PURPOSE: To make an intermediate reference voltage constant by providing a means which controls both an upper and a lower reference voltage for an analog input signal so that the intermediate reference voltage between the upper reference voltage and lower reference voltage does not vary. CONSTITUTION: A level detection control part 62 receives a digitized MUSE signal and detects the white level and black level of frame pulses as a reference signal and generates such an upper reference voltage VRT and a lower reference voltage VRB that said levels are 239/256 and 16/256 respectively by a control voltage generating circuit 10, those voltages are supplied to an A/D converter 4. At this time, the level detection control part 62 controls both the upper reference voltage VRT and lower reference voltage VRB so that the intermediate reference voltage between the upper reference voltage VRT and lower reference voltage VRB does not vary. Thus, the intermediate reference voltage VRM as a clamp voltage can be made constant by controlling the level of the digital MUSE signal. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


Among the elderly, falls are a well-known safety hazard, often resulting in major injury, hospitalization and death. To reduce the injuries caused by falls, it is first necessary to predict a fall as early as possible and then to provide protection for the person who is falling. This paper proposes a fall-prediction algorithm (FPA) that can predict whether the person will fall within one-walking-step. The fall prediction is different from the fall detection, and it is intended to predict a fall before it occurs and provide sufficient time to enable a safety mechanism. The proposed FPA adopts a neural network to perform prediction in which the inputs are accelerations and angular rates of upper trunk and the output presents fall or no fall. A wearable inertial sensor package with a triple axis accelerometer and a triple axis gyroscope is developed to measure the required motion data. Five subjects were asked to wear the inertial sensor package and perform a number of simulated falls. The experimental results show that the FPA could predict a fall 0.4 seconds prior to the beginning of the fall. The time interval is sufficient to inflate an airbag covering the head, trunk, and hip, an intervention that would reduce fall-related injuries among older people.


The foundation of the current judicial system in China is the system of the People's Congress. The theoretical basis is the popular sovereignty and Marxist theory of the state. Under the current system,the sub- provincial local courts belong to the local governments,rather than the central judicial system. In order to realize the administration of local courts in an unified way,the effective way is to amend the constitution and other laws,and perfect the system of people's congress,or to set up separate units of central judicial system and the local judicial system,the court of first instance and appellate courts. Temporary measures may form unified recommendation method and budget of the sub- provincial local courts,which are submitted to the local People's Congress.


Experimental studies of non-neutral plasmas in magnetic traps undergo, in some degree of affectation, the incidence of evaporation. For example, the existence of a finite threshold energy εc for the escaping of plasma constituents can be favored by the external electrostatic forces near the grounded conducting walls of a cylindrical Penning trap. In contrast, the conventional statistical mechanics description of these situations is performed assuming the existence of a rigorous thermodynamic equilibrium (Dubin and O'Neil 1999 Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 87), dismissing thus the existence of evaporation effects. We propose in this work a two-dimensional toy model that describes the incidence of evaporation on thermo-statistics of a pure non-neutral plasma (a system composed of a single charge species like an infinitely long electron column). Considering the existing connections between the macroscopic descriptions of pure non-neutral plasmas and astrophysical systems, the treatment of evaporation along a quasi-stationary regime is developed here in analogy to some astrophysical models proposed in the literature. We start from a regularized microcanonical description that only considers those microscopic configurations where particles are trapped inside a confinement region of radius Rc, which is implemented introducing a truncation of their velocity spectrum. These arguments lead us to a statistical procedure to predict the quasi-stationary particles distribution n(r) similar to the maximum entropy approach. According to our analysis, the influence of evaporation for a non-zero temperature T crucially depends on the saturation parameter δ=rB/Rc, whose admissible values are located in the interval 0<δ<1, with rB being the radius of Billouin steady state that appears in the limit T→0. The theoretical profiles predicted from this model are then compared to the metastable radial density distribution reported by Huang and Driscoll (1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 2187). This analysis suggests the effects of evaporation in this particular experiment are significant, being these data compatible with the range of values δ≃0.55–0.59. To reach a major understanding of this experiment, we analyze the relation between our development and the so-called minimum enstrophy approach, which was invoked by these authors to fit their experimental data. We show that a variant of differential equation for particle density compatible with this extremal principle appears as an asymptotic case of the present proposal.


Both theory and research suggest that beliefs about justice for the self are distinct from beliefs about justice for others. Self-other differences, however, have not yet intersected with research on procedural and distributive justice. We examined the psycho- metrics and validity of a proposed four-dimensional measure of procedural and distributive justice beliefs for self and others. Participants from three samples (total N = 1463) completed dispositional measures of beliefs about fair outcomes (distributive justice beliefs) and processes (procedural justice beliefs). These measures were modified and expanded to record beliefs about justice for the self and justice for others. We also administered measures of well-being and harsh social attitudes. Factor analyses strongly supported the proposed four-factor model. In addition, higher-order self-others and procedural-distributive factors were indicated by theoretically appropriate lower-level factors. Finally, multiple regression analyses provided evidence for idiosyncratic links between four-factor individual dif- ferences and measures of well-being and harsh social attitudes. The proposed four-factor operationalization can provide individual differences researchers with a useful tool for bridging two important areas of justice theory and research that previously have been linked to health behavior, well-being, and harsh social attitudes.


Negative preception (NP) has been defined as the attenuation of a noxious stimulus by a signal which precedes it. Explanatory theories to account for the NP phenomenon are available, but the concern of this paper is with the methodological and empirical basis for the existence of the NP phenomenon itself. It is argued that autonomic indices based on shock-elicited responding cannot provide unconfounded evidence for NP because of insurmountable methodological problems associated with response-interference and perceptual-disparity (or orienting-reaction) effects. Furthermore, it is noted that when modified unconfounded autonomic indices have been used, the results failed to support the NP notion. A challenge to the validity of the verbal index of rated intensity is then considered, but it is argued that this verbal index is a valid measure of shock aversiveness. Since the rated-intensity evidence is also generally against the NP notion, it is concluded that both autonomic and verbal indices, when properly evaluated, do not support the view that signaling attenuates shock aversiveness.


Rats were trained on a visual discrimination problem with two relevant cues—brightness and orientation. They were then given eight reversals in succession on the same problem. After reversals 7 and 8 they were tested with each cue presented on its own to see how much they had learned about each. Individual animals tended to reverse the cue about which they learned more from reversals 7 to 8, so that animals that had learned reversal 7 mainly in terms of the brightness cue learned reversal 8 mainly in terms of the orientation cue and vice versa. The result provides further confirmation for a two-process model of discrimination learning in which one process is that of selective attention


The key aspects and issues discussed at the Australian Psychological Society (APS) Roundtable on Homelessness held on July 20, 2009 are discussed. The main outcomes and conclusions of the Roundtable are highlighted.


. Food-based oil in water nanoemulsion systems may offer a potential vehicle to improve LC3PUFA intakes whenused to create enriched/functional food products especially for populations who do not consume Þsh or have restricted intakes i.e. duringpregnancy. Nanoemulsions have been found to improve the bioavailability of certain lipophilic compounds such as curcumin and deltatocopherol


Aims: Show the development stages of an application based on dental caries disease determinants. Materials and Methods: The software was developed by interdisciplinary work done by Dentistry, Information Systems and Design professionals. Results: The application that allows receiving, storing and analyzing data related to dental caries health-disease process determinants for an individual and groups of individuals. Conclusion: The application was developed seeking operational efficiency, and has the potential ability both to manage stored and analyzed information and to streamline decision-making processes, making it useful for the development of different interventions in dental caries health-disease processes in healthcare. The possibility of it acting as a support tool in the teaching of dentistry, by addressing issues such as caries and its determinants, the relationship between territory and the oral health-disease process, oral health assistance models and oral health surveillance, is worth mentioning.


The present invention relates to a mounting structure for a vehicle electrical equipment. The mounting structure to be mounted to a vehicle battery and electrical equipment fuel cell assembly between the floor panel (1010) is provided with a seat (1100,1110,1120) in the floor panel. The floor panel is provided for mounting the seat to be able to adjust the seat rails along its longitudinal position (5000,5100,5200,5400). In this mounting structure, the battery pack and the fuel cell assembly is divided into a plurality of battery cells or a plurality of fuel cells. Between the respective guide rails each cell or a fuel cell unit is disposed in the seat rail.


Abstract : The report summarizes the findings of several investigations into the synthesis of product shape, metallurgical structure, and mechanical properties by suitable control of metallurgical processing variables. Two of the most significant achievements are: Additional work on the ring compression test has considerable enhanced its usefulness to the point where it can now be used for the quantitative determination of not only friction, but also the dynamic flow properties of metals under typical metalworking conditions. It can also now be used as an accurate technique for the tonnage calibration of both large and small forge presses; It has been shown that significant strength improvements can be achieved for alpha and alpha 2 beta titanium alloys by processing at temperatures such that the material is in the full beta range and then water quenching immediately after deformation. (Author)


Driven by the recent adoption of temporal expressions into SQL:2011, extensions of temporal support in conventional database management systems (a.b.a. DBMSs) have reemerged as a research hotspot. In this paper, we present a lightweight yet efficient built-in temporal implementation in Tencent's distributed database management system, namely TDSQL. The novelty of TDSQL's temporal implementation includes: (1) a new temporal data model with the extension of SQL:2011, (2) a built-in temporal implementation with various optimizations, which are also applicable to other DBMSs, and (3) a low-storage-consumption in which only data changes are maintained. For the repeatability purpose, we elaborate the integration of our proposed techniques into MySQL. We conduct extensive experiments on both real-life dataset and synthetic TPC benchmarks by comparing TDSQL with other temporal databases. The results show that TDSQL is lightweight and efficient. PVLDB Reference Format: Wei Lu, Zhanhao Zhao, Xiaoyu Wang, Haixiang Li, Zhenmiao Zhang, Zhiyu Shui, Sheng Ye, Anqun Pan, Xiaoyong Du. A Lightweight and Efficient Temporal Database Management System in TDSQL. PVLDB, 12(12): 2035-2046, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14778/3352063.3352122


The singlet oxygen mediated decomposition products of the thymine residues including thymine,thymide and thymidine monophosphate were investigated by ~1H NMR.Singlet oxygen from the photolysis of vanadium(V)-peroxo complexes may be considered as the main contributing reactive oxygen species to the oxidation of thymine base.The possible products were determined by ~1H HMR.


volume inevitably leave a great number of questions which many readers will be raising unanswered. The book will be especially displeasing to those who have a definite set of formulas for theological doctrine and for ecclesiastical formulation. It moves distinctly on the plane of practical understanding and progressive practice of the meanings of the Christian experience and faith. There is consequently something of the superficial in it all, but it is a serious superficiality and is likely to prove one very welcome to most of its readers. The volume opens with a brief chapter on "How May We Use the Bible." Here first is a summary discussion of "How the Bible Came to Be," in which the authors state dogmatically, and as if the statements represented unquestionable results of the study of the processes through which the Bible came to be. The positions here stated represent in a general way the critical conclusions which obtained say twenty-five years ago. The discussion does not recognize the vast differences of opinion which would be held by informed students today. No doubt it was felt that this would only be confusing to the ordinary reader. Something of the same sort may be said concerning the second half of the chapter, "How the Bible Has Been Used." The statements here given are true and important, but quite partial and incomplete. Beyond question the aim of the chapter is to arouse an active interest and a continuous extended use of the Bible in our time. A list of questions at the end of each chapter adds to the value of the book as the study book which it will undoubtedly become on a wide scale. W. O. Carver


Analogously to the fact that Lawvere's algebraic theories of (finitary) varieties are precisely the small categories with finite products, we prove that (i) algebraic theories of many–sorted quasivarieties are precisely the small, left exact categories with enough regular injectives and (ii) algebraic theories of many–sorted Horn classes are precisely the small left exact categories with enough M–injectives, where M is a class of monomorphisms closed under finite products and containing all regular monomorphisms. We also present a Gabriel–Ulmer–type duality theory for quasivarieties and Horn classes. 1 Quasivarieties and Horn Classes The aim of the present paper is to describe, via algebraic theories, classes of finitary algebras, or finitary structures, which are presentable by implications. We work with finitary many–sorted algebras and structures, but we also mention the restricted version to the one–sorted case on the one hand, and the generalization to infinitary structures on the other hand. Recall that Lawvere's thesis [11] states that Lawvere–theories of varieties, i.e., classes of algebras presented by equations, are precisely the small categories with finite products, (in the one sorted case moreover product–generated by a single object; for many–sorted varieties the analogous statement can be found in [4, 3.16, 3.17]). More in detail: If we denote, for small categories A, by ProdωA the full subcategory of Set formed by all functors preserving finite products, we obtain the following: (i) If K is a variety, then its Lawvere–theory L(K), which is the full subcategory of K of all finitely generated free K–algebras, is essentially small, and has finite products. The variety K is equivalent to ProdωL(K). ∗This author acknowledges support of the Czech Grant Agency, Grant 201/96/0119. †This author would like to thank the Department of Mathematics at the University of South Africa for its hospitality while doing the work presented here.


separation by death she experience afar by seeing figure in the cemetery and watching funerals, to the personal and traumatic separation from her own mother to the gradual but natural " falling-in-and-out -of-love' separation from adolescent friends and schoolmates and eventually to her separation from her geographic locus of Antigua. This pervading theme of separation, which begin with a simple but significant argument about dresses and ends with walking to the jetty en route to England, is embodied in Annie's first school essay, which is a metaphor for the entire novel. Strategically located in the third chapter, appropriately entitled "Gwen," this essay recounts the primal bonding of mother and child reflected by their curative, nude swimming in the sea. It not only chronicles the despair Annie experiences with the knowledge of her identity as differentiated from her mother but also foreshadows the impending, inevitable formal separation between them and Annie's conscious and immediate need to replace her mother's love with Gwen's. It is symbolic and ironic that the very seawater in which their unity is ritualistically played out, as Annie swims clinging steadfastly to her mother's neck, is the same seawater that will eventually separate them many years later, when Annie waves goodbye to her mother's dotlike figure in the distance. The inevitability of Annie's dislocation from the harmonious mother-daughter swims of the early year is subtly symbolized in the recurrence of Annie's dreams and nightmares about being separated. The climactic story, "A Walk on the Jetty," foreshadowed by Annie's mysterious ten-weeklong illness; confirms the inevitable. The loving, story-filled "when you were born" days are irretrievably lost; Annie comes to realize this loss in some of the seemingly irrational act in which he engages during hallucinatory period of her nervous breakdown at the age of fifteen. The long and painful process that has led to ' A Walk on the Jetty" culminate in the fir t words of the chapter: "My name is Annie John." The abstract argument about dressing alike in chapter 2 finally is now psychologically, symbolically, and physically made concrete in this single act of voiced differentiation.


Dear members of the Association francaise d'histoire economique, I am a PhD student at the University of Trento (Italy) and I work in the "Digital Humanities" research group at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (http://dh.fbk.eu). I'm working in the field of human language technologies, in particular my research is on the automatic recognition of events, temporal expressions and temporal relations in historical texts. In the context of my PhD research, I have prepared a questionnaire about the notion...


As part of our three-step effort to increase communication between the Journal of Technology and Teacher Education and its authors (Chenowith & Ferdig, 2016), we end each year by publishing an editorial that essentially acts as a year-in-review. This editorial examines the work that was published in 2017 within volume 25 of JTATE. In volume 26, issue 2, we will be publishing more quantitative data on acceptance rates, total number of submissions, etc. (see Ferdig & Chenowith, 2017). The purpose of this editorial, however, is to be more qualitative in nature—attempting to synthesize what we learned about the study of technology and teacher education from our author contributions. By summarizing, we are also attempting to describe the trajectory of research in the field of technology and teacher education. As always, we encourage readers to read the details of each article.


The timing of a long-term or irreversible shortfall in supply is a contentious subject that may be impossible to agree on, but the effects are not. Mitigating these effects is crucial to economic well-being. What they are, and how to manage the risks, should find widespread agreement.


Alkyl dihydrogenphosphates were prepared by a procedure that probably involves a monomeric metaphosphate anion as an intermediate. The monomeric metaphosphate anions used in this reaction were generated by a photochemical C–P bond cleavage of the p-nitrobenzylphosphonate dianion. The photolysis of a 1:2 molar mixture of p-nitrobenzylphosphonic acid and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) in excess alcohol gave alkyl dihydrogenphosphate in fairly good yield.


At first one is inclined is to conceive of the prob lem of mass morality as one of a generally valid norm. 'The construction of norms for the regulation of social life and individual behaviour is a compelling need of capitalism, so long as it wishes to proclaim itself as a universal form of social life,' says B. (Borkenau, 1971: 96). Consequently, the new morality had to be a mass morality , based on a universal norm. With the dissolution and disappearance of th e 'natural', that is, the traditional social order of corporate estates, it b ecame necessary for capitalism to maximise the moral demands to which an individual subjects himse lf. For, 'as Max Weber has shown', the functioning of capitalism 'requires of the masses a completely new ascetic attitude to the labour process', one which 'cannot be achieved through a l eg l compulsion to labour in the form of serfdom'. Accordingly, 'it becomes necessary to sup plement the legally established moral minimum with a religious or other form (!G.) 1 of normative moral maximum' (Borkenau, 1971: 152). This task is performed by Calvinism, which educates the masses in labour discipline. Which 'masses' does B. mean when he speaks of the new ' mass morality' and of a 'completely new ascetic attitud e of the masses towards the labour process'? The working masses co me t mind. On occasion, B. states that 'Calvinism [was] an instrument of mass domestication for the bourgeoisie' (1971: 169), that 'religion is an indispensable means of mass do mestication' (1971: 208). He speaks of the 'compulsion for the labouring strata to adapt to capital' (1971: 161) and of the 'new a scetic attitude' which could not be 'achieved by means of a legal compulsion to labour in the form of serfdom' (1971: 152). For that reason, legal means had to be replaced by a religious norm for the maximum performance of labour. And he speaks of an 'exertion which becomes boundless' (1971: 161).


ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess underreporting of live birth records by health information systems. METHODS: Secondary data of the Sistema de Informacao Hospitalar (Hospital Information System – SIH) and of the Sistema de Informacao de Nascidos Vivos (Information System on Live Birth – SINASC) were used in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, in 2001. Two procedures were used in the analysis: the comparison between the number of live births per city and the probabilistic record linkage of individual data. For both procedures, indicators of underreporting considered were the proportion of live births presented at SIH system that were not obtained at SINASC. The municipalities were later added into four strips of population size. RESULTS: The probabilistic linkage was able to identify a greater proportion of live births underreported at SINASC, relative to the comparison of live births in the municipalities. The variations of the differences among underreporting percentages per procedures were 9.4% in cities with population lower than 5,000 inhabitants; 9.1% in cities with population ranging from 5,000 and 9,999; and 8.0% in municipalities between 10,000 and 49,999 and over 50,000 inhabitants.


The indigenous endophytic bacteria in the tissue culture seedlings germinated from seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var.fupingdazao were studied using observation with optical microscope and scanning electronic microscope(SEM),and detection of specific 16SrDNA fragment.The results showed that a large quantity of endophytic bacteria in jujube seedlings were detected under optical microscope with a magnification of 1 000times,and round,short rod or rod bacterial cells with the size of 1.5~1.8 μ m,(2.2~2.9) μ m×(1.1~1.9) μ m and(3.7~4.4) μ m×(1.6~1.9) μ m,respectively,were observed.Rod bacteria were found by SEM as well.The 16SrDNA fragment of 1.5kb was amplified from the total DNA of seedlings of jujube with the bacterial primer pair pf27 / 1525.


The objective of this study was to observe the basics of epistemology of Islamic economics of Ibn Khaldun, including the sources, methods and validity of economic science truth contained in his work, namely Muqaddimah. This study belongs to library (library research), and analyzed by a philosophical approach. The primary source of this research is part of Kitabu-l-'Ibar wa Diwanu-l- Mubtada' wa-l-Khabar Fi Ayyami-l-'Arab wa-l-'Ajam wa-l-Barbar wa Man 'Aasharahum min Dzawi-l-Sulthan al-Akbar, the introduction of the book, which became known by the name of Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun, and the final section in the form of autobiography Ibn Khaldun, or known as at- Ta'rif bi-Ibni Khaldun wa wa Rihlatuhu Gharban Syarqan. The secondary sources used is related books on epistemology Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Khaldun's economic thought and so forth, journals, and some of the results of previous research. Before conducting the analysis, it will first discuss the general theory of epistemology of Islamic economics, biography Ibn Khaldun and economic thought and epistemology Ibn Khaldun. To understand the contents of Ibn Khaldun content in Arabic and thoughts, used hermeneutic of Jurgen Habermas method which includes; through language interpretation and understanding of the background of the life of Ibn Khaldun through his biography. The data collected were then analyzed using philosophical approaches to explain the basics of Islamic economics epistemology contained in the Prolegomena. Based on the research results, it was found that the framework of Islamic economic epistemology of Ibn Khaldun are; al - 'Umran ( civilization ), al - fikr ( thought ), at- ta'lim (teaching) and the division of science, at- tarikh ( history ) and al - waqi ' al - ijtimai ( social reality ). Sources of Islamic economics Ibn Khaldun was a revelation ( Qur'an and Sunnah ), intellect, senses, intuition, the phenomenon of social reality and history. Ibn Khaldun's Islamic economic method is a deductive - analytic method and empirical - inductive method. The validity of the truth according to Ibn Khaldun is divided into two, absolute and relative. Absolute truth is tested through the authority of the conveyer and relative truth tested with the feasibility and possibility of data with the existing reality


The study discusses the tendencies in the development of agriculture in Ukraine over the past twenty years, describes the position and function of small and medium enterprises in the agricultural structure of the country, and presents the pol- icy aimed at providing public financial support from the state budget. Since the 1980s, farms have become an essential part of the Ukrainian economy, however, their further development requires substantial government support and a well-founded government's agricultural policy. At present, farms constitute a growing form of business in agriculture. The increase in the number of farms and their development contribute to creating jobs in rural areas, preserving the traditions and culture of the Ukrainian people, and solving the social problems of the countryside. Both the state government and local govern- ments allocate funds for farm support when creating annual budgets. The state support for small and medium enterprises includes also financial, information and consulting support; promotion of innovation, science and industrial production; support for export activities; and support for training, retraining and improving qualifications of the man- agerial staff and personnel. The key to the effectiveness of the state support for farms in Ukraine and their development is to provide an efficient agricultural policy and ensure its implementation by state authorities. The essential factor for the further development of small and medium enterprises in rural areas is the government's decision to support them through cooperation and integration.


Leaching of salt from container media was investigated by means of the miscible displacement theory for 6 peat-perlite-glass bead combinations plus 4 other mixes. Columns were salinized with 15 meq 1−1 each CaCl2 and NaCl, then allowed to equilibrate. Electrical conductivity of the effluent was recorded as columns were leached, using 1 cm constant water head, with solutions of 1, 4, or 7 meq 1−1 each of CaCl2 and NaCl. The replacement efficiency of the soil solution by the leaching solution increased as glass bead content increased. Replacement efficiency of the soil solution had high correlation with mixture physical properties. No relationship to particle size distribution could be ascertained. Leaching solution concentration did not influence replacement efficiency and, generally, after 1 to 1.5 container capacities of effluent, removal of the original soil solution decreased substantially.


The problem of navigation safety is considered, in particular, the problem of assessing the degree of danger in a situation of ships convergence is studied. The hazard assessment of a ship-approaching situation is based on the safety domain as the minimum area around the ship that an oncoming ship should not enter. The existing safety domains are specified, the requirements for the safety domain are defined. The original configuration of the safety domain is proposed. The proposed safety domain is asymmetric and takes into account not only the requirements of the International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREG-72), but also good maritime practice. In this case, the dimensions of the safety domain of a particular vessel are tied to the maneuverable characteristics of this vessel or, in a simplified form, to its dimensions. Thus, the ship's safety domain defines the area around the ship within which it can safely make an emergency evasion maneuver from an oncoming ship. The position of the safety domain boundary is parameterized and depends on the value of one parameter, which is computationally convenient. In addition, it is noted that the border of the proposed security zone is smooth, which excludes jumps in solutions for different course angles of targets entry into this zone. The concept of a dynamic safety domain is proposed, the size of which can vary depending on the navigation area and weather conditions, which is especially important when the vessel moves in narrow spaces, channels and traffic separation systems, since it excludes the appearance of false alarms when the vessel, which moves in the opposite direction in its lane, enters into domain.


With great interest we read the recently published article by Huybrechts et al. [1] from the highly respected Ghent group dealing with a comparison between several methods for estimating travel distance for carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measurement. We completely agree that standardization of this crucial point is urgently needed, if the method should ever become popular not only for researchers, but also for practising physicians. However, their method of determining travel distance using MRI may be discussed for the following reasons: Huybrechts and colleagues calculate the reference distance by subtracting the distance from aortic valve to the carotid artery from the distance from the aortic valve to the femoral artery, 'presuming the same PWV in the thoracic aorta and in the carotid artery', as the pulse wave travels up the carotid artery and down the aorta at the same time. Apart from the fact that, physiologically speaking, there is no 'real' cfPWV due to this wave travel in opposite directions, it is unlikely that PWVs in the thoracic aorta and in the carotid artery are the same. This has been shown in dogs by a pioneer in the field decades ago [2], with a difference in PWV between thoracic aorta and carotid artery of roughly 2 m/s. Considering an estimated length from the takeoff of the right brachiocephalic artery to the measuring point in the carotid artery of 10 cm, this would result in a 5–10% systematic error depending on age. In humans, the difference between aortic and carotid stiffness has been emphasized previously [3], with increasing differences in hypertensives and diabetics.


A 48-year-old man was referred to our hospital for the evaluation of chest pain. The patient had type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia and was receiving lifestyle modification therapy. His electrocardiogram and cardiac function assessed by transthoracic echocardiography were …


Croatia belongs to a group of European countries, which are in the process of political and economic transition. With the aim of integrating into the European Union, the development concept in the traffic sector, including also air traffic, has been oriented to the key aspects: strict separation of the functions performed by regulators and those of the operative, commercialisation/privatisation of service providers and efficient management of predominantly state-owned infrastructure. The necessary structural reforms represent potential risks for the air traffic safety, and they have to be planned and implemented with simultaneous introduction of the mechanisms for consistent monitoring of the safety level. The main problems in the Croatian air traffic system, which connote also the safety aspect of exploitation, refer to the administrative management (CAA), commercial/bussines management (Croatia Airlines, Croatia Control, airports) and legal frames of harmonising national regulations (adoption of EU references and JARs). The implementation of strategic air traffic development guidelines in Croatia, similarly to other transitional countries, is not just a question of political will but also of objective possibilities, mainly the availability of financial means and qualified personnel resources.


The electric conductivity and the initial thermoelectric power are determined for the solid solutions (Ag, Na)X (X = Cl, Br) over the whole composition range. Data drawn from both kinds of measurements allow to approximately estimate the contributions of cation vacancies and interstitial Ag* to the transport process. Two composition regions are distinguished: 0≦NNaX≦0.6 and 0.7<NNaX<1 where interstitial Ag+ and cation vacancies, respectively, are prevailing.


The relevance of this work is that in modern business space often there are problems with internal communications since, or the personnel aren't able to communicate with each other owing to various reasons, or communications between colleagues who with whom and on what questions has to interact to receive positive result accurately aren't defined. In article definition is given to internal communications, signs of effective internal communication are marked out, channels of internal communications are considered Also in article the main instruments of internal communications are considered, the main aspects of assessment of effectiveness of system of internal communications are marked out, also the question of audit of internal communications is taken up. Also in article the technique of "Chirang-sessiya" which is used most often for strategic and business planning in the companies of different level is considered. This technique is good the fact that except skills of effective communications also existence of types of thinking is defined. Results of a research on poll of respondents, on questions are presented in article: "The most important ways of obtaining information", "Information needs", "Motivation of employees for development of internal communication", "Development of internal communications".


A novel high temperature solar supercritical carbon dioxide (S‐CO2) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) combined power system with low temperature thermal storage is introduced. The heat releasing of the S‐CO2 can be used as the heat source of the ORC. This system could keep high thermal efficiency, whereas thermal storage temperature is far lower than the maximum temperature of the system. Previous work has proved that the system efficiency can be kept at 38% when the thermal storage temperature is in the range of 220∼230°C. Basic relationship among system efficiency, power ratio and thermal storage temperature are analyzed. The key parameters of the system are optimized under certain constraints. Three possible improved layouts of this system are discussed in the end. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1234–1243, 2017


Energy storage technique is one of the most effective technique means for the regulation of wind power. Aiming at smoothing the fluctuation of wind power and maintaining bus voltage, this paper proposed a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on cascaded multilevel STATCOM, containing a battery and a super-capacitor. And the active and reactive power coordination control strategy was also developed. Based on these models, a simulation platform of STATCOM/HESS and wind farm was developed using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed that the problems of wind power fluctuation and low voltage ride through (LVRT) of wind farm connected to the power grid can be well solved in the case of random wind and serious disturbance in power grid.


Aim: The present study aimed at green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using various plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. It would also study the antibacterial effect of the synthesized copper nanoparticles. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Bhavan's Vivekananda college of Science, Humanities and Commerce, Hyderabad, India. The duration of the study is for six months between May 2017 to October 2017. Methodology: The aqueous solutions of different plant extracts were mixed with CuSO4 solution and incubated for green synthesis of stable copper nanoparticles. These were tested by UV-Visible spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Antibacterial tests of the biosynthesized nanoparticles were carried out on Gram-positive Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus by Agar well assay. Results: The aqueous solutions of different plant extracts yielded stable copper nanoparticles as indicated by the O.D values tested using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The best plant extract that yielded higher amount of copper nanoparticles was fruit rind extract of Punica granatum. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be 56-59 nm, characterized by Scanning Electron Original Research Article Padma et al.; ARRB, 23(1): 1-10, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38894 2 Microscopy (SEM). The synthesized copper nanoparticles exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The copper nanoparticles can be green synthesized using fruit rind extract of Punica granatum and these can be used as efficient antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and the study is significant currently as drug resistant infections of Staphylococcus aureus are gaining much prevalence and prominence.


Six fossil leaves with fine venation and well-preserved cuticles of Machilus tiantaiensis Ding S.T.et Sun B.N.sp.nov.(Lauraceae) were discovered from the Late Miocene Xiananshan Formation of Tiantai County,eastern Zhejiang Province,China.The fossils were characterized by elliptic shape with entire margin,acuminate apex,cuneate base and pinnate venation;the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells are undulated,the unicellular trichome bases are mostly found on the veins;leaves hypostomatic,stomata paracytic with two embedded guard cells and one or two subsidiary cells.The leaf cuticular and architectural features of these fossil leaves suggest the affinity within the genus Machilus.The quantitative traits of leaf morphology were studied here,and a free data analysis package(palaeontological statistics) is utilized for cluster analysis.The leaf morphologic and cuticular features show that the fossil is similar to the modern leaves of M.pingii mostly.The paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration is estimated through the stomatal ratio between the fossil species and the extant M.pingii Cheng ex Yang(nearest living relative of the fossil species),and the result shows that the level of atmospheric CO2 in the Late Miocene of Tiantai is about 407.9×10-6.The modern trees of Machilus are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of South and Southeast Asia,which indicates that the Miocene climate of eastern China was warm and humid.


The normal mode problem for the Mattis-Heisenberg model is simplified. A set of random finite difference equations is derived. This reformulation is used for a numerical study of the localisation of the eigenmodes. The averaged inverse participation ratio is calculated in one and two dimensions. Strong localisation effects are indicated but it is difficult to give the results an interpretation in the conventional localisation edge picture.


Phase field modeling and computer simulation is employed to study dielectric composites with core-shell filler particles for high-energy-density applications. The model solves electrostatic equations in terms of polarization vector field in reciprocal space using fast Fourier transform technique and parallel computing algorithm. Composites composed of linear constituent phases (matrix, core, and shell materials) of different dielectric constants are considered. Inter-phase boundary conditions are automatically taken into account without explicitly tracking inter-phase interfaces in the composites. The core-shell structures of filler particles are systematically investigated in terms of shell thickness and dielectric constant with respect to core size and matrix dielectric constant, respectively. The effects of filler particle size, shape, and orientation are considered. It is found that core-shell structures of filler particles provide effective means to mitigate local electric field concentration in diel...


We prove the integral Hodge conjecture for curve classes on smooth varieties of dimension at least three constructed as a complete intersection of ample hypersurfaces in a smooth projective toric variety, such that the anticanonical divisor is the restriction of a nef divisor. In particular, this includes the case of smooth anticanonical hypersurfaces in toric Fano varieties. In fact, using results of Casagrande and the toric minimal model program, we prove that in each case, H2(X,Z)$H_2(X,\mathbb {Z})$ is generated by classes of rational curves.


It is known that the density operators rho of a quantal system are grouped into classes of equally mixed ones. The class to which rho belongs is its so-called mixing character. The set of classes is known to be a lattice. The Ruch and Mead (1976) principle of increasing mixing character in complete measurement is extended to general observables. It is shown that the principle of strictly increasing mixing character holds in general incompatible measurement, and some consequences are discussed. A sufficient condition for strictly mixing homomorphic functionals, i.e. for those which preserve the 'strictly larger' relation in the lattice, is obtained. Density-operator-dependent strengthening of the natural pre-order in the set of general observables is investigated.


As electrification in the automotive industry gathers pace, a new modular rear-axle system offers a flexible, efficient way to transform existing production vehicles


In the run up to the general election, a number of organizations did their best to try to force the attention of the various political parties on to their main areas of concern.


This paper aims to analyze whether an attribution of Commodity Hedge Funds could be useful for an institutional investor (insurance company, pension fund). We analyze the out of sample an in-sample asset allocation effects for attributing Commodity Hedge Funds to a simple bond-equity portfolio. The data of these strategies of Funds go back until 2008 which indicates that these strategies are relatively new in comparison to other strategies. However, it is interesting to use the time since 2008, because the environment has changed significantly for institutional investors. Our contribution to the literature is to show the relative attractiveness of this new asset class for institutional investors. We found that Commodity Hedge Fund could improve the Sharpe Ratio of an investors portfolio, but the relative advantage against a Composite Hedge Fund index is limited.JEL classification numbers: G11, G15, G23, C58Keywords: Hedge fund performance, Hedge Fund Strategies, Commodity Hedge Funds, Asset allocation, Institutional Investors.


Predicting rock elastic properties and permeability from high-resolution 2D thin sections has been a challenging problem in rock physics because the 2D thin sections reveal very little about how the microstructure connects in the third dimension. However, 2D thin sections are widely available and inexpensive because they are often produced as a part of the reservoir-quality workflow. Furthermore, they have much higher resolution and greater field of view than micro X-ray computed tomography images, which are commonly used for rock properties estimation. The 2D thin sections we studied are from various hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formations with a variety of provenances, depositional environments, and burial histories. The high-resolution 2D images were scanned from these physical 2D thin sections. K-means segmentation was then employed to identify different minerals and pores for creating 2D binary images. The focus of this study is to simulate 2D elastic properties and permeability from 2D thin sections and then to employ various empirical relations to transform these 2D simulation results to 3D intrinsic rock properties. We compared the rock properties from this process to those from core measurements and measured wireline logs and found that these 2D to 3D rock property transformations yield promising results, especially for elastic properties. The results show that 2D thin section images have high enough resolution to resolve grain contacts very well. Predicting the permeability from 2D thin sections is still challenging since the process requires fitting the physical equation in order to retrieve the fitting coefficient for prediction due to our lack of understanding of the difference between 2D and 3D pore size distribution.


4550 Purpose: Prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSA-DT) < 3 months has been suggested as a surrogate endpoint for prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). We evaluated whether stage migrat...


Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the 8th most fast-spreading cancer, globally. Detection and treatment of Oral cancer are the most important aspects that are needed nowadays in this fast-moving world. Nanotechnology and machine learning are two predominant and upcoming technologies for detecting and classifying cancer. Machine learning algorithms are widely used in the early-stage detection and classification of cancer. These detections can be even performed using smart devices like cell phone cameras. Nanotechnology sets a new trend and makes a new revolution in the world of information with the help of nanoparticles like gold nanoparticles, nano-virus, nanohydroxyapatite, and so on. Nanoparticles are, being smaller in size, effectively used to stop the further spread of cancer to other body parts. Accurate detection of Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a very important phase of OSCC treatment. Feature extraction of OSCC classification which is attained using various machine learning algorithms such as SVM, Naïve Bayes, and CNN. Deep learning has attained outstanding performance in early-stage cancer detection with a large dataset and the results are obtained with high accuracy in OSCC early-stage detection. It seeks to diagnose oral cancer with more precision and in less time. Future oral cancer deaths might be reduced by performing early detection. Of these algorithms, CNN has been improved in every research and attained an accuracy of ran up to 96.6%.


Abstract : This report is the proceedings of the First International Symposium held 27-29 April 1983 in Bethesda, Maryland, sponsored by the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. The text is comprised of 29 research papers, which fall into three subject areas: Combined Injury and Trauma, Immunology and Inflammatory Responses, and Sepsis. Also included are an Executive Summary, a Panel Discussion summarizing the presentations, Abstracts of Poster Presentations, and a List of Attendees.


At the present time, six out of the seven main risk factors for premature death in Europe (high blood pressure, cholesterol inadequate, Body Mass Index, insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and alcohol abuse) are related with lifestyles, especially with dietary habits, alcohol abuse and physical inactivity and/or sedentarism. From a public health perspective, the increase in overweight and obesity is of particular concern throughout all of Europe. To approach this issue, both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Commission advocate for an integral approach with the implication of all the parties at a European, national, regional, and local level. A good example of this is the recent Vienna Declaration on Nutrition and Non Transmittable Diseases that the WHO promulgated after the Ministerial Conference celebrated in Vienna on the 4 and 5 of July of 2013, in the setting of the "Health 2020" Program, in which it was reaffirmed that a multidisciplinary approach is essential. Obesity is defined as a disease risk factor characte rized by an excessive accumulation of fat leading to a body composition with a fat content higher than a standard that is predefined by the height, age, and gender. In the adult population, obesity is typified as the presence of a Body Mass Index (BMI) value higher or equal to 30 kg/m (an overweight with values higher than 27), whereas in the pediatric population BMI curves specific for the age and gender are used: if the 95 percentile is exceeded there will be a clinical situation of obesity (being the 85 percentile for overweight). The pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial and based on a predisposition mediated by the genetic characteristics of an individual implying a greater personalization of the problem, with the confluence of an excess of energy intake and essentially a decrease in the energy expenditure in relation to an optimal balance between intake and demand. In addition to this thermodynamic expression, in the obese individual Correspondence: Gregorio Varela-Moreiras. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo. Urb. Montepríncipe, crta. Boadilla, km. 5,3. 28668 Boadilla del Monte. Madrid. Spain. E-mail: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com Obesity and sedentarism in the 21 century: what can be done and what must be done?


The aim of this paper is to critically analyse Sinyangwe's A Cowrie of Hope, using the lenses of feminist criticism which works for revaluating the images of woman, and Marxist critical approach, a reading that focuses on class struggle. This study also uses the resilience theory which, according to Cloete and Mlambo (2014, p. 93), is "a dynamic process wherein individuals display positive adaptation despite experiences of significant adversity or trauma." Drawing on these theories, the paper argues that not all male writers portray women in negative and derogatory terms in their texts as most feminist critics claim. In A Cowrie of Hope, the Zambian male writer, Sinyangwe, portrays Nasula, an illiterate and widow who perceives the importance of schooling for her only daughter Sula. To achieve her goal, she stands up to the series of difficulties which at the same time inspire compassion and admiration. Despite the adverse poverty in which she lives, Nasula highly believe that she will fight with the last straw of her blood to send her daughter Sula to senior secondary school, after the latter's successfully passed her grade nine. Finally, the study shows Sinyangwe's commitment to demystify the wrong assumption that women have no voice, and at the same time, to show that woman in general and the traditional woman in particular is the true architect of her own destiny.


In the past decade, the cancer research community has made considerable progress in characterizing the genomic features of human tumors. Knowledge of molecular drivers of cancer has therefore increased greatly. Although the oncology community hoped that this would lead to more effective therapies, our ability to translate laboratory cancer research into clinical success has been remarkably low –only 5% of the agents demonstrated to have anticancer activity in laboratory studies went on to achieve success in phase III clinical trials. Many factors are responsible for this high percentage of failures. In addition to the biological difficulties of generalizing lab animal treatments to humans, other factors involved in driving this low rate include misuse or misunderstanding of statistical design and analysis concepts, interpretation and reporting methods. Recognizing the seriousness of these widely prevalent and correctable issues, the National Institutes of Health has called for the full engagement of the entire biomedical research enterprise to implement the resources needed to improve and sustain the statistical rigor and successful translation of preclinical cancer research. To this end, we developed a statistics curriculum for early-career preclinical cancer researchers (i.e., postdoctoral researchers) conducting laboratory research at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center as well as the broader research community. Our proposed curriculum was delivered over an eight-week period with one 60-90-minute class per week and included hands-on activities with experimental designs, data analysis and participatory dialogues. We developed an evaluation of the curriculum and have plans to make all resources available to the broader statistics and cancer research communities. In this column, we discuss our efforts to build such a statistics curriculum for post-doctoral biomedical scientists at a free-standing cancer center. We share experiences in the development of the curriculum and provide insights from the perspective of students, their laboratory leads, and collaborative biostatisticians.


We present a decision tree evaluation method integrated with a common framework for analyzing multi-attribute decisions under risk, where information is numerically imprecise. The approach extends ...


When observational data is available from practical studies and a directed cyclic graph for how various variables affect each other is known based on substantive understanding of the process, we consider a problem in which a control plan of a treatment variable is conducted in order to bring a response variable close to a target value with variation reduction. We formulate an optimal control plan concerning a certain treatment variable through path coefficients in the framework of linear nonrecursive structural equation models. Based on the formulation, we clarify the properties of causal effects when conducting a control plan. The results enable us to evaluate the effect of a control plan on the variance from observational data.


Low productivity increases and unsustainable farming systems have been a concern in the Australian grain industry. However, a crop modelling exercise found a dramatic improvement in recent cropping performance in many areas. National wheat yield trends during the 1980s/1990s increased three-fold over the previous 50year period. Considerable regional variations were found with higher wheat yield trends found across Western Australia, in wetter areas of South Australia and southeastern and northern New South Wales. Higher trends occurred where farmers addressed a number of limiting soil factors, including chemical (nutrient, acidity), biological (root diseases, weeds) and physical (water storage, infiltration). The best performing shires consistently increased N fertiliser application and crop diversity (pulses, oilseeds, or sorghum), with the latter being important where N-fixation, and/or soil cleansing of root diseases, was beneficial. Climate variability dominates regional cropping performance through its impact on yield variability and the level of risk associated with a high-input, high-yield, farming system. The application of N fertiliser and the adoption of pulses and oilseeds decreased as yield variability increased. High water use efficiencies (WUE) were generally found in southern States where soils had good water-holding capacities, rainfall was reliable between June and September, and yield variability was low. Relative profitability of different crops was important as trends and WUE for barley and oats were lower than that for the more profitable wheat crop. The regional pattern of barley trends tended to match that for wheat, while oat yield trends tended to match the winter rainfall distribution. Sorghum yields increased steeply in the 1990s in northern NSW as farmers increased nitrogen inputs, while in Queensland very high yield variability discouraged increased fertiliser use.


Summary Platelet transfusions are effective in the control of hemorrhages in thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia. They are especially valuable as a supportive measure during intensive chemotherapy. Availability of large amounts of platelets permits the administration of chemotherapeutic agents in amounts many times greater than the conventional doses. Platelets concentrated from freshly collected acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) blood are capable of circulation in thrombocytopenic recipients. Their in vivo survival in critically ill patients is relatively short. Repeated infusions, however, are consistently effective. A dose of 8 platelet concentrates per 100 lb of body weight is recommended. Repeated infusions should be given if optimal results are not obtained. Immune reactions and resistance to transfused platelets appear to be of little practical significance. Preservation of platelets in the frozen state without loss of viability has been demonstrated. A practical method for storage of viable platelets will contribute greatly to the routine use of platelet transfusions.


1. Hans J. Morgenthau in International Relations 2. The justiciability of disputes 3. Hans Kelsen and the reality of norms 4. Legal realism and behaviouralist social science 5. Legalism, romanticism and irresponsible statecraft 6. The legacy of legal formalism.


The purpose of this study is to classify the utterances of deviation and violation of the cooperative principle proposed by Grice in the Pepekomik comic strip through the utterances expressed by the characters contained in the comic strip. In addition, this research is also intended to find out the types of flouting made. This research is a qualitative descriptive analysis. Researchers used 25 chapters of Pepekomik comic strips taken from the Instagram account @Pepekomik as data sources. The data are utterances from the characters in the comic strip that contain elements of flouting the principle of cooperation. The data taken are a comic chapter that was published in the period April - June 2022. From this study, the author draws a conclusion where there are flouting maxims of cooperative principle, flouting the maxim of quality (6%), flouting the maxim of quantity (14%), flouting the maxim of relevance (23%), and flouting the maxim of manner (57%). Among the four maxims that are flouted, the maxim of manner is the maxim that is most often flouted because in making humor the comic creator uses wordplay and meaning including ambiguity and implied meaning to create humor in his comic creation.


Reader autobiographies and questionnaires were collected from 272 advanced, general, and basic level twelfth-grade high school students from a variety of high schools in the state of Georgia. In addition three students who were characteristic of the three types of readers were interviewed. Findings from analyses of autobiographies, questionnaires, and interviews addressed seven research questions and identified coiimon early reading experiences; students, preschool, elementary, junior high, and high school reading interests; extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to read; intrinsic and extrinsic reasons not to read; and positive and negative school reading experiences. The findings led to suggestions for helping students of every ability level become avid readers. Exploring the Reading Development of 12th-grade Georgia High School Students Through Reader Autobiographies In 1899 Vostrovsky (p. 535) noted that when reading preferences are left up to chance, "the tendency is often towards a selection of books which unfit one for everyday living . " This concern for the development of readers has been with us for a very long time. Studies from Vostrovsky's through those of today tell us a great deal about what students like to read. We can now accurately tell the reading preference of many students by age, sex, and intelligence. Also, research findings have been consistent about the factors in the development of avid readers. Most studies have tended to focus on students during a narrow time period (elementary, junior high, or high school years) or on a narrow group of students, usually advanced. Other research has focused on areas of reading interest of large groups of students and not on their development as readers. My goal as a researcher was to understand how students developed as readers from their own point of view. Specifically, this study addressed the question: how do avid readers develop in contrast to lukewarm and/or nonreaders? Using a phenomenological approach, I sought to determine what the students considered to be important factors in their development as readers. Analyses of reader autobiographies, questionnaires, and interviews with Georgia 12th-grade students developed ideas for helping students of every


There is a widespread decline in soil fertility in Malawi, and food security
is a pressing issue. The Guide to Agricultural Production published by
the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA 1991) provides guidelines to improve
productivity in a wide range of crops. This brochure is meant as a
complement to the Guide, for use by extension workers, NGO farm
advisors, and anyone interested in expanding the range of options for
farmers. It describes a number of low-cost options suitable for the
resource-poor smallholder farmer, who cannot always afford the
recommended fertilizer rates.


We present periodicity analyses of recent observations of two x‐ray binaries made with the University of Adelaide's gamma‐ray telescope at Woomera, South Australia. Vela X‐1, which transits close to the zenith at Woomera, is observed with an energy threshold less than 1 TeV, and the results can be compared with other observations in the same energy region. On the other hand, Cygnus X‐3 reaches a maximum elevation of 18° and our energy threshold is correspondingly high (∼100 TeV). Our 1989 data have previously been searched for evidence of the 12.6 ms pulsar reported at TeV energies. We extend this analysis and include data from 1990.


Biodiesel fuels derived from different feedstocks may have significantly different fatty acid profiles and physicochemical properties. To gain further insight into the effect of the biodiesel chemical structure, specifically its degree of unsaturation, on engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions, an experimental investigation was conducted on a high-speed direct-injection automotive diesel engine fueled with three mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters. The fuel matrix was designed such that the effect of the degree of unsaturation of the tested biodiesel fuels was isolated. This allowed for the maximization of the effect of the cetane number, while the other properties, such as the chain length, oxygen content, density, viscosity, and volatility, varied within a small range. Results indicated that the degree of unsaturation of biodiesel fuels did not significantly affect engine performance and the start of injection, but it had a noticeable influence on combustion characteristics and e...


Ecology is complex and while there is a modern drive towards a holistic or "ecosystem approach" for managing marine systems, we are still a long way from fully understanding the interactions between the various components of different ecosystems and fully valuing their contributions. Microphytobenthos (MPB), and diatom biofilms, are an excellent example. While they are relatively widespread, their role was often overlooked in favor of more charismatic species or assemblages. However, the understanding of their ecological importance has increased with a growing body of evidence outlining their important role in system functions ranging from biogeochemical cycles, trophic interactions and a direct influence of sediment dynamics. The latter effect is related to the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which have a number of roles in ecosystem dynamics including the mediation of sediment erosion. Therefore, it is understandable that characterization of MPB assemblages as ecosystems engineers is becoming more widespread. A more recent development is the debate surrounding the evolutionary impact of ecosystem engineering and whether this is sufficiently distinct and important that it should be considered a separate evolutionary pressure, as described in the "niche construction" theory. MPB have already been cited in this debate and this chapter briefly introduces the range of functionality of MPB and discusses their role as ecosystem engineers and their potential place in niche construction theory.


Melanoma skin cancer is one of the most fatal skin cancer forms but can be easily cured if detected early enough. In this paper, we have presented a solution for detecting early stage melanoma skin cancer using a convolution neural network. Image processing is applied on raw images before feeding them to the neural network. We have utilized 514 dermoscopic images from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) archive for training and validating our model. The experimental results obtained via this process were promising and would immensely help dermatologists in early stage detection of melanoma.


Using panel data gathered from 173 children in the Big Brothers Big Sisters mentoring program the major developmental assumptions of Identity Theory were tested. A child's self-reported categorization of their mentee identity was used to predict involvement in delinquent behavior, feelings of sadness, and low self-efficacy. Across three waves of panel data, this study found that social intervention improves a child's self-concept. However, results also find that improvements in self-concept are not simply positive for all groups of children receiving mentoring services. Exogenous variables such as age, race, and sex impact the amount of influence mentoring has on a child's self-concept; varied influence impacts the efficacy of social intervention to mitigate the outcomes measured.


In selective laser melting, products are generated by selectively melting powder layer by layer. The amount of energy coupled into the powder results in a melt pool that can be observed by detecting its thermal emission. The demonstrated sensor system acquires information during processing through the optical train of a scanner based manufacturing system for selective laser melting. The coaxially coupled detection system uses a pyrometer to detect radiation from the melt pool and determines the current position of the laser beam. A real time processing system which makes use of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), combines measured values from both sources. Post processing the acquired measurement values allows gaining an insight into the course of the melting process. It is shown that deviations from planned processing strategy to actual processing can be identified.In selective laser melting, products are generated by selectively melting powder layer by layer. The amount of energy coupled into the powder results in a melt pool that can be observed by detecting its thermal emission. The demonstrated sensor system acquires information during processing through the optical train of a scanner based manufacturing system for selective laser melting. The coaxially coupled detection system uses a pyrometer to detect radiation from the melt pool and determines the current position of the laser beam. A real time processing system which makes use of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), combines measured values from both sources. Post processing the acquired measurement values allows gaining an insight into the course of the melting process. It is shown that deviations from planned processing strategy to actual processing can be identified.


General chemical sense is considered as distinct from the sense of taste (Best and Taylor, '43, p. 1785). The latter is associated with taste buds and the afferent visceral components of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. Chemical sensibility is mediated by free cutaneous nerve endings and spinal nerves. It has been pointed out (Kappers, Huber, and Crosby, '36, 1 : 347) that, in addition to having separate neural mechanisms, the 2 types of perception are also different in their biological significance. The sense of taste is instrumental in bringing about positive reactions to food substances. By contrast, reactions due to the stimulation of the chemical sense are said to be negative, i.e., they are defense reactions. This differentiation is based in part on the behavior of the sea robin, Prionotus, as observed by Herrick ( '04). More recent observations of positive reactions to food which were obtained by stimulation of skin lacking taste buds in the closely related Mediterranean sea robin, Trigla ( Scharrer, '35), seem to be at variance with this concept. Since Herrick did not observe positive reactions to food in Prionotus, experiments similar to those made previously on Trigla were repeated in the present studies on Prionotus in order to


The French West Indies are periodically affected by North African dust episodes (NADE) resulting in PM10 concentrations exceeding air quality standards. The aim of the present study was to decipher the PM10 chemical profile during NADE over Guadeloupe. PM10 samples were collected daily at a rural site and an urban site during five episodes between April and October in 2017. During these events, the median PM10 mass concentrations were, on average, 2 to 5 times higher than in the post-episode baseline period. Sampled filters were analyzed for their quantification of chemical constituents including carbonaceous fractions (elemental and organic carbon, EC/OC), anions/cations and levoglucosan, 51 elements, and 57 selected organic species. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was conducted to identify the specific chemical profile of PM10 during NADE: 16 elements were identified as the most discriminant between the NADE and the control samples with mass concentration levels twice as high during a NADE. Among them, only two (Mn and V) are classified as emerging pollutant while no limit values exist for the other ones. The extensive characterization of the NADE PM10 chemical profile we performed is a key step to assess the chemical exposure of French West Indies populations during such events.


The coupling coefficient is not only affected by the distance between the coils but also by the misalignment of the coils. In this paper, a simple intuitive expression of coupling coefficient for laterally and angularly misaligned coils is derived, based on the near-field expressions for a small loop antenna, and special cases of perfectly aligned coils, axially placed angularly misaligned coils, laterally displaced coils, co-planar laterally displaced coils are discussed. These simple cases offer an insight into impact of receiver coil misalignment on the near-field communication system performance.


With traffic lights as example,the control programs are designed by using the absolute cam instruction method and incremental cam instruction method.Through hardware testing and software simulation practice,the importance of sequence instructions in the program design of cycle control system is demonstrated.


Abstract Light transmission characteristics in optic effects of smectic-cholesteric mixed liquid-crystals are experimentally investigated. Cholesteric addition to a smectic liquid crystal changes greatly transmission characteristics in a cholesteric phase. Although a smectic liquid crystal alone is transparent, the mixed liquid crystals become opaque. However, this opaque state isconverted to the transparent state with applied fields. After the fields are removed, the transparent state is stored in case of then n-type mixture, e.g., BBBA:CN = 90:10 in weight, but returns to the original opaque state in case of thep-type mixture, e.g., C0B:CN = 90:10 in weight. In the smectic phase, the n-type mixture hardly responds to applied fields. but thep-type mixtureeasilyresponds. The response is dependent on a cell temperature: higher field is required in lower temperature. This temperature characteristic can be used for display application of liquid-crystal light valve.


The focus of this study is the Vincentian spirituality and its actualization among the Batak Sisters of Charity in North Sumatra, Indonesia. A significant issue in St Vincent de Paul''s life is that he discovered the destiny of his life, namely to be God''s Servant to the poor, following the foot step of Christ. How then Vincent did follow Chrits? In the time when the Catholic Church in France was in dire need of formation for those who wanted to become priests, Vincent took the initiative to provide an education for them. The Sisters in Schijndel, The Netherlands, chose Vincent''s way of being God''s Servant by running schools, when many parishes needed education. These Sisters went to North Sumatra. From them,the local girls received the new idea of being religious and move to dedicate themselves in parish ministry. This study shows that the actualization of Vincentian spirituality is shaped by the contexts in which the spirituality is lived out. Vincent followed Christ by i.e. giving education, while the Batak Sisters followed Jesus by caring for parishioners. Different contexts shaped these different ways of actualizing the same Vincentian spirituality.


For previously untreated uncomplicated pulmonary tuberculosis together with Freerksen we can offer a 'new standard therapy': 10 mg/kg body wt. Rifampicin in association with 5–8 mg/kg body wt. isoniaz


Water and fat are the two predominant sources of signal for in vivo MRI. Because fat is omnipresent in many parts of our body and because fat appears bright in many types of basic MR images, it is often essential to be able to successfully suppress the fat signal. Chemical shift selective saturation (CHESS) and short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) are the two well‐known techniques for this purpose. Despite their widespread use and success, CHESS and STIR have fundamental limitations and as a consequence, poor fat suppression is one of the most frequently‐encountered image quality issues in clinical practice. Further, it is difficult to implement the CHESS or STIR‐based techniques for some emerging applications such as fast dynamic imaging. Another MRI technique for managing fat that has gained increasing clinical use only in the last few years was first published by Tom Dixon in 1984. The original idea of the so‐called Dixon techniques is to collect two images that have water and fat signals in‐phase and 180o out‐of‐phase, respectively. These two images can be added and subtracted to yield a "water‐only" image and a "fat‐only" image. Thus, the Dixon techniques have the potential for simultaneous fat suppression and fat quantification. Additionally, it was recognized and is now demonstrated that the Dixon techniques can be made highly insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity and highly SNR and scan time efficient. In this talk, I will provide an overview of some major development of the techniques for managing fat in MRI. I will focus particularly on the physical basis as well as the respective pros and cons of the different fat management techniques in MRI. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the physical basis and advantages and disadvantages of several major fat management techniques in MRI 2. Understand some major issues and technical development of the Dixon techniques for water and fat imaging 3. Understand some remaining challenges and future opportunities for fat imaging and applications by MRI


ABSTRACT After briefly summarizing information about the Central Asian countries and their libraries, the authors discuss the challenges facing the national bibliographic agencies there. In Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the national bibliographies have ceased. In the other three countries, national bibliographic indexes are published, but only in print format, and they do not cover non-print material. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are actively working to modernize their national bibliographies. Bibliographers in the other countries are ready to move to international standards and automation, but are hindered by logistical and financial problems. They would benefit greatly from assistance by the international bibliographic community.


This paper presents a full-bridge zero-current-switching (FB-ZCS) dc-dc converter with adaptive resonant commutation energy realized through phase-shift frequency modulation. Existing family of FB-ZCS converters use transformer leakage inductance and shunt-connected resonant capacitor for achieving smooth current commutation and soft-switching. Shunt-connected resonant capacitor unnecessarily stores full-load-rated commutation energy at all load conditions and its charging duration in every switching cycle results in significant duty-cycle loss. Moreover, shunt-connected capacitor suffers from energy leakage through transformer winding which requires overrating of capacitor energy, further aggravating aforementioned issues and restricting the operation range of converter. To address these limitations, FB-ZCS converter with series-connected resonant capacitor is proposed in this paper which minimizes duty-cycle loss and capacitor energy leakage. Current-dependent adaptive control of resonant energy is also achieved through series connection. However, smooth commutation and soft-switching capability are lost at light loads due to insufficient voltage across resonant capacitor. To address this, frequency modulation combined with conventional phase-shift modulation control is utilized. Operation of proposed converter is presented and validated with simulation and experimental results.


Identification of patients at high risk for progressing to severesepsis is critical and, in many cases, monitoring patients, ratherthan evaluating for treatment, can increase the risk of mortality. The financial implications of severe sepsis are substantial.Severe sepsis costs an average of $22 000 per patient, with a totalcost to US hospitals of $16.7 billion.


Abstract Background In order to cope with the public health crisis caused by the 2019 coronavirus disease epidemic, a prominent feature of Western society is that residents are unwilling to take the initiative to wear masks for protection. The cultural tradition and social psychological explanation of this phenomenon is that most people are unwilling to wear masks because the masks in western society have the symbol of uncleanness and weakness. This explanation of cultural tradition and social psychology makes some sense. However, social behavior is also influenced by the government. Why don't Western governments adopt mandatory policies to correct the negative impact of current social psychology from the perspective of ensuring public safety? One popular explanation is that western countries have politicized the 2019 coronavirus epidemic, so they are unwilling to take correct measures to deal with the epidemic. But this irrational explanation is incredible. The managerial man hypothesis is only an ideal abstract concept, but individuals in society may occasionally make irrational behavior because of psychological resistance. But in general, the behavior of institutions and governments is more rational than that of individuals. It is incredible that many Western governments violate the principle of rationality on such a large scale. At the same time, in the face of the COVID-19, a global health emergency, the anxiety sensitivity of people in western countries is also worth paying attention to. Subjects and Methods By constructing a learning model under the condition of incomplete information, this paper explains how residents and the government obtain information, and how social values determine the optimal choice of the government in coordinating social collective action. This paper also uses anxiety sensitivity Index-3, which is an evaluation tool developed by Taylor and others based on previous studies. It covers three specific dimensions of anxiety sensitivity construct, involving attention to individual cognition, society and body. Six items in each of the three subscales were scored by Likert level 5 (0 = very few, 1 = less, 2 = medium, 3 = more, 4 = very many), and the total score was used to represent the individual's anxiety sensitivity level [15]. It can also analyze three special factors: social attention, cognitive attention and physical attention. When researchers want to use special factors such as social attention, cognitive attention and physical attention to predict external variables, they can independently explain the prediction results without considering the influence of public factors. Results Under the Bayesian information acquisition rule, when the whole society does not pay attention to cooperative behavior, the seemingly irrational behavior of Western governments reflects the trap of "white lie" and "rational inaction" to deal with the impact of social systemic risk. Results: Our results showed that although anxiety was positively correlated with government media information, it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Among the psychological anxiety of the masses, debilitating anxiety dominated, and the results were statistically significant (P < 0.01). This means that debilitating anxiety can be used as an indicator to measure the level of people's anxiety. Our results show that environmental anxiety is negatively correlated with information. The Pearson correlation in the high anxiety group was significantly higher than that in the low anxiety group. This shows that students with less media influence are more likely to be anxious than those with more media influence. Conclusion Social values affect social psychology, and social psychology affects the effect of government governance. The values and social psychology that bring long-term success to society may also lead to disaster management to deal with sudden crises. The strong individualistic values in western society are conducive to innovative activities in the period of social stability, but not conducive to highly coordinated social collective action in the period of social crisis. In order to avoid these governance traps, in the long run, we can improve the level of trust and cooperation in society by strengthening social capital; In the short term, the prejudice of social psychology against science and technology and scientific researchers must be eliminated. It has better fitting in the Chinese version of anxiety sensitivity Index-3, which is also of great significance for accurately understanding the structure of anxiety sensitivity. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Youth Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education, China (Grant No.18YJC790131), Zhejiang Public Welfare Technology Application Research Funding Project, China (Grant No. LGF22G010002) and Applied Economics Base Project of Zhejiang Wanli University, China (Grant No.SZ10000018).


BackgroundThe clinical correlation of stress‐induced normalization of previously negative T waves (NNTW) to regulation of regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) and tissue viability is still being debated. ObjectiveTo clarify its meaning. MethodsWe studied 25 patients, who had previously suffered anterior myocardial infarction and for whom negative T waves were recorded on baseline electrocardiographic precordial leads, by means of positron emission tomography. We obtained MBF in the infarcted myocardial regions under resting conditions for all patients, during infusion of dipyridamole (17 patients) and dobutamine (20 patients), using [13N]‐ammonia as a flow tracer. ResultsDuring stress tests, 13 patients exhibited NNTW (group 1) whereas the remaining 12 presented persistent negative T waves (group 2). NNTW was observed in 18 stress studies (for 10 and eight patients during administration of dobutamine and dipyridamole, respectively) whereas persistent negative T waves occurred 19 times (for 10 patients during infusion of dobutamine and nine patients during administration of dipyridamole). A complete concordance of the modifications of the repolarization phase was observed for patients who were subjected both to dipyridamole and to dobutamine studies. Furthermore, we assessed viability of myocardium in 20 of 25 patients using [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose. For the remaining five patients not subjected to metabolic imaging, a coronary reserve of 1.65 was considered a cut‐off of viability. Resting MBF for patients in groups 1 and 2 were similar (0.53 ± 0.20 versus 0.47 ± 0.17 ml/min per g, respectively, NS) whereas during pharmacological stress, MBF of patients in group 1 was significantly higher than that for patients in group 2 (0.99 ± 0.41 versus 0.56 ± 0.26 ml/min per g, respectively, P  < 0.0001). Coronary vasodilating capability, expressed as stress/resting MBF ratio, turned out to be 1.88 ± 0.49 and 1.16 ± 0.37 for patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P  < 0.0001). We observed no difference in mean exercise work load (9.6 ± 2.80 versus 8.46 ± 2.18 min, NS) and rate–pressure product (24 230 ± 6425 versus 24 207 ± 8146 mmHg beats/min, NS) at peak for the two categories of patients. All 13 patients in group 1 (100%) had viable myocardium in the anterior infarcted areas whereas only one of 12 patients in group 2 did (9%, P  < 0.0001 versus group 1). Finally, a subanalysis for the specific pharmacological agent used was performed and it gave similar results. ConclusionRegardless of the specific stress test able to elicit the electrocardiographic sign, infarcted dysfunctional areas with stress‐induced NNTW were demonstrated to have a higher coronary vasodilating capability and a greater probability of viability of myocardium than had persistent negative T wave regions. Therefore, detection of NNTW appears to be a cheap first‐line method for the identification both of a better preserved coronary microcirculatory function and of the persistence of viability of myocardium in the infarcted areas.


ZSUZSANNA AGORA (KISS), VIRÁG RAB 1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, University of Pécs, Hungary E‐mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Modern History, University of Pécs, Hungary E‐mail: email@example.com Which of the two was mentally ill? Psychiatry and the individual in the interwar period 1. The individual from the perspective of psychiatry The paper's title is provocative: Which of the two was pathological, the individual who was traumatized by inhuman historical events or psychiatry, which used its specialized knowledge (and its power) to liquidate and stigmatize millions of people, and provided the scientific background for the construction of enemy‐images? How did the individual react to the abnormality (WW1) of that time? How could the individual survive in the world of the nationalized, militarized, traumatized and ideologically and emotionally determined German and Hungarian society? The borderline between normality and abnormality can change according to the given culture. For example, a soldier's fear of warfare is logical; however it was abnormal in the German psychiatry's view. The re‐traumatisation of an already traumatized individual is abnormal, yet the front‐line psychiatry in WW1 assisted with it. The psychiatric way of thinking was not independent of the culture and the political system of which it was a part and a paid servant, and in which it was an active participant. 2. The world of pathologies from the individual's perspective How did the individual of that time react? War, which in my perception is "abnormality" squeezed into normality, could fill human suffering with sense only for a short time. People responded to the discontinuity of rationale in different ways: from craziness, through creativity to apathy. The life of Loránt Hegedűs (1872‐1943), a key figure and a witness of that time, an expert in economic policy, Minister of Finance, gives us a unique example. He analyzed the great issues of life from the point of view of psychiatry. He specifically focused on the psychic consequences of WW 1. He apostrophized the war as a "terrible killer", whose fingerprint was at everyone's psyche in that time. In his life‐work – the analysis of which will now be published for the first time – Hegedűs presented the psychiatric practice of the time and analyzed its motives through his own experience. He wrote about his own mental illness, and also about other patients' cases in the mental asylum.


The article presents the results of studying the subjective perception of life quality in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration. It is shown that in general they are quite appreciating the quality of their lives. These patients more often are satisfied with the nature of interpersonal interaction, the degree of spiritual realization and social and economic support. They assess worst the quality of their physical and psychological condition. The basic clinical and psychological factors that are important for forming the subjective picture of life quality in these patients: the disease form, its duration and severity of motor and emotional disorders have been revealed. The results can be used to optimize the medical and psychological care of patients with hepatolenticular degeneration.


Background. Water temperature is a key consideration for swimmers' safety during competition. Besides mandatory regulations, there is generally no advice given regarding the wearing of wetsuits. Aim. This study focuses on predictive modeling of the physiological responses of competitive swimmers under challenging water temperatures as a function of swim speed, for wearing and not wearing wetsuits. The modeling approach is considered to reflect conditions typical of triathlon competition. Results. Modeling has enabled us to make quantitative evaluations of (1) thermal responses of swimmers in terms of dynamic changes of core and skin temperature, (2) heat flow as a result of skin blood flow, (3) heat production during swimming and (4) heat losses by water convection. Modeling showed that swim speed significantly affects the physiological responses of swimmers wearing and not wearing wetsuits at a water temperature of 14°C. For swimmers without wetsuits, there is a loss of swim speed and cooling of the swimmer occurs, reflecting the fact that heat loss by water convection is greater than heat production due to the physical exercise. For swimmers with wetsuits, there is an increase in swim speed, with a danger of hyperthermia because heat production due to swimming is greater than the heat loss by water convection. Conclusion. Given the potential for adverse health effects of cool water conditions on swimmers, predictive modeling that takes account of water temperature, swim speed, distance and thermo-isolation properties of the wetsuit should be carried out.


The flow of magnetohydrodynamic unsteady third grade fluid problem is examined between two vertical and oscillating parallel plates. The parallel plates are oscillating and the fluid drain down due to gravity. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the plates in the presence of temperature field. The model differential equations are solved analytically by using Adomain Decomposition Method (ADM). The effects of various physical parameters are discussed graphically.


"Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to approach the relevance of caring for parents during the psychotherapeutic process of the child, since the family system as a whole is stronger than its parts. The family field contributes to the formation of the child's subjectivity and identity and also to symptoms and pathologies. Disturbances reside in the organism/ environment field. For Gestalt therapy, an emotional problem is not exclusive to the individual, but arises from a field that may contain dysfunctional relationships. Children's psychological and behavioural disruptions may emanate from unsolved childhood tragedies and dramas in their parents. When ruptures and conflict arise, seeds of psychopathologies are sown. The therapist works to gain access to each one's pain, to promote the contact of parents with their hurt inner child, to re-establish awareness of each person's place, role and significance within their family, and to integrate polarities and alienated parts. Key words: Gestalt therapy, family, child, inner child."


Spectroscopic properties of all excited states of KRb dissociating into 4s(K)+5s(Rb), 4s(K)+5p(Rb), and 4p(K)+5s(Rb) are studied, using quantum chemical calculations. Only the 1 and 2 $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}$ states showed a weak coupling between the 4s(K)+5p(Rb) and the 4p(K)+5s(Rb) components. The dipole moments, atomic orbital populations, and transition dipole moments of those two states showed a twin nature. Calculated Einstein coefficients for the 1 $^{1}\mathit{X}$ and 2 $^{1}\mathit{X}$ dipole transitions predict unusually rich band spectra. The intensity distributions of those two transitions showed a remarkable difference.


Microsatellites may show loss of heterozygosity as well as instability of the repeats. We examined 22 different microsatellites in 14 bladder tumours (7 grade II non‐invasive, 7 grade III/IV invasive) and found altered CA repeat length compared with leukocytes, indicating instability, in several microsatellites in all tumours. Instability was significantly more frequent in low stage tumours compared with high stage tumours. The number of new bands occuring was also significantly higher in low stage tumours (median 7.2) compared with high stage tumours (median 3.3). Furthermore, patients with a disease course ≥1 year had significantly more unstable microsatellites (10.83) than those with a disease course <1 year (mean 8.88). Examination of biopsies from normal bladder mucosa showed no instability. In 2 cases in which selected site biopsies were taken, alterations differed from the tumours, pointing at a different clonal development. LOH was most frequent in 9p markers in low stage tumours. In a group of markers located at 2p, 17p (p53), 9q, 5q and 10p, LOH was significantly more frequent in high stage tumours. Microsatellites placed atMSH2and MLH1 loci showed LOH in several cases, indicating that the profound microsatellite instability could partly be an effect of damage to these genes. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 79:396–401, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


MoO3/Ag/MoO3 (MAM) multilayer structures (layers thickness 20 nm/10 nm/35 nm) are used as anode in CuPc/C60/Alq3/Al organic photovoltaic cells. The averaged transmittance (400 nm-800 nm) of these MoO3/Ag/MoO3 multilayer structures is 70% ± 2% and their sheet resistance is 3.5 ± 1.0 Ω/sq. When these multilayer structures are used as anode, the power conversion efficiency of the MoO3/Ag/MoO3/CuPc/C60/Alq3/Al cells is around 1%, this efficiency is increased of 50% when a thin CuI film (3 nm) is introduced at the interface between the anode and the organic film. This improvement is attributed to the templating effect of CuI on the CuPc molecules.


Siliceous rocks are widespread in the western Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, and assigned to Cretaceous based on radiolarian fossils. Three principal lithologic associations have been recognized: (1) alternating pillow-basalt/siliceous rock association; (2) melange chert association; and (3) clastic/chert association. Geochemically, siliceous rock element ratios of Al/ (Al+Fe+Mn), MnO/TiO 2, and Ce/Ce * anomaly reveal sedimentary features. Siliceous rocks from the alternating pillow-basalt/chert association have ratios of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)=0.533~0.546 (0.619), Ce/Ce *=0.67 (on average), (La/Yb) n=0.83~1.37 and (La/Ce) n=0.82~2.23. Siliceous rocks from the melange have ratios of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) = 0.557~0.619 (0.619), Ce/Ce * = 0.995~1.35, (La/Yb) n=0.71~1.03 and (La/Ce) n=0.68~0.985. Chert from the clastic/chert association of the Zongzhuo Formation have ratios of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)=0.615~0.707, Ce/Ce *=0.94~1.14, (La/Yb) n =1.44~1.66 and (La/Ce) n= 0.85~1.07. In the Al-Fe-Mn diagram the siliceous rock samples fall into the biogenesis field. A biogenesis of the three principal lithologic associations is supported. Each association represents a distinct envirment, i.e. alternating pillow basalt/chert association deposited in an oceanic basin, clastic/chert turbidite graywacke-chert deposited in a deep-water environment of continental margin, and melange chert-shale deposited in the transition belt between oceanic basin and continental margin in the western Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone.