In this paper I am going to discuss the framework used at Reed Elsevier for designing internal controls and assessing business risks. To provide some background, I will start by describing Reed Elsevier and the changing publishing and information business, and also give an overview of the corporate governance environment. REED ELSEVIER Reed Elsevier plc was formed by the merger of the operating businesses of Reed International PLC and Elsevier NV in 1993. The two parent companies each own 50 percent of Reed Elsevier. Reed International has its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and a secondary listing in Amsterdam, whereas Elsevier has its primary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange and a secondary listing in London. To make it more interesting, both are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The combined market value of Reed International and Elsevier is presently approximately 18 billion euros. Reed Elsevier has sales of approximately 5 billion euros spread across three divisions, operating across the world. Through the Elsevier Science business, we publish close to 1,200 scientific journals in print and increasingly on the Internet. Our Legal business is global, the most significant brand of which is Lexis Nexis, which has sales of 2 billion euros ([European Dollar]). In the Business sector, we have business magazines, exhibitions, and other business information services, also increasingly delivered on the Internet. The Publishing and Information Business Being a publisher used to be quite predictable. We had clearly defined and stable markets. If you had a good, reliable journal, then subscribers would renew every year. Very strong publishing brands more or less sell themselves. The industry was fragmented with a few big players. We were able to achieve steady growth in relatively mature markets. Life has changed considerably and is becoming more exciting. First, there has been considerable industry consolidation. To use the U.S. as an example, in the last five years approximately U.S.$9 billion has been spent by Reed Elsevier, Wolters Kluwer, and The Thomson Corporation in the U.S. legal publishing industry alone. Similar trends of consolidation are visible in the other markets in which Reed Elsevier is active. This is introducing a level of competition, both for acquisitions and for customers, that has not been seen in the past. In terms of technology, the Internet is clearly revolutionizing the way that information is delivered and also what you can deliver to customers. Using web functionalities, new services that are just unimaginable in a print environment can be provided to customers. The barriers to entry have also changed. There are many new entrants, some with different emerging business models. Customer expectations are also changing, with higher expectations from information services at affordable prices. So what are we doing to address the challenges and capture the opportunities of this changing environment? We have grouped our publishing activities into three global divisions--Science, Legal, and Business-to-Business--each with a global head, to manage these businesses closer to their markets. We are redefining the head office to give it a more strategic and catalytic role and we are reducing its size. We are separating our Internet activities from the print businesses in order that each can thrive in a different culture and growth path. We are investing significantly to upgrade our products and sales and marketing. In fact, this year we are investing an additional 300 million [European Dollar] in new product development, sales, and marketing. This is, in part, funded by 200 million [European Dollar] of savings in costs across the business, about 7 percent of the cost base. This represents a huge reallocation of resources within our business from the back office and infrastructure into revenue-generating areas. …


Rocksalt ScN is a semiconductor with a small lattice mismatch to wurtzite GaN. Within the modern theory of polarization, ScN has a nonvanishing formal polarization along the [111] direction. As a result, we demonstrate that an interface between (0001) GaN and (111) ScN exihibts a large polarization discontinuity of $-$1.388 $\rm Cm^{-2}$. Interfaces between ScN and wurtzite III-nitrides will exhibit a high-density electron gas on the (000$\overline{1}$) GaN interface or a hole gas on the (0001) GaN interface, with carrier concentrations up to $8.7 \times 10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$. The large polarization difference and small strain makes ScN a desirable choice for polarization-enhanced tunnel junctions within the III-nitride materials system. The large sheet carrier densities may also be useful for contacts or current spreading layers.


A new method of successive approximation ADC calibration without interruption of the main conversion process is proposed. The method is based on the use of information redundancy in the form of redundant positional number systems. The method is based on the selection and analysis of unused combinations in the redundant ADC conversion characteristic.


The mass physical culture development has to become the priority, so, the indicator of the specific weight of the citizens of the Russian Federation that are systematically engaged in the physical culture and sports has to grow steadily for improvement of the health and quality of life of the citizens. Not incidentally, the achievement of this indicator is planned by 2015 up to 30%. The conducted preliminary researches indicate the defining role of the municipalities for the organization of sports and health-improving movement, that have real control levers for the different development processes of the mass sports in the region as a whole. For assessment of the activity and stimulation of increase of the level of development of physical culture and sports in the municipalities, the provision on formation of the annual rating for the municipal territories of Krasnoyarsk Area has been developed and submitted. The document allows estimating the quality of activity of the municipal authorities on physical culture and sports development, defining the order of priority for the support of the territories of the region in the future. The received indicators of the rating in the section of each of seven blocks allow identifying more accurately for each municipality participant of the rating "leadership sphere" and "lag sphere".


An efficient approach todetect andtolocalize buried objects using acontinuous wavemetal detector indifferent soils ispresented. Thealgorithm canminimize thedistracting influence from thesoil andlocalize theburied objects withbetter precision. Thisapproach usedanextemforce called virtual electric field, toguide thedeformation process toactive contours boundaries which correspond exactly totheburied objects withandacomputed multichannel gradient applied tothe obtained metaldetector images. Thequality oftheresults canbesignificantly improved by employing this approach. Thiscanbeveryuseful forhigher level vision processing.


The partition of the Ottoman State and the formation of new countries in the Near East are the main issues during the peace treaties after the First World War. When the Treaty of Versailles effectuated in 10 January 1920, these issues became unsolved and important questions for the European Powers. For this reason many conferences and meetings had hold in between the countries which won the War. After the First London Conference the allies came together and hold a meeting in San Remo City in Italy (18-26 April 1920) and they gave decision most of the issues about the Middle East. This paper will consist with, how the result of the San Remo Meting affected the partition of Ottoman Empire and the foundation of modern Turkey. Generally San Remo Conference is not known as much as Lausanne Conference. However it had a crucial role during the other peace treaties from the perspectives of discussions and topics. Especially the Petroleum Treaty in between Britain and France during the San Remo Conference had affected not only the other treaties in Europe but also the formation of new states in Near East and appearing of modern Turkey besides portion of Ottoman State. This article will focus on these important issues using by the Archive of Ottoman State, Turkish Republican Archive, American National Archive, British National Archive, Turkish and English Newspapers, Memoirs of people who attended the meeting and the other works, books, and articles.


To the Editor:— This communication describes a new syndrome, which has never been previously reported in the medical literature. It is called Tashima's syndrome and in its full-blown state (forme fruste manifestations may be described in the future) is defined as a condition in which a physician searches for a new sign, disease, or syndrome to which his name can be attached. In this case it is named after the physician who first described the condition, rather than after the patient with the disease, as was the case with de Musset's sign and Christmas disease. Needless to say, confusion as to whether the eponym applies to patient or physician may arise in the assignment of priority when the patient and the doctor both possess the same name. It is still usually possible to assign the proper designation by using the full name. Weir Mitchell's disease and Foster Kennedy syndrome are


The Caucasian Black Sea coast between Sochi and Sukhumi was visited in July 1976 during a symposium organized prior to the XXIII International Geographical Congress held in Moscow. Beaches of this resort area are presently affected by a severe marine erosion. This fact is partially linked with man's impact on fluvial and coastal dynamics. Natural factors, home- ver, also account for the retreat of shingly beaches. Ut to 80 % of the coastal sediment flow is lost in numerous submarine canyons whose heads lie close to the coastline. Costly artificial structures (groynes, breakwaters) are used to protect the Caucasian beaches against further erosion.


Overlay IP/MPLS over WDM network holds great promise for the Next-Generation Internet. One key design challenge with such a network is the limited information exchange between its two layers. We evaluate the influences of limited WDM-layer link cost information and routing strategies on network performances for dynamic multicast traffic grooming. Simulation results show that both WDM-layer link cost information and routing strategy have significant impacts on the network performances, especially when the network resources are abundant. In addition, the impacts of WDM-layer link cost information are more significant compared to those of the routing strategy. The results suggest that there is significant potential for network performance improvements by designing more efficient schemes for overlay traffic grooming and sharing of link-state information between the WDM and IP/MPLS layers.


In the nature of every man is to deal with entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activities to ensure their existence. Entrepreneurship requires initiative and risk readiness. Through the history of entrepreneurship development was an activity that was more prevalent for men. Nevertheless, in recent years, women's entrepreneurship has been growing. The aim of the paper is to point to the motivating factors that influence the initiation of women's entrepreneurship. Based on the literature review, the following factors were identified: external (education, financial stability and family issues), and internal (pull and push factors). It is concluded that push theory focuses on external stimulus factors, mostly negative, and pull theory focuses on positive outcomes that motivate an individual to do something. So, pull factors are those factors that attracts people to start business.


This paper explores University of Florida's (UF) interdisciplinary coursework that centers student research on climate, policy, and design projects in coastal communities along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The evolution of interdisciplinary pedagogy is addressed through case studies of the Florida Climate Institute's (FCI) Spring Field courses, the Envision Resilience Nantucket Challenge, and the Historic Preservation program's Preservation Institute Nantucket (PIN) summer program. In the FCI Field courses, the focus has spanned ecological systems, built environment, and community engagement frameworks with UF faculty from design, planning, historic preservation, engineering, law, communications, and science, among other disciplines. PIN's 2020 and 2021 research and coursework focused on the development of an adaptation and resilience strategy for a portion of Nantucket Town—one of the nation's largest National Historic Landmark Districts. The Envision Resilience Nantucket Challenge, held in Spring 2021 and sponsored by ReMain Nantucket, was inspired by PIN and based in part on the Fieldcourse model. The case studies illustrate the evolving methodology of coursework at UF and the changing relationship between design and sciences/social science disciplines for the breadth of iterative, solution-based thinking for climate change. Concluding thoughts will explore the evolution of interdisciplinary design research at UF, potential gaps in disciplinary partnerships, and future project opportunities for addressing the critical complexities of climate change.


Abstract : The apparent contact angles of dodecane droplets deposited on a 50:50 nylon:cotton blended woven fabric (NyCo) were measured, and the characteristics required for an ultraoleophobic surface were described. The metastable Cassie -Baxter model, a transition status from the original Cassie-Baxter model to the Wenzel model, was investigated to design ultraoleophobic surfaces and to understand the wetting behavior of such surfaces. Using chemical and geometrical modifications of NyCo, a surface having contact angles to dodecane of greater than 150 deg. and water contact angles of greater than 165 deg. has been prepared. Good agreement between the predicted and measured contact angles was obtained. Developing a superhydrophobic ultraoleophobic material has been achieved by two criteria: a low-surface-energy and a properly designed surface morphology.


Reference management software is a well-known tool for scientific research work. Since the 1980s, it has been the subject of reviews and evaluations in library and information science literature. This paper presents a systematic review of published studies that evaluate reference management software with a comparative approach. The objective is to identify the types, models, and evaluation criteria that authors have adopted, in order to determine whether the methods used provide adequate methodological rigor and useful contributions to the field of study.


High output InGaN single quantum well type blue and green light emitting diodes (LEDs) with an optical output of between 3 and 5 mW have been developed and commercialized. The differences in peak absorption energy and light emitting energy for the blue and green LEDs were 290 and 570 meV. These values indicate that the LED or laser emission is generated from a deep localized level in an InGaN well layer. An InGaN multiple quantum well laser diode was developed that oscillated continuously at room temperature for more than 300 hours. The preliminary characteristics are an output of 50 mW, an operating temperature of 100 °C, a characteristic temperature of 170 K, and an oscillation wavelength of 416 nm. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 81(5): 1–8, 1998


rRNA gene transcription rates were determined during light-mediated leaf development in Pisum sativum. The rate of transcription was observed to increase within 1 day of exposure to light and return to control levels 4 days after exposure. A striking similarity was observed between periods of elevated rRNA gene transcription and increased mitotic activity, suggesting a possible link between the two events.


Toddlers are children who are in the age range 0-5 years. Every toddler has a different development. In 2018, in Indonesia there was an increase in the percentage of very short and short toddlers, namely 11.5% and 19.3%, while it is known that in the previous year the percentage of very short toddlers was 9.8% and short toddlers was 19.8%. One of the causes of developmental delays/deviations in children is inadequate nutrition by the mother. Empowerment of mothers is needed to increase the knowledge and ability of mothers in fulfilling their children's nutrition. The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview related to research on efforts to empower mothers in improiving nutritional status and development that had been carried out by previous researchers. This research uses literature review method. Researchers analyzed 15 journals consisting of 10 national journals and 5 international journals and were divided into 2 types, namely 6 empowering journals and 9 journals discussing the relationship between nutritional status and under- five development which were obtained from the Google Schoolar, Pubmed and Science Direct databases by formulating inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the PEOS formula.The results of the study from 15 journals showed that 6 journals had the effect of mother empowerment on the nutritional status of toddlers, 7 journals proved that there was a relationship between nutritional status and toddler development. and 2 journals whose results do not show a relationship between nutritional status and toddler development. The conclusion is that empowering mothers can be one of the efforts to improve the nutritional status and development of toddlers Keywords: Mother's empowerment, Nutritional status and Toddler Development


The inverter with temperature controller is presented,which is developed for blowers used in VAV (variable-air-volume) air conditioning systems.In the inverter the 8-bit microcontroller 89C52 and intelligent power modules (IPM) are used.The PWM signal is produced by the three-phase PWM waveform generator SA8281.Its functions and handling methods are specially designed for the blowers used in air conditioning systems.For temperature controlling a novel compound Fuzzy-PI controller is proposed.In addition,the PWM generator SA8281 is introduced and discussed.Its problems in usage are pointed out,and the solutions are given.


In this paper we construct a three-level explicit difference scheme for solving SchrOdinger equation. Its truncation error is O(τ2 + h2) and the stability condition is r =τ/h2 17~(1/2)/4 .


This single subject experiment was based on the concept that children often persist in making reversals in reading and writing because of directional confusion and failure to develop memory strategies and generalizations regarding symbol systems. The eight-year-old male subject was taught to use a memory strategy for determining correct symbol orientation. The experiment used a single subject multiple baseline design, and attention was directed to accurate recognition and production of letters and digits. Intervention for letter and digit reversals was separated to determine the effect of the strategy on each type of reversal behavior. Following the two phases of specific training, the frequency of letter and digit reversals decreased. The results demonstrated the utility of a mnemonic method for diminishing the number of reversals made by the subject. In addition, the results support the theory that reversals represent directional uncertainty and are amenable to direct intervention.


2014 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. 1548-5595/$36.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2014.01.011 Nephrologists treating glomerular diseases used to joke that the job was easy. There were only a handful of immunomodulatory therapies available, and the nephrologist just had to rotate through them until finding one that worked. Of course, this trial-and-error approach was not entirely accurate, but, like every joke, it possessed a kernel of underlying truth. As a mentor of ours liked to say about patients who did not respond to a firstor second-line therapy, ''The thing about glomerular diseases is that the therapies work for some of the people all of the time, but all of the people none of the time.'' Treating glomerular diseases still feels like a skill or an art for which clinical acumen and cumulative experience are prized possessions. Although data from randomized trials of glomerular diseases are steadily growing, the bulk of evidence in this field comes from observational studies. To some extent, the nephrologist with the best chance of selecting the appropriate course of therapy for a glomerular disease is the one who can say to himself or herself, ''This patient reminds me of those other patients who responded to therapy X or treatment Y.'' And that kind of medicine can be difficult for some and frightening for others. However, the field is continuously evolving. We are currently entering a realm in which science is leading the way to therapy. This relationship seems obvious— we should not be using a therapy if we do not know exactly how or why it will work in a specific disease— but nonetheless it was unattainable until the last 2 decades, which have seen an explosion in our understanding of the basic pathophysiology behind most glomerular diseases. It is virtually impossible to cite a glomerular disease that has not experienced a landmark discovery (or discoveries) in the last 20 years, from the identification of the target antigen in primary membranous nephropathy to the uncovering of complement defects in dense deposit disease to the detection of genetic variants associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)associated glomerulonephritis, and lupus nephritis. These advances in science have fostered not only the development of new therapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies directed at the complement cascade, but also a re-evaluation of how older immunomodulatory therapies can be leveraged against newly discovered disease targets. This issue of Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease presents a range of articles detailing how science is leading the way in our approach to treating glomerular diseases. Kiryluk and colleagues provide an overview of the emergence of biomarkers in diagnosing and managing


The problem of the linear stability theory for advective flow in horizontal rotating liquid layer is solved by reduction to the boundary problem for the system of linear one-dimensional partial differential equations. The distinctions of grid method realization are described for the given problem. The calculated neutral curves for normal perturbations define the dependence on the critical Grashoff number by wave number for the different Taylor number and Pr = 6.7 (water).


Wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensor nodes, which can sense the environment by collecting, processing and transmitting the data to sink node. A critical issue in wireless sensor networks since most sensors is equipped with non-rechargeable batteries. The lifetime of a sensor network can be extended by jointly applying different techniques of scheduling and routing schemes also brings great challenges to the design of efficient distributed routing protocols for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In scheduling algorithms, the nodes are arranged to sleep when they are not in use. The main purpose of scheduling algorithms is to minimize resource starvation and to ensure fairness amongst the parties utilizing the resources. The routing can be applied to wireless sensor networks for reducing energy consumption caused by retransmissions and dynamically detouring critical sensor nodes with less energy. To achieve network lifetime maximization of wireless sensor network through joint routing schemes and scheduling algorithms. This paper surveys the latest progresses in scheduling and routing schemes.


After the introduction to frames in finite-dimensional vector spaces in Chapter 1, the rest of the book will deal with expansions in infinitedimensional vector spaces. Here great care is needed: we need to replace finite sequences {fk}k=1 by infinite sequences {fk}k=1, and suddenly the question of convergence properties becomes a central issue. The vector space itself might also cause problems, e.g., in the sense that Cauchy sequences might not be convergent. We expect the reader to have a basic knowledge about these problems and the way to circumvent them, but for completeness we repeat the central definitions and results concerning Banach spaces and operators hereon in Sections 2.1–2.2. In Sections 2.3–2.4 we specialize to Hilbert spaces and their operators. Section 2.5 deals with pseudo-inverse operators; this subject is not expected to be known and is treated in more detail. Section 2.6 introduces the so-called moment problems in Hilbert spaces. In Sections 2.7–2.9, we discuss the Hilbert space L(R) consisting of the square integrable functions on R and three classes of operators hereon, as well as the Fourier transform. The material in those sections is not needed for the study of frames and bases on abstract Hilbert spaces, but it forms the basis for all the constructions in Chapters 9–20.


In order to improve the matter flow control level of the iron/steel interface,based on the theory of metallurgical process engineering,an operational control technique of torpedo ladles was summarized with torpedo ladles of A steel plant in China as the object of study. This study included five contents:operation process analysis,operation time analysis,calculating method of employed torpedo ladles,two evaluating indicators for the operational control level,and operation optimization. Satisfactory effects are obtained after applying the technique in production. The turnover number of torpedo ladles decreases from 22 to 18,the cycling rate increases by 0.5,the continuation degree coefficients increase by 0.09 for BF 1 and 0.08 for BF 2,respectively.


The present study shows a comparative analysis between the use of vegetable and synthetic oil in the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system in CNC milling operations using the AISI 4140 steel. In addition, it is studied the influence of the surface finish using both coolants. The study was carried out using an MQL system with vegetable and synthetic oil, with parameters such as cutting speed (Vc) of 180, 200 and 220 m•min-1 and feed per tooth (fz) of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mm*tooth-1. The methodology used for the development of the experiment is the stated by Genichi Taguchi with an orthogonal array of 27 experiments aimed at determining the best surface roughness, finding that the best roughness results when combining the vegetable oil in the MQL system, a cutting speed of 220 m•min-1 and a feed per tooth of 0.05 mm*tooth-1. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the vegetable oil in combination with the MQL system fulfills in a better way its functionality as a cooling lubricant in CNC milling operations of the AISI 4140 steel.


According to Brown's theory, culture plays an important role in language learning and teaching. This paper mainly analyzes the relationship between language and culture, and then gives some pedagogical implications.


The current Temples education faces many difficulties,but the Temples education has an important role on maintaining the cultural identity of Dai Zu,traditional morality of Dai Zu,and building a harmonious society.Therefore,we should correctly understand the positive role of religion in Dai Zu community,make laws to protect Burmese temple,improve the quality of the monks,and increase financial support.So that,we can achieve the goals of protection of traditional and maintain harmonious relations of village.


Supplementation using selenium (Se) on plants is an effective and widely used approach. It can not only be converted to more Se rich compounds but promote the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) with anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the molecular mechanism of Se in regulating GSLs synthesis remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of Se treatment (50 μM sodium selenite) on GSLs, glucoraphanin (4MSOB), and sulforaphane compounds in broccoli tissues. The transcript levels of genes involved in sulfur absorption and transport, GSLs biosynthesis, translocation, and degradation pathways were also evaluated. The study showed that Se treatment remarkably promoted the accumulation of total sulfur and total Se contents and increased Trp-derived GSLs levels in roots by 2 times. The 4MSOB concentration and sulforaphane content in fresh leaves was increased by 67% and 30% after Se treatment, respectively. For genes expressions, some genes involved in sulfate uptake and transporters, GSLs biosynthesis, and transporters were induced strongly upon Se exposure. Results revealed that exogenous Se treatment promotes the overaccumulation of GSLs and 4MSOB content in broccoli by activating the transcript levels of genes involved in sulfur absorption, GSLs biosynthesis, and translocation pathways.


The change in size and magnetic moment of the ions Mn2+ and Fe2+ associated with the low-spin-high-spin transformation is shown to follow the atomic magnetovolume relation found previously to hold for d-group metals and alloys. The Ni2+ ion in hexagonal NiS also obeys this relation during its first-order magnetic-non-magnetic transition, showing that the magnetovolume effect is due to intra-atomic interactions, independent of whether the magnetic ordering is associated with localized or itinerant electrons.


The present invention discloses a curved surface and a display-type supporting structure, the support structure is applied to a curved surface curved type display. The type of support structure comprises a curved planar backplate, a carrier and a plurality of curved fixing members. The curved bracket having a fixed structure in the longitudinal direction of curvature. The bracket comprises opposite a curved upper plate and a lower plate, the upper plate and used to carry the optical film. The binding of the lower fixing plate and the back plate plane. Limiting the use of these planar back plate fixture structural deformation is generated in conjunction with the curved bracket, so that the plane of the backing plate is attached to the carriage along the curved configuration of curvature.


Vassallo, L. et al., "Arperos gabbros and its Cr-Ni contribution to the basin of the river of Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico", Hydraulic Engineering in Mexico (in Spanish), vol. XVl, num. pages January-March, On the base of geologic mapping, chemical analysis of rocks, stream sediments and soils, the natural sources of metals like Cr-Ni were identified. The relation of the gabbroidic rocks of the Sierra de Guanajuato with Contamination with Cr-Ni at the Silao river's basin was established. The surface distribution and dispersion at the mountain ranges and at the low lands were analysed, and zones with anomalous contents of Cr-Ni were located.


SUMMARY This paper discusses the efficiency of induction motor drives for HVAC applications, based on measurements made on three 4kW induction motor drives. Both converter efficiency as well as induction motor efficiency is studied and in particular the total system efficiency is determined. Measurements have been performed on a 4kW induction motor fed by three different types of frequency converters. Converters A and B use an open loop, constant flux control, where B has a L-C filter on its output. Converter C uses an open loop, field weakening algorithm but also a special pulse width modulation (PWM) technique in order to reduce the switching losses in the converter. Simulations and measurements have shown that an efficiency improvement of the system can be achieved using a field weakening algorithm which improves the efficiency at light load with 18% at 30Hz which in particular is of importance in HVAC applications. At full load the difference in efficiency is negligible between system A and C but 3% lower using system B due to the sinus filter. Efficiency improvements were also accomplished by using the special PWM technique. It was also found that it is important to make a complete optimization of the energy efficiency. Using system B, with L-C filter, gives higher machine efficiency but a low overall efficiency due to high converter losses. As a general conclusion, it has been shown that system C was the best solution from an efficiency point of view for a typical HVAC application.


Neural stem cells and neural progenitors/precursors (NSCs/NPs) are identified in both embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS). NSCs can self-renew and give rise to neurons and glia. The development of NSCs is controlled by precisely orchestrated gene expression regulation. Recently, emerging evidence has shown the importance of noncoding RNA regulation in NSC self-renewal, proliferation, survival and differentiation. In this chapter, we will present new research of noncoding RNA functions in NSC development. We will highlight the future directions of applying noncoding RNAs in stem cell-based therapy for neurological diseases.


Abstract— Ubiquinone Q‐8 in Escherichia coli B was labeled by growing the bacteria in a synthetic growth medium containing p‐hydroxybenzoic acid‐ 14C(U). The cells were then irradiated with light of wavelengths 313, 334, 366, and 405 nm, and Q‐8‐ 14C was extracted and assayed. Q‐8‐ 14C was also isolated from unirradiated bacteria, partially purified, and then irradiated similarly in hexane and assayed. Ubiquinone in the cells was four to eight times as resistant to radiation as ubiquinone in hexane. From 313 to 366 nm, the in vivo and in vitro action spectra were similar to each other and to the absorption spectra of synthetic Q‐8 dissolved in hexane or ethanol, but at 405 nm the action spectra deviated from the absorption spectra. Quantum yields for the modification (loss) of ubiquinone in hexane decreased from 0·021. at 313 nm to 0·005 at 405 nm.


This paper provides an adaptive technique for the control of a variable geometry turbine (VGT) in a turbocharged compression ignition engine. The adaptive control is based on a one-step-ahead technique and a least square parameter estimation algorithm. In order to test the performance of the proposed control technique, a numerical model of the engine has been used, which employs a zero-dimensional approach. The paper shows that the one-step-ahead technique is able to improve dramatically the control performance with respect to that provided by a commonly applied PID control technique.


To report our 10‐year experience of sacral neurostimulation (SNS) for women in urinary retention, comparing the original one‐stage with the newer two‐stage technique, as SNS therapy is a well‐established treatment for urinary retention secondary to urethral sphincter overactivity (Fowler's syndrome).


To the Editor:— I had another check made on the facts inTime's"Misery Harbor" story of December 4. Since then you have published an editorial " 'Time' Marches On" in the December 9 issue ofThe Journal. Your telegram will appear in the "Letters" column of the current issue ofTime(December 18) with editorial comment. Your editorial is such an abusive attack that I want to answer it in detail. It says: The article inTimeis mentioned here because it is replete with absolute misstatements of fact beyond anything of a similar character published in the field of medicine even in that periodical during recent years. And then adds: Indeed the article betrays a carelessness almost incomprehensible in a periodical which has in the past frequently gone to extended lengths to secure accuracy. The "extended lengths" to whichTimewent to secure accuracy in the "Misery Harbor" story


Objective: To investigate the effects of carotid arteriosclerosis on cognitive functions and current prognosis in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods: Extracranial carotid arteries were assessed using dopple ultrasongraphy in 112 patients with cerebral infarction. Cognitive functions were evaluated with the Mini-Mental state Examination (MMSE) and five neuropsychological tests assessing memory, attention, calculation psychomotor rapidity and visuospatial perception. Deficits in neurological functions were assessed on admission and 3 to 4 weeks. Results:All neuropsychological measures were found to be poorer in patients with carotid arteriosclerosis than those with no carotid arteriosclerosis, especially in cases with severe carotid arteriosclerosis and severe carotid stenosis. There was a positive relationship between severity of carotid arteriosclerosis and change in cognitive functions. The scores of SSS were higher on admission in cerebral infarction patients with carotid arteriosclerosis. Recent prognosis was also poorer in patients with carotid arteriosclerosis.Conclusions: Significant effect of carotid arteriosclerosis was shown on cognitive functions of patients with cerebral infarction. As cerebral ischemic injury is severe, prognosis in cerebral infarction patients with carotid arteriosclerosis is poor.


Mtb growth and replication are sensitive to altered levels of the Ser/Thr kinase PknB, and this sensitivity increased under hypoxic conditions. Thus, PknB is a critical regulator of the oxygen-dependent replication switch of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


In Earth's atmosphere, an ion is a cluster of molecules carrying an overall charge, known as a molecular cluster ion. Such cluster ions, with dimensions of approximately one nanometre, have usually been referred to as small ions, and their motion in air constitutes a small electric current. Large ions (or Langevin ions), by comparison, are physically larger (tens to hundreds of nm) and consequently electrically less mobile. Usage of the term "ion" to represent these molecular clusters originates from the early history of atmospheric electricity, which spans the discovery of the electron and the elucidation of the structure of matter. The distinction between large and small ions originates from distinguishing ions that could be accelerated by atmospheric electric fields (and therefore directly contribute to the conductivity of air), and those (the large ions) which were insufficiently electrically mobile to contribute to electrical conduction in air.


All residents must receive recycling education because environmentally conscious residents are more likely to become environmentally conscious citizens. In addition, recycling is known to be one of the strategies used to reduce reliance on landfills; this is important because further inaction will lead to landfills reaching maximum capacity. The study intends to explore the factors affecting the recycling behaviour among residents in the city and semi-dense areas in Johor, Malaysia. In this study, 400 respondents who live in highly dense areas (city) and semi-dense areas in Johor, Malaysia, will be surveyed. Multistage sampling will be utilised to choose the sample (recycling and non-recycling residents), and a questionnaire with closed-ended questions will be developed to gather study data. Regression, correlation, and descriptive statistics will examine the acquired data. These findings are expected to offer policymakers like district offices, municipal councils, city councils, and non-government organizations (NGOs) helpful information to plan and develop a more effective recycling policy and activities in Malaysia.


This article examines the judgment of the Italian Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione) no 11696 of 14 May 2018 concerning the legal status of mixed same-sex married couples under Italian law. It explores the problems relating to the recognition and the civil status registration in Italy of couples of the same sex where one spouse is a foreigner and the other is Italian. Legge 20 May 2016 no 76 (registered partnerships law) and decreto legislativo 19 January 2017 no 7 established a regime under which Italian couples who married abroad are recognised and registered, hence downgraded, as civil partners, whereas foreign couples are recognised and registered as married. They say nothing, however, on mixed couples. During the parliamentary debate, however, the government affirmed that their main concern was to avoid Italians to circumvent the registered partnerships law by marrying abroad and then obtaining the recognition of their marriage in Italy. Based on this intent, the Supreme Court found that mixed couples are subject to the same antielusive logic – a construction that this article criticises under several viewpoints.


Alkali-silica reaction (ASR), the predominant type of alkali-aggregate reaction, is a deleterious reaction that causes expansion, cracking, and degradation of mechanical properties of concrete. ASR remains a major problem for concrete structures worldwide. Many factors, such as alkali level, reactive component in aggregate, humidity, temperature, and stress state, affect the manifestation of ASR. While being a serious concern for ASR-affected concrete structures, the effect of stress state on the ASR expansion, cracking, and degradation of mechanical properties of concrete is poorly understood. In this study, the effect of multiaxial stresses on the ASR-induced expansion, cracking, and degradation of mechanical properties of concrete was investigated. A novel method was developed for applying multiaxial (uniaxial, biaxial or triaxial) compressive stresses in concrete specimens and sustaining the stresses for the duration of the reaction. By measuring triaxial expansion, this study elucidated the axial and volumetric expansion of multiaxially loaded ASRaffected concrete. By performing damage rating index (DRI) analysis, ASR cracking was portrayed along three mutually perpendicular planes. ASR expansion and DRI were correlated for multiaxially loaded ASR-affected concrete. Moreover, by testing cores taken along different


GENTLEMEN,This morning I shall make some clinical remarks on the most important cases that have been admitted into the hospital, under my care, since my last lecture; and refer, in the first place, therefore, to a case of comminuted fracture of the lower extremities of the tibia and fibula, which resembled dislocation of the anklejoint so closely in its appearances, that, on my arrival at the hospital, several very competent judges told me to come directly to Accident Ward to see a case of dislocation of the ankle. Here are the notes of the case. " Edward Bartram, aged thirty-six, a strong healthy-looking man, was admitted in Accident Ward, under the care of Mr. Cooper, on the 31st of March, 1841. About two hours before his admission he was at work, building the frame-work of a factory, when a sudden gust of wind overturned the building, and precipitated him, with four other workmen, to the ground. Upon examination the foot was found to be turned considerably inwards, and presented very much the appearance of dislocation; but when Mr. Cooper arrived, he discovered there was a severe comminuted fracture of the left tibia and fibula, immediately above and apparently extending into the joint. The external malleolus was very much comminuted, and the fragments of bone were distinctly felt immediately beneath the skin. His pulse was weak, and he had not recovered from the collapse. 'There were no external injuries, but he complained much of pain across the loins from


In this paper, according to the present application situation of the external envelope systems steel frame in the severe cold region, the stuffed composite wall panels are improved, the flexible connection with the steel frame is designed, the reduced scale specimens are made, the seismic capacity test is made and some indexes of the envelope systems such as bearing capacity, energy consumption and ductility, etc. are compared, which provide reference for the development and application of the steel frame envelope systems.


Studies were conducted on the acute and chronic toxic effect of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprium (5∶1) on the larvae and the juvenile of Fenneropenaeus chinesis through 3 lab tests.The 24 h LC_ 50 and 48 h LC_ 50 values of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprium to nauplius were 300 mg/L,335 mg/L;and 232 mg/L,172 mg/L to zoea,respectively,based on the first test.Then the safe concentrations were obtained,viz.42 mg/L and 12 mg/L.The second test indicated that sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprium at the concentration of 50 mg/L had no significant effects on the growth of shrimp after 35 days,compared to the control.However,significant negative effects were found at the concentrations of 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L(P0.01).In the third test,the shrimp at the test concentrations of 300,450 and 600 mg/L were affected distinctly after 16 days,displaying anorexia,lethargy,and high mortality.In addition,the effects wre also reflected by the changes of some haematological indices.The corpuscles of the blood decreased significantly compared to the control(P0.05).The serum AST and ALT activity dropped markedly at the concentration of 300 mg/L and 450 mg/L,but rose distinctly at the concentration of 600 mg/L.By the method of histopathology observation,it was found that high concentrations of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprium could cause some abnormal histological changes in the tissues of hapatopancreas,branchia and stomach of shrimp,such as cellular swelling,vacuolate and necrosis.


Breaking the topological protection of surface states of topological insulators is an essential prerequisite for exploring their applications. This is achievable by magnetic doping, in reduced dimensions, and predictably by introducing disorder beyond a critical level. In certain cases, the former is also known to induce a transition from weak anti-localization (WAL) to weak localization (WL). Here, we report the occurrence of paramagnetism, hopping conduction, and WL in chemically prepared unannealed Dy xBi 2 − xSe 3 ( x = 0, 0.1, and 0.3) nanoplates primarily via dc magnetization, resistivity, and magnetoconductance measurements. The paramagnetism in the magnetic-atom-free Bi 2Se 3 nanoplates is ascribed, using density functional theory calculations, to the acquisition of magnetic moments by defects. The defect density in pure Bi 2Se 3 is estimated to be high ( ∼ 10 19 defects/cm 3). Successive Dy doping brings in further incremental disorder, apart from the Dy atomic moments. The nanoplates are shown to sequentially exhibit thermally activated band conduction, nearest neighbor hopping, Mott variable range hopping (VRH), and Efros–Shklovskii VRH with decreasing temperature. WL is evident from the observed positive magnetoconductance. Annealing converts the WL behavior to WAL, arguably by setting in the topological protection on a substantial reduction of the disorder.


Charts are given in this paper from which may be found the indicated thermal efficiencies, the fuel consumption per indicated horse-power-hour, and the mean effective pressures which are practically attainable in a compact combustion-chambered petrol engine of any bore between 3 inches and 8 inches when running at any compression ratio between 4/1 and 9/1 and at any speed from 1,000 r.p.m. upwards on an octane, ethyl alcohol, or benzene-air mixture of any strength between 20 per cent weak and 20 per cent rich. From these charts similar information in regard to any mixed petrol may be deduced with fair accuracy.The performance of actual engines is compared with the attainable performance in the light of views, given in some detail, relating to phenomena associated with the working fluid and the combustion of the charge. The conclusion is that improvement in charge mixing within each engine cylinder would lead to better performance. Characteristic merit and demerit curves are suggested which appear to be ca...


Bonding between a metal foam core and a metallic skin is a pre requisite for the technological application of aluminum foam as filling reinforcement material to improve energy absorption and vibration damping of hollow components. This work is a preliminary study for the microstructural characterization of the interface layer formed between a commercial powder metallurgy (PM) precursor and a steel mould during foaming. The microstructure of the intermetallic layer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and nanohardness measurements on the cross section. X-ray diffraction measurements, performed on the foam/substrate surface after stepwise material removal, allow the identification of the intermetallic phases. Two intermetallic layers, identified as Fe2Al5 and FeAl3, characterize the low Si foam/substrate while the AlSi10 foam/substrate interface evidences the presence of three Fe(Si, Al) intermetallic layers with different composition. Two and three different phases of increasing hardness could be distinguished going from the foam to the steel substrate for AlMg1Si0.6 and AlSi10 precursors respectively. The results suggest the importance of elemental diffusion from steel substrate in the molten aluminum matrix (foam). The possibility to control and tailor the microstructural properties of the interface between foam and steel skin is of fundamental importance in the technological process of foam filled structures manufacturing.


Concrete production system is an indispensable temporary project of the construction of hydropower stations.It aims to meet the needs of concrete quality and the production capability at pouring peak seasons,based on the construction schedules and concrete construction intensity.On the basis of geological situation and the actuality of Wanjia Kouzi Hydropower Station,the paper optimizes the techniques of concrete production system and its equipment,realizes the goals that make the system operate well and manage easily,construct and operate at low cost and meet the needs of production capability and quality,for the reference of the similar projects' construction.


Silicon clathrates are an open cage-like allotrope of silicon that is a metastable alternative to the more common diamond silicon. Si clathrates can have interstitial guests atoms typically alkali or alkaline earth metals that are positioned inside the cages. The intrinsic optical and electrical properties of the Si clathrate lattice and the tunable guest properties have made these compounds very interesting in the field of semiconductors, solar cells


Paper presents results for length of vegetation period as factor in common
 oak's (Quercus robur L.) phenological variability. Trees in two common oaks
 populations on two locations in area of Belgrade were researched. Average
 length of vegetation period on site Ada Ciganlija is 166 days, while in
 location Bojcinska suma is 179 days. Regarding that populations are in
 similar environmental and habitual conditions, differences in results should
 be treated as consequence of common oaks intra-specific variability and
 genetic structure of population. Significant differences in three consecutive
 years of observation are confirmed.


This study looks into the awareness and compliance of the students, faculty, and staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste Management Program. The level of awareness and extent of compliance of the respondents with the provisions of the solid waste management program along the segregation, 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal was looked into. Therelationship between the awareness and compliance of the respondents with the provisions of the solid waste management program was also identified. A total of three hundred sixty-seven (367) respondents participated in the study and was participated by the faculty, staff and students who finished their Environmental Science. Result shows that the majority of the respondents were students. The study revealed that solid waste management program were not really practiced and observed by the respondents. Respondents are somewhat aware of the provision of solid waste management according to segregation or separation and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) incuding disposal. Based on the results, it is recommended to have a mass implementation of the program since results show that the respondents are partially aware and never comply with the provisions of the solid waste management program according to disposal. Follow-up evaluation on awareness and compliance of the respondents should be done to detect decay in retention and performance. Disseminate concepts/techniques of segregation, recycling, and composting to the respondents. Information dissemination campaign to proper storage and pilling of waste at their house as well as to their environment. Increase public awareness of the negative impacts of solid waste management. Coordinate with adjacent barangays to be able to establish a common materials recovery facility.


The core competitiveness of cultural creative industry is the key to keep the continued competitive advantage of cultural industry.As the important element of the core competitiveness,innovation force becomes more essential for the cultural creative industry.Therefore,this article wants to assess the innovation of the cultural creative industry by using the multiple linear regression model,and point out the key element of affecting the innovation force.


Combination with the very high repetition rate requires to use the superconducting cavities to accelerate very short bunches for the FEL operation as it planned for LCLS-II. In the cavities these bunches excite very high frequency electromagnetic fields. There are severe concerns, that these fields will remain inside the structure for a long time, bring additional heating or even break up the Cooper pairs. We present results of the simulation of the transient dynamics of wake fields of very short bunches. We show how much of the energy is vanishing through the beam pipes immediately and how much energy is staying in the cavity for a long time. INTRODUCTION While passing a cavity a bunch creates electromagnetic fields. A fraction of these fields is staying in the cavity for a very long time (captured modes). After several reflections, another part is leaving the cavity and the rest of the field is chasing the bunch. In a time this field will catch the bunch and take its kinetic energy. The time or the distance, where the bunch is caught, is inversely proportional to the bunch length. It can be very long for a very short bunch. We may imagine that the spectrum of this part contains mainly high frequency modes. We will try giving the analyses for the TESLA cavity, as it is very important from the point of feasibility of the short bunch acceleration in super conducting cavities. To give quantitative values, we study the energy distribution of the wake field in a single cell cavity with connected tubes and in multi-cell cavities. In this paper we update the previous study [1]. For wake field calculation we use a computation code NOVO [2]. The algorithm for this code was specially designed for calculation of the wake fields of very short bunches. ENERGY OF THE WAKE FIELD To study the fields, which are really acting on particles, it is necessary to split the full field into the wake field, that really acts on the bunch particles and the "self" field, that is moving everywhere together with the bunch, but does not interact with particles (in the relativistic case). full bunch wake E E E (1) The energy distribution of the wake field, following the bunch, can be described by the longitudinal energy density s , which is the cross-plane integral over the energy density at a distance s after a bunch center: 2 2 0 0 2 2 wake wake s E s H s d rdr (2) The integral of this density represents the total energy that is following the bunch at a distance s


In order to control the spatial error in the finite element solution of a time-dependent partial differential equation we consider an estimate based upon the error in approximating the time derivative of the dependent variable. It is argued that this is the natural property of the spatial part of the solution to control and, as an illustration, a two-dimensional convection-diffusion problem is adaptively solved using a new error estimate based upon this approach.


This paper describes research by the British Ceramic Research Association into the strength of modern vitrified clay pipes on minimum beddings. It is mainly concerned with examining the need for the present strict specifications for class "D" trimmed trench bottom: line contact bedding. After setting out the theoretical considerations, the authors give an account of three series of trials that they made both in the laboratory and in the field. Results showed that settlements on sand varied with material, moisture content and particle size distribution, and on the hardness of clay. Load ratios for pipes supported on rubber bearers, hard clay, dried unfired bricks and flat fired bricks were found to accord with the theoretical equation for a critical gap of 20-25 per cent of the pipe length, whereas results on sand beds gave no indication of a critical gap length. The authors continue by setting out present regulations relating to minimum beddings together with tables of proposed lower limits for trimmed bottoms, untrimmed bottoms, sand heaps and granular material. Suggested bedding factors are also given. The authors discuss design and economic considerations and conclude with details of a suggested method for laying pipes so as to achieve the appropriate bedding factors. /TRRL/


The objective of the research work is to support the vulnerability that students have in learning at the cognitive level, in this way it is necessary to know the evolutionary stages of children, managing to understand them to enrich their development, for this it is necessary to consider a mediated learning model during class time; therefore, the fragility in children's learning should be better known by teachers due to the influence on cognitive development in the teaching-learning process of elementary school students. The exploratory research was carried out with the Inductive and deductive methods, focused on teachers, students, and parents with the purpose of evaluating the learning contents in the students, the result was that teachers and students should be linked to mitigate vulnerability, proposing interaction between both parties obtaining achievements with the academic objectives within the classroom.


Delay, echo, encoding scheme, and packet loss all influence perceived quality of conversational speech transmitted over packet networks. Therefore, the choice of a buffer algorithm cannot be solely based on statistical loss/delay trade-off metrics. Also subjective "listening tests" or the newer ITU-T PESQ method, which don't consider the effect of mouth-to-ear delay are inappropriate. We proposed a method for assessing VoIP call quality by extending the ITU-T E-model concept. This method provides a direct link to perceived conversational speech quality by estimating user satisfaction from the combined effect of information loss, delay and echo.


The authors present a case of seminal vesicle cyst and discuss the polymorphic clinical features and the examinations required to establish the diagnosis. Treatment is surgical and reserved to cysts with severe symptoms.


Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of training in Information Communication Technology-assisted (ICT-assisted) English language teaching on secondary school English language teachers' pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency. To achieve this goal, a one-group within-subject quasi-experimental design was utilized. Twenty-two (n = 22) teachers selected from three government secondary schools in Arba Minch and Sawla towns of Gamo and Gofa zones of South Nations, Nationalities, and the Peoples Regional State of Ethiopia were included in the study using a comprehensive sampling technique. Four rounds of repeated measurements were used to collect data and Friedman's test was used to compare the mean scores to examine the effects of the training on the teachers' pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency. Related-samples Kendall's coefficient of concordance (effect size) was also run using the same non-parametric test of Friedman's test to exmine the magnitude of the effect. The results revealed that training in ICT-assisted teaching has a significant effect on the pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency of the teachers. Moreover, the independent variable (training in ICT-assisted English language teaching) has a strong effect (effect size) on their pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency. Based on the results, in-service teacher training in ICT-assisted teaching is recommended to harness the potential of new technologies for English language teachers' professional development.


This paper proposed a novel technique, based on Maximal Entropy Ordered Weighted Averaging (ME-OWA), for prioritizing failures for corrective actions in a Criticality Analysis (CA). Most current CA methods use the Risk Priority Number (RPN) value to evaluate the risk of failure. However, conventional RPN methodology has been criticized to have four main shortcomings as below: (1) problem of the measurement scale; (2) severity, occurrence, and detection do not consider weighted with respect to one another in terms of risk; (3) the RPN scale itself has some non-intuitive statistical properties; (4) the RPN elements have many duplicate numbers. Therefore, an efficient, simplified algorithm to evaluate the orderings of risk for failure problems is needed. This paper proposed ME-OWA approach for reprioritization of failures in a system CA. The proposed methodology resolves some of the shortcomings of the conventional RPN method. In numerical verification, a CA of the Intelligent Power Module (IPM) is presented to further illustrate the proposed approach. After comparing the result that was obtained from the proposed method with the conventional RPN method, the result shows that the proposed approach can reduce more duplicated RPN numbers and get a more discriminative, reasonable risk assessment. As a result, the stability of product and process can be assured.


Sonography of the shoulder joint has developed into an established examination technique in diagnosis of periarticular lesions of the shoulder. We investigated the correlation between sonographic and anatomic changes of the rotator cuff of the shoulder in 24 cases.All patients were examined in the hyperextended internal rotation view.Patients were diagnosed as having a rotator cuff tear if one of three criteria was met: (1) absence of the cuff (2) thinning of the cuff, and (3) an echogenic focus at the discontinuity edge of the tendon.Twenty-two cases had full thickness tears and 2 cases had partial thickness tears, both of which had not been detected by sonography before arthrography was performed.Operative finding were similar to sonography, except in the two cases with partial tears.We concluded that sonography is an effective modality for the assesment of full thickness tears, but not for partial thickness tears.


This report describes performance analysis of the CernVM-FS FUSE which is a software distribution service used in high-energy physics research. The performance analysis was conducted in both kernel space as well as in userland. One of the main tools used throughout the project implementation is BPF Compiler Collection (BCC). BCC was used for doing performance analysis on the kernel side of the FUSE calls in CernVM-FS. Some new tools were developed for retrieving performance statistics of the FUSE calls based on the guidelines for developing new BCC programs using the python interface. Besides the kernel space, FUSE userland calls were also undergone performance analysis by means of the code instrumentation. Additionally, log2 histogram was merged to the devel branch of the CernVM-FS code repository.


Spectral analyses [UV absorbance:dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios, three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3DEEM)] and chemical analysis (fatty acid analysis) were carried out to investigate the characteristics of organic matter in and around Isahaya Bay regulating reservoir. As a result, it was revealed that soil-derived organic matter was the dominant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in and around the area. It was also shown that protein and humic substances were components of labile DOM and refractory DOM, respectively. In terms of particulate organic matter (POM), fatty acid analysis indicated that organic matter derived from phytoplankton was the main source of labile POM. In addition, organic matter from terrestrial plants were most likely to be more refractory than that from phytoplankton.


ADMS is a computerized system creating assembly drawings and bills of material. ADMS is characterized by newly developed Assembly Description Language and its processor. This paper discusses new technologies for ADMS implementation.


It is well known that life expectancy can be expressed as an integral of the survival curve. The reverse - that the survival function can be expressed as an integral of life expectancy - is also true.


partly supplementary in character to the latter. Until about 1933 all the educational magazines devoted some of their space to history of education; under the pressure of the present situation, however, which calls the atten tion of the educational world in Germany to the needs of the day, historical topics have been pushed to the background; moreover a number of periodi cals have been discontinued. For these reasons the list of periodicals is short. Bildung und Erzίehung (503) is a Catholic publication. Deutsches Bildungswesen (519), founded by the late Hans Schemm, National-Socialist minister of education in Bavaria, and leader of the National-Socialist Teachers' League, is the League's official publication of a more scientific character; thus historical articles published in it have a specific interest so far as they apply the National-Socialist idea of "rewriting the history of the past" to the history of education. Die Deutsche Schule (518) was formerly the leading periodical of the Deutsche Lehrerverein; its older volumes con tain many excellent historical studies. Die Erzίehung (528) is a "free" periodical, since it has no connection with any league or association, and is of very high standing. Its character changed little after 1933. The articles of Wenke (670) furnish very valuable material for the historian of edu cation. Volk im Werden (664), also independent of associations or groups, is the National-Socialist periodical of similar standing; while it does not definitely exclude historical studies, it devotes most of its space to presentday problems.


We find that ''natural'' Higgs-boson mass scales for observable matter-antimatter oscillations, among other predictions, are allowed in some spontaneous-symmetry-breaking chains of grand unified theories such as SU (16) (via SU (8)/sub I/ x SU (8)/sub II/ and SO (10) routes) and SO (10) with unification masses greater than 10/sup 14/ GeV, provided the Higgs multiplets are chosen in a certain left-right-asymmetric fashion.


Social control means control of social order.Social control in an ancient Chinese society was a process of integrated use of various measures.Throughout the Tang and Song Dynasties,social control was featured not only by worship of the authority of saints and by effective function of folk laws,but also by the following two aspects: firstly,the feudal orthodox ideology was considerably developed and changed in terms of its specific content,i.e.conflict between and integration of Confucianism and Buddhism,as well as the emergence and development of Neo-Confucianism;secondly,comprehensive ruling measures were adopted characterized by rule of virtue,courtesy,politics and penalty.The thought of administering the state by means of the rule of virtue,courtesy,politics and penalty was later enriched and developed and reached a new level in the Tang Dynasty.It was fully embodied in the laws of the Tang Dynasty and followed or carried forward by every succeeding dynasty and generation.


e20535 Background: In Greece there is limited information concerning the HRQL of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the HRQL of cancer patients and their relatives during the period of chemotherapy and to investigate potential differences in HRQL.

METHODS
122 family members (45 men and 77 women) of mean age 48.3 ±14.5 and 122 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (49 men and 73 women) of mean age 56.6 ±15.4 1SD completed the SF-36 health survey by personal interview. The SF-36 health survey was used to evaluate and compare HRQL which contains eight scales measuring physical functioning (PF), role physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health perception (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role emotional (RE), and mental health (MH), with higher scores (0-100 range) reflecting better-perceived health. Two component summary scores capture the overall physical and mental health (Physical Component Summary or PCS and Mental Component Summary or MCS). Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 13.0 while statistical analysis was performed with Wilcoxon signed ranks test.

RESULTS
The table below summarizes the results of our study.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the physical health was significantly higher in the family members as it was expected for a healthy population, the mental health and especially MCS was significantly lower from the cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. It seems that medical condition of the patients affects severely the mental HRQL of family members. Supportive psychological programs for both the patients and the family members seem mandatory. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.


Uterine rupture in an unscarred uterus is a rare occurrence. A 25 years old, multigravida woman with an unscarred uterus who was induced with misoprostol at a primary health center and referred to our facility with provisional diagnosis of placental abruption with fetal distress. We diagnosed her to have posterior uterine wall rupture with dead fetus. Active management with emergency laparotomy and obstetric hysterectomy led to complete recovery of the mother with uneventful 3 month follow up. The report highlights the need for judicious induction, considering uterine rupture as differential diagnosis even in an unscarred uterus in case of non progress of labor, and urgent referral to higher centre for timely management.


OBJECTIVE: To compare the maternal micronutrient levels in patients suffering from preterm delivery and women with term pregnancies and to assess the effect of maternal serum micronutrient levels on birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty preterm laboring pregnant women and 20 term pregnant women were enrolled. Serum iron, magnesium, copper and calcium levels were measured with "flamed atomic absorption technique". Hemoglobin levels, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores of the first and fifth minutes, socioeconomic status and smoking habits were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean value of serum iron levels was statistically lower in preterm group when compared with the term group. Other micronutrient levels were not differing. Birth weight, Apgar scores of the first and fifth minutes, gestational ages, hemoglobin and serum iron levels were found to be significantly lower in preterm group (p<0.001). Maternal serum iron levels, and hemoglobin levels were found to be correlated with gestational age and birth weight; however, with regression analysis only iron was found to be an independent factor affecting gestational age and birth weight. CONCLUSION: Maternal serum iron level is linearly correlated with birth weight and infant birth weight, but other micronutrients seem to have no association with preterm delivery and birth weight.


ABSTRACT The use of earth observation data for crop mapping and monitoring in West Africa has concentrated on rainfed systems due to its pre-dominance in the sub-region. However, irrigated systems, though of limited extent, provide critical livelihood support to many. Accurate statistics on irrigated crops are, thus, needed for effective management and decision making. This study explored the use of Sentinel 1 (S-1) and Sentinel 2 (S-2) data to map the extent and yield of irrigated crops in an informal irrigation scheme in Burkina Faso. Random Forest classification and regression were used together with an extensive field data comprising 842 polygons. Four irrigated crops (tomoto, onion, green bean and other) were classified while the yield of tomatoes was modelled through regression analysis. Apart from spectral bands, derivatives (e.g. biophysical parameters and vegetation indices) from S-2 were used. Different data configuration of S-1, S-2 and their derivatives were tested to ascertain optimal temporal windows for accurate irrigated crop mapping and yield estimation. Results of the crop classification revealed a greater overall accuracy (76.3%) for S-2 compared to S-1 (69.4%), with S-2 biophysical parameters (especially the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation i.e fAPAR) being prominent. For yield prediction, however, S-1 VV polarization came up as the most prominent predictor in the regression analysis ( = 0.63), while the addition of S-2 fAPAR marginally improved the fit ( = 0.64). Tomato yield in the study area was found to range from 1 to 16 kg m−2, although about 83% of the area have yields of less than 10 kg m−2. Our study revealed that early season images (acquired in December) perform better in classifying irrigated crop compared to mid or late season. On the other hand, the use of early to mid-season (December to February) images for yield modelling produced reasonable prediction accuracy. This indicates the possibility of using S-1 and S-2 data to predict crop yield prior to harvest season for efficient planning and food security attainment.


A family of interacting bosonic models is studied. A picture is suggested where each such conformal field theory is tensored with a conjugate one to give a free bosonic theory. It is shown that the lattice of the bosonic theory is determined in each case, and how the spectrum and correlation functions can be calculated. It is explained how flat directions can arise in such theories, allowing for an exact solution for a family of parameters. A large class of examples is discussed in detail. It is shown that for any rational value of the central charge c ≥ 3 there is an infinite number of distinct rational N = 2 theories which can be contracted by this method.


Previous work in hierarchical categorization focuses on the hierarchical perceptron (Hieron) algorithm. Hierarchical perceptron works on the principles of the perceptron,that is each class label in the hierarchy has an associated weight vector. To account for the hierarchy, we begin at the root of the tree and sum all weights to the target label.We make a prediction by considering the label that yields the maximum inner product of its feature set with its path-summed weights. Learning is done by adjusting the weights along the path from the predicted node to the correct node by a specific loss function that adheres to the large margin principal. There are several problems with applying this approach to a multiple class problem. In many cases we could end up punishing weights that gave a correct prediction, because the algorithm can only take a single case at a time. In this paper we present an extended hierarchical perceptron algorithm capable of solving the multiple categorization problem (MultiHieron). We introduce new aggregate loss function for multiple label learning. We make weight updates simultaneously instead of serially. Then, significant improvement over the basic Hieron algorithm is demonstrated on the aviation safety reporting system (ASRS) flight anomaly database and OntoNews corpus using both flat and hierarchical categorization metrics.


Rate constants have been measured by pulse radiolysis for the reactions of the carbonate radical, CO 3 .− , with a number of organic and inorganic reactants as a function of temperature, generally over the range 5 to 80 o C. The reactants include the substitution-inert cyano complexes of Fe II , Mo IV , and W IV , the simple inorganic anions SO 3 2− , ClO 2 − , NO 2 − , I − , and SCN-, several phenolates, ascorbate, tryptophan, cysteine, cystine, methionine, triethylamine, and allyl alcohol


The problem of the formation of charge separation in a plasma in the presence of a steep density gradient, the self-consistent electric field and the associated E×B velocity, are studied using a two-dimensional (2D) gyro-kinetic Vlasov code for the ions, with electrons following an adiabatic law. The code shows the formation of a one-dimensional (1D) equilibrium charge at the plasma edge. It is also shown that the presence of a small fraction of impurity ions at the plasma edge can have a significant effect in increasing the effective charge separation and the associated electric field. The present results show that only a kinetic code can solve the problem of the equilibrium electric field in the presence of a density gradient, and point to the important role played by the ions' gyro-radius in establishing a charge separation at a plasma edge.


Background: Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a common potentially life-threatening condition. Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is associated with poor prognosis in patients with APE. However, there is lack of information regarding electrocardiographic (ECG) changes and its relationship with APE prognosis. The aim of this study is to describe the ECG changes in APE and evaluate their relationship with RV dysfunction as an indicator of poor prognosis. Methods: From January 2010 to February 2017 all patients admitted in our coronary care unit (CCU) with APE were included. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to evaluate the relationship between ECG changes and RV dysfunction parameters in transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Results: 226 patients were included, 57.1% were female, mean age was 74.5 years (IR: 61- 81). At admission ECG and TTE were performed in all patients. The most frequent ECG findings at admission were Negative T waves, S1Q3T3 pattern and sinus tachycardia, in a 49%, 44% ...


Based on the analysis of different existing cracking processes, the DCP (downer catalytic pyrolysis) process is proposed for the production of light olefins from heavy feeds. A hot downer reactor with the height of 4.5 m and the inner diameter of 13 mm was designed and built to examine the details. The experimental results show that high olefins yields can be obtained from the DCP process: at the temperature of 659 °C and residence time of 0.75 seconds, the total yields of ethylene, propylene and butylene are up to 51.54 wt.-%, while the methane and coke are suppressed. At the same time, the stability of liquid products is desirable because of the high content of aromatics but low concentration of olefins.


The problem of memory interference in a multiprocessor system with a hierarchy of shared buses and memories is addressed. The behavior of the processors is represented by a sequence of memory requests with each followed by a determined amount of processing time. A statistical queuing network model for determining the extent of memory interference in multiprocessor systems with clusters of memory hierarchies is presented. The performance of the system is measured by the expected number of busy memory clusters. The results of the analytic model are compared with simulation results, and the correlation between them is found to be very high.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine association between participation degree and any changes in health behaviors in the Gyeongsangbuk-do Health Saemaeul Program, a community-based health promotion project. Methods: The study used surveys of the Gyeongsangbuk-do Health Saemaeul Program, in 2016, 2018 and data from KOSIS. Results: The multi-level linear regression analysis was completed with a total health behavior improvement score based on the six types of health behavior changes. People with temporal participation showed a higher total health behavior improvement score than the non-participants. Females showed a higher total health behavior improvement score than males and people with any chronic diseases showed a higher total health behavior improvement score than those without. None of the community-related variables showed any statistical significances. The results of the stratified analysis according to individual and community-related variables revealed that a group with the following community-related characteristics were more likely to have a higher total health behavior improvement score according to the participation degree; (1) a higher proportion of vulnerable subjects, (2) a higher financial self-reliance, and (3) a higher participation degree with willingness. No statistical significance was revealed with the individual characteristics. Conclusions: In order to enhance health status of its residents in a community-level, designing an integrated health promotion program in considering the community characteristics would be more effective. In order to improve the quality of the Gyeongsangbuk-do Saemaeul Health Program and to expand its effects, an establishment of strategic plans is required at the level of selecting the target community.


This work intends to analyse the indoor temperatures in the building of a Center of Professional Education located in the city of Feliz, in the South of Brazil. Three tools were used to do this analysis. Mahoney and Givoni Tables, which are traditional ones and the software DEROB-LTH (which is an acronym for Dynamic Energy Response of Building), a modern one. At first, the building was modeled to see its thermal performance. To the first analysis, the materials used were those specified in the original project. After that, some changes were done trying to improve the thermal performance of the building and six cases were studied for this purpose. The conclusion is that the building works better in the winter than in the summer. However, it is important to say that the original project presented the best performance among all cases. The details of the results will be shown in this paper. Conference Topic: 5 Materials, building techniques and sustainability.


This article summarizes the results of a research whose purpose was to analyze the level of relationship that can be established between attitudes towards Mathematics, performance in this subject and performance in the contents of Algebra as one of the essential subjects to learn. for the students. A quantitative design was used. The field work was carried out with 326 students, from two schools, of the General Secondary Education in Angola. A questionnaire was used to characterize attitudes in relation to Mathematics applying a Likert-type scale with 20 propositions (10 positive and 10 negative). A documentary analysis of the evaluation records was also made in the subject of Mathematics, of teachers and in the Secretariat of the schools, to determine the performance of the investigated subjects. For the analysis of the information, the mean, standard deviation, variance and regression analysis were used to model the relationships using equations. The results indicate that there is evidence of a relationship between: mathematical performance and attitude towards the Mathematics subject, between performance in Algebra and attitude towards Mathematics, and between mathematical performance and performance in Algebra.


The poor US performance on key population health measures is a call to action that justifies bold strategies to direct resources toward improvements in support of population health. US investments in health care amount to nearly one-fifth of national expenditures. Yet the United States is less healthy than other countries with a comparable standard of living, with a comparatively lower life expectancy at birth and a comparatively higher infant mortality rate higher than all other industrialized nations. Promising opportunities and actionable steps exist to achieving healthier communities. In this Viewpoint examining possibilities and priorities, we embrace the World Health Organization definition of health as "the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"; define the term population health in the sense of "total population health"; discuss actions to improve health in entire geographic regions1; and embrace the vision for a healthy community as a "strong, healthful, and productive society, which cultivates human capital and equal opportunity."2 Importantly, vital directions are highlighted for continuing to move US public health efforts on the path toward prevention.3 Many are national strategies to guide and facilitate universal and equitable reach. Their implementation requires a strong commitment to leveraging inherent assets of communities, mitigating circumstances of social disadvantage, considering the cultural and historical contexts of diverse communities, and assuring the protection of those that are particularly vulnerable to social and environmental stressors (ie, children, the elderly, and individuals with other conditions).


Abstract A new and rapid synthetic method of diaryl carbazone (ArN=NCONHNHAr) from aryl substituted carbazide is reported for the first time. Eight of the compounds were prepared by oxidation of aryl substituted carbazide using N-Bromosuccinimide and pyridine as the oxidation system in good yield under mild condition . This method only need simple instrument and short reaction time. A possible mechanism is suggested.


ABSTRACT We investigated the effectiveness of a human–animal interaction program, involving dogs from an animal shelter, in improving affect of adolescent males in inpatient treatment for substance use disorder (SUD). We hypothesized that adolescents would experience improvements in affect and attitudes toward activities when participating in human–dog interaction activities (dog-interaction condition) compared with "treatment-as-is" recreational activities (control condition). Participants were assigned to weekly 1-h-long condition activities for 8 weeks (4 weeks per condition). Due to attrition, only the participants' first and second exposures to each condition were evaluated. Using a withinand between-subjects, repeated measures crossover design, we assessed effects of the two conditions on affective states as indexed by Positive and Negative Affect Scale-Expanded Form (PANAS-X) subscales (mixed linear model, n = 12). Attitudes toward doginteraction and control activities were assessed using a researcher-generated survey (ordered logistic regression, n = 14, mean age = 16.2 years). Condition impacted Hostility (F(1,31) = 6.55, p < 0.05) and Sadness (F(1,41) = 4.62, p < 0.05) subscale scores; scores were higher following the control condition and lower following the dog-interaction condition. There was a carryover effect of condition in the previous activity session on Sadness scores during the current activity session (F(1,41) = 4.32, p < 0.05), suggesting that the prior session experience affected current expectations. In the attitudes survey, the dog-interaction condition elicited more positive responses than the control condition (X2 ≥ 4.10, df = 1, p < 0.05). From this exploratory study, we conclude that the dog-interaction activities induced an improvement in affect, specifically within dimensions of negative affect, and participants had a more favorable attitude toward the dog activities than the treatment-as-is activities. Offering activities involving interaction with shelter dogs thus shows promise as a useful method for restoring responsiveness to naturally reinforcing (non-substance-related) affective stimuli in adolescents with SUD.


While the Schumpeterian literature on innovation acknowledges recombination as an important source of novelty that advantages a firm, studies on market categories suggest that such hybridization tr...


One in nine adults in the United States has chronic kidney disease (CKD). Randomized studies show electronic health (e-health) systems improve health outcomes in chronic disease. This study describes a systematic evaluation of available CKD Web sites. We evaluated Web sites for educating patients with CKD, focusing on three specific design issues: usability, quality, and content. Thirty Web sites were evaluated between April and July 2004. Cohen's kappa and intraclass correlation of quartile rankings for two independent evaluators were calculated. Mean score for evaluator 1 was 7.293 (standard error 0.511) and for evaluator 2 was 8.189 (0.413). Cohen's kappa for the 2 evaluators' total scores for all 30 Web sites is 0.7671, and intraclass correlation is 0.7703. In general, results show that it is possible to identify Web sites more likely to provide a positive educational experience for CKD patients. Further evaluation is needed to investigate the utility of variably ranked Web sites as educational interventions.


This article analyzes the feasibility of implementing a participatory budget (PP) in Guatemala. It begins with a brief discussion on the meaning and potential of the PP in Brazil to establish a starting point for its implementation in Guatemala. The text briefly concludes with a list of challenges for local governments to undertake in order to demonstrate the necessary political will to duplicate this proposed development of public funds.


This chapter explores the creation of anti-poverty programs that functioned through the military manpower procurement system. Military resources were tapped to fight the War on Poverty and the War on Poverty was used to staff the military. Civilian rehabilitation programs identified clients through the system used to conscript soldiers. The Pentagon's Project 100,000 drafted men otherwise unqualified for military service into the armed forces, ostensibly to offer them skills they could use to become successful breadwinners in their civilian lives. Civilian rehabilitation programs and Project 100,000 both were based on the assumption that useful men financially supported their families. Both explicitly tied breadwinner masculinity to citizenship in the name of national defense. And both specifically targeted poor and minority men, overtly tying this constituency to the military to the exclusion of wealthier (white) men.


Commercial negotiation is very important in the economical activities of enterprises.In the course of negotiation,listening is the basic and essential means to comprehend and master the opinion and intension of the opposite side and the basis of working out negotiation strategy.Evidence shows that some barriers do exist in effective listening.Learning about and analyzing these barriers can help negotiators overcome the difficulties and improve the ability of effective listening.Therefore,it is very significant and essential for the negotiators to know and master the regulations and the skill of effective listening.


With the arrival of the globalization and informationization of knowledge, the higher request for knowledge and talent has been put forward during the development of the human society. Despite the attention of the whole society given to knowledge and talent at present, knowledge poverty and talent depletion are still the restricted factors of the social development. This situation has its deep historical reasons. Until the Cultural Revolution after new China was established, because of various kinds of reasons, the intellectuals had been under the other register. The view of knowledge uselessness appeared in the whole society. The contemplation of these historical lessons has important theoretic and practical meanings.


This study was carried out with a view of assessment of financial management as a tool for control in public sector. With special reference to ministry of finance, Borno State and to suggest on how to alleviate them. These included: (1) lack of good records keeping. (2) Mismanagement of funds and, (3) centralization of meaning financial resources in the execution of the ministry among other things: the reviewed was the review of related literature. The related was management, public sector, financial control, characteristics of financial control result in key areas, objective of financial control, and import of financial control and financial management. Following importance description of method of data collection, one hundred (100) management staff were issued to them. Some expected validity of the instrument use for the research work were personal interview. Similarly, the presentation of the various information received from the respondents were been tabulated and shown. There are various discussions in the outcome of the summary, conclusion and observed recommendations based on the outcome of the research work to the case study and of course, the acknowledgment of the various past writers used.


Introduction Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder (ATPD) is a group of rare psychotic disorders characterized by acute onset, symptom fluctuation and short duration typically followed by complete recovery. Throughout the time, there have been different attempts to classify these disorders (Bouffée Délirante, Cycloid Psychosis, etc.); nevertheless, in the current date, ATPD encompasses a broad spectrum of heterogenous clinical presentations with low diagnostic stability over time. Objectives To describe a case of ATPD, highlighting the variability of its' psychopathological phenomena and establishing a comparison with historical descriptions of this nosological entity. Methods Clinical case report and brief review of literature. Results V, 20-year old male without psychiatric history, presents in the emergency room exhibiting fluctuant psychopathology over the preceding two weeks – initially with depressive mood, anhedonia, apathy, bizarre behaviors and soliloquies; afterwards, showing paranoid delusional ideation; total insomnia in the previous 2-3 days; finally, showing grandiose delusional ideation; and throughout the episode, revealing pseudohallucinatory verbal activity assuming multiple identities. Several stress factors were identified in close time-relation with the onset of these symptoms. V. started risperidone 2mg 2id and quetiapine 100mg id and was discharged 2 weeks later, fully recovering from these psychopathological phenomena. V. remains asymptomatic at 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions Historically, some classifications of this disorder focus on etiological factors, others on clinical evolution and course, and yet another group on separation from the Kraepelinian duality (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). ATPD is a diagnosis with high clinical heterogeneity and low stability over time, which can have implications in follow-up and long-term outcome.


Significance Too often, ecological monitoring studies are designed without understanding whether they have sufficient statistical power to detect changes beyond natural variability. The Peace–Athabasca Delta is North America's largest inland delta, within a World Heritage area, and is currently threatened by human development. Using multispecies occupancy models we show that the wetland macroinvertebrate community is highly diverse, and spatial and temporal turnover are so high that composition is nearly random, emphasizing stochastic processes of assembly. Using DNA metabarcoding, our study detected more taxa, both overall and per sample, than traditional morphology-based sample processing, increasing our power to detect ecosystem change. Improving data quality and quantifying error are key to delivering effective monitoring and understanding the dynamic structure of the metacommunity. The complexity and natural variability of ecosystems present a challenge for reliable detection of change due to anthropogenic influences. This issue is exacerbated by necessary trade-offs that reduce the quality and resolution of survey data for assessments at large scales. The Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD) is a large inland wetland complex in northern Alberta, Canada. Despite its geographic isolation, the PAD is threatened by encroachment of oil sands mining in the Athabasca watershed and hydroelectric dams in the Peace watershed. Methods capable of reliably detecting changes in ecosystem health are needed to evaluate and manage risks. Between 2011 and 2016, aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled across a gradient of wetland flood frequency, applying both microscope-based morphological identification and DNA metabarcoding. By using multispecies occupancy models, we demonstrate that DNA metabarcoding detected a much broader range of taxa and more taxa per sample compared to traditional morphological identification and was essential to identifying significant responses to flood and thermal regimes. We show that family-level occupancy masks high variation among genera and quantify the bias of barcoding primers on the probability of detection in a natural community. Interestingly, patterns of community assembly were nearly random, suggesting a strong role of stochasticity in the dynamics of the metacommunity. This variability seriously compromises effective monitoring at local scales but also reflects resilience to hydrological and thermal variability. Nevertheless, simulations showed the greater efficiency of metabarcoding, particularly at a finer taxonomic resolution, provided the statistical power needed to detect change at the landscape scale.


This research, which was conducted in Saba Padang Village, Panyabungan Timur District, Mandailing Natal Regency, aims to analyze the influence of the presence of an e-commerce platform on Facebook social media on adolescent entrepreneurship interest in Saba Padang Village, East Panyabungan District. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, because this research is a social phenomenon that is shown by the subject to be studied. This research method was conducted by observing and interviewing 20 teenagers, the interview was conducted by asking 10 questions related to the research objectives. The results of this study were obtained, first, there was a desire from teenagers to carry out entrepreneurial activities, this was delayed due to the need for large capital. Second, The motivation of teenagers in Saba Padang Village is high, but they collide on several things such as capital and skills in marketing. Third, there is the influence of the existence of E-commerce with the interest of teenagers in carrying out entrepreneurial activities, because of the simple way of working with the existence of E-Commerce.