it is difficult to say what context of use in mobile human-computer interaction actually means. This study summarises past research in mobile contexts of use and not only provides a deeper understanding of the characteristics associated with it, but also indicates a path for future research. This article presents an extensive and systematic literature review of more than 100 papers published in five high-quality journals and one main conference in the field of HCI during the years 2000-2007. The authors' results show that context of use is still explored as a relatively static phenomenon in mobile HCI. Its most commonly mentioned characteristics are linked to social, physical, and technical components, while transitions between the contexts were rarely listed. Based on this review, a descriptive model of context of use for mobile HCI CoU-HMCI summarising five components, their subcomponents and descriptive properties is presented. The model can help both practitioners and academics to identify broadly relevant contextual factors when designing, experimenting with, and evaluating, mobile contexts of use.


Directional solidification experiments have been utilized throughout the Materials Processing in Space Program to provide an experimental platform which minimizes variables in solidification experiments. Because of the wide-spread use of this experimental technique in space-based research, it has become apparent that a better understanding of all the phenomena occurring during solidification can be better understood if direct visualization of the solidification interface were possible.


Runtime Patterns with Caching Proxy and Tivoli Access Manager User authentication and authorization Runtime node placement guidelines Security is such a fundamental enabler of e-busines that in the emerging business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) markets, effective security can make the difference betwen being successful and becoming an "also ran". The promise of e-business and its ability to create new revenue streams is predicated on the ability of these new business processes to reach these new markets and customers. That promise can evaporate if security issues are not addressed up front. This IBM Redbook addresses the security issues of user authentication and authorization using the concept of Patterns. Patterns for e-business are a group of proven, reusable assets that can help speed the process of developing applications. In this redbook, we describe guidelines and options for the selection of Runtime patterns that include user authentication and authorization considerations in the design process. Specifically, we address software and node configuration scenarios within the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and give examples of implementation procedures.


The orderly arrangement and applications have been the hot research of electrospinning technology.In recent decades,scholars at home and abroad have been designing and modifying new spinning,controlling and collecting devices to obtain orderly nanofibers.From the above three aspects,different electrospinning technologies of orientation nanofibers at home and abroad were summarized and compared,and the development trend of orderly arrangement electrospinning nanofibers was provided.


C17H16N40 , M r = 292"34, monoclinic, P21/a, a = 12.325 (1), b = 22.303 (2), c = 11.3682 (9) A, fl = 100.015 (7) °, V = 3077.3 (5) A 3, Z=8, Din= 1"283 (by flotation in benzene- bromoform), Dx = 1.262 g cm-3, A(Cu Ka) = 1"5418/~, /z(Cu Ka) = 6.230 cm-1, R = 0.045 for 3876 observed reflections. The conformation of the molecule is stabilized by extensive conjugation of the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide moiety and intra- molecular hydrogen bonding. The conformation of the phenyl tings of the diphenylmethyl group is different in the two crystallographically independent molecules. The phenyl tings stand almost perpen- dicular to each other as found in many active anti- histamines. Introduction. Theophylline and its derivatives have been used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma owing to their ability to inhibit the enzyme cyclic adenosine monophsphate (cAMP) phospho- diesterase which regulates the cellular level of cAMP nucleotide under normal conditions. These anti- histamines possess an extended planar heterocyclic structure associated with a ~O moiety and a sub- stituent of a basic or neutral character. Higher activity has been observed when the heterocyclic ring-system is capable of being transformed by hydrogen bonding into a more extended aromatic system (Lunt, 1982). The presence of bulky groups like diphenylmethyl and similar dicyclic moieties in well known antihistamines like chloropheniramine, bromopheniramine, promethazine and related com- pounds, indicates that these groups play important roles in interaction at the receptor site. To achieve a * To whom correspondence should be addressed.


The food processing industry is growing with retail and catering supply chains. With the rising complexity of food products and the need to address food customization expectations, food processing systems are progressively shifting from production line to job-shops that are characterized by high flexibility and high complexity. A food job-shop system processes multiple items (i.e. raw ingredients, toppings, dressings) according to their working cycles in a typical resource and capacity constrained environment. Given the complexity of such systems, there are divergent goals of process cost optimization and of food quality and safety preservation. These goals deserve integration at both an operational and a strategic decisional perspective. The twofold purpose of this paper is to design a simulation model for food job-shop processing and to build understanding of the extant relationships between food flows and processing equipment through a real case study from the catering industry.,The authors designed a simulation tool enabling the analysis of food job-shop processing systems. A methodology based on discrete event simulation is developed to study the dynamics and behaviour of the processing systems according to an event-driven approach. The proposed conceptual model builds upon a comprehensive set of variables and key performance indicators (KPIs) that describe and measure the dynamics of the food job-shop according to a multi-disciplinary perspective.,This simulation identifies the job-shop bottlenecks and investigates the utilization of the working centres and product queuing through the system. This approach helps to characterize how costs are allocated in a flow-driven approach and identifies the trade-off between investments in equipment and operative costs.,The primary purpose of the proposed model relies on the definition of standard resources and operating patterns that can meet the behaviour of a wide variety of food processing equipment and tasks, thereby addressing the complexity of a food job-shop. The proposed methodology enables the integration of strategic and operative decisions between several company departments. The KPIs enable identification of the benchmark system, tracking the system performance via multi-scenario what-if simulations, and suggesting improvements through short-term (e.g. tasks scheduling, dispatching rules), mid-term (e.g. recipes review), or long-term (e.g. re-layout, working centres number) levers.


With the publication of volume 13 of Journal of Greek Linguistics ( JGL) last fall, the journal completed its fifth year, spanning 2009–2013 and volumes 9–13, in our new instantiation under Brill Publishers. In switching to Brill from our previous publisher, we have opened up the journal in a couple of ways. The first is simply a matter of presentation, as we now appear in two issues a year, with a total of some 350 pages. This is not an insignificant change from volumes 1–8, which had only one issue per year and averaged 233 pages, for it means that more content focused on Greek linguistics can be provided in a given year. But more important is the second way in which we have opened up the journal, namely as to the specifics of that content. That is, JGLwas founded in 2000,with amission statement that said wewould "publish papers on any aspect of Greek Linguistics", but we nonetheless expressed a preference for papers dealingwith "the more recent stages of the language, especially contemporary (Modern) Greek". Starting with volume 9 (2009), in our new guise, we have explicitly welcomed papers pertaining to all eras of Greek, with no preference for one stage over another.1 That 2009 volume contained articles on Ancient Greek, without any overt looking ahead temporally towards related developments in later stages, as some of the articles in previous issues had, and now we have evenhada special thematic issuedevoted entirely toAncientGreekLinguistics, issue 12.1 (2012). Bywayof seeinghowwellwehavebeen fulfilling ourmission to cover the full chronological rangeof theGreek language,wehave taken stockofwhatwehave published over the past five years. All in all, looking just at research articles, i.e. our regular articles, the occasional short article, and one discussion note that was research oriented, there have been 47 items in the 9 issues from 2009 to 2013. Of those, 29.5 have been on Modern Greek, 16.5 on Ancient Greek, and one onMedieval Greek.2 Given that there aremore journal outlets for linguistic


Aquatic ecosystems respond differently to diverse anthropogenic activities in their watersheds. Phytoplankton is sensitive to their environment and is used to monitor anthropogenic impacts. A study was carried out in a South-eastern Nigerian River between December 2017 and November 2018 in 6 stations; to assess the phytoplankton community, water quality, and anthropogenic impacts. Sand mining was a major activity in the river among others. The phytoplankton was sampled with the filtration method while water was collected and analyzed using standard methods. A total of 36 phytoplankton species were recorded with Chlorophyceae being the most abundant group. The most abundant species - Melosira granulata is a pollution indicator. The water quality and phytoplankton structure showed that the water was tending towards eutrophication. This is attributed to the observed anthropogenic activities and cumulative impacts of all the activities in the watershed. The impact of sand mining activities was observed more in the downstream stations (4 – 6) while perturbation from swimming children and related activities was observed in station 1. The community structure reflected the impacts of the activities while CCA showed the major water quality parameters that influenced the phytoplankton community structure.


This article critically addresses the claim that there has been a striking growth in 'knowledge work' in advanced economies. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Survey, we examine occupational change from 1986 to 2000 to evaluate the support for this claim. Researchers have usually relied on aggregate level data to justify the presence of a burgeoning knowledge-based workforce, but we contend that we must 'get below the surface' of the major occupational groups by disaggregating the data. This enables us to demonstrate that a substantial component of the apparent growth in knowledge work is accounted for by an increase in low-level information handling occupations rather than by a growth in knowledge work as it is commonly conceived. The article then develops an interpretive framework that makes sense of the data in a manner that avoids both over-estimating the prevalence of the 'knowledge worker' and underestimating the knowledge-related activities in jobs commonly considered to be low-skilled and bereft of important competencies.


This study aims to determine the existence of reaction wood in teak wood branches (Tectona Grandis Linn. F) by the colouring method of Chlor Zinc Iodine in the transversal section. The main branch with 4 cm in diameter was cut to the ten parts in sequence, then dropped by the Chlor Zinc Iodine solution in the transverse section and observed under the microscope NIKON SMZ645. The natural wood surface is a light brown that was evenly distributed. But after dropping with chlor zinc iodine, there are changes of colour on the wood surface shown by the presence of spots with blue and dark blue, which indicates the reaction wood in some pieces a branch with a pattern of spots and changes in position. It can be concluded that there is significant existence of reaction wood in branches of teak wood.


In this contribution, Yunpeng Zhang responds to an earlier post by Qin Shao (see Building Trust and Boundary: Fieldwork in Shanghai) to provoke discussions on the dilemma and ethics of observing, witnessing and writing about vulnerable people. Challenging the 'boundary' setting efforts in researching contentious topics and in working with such people, Yunpeng reflects upon his own fieldwork research on Shanghai's Expo-induced domicide, relating in particular to an episode that revolted his own subjectivity and agency. It is suggested that we take a radical path that views ourselves not as academic professionals but as persons with a particular set of knowledge, and that this way of thinking pushes us to ponder our civic and intellectual responsibilities for the people not as research subjects but as fellow citizens, writes Yunpeng Zhang.


Spread spectrum is one of the most effective approaches for digital image watermarking because it satisfies the imperceptiveness, robustness as well as security requirements. Unfortunately, this method may be affected by interference from the cover image and completely fails in the case of having no watermark in the tested image. In addition, some proposed improvements to eliminate this interference are invalid for spatial image watermarking which obtains a low cost and is easy to adapt to real-time applications. This paper proposes a modified spatial spread spectrum method to overcome these disadvantages. By removing the mean value in the tested image, the proposed method reduces the interference and achieves a better error probability. Moreover, by using a flexible threshold in the detector, our method can work successfully even if the tested image is pure. We not only analyze and derive the closed-form expressions for the optimal threshold and the error probability, but also investigate various images and some common image attacks including noise, compression and filtering.


A method for constructing the reduced-rank Toeplitz approximation matrices to the linear prediction matrices of the covariance matrices is proposed. This method uses the power method to reduce the computation time compared with the conventional method. As a practical application, the harmonic retrieval problem is considered in the case of an input data sequence composed of N sinusoids in additive white noise. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed.<<ETX>>


Frank Knight distinguished between 'uncertainty' and 'risk' to specify the true nature of 'profit', but his specification never caught on and I do not see realistic possibilities for renewing research in this direction. Using uncertainty to analyze the organization and conduct of contemporary entrepreneurial activity offers more promising prospects. Dedication: This paper commemorates Harvard Business School Dean Emeritus John H. McArthur whose generosity of spirit is legendary but formidable intellect was well-concealed. I did not encounter Knight in my MBA and doctoral courses at Harvard's business school or economics department. (Even Richard Caves's wide-ranging Industrial Organization course had no mention). John summoned me to a nearly three-hour lunch after I joined his faculty in 1988 to figure out what I was about he said. Following this (subtle) grilling John sent me a copy of Risk, Uncertainty and Profit with a scribbled note suggesting it would resonate with me. It has guided nearly all my subsequent work in entrepreneurship, innovation, and even finance. John remained a staunch supporter and thoughtful reader of everything I wrote until his death in 2019. He was surely one of a kind. Acknowledgments: The Hayek Uncertainty and Risk seminars at the LSE in 2020/2021 led greatly influenced this paper. I also thank Bo Becker, John Kay, M. Ali Khan, and Mervyn King for thoughtful comments and suggestions.


Observations of the intensity of the nucleonic component have been obtained with an airborne neutron monitor aboard the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Project Magnet aircraft in a worldwide survey extending from the equator to the north and south geomagnetic poles. The data were reduced to a standard pressure altitude (500 mm of Hg), and the effects of temporal variations were removed by a normalization procedure involving four ground-based neutron monitor stations distributed over a wide range of latitude. Representation of the results in the form of an isocosm map revealed general agreement with the Quenby and Wenk calculations of threshold rigidities. Discrepancies are attributable to the inexactness of the approximation adopted for taking into account the effects of the penumbra. The location of the cosmic-ray equator, determined at seven points, was in accordance with calculations using the sixth-order expansion of the geomagnetic potential. The variation in intensity along the equator was in agreement with earlier results obtained during a different phase of the solar cycle. Measurements in the arctic and antarctic regions reveal that, during a period of extreme solar cycle modulation, the intensities in the northern and southern polar caps were equal within less than 0.5%. The latitude dependence of the atmospheric attenuation length of the nucleonic component, L, was determined from observations of the dependence of intensity upon altitude. In the plateau region, the mean value of L was 136.1±0.3 g/cm2. L increased by about 11% over the range of threshold rigidity from 2.5 to 16 Gv. The absorption mean free path, λa, deduced from L, was 160 g/cm2 in the plateau region. Calculations based on currently accepted models of nuclear collision and of the process of nucleon propagation through the atmosphere yielded a value for the interaction length, λa, of about 80 g/cm2. This increased to 85 g/cm2 when the effects of charge exchange were considered.


This paper discusses the effects of Special Education law (1918) in Israel and amendments followed in 2002; 2018 on school placement policy and attitudes toward inclusion. The critics on differential budget to different setting that the budget doesn't support the least restrictive environment concept and inequality in the allocation of resources among students in special education and students integrated in the regular education lead to the amendment nr.11 of Special Education law. Present paper argues that while state policy makes an ongoing effort to increase access to general edu- cation by innovative legislation, increasing the state funding in order to accommodate and meet the needs of students with disabilities in inclusive education the practices of educational institutions perpetuated exclusion from general education. For regular teachers to feel confident in their ability to teach all students, a change in teacher preparation programs should be implemented. A change in teacher preparation programs still needs a profound reform.


Aim: to analyze the social representations on the profession of psychologist in freshmen students admitted to the career of Psychology in Cordoba, Argentina. Method: the contents of the representations as a semantic field was dealt with using a pluri-methodological design developed in two phases, with the full participation of 260 applicants. In Phase I, a prototype analysis of the social representation was made, where the order of appearance, the frequency and the co-occurrence of words evoked were considered. In Phase II, 42 interviews divided by gender in equal parts were conducted, as part of the work done with the symbolic value of words evoked. Results: there are differences between the social representations of the students admitted and the professional exercise of the proper psychologist. Conclusion: there is predominance of the psychoanalytic clinical model at the expense of the other areas of the psychology professional activity. In addition, a vision of psychology centered more in the treatment of disorders than in the promotion of psychological welfare is appreciated.


We propose a shared task on training instance selection for few-shot neural text generation. Large-scale pretrained language models have led to dramatic improvements in few-shot text generation. Nonetheless, almost all previous work simply applies random sampling to select the few-shot training instances. Little to no attention has been paid to the selection strategies and how they would affect model performance. Studying the selection strategy can help us (1) make the most use of our annotation budget in downstream tasks and (2) better benchmark few-shot text generative models. We welcome submissions that present their selection strategies and the effects on the generation quality.


This research is a classroom action research carried out during two cycles, which aims to increase the students' mathematics learning class X4 through programming Microsoft Power Point into computer media and projector LCD on the subject of three dimensions in SMA 8 Makassar. The subjects were students of class 8 Makassar X4 SMU taught by the author as many as 36 students. Data collection through achievement test after completion of material taught at the end of each cycle. The data analysis technique is qualitative and quantitative, quantitative analysis using descriptive statistical results of this study indicate that: (1) An increase in the results of students' mathematics learning of the first cycle keSiklus II after improvement slide on programming Microsoft Power Point (MPP) into computer media and LCD projector. (2) the first cycle students 'average score of 57.80 with a standard deviation of 10.14 at the ideal score of 100. (3) Cycle II students' average score of 78.33 with a standard deviation of 9.85 to the ideal score of 100. (4) the presence, liveliness and sincerity students attend learning activities also showed an increase visible from the observation during the learning takes place. Based on these results it can be concluded. Whereas, the application of the use of computer media and LCD projectors with learning programs that are made of a presentation application program that Microsoft Power Point (MPP) students may be interested and motivated to participate in learning activities that increase math learning outcomes.


MAAZ ALLAH KHAN, A.K.GAUTAM, Research Scholar, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Maharishi University of Information & Technology, Lucknow, India _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The Discrete Element Method was first introduced in 1979 to model granular soils within the context of geotechnical engineering. The material is modeled as a random assembly of discrete elements. Each particle interacts with neighboring particles through contact forces that can be built up and broken at any time. The particles were modeled as discs in 2-D or as spheres in 3-D. Research studies have been conducted to improve the simulation of actual grain shapes in (2003) developed the overlapping rigid clusters (ORC) method to accurately model irregular particle shapes. The idea relies on clumping a number of overlapping discs such that them coincides with that of the actual particle.


According to ICS, hyperactive urinary bladder syndrome is among the 10 most common diseases, with amount of 100 million people in the world whom are ill, and is ahead in the frequency of diseases of diabetes mellitus, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer By expenditure, this disease is in the fifth place after arthritis, urinary incontinence and osteoporosis. Costs of GAMP are comparable to the cost of treatment for asthma and osteoporosis. is necessary in all cases where the available symptoms cause a decrease in the quality of life of the patient. Taking into account the significant negative influence of GAMP on the quality of life of patients, it is possible to appoint therapeutic measures before the completion of all diagnostic procedures. GAMP GAMP are M-cholinoblockers. of M-cholin blockers in GAMP the frequency of the of of the functional the of the of is promising to use combined drugs therapy with multi-directional mechanisms of action. The purpose of our work was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative indices of the adenylate system of erythrocytes of rats with hyperactive urinary bladder in its correction with testoster-one / estradiol compositions with quercetin. The influence of sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol) composition with quercetin on the qualitative and quantitative compound of adenile nucleotides of erythrocytes of rats with me-dicamentally produced, by our own methods, syndrome of hyperactive urinary bladder (HAUB) was studied. It was defined that the HAUB course in experimental animals is accompanied by a probable decrease in the content of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) to 14.69 % from the total number of adenile nucleotides against 58.6 % in intact with simultaneous increase of adenosine-diphos-phate (ADP) to 74.65 % against 14.09 %, respectively. It was established that the course of GASM in experimental was accompanied by a significant imbalance of the adenylate system of erythrocytes, due to a decrease in the content of and an increase in the content of ADP in erythrocytes, the development of violations of biosynthetic processes The objective confirmation of the synergistic effect of sex hormones and bioflavonoids in the correction of functional disorders in cases of HAUB by increasing the compensatory mechanisms of cellular energy conservation has been received.


A heat exchanger has a cross-current / counter-current structure, so that air which is directed across the heat exchanger is heated in the two successive rows. This design takes advantage of the temperature glide of a refrigerant blend. In this design, the hottest refrigerant blend is in contact with the hottest air, and the coldest refrigerant blend is in contact with the coldest air, leading toa lower difference between the average refrigerant blend temperature and the average air temperature compared to a pure refrigerant in a one-row heat exchanger.


Where to Go with Joomla SEF and SEO Questions and get quick accurate answers, where are the specialists who know Joomla and are knowledgable in the fields of Search Engine Optimization? Read here which forums to visit.


Although Latvia became ice free in the Allerod, the traces of human activity have been found only starting in the Younger Dryas (DR 3). These finds are flint artefacts and bone and antler harpoons, concentrated on the banks of the two largest rivers - Daugava and Lielupe. The finds indicate the similarity to Swiderian cultural traditions, observed in the area between River Oder and River Dniepr, the Pripet basin forming the southern border of this region. Bone and antler harpoons show even more distant western influences. The area of present-day Latvia represented the northern limit of the distribution of the groups of Late Palaeolithic reindeer hunters on the eastern coast of the Baltic basin.


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In a recent series in this journal on project successes and failures, I discussed my strongly held viewpoint that project management needs to ensure that "the right project is being done", in addition to ensuring that "the project is done right". My basic reasoning for this is simple, and derives from the question, "if the 'right' project is not being done, what is the relevance of 'doing the project right'?"


In this article identified and considered are the problems of energy efficiency of buildings, suggests the criteria for the information of energy consumption to a minimum. The set of actions with application of intelligent engineering systems.


THE NUMBER of people with hip fracture who died within 30 days of being admitted to hospital fell by 300 between 2011/12 and 2012/13, according to a new report.


Aim. To optimize the technique for the isolation and storage of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from whole blood and leukocyte fraction.Materials and methods. Comparison of isolation quality was carried out for RNA samples obtained from 228 leukocyte samples and 198 whole blood samples. Isolation was performed from fresh and frozen samples using ExtractRNA™ reagent and a MagNA Pure Compact automated system. Various methods of removing erythrocytes (centrifugation and treatment with hemolytic agents from two manufacturers) were tested, as well as freezing with and without preservatives for subsequent RNA isolation.Results. Twenty-one combinations of conditions were tested. The highest quality RNA was isolated by manual extraction using the ExtractRNA™ reagent from a fresh leukocyte fraction, purified by the Amplisens hemolytic agent (successful extraction — 94%, median RIN=8,4); frozen in IntactRNA™, purified by leukocyte fraction centrifugation (successful extraction — 100%, median RIN=8); frozen in ExtractRNA™, purified by leukocyte fraction centrifugation (successful extraction — 100%, median RIN=9,3).Conclusion. RNA can be isolated from frozen blood fractions, which is not inferior in quality to that isolated from fresh samples. Thus, it is not necessary to isolate RNA immediately after the receipt of biological material.


There are some strategies regarding SS7 network configuration for the users identification, for example using the local database or the zonal database infrastructure. This paper investigates the both assumptions and concludes that the initial condition can determine the final configuration as mixing solution for the global infrastructure. The four simulation scenarios were generated for a better understanding of the global architecture.


A simple one-step preparation method to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using 4-acylamidobenzenethiol derivatives as reductive stabilizers has been developed. The stabilizers were easily prepare...


SUMMARY

In this paper, we propose an L1-approximation for the design of FIR digital filters with complex coefficients. The L1-approximation has the advantage of having a flatter passband and a small overshoot around the discontinuity point as compared with the L2-approximation and -approximation. As the obtained filter has complex coefficients, it is possible to reduce group delay and to design a digital filter with a asymmetric amplitude characteristic with respect to the origin. The algorithm proposed in this paper is based on Newton's method, which is an efficient iterative approximation algorithm. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method through a design example.


This "second edition" is a continuation of the series of National Cumulative Indexes on Radar Systems inaugurated in 1988. These National series augment the periodic International Cumulative Indexes on Radar Systems which are prepared by members of the IEEE AESS Radar Systems Panel. Information on both series is contained in IEEE AES Transactions vol. 27, no. 3 p. 581 (May 1991).


This paper discribes the study situation of purple glutinous maize breeding,including the distribution and genetics of maize kernel pigment,pigment genetics and transposon of purple glutionous maize,market demands and purple glutionous maize genetics,breeding method for purple glutinous maize and the formation of blending colour glutinous maize.This paple shows the looking forward of new tape variety of purple glutinous maize.Therefore,the plant breeding method of purple glutinous maize is a projects worthy of research.


Abstract Background New efficacious systemic therapies for advanced melanoma have been practice changing. More recently these therapies have been tested in the adjuvant setting for stage III disease with positive results. With recent FDA and EMA approvals for stage III disease we wished to evaluate current uptake of adjuvant therapies for stage III melanoma. Such benchmark data will be important in testing our ability to integrate clinical trial data into clinical practice. Methods We identified 34,376 stage III patients from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) diagnosed 2004-2015 with known extent of LN surgery and no prior invasive cancer. Use of adjuvant chemotherapy (including targeted therapy), immunotherapy and radiation therapy was assessed. Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to test for changes in proportions over time overall and stratified by substage. Results Of the 34,376 patients, median age 57 years, 21,093 (61.4%) were male and 33,300 Caucasian (97.7%). The median (mean) number of positive nodes was 1 (2.1), IQR 1-2, range 1-81. Overall, 9,180 patients (27.4%) received adjuvant immunotherapy, 2,467 (7.5%) adjuvant chemotherapy and 3,088 (9.1%) adjuvant radiation. Any adjuvant therapy use declined over time from 41.9% in 2004 to 35.8% in 2015 (p  Conclusions These data provide benchmarks for adjuvant therapy uptake for stage III melanoma patients reflective of general clinical practice. Future study with integration of adjuvant systemic therapies tested in clinical trials into the general cancer population should utilize these data to test the uptake of newer adjuvant treatments. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


The purpose of this study is to better understand consumers' perceptions and attitudes toward brands and brand personality. This study examines the determinants of brand selection to observe the role of brand personality and to examine the antecedents of brand personality to understand how this concept is formed and used. Further, this construct stems from consumers' positive and negative views of their most and least favorite brands and their evaluations on brand personality traits. In this study, college students (N = 238) and mature (non-student) adults (N = 354) participated in the online survey, responding to questions based on evaluations of brands in the four different product categories (computer, soft drink, jeans, and shampoo). By using exploratory factor analysis, this study creates the 10 brand personality dimensions that consist of five positive dimensions (Accomplishment, Vitality, Contemporaries, Courageousness, and Stability), four negative dimensions (Bureaucracy, Superficiality, Unrefinedness, and Deceptiveness), and one neutral (male-oriented) dimension (Ruggedness). Importantly, in the relationships between consumers' favorable brands and particular brand personality dimensions, demographic characteristics (i.e., gender and social group) play an important role in how consumers perceive and evaluate brands and their related personality traits. In terms of the 10 brand personality dimensions, females are more sensitive to brand personality traits than males in that female subjects are more likely to associate their most favorite brands with the positive dimensions and their least favorite brands with the negative ones than their male counterparts. Further, college students tend to think of brand personality more strongly than mature adults. Moreover, current research suggests that consumers tend to have more favorable attitudes toward brands based on brand personality dimensions when they consider buying self-expressive products. In the antecedents of brand personality, consumers tend to form brand personality through product-related attributes, price, brand name, product category associations, brand's user imagery, and feelings toward ads. INDEX WORDS: symbolic meaning, brand personality, brand selection, consumer evaluation, consumer attitude, gender effect, social group effect, product category BRAND PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND THE EFFECTS ON CONSUMERS' BRAND SELECTION


In many measurement technique applications (high voltage engineering, pulse power electronics, electromagnetic compatibility a.s.o.) it is necessary to measure some current pulses with ns durations, superimposed on periodical currents with different shapes or frequencies. When detecting partial discharges (PD), short duration impulses are superimposed on a low frequency (usually power line frequency) carrier signal. If High Frequency Current Transformers (HFCTs) are used to measure PD in large capacitors or capacitor banks, the low frequency component of the complex signal has such amplitude that it leads to magnetic circuit saturation associated with measurement errors. This paper shows how to modify a HFCT so that its sensitivity automatically changes with the measured signal frequency to avoid the saturation at low frequencies. For this purpose, a passive current filter connected in parallel to the HFCT output significantly reduces its sensitivity for a preset low frequency band, so that the nominal sensitivity at high frequencies within the transformer measuring range remains unchanged. The filter design, its practical implementation and laboratory experiments validating the proposed solution are described in the paper.


Sediment-laden torrential floods are among the most important natural hazards in Austria. Ongoing climate change in the Austrian Alps will make it necessary to expand and reassess protection measures. Climate change projections for the Alpine region show increasing precipitation during winter and stronger convective precipitation events in summer, even if the aspired warming thresholds of the Paris Agreement were reached. In the research project RunSed-CC one module aims at numerical modelling the current and future sediment transport based on runoff and sediment availability in the Schöttlbach catchment in Styria (Austria). The 2D depth-averaged numerical models Telemac-2D & Sisyphe will be implemented, calibrated and validated by linking the simulated runoff from a hydrologic model and the observed sediment data. The high variability of boundary conditions in a torrent leads to significant uncertainties. Minimum and maximum calculations of sensitive input parameters will allow to assess the possible bandwidth of the results. Different algorithms for the sediment transport in mountain streams will be adapted or implemented to enhance the capability of the numerical model. The calibrated sediment transport model will be used to generate sedimentdischarge functions related to the given parameter range in the catchment. This enables the analysis of the possible impact of climate change on the sediment yield in alpine catchments including a scenario coming close to the Paris Agreement (rcp4.5) and a high-end emission scenario (rcp8.5). The calibrated numerical sediment transport model will be applied for estimating the changes of sediment transport in the catchment due to different climate scenarios and modified boundary conditions (e.g. different flood hydrograph, sediment availability). The research will include further sensitivity analyses of key parameters for sediment transport processes and flood hazards in the climate change scenarios.


Having observed the problem of wordforword translation among the undergraduates, this author offers some effective solutions. That is: Take the translating process as crossing the bridge of English to Chinese or Chinese to English and look for the correspondent word unit(s) in another language: an translation approach by applying formulated word-Unit plates concept. (a group of frequently-collocated word units).This method can not only make the students understand and become aware that language usage is established through its own language development, and thus formed its specific expressions, but also make them use established collocative word groups in translating conscientiously. Meanwhile, this concept can also be widely applied in reading ,interpreter training, translating practice, machine translating, and collocation dictionary compiling.


The paper substantiates the need to develop an information and reference system for ecology. Since the volume of regulatory and legal information in this area is enormous, and in general, ecology and environmental protection simply cannot be taken into account, there is a need for a fairly prompt and simple search for the information necessary for the user. For this purpose, the main methods of information search are considered and systematized, and an analysis of the main systems for searching for reference and legal information available for general use is carried out. On the basis of the analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of the leading information and reference systems were revealed, which provided the basis for setting tasks for the development of a specialized information and reference system. The introduction shows the relevance of the search and storage of regulatory documents for use in work by persons engaged in ecologic and environmental protection activities. The authors proposed a technique for automatic information retrieval from Internet sources, which consists of the following procedures: searching for the necessary information, processing the information received, obtaining the necessary information, preparing information for loading into the system database, and updating the information. The stages of the system design from the formation of requirements for the system and the implementation of functional modeling to the description of the implementation of each module are shown. The structure of the information and reference system, consisting of modules for processing input information, extracting information, processing output information and a database, is described. When describing the system architecture, the system interface and examples of outputting the results of the parser's operaton are given. Finally, the results of testing the system and the expected benefits of implementation are described. The information and reference system, with certain settings, can be used in other areas of human activity, where it is necessary to search for relevant regulatory information of a certain profile.


An iterative procedure for adjusting examination marks from papers of varying standards has been given by P. N. Murgatroyd. This paper shows that his procedure is equivalent to 'Kuiper iteration', which is commonly used in the analysis of blocked experiments. The convergence of the procedure is demonstrated and attention is drawn to an underlying linear model.


Gang flipping for flip-chip packaging is provided to pick up flip-chips and to position the flip-chips on a proper substrate by using a die attachment machine. A positioning process is performed to position a plurality of dies into designated positions on a carrier(102). Active surfaces of the dies are directed to a direction opposite to the carrier. A lead frame panel includes a plurality of device regions. Each of the device regions includes a plurality of leads. The lead frame panel is arranged adjacently to the carrier(106). The solder bumps on the active surfaces of the dies come in contact with the related leads of the related device regions. A solder reflow process is performed to fix the dies to the lead frame panel(108).


The aim of this study is to explore the adult immigrant students' experience of maths in Sweden. I will present an understanding rather than an explanation on how second language adult students lea ...


Viruses, being obligate intracellular parasites, must first attach themselves and gain entry into host cells. Viral fusion machinery is the central player in the viral attachment process in almost every viral disease. Viruses have incorporated an array of efficient fusion proteins on their surfaces to bind efficiently to host cell receptors. They make use of the host proteolytic enzymes to rearrange their surface protein(s) into the form which facilitates their binding to host-cell membrane proteins and subsequently, fusion. This stage of viral entry is very critical and has many therapeutic implications. The current global pandemic of COVID-19 has sparked severe health crisis and economic shutdowns. SARS-CoV2, the etiological agent of the disease has led to millions of deaths and brought the scientific community together in an attempt to understand the mechanisms of SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis and mortality. Like other viral fusion machinery, CoV2 spike (S) glycoprotein- 'The Demogorgon' poses the same questions about viral-host cell fusion. The intermediate stages of S protein-mediated viral fusion are unclear owing to the lack of structural insights and concrete biochemical evidence. The mechanism of conformational transition is still unclear. S protein binding and fusion with host cell receptors, Eg., angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is accompanied by cleavage of S1/S2 subunits. To track the key events of viral-host cell fusion, we have identified (in silico) that low pH-induced conformational change and ACE-2 binding events promote S1 dissociation. Deciphering key mechanistic insights of SARS-CoV2 fusion will further our understanding of other class-I fusion proteins


Modern college English classroom has seen a gradual shift from teacher-dominated to student-centered one and therefore affective factors plays a crucial part of the bidirectional communication between teachers and students. This thesis attempts to investigate the roles teachers should perform at class and then give some advice of affective strategies in college English teaching.


This article examines the challenges that are facing many metros around the world. The systems are increasingly at the heart of the sustainable development of large cities where some exemplify what is possible, but many do not, instead they face problems while others are in crisis. This article draws on two sources to highlight the challenges ahead: a survey of CoMET and Nova metro managers on the key challenges they face, and the author's research that incorporates nine in depth case studies of public and privately procured new build metros in Asia and the UK. The issues this article examines are: role of government, role of operator, metro finances, operator's policy options, development of new build projects, focus, development process, planning, and development of a sustainable metro business. The article sees the outlook as one of pressing need and opportunity in equal measure, but that requires fundamental change to existing attitudes and practice that requires education, understanding, and commitment.


Demand responsive transit (DRT) services have significantly evolved in the past few years owing to developments in information and communication technologies. Among the many forms of DRT services, demand responsive bus (DRB) services are gaining traction as a complimentary mode to existing public transit services, especially to dynamically bridge the first/last mile connectivity. Simultaneously, the stern regulations imposed by regulators on greenhouse gas emission have enforced electric vehicles (EV) to replace conventional vehicles. However, state-of-the-art (SoA) work proposed to generate routes for EV-based DRB services are inhibited by the low number of ride matches and the excessively high computation time of the algorithms deeming them unsuitable for real-time computations. To this end, we propose a genetic algorithm for dynamic scheduling of EV in a DRB service that reacts to first mile ride requests of passengers. In addition, we also formulate an optimal mixed integer program to generate baseline results. Experiments on an actual road network show that the proposed GA generates significantly accurate results compared to the baseline in real-time. Further, we analyze the benefits of rescheduling passengers and flexible estimated time of arrival of EV to optimize the total travel time of passengers.


Super-resolution localization microscopy is a powerful tool to visualize molecular structures at a nanoscale resolution. High-density emitter localization combined with a large field of view and fast imaging frame rate is an effective strategy to achieve a high throughput. But the complex algorithms used to precisely localize the overlapping molecules in dense emitter scenarios limits their usage to mostly small image size. Here we present a computationally simple non-iterative method for high-density emitter localization to enable online image processing that remains robust even for low signals and heterogeneous background. Through numerical simulation and biological experiments, we demonstrate that our approach improves the computation speed by two orders of magnitude on CPU and three orders of magnitude upon GPU acceleration to realize online image processing, without compromising localization accuracy for various image characteristics.


To address power quality problems in industrial power systems, a new control scheme for three-phase active power filter is proposed. The control scheme includes two functional modules such as a current harmonic cancellation module and a reactive power compensation module. The current harmonic cancellation module is based on a multiple adaptive feed-forward cancellation algorithm for selective current harmonic identification. The reactive power compensation module utilizes the measured voltage and the estimated fundamental current to calculate reactive power. After the above information has been calculated, the corrective current reference signals can be generated for the active filter. In this way, the two control functions are integrated together so that one active filter can accomplish two functions simultaneously. Simulation results under different operating conditions demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can successfully cancel harmonic current and compensate reactive power at the point of common coupling.


Surface polaritons comprise a wealth of light–matter interactions with deep sub-wavelength scale confinement of electromagnetic modes. However, their nanoscale localized dissipation and thermalization processes are not readily accessible experimentally. Here, we introduce photothermal force microscopy to image surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in monolayer graphene through their non-radiative SiO2 substrate dissipation. We demonstrate the real-space SPP imaging via photo-induced atomic force detection, and from comparison with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy imaging attribute the force response to substrate dissipation-enhanced thermal expansion. This work illustrates that nano-optical tip–sample induced dissipative forces facilitate a direct mechanical detection of surface polariton interactions with monolayer sensitivity.


Abstract. Can we improve machine learning (ML) emulators with synthetic data? The use of real data for training ML models is often the cause of major limitations. For example, real data may be (a) only representative of a subset of situations and domains, (b) expensive to source, (c) limited to specific individuals due to licensing restrictions. Although the use of synthetic data is becoming increasingly popular in computer vision, the training of ML emulators in weather and climate still relies on the use of real data datasets. Here we investigate whether the use of copula-based synthetically-augmented datasets improves the prediction of ML emulators for estimating the downwelling longwave radiation. Results show that bulk errors are cut by up to 75 % for the mean bias error (from 0.08 to −0.02 W m−2) and by up to 62 % (from 1.17 to 0.44 W m−2) for the mean absolute error, thus showing potential for improving the generalization of future ML emulators.


We present baseline values for 12 hematologic and 17 serum chemistry parameters collected from 22 captive lynx (Felis lynx canadensis) in December 1992, at Ronan, Montana (USA). There were no significant differences in hematologic parameters between yearlings and adults or between sexes. Lynx originally captured in the wild had significantly higher mean (±SE) counts of neutrophils (7.7 ± 0.37 × 103 versus 7.2 ± 0.35 × 103) and lower counts of lymphocytes (1.1 ± 0.05 × 103 versus 1.6 ± 0.08 × 103) compared to lynx born and raised in captivity. Yearling lynx had significantly higher values for alkaline phosphatase than adults (51.0 ± 6.0 IU/1 versus 17.5 ± 0.8 IU/1.


An investigation has been made of the burnup effects on the blanket materials of a demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO) for a 2-yr irradiation period, corresponding to the blanket replacement period. These calculations were designed to indicate any time dependence in the tritium breeding ratio and also to investigate temporal effects arising as a consequence of neutron irradiation, such as resistivity changes in conductors occurring as a result of transmutations.


Changing the business environment in the Indian context, children have become a very important consumer group that influences challenges and opportunities for family purchases of various products in many ways. Marketers pay this group, especially by recognizing them as a main market, an influential market, and a future market. Due to the dramatic changes taking place in society in terms of technology, information processing, and the changing media environment, children, especially 8-14-year-olds, are growing much faster. The increase in the double income of parents, the increase in the number of working women, the reduction in the size of the family, the increase in the number of televisions in the household, in particular children's bedrooms, commercial pressure increased the arrival of new products on the market. Due to the presence of huge media environment, children can experience consumption and shopping at a much faster rate than ever. Changing business environment in the Indian context marketing targets children, including infants, often based on a highly sophisticated and manipulative psychology that is primarily focused on television commercials. The central role of television in children's lives is indicated by the fact that 9 out of 10 children watch it almost every day.
Now, the socializing agent has drawn more attention than the mass media, especially television, in the literature on consumer behaviour. In this changing business era, many television commercials are creations of bright minds that try to persuade people to buy. These commercials affect the minds of children because of the beautiful audio and visual effects. Advertising influences children's purchasing demands and family dynamics. Earlier literature indicated that television commercials affected children's attempts to influence parents' purchases, calling the advertisement "an unhealthy persuasive vehicle."

This study is an attempt to investigate changing business environment in the Indian context for the purchase of children affected by television commercials. The main objective of the study is to assess the attitude of children towards television advertisements by taking a sample of rural and urban children, to measure the capacity of television advertisements to influence the purchases of families in this regard, which concerns the different categories of products and analyze the parents' perception of the influence of television advertisements on their children.
The result indicated that the children in both homes have a generally positive attitude towards television commercials viewing them as an important source of product information and enjoyment, although they do view TV advertising as manipulative to some extent.


Objective To summary the diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary sequestration.Methods Clinical symptoms,methods of diagnosis and treatments of 27patients diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration from February 2002to October 2009were analyzed retrospectively.Results Twenty-seven patients were all confirmed by imaging and surgery,and had undergone surgical excision.Twenty-two patients were with intralober pulmonary sequestrateon (IPS)and five were with extralober pulmonary sepuestration(EPS);17patients were treated by left lower lobectomy,and 10patients required right lower lobectomy.After the surgery,there were one patient with pleural effusion and two patients with atelectasis who suffered from complications postoperatively,and they were healed by symptomatic treatment.The rest recovered well.There were no recurrence from six to 60months follow-up.Conclusion Pulmonary sequestration may be misdiagnosed easily.The main methods for the examination include X-ray,CT and CTA. CTA can detect anomalous systemic artery,which should be the first choice in diagnosing of pulmonary sequestration. Surgery and coil embolization are the main treatments.Once being confirmed,pulmonary sequestration should be treated as soon as possible.


Two novel conjugated isomeric hexathiophenes 6T1 and 6T 2 bearing 5 -methyl-2-thienyl substituents have been synthesized by Suzuki coupling and oxidative dimerization method. These isomers were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR , elemental and mass analysis. The two hexamers show good solubility in common solvents and show almost identical UV-vis absorption spectra in solution with a maximum cantered at 3 8 7 nm. These materials bearing thienyl substituents in the sidechain are anticipated to provide better charge transport in devices and hold promise for use in organic field effect transistors.


The Language-Experience Approach to teaching reading to kindergarten children is a program in which the child's own thoughts, ideas, and language as well as objects in his environment form the basis for his introduction to reading. Thus the child learns the connection between objects he knows and their symbolic repre sentation. He further learns to tell stories about these objects and sees his words converted into manuscript print before his eyes? thus introducing words, phrases, and sentences to him. Prior to the 60's educators for the most part accepted the fact that a mental age of six and one-half was necessary for reading? that is, to decode strange symbols on a page. In this age of wide exposure of children to the world through audio-visual media and improved transportation, however, it is not unusual for children to come to school with a surprisingly wide variety of concepts learned through TV commercials and programs, supermarkets, daily commodities seen at home, billboards, and street signs. So by utilizing the wide experience that children already have received, the introduction to reading becomes a natural extension of the learning that had taken place in their home life. The use of this approach does not require a major revision in the kindergarten program. Rather, through the use of specially designed materials the Language-Experience Approach becomes an integral part of the normal kindergarten program. Naturally these teaching techniques should be varied and designed to meet the needs of the particular child. Some children can attain basic ele ments while others may be able to proceed on their own to the more advanced techniques. Since children have different learning 539


With the rapid development of urban rail transit, it is common to see new lines running underneath existing tunnels or dense clusters of buildings at close range. The modeling analysis of the whole area can accurately predict the deformation of the new and existing engineering bodies, and realize the "feedback" adjustment guidance for the design and construction. In this paper, the general finite element software FLAC3D is used to carry out numerical simulation of the tunnel underpassing the dense building cluster, and analyze the influence of the excavation and support of new tunnel and its auxiliary structure on the displacement of stratum and existing buildings. The results show that the maximum displacement of ground subsidence occurs on one side of the slope directly above the station during the construction of the new tunnel. However, the pile foundation displacement and inclined deformation of the close building can only meet the code requirements after the initial support and grouting reinforcement. The research results can provide some references for the design and construction of similar track engineering.


In this Paper we introduce modified EZW algorithm for the purpose of image compression which seems to be an enhanced version compare to the existing algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of EZW algorithm given and analysed by Sharpiro's where we reduce the difficulty of EZW in transmitting the lower bit planes. In this paper, we include digital wavelet transformation and region of interest coding to modified EZW and hence make it more superior to EZW and SPIHT Algorithm and it is proved with the results. Keywords—Compression, Wavelet, Embedded zero wavelet, Region of interest, SPIHT I: INTRODUCTION Increasingly, medical images are acquired and stored digitally. These images may be very large in size and number and compression offers a means to reduce the cost of storage and increase the speed of transmission. Image compression is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image. The resolution in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space. It also reduces the time required for images to be sent over the Internet or download from WebPages. Several compression algorithms were developed. J.M. Shapiro developed the embedded zero tree wavelet algorithm in [7] which yields a fully embedded code and consistent compression. With embedded coding, it is possible to recover the lossy version with distortion corresponding to the rate of the received image at the point of decoding process. EZW is a progressive image compression algorithm. As quoted in [4] EZW is found to have the drawback that the compression decreases during the transmission of least significant bits. This paper proposes an Enhanced modified EZW algorithm that is based on the probability of significant coefficients within each bit plane and it also includes Digital wavelet transform and region of interest coding, ie., ROIDWT( Region Of Interest – Digital Wavelet Transform) [5] and thereby improves the performance. II: OVERVIEW OF EZW ALGORITHM One of the most important characteristics of DWT is multiresolution decomposition. An image decomposed by wavelet transform can be reconstructed with desired resolution. When first level 2D DWT is applied to an image, it forms four transform coefficients. The first letter corresponds to applying either low pass or high pass filter to rows and the second letter refers to filter applied to columns. The elimination of high pass components by 2D wavelet transform technique reduces the computation time by reducing the number of arithmetic operations and memory accesses and communication energy by reducing the number of transmitted bits. With the increase in the levels of decomposition, the compression can be made efficient correspondingly, the inverse DWT are performed in the decompressor block[2]. A Quantizer simply reduces the number of bits needed to store the transformed coefficients by reducing the precision of those values. Since this is a many to one mapping, it is a lossy process and is the main source of compression in an encoder. In uniform quantization, quantization is performed on each individual coefficient. Among the various coding algorithms, the embedded zero tree wavelet coding by have Shapiro and its improved version, the SPIHT by Said and Pearlman [6] been very successful. EZW is a progressive image compressionalgorithm ie., at any moment, the quality of the displayed image is the best available for the number of bits received up to that moment. Compared with JPEG – the current standard for still image compression, the EZW and the SPIHT are more efficient and reduce the blocking artefact [1] and [3]. The EZW algorithm forms a hierarchical quad tree data structure for the wavelet-transformed coefficients. The set of root node and corresponding descendents are referred to as a spatial orientation tree (SOT) .The tree is defined in such a way that each node has either no leaves or four offspring, which are from 2 x 2 adjacent pixels. The pixels on the LL sub image of the highest decomposition level are the tree roots and are also grouped in 2 x 2 adjacent pixels. For the convenience of illustrating the real implementation of EZW, the following sets of coordinates are defined Sn(τ) indicate the significance of a set of coordinates τ, where T(n) is the preset significant threshold used in thenth stage. A detailed description of the EZW coding algorithm is given in [7].The embedded data are sorted into three main categories International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN : 2277-1581) www.ijset.com, Volume No.1, Issue No.3, pg:-63-66 01 July 2012 64 and they are listed as: 1.Magnitude Bits (MB): This category contains the magnitude of the coefficients only. It is further sorted to Insignificant Magnitude Bits (IMB) and Significant Magnitude Bits (SMB). Since the coder and the decoder knows which coefficients have been coded as significant prior to this bit plane, it is capable on sorting the coefficients that have not been coded as significant prior to the current pass (IMB) and the bits that are being coded as significant prior to the current pass (SMB). 2. Tree Bits (TB): This category contains the bits responsible for checking the significance of each set. and similar to the MB, it sorts the TB into to Insignificant Tree Bits (ITB) and Significant Tree Bits (SMB). 3. Sign Bits (SB): This category contains the sign of the coefficient. The sign bits are coded once after coding the magnitude bit as a significant bit for the first time. The categorized data are coded in an embedded manner as shown in Fig.1. The whole image is coded bit plane by bit plane and each bit plane is coded slot by slot. The slots are coded in a sequential order of ITB, STB, IMB, SMB then SB. Each slot contains the data and End of Slot Symbol (ESS). The ESS synchronizes the information which indicate the end of coding a particular category within a bit plane[9]. III: PROPOSED SCHEME Fig. 2 Modified EZW proposed scheme Figure shows the overall system flow diagram[13]. It accepts input image and produces segmented image as output. It consists of various modules namely preprocessing, fuzzy segmentation [8]. The proposed system starts with the key frame of the medical image, preprocessing of the image is done for removing the noise for a better segmentation. After preprocessing, segmentation and tracking are performed. A model fitting technique is to be proposed after tracking the borders. The tracked borders are to be decomposed into meaningful regional parameters. The original image can be reconstructed from the compressed image using inverse transforms to the above proposed algorithm model. IV: EXTRACTION OF ROI The purpose of feature extraction is to reduce the original data set by measuring certain properties , or features, that distinguish one input pattern from another pattern. The extracted feature should provide the characteristics of the input type to the classifier by considering the description of the relavant properties of the image into a feature space. Two textural features namely contrast, correlation based on the gray level cooccurence matrices (GLCM) have been used in this work. Spatial gray level co-occurrence estimates image properties relates second order statistics. Haralick [10] suggested the use of gray level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) which have become one of the well known and widely used texture features. GLCM {P(d,θ)(i,j)} represents the probability of the occurrence of a pair of gray levels(i,j) separated by a distance d at angle θ. The commonly used unit pixel distances and the angles are 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°. A detailed algorithm of calculation of GLCM {P(d, θ)(i,j)} has been given in [11]. Textural characteristics like Contrast and Correlation can be captured from images using second order distribution gray levels using the following formulas.


Fast pace of informatization of society and expansion of computer hardware and software has led to a rapid development of information technologies. However, property software manufacturers, competing with each other, have achieved by their products an actual monopolization of certain areas. In 2000s different governments understood that a total orientation of society to a specific software tool or vendor touched on issues of national security, especially when a vendor is a resident of other country. The solution of this problem is an encouragement of free software development and national software manufacturers. Analyzing the reports of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (USA), the author shows the development of the national free software policy over the last 10 years. The researcher proves that "bursts" of political activity correlate in time with releases of popular software tools, describes how the nature of state proposals was changing and explains the reasons for failures of pilot projects on free software implementation.


The data presented here were obtained in the course of operating a five 40mm aperture dipole string. The eighty eight meter long string of dipoles was assembled to test the various proposed operational scenarios of the SSCL collider. As reported earlier,' there had been a short control and system (data procurement) checkout run performed on an abbreviated two dipole string. The problems that were then uncovered with the exception of the high 20K shield heat load, were corrected. There has been over 5000 hours of running time on the system, 3000 hours on the five magnet string alone, and to date, no major problems or incidents have occurred. The quench (superconducting to normal transition) performance of the magnet string was excellent, with the exception of four premature quenches that occurred during power supply commissioning. The operational parameters were all found to be manageable or equal to or greater than design. The operational heat loads were within the budget with the exception of the 20K circuit which was a factor of three too high. The relative internal voltages of the magnets have been higher than previously measured in the shorter string by a significant amount. There will be a discussion of concerns and problems plus their possible solution.


In the duodenum of fourth month human embryo, the intramural nerve cells show an infantile stage of development represented by spherical cells with a large round nucleus. In the cell bodies neurofibrils are as yet scarcely formed. Mantle cell nuclei are much smaller than the nerve cell nuclei in size and at this stage of embryonic life, are much smaller in number than those in human adults. The mitosis of these cell nuclei is considered to take place gradually in later days. In seventh month embryo, the nerve cells increase somewhat in size, but the majority is. still represented by spherical cells with a large round nucleus, except a minority of the cells, by which neurofibrils and a few nerve processes begin to appear, showing the formation of incipient simple multipolar cells. Mantle cell nuclei are more numerous than in fourth month embryo but far lesser than in human adult. The vegetative terminalreticulum is in a nearly perfect formation already in the fourth month on the embryonic life, as has been established by many researches in this laboratory, and also in my specimen of embryonic duodenum, this doctrine has been beautifully confirmed. In the seventh month embryo, the terminalreticulum is even better developed and surrounding the sundry tissue cells enter into tactile control over them. The Schwann's nuclei found in the terminalreticulum I take to be endocrinal in character, as declared by my predecessors. It is of interest that the opening part of the ductus choledochus of fourth and seventh month embryos is as richly provided with vegetative fibres as are the stomach and the intestines. The formation of well-developed vegetative plexus is seen in the connective tissue layer in the periphery of the choledochus, and in places, vegetative nerve cell groups, though somewhat smaller than those in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexus, are observable. The development of the nerve cells and the mantle cell nuclei is on a similar stage as in the duodenum. Numerous nerve branches are sent out from the plexus, which ramify into more minute branches and anastomose at frequent intervals. The minutest of them finally go over into vegetative terminalreticulum, which spread out widely in all the layers of the choledochus and stand in tactile control over the sundry tissue cells. I have succeeded in proving the existence of medullated sensory fibres and their terminations not only in the duodenum but also in the choledochus of fourth and seventh month embryos. The pains caused by pathological disturbances in the duodenum and choledochus could be thus attributed to the existence of sensory terminations in these parts. Large nerve bundles containing numerous sensory fibres which are presumably originated from the splanchnic nerves reach the contact area of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and thence the major part runs to the duodenum and the rest to the pancreas and the choledochus. The numerous sensory fibres that reach the adventitia of the duodenum run through the outer muscle layer into the Auerbach's plexus and thence into the submucosa through the inner muscle layer to terminate in the submucosa or further in the mucous membrane. In these layers, the sensory fibres lose their myelin and branch out into rami, which, upon running winding courses with peculiar change in size, spread out widely and terminate sharply. The terminal branches sometimes reach the surroundings of the duodenal glands or the epithelium of the crypts and villi, but never penetrate into the cells of the glands and epithelium themselves. The above described sensory fibres are of course much better developed in seventh month embryo than in fourth month one. Many sensory nerve fibres are also seen penetrating into the plexus found in the periphery of the embryonic choledochus. These fibres run also here into the mucous membrane and end in unbranched and simple branched terminations therein. Their terminal fibres end sharply.


Histopathological studies on seed transmission of Colletotrichum capsici on pepper indicated that thefungus had two pathwaysof invasion. First, the fungal mycelium in the inner surface of diseased fruit invaded seed through the seed coat and colonized in the outer layer of endosperm. Second, the fungus infected the remnant of placenta, entered through the openning of testa and established itself in this area, or invaded the outer layer of endosperm. The fungus was found in the seedcoat by using the blotter and agar methods. The results from plating of various parts dissected from infected seed supported the above observation. In seeding testusing soil, the fungus caused root rot of seedings and readily spread to healthy ones.


This article deals with a class of non-smooth semi-infinite programming (SIP) problems in which the index set of the inequality constraints is an arbitrary set not necessarily finite. We introduce several kinds of constraint qualifications for these non-smooth SIP problems and we study the relationships between them. Finally, necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are investigated.


The present invention discloses a labeling molecule and application of stem cells in the inner ear of mice for detecting said labeling molecule is Opcml, Phex and GDFlO; the present invention is selected mouse inner ear cell specific cell marker mouse inner ear stem cells can differentiate and other sources of tissue cells, but also cells in the inner ear specific marker for molecular studies to other species provides a dry reference.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share the authors' experiences of using the repertory grid technique in two supply chain management studies. The paper aims to demonstrate how the two studies provided insights into how qualitative techniques such as the repertory grid can be made more rigorous than in the past, and how results can be generated that are inaccessible using quantitative methods.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents two studies undertaken using the repertory grid technique to illustrate its application in supply chain management research.Findings – The paper presents insights into supply chain research that otherwise would not have emerged using traditional methods. Both studies derive a comprehensive list of empirical categories of constructs, many of which have not been identified in the extant literature. Moreover, the technique demonstrates that frequently‐mentioned constructs are not necessarily the most important.Research limitations/implications – The paper demonst...


The object of this paper is to extend the sufficient condition for the stability of feedback systems with backlash by using the Passivity Theorem of Zames. It is assumed that the feedback loop consists of an asymptotically linear, monotone nondecreasing nonlinearity, a linear time-invariant system consisting of an integrator and a strictly stable subsystem characterized by the impulse response, and a transducer with backlash. The stability criterion for the freedback system is of the form


Low polar polymer has low polarity, which can't consistant with polar silicate. So new ways of preparing high property nanocomposites home and abroad have been reviewed. Bright prospect of low polar polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites has been viewing.


The new satellite ENVISAT, launched in march 2002, provides 10 x 5 km Synthetic Aperture Radar images (SAR imagettes) every 100 km along the track. This data set continues the data acquisition of the two European Remote Sensing satel- lites ERS-1 and ERS- 2, that have acquired similar SAR data for more than 10 years. In contrast to the ERS satellites, calibrated intensity images as well as lookcross spectra are provided as standard products from ENVISAT. The new data, e.g. enable the extraction of information on wind fields on a global scale. In this study the problem of wind direction estimation is addressed. The idea is to use the spectral information contained in lookcross spectra to estimate the propagation direction of the wind sea, which is strongly correlated with wind direction. The normalised radar cross section (NRCS) provided by calibrated imagettes then allows to estimate the wind speed using the CMOD4 model. A new classification method is applied to distinguish between swell and wind sea systems. The method is tested using a reprocessed data set of ENVISAT-like ERS-2 data, which are collocated with scatterometer data (SCAT). The analysis comprises case studies of hurricanes. The data set includes several hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and single events will be investigated. In addition comparison with ECMWF model data will be presented. The benefit the extracted directional information on wind speed estimation is analyzed. In particular it is shown that the method leads to better results than obtained assuming a constant wind direction.


− Radial and axial distributions of gas holdup and bubble characteristics have been investigated in a tapered bubble column. Bubble characteristics have been measured by using dual electrical resistivity probe method, with the variations of operating variables such as gas and liquid flow rates. Experiments have been conducted with a conical-shaped column of 0.5 m in height, with an apex angle of 12 o. The column size has been 0.05 m I.D. and 0.15 m I.D. at the bottom and top, respectively. Compressed air and tap water have been used as a dispersed gas and a continuous liquid phase, respectively. It has been found that the gas holdup has increased with increasing gas flow rate at all test sections, and slightly decreased with increasing li quid flow rate. The radial gas holdup distribution has been found to have maximum value at the centerline of the column and it has decreased as approaching the wall region. The local gas holdup has been more uniform with increasing the height from the distributor. The bubble size and rising velocity have increased with increasing gas flow rate and height in the column, which have been well correlated in terms of operating variables. Key words: Gas Holdup, Bubble, Tapered Bubble Column, Correlation †E-mail: email@example.com 1. !"#$ %&'( )!. * +, -. / 01 21 * + 2 34 5 672 84 9 :; 2 9 9<; => ?! @ AB 01!1 CD ?(%( )6E[1, 2], F= nozzle B C 9 G*4 2 H9IJB K LM$ #1 >NOP67 9<; , / Q LR H9 ST U B VWLX! 1 Y67 ?(%( )![3, 4]. Reese Z Fan[5] 4 * [\ -. / 01 2 9 9<;, ] [\, ^_ ` a5 -b c !dE, e4 9:f 2 gc Hg ST hi#!( #j!. kl, 4 G [\ mn o -b c 8p2 fgq H9 :fB r+ 2 sLM1 Y t u#v w!. 2 xy> l z{,9T5 > ` |c 67 % }21 g~+ 2 H9 :fB * + } €' ƒ"L… i )B †‡ pˆ , H9 r+ 2 ‰IJ u uB 01 ŠD' ‹Œ%& w!. Z84 7Ž uB 01 7 NCFB 01 B x' i )1', NCF ex-


Dynamic incentives, where incentives to repay are generated by granting access to future loans, are one of the methodologies used by microfinance institutions (MFIs). In this paper, I present a model of dynamic incentives where lenders are uncertain over how much borrowers value future loans. Loan terms are determined endogenously, and loans become more favorable as the probability of default becomes lower. I show that in all equilibria but one all borrowers, including the most patient ones, eventually default. I then consider an extension where borrowers can take loans from several lenders, double-dipping. Qualitatively, properties of equilibria with and without double-dipping are similar. In absolute terms, when borrowers are credit-constrained double-dipping equilibrium loans have to be more favorable to outweigh increased gains from default.


The paper presents the role of accreditation systems and museum networks in national policies concerning museums in some European countries. We present the conceptual framework and an historical approach considering the period 1985-2010. The paper is part of a Ph.D project which addresses the topic of Accreditation Museum Systems and National Networks of Museums - a Contemporary European Overview.


The first example of base-metal-catalyzed synthesis of amides from the coupling of primary amines with alcohols or esters is reported. The reactions are catalyzed by a new manganese pincer complex and generate hydrogen gas as the sole by-product, making the overall process atom economical and sustainable. Amide bond formation is one of the most fundamental reactions in chemistry and biology. Compounds containing amide groups are prevalent in both synthetic and natural products and are of much importance in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, being present in approximately 25% of the available drugs. Conventional methods for the synthesis of amides involve the reaction of carboxylic acids or their activated derivatives with amines in presence of promoters, generating stoichiometric amounts of waste. There is considerable interest in the development of atomeconomic routes for the synthesis of amides. A few years ago ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable reported 'amide bond formation avoiding poor atom economy' as the most preferred reaction to be developed. In 2007 we reported the synthesis of amides by dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols and amines, generating hydrogen gas as the only byproduct. This opened up a new area for the atom economic and environmental benign synthesis of amides and several precious metal-based catalysts were subsequently reported. The development of synthetic methods that avoid the use of noble metals is in high current demand. Regarding coupling of alcohols and amines, we reported the formation of imines and the formation of formamide derivatives using manganese-pincer catalysts. Beller has reported the synthesis of various lactams from amino-alcohols using an iron pincer catalyst. Bernskoetter and Hazari have recently reported an iron-based catalyst for the dehydrogenative coupling of methanol and secondary amines to generate formamides. However, while efficient with methanol, the catalyst showed poor catalytic activity with alcohols higher than methanol, such as ethanol or hexanol. Also, amidation of primary, rather than secondary amines, is significantly more challenging, since in case of secondary amines, the possibility of competing imine formation is avoided, whereas a primary amine faces this selectivity challenge as it can liberate both water and hydrogen from a hemiaminal intermediate. Very recently, we reported that the MnPNNH complex 1 in the presence of two equivalents of KH catalyses the dehydrogenative coupling of diols and amines to form cyclic imides. We now report the Mn-pincer complex 3 and its catalytic activity in the synthesis of amides. Figure 1. Manganese pincer complexes used in this report. Inspired by the efficient catalytic activity of complex 1 for the synthesis of cyclic imides, we first tested its reactivity for the synthesis of amides. Reaction of hexanol and benzylamine with 1 (5 mol%) and KH (10 mol%) for 40 h at 120C resulted in a mixture of amide (34%), imine (26%) and ester (18%) as detected by H NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. Although, amide formation was encouraging, we were unable to avoid the formation of imine (Table S3 in SI). The dearomatized Mn-PNN complex (2), analogous to the Ru-PNN complex, which is a well-known catalyst of the amidation reaction, was found to be inactive for amide formation by reaction of hexanol and 4-methylbenzylamine. Modifying the structure of complex 1 we have now synthesized the PPh2 analogue, complex 3 by the reaction of the new ligand L with Mn(CO)5Br (Scheme 1, see SI for synthesis and characterization details). Scheme 1. Synthesis of complex 3 and its single crystal X-ray structure at 50% probability. Hydrogen atoms except the NH proton are omitted for clarity. See SI for full description of the structure. We then tested the catalytic activity of 3 towards the amidation reaction (equation 1). Interestingly, when a toluene solution of hexanol (0.5 mmol) and 4-methylbenzylamine (0.5 mmol) in presence of 5 mol% 3 and 5 mol% KOBu was refluxed at 110C for 24 h, 70% alcohol conversion was observed with concomitant formation of 45% amide, the rest being hexyl hexanoate, as detected by H NMR spectroscopy. When the amount of base was increased to 10 mol% keeping the remaining conditions the same, better conversion (75%) of alcohol to amide (55% yield) was observed. Increasing the reaction time to 48 h under the same conditions resulted in 99% conversion of the alcohol to amide (89%) and ester (5%) (see SI, Table S4 for optimization details). Gratifyingly, no [*] Dr. A. Kumar, Dr. N. A. Espinosa-Jalapa, Prof. D. Milstein Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Institution Rehovot, Israel, 76100 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Dr. G. Leitus, Dr. Y. Diskin-Posner, Dr. L. Avram Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel, 76100 Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document. 10.1002/anie.201709180 Angewandte Chemie International Edition This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


How to discover with the stress resistance of camel was associated from the fact the Antarctic fish was discovered by explorers and antifreeze protein was found in antarctic fish. Aiming at the inherent biological characteristics of camel(heat -resistance, bear thirsty, cold -resistant, resistance to hunger, high roughage, etc.),some new ideas on the development and utilization of the camel industry were put forward.


This study investigates the role of sense of place (SoP) in the relationship between the neighbourhood environment (NE) and subjective well‐being (SWB), focusing on Chinese migrants who face spatial and cultural displacement. Beyond previous research, we further consider the influence of residential length. Surveying 716 migrants in Wuhan in 2018, we explore the dynamic place mechanisms underlying the association between the NE and SWB. Our findings reveal that the physical and social aspects of the NE, particularly walkability and social integration, significantly impact migrants' SWB. Moreover, SoP mediates the relationship between the NE and SWB, highlighting the social production function of people and places in communities. Long‐term residence does not directly affect migrants' SWB, yet just indirectly influence SWB through SoP. This underscores the ongoing pertinence and significance of SoP, connecting residential stability to positive social implications. This study concludes that the place mechanism underlying the association between the NE and migrants' SWB operates both through migrants' emotional connections to a specific place (SoP) and the reinforcement of place experience resulting from a longer duration of residence. To establish inclusive communities, we propose planning and governance measures that enhance space quality, empower neighbourhoods to foster SoP, strengthen residential stability, and improve migrants' SWB.


The invention discloses a radix astragali medicinal material and a fingerprint quality detection method for an extract of the radix astragali medicinal material. The method comprises the following steps: taking octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica as a filler, taking acetonitrile-water as mobile phase for gradient elution; dissolving astragaloside by adding methanol which can be as a reference solution; crushing the radix astragali medicinal material and taking methanol as an extraction solvent for reflow extraction, recovering methanol to dry, dissolving residue by water, using water-saturated n-butanol as an extraction solvent, removing residue by an ammine test solution, dissolving residue by adding methanol after drying the water-saturated n-butanol extract, getting the methanol for diluting as the fingerprint testing solution of the radix astragali medicinal material or getting radix astragali saponin and adding the methanol for diluting as the fingerprint testing solution of the radix astragali saponin for testing solution fingerprint detecting; using high efficiency liquid chromatography to detect the fingerprint testing solution of the radix astragali medicinal material to obtain the radix astragali medicinal material and a fingerprint of radix astragali saponin. The testing solution fingerprint has a good similarity with a standard fingerprint with the similarity degree of higher than 0.90.


Corruption is one of the biggest problems faced by several countries, including Indonesia, that transform and eradicate corruption efforts are being made by various methods as well. In Indonesia, one of the efforts is the presence of additional criminal penalties for perpetrators of corruption in the form of indemnification of the country through the payment of restitution and fines. This effort is expected to be able to restore financial losses or the economy. Countries corrupted by criminals because basically the state's losses in terms of money it should be done so that the perpetrators of corruption are not only sentenced to imprisonment but there should be an attempt to impoverish the corruptors . Kata kunci: Kerugian Negara, Korupsi, Uang Pengganti, Denda