In most cases, when a healthy infant younger than 1 year dies suddenly and unexpectedly, the cause is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SIDS is more common than infanticide. Parents of SIDS victims typically are anxious to provide unlimited information to professionals involved in death investigation or research. They also want and deserve to be approached in a nonaccusatory manner. This statement provides professionals with information and guidelines to avoid distressing or stigmatizing families of SIDS victims while allowing accumulation of appropriate evidence in potential cases of death by infanticide. ABBREVIATIONS. SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome; ALTE, apparent life-threatening events. Approximately 50 years ago, the medical community began a search to understand and prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).1,2 Almost simultaneously, medical professionals were awakened to the realities of child abuse.3–6 Since then, public and professional awareness of SIDS and fatal child abuse during infancy have increased steadily. Recently, well-validated reports of child abuse and infanticide—perpetrated by suffocation and masqueraded as apparent lifethreatening events (ALTE) and/or SIDS—have appeared in the medical literature and in the lay press.7,8 The differentiation between SIDS and fatal child abuse can be a critical diagnostic decision.9 Additional funding for research into the causes and prevention of SIDS and child abuse is needed. SIDS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PRESENTATION, AND RISK FACTORS SIDS, also called crib or cot death, is the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and a review of the clinical history.10 SIDS is the most common cause of death between 1 and 6 months of age. The incidence of SIDS peaks between 2 and 4 months of age. Approximately 90% of SIDS deaths occur before the age of 6 months.11 SIDS is suspected when a previously healthy infant, usually younger than 6 months, is found dead in bed, prompting an urgent call for emergency assistance. Often, the baby is fed normally just before being placed in bed to sleep, no outcry is heard, and the baby is found in the position in which he or she had been placed at bedtime or naptime. In some cases, cardiorespiratory resuscitation initiated at the scene by emergency personnel is continued without apparent beneficial effect en route to the hospital, where the baby is finally declared dead. Evidence of terminal motor activity, such as clenched fists, may be seen. There may be serosanguineous, watery, frothy, or mucoid discharge coming from the nose or mouth. Skin mottling and postmortem lividity in dependent portions of the infant's body are commonly found. Review of the medical history, scene investigation, radiographs, and autopsy are unrevealing. Despite extensive research, understanding of the etiology of SIDS remains incomplete. The discovery of abnormalities in the arcuate nucleus of the brainstems of some SIDS victims suggests that true SIDS deaths likely reflect delayed development of arousal, cardiorespiratory control, or cardiovascular control.12,13 When the physiologic stability of such infants becomes compromised during sleep, they may not arouse sufficiently to avoid the noxious insult or condition.14 The SIDS rates are 2 to 3 times higher among African American and some American Indian populations. SIDS has been linked etiologically in research studies to prone sleep position, sleeping on a soft surface, maternal smoking during or after pregnancy, overheating, late or no prenatal care, young maternal age, prematurity, low birth weight, and male gender.15–23 To date, no definitive evidence establishes causality between SIDS and recurrent cyanosis, apnea, ALTE, or immunizations during infancy. When recurrent cyanosis, apnea, or ALTE during infancy are reported, pediatricians should document these events objectively and determine if or not these events have occurred in the presence of more than 1 caregiver. In recent years, national campaigns aimed at reducing prone sleeping during infancy have dramatically decreased the incidence of SIDS in the United States and in other countries.14,24–29 Many of these educational campaigns have also emphasized prompt evaluation and treatment for sick infants, appropriate immunizations, breastfeeding, and avoidance of overlying, overheating, overwrapping, gestational or postnatal passive smoke exposure, and soft sleep materials or surfaces. The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright © 2001 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 2 February 2001 437 SIDS: A DIAGNOSIS OF EXCLUSION The diagnosis of SIDS is exclusionary and requires a postmortem examination, death scene investigation,30 and review of case records that fail to reveal another cause of death. Infant deaths without postmortem examination should not be attributed to SIDS. Cases that are autopsied and carefully investigated but reveal substantial and reasonable uncertainty regarding the cause or manner of death may be designated as undetermined. Examples of undetermined cases include suspected (but unproven) infant death attributable to infection, metabolic disease, accidental asphyxiation, or child abuse. A diagnosis of SIDS reflects the clear admission by medical professionals that an infant's death remains completely unexplained. A young infant's death should be ruled as attributable to SIDS when all of the following are true: • a complete autopsy is done, including cranium and cranial contents, and autopsy findings are compatible with SIDS; • there is no gross or microscopic evidence of trauma or significant disease process; • there is no evidence of trauma on skeletal survey31; • other causes of death are adequately ruled out, including meningitis, sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia, myocarditis, abdominal trauma, dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, significant congenital lesions, inborn metabolic disorders, carbon monoxide asphyxia, drowning, or burns; • there is no evidence of current alcohol, drug, or toxic exposure; and • thorough death scene investigation and review of the clinical history are negative. CHILD ABUSE FATALITIES BY SUFFOCATION As the occurrence of cases of true SIDS has decreased, the proportion of unexplained infant deaths attributable to fatal child abuse may be increasing.32 Estimates of the incidence of infanticide among cases designated as SIDS range from ,1% to 5%.7,9,33–35 Parents of infants with recurrent ALTEs have been observed trying to suffocate and harm their infants.7,36 In Great Britain, covert video surveillance was used to assess child abuse risk in 39 young children referred for evaluation of recurrent ALTEs.7 Abuse was revealed in 33 of 39 cases, with documentation of intentional suffocation observed in 30 patients. Among 41 siblings of the 39 infants in the studies, 12 had previously died suddenly and unexpectedly. Although 11 of these deaths had been classified as SIDS, 4 parents later admitted to suffocating 8 of these siblings. Other cases previously thought to be multiple SIDS deaths within a family37 have been revealed to be cases of multiple homicide by suffocation.8,32 It is impossible to distinguish at autopsy between SIDS and accidental or deliberate asphyxiation with a soft object.38 However, certain circumstances should indicate the possibility of intentional suffocation, including: • previous recurrent cyanosis, apnea, or ALTE while in the care of the same person; • age at death older than 6 months; • previous unexpected or unexplained deaths of 1 or more siblings; • simultaneous or nearly simultaneous death of twins39; • previous death of infants under the care of the same unrelated person40; or • discovery of blood on the infant's nose or mouth in association with ALTEs.7 MANAGEMENT OF SUDDEN UNEXPECTED INFANT DEATH Most sudden infant deaths occur at home. Parents are shocked, bewildered, and distressed. Parents who are innocent of blame in their child's death often feel responsible nonetheless and imagine ways in which they might have contributed to or prevented the tragedy.41,42 The appropriate professional response to any child death must be compassionate, empathic, supportive, and nonaccusatory. Inadvertent comments, as well as necessary questioning by medical personnel and investigators, are likely to cause additional stress. It is important for those in contact with parents during this time to be supportive while at the same time conducting a thorough investigation. Personnel on first-response teams should be trained to make observations at the scene, including position of the infant, marks on the body, body temperature and rigor, type of bed or crib and any defects, amount and position of clothing and bedding, room temperature, type of ventilation and heating, and reaction of the caregivers. Guidelines are available for death scene investigation of sudden, unexplained infant deaths.30,33 Paramedics and emergency department personnel should be trained to distinguish normal findings, such as postmortem anal dilation and lividity, from trauma attributable to abuse.42,43 When a previously healthy infant has died unexpectedly in the absence of external evidence of injury, a preliminary diagnosis of "probable SIDS" can be given. To the family of a true victim of SIDS, this diagnosis conveys the health care provider's initial impression that they could not have prevented their infant's death. Assignment of this preliminary diagnosis should not limit or prevent subsequent thorough case investigation. Parents should be informed that other causes of death will be excluded only by thorough death scene investigation, postmorte


One of the physiological responses of bacteria to external stress is to assemble into a biofilm. The formation of a biofilm greatly increases a bacterial population's resistance to a hostile environment by shielding cells, for example, from antibiotics. In this paper, we describe the conditions necessary for the emergence of biofilms in natural environments and relate them to the emergence of biofilm formation inside microfluidic devices. We show that competing species of Escherichia coli bacteria form biofilms to spatially segregate themselves in response to starvation stress, and use in situ methods to characterize the physical properties of the biofilms. Finally, we develop a microfluidic platform to study the inter-species interactions and show how biofilm-mediated genetic interactions can improve a species' resistance to external stress.


The objective of this study is to highlight the various challenges faced by the banking sector, especially after the pandemic as the pace of technological adoption majorly transformed in the training domain. This paper focuses on the revelation of the skills and capabilities required by the Indian banks in line with recent trends and addresses the need for using gamification technology to bridge the skill gap of the employees. For this study, primary data is collected using the structured interview process. 100 respondents were selected comprising of bank managers from private and public sector banks in India who have already utilized gamification technology for their employee training and development. The study has been conducted in the context of the Indian banking sector. The authors have given relevant recommendations based on the responses and findings that can aid the Indian bank managers in making a wise decision regarding the suitability of gamification technology for training their employees.


Objective To examine the effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO) on the changes of contents of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF α) in serum and fat tissue of rats with high fat diet induced insulin resistance(IR), and to explore the mechanism of HBO in relieving IR. Methods S D rats of the high fat group were fed with a high fat diet(fat consisted 61% of total heat energy) for 50 days during which period 3 courses of HBO treatment were executed. After that, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels of each group of animals were determined; and then the insulin sensitivity(in terms of K values) was measured with glucose insulin tolerance test and the TNF α concentrations in serum and adipose tissue were estimated by radioimmunoassay. Results As compared with normal control group, the TNF α concentrations and insulin levels in the serum and tissues and also the K values of HBO treatment group had no significant change. When compared with high fat fed control group, the TNF α concentration and insulin level in the serum and tissues of high fat fed plus HBO treatment group were all markedly low whereas the K value was significantly high(all P 0 01). Conclusions HBO could enhance insulin sensitivity of the body and inhibit the ability of tissue to secrete TNF α, which might be one of the mechanisms in relieving IR.


[1] Long-range transport of desert dust from the Sahara across the northern Atlantic has been recorded many times by satellite imagery and ground-based measurements. However, this evidence cannot fully describe all the phases of the atmospheric dust lifecycle. To partly compensate for the lack of such knowledge, an atmospheric model with incorporated dust uptake-transport-deposition module has been used in this study. The goal was to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the ability of the model to predict the dust cycle in the atmosphere for a long period. For this purpose, the complicated dust episode of June–July 1993 (almost one month) was simulated with the SKIRON weather forecasting system. This dust intrusion was associated with long-range transport of Saharan dust across the Atlantic Ocean and simultaneous regional transport towards the Mediterranean Sea. Comparison of the forecasts with the available observations (in a qualitative and quantitatively way) indicated that the model was able to simulate the long-range dust transport patterns and in particular to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of the dust concentration on a satisfactory way.


The title compounds, C16H13NO2S, (I), and C21H15NO2S, (II), have similar molecular structures that differ only in the side groups attached to the S atom. The crystal packing is dominated by pi-pi stacking interactions, involving acridinedione-acridinedione overlap in (I) and both acridinedione-acridinedione and acridinedione-tolyl overlap in (II).


An accelerated method is developed for radiative heat-transfer analysis in nongray media by the Monte Carlo method. Instead of deciding all the parameters of each energy particle used in the Monte Carlo procedure by a stochastic method, the wave number assigned to each energy particle is determined by a deterministic method in the present study. This change in the Monte Carlo algorithm reduces the computation time to one-ninth of the original time. To reduce the amount of iteration required to converge the temperature profile in a nongray media layer, an acceleration factor is incorporated to determine the new values of temperature in each iterational loop. The value of the acceleration factor is found to be related to the optical thickness of each media element. By using an appropriate acceleration factor, the amount of iteration is reduced to one-fourth of the original. Moreover, the total computation time becomes 1/36 of the original by the two improvements.


Abstract
Purpose
To study the values espoused by top MNEs operating in Colombia, through their vision and mission statements, in order to interpret their ethical orientation and to examine their concern toward diverse stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach
Content analysis – an analytical framework was crafted from the literature review, while allowing room for emergent phenomena. Thus a combination of deduction and induction was enacted.

Findings
Most values are either teleologically oriented or grounded in deontological values, with a significant amount of values that could be related to a virtue ethics. Regarding stakeholders, narrow definitions tend to prevail.

Research limitations
The comparability of the vision and mission statements could be affected because sometimes they are offered at the national level and others at corporate level.

Practical implications
By offering a critical regard at the values that are publicly espoused by some of the most influential companies in Colombia, we enhance the comprehension of the prevailing ethical environment and the compatibility with the principles of the Global Compact.

Originality/value
We have studied key actors in a growing emerging market, which could advance Global Compact principles. Besides we have crafted a pedagogic and systemic prism through which values can be taught and thought. Thus, the methodological and theoretical framework facilitates subsequent empirical research, both in comparative and longitudinal ways.


Preface Introduction: Turgenev and his antinomies 1. Life and reputation 2. Poetry, plays, criticism 3. First stories 4. Serfs and serf-owners: A Sportsman's Sketches 5. Transition: the end of serfdom the 'superfluous man' 6. Love and the superfluous man 7. 'Hamlet and Don Quixote' - Rudin 8. The 'Turgenev heroine': A Nest of Gentry 9. The New Man and the New Woman: On the Eve 10. The first nihilist: Fathers and Children 11. The legacy of nihilism: 'Enough', Smoke 12. 'There are more things in heaven and earth' 13. The years that are no more 14. Down memory lane 15. Seeds of revolution: Virgin Soil 16. The last writings 17. Epilogue Notes Index.


This article presents an F-band-integrated standing wave detector for complex reflection measurements. The complex reflection coefficient is derived from a standing wave, measured by 312 power detectors coupled from underneath a transmission line (TL), taking the loss of the TL into account. For the proposed method of reflection coefficient derivation, the tradeoff between TL length and number of probes is shown through simulation. The standing wave detector is fabricated in the 40-nm CMOS process, and the measurements show complex reflection coefficient for input powers down to −20 dBm at 120 GHz while only consuming $112~{\mu }\text{W}$ of dc power. In measurements, the complex reflection detection is shown for multiple impedances achieving an absolute phase error of 8.3° with a sigma of 1.5° and a magnitude error of 0.33 dB with a sigma of 0.21 dB, compared to a VNA reference measurement.


TWO BIZARRE cases in which infants were treated in the department of otolaryngology of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, recently serve to illustrate some of the more common causes of delay of endoscopic diagnosis. In a 5 week old infant an open safety pin, and in a 14 month old child a large plastic button, were retained in the hypopharynx for over seven weeks, with no harmful sequelae resulting in either patient. REPORT OF CASES Case1.—R. H., a 12 week old infant, was admitted to Babies Hospital, Dec. 11, 1945, with a seven week history of hoarseness and a draining cervical fistula. At the onset of the illness, when the child was 5 weeks old, her cry became weak and muffled. Three days later a swelling appeared just below and lateral to the hyoid bone on the left side. This gradually became fluctuant, necessitating external incision and drainage


The article presents a technique for determining the true loading diagram of a material along the displacement field. The technique is based on the assumptions about the coincidence of the initial sections of the true and experimental loading diagrams, the coincidence of the experimental and calculated maximum loads, and the coincidence of the calculated and experimental displacement fields in the sample neck after tensile testing. The required test results of wire samples (steel SV-07X16N6) and the expression in the form of the formula for the displacement field were used published in the literature. Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and plastic curve were determined by the method proposed in the work. Modeling was carried out in the Abaqus software package according to a model based on the hypothesis of a single loading curve and homogeneous and isotropic hardening. The correctness of certain elastic-plastic properties of the material was determined by the coincidence of the calculated and measured loading diagrams, the maximum values of the calculated and experimental load and the experimental and calculated displacement fields, as well as the assessment of the load range at which the sample was divided into parts, and the calculated values of the separation load data range. In the process of applying the methodology, the satisfaction of all formulated requirements was achieved. It is shown that the true loading diagram has a yield area, as well as a section of an intense (convex downward) section of hardening after it. The results obtained will be useful in modeling units and assemblies, as well as technological processes in which the material is plastically deformed and an increased accuracy of calculating changes in their geometric shape is required. The work also contains all the results of determining the elastic-plastic properties of the material in a tabular form, necessary for the use by specialists, for use in their professional activities.


Obesity has been on the rise over the last 30 years, reaching worldwide epidemic proportions. Obesity has been linked to multiple metabolic disorders and co-morbidities such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and various cancers. Furthermore, obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT), and it is thought that insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM is associated with the inflammatory state of AT. Endothelial cells (ECs) mediate the migration of immune cells into underlying tissues during times of inflammation, including obesityand cardiovascular disease-associated inflammation. Cytokines and chemoattractants released from inflamed tissues promote EC activation. Upon activation, ECs increase the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (LCAMs) including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin (E-sel) and P-selectin (P-sel). Increased expression of these LCAMs and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, have been linked to IR, diabetes and atherosclerosis in obese individuals. Preliminary data from our lab suggests that lipolysis induced by the β-adrenergic receptor agonist CL 316,243 causes an increase in endothelial LCAM gene expression. In addition, histological analyses show increased content of immune cells within AT after the ECs become activated.


Kinetics of fast electronic stages of photolysis of silver halide microcrystals (MC) with characteristic dimensions 30 -- 50 run is investigated It is determined that influence. of UV or visible radiation ultrashort pulses results during some pictoseconds in appearance of nonetationary state of MC sensible to lB radiation . This nonstat. ionary state relaxes in some hundreds picoseconds . On the tsis of experimental results analysis it was concluded low ff1C:1ncy (. fei prceiits ) of use f. r Iatnt image formation. I - THTP0DUCTI(:)N Research of kinetics and efficiency of fast stages of iat. nt image formation in MC of silver halides holographic photmu1sions seems urgent to know the features. of silver halides photomatrials responce for pulsed exposition and ieculiarities of such materials application in pulsed holography . Picccorid spectroscopy methods seem purspctive becouse they ensure sufficient t1 me resolution and possibility of MC exitation by time separated pulses of actinic and nonactinic radiation. 2. EXP1RIMENT In the experinents we use lasers with nde-lcsking radiating trains of picosecond or single picosecond pulses varions silver halides emul. si'':sns with MC dimensions 30 - So rim were used . We studied otographic resxnse to the influence of single pulses or pair of pulses with different wavelengths and various delays also real time prcoesses connected with radiative ( luminscence) and nonradiative (pulsed optoacoustic effect) electronic transitions in MC were studied. Basic scheme


ABSTRACT The Swan Lake Field near Port Lavaca, Texas, is one of many fields along the Coastal trend. Production is from sands of Frio age. Shape of the structure and steep dips, particularly on the deeper beds, suggest the possibility of a deep-seated plug. The numerous producing sands are characteristic of many Southwest Texas fields. The field is interesting because of the fact that it was discovered on acreage which was outlined by dry holes. Its limited extent may be suggestive of the size of fields yet to be discovered in the area. Multisand fields, limited in size, such as Swan Lake, may be highly profitable.


The present invention relates to a manufacturing method and structure of the semiconductor package, the bottom surface of the semiconductor chip is exposed to the outside to maximize the effect of the heat generated during the circuit operation and extend the package life, Sikkim as well as improved reliability, package of lead is lead located inside cutting, and molding portion in the molding portion outside is a semiconductor package capable of minimizing the mounting area by exposing the lower surface to the outside to the signal transmitted from the bottom surface of the lid when mounted on the mother board.


In this paper, a new 5-axis hybrid-kinematic machine tool is introduced, which is made up of a 3-DOF parallel manipulator and a 2-DOF serial manipulator. The machine tool maintains high ratio of stiffness to mass due to the parallel structure and high orientation capability due to the serial-type wrist. In order to guarantee high accuracy, the methodology of measuring the output shafts by additional sensors in stead of using encoder outputs at the motor shafts is proposed. In the kinematic view point, the hybrid manipulator reduces to a serial one, since the passive joints in the U-P serial chain at the center of the parallel manipulator are directly measured by additional sensors. Using the method of successive screw displacements, the kinematic error model is derived. Since a ball-bar is less expensive than a full position measurement device and sufficiently accurate for calibration, the kinematic calibration method of using a ball-bar is presented. The effectiveness of the calibration method will be verified through the simulations


Abstract : Appendix VI, Municipal and Industrial Water Supply, contains a detailed report of one component of the Comprehensive Water Resource Study of Puget Sound and Adjancent Waters. The purpose of this appendix is to: (1) appraise the present use of water for municipal and industrial purposes in the Puget Sound Area; (2) determine the future water supply needs; and (3) present single-purpose means to meet these foreseeable short-and long-term needs.


To study specific fragments linked to Pol CMS,Ogu CMS,CMS96 and to identify sterile system of CMS96 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis),primers ofatp6,orf222 and their primer combinations were designed for PCR analysis in 11 Chinese cabbage mtDNAs.Results showed 200 bp fragments could only be amplified in all Ogu CMS by atp6 primer;Fragments of 669 bp in CMS96 and 675 bp in Pol CMS could only be amplified by orf222 primer.Further study showed that ORF(open reading frame)in Pol CMS 675 bp fragments was ORF224,while it was ORF222 in CMS96 669 bp fragments.669 bp fragment in CMS96 was named CMS96-orf222.Alignment with nucleotide acids showed CMS96-orf222 in Chinese cabbage was 99% homological to nad6c and orf222 of Nap CMS in Brassica napus.The E-value was 0.0.CMS96-ORF222 owned a putative conserved domain YMF19 which was similar to the mitochondrial membrane protein YMF19,while 675 bp fragments in Pol CMS did not.Meanwhile,by multi-PCR technique with atp6 and orf222primer combinations,polymorphic results were obtained:200 bp fragments were specific for Ogu CMS;800 bp fragments were different bands for maintainer;1 500 and 2 300 bp fragments were specific for Pol CMS;690 bp fragments were specific for CMS96.A rapid molecular technique for distinguishing 3 CMS types in Chinese cabbage were founded.Therefore,3 CMS systems in Chinese cabbage were different in the rearrangement of mtDNAs.Now the chimeric rearrangement of mtDNA in CMS96 is obtained and studied.


The effects of simple shear flow on concentration fluctuations in semidilute solutions of high molecular weight polystyrene are investigated by the flow light scattering method. The shear-rate (\(\dot{\gamma}\) ) dependence of scattering was found to fall into four regimes: Regime I at \(\dot{\gamma} \dot{\gamma}_{c}\), \(\dot{\gamma}_{c}\) being the critical shear rate for the shear-enhanced concentration fluctuations. In Regime II, a unique butterfly-type scattering pattern with a dark streak perpendicular to the flow direction appears. The intensity parallel to the flow increases by about 100 times with increasing \(\dot{\gamma}\) . In Regime III at higher shear rates, the intensity increase with \(\dot{\gamma}\) tends to saturate, and finally in Regime IV at even higher shear rates, the intensity further increases and the butterfly pattern changes into a two-point pattern elong...


In this paper, the silver paste was prepared by highly dispersed spherical silver powders with an average particle size of 0.85 um. The silver conductive thick films were printed on Al2O3 and dielectric layer by screen-printing, the dielectric layer had been heat-treated differently, one was dried, the other fired. The corresponding sintering behaviors, electrical and mechanical properties of silver films were investigated systematically. Besides, we made a chip resistor to test performance. The results show that the silver conducting film on fired dielectric is compact, uniform and defect-free, the resistivity and adhesion are 2.54 uΩ·cm and 20.3 N mm−2 respectively. With the increase of sintering times, the conductivity of silver films on the fired dielectric layer increases first and then decreases, while the adhesion increases continuously. We proposed that the diffusion quantity of glasses from the dielectric layer to the surface was the key step in the period of the properties of silver films. The silver film on the fired dielectric layer has better applications in the high current chip resistors.


In eyes undergoing LASIK, use of one proprietary microkeratome (Zyoptix XP, Bausch & Lomb) yields a low rate of complications, good uncorrected visual acuity, and refractive precision in a review by two surgeons in the same practice.


The work aims to characterize the effect of surfactant on the wettability of reservoir rocks surface. The mica tablet was treated with 5% simethicone ethanol solution to oilwet surface, and the distilled water and brine solution with different concentrations of single chain, dimer typed and oligomeric quaternary ammoium salt cationic surfactant were prepared. With dodecane as oil phase, the wetting angles of surfactant solution on natural mica and oil mica surface weremeasured by contact angle measuring instrument. The wetting mechanism of different types of surfactants was analyzed, and the corresponding wetting model was established. The wetting factors of different surfactants were obtained and validated throughthe experiments. The oligomeric surfactants OL1 could change the water wet surface of natural mica into oil wet surface at low concentration, 表面强化及功能化 第 47 卷 第 10 期 姚同玉等:系列季铵盐型表面活性剂润湿性能与润湿模型研究 ·67· andthen into water wet surface at high concentration. When the concentration of OL1 in distilled water was 0.2%, the wetting angle couldbe reversed to 141.31°(120.08° in brine) and when the concentration of OL1 was 0.5%, the wetting angle was reduced to 80.47°(85.10° in brine). The single chain surfactant SC1 could change the oil wet surface of treated mica into water wet surface. When the concentration of SC1 in distilled water was 0.5%, the wetting angle couldbe reversed to 65.78° (65.51° in brine). The effect of dimer typed surfactant DI1 on wettability was weak. The wetting model hada strong universality and matched with the experimental results. Different types of quaternary ammonium surfactants have different effects on the wettability of rock surfaces, and the wetting model can reflect the wetting behavior of surfactants on the surface of mica surface.


Abstract.  The use of parametric modeling, similar to BIM (Building Information Model) technology, widely used now in the building construction industry, and very interesting to use this approach in documenting and modeling underground space.

Unlike construction sites, not reinforced tunnels and underground workings have a very large specific associated with the properties of the surrounding rocks, which are described by specific technical and physical parameters, taking into account their resistance over a long period while using them for the purpose of extracting a useful fossil.

Geotechnical modules built into Autodesk products are designed to solve specific problems in the construction of concrete tunnels and other facilities related to the bowels. A geological model in that module is a collection of AutoCAD® Civil 3D® triangulation models (planar surfaces) that display the top and bottom of geological layers, indicating the thickness of the geological layer and tracing the boundaries of the surfaces. Solid-state models are formed only at the locations of geological wells, illustrating their composition using conditional 3D AutoCAD® bodies constructed in accordance with good patterns.

Authors of this presentation propose the primitive families for the description of the geological and structural composition of rocks around the not reinforced tunnels are being developed for the Autodesk Civil 3D and Revit program.

At the same time the use of the FreeCAD program, which supports the exchange of parametric data in the IFC (Industrial Foundation Classes) format, can be also very promising, which means that the primitives developed in this program can be used in the Autodesk software too.

Parametric models of rock in the workings can play the role of the information model while calculating the stress, deformations, heat distribution and other physical fields for different technical applications. As an Open Source software with sufficiently developed tools for modeling and parametric description of models based on information modeling, with a certain adaptation, FreeCAD program can be used for this tasks, it can also be used as the basis for creating a unified information system for underground laboratories at different scale of accuracy needed for any calculations.


Ten firn cores, in which five locates at the eastern side and another five at the western side of Lambert Glacier basin (LGB), were contrasted for their records of snow accumulation and isotopic temperature for the recent 50 years. It is demonstrated that snow accumulation at the five sites over the eastern side (i.e., GC30, GD03, GD15, DT001 and DT085, which locate at Wilks Land and Princess Elizabeth Land) of LGB increases, whereas those at the western side (i.e., Core E, DML05, W200, LGB16 and MGA, which locate at Dronning Maud Land, Mizuho Plateau and Kamp Land) decreases. For the past decades, the increasing rate at the eastern side was between 0^34~2^36 kg5m -25a -1, and the decreasing rate at the western side between {-0.01}~{-2.36} kg5m -25a -1. Temperatures at the eastern LGB were also increasing, with the rate around 0^02 a -1. But at the western LGB it was much more complex. Instrumental temperature records at coastal stations confirm this complexity.;Although statistic study and modeling display that both surface temperature and accumulation rate display increasing trends in Antarctic ice sheet for the period 1950_2000, the regional temperature distribution is much different, even converse over in some geographical units. It is believed that the ice-core records at Wilks Land and Princess Elizabeth Land reflect the real variations of sea surface temperature and moisture change in the southern India Ocean. But for the Kamp Land and Dronning Maud Land, varied circulation pattern complexes the climate.;The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition has its initial aim to reveal an overall spatial pattern of climatic change on Antarctic ice sheet for the past 200 years. This study will re-confirms the importance of continental to regional scaled circulation to annual-decadal scaled climatic change in Antarctica.


Both marketing practitioners and academic researchers have recognized that perceived value is the major influence on consumer behavior. Many tourism and hospitality research have shown an interest in value dimensions, especially in quality and satisfaction research. The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensionality of customer value in the British Consulate at Takao restaurant and the significant relationship among consumer value, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty. By convenient sampling, 298 completed questionnaires were collected. The results indicated the consumer value relax and aesthetics have significant impact on perceived value; consumer value: service quality, employee and property value have significant impact on satisfaction, consumer value: property value have significant impact on loyalty. The study suggest that manager of the British Consulate at Takao restaurant should strengthen to maintain the historic building and improve the service quality, since this can create more satisfied in dining environment.


In this article, we present two procedures followed in experimental research
designs to eliminate the effect of the covariate before the hypothesis of mean
difference is put to contrast between the differents treatments df the independent
variable which are being subjected to analysis.
'I'he first procedure follows the methodological process suggested by the statistical
lay-outs underlying the Ancova. The second one is the short procedure which
can generally be found in hand books. Its application <loes not permit to realize
the progress of the implicit process. By comparing both procedures, the reader
can understand much better the underlying assumptions in the Ancova


Unstable hedge ratios can adversely affect the measure of hedging effectiveness in the regression approach to minimize risk. This paper examines the relative importance of the correlation coefficient versus the standard deviation ratio as the cause of unstable hedge ratios using T-bond futures. The paper concludes that the standard deviation ratio is significantly more important than the correlation coefficient in determining changes in the hedge ratio for the Bellwether series, while both the standard deviation ratio and the correlation coefficient are important for the two-year T-note series. These results have implications for forecasting and analyzing hedge ratios when the hedge ratios are unstable over time.


In this paper, we try to combine the possibility of symbolic deductive reasoning with the learning capability of the connectionist models. We introduce several algorithms for learning relations between concepts and finding paths in a transitive manner between learned concepts. An application that implements the proposed model is described and a number of case studies are presented.


All ground based interferometers are using a Michelson beam combination scheme in their current and planned interferometric instruments. This leads to a severe restriction on their interferometric field-of-view. One can overcome this restriction by using Fizeau beam combination instead. We are describing a possible scheme for Fizeau beam combination with two and more telescopes, trying to minimize the technical complexity and at the same time giving better signal-to-noise characteristics than previously favored concepts.


The objective of this paper is to present a methodology to analytically model the tool flank wear rate in near-dry turning. The resulting models can serve as a basis to minimize time-consuming machining tests in predicting tool life. Analytical models, including cutting force model, cutting temperature model, and tool wear model, are presented. The cutting force model was established based on Oxley's model with modifications for lubricating and cooling effect due to the air-oil mixture in near-dry machining. The cutting temperature was obtained by considering a moving or stationary heat source in the tool. The tool wear model contained abrasive mechanism, adhesion mechanism, and diffusion mechanism. The important factors related to this model were contact stresses and temperatures that were obtained from the cutting force model and the cutting temperature model. To develop these models, a set of cutting experiments using carbide tools on AISI 1045 steels were performed to calibrate the coefficients in the models and to verify the proposed flank wear mechanisms. The comparisons between the model-predictive flank wear and experimental results showed that the flank wear in near dry machining can be estimated well by the proposed models. It was also found that the cutting velocity was a dominant factor among the cutting conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


The original Sublimator Driven Coldplate (SDC) design sought to provide significant mass savings over a traditional pumped fluid loop by combining the functions of a coldplate and a sublimator so that the fluid loop could be eliminated. The Integrated Sublimator Driven Coldplate (ISDC) builds on the original SDC concept by adding coolant layers so that it can be integrated with the pumped fluid loop on a vehicle. The ISDC can function as both a standard flow-through coldplate and an SDC. In this work, an ISDC test article was designed, assembled, and tested in a vacuum chamber. The testing results demonstrate proof of concept for the ISDC. The outstanding agreement and consistency among the analytical predictions, Thermal Desktop model, and test results demonstrates a thorough understanding of the unique aspects of the ISDC performance. This understanding provides a strong foundation for further development and refinement of the ISDC design.


The randomized controlled trial has become the standard basis for the evaluation of new therapeutic agents and procedures (and for measuring the protective efficacy of new vaccines or for assessing the value of screening procedures). Patients, who have met the criteria for eligibility and have agreed to participate in the trial, are allocated on a random basis to the alternative therapies under consideration. In order to avoid possible bias in the handling or assessment of these groups, a double blind procedure is preferred; the therapy given is not known to those who administer it, to those who assess the course of the disease thereafter, nor to the patients themselves. There is an extensive literature on clinical trials covering their logic and history, modern developments and the many complex, often controversial, issues that such trials have provoked. Not all issues have been fully resolved but by and large the principle, the practice and the ethical concerns of clinical trials are worked out and firmly established.


Specimens of Georissus crenulatus have been reared in the laboratory, and aspects of the life history are described. Egg cocoons and pupa (previously unknown in Georissus) are described and compared with those of other hydrophiloids. First instar larvae of Georissus lack cephalic egg bursters and, contrary to current assumption, these seem to be generally absent in Hydrophiloidea. The variation of egg cocoons in Hydrophiloidea is outlined and the evolution of the different types discussed.


Purpose – The paper aims to integrate central ideas about corporate ethics into an overall framework of corporate governance in modern market economies. A proposal for an adequate understanding of corporate ethics is outlined and, with this understanding as a background, problems of justification and implementation of corporate ethics are to be discussed.Design/methodology/approach – In its philosophical part, the paper draws heavily on ideas developed around the German philosophical school of "methodological constructivism" (not to be confused with "radical constructivism") which goes back to the works of Lorenzen, Mittelstras, Kambartel, Gethmann, Janich, Wohlrapp et al. and which unfolds and defends a concept which C.F. Gethmann proposed to designate as "cultural pragmatism" as against the concept of "natural pragmatism" which originated in the USA. In its management part the paper relies on an interpretive approach to understand (reconstruct) the "raison d'etre" of the private corporation in today's m...


Seismic pounding between adjacent buildings with inadequate separation and different dynamic characteristics can cause severe damage to the colliding buildings. Therefore, the earthquake resistant design of structures due to pounding needs the knowledge of maximum pounding force. Efficient estimation of the maximum pounding force is required to control the extent of damage in adjacent structures. In this paper, an analytical approach on the basis of statistical relations is presented for the approximate computation of maximum pounding force between two adjacent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to stationary and non-stationary excitations. The pounding effect has been simulated by applying the nonlinear viscoelastic model. The proposed approach can significantly save computational costs by obviating the need for performing dynamic analysis and accurately estimating the maximum of pounding force. Accuracy of the proposed approach in comparison with the exact method is investigated using nonlinear dynamic analysis. INTRODUCTION Among different cases of structural damage, seismic pounding of the buildings with inadequate separation distance has been identified as the cause of severe damage in past earthquakes. Such poundings can be expected in major cities which have valuable under-construction lands and contain many buildings with small distances in between. Pounding between adjacent structures can produce large acceleration demands on the floors which are directly involved in collisions (Cole et al., 2010). So, efficient estimation of the maximum pounding force would help engineers in the seismic evaluation processes of closely-spaced structures to control the extent of damage. Researchers have proposed numerous pounding models in order to model the poundings between buildings, such as linear elastic (Maison and Kasai, 1992), linear viscoelastic (Anagnostopoulos, 1992), nonlinear elastic (Chau and Wei, 2001) and nonlinear viscoelastic model (Jankowski, 2006). The linear elastic model consists of a linear spring that does not take the energy loss during contact. The linear viscoelastic model is a more precise model than the linear elastic model and considers the energy loss during collisions. Anagnostopoulos, (1992) used this model for simulating the pounding between adjacent SDOF systems in series. Maison and Kasai, (1992) simulated pounding between a light high-rise building and a massive low structure. In that study, a single linear spring was placed at the roof level of the lower structure for pounding force modeling procedure. The linear elastic model was also used by Anagnostopoulos and Spiliopoulos, (1992) on adjacent lumped mass models of 5 and 10-storey buildings with bilinear force deformation characteristics. For modeling of the pounding force more realistically, a nonlinear elastic model was employed by a number of researchers. Davis, (1992) used this model to simulate pounding of SDOF 2 International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) SEE 7 E 7 system against infinitely rigid adjacent system. Also, Jing and Young, (1991) as well as Chau and Wei, (2001) used nonlinear elastic model to analyze the pounding between two adjacent structures of different dynamic properties. But in these researches, the structural models were linear SDOF systems and furthermore the main limitation of nonlinear elastic model is that it cannot consider the energy dissipated during impact. But, the nonlinear viscoelastic model may be considered somewhat more accurate than the other mentioned ones. High efficiency of the nonlinear viscoelastic model in terms of simulating structural responses to the pounding effect has been indicated in the previous studies. Jankowski, (2006) used this model to determine pounding force response spectra for closely-spaced SDOF systems. In spite of the fact that the research on pounding between adjacent systems has been recently much advanced, the studies didn't propose a closed form solution for pounding force because the value of pounding force depends on different parameters such as damping ratio, mass of structures, gap distance and specially characteristics of the chosen ground motions which could change the value of pounding force. Therefore, the earthquake resistant design of structures due to pounding needs the knowledge of maximum of the pounding force with considering record-to-record uncertainties. For this purpose, nonlinear dynamic analysis is considered. However, this method is very time consuming with high computational cost, because many dynamic analyses should be done in applying the record-to-record uncertainties. Therefore, this paper aims at proposing a closed form algorithm to achieve maximum impact force between two adjacent systems with considering record-to-record uncertainties by using probabilistic methods. To propose a reliably exact comprehensive relation considering the maximum pounding force, several systems with Bouc–Wen (BW) hysteresis model (including a variety of hysteretic patterns) have been studied under input excitations with spectral density as a representative for a range of records in a particular area. Using the proposed relationship can obviate the essential need for performing dynamic analysis to evaluate the pounding phenomena and help in finding its more accurate characteristics in a less computational time. This relation is verified by nonlinear dynamic analysis for two adjacent nonlinear systems under records which are simulated for a specified spectral density as stationary and non-stationary excitations. MODELLING OF SDOF SYSTEM In this study, a single degree of freedom system is simulated by an oscillator with a classic Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis (Wen, 1967). One of the features of this model is the ability to consider different hysteresis models for a structure by changing including parameters. The model's differential equation is as follows: ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t P t kz t kx t x c t x m           ) 2 ( n n z x z z x x A z          1 The first equation is the differential equation for the motion of a SDOF system which is a function of x and z, and z is a virtual displacement with differential equation as Eq. 2. In order to solve a problem, the mentioned equations haveto be solved simultaneously, so that by changing the existing parameters, e.g. γ and β, n, α and A different hysteresis models could be extracted (Fig. 1). The difference between these models and multi-linear ones presented by others like Clough and Takeda is that later models could not be expressed by one specific equation, while the Bouc–Wen model is a smooth model expressed by only one equation so that in these problems containing loading and unloading, the state of response would be determined easier. Figure 1. Classic Bouc-Wen models for different values of β, γ(Wen, 1967) INPUT EXCITATION Contact is a complex dynamic phenomenon that strongly depends on the input excitation. Therefore, interpreting the contact phenomenon could not be confined to a limited number of earthquakes and large z


Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a major burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We estimated the direct cost of diabetes in KSA and the future cost accounting for currently undiagnosed and borderline diabetics. Methods: We used a bottom-up approach to determine the direct cost of diabetes mellitus in KSA at the population level using Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) cost data for medications, health visits, laboratories, and hospitals. We used Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) national data to estimate the number of people categorized as gestational, those with borderline diabetes (glucose intolerant), diagnosed, undiagnosed, controlled, and uncontrolled diabetics. Results: We estimate that the current cost of diabetes is at 17 billion Riyals. We also estimate that if those who are undiagnosed joined the treatment pool, the future cost would increase to 27 billion Riyals. Moreover, we estimate that if those with glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes) progress at the current observed rate to become diabetics, the future cost would be 43 billion Riyals. Conclusion: With such a high cost, the projected growth of the Saudi population, and aging, KSA will face a tremendous strain on its human and financial resources. Prevention and control of diabetes mellitus should be the main focus in years to come.


Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by pain or discomfort in the temporomandibular joint, periauricular region, masticatory muscles, and neck on one or both sides. It may also be associated with joint sounds, restricted mandibular movements and mandibular deviation. Oxidative agents may have a deleterious role in the pathogenesis of joint diseases, and oxidative stress can lead to TMD. The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative stress biomarkers in the saliva of TMD patients and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 30 patients with TMDs (5 males and 25 females) with a mean age of 30.7±13.2 years, and 30 healthy controls (5 males and 25 females) with a mean age of 29.16±11.2 years. Saliva samples were collected according to the standard protocol and the total antioxidant capacity of the saliva (non-enzymatic), catalase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using the ferric reducing ability of plasma, Aebi's method, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Finally, The MDA levels were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Other quantitative parameters were analyzed by independent t-test. Results: TMD patients had significantly higher salivary levels of MDA compared to the control group (P=0.001). But there were no significant differences in catalase (P=0.49) and total antioxidant capacity (P=0.22) of TMD patients and healthy controls. Conclusion: It seems that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of TMDs.


Two new species of Homoeocera Felder from Central America are described from high-altitude, humid localities in Mexico and Guatemala, Homoeocera georginas sp. n. and H. papalo sp. n. Both are compared to the closely related Homoeocera gigantea Druce. Illustrations of adults and male genitalia of the three species are provided. Th e generic placement within the genus Homoeocera is discussed.


It is shown theoretically that if a telescope has positive field curvature the best possible image on the Gaussian plane is obtained by making the tangential field flat.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.9, p.3819 (1976). The authors discuss the experimental results on the effect of uniaxial stress on the EPR of the Gamma 8 ground states. Baker and Currell (in pt.I) used the data to calculate eight of the nine unknown parameters of the orbit-lattice Hamiltonian HOL. Such a large number of parameters can be measured only for the few systems which exhibit EPR in a Gamma 8 state. Hence, to make quantitative calculations involving HOL it is imperative to be able to express HOL in terms of fewer parameters. The data of Baker and Currell have been used to make a rigorous test of two models for reducing the number of independent parameters of HOL: (1) the generalised electrostatic model of Buisson and Borg (1970) and (2) the superposition model of Newman (1971). These models have also been modified to relax the relationship between HOL and the static crystal field, and to make allowance for local variations of elastic constants and other local ionic displacements. Within the context of a pure LS coupling approximation for the two ions, neither the simple nor the modified form of either model is adequate to describe HOL.


The bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae , is one of the most important diseases of passion fruit, which can drastically limit the production in some regions of Brazil. The use of genetic resistance, chemical control and the adoption of exclusion measures are the more recommended practices for the control of this disease. To produce the resistant varieties knowledge about the variability of both host and pathogen is needed. In this study, we investigated the variability of 50 pathogenic isolates of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, collected from four production areas in Sao Paulo State. We used RAPD markers (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) for identification of the degree of genetic similarities through dice coefficient, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), among as well as within populations and clustering by the UPGMA method. Based on the clustering, the five more divergent isolates were selected for agressiveness trials. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.6887 to 0.9688. Clustering analysis grouped the isolates in seven categories and neither apparent correlation was identified among their geographical origin no clustering pattern. The AMOVA data showed that the variability within and among populations were 89.4% and 10.6% respectively. The clustering analysis indicated genic flow among the different production areas. The results highlights the importance of taking into consideration the bacterial genetic variability of this bacterium as well as its agressiveness during the selection of resistant varieties.


Due to the rapid growth of biometric technology, template protection becomes crucial to secure integrity of the biometric security system and prevent unauthorized access. Cancelable biometrics is emerging as one of the best solutions to secure the biometric identification and verification system. We present a novel technique for robust cancelable template generation algorithm that takes advantage of the multimodal biometric using feature level fusion. Feature level fusion of different facial features is applied to generate the cancelable template. A proposed algorithm based on the multi-fold random projection and fuzzy communication scheme is used for this purpose. In cancelable template generation, one of the main difficulties is keeping interclass variance of the feature. We have found that interclass variations of the features that are lost during multi fold random projection can be recovered using fusion of different feature subsets and projecting in a new feature domain. Applying the multimodal technique in feature level, we enhance the interclass variability hence improving the performance of the system. We have tested the system for classifier fusion for different feature subset and different cancelable template fusion. Experiments have shown that cancelable template improves the performance of the biometric system compared with the original template.


Dupuytren's disease is a fibroproliferative connective tissue disorder characterized by contracture of the palmer fascia of the hand. Relaxin (RLN) is a multifunctional factor which contributes to the remodeling of the pelvic ligament by inhibiting fibrosis and inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the RLN gene on the inhibition of fibrosis in myofibroblastic cells. Myofibroblast cells with adenovirus LacZ (Ad‐LacZ) as a marker gene or adenovirus relaxin (Ad‐RLN) as therapeutic gene showed transgene expressions in beta‐galactosidase assay and Western blot analysis. Myofibroblastic cells with Ad‐RLN demonstrated a 22% and 48% reduction in collagen I and III mRNA expressions respectively, a 50% decrease in MMP‐1, 70% decrease in MMP‐2, 80% decrease in MMP‐9, and a 15% reduction in MMP‐13 protein expression compared with cultures with viral control and saline control. In addition, myofibroblastic cells with Ad‐RLN showed a 40% decrease in TIMP 1 and a 15% increase in TIMP 3 protein expression at 48 h compared to cultures with viral control and saline control. Also, myofibroblastic cell with Ad‐RLN demonstrated a 74% inhibition of fibronectin and a 52% decrease in total collagen synthesis at 48 h compared with cultures with viral control and saline control. In conclusion, the RLN gene render antifibrogenic effect on myofibroblastic cells from Dupuytren's nodule via direct inhibition of collagen synthesis not through collagenolytic pathway such as MMP‐1, ‐13, TIMP 1, and 3. Therefore relaxin can be an alternative therapeutic strategy in initial stage of Dupuytren's disease by its antifibrogenic effect. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:515–523, 2014.


A comparative study is presented of alternative techniques to be used in the mode-matching method as applied to electromagnetic field modeling at waveguide discontinuities. It is found that a modified TE/sub mn/-to-x-mode (TE/sub mn/-to-x-mode or LSH/sub x/-mode) approach becomes necessary for waveguide discontinuities in which resonant effects occur. A comparison between the conventional TE/sub mn/-to-x-mode matching technique commonly known from literature and the generalized analysis based on a linear superposition of TE/sub mn/-to-z- and TM/sub mn/-to-z-modes shows conflicting results. The latter is found to be in excellent agreement with the modified TE/sub mn/-to-x-mode analysis and with measurements on waveguide iris filters.<<ETX>>


This paper is motivated by the sense that transcendental phenomenology offers a depth of possibilities for describing lived experiences (Reeder, 2010). When I began the practice of research, I was confronted with the challenges of understanding the intricacies of what unique individuals reported to me about their perceptions. I became drawn towards transcendental phenomenology as a means to understand those perceptions, because the differences in how people construct meaning is so attractive to me. My practical challenge was to let the experience of the participant stand as he or she intended it to be understood, but my tendency was to filter their experiences through my own eyes, through my own experiences. As an aid to hearing the voice of my participants, phenomenology, as explained in the various writings of its founder, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), became the perfect method within which I could begin to understand how the perceptions of others helped them to understand their world.Phenomenology provides a means to observe individual and personal epistemological realities as they arise from their unique perceptions (Pietersma, 2006). The opportunity to understand the subjective perceptions of participants is in itself a compelling draw to phenomenology as a method, yet the orientation seems difficult to fully grasp, particularly in understanding the evolution of Husserl's thinking. Reeder, (2010), as an example of this difficulty, explains that Husserl's writings "need to be read and reread" so that we become aware of how Husserl's "later explorations of consciousness correct and amplify earlier ones" (p. 158). It is not uncommon, even as it was in my past experience as a doctoral student, to be exposed only to a cursory look at phenomenology and its various constructs. This established for me a need to engage in a personal exploration of Husserl's writing so that I could begin to understand some of the many complexities which exist in the method. The orientation I received as a student exposed the difficulties inherent to the method on an intellectual level, but those challenges became real only after beginning to implement the method. A particular difficulty exists in the task of intentionally engaging with what Husserl called the "epoche" (Sousa, 2014, p. 31), and the associated processes of "reduction" and "bracketing" (Chan, Yuen-ling, & Wai-tong, 2013, p. 1). The terms are used so frequently and with so much seeming familiarity that my initial tendency was to falsely embrace an external, superficial examination of the context and meaning within phenomenology. It was only after reading through Husserl's writings that I realized the extraordinary personal investment Husserl asks of the aspiring phenomenologist (Husserl, 1982).What I intend in this paper is to provide a perspective, acknowledging that there are many such perspectives, with which to understand the epoche and associated concepts in research as they exist in Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. Additionally, the sense that the epoche and the reductions occur on multiple planes simultaneously is an inherent conclusion. As I write above, the aspiring phenomenologist must make an intentional personal investment in the process of phenomenology, in actually doing something within the phenomenological method, but what is often overlooked is the transformational effect doing phenomenology ultimately has on the researcher (see Jacobs, 2013).What I do not attempt to do is to provide a philosophical examination of these terms. Others are far better suited to that task, and I leave it to them happily. This paper is therefore centered on discussing the epoche and the reductions as a fundamental part of transcendental phenomenological researcher.In the phenomenological sense epoche indicates, as Taminiaux (2004) suggests, a suspension of what "blocks the way to the phenomena" (p. 9). In practice this requires an intentional disruption of one's tendency to overlay personal assumptions on interpretations of the experiences and perceptions of others. …


The hepatoprotective effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Ficus asperifolia was investigated in rat model of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CC14). An aliquot of 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg body weight of extracts of f. asperfolia was used in the treatment of separate rat groups for 4 weeks after liver damage was established. The hepatic status was monitored using lipid per oxidation with malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker, Liver marker enzymes (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) as well as other biochemistry tests (albumin, total protein, globulin and bilirubin level) measured weekly. A significant rise in the various markers were observed after liver damage was induced. Treatment with various concoction of the plants extract showed significant reversal of these parameters when compared with the negative control group (p<0.05). However rats with CCl4 induced liver damage showed dose dependent improved liver conditions while being treated with aqueous leaf extract of F. asperifolia. The group treated with 300mg/kg extract however showed best results. Histopathological investigations supported obtained results. F.asperifolia may therefore be biochemically significant in reversing hepatotoxicity caused by CCl4 and may thus be useful in the treatment of liver damage.


(IN HUSSERL'S BERNAUER MANUSCRIPTS ON TIME CONSCIOUSNESS) To raise the issue of time is to confront a vivid instance of the relation of the one and the many. Even in ordinary prephilosophical living, if we think about time at all, we at least think of it as a unity playing host to infinitely many objects and events. Edmund Husserl accepts this ordinary assumption about time, but-whether in the early texts published in Husserliana X, in the Bernauer Manuscripts from 1917/1918,1 or in later unpublished texts-he is concerned with more than simply time. His focus is on time-consciousness, which brings before us time as presentgd to consciousness and consciousness as presenting time, and not only time but temporal objects and even itself as a process. This focus on the consciousness of time, embracing both the time of which we are conscious and the consciousness of it, uncovers a rich and layered array of one/many relationships. Indeed, it is reasonable to claim that Husserl's phenomenology of temporality is precisely the investigation of the interplay of the one and the many within levels and among levels of time and time-consciousness. The aim of this essay is to examine several of the ways in which such interplays appear in the Bernauer Manuscripts. Time, Temporal Objects, and the Unity of Time I will start with time itself, the time that is the object of time-consciousness. Husserl speaks of many times: immanent time, phenomenological time, transcendent time, the time of phantasy. Whether these various times in some sense form one time is an important question to which I will turn later. But however one answers it, Husserl holds that any time is a unity with infinitely many successive points or positions. Time as a unity is a continuum of many time points. This does not mean that Husserl thinks that we can be conscious of time or of its successive points by themselves, in isolation from any content. On the contrary, we are always conscious of objects in time. "A time point is the time point of an individual filling this time point" (181). What can we say, then, about the time in which we experience temporal objects? Objects are temporal objects because they fill time. Each point of time is filled with some phase of an object or event, of a bird in flight, for example, or of the act of seeing the bird in flight. In that sense, both time and each of its points are forms (160). Hence time points and the object points filling them are not identical; they differ as form and content. This displays itself in the fact that one time point can accommodate many different objects. It is this distinction between time point and the different objects that fill it that accounts for simultaneity. I can hear a melody playing on the radio, look at the illustrations in the magazine in front of me, and feel a soft breeze coming through the window-all at the same time. On the other hand, there cannot be several time points at once. Time points are not contents in time and hence are not "at a time," as objects and their phases are. Time points are the one time in its manyness. Hence time points, unlike object points, are never simultaneous. They are what makes the simultaneity and succession of temporal objects possible. They are the times at which an object or event can be. When we are conscious of temporal objects, of course, we are not just aware of isolated temporal points, each filled with a dol-lop of objective content. We experience enduring objects, as when we contemplate a picture or listen to a piece of music or watch a baseball game. To be an individual object constituted in time means to endure in time. The individual object "becomes constituted point by point as filled temporal duration" (322). An object's duration is part of time; it is the amount of time the object lasts, the continuum of time points the object fills (121). "The duration itself and the temporal extension are the same" (134). For this reason, Husserl writes, "every property endures; (but) the duration itself does not endure: ex definitione" (306). …


Battery/Ultracapacitor (UC) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been frequently proposed in the literature to increase battery cycle life. The HESS consists of a Power Management Strategy (PMS) and an Energy Management Strategy (EMS). Existing EMS are quite empirical, such as setting constant target UC energy levels regardless of load. This work presents an improved complete HESS management strategy. The EMS involves a more comprehensive method of setting the target UC energy level using a speed-dependent band. This allows the UC to achieve two goals – contain sufficient energy for future accelerations and have sufficient space for capturing energy from future regenerative braking – without knowledge of the future drive profile. The PMS involves a speed-dependent battery power limit, which also achieves two goals – better UC utilization and allowing the battery to supply the steady state power. Simulations show existing works cannot achieve the four goals simultaneously unless their UCs are sized twice as large compared to the proposed rule-based HESS. In addition, the proposed HESS extends battery cycle life by up to 42% compared to a battery-only system. Lastly, a reduced-scale experiment was built to show that the proposed HESS is able to run in real-time.


The author briefly focuses on automotive radar and the potential for its application to collision warning, intelligent speed control collision avoidance, and automatic vehicle guidance and control systems. Previous obstacles to the application of automotive radar are discussed, as well as the current problem of liability consideration. Suggests that the need for vehicle control systems implementing radar will be the driving force to bring automotive radar into acceptance.


The utility model discloses an LED lamp suitable for an alternating current power source. An anode of a silicon controlled rectifier of the LED lamp is connected with a live wire of the alternating current power source, a zero cross detection circuit is used for detecting an alternating current zero crossing point of the alternating current power source and is provided with a detection end connected with a cathode of the silicon controlled rectifier, a control chip is provided with a pulse signal output end and a serial signal input end, the pulse signal output end is connected with a controlled end of the silicon controlled rectifier through a first current-limiting resistor, an infrared receiver is provided with a serial signal output end connected with the serial signal input end, a full wave rectifier circuit is used for subjecting an alternating current of the alternating current power source to full wave rectification operation, a smooth filtering circuit comprises a fifth diode and a filtering capacitor, and an anode of an LED light group is connected with a cathode of the fifth diode. The utility model also discloses an illumination system. Through the above mode, the cost of the LED lamp can be lowered while the practicality of the LED lamp is effectively improved, and the LED lamp can fulfill a light modulation function.


Abstract : Dermal exposure to JP-8 has been shown to cause skin irritation in humans and laboratory animals. We have previously investigated the early responses of mammalian skin to liquid JP-8 contact. We have developed a novel in vivo rat model for the investigation of skin irritation, which maintains the interactions and crosstalk of the wide variety of cells in the epidermis and dermis. We have used this model to investigate early gene expression with brief exposures to JP-8 and related skin irritants in both rats and humans. Our studies suggest that the "trigger" of the JP-8 irritant response may be a "physical" response that causes activation of signaling pathways that result in an inflammatory cytokine cascade as well as a competition between cell growth and apoptosis. We found that neither of four JP-8 components tested (2 aromatic and 2 aliphatic) exactly mimicked the JP-8 effects and that there were only minimal differences in gene expression between JP-8 and the synthetic fuel, S-8. Our similar studies in volunteers showed that the human variability was very large, but that the responses of the most sensitive volunteers were very similar to the rat responses.


The Wietrznia quarry in Kielce is sit u ated be tween the shal low-wa ter De vo nian car bon ate plat form in the Kielce re gion and the deeper £ysogóry ba sin. This palaeogeographic set ting af fected car bon ate sed i men ta tion in Late De vo nian times. The tran si tional fa cies of the Wietrznia Frasnian com prises two over lap ping types of de pos its: (1) micritic and marly lime stone of shelf ba sin fa cies and (2) coarse-grained lime stone of fore-reef fa cies. The first type in cludes lam i nated- and graded micritic lime stone and nod u lar lime stone. The sec ond in cludes intraformational con glom er ates and brec cias, and crinoidal lime stone. The lime stones in the mid dle Wietrznia Beds formed within storm wave base in a shal low (pos si bly only a few tens of metres) sea that deep ened eastwards. Storms are likely to have been the main cause of ero sion and trans port. In the west ern part of the quarry, prox i mal tempestites show ev i dence of amal gam ation and can ni bal ism as do some high-en ergy flat-peb ble con glom er ates. With abat ing storm winds, finer-grained graded and lam i nated lime stones ac cu mu lated. To ward the east ern part of the quarry, the high-en ergy ef fects of near-shore storm waves are less ev i dent; the de pos - its there are tran si tional or more dis tal tempestites.


The tension between divine law, the law of nature, the law of the state and the law of the individual (conscience) is of course an enduring one in world literature since at least the moment that Sophocles's Antigone first eruped on stage. With increasing emphasis, Israeli literature has evolved as a counter-narrative corpus focused on the plight of the individual, caught between a dream of justice and the often draconian consequences of state law. In Shulamith Hareven's Thirst: The Desert Trilogy, a gender-critical struggle against canonical interpretations of the original text leads toward a questioning of the stakes of ancient patriarchy as well as contemporary uses of a unified national identity. Hareven's insistence that the sacred text serve the moral dilemmas of the present, offers a compelling meditation on the traumas of a rebuilt Jerusalem.


MapReduce, in particular Hadoop, is a popular framework for the distributed processing of large datasets on clusters of relatively inexpensive servers. Although Hadoop clusters are highly scalable and ensure data availability in the face of server failures, their efficiency is poor. We study data placement as a potential source of inefficiency. Despite networking improvements that have narrowed the performance gap between map tasks that access local or remote data, we find that nodes servicing remote HDFS requests see significant slowdowns of collocated map tasks due to interference effects, whereas nodes making these requests do not experience proportionate slowdowns. To reduce remote accesses, and thus avoid their destructive performance interference, we investigate an intelligent data placement policy we call 'partitioned data placement'. We find that, in an unconstrained cluster where a job's map tasks may be scheduled dynamically on any node over time, Hadoop's default random data placement is effective in avoiding remote accesses. However, when task placement is restricted by long-running jobs or other reservations, partitioned data placement substantially reduces remote access rates (e.g., by as much as 86% over random placement for a job allocated only one-third of a cluster).


This paper presents operation of self-locking rail clamp of port cranes and relation between locking function related parameters,discusses its design and use problems considering the specific operation environments and technological demands,and puts forward some proposals for improving self-locking rail clamp reliability.It is a guide to design,use and maintenance of self-locking rail clamp of port cranes.


Through the analyses of two characters,Achilles and Odysseus,in the Homeric Epic,the article explores(Homer's) ideas of heroism,and the epic tradition reflected from the contrast between two different heroic values: biē(might) and mētis(artifice).


Liquid metals are currently under investigation for use as a plasma facing material in a tokamak divertor. Traditional wall problems like cracking, melting, and embrittlement, are mitigated by using a liquid metal. In this work, tin was exposed in the linear plasma device Pilot-PSI to a high flux, high density plasma, in order to examine the interaction of liquid tin on a CPS-target. The study of this interaction was split into two subjects: 1. Temperature dependence of erosion. The erosion of Tin was measured spectroscopically under Arand H-plasmas at different settings. It was found that the onset temperature of erosion was lower than would be expected by evaporation alone. In Ar-plasma this reduction was measured to be 200 ◦C, while in the H-plasma the reduction was measured to be 505 ◦C. 2. Quantifying power handling. Three methods were explored to quantify the heat handling capabilities of the CPS-target: Surface temperature evolution, cooling water calorimetry and spectroscopic measurement of Balmer-intensity profiles. Both temperature evolution and cooling water calorimetry show indications of reduced heat flux to the liquid-target at high power shots which could be attributed to the vapor shielding effect.


Objective To choose the best clarification process of Rongtongning Granule (Traditional Chinese Medicine).Methods By determinating dry extract percent,total polysaccharide content,paeonoside content and icariine content three clarification processes including high-speed centrifugal,ethanol precipitation,adsorption clarification technique were compared with nature sedimentation.Results Three clarification processes had different level effect on the four indexes.Among them,adsorption clarification technique with 4% B component and 2% A component of Zheng Tian Chen (Traditional Chinese Medicine,ZTC)-Ⅱ nature clarifying could reduce the dry extract percent to 16.5% or so and make the retention rate of the active components above 92% respectively.Conclusion In the adsorption clarification technique,ZTC-Ⅱ nature clarifying agent can be used as clarification process Rongtongning Granule.


A new and simple procedure for counting isomers derived from non-rigid parent molecules has been developed by the combination of the promolecule concept with the characteristic-monomial method. This procedure has been applied to the enumeration of diphenylmethanes, 2,2-diphenylpropanes, and 2,2-dimethylpropanes, after the characteristic monomial tables for the point groups C2v and C3v have been prepared.


approved: 'Joe 1<erkvl iet This paper presents two applications of empirical microeconomics based on choice theoretic optimization principles. The first topic explores the determinants of subsistence time allocation in a utility theoretic model of household production. The second topic examines firm pricing behavior in a deregulated, but concentrated industry setting. The first part of this applied microeconomic analysis estimates the subsistence time versus wage labor time allocations of Alaska's North Slope inhabitants using ordered probit based on a household production model. The explanatory variables measure labor supply, demographic, and cultural influences. The major findings are as follows. First parameter estimates differ statistically and substantially between Inupiat versus nonInupiat residents, implying that optimal natural resource management decisions may vary with the ethnicity of the resource owners. Second, marital status, age, gender, and participation in generalized gift giving and receiving are important determinants of subsistence time allocations. Third, time spent in wage labor appears to be exogenous to the subsistence time allocation decision, indicating that the time allocation process is recursive. Fourth, we find an inverse Redacted for Privacy relationship between wage labor time and subsistence participation. This means that reductions in wage employment opportunities lead to increased subsistence activity. For the North Slope, this implies that Prudhoe oil depletion will result in an increase in the use of subsistence natural resources. The second part of this study turns from the individual behavior to firm behavior. During the 1980's, researchers have noted a trend towards increased concentration in the gene'ral freight, less-thantruckload (LTL) portion of the U.S. motor carrier industry. The purpose of this study is to employ new empirical industrial organization (NEIO) techniques to determine whether the more concentrated post-1980, LTL motor carrier industry is exerting anti-competitive monopoly pricing behavior. The NEIO approach is used to formulate the relationship between market price and marginal cost in what is referred to as the representative firm's 'supply relation.' The firm's supply relation is estimated jointly with the cost function and the factor share equations under the assumption that cross equation disturbance terms are correlated (SUR). An instrumental variables procedure is used to test and control for correlation between output (on the right hand side) and the disturbance terms in the cost and supply equations. The results indicate that the trend toward increased industry concentration does not imply anti-competitive performance in the sense of rising price-cost margins. Topics in Applied Microeconomics: Time Allocation and Natural Resource Use on Alaska's North Slope and Market Power in the U.S. Motor Carrier Industry


A mathematical model, based on the overall heat balance and the growth of solidification front, has been formulated to describe the single-roll strip-casting process for steel. The model provides useful interrelationships between the rate of growth of solidifying strip and the principal process variables such as the speed of rotation of caster drum, the system geometry, the superheat of melt and the relevant heat transfer coefficients. Using these relationships it has been possible to predict the effect of process parameters on the process performance in terms of the final strip thickness and the casting rate


CONTENTS § 1. Survey of the subject § 2. Approximate invertibility and a theorem on three-dimensional manifolds § 3. The example of Taylor and its consequences § 4. The theorem of Edwards on the resolvent of a compactum § 5. Widths and homological dimension § 6. Essential maps of spheres with an everywhere dense set of points of univalence § 7. Homological dimension modulo p References


The constitutional and empirical viability of "mentally disordered sex offender" statutes is reviewed in light of recent research and litigation. A brief history of legislative activity shows that, after an initial flurry of enacting such statutes, many states began repealing them. In spite of this retrenchment, other states have established new programs either through modifying existing statutes or enacting new ones. The relationship of "mentally disordered sex offender" legislation to treatment is discussed within a range of current state programs. An understanding of the legal context in which treatment programs operate is critical to addressing ultimate questions of treatment efficacy and sex offender recidivism.


NiCo-based superalloys exhibit higher strength and creep resistance over conventional superalloys. Compositional effects on elastic properties of the γ and γ′ phases in newly-developed NiCo-based superalloys were investigated by first-principles calculation combined with special quasi-random structures. The lattice constant, bulk modulus, and elastic constants vary linearly with the Co concentration in the NiCo solution. In the selected (Ni, Co)3(Al, W) and (Ni, Co)3(Al, Ti) model γ′ phase, the lattice constant, and bulk modulus show a linear trend with alloying element concentrations. The addition of Co, Ti, and W can regulate lattice mismatch and increase the bulk modulus, simultaneously. W-addition shows excellent performance in strengthening the elastic properties in the γ′ phase. Systems become unstable with higher W and Ni contents, e.g., (Ni0.75Co0.25)3(Al0.25 W0.75), and become brittle with higher W and Co addition, e.g., Co3(Al0.25 W0.75). Furthermore, Co, Ti, and W can increase the elastic constants on the whole, and such high elastic constants always correspond to a high elastic modulus. The anisotropy index always corresponds to the nature of Young's modulus in a specific direction.


for numerical code improvement there is a need for a digital evaluation of interferograms to obtain density information from subsonic or transonic flows. This is of special importance since in turbulent flows interferograms recorded with a pulsed laser system give only momentary density information, but density maps of flow fields should represent mean values. Different techniques for fringe evaluation had been developed since more than 10 years by several authors [2,3,4,5,6,7]. In the following we will present and discuss techniques for heterodyne holographic and heterodyne differential interferometry we use in our test rigs. Currently, in two ongoing projects funded by the Austrian Science Foundation experiments are performed in the institute's transonic cascade. For these experimental tests different laser techniques Laser Doppler Anemometry, Holographic Interferometry and Differential Interferometry have been used together with various kinds of standard diagnostic techniques (For flow investigations the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics is equipped with a 3MW compressor station located in the two basements of the institute). Here we present our results obtained with digitally evaluated interferometric techniques. Whereas holographic interferometry was used for subsonic flow diagnostics, differential interferometry provided quantitative data on density gradients in transonic flows. 2. Holographic Interferometry Temporal Heterodyning (Phase Stepping) Fig. 1 shows a typical holographic interferogram of a transonic flows through our linear blade cascade recorded with a pulsed ruby laser (LUMONICS HLS2). The optical setup was mounted on a table equipped with vibration insulation and was shielded with a cover against the acoustic noise from the continuously operated test rig. Since the interferogram was recorded with and without flow the interference lines represent isolines of flow density. The interferogram was digitised using a Hitachi KP-110 CCD camera and a PC Vision Plus frame grabber 1.Introduction: From 1994 to 1999 six institutes from the two Austrian Technical Universities Graz and Vienna participate in the Research Program S68 "Thermal Energy ProductionEfficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction of Thermal Power Plants" led by H.Jericha. This Research Program tackles the problem of efficiency improvement on several fronts. Some of the projects deal with materials for high temperature steam plants, gas turbines for particle loaded gases, efficiency improvement by cycle optimisation and flow optimisation in turbomachinery. Many of the results obtained during the first two years have been published at ASME Cogen Turbo Conference 1995 in Vienna. Fig.1 pulsed holographic interferogram of transonic flow at isentropic exit Mach number M= 1. The blade chord length was 58 mm. For the enhancement of the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics methods, the projects are supported by data acquisition in a transonic test rig at the institute and will be supported by data from a continuously operating test turbine currently under construction. For this purpose the laboratory at the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics is equipped with a 3MW compressor station located in the two basement of the institute. This compressor station consists of one screw and two turbo compressors and can operate in 13 different configurations with pressure ratios between 3 up to 10 and mass flows from 2.5 up to 15 kg/s [1]. One of the test rigs currently used for the research program is the transonic cascade a linear arrangement of seven blades (each with a height of 10cm) with a window section on both sides to enable the use of non-intrusive optical methods. Among those are colour Schlieren visualisation, Laser-Doppler-Velocimetry for velocity measurements along grid coordinates provided by the numerical flow calculations and interferometric methods. Since large amounts of numerical data are needed


This article is to explore the reforn of the general lessons and increase the teaching result by trying the method of classification .It proves that it is valuable by analysising the statistical results when we arouse the students'self-control, and use the ststem of encourging and conpeting and the reasonable and valid evaluation method.


ABSTRACT Castelnovo et al. have proposed that magnetic monopoles emerge in spin ice. Motivated by the early studies of Fisher and Berker (FB), we here examine the possible relevance of a particular string model proposed in the literature for critical exponents in such materials. The value discussed by FB follows quite generally from the proposals in the considered model, independently of the parameter of string theory FB propose as a further critical exponent, and this determines the string theory parameter.


) were synthesized by reaction of ethyl esters of p -substituted benzoic acid with hydroxylamine. The chemical structures of the synthesized hydroxamic acids were verified on the basis of spectral analysis (IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectra). The benzohydroxamic acids were examined for potential local anesthetic activity using foot withdrawal reflex of the frog and benzocaine was used as standard drug. Compounds were tested at two different solvents; 5 % DMSO and 0.65 % NaOH, each solution was tested at three different concentration levels (40, 100 and 200 µg/mL). Local anesthetic activity of the compounds differed according to the concentration level and selected solvent. Compounds E4 and E5 were found to be the most active and were comparable to the standard drug in tested solvents at all investigated concentrations. All compounds displayed an enhanced activity in the the aqueous basic solutions. the local anesthetic activity of benzohydroxamic acid [4]. In continuation with this, we synthesized and characterized six benzohydroxamic acid analogues E1-E6 . The potential local anesthetic activity of these analogues was investigated and reported herein.


Advanced Surface Laminar Circuit (Adv-SLC) is a build-up substrate technology designed to satisfy the requirement of the most advanced semiconductor chips. Adv-SLC is featuring a low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of 10 ppm/degC that reduces the strain in the solder joints and Cu/low-k stacked structure of semiconductor chips during the reflow process, ensures the solder joint reliability, and protects internal delamination of the Cu/low-k stacked structure. This paper describes the power integrity and signal integrity of Adv-SLC and the capability to reduce total layer count with considering X-talk, to reduce package size, and to improve Power Integrity by using Adv-SLC.


Methanolic extracts of cranberries were evaporated and reextracted with ethyl acetate. Residues from the dried ethyl acetate extract were isolated by thin-layer, column, and paper chromatography. A large diffuse area indicated the presence of high molecular weight polymeric polyphenols. In addition, seven discrete spots were identified as: (a) catechin; (b) epicatechin; (c) a dimeric epicatechin with a C4-C8 linkage; (d) an unknown polymer which degraded on acid hydrolysis to three compounds, of which one was cyanidin; (e) an unknown polymer which degraded to at least four compounds of which one was cyanidin and one was the compound described above as (d). Compounds (f) and (g) were present in very small amounts. These compounds may contribute to the astringency of cranberries.


Geographic variations in size and proportions of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were investigated using length data acquired from whaling records and aerial photogrammetric surveys. Results showed that blue whales found in the eastern Pacific off Central and North America are significantly shorter (by approximately 2m) than blue whales found at higher latitudes in the North Pacific. Results support the occurrence of a morphologically distinct eastern North Pacific (ENP) blue whale population which migrates in spring/summer from warm waters off Central America and Mexico to temperate feeding grounds along the west coast of North America. Southern Hemisphere blue whales sampled with vertical aerial photogrammetry off northern Peru and the Galapagos Islands were similar in size to the ENP blue whales. However, the population affinity of these southern blue whales remains uncertain. No length data were available for blue whales formerly captured off southern Japan and Korea. Nonetheless, a history of diminishing fishery catches and a lack of any recent sightings suggests that these whales were members of a geographic population that is now severely depleted or extinct. Based on comparisons of total length, length of rostrum and length of tail region, ENP blue whales were found to be morphologically similar to the 'pygmy' blue whale (B.m. brevicauda) described from the Kerguelen Island region of the southern Indian Ocean. 'Antarctic' blue whales (B.m. intermedia) from the Southern Ocean were found to be statistically significantly larger than their conspecifics at high latitudes in the North Pacific. These results support the hypotheses that blue whales that migrate from warm seas to cold feeding grounds in high latitudes are larger than those whose distributions are limited to low and mid-latitudes. Differences in morphology may reflect selective pressure on populations to adapt physiologically to energy demands associated with different migration, environmental and ecological regimes. As some of the results come from populations located far apart in different oceans, questions remain concerning the continuity of populations within and among ocean basins. Consequently, research using fishery data and approaches such as photogrammetry, telemetry, acoustics and molecular genetic analysis should be continued to better understand the worldwide blue whale population structure.


This paper proposes of real wind speed prediction method over complex terrain by using CFD. It is an attempt to convert the wind distribution on the computer into the scalar wind speed of a real scale in consideration of the correlation with the observed data. The reproducibility and the accuracy of the real wind speed were performed by using the high resolution elevation data with 5m resolution for the Noma cape wind power plant in Kagoshima prefecture. As for the monthly average wind speed, the error relative to the observed value was within 20%.