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Before 1980, there were few published data on alcohol use and abuse as a precursor, concomitant, or consequence of sexual violence toward women. In the last 10–15 years the extent to which many women suffer sexual abuse and violence at the hands of a drinking perpetrator has been recognized, and researchers have attempted to understand the complex relationships between alcohol use and violence against women. Most theories consider alcohol consumption or alcohol abuse in victim or perpetrator as an antecedent or contributor to sexual abuse.
Incest and Childhood Sexual Abuse
The first national study of childhood sexual victimization reported a rate of 27% for women. Moreover, these estimates are probably low due to underreporting. There are only occasional references in the literature on childhood incest (or other childhood sexual abuse) to its role in the development of alcohol abuse in women, and studies of women alcohol abusers that examine history of childhood incest or other sexual abuse are still rare. The literature in this area suggests a strong association between childhood incest and sexual abuse and the development of alcohol abuse. The prevalence rates for a history of incest among alcoholic women range from 12% to 85% and vary according to the population being studied (i.e., AA meetings, treatment facility women). Most authors note that the rates of incest reported by alcoholic women are significantly higher than rates reported in the general population. The few studies– that compare the prevalence of childhood incest in alcoholic and nonalcoholic women controls support this finding. In a recent study, Miller et al. determined that not only did alcoholic women in treatment have higher rates of childhood sexual and physical abuse than women in a general population, they also had more childhood sexual and physical abuse than women receiving mental health services who had no alcohol problems. The findings persisted even after demographic characteristics and parents' drinking practices were controlled. The Wilsnack and Klassen national survey also suggested a strong association between childhood sexual abuse and problem drinking.
The personality profile of the women incest survivor bears a striking resemblance to that of the alcoholic woman. Hurley, in a review of the literature on women and incest and women and alcohol, illustrates the commonalities when these two areas of research are juxtaposed. For example, the alcoholic woman tries to conceal her drinking problem while the incest survivor frequently tries to conceal her incest experience. Both have a chaotic disruptive childhood and both groups frequently exhibit acting-out behavior during adolescence that results in school difficulties, drinking behavior, and "promiscuity." Finally, the alcoholic woman as well as the incest survivor experiences difficulties related to sexual functioning and development of intimacy. These common characteristics frequently are hypothesized as significant for the development of alcoholism in women.
The increased rate of childhood sexual victimization reported among women alcoholics may be a consequence of the instability — often associated with parental alcoholism — frequently reported in their family of origin. Incest that occurs within the context of the alcoholic family is usually a result of the alcoholic father's behavior. Additionally, incest has also been shown to occur when an alcoholic mother is unavailable to her husband. As a result, her husband may turn to the daughter for the support and love he once received from his wife. A recent dissertation on adult adjustment of daughters of alcoholics found that incest was more likely to have occurred when the mother was the alcoholic parent.
As Hurley has noted, an important question is why some female incest survivors become alcoholic and others do not. In a small qualitative study using a semistructured interview with ten alcoholic and nine nonalcoholic incest survivors, both groups reported difficulties with sex and intimacy. The alcoholic incest survivors more often complained of sexual inhibition, lack of orgasm, and low sexual arousal and used alcohol to medicate these feelings and to lower sexual inhibition. In contrast, nonalcoholic incest survivors identified their major sexual problem as a lack of interest in sex and as a result tended to avoid sex.
A complementary approach has been to compare alcoholic women who do or do not have histories of childhood incest. Retrospective clinical studies report that alcoholic incest survivors experienced sexual dysfunction more frequently. Although limited by their retrospective methodology, these studies suggest that for this subgroup of women sexual dysfunction and alcohol problems may develop in tandem. For incest survivors, as for other women with sexual dysfunction, alcohol may be used to self-medicate sexual difficulties or other modes of functional or dysfunctional coping may be invoked. The development of alcoholism or alcohol abuse is most likely for those women who self-medicate with alcohol. The high rates of sexual dysfunction found in incest survivors may be an intervening variable that explains their high rates of alcohol abuse (and alcoholic women's high rates of childhood incest).
Finally incest experiences of alcoholic women and nonalcoholic women have been compared. Findings suggest that chemically dependent women report a younger age at first sexual incident; longer duration of abuse; and more violent abuse.
Studies of childhood incest and alcohol abuse have been limited by varying definitions of incest, lack of appropriate theoretical models, and failure to examine variations in incest experience that may be linked to level of adult adjustment and type of substance abuse or other psychiatric problems in adulthood. Important variables may include the age at which incest first occurred, type and severity of abuse, relationship of the perpetrator, the length of time that the abuse occurred, whether the woman disclosed the experience, and the reaction when she disclosed (i.e., was she believed). More studies are needed that link variation in childhood incest experiences to drinking patterns and problems and examine personal characteristics and social environments that protect childhood incest survivors from development of drinking problems and promote their healthy adult adjustment.
Sexual Assault and Alcohol Consumption
Researchers who focus on sexual assault have a difficult time with definitions. As reported by Abbey et al. legal definitions of rape and sexual assault can vary by state or by the particular legal enforcement organization. As a result of the variation in definitions of sexual assault and rape, prevalence rates must be interpreted with caution. In most cases an underestimation of the behavior in question is likely. Abbey et al. utilized the term sexual assault to describe any nonconsensual sexual contact, including penetration, whereas the term rape is reserved for sexual behaviors that involve penetration.
It is estimated that 50% of rapes are associated with alcohol use by perpetrator, victim, or both.– The direction of the relationship between alcohol and sexual assault cannot be clearly delineated. What can be stated is that women who experience sexual assault or rape are often the victims of intoxicated offenders. In a national study 60% of women respondents reported that someone who was drinking had become "sexually aggressive" toward them. Additionally, research suggests many women who have a history of alcohol abuse or who drink heavily concomitantly have a history of sexual assault. Wilsnack reported that 30 to 75% of women alcoholics have experienced incest or adult sexual assault. Kilpatrick reported that sexual assault victims were more likely than nonsexual assault victims to have a substance abuse disorder, and in a paper presented by Abbey, women who had histories of sexual assault drank more than women who had never been sexually assaulted. It is possible that women who abuse alcohol or other drugs or who simply are heavier drinkers are at a higher risk for sexual assault or rape because of their lifestyles. Further research is needed to determine the temporal ordering between sexual assault and heavy or problem drinking in adult women and to examine if such temporal relationships are causal ones.
Sexual assault is most common in younger women (late adolescence to early adulthood). Many women that fall into this age group are students on college campuses. Alcohol consumption is a major part of college life. Reported rates of alcohol consumption on college campuses is higher than in the general population and college women have been shown to be at increased risk for acquaintance rape.
Acquaintance Rape. Acquaintance rape is very common on American college campuses. From 15 to 30% of college women report they have experienced acquaintance rape, usually at the hands of a fellow student. Frequently, alcohol use is associated with acquaintance rape either by the assailant, the victim, or both. Kanin found that the second strongest factor of acquaintance rape was excessive alcohol use by college men. Koss and Dinero concurred that alcohol use was one of the strongest predictors of assault on college women victims. College women who have been sexually assaulted had more frequent alcohol consumption and drank more frequently during consensual sex than college women who had not experienced assault.
Abbey proposed seven explanations for the relationship between alcohol consumption and date rape on college campuses, three related to the male perpetrator and four related to the female victim. Many of these explanations are also applicable for the relationship between alcohol use and other kinds of sexual assault and to other victim populations. Explanations for the relationship between acquaintance rape and alcohol consumption for men include: (1) expectancies about the effects of alcohol; (2) misperception of women's intentions; and (3) the use of alcohol as a valid excuse for forced sexual interactions. Men's beliefs about the effects of alcohol can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy that concludes in what they believe to be consensual sex but legally is defined as acquaintance rape. Males expect alcohol to disinhibit behavior, especially sexual behavior, and these expectancies shape postdrinking behavior. The effects of alcohol on the cognitive system also can decrease a man's ability to accurately interpret a woman's intentions in a drinking environment.
Studies suggest that men interpret a variety of female behaviors including use of alcohol in dating situations as more indicative of a woman's willingness to have sex than do women. Men's beliefs about the types of women that consume alcohol can increase the risk of date rape in women. Garcia and Kushnier asked college students to rate a female student's sexuality based on three factors: academic performance, attractiveness, and drinking behavior. The female students who were attractive, drank, and had a low academic record were rated as more sexual than any of the other combination of the three variables of characteristics of females students. In another study, George et al. used a vignette depicting a woman on a date consuming alcoholic or nonalcoholic drinks to examine perceived sexual availability. They found that a woman who drank on a date was rated as more sexually predisposed, more sexually available, and more like to engage in foreplay and intercourse than a nondrinking female date. This study varied only women's drinking behavior, not that of their male partners, and did not include sexual aggression as a part of the vignette. Thus it appears that in college situations just the fact that a female student drinks can put her at risk.
Men are socialized to believe that if they wait long enough and persist hard enough, the woman's resistance to their sexual advances will eventually break down. The use of force in a sexual encounter often is consistent with male socialization practices in the United States, and men may use alcohol as a justification for their use of force. Koss et al. surveyed thousands of undergraduates and found that 25% of college men surveyed admitted to sexually aggressive behavior, with 75% of them using alcohol or drugs prior to the incident.
Abbey proposed four explanations regarding women that affect the relationship between alcohol use and date rape: (1) poor sending and receiving of sexual cues; (2) a diminished coping response due to the effects of the alcohol on the cognitive system; (3) existing stereotypes about women and drinking; and (4) an enhanced sense of responsibility. Much research on women's feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that may influence the relationship between alcohol and acquaintance rape focuses on the perception of enhanced responsibility. In a study in which college students given vignettes about a college woman who had been raped after a party, the woman was perceived as more responsible for the rape if she had been drinking but the male attacker was held less responsible if he had consumed alcohol. A more recent study that focused on judgments about an acquaintance rape scenario is one of the few that sampled young adults over 21 rather than only college students. The findings did not support the above contention that the woman is held more responsible if she had been drinking at the time of the rape. Their results show that acquaintance rape is not judged as negatively when both parties have been drinking and is judged more severely when only the victim was drinking. The beliefs held regarding the role that alcohol consumption, both by the assailant and victim, has on judgment, responsibility, and behavior may encourage harsh or lenient prosecution of offenders. In addition, the counseling and support offered victims may be influenced by such beliefs about the responsibility of the victim who consumes alcohol, and the involvement of alcohol in the assault may result in blaming the victim who is in need of help.
The social context in which drinking occurs can have differential effects on expectations and drinking patterns. College women and men have been shown to use and abuse alcohol for different reasons. It has been suggested that women may use alcohol to increase feelings of worth, reduce feelings of anxiety in social situations, and help them feel better about themselves. If these are some of the underlying factors involved in college women's drinking behavior, Abbey's proposed explanations for the relationship between alcohol and date rape can be further understood. The drinking woman in a more relaxed state sends sexual cues that confound with a man's expectations of a woman who drinks and can increase the risk of rape against a women who needed the drink to better enable herself to function socially. While the woman may view alcohol as helping her in social situations, in contrast it may be doing just the opposite. This is consistent with Brown et al. who, in studying self-report expectancies, found that women expected more global positive changes from drinking, while men expected more arousal and aggression.
Although most research on acquaintance rape involves college populations, more broadly defined populations occasionally have been studied. It is unfortunate that more attention has not been given to other groups of women, particularly poverty-level women in urban settings who are believed to be at greatest risk for sexual assault. Distinctions have been made in the literature regarding the degree of relationship between perpetrator and victim and how these affect sexual assault patterns. Marital status has been found to be a mediating variable between alcohol consumption and violence against women. For married women, a violent assault is usually preceded only by her spouse's drinking behavior, while for an unmarried women her own participation in drinking is more likely to be found when there was an assault. This implies that a married women may be viewed by her husband as property. She does not require any "loosening up" through alcohol consumption on her part in order for him to have sex with her. A man may feel more entitled to sexual behavior from an intimate partner than from a partner with whom he is less intimate. On the other hand, the unmarried woman requires more effort. If the perpetrator can get her drunk, he then may have his way. The consumption of alcohol by the man, in many cases, contributes to an excuse for his behavior. Morgan argues that the connection between disinhibition as a prerogative of power and drinking behavior can be used to uphold male domination over women; that is, the man is believed to have the right to his drinking (and sexually violent) behavior. Morgan's thesis is supported by several studies showing that men with stronger beliefs in traditional gender roles are more likely to commit sexual assault. Beliefs about the negative effects of alcohol on disinhibition allows men to invoke alcohol consumption as an excuse for sexual violence against their partners.
Selections from the book: "Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Volume 12: Alcoholism and Women." Edited by Marc Galanter. An Official Publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism. 1995.


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A course on principles of Tajweed recitation of the Holy Quran is underway in Turkey's southeastern Diyarbakir province.
According to Anadolu news agency, the course is being held in the city of Lice.
It has been organized by the Dar al-Ifta Center of the province in cooperation with the office of Lice's governor general
Huliya Cerlic, an instructor of the course, said it began in September and will continue until May.
She said the participants are very happy with their progress in learning the principles of Tajweed.
She added that in addition to Tajweed, those taking the course learn lessons in Islamic sciences like Fiqh (jurisprudence) and Hadiths.
Cerlic went on to say that a kindergarten has been launched near the center where the course is held, so that the participants can leave their kids there and learn the lessons without any worries.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wig & Pen Pizza/
My wife and I love eat pizza and Wig & Pen in Ankeny. The place has a full bar, tv's though out, tables for families, and booths for a cozy date. They offer appetizers, sandwiches, salads, and pizza. They even have a kids menu.
The pizza has 3 different styles from thin crust to a Chicago like deep dish. My wife and I like the thin crust - because it is lighter on cheese and is super crispy. The big tomato has more cheese, tomatoes slices on top, and on a thin crust. Very good as well- but very cheesy. We have yet to try the Chicago deep dish- looks good too. If you have tried it please let me know what you think. Download the Ankeny Menu.
3 Locations in Iowa


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Chair of Governors
Foundation Governor
Chair of the Resources Committee
I am currently Chair of Governors, a role which is decided at the start of each academic year. As well as chairing the Full Governing Body, I also chair the Resources Committee, which oversees finance, staffing. Along with Chairs of other Committees, I ensure we have the right mix of expertise and make best use of knowledge on our Governing Body and the right structure; we review this at the end of each academic year. As a Body we work closely with the Head Teacher and the Senior Leadership Team to provide the right amount of challenge and support.
I have lived in Garsington for over 13 years and both my children are at Garsington School. I am also on St Mary's Parochial Church Council, where my nomination for the School Governing Body comes from. I have been a School Governor since 2010.
My working background is mainly in adult social care having worked in local government and civil service for over 25 years and now in the private and voluntary sector supporting sector-led improvement.
Governing Body >


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The Oregon Distillers Trail begins and ends at Troutdale, Oregon on Saturday, July 13th at the historic McMenamins Edgefield. Guests can stroll around the meadow at Blackberry Hall and sample from more than 100 Oregon made spirits from 20+ Oregon Distilleries – and pair those spirited samples with the tasty bites from Black Rabbit Restaurant executive chef Kenny Giambalvo. The event will include bottle sales, an exciting silent auction and fun distillery tours. Add all this to Edgefield's 102nd Birthday Celebration and you have yourself one amazing festive, filled with Oregon spirits, food, music and the great outdoors at beautiful Edgefield. Event goes from 1-6pm, tickets are $20 in advance and $25 at the door.
Purchase your ticket now!


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14" Orbus 3.0 Hardsided Case *Available in November 2015
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I don't think we've yet had this year a Snowmageddon or Snowpocalypse or whatever cutesy name you East Coasters and Midwesterners like to give to large snow storms. Still, it never hurts to have your snow-themed videos cued up early. Zak Morgan, with the latest video from his The Barber of the Beasts album, has got your "Snow Day" back. It's as if Tom Waits filmed a video involving a man dressed in a chicken suit at the airport. Likeable even if you got gypped and school was just open 2 hours late.
Zak Morgan - "Snow Day" [Vimeo]


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Lord Mayors Charity
The Lord Mayor, Councillor Susan Cooley has designated 'Age Friendly Manchester' as one of the focuses of the We Love MCR Charity during her year of office and invites funding applications from groups and organisations that support this theme.
Age-friendly Manchester is about improving the quality of life for older people in the city and the Age-Friendly Manchester Team works with a range of older people, groups and organisations to do this.
Examples of their work include: …
•Helping make neighbourhoods better places for older people.
•Helping the Council listen to and involve older people in decision making and helping to improve services for them.
•Supporting the Cultural Champions programme, the Older Peoples Forum and age-friendly networks.
We Love MCR will also be supporting the following project themes for 2015:
The objective will be to find new and current Manchester projects and give them increased exposure, alongside multi platforms to help raise the funds needed to accomplish their goals.
Funding applications that support all of these themes, as well as all other projects looking for funding in Manchester, are invited.


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I want my girlfriend to be a little s***
She's always complaining that I don't ever "want to" have s** with her, but I've got a small d*** and I have a hard time getting and staying hard during s**. On top of this her ex is jacked and mixed, so his d*** is probably huge. She's had s** with a few more people than me (probably around 15, and I've had actual s** with close to ten girls.) It kind of turns me on thinking about her drinking and being a little closet s***. She gets really f***** up after a few drinks and I bet she's a little w**** when she's drunk and not around me. Her best friend is cheating on her boyfriend with a married man and another one of her best friends also has a guy on the side. She talks like she got around some in high school and was only into baseball players for a period so I'm a little jealous of baseball players.
If anybody wants to kik me about her or see any pics of her add me: SprangBreakForeva
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BWW Reviews: Facing Moral Dilemmas in a Crumbling Garage - NORTH OF THE BOULEVARD at CATF
[Note: The Contemporary American Theater Festival each year produces five new American plays in Shepherdstown, WV (an hour and a half from Baltimore) Wednesdays through Sundays throughout July. This is a review of one of this year's productions. Each will be separately reviewed in this space.]
It is 2008. Trip's world is in full-fledged collapse. The garage he owns is facing competition from a new Pep Boys, his neighborhood is changing (African immigrants living across the street throw garbage on the lawn), his school-aged son has been badly beaten in a racially-motivated attack, and the principal of the school cannot be counted on to set matters to rights. A malevolent political boss has died, leaving Trip responsible to pay unrespectful respects. A tree, the last in the neighborhood, reportedly, has fallen and smashed through the wall of the garage. He has covered it over with an Obama campaign poster that bears the single word HOPE, an ironic choice in view of the essential hopelessness of the mostly white working-class denizens of his unnamed city. (I was thinking of Detroit when I saw the play, though the auto in the shop bore Pennsylvania plates, and playwright Bruce Graham is a Philadelphian.)
Trip (Brit Whittle) needs to get himself and his family "up north of the Boulevard," to a more civilized neighborhood, but has no means to do so. And his companions are equally trapped. Old man Zee (Michael Goodwin) hangs out at Trip's shop because no other business will allow him in the door; he's even been kicked out of McDonald's. Zee's son Larry (Jason Babinsky), a hapless-seeming young man, has an insane and risky plan to beat life's evident plan for him by running for political office against the machine, but he cannot manage to obtain a single signature on his candidacy petition. Security guard Bear (Jamil A.C. Mangan), the improbable African American member of the circle (improbable because companion Zee is odiously racist and because Bear himself adheres to right-wing political views), refers to a box full of McDonald's cups with Monopoly sweepstakes pull-off tabs as his 401(k) plan.
Then an unexpected circumstance dumps an opportunity in Trip's lap. The only problem is that, to take it, Trip would need to leave his integrity behind and possibly risk going to jail. Is getting north of the Boulevard worth it for Trip and his buddies? Does Trip even have a meaningful choice? These are the questions Graham's play poses, topical questions indeed in a world where the middle class is being hollowed out and the working class is being pounded.
As I've written elsewhere, at the Contemporary American Theatre Festival in Shepherdstown, WV, which is apparently giving this play its second outing, it becomes clear which plays are finished products and which still need more work, and this is definitely one of the "needs more work" variety. Act Two, where Trip's opportunity becomes clear and he and his colleagues have to decide whether they're going to risk taking it, works well. But Act One, by common consent of every attendee I spoke to, is a mess: too many negligible plotlines, too much exposition, too much chaos of characters talking over each other, too much information delivered obliquely. By the time the audience finds its sea legs, the act is over.
Bruce Graham shared with the crowd at a playwrights' forum that he had worked in standup comedy, and it shows in this material. There are lots of wisecracks, and the profane cynicism of the characters has a standup sensibility. For instance, Bear comments on a children's classic:
Winnie the Pooh. Not till you're an adult you realize how fucked up the 100 Acre Wood was. Ya got that donkey - what's his name -
Right. He's a fuckin' manic depressive. Piglet's got the shakes. Owl's got Alzheimers. Christopher Robin - he's a little light in the loafers with those shorts and everything. Tigger, man, he's got like ADD or somethin'. And Pooh's got a fuckin' eating disorder. I mean, kids think this is all so great - know what I'm sayin' - but that 100 Acre Wood was one fucked up place.
This is funny, all right, but it doesn't tell us much about Bear's personality, and it doesn't observably advance the plot or the theme. As it happened, not too long before seeing Graham's play, I'd attended a revival of The Odd Couple, which, though a bit dated, also has a strong helping of the same standup sensibility. But Neil Simon knows how to hitch the quips to the plough and use them to pull the play along. And as I watched Graham's work I could not help but wish that Graham when revising would emulate how the master does it. But just some work to clarify and declutter Act One will do plenty to help the play.
As always at Shepherdstown, there is absolutely nothing but good to say of the performances. Brit Whittle, who also has a variety of very different roles in another CATF play this season, brings a weary but possibly limited decency to the role of Trip. Jason Babinsky, who is also to be seen doing something completely different in that other play, makes the most of portraying an adenoidal schlemiel who just may be onto something for once. Goodwin and Mangan are also unexceptionable.
Also worthy of superlatives is the set by David M. Barber. I can't say I've ever seen another play set in a working garage, but if I had, I bet I'd have found this one more convincing, incorporating a complete slightly derelict-looking automobile. There are plays that just work better with a hyper-realistic set, and this is one of them. I think, in the past couple of years, I've only seen one set to equal it, John Lee Beatty's creation for The City of Conversation at the Lincoln Center (a meticulously-detailed cross-section of most of the first floor of an elegant Georgetown home), doubtless realized with a far greater budget.
Despite the work it still needs, North of the Boulevard is worth a look. The dilemma it poses is one for these troubled times, much of the bitter laughter it provokes is telling, and the acting and the set redeem much.
North of the Boulevard, by Bruce Graham, directed by Ed Herendeen, through August 3, at the Frank Center Stage, 260 University Drive, Shepherdstown, WV 25443. Tickets $30-$59, www.catf.org/boxoffice, 304-876-5443 (credit cards) or 304-876-3473. Adult themes, adult language.


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Q: What hyped up book do you think was worth all the talk?
Thursday, September 20, 2012
Feature & Follow Friday September 21
Q: What hyped up book do you think was worth all the talk?
11 comments:
Hi there! I'm a new follower hopping by on FF. My blog: morgankatz505.blogspot.comReplyDelete
Hopping through. Totally agree on Hunger Games. It was un-put-downable.ReplyDelete
My Hop
I never expected I would enjoy this series so much. I'm not the Dystopia type of reader but this series changed my mind about the genre completely.ReplyDelete
Excellent answer! Happy Friday! My FFReplyDelete
My answer's the same! Go Katniss! :DReplyDelete
New follower via GFC :)
My post - F&F
Addie @ READioactive
A great pick! The Hunger Games is so popular this week :)ReplyDelete
My FF
Have a nice weekend.
See, giving into book blogger peer pressure is always a good thing!!ReplyDelete
Thanks for stopping by and giving me a follow, now I'm following you!
This is my third FF :-)
Your blog is very cute! Totally agree with you, Hunger Games is awesome!
I'm following now.
Happy blogging!
I haven't read it yet but I do have the first book, just have to get to reading it.ReplyDelete
My FF
I really enjoyed the Hunger Games :)ReplyDelete
Old follower here
The Hunger Games was seriously awesome and one of my favorites! :)ReplyDelete
New follower!
Here's my FF @ Pink Fluffy Hearts


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Various health benefits of becoming a vegan or vegetarian.BY: David Prakash Kumar | Category: Food and Drinks | Post Date: 2009-10-16
Vegan diet or vegetarian diet is common around the world. There are people who love vegan diet. These people o not consume meat that is got from any animal. They usually do not eat fish and eggs. People who eat this diet are called vegans or vegetarians. Vegan diet or a vegetarian diet is considered to be boring by people who eat meat. Actually there are somany different fruits and vegetales that can be consumed by a person on a vegan diet that they seldom get bored of eating the same kin of food.
The various health benefits of being o a vegan or vegetarian diet are listed in this article.
1. Prevention of diseases:
One of the first and fore most benmefits of becoming a vegan is the ability of the person to become healthy and have reduced number of diseases. There is a reduction in the number of various chronic as well as acute diseases. Some of the common diseases that are prevented by eating a vegan diet are strokes, heart attacks, eye diseases, bone and bone related problems. This decrease in the incidnece of the diseases mentioned above are due to the various substances that are present in the vegetables and fruits. The anti oxidants, vitamins, proteins and minerals in the food that vegetarian people consume help to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
2. Physical fitness:
People who are on a vegetarian diet have been found to be more physicaly fit. There is a reduced incidence of obesity in people who are on a diet of plant based foods. The fat that is seen in animal based foods help to increase the cholesterol and fat deposits in the body of a person leading to obesity.Those who eat plant based food are healthier and also have more chance of reducing the weight. They are also physically more active.
3. Balanced diet:
People who are on a vegan diet are the ones who get a balanced nutrition. This is because of the rpesence of various vitamins, minerals and proteins in plant based foods. Fruits and vegetables are also good sources of various other substances that are health benefiting in nature. Thu vegetarian diet can provide a balanced diet to those who consume them.
4. Other benefits:
There are various other health related benefits of becoming a vegan. These include a decreased risk of infection from various animal based diseases. In the recent past, there have been many instances of diseases that are animal related. These include mad cow disease, bird flu, swine flu and other such diseases. The risk of getting some of these diseases can be reduced if people are vegan. There is also a reduced risk of getting salmonella infection and other infection that can be got from eating animal based foods that are not properly cooked.
These are some of the amazing health benefits of going vegan. The physcial benefits and disease prevetion aspects of a vegetarian diet have made more people to stick to this kind of diet.
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|Zeiss Ikon variant Volta 135/3
The Volta was a folding bed camera for 9x12cm film plates or sheet film. It was introduced by Ica in 1920, and production was continued by Ica's successor Zeiss Ikon until 1929. The common shutter equipment was a Derval shutter with speeds 1/15, 1/25, 1/50, and 1/100 sec. plus T and B mode. Other shutters are reported. The used 135mm lenses were the Ica Extra-Rapid-Aplanat Helios, the Ica Periskop "Alpha" f11, the Novar f6.3 and the Dominar Anastigmat f4.5.
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Why NEWTON for my children?
I have successfully used the homeopathic complex remedies offered by NEWTON for Kids on my own children since the time they were born. I have never used chemically prepared medicines such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen on my kids.
Every unexpected bump, earache, teething pain, fever and bout of diarrhea has been met with and eradicated by the homeopathic complexes offered by NEWTON. This makes it possible for me to be empowered with on hands treatments that I know will work at any odd hour for instant solutions.
Elizabeth Patterson-Trutwin, R.N.
For centuries, parents have chosen homeopathic remedies for their children with great success. Due to their vitality and less-adulterated immune systems, children respond quickly to homeopathic regimens. Parents do not have to be concerned with side effects or tricky dosing schedules. Homeopathy is safe, gentle, easy to administer, non-toxic and not habit—forming.
NEVVTON for Kids complexes are uniquely formulated with children in mind. Over 40 years of clinical experience has gone into the formulation of each product. The ingredients are carefully selected. Only the highest quality organic and wild-grown ingredients go into NEWTON products. Raw materials and finished products are tested by an FDA-registered independent laboratory according to HPUS (The Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States) guidelines.
©1994 - 2019 Four Winds, Inc. USA
Disclaimer: We do not directly dispense medical advice or prescribe the use of herbs or supplements as a form of treatment for illness. The information found on this Web Site is for educational purposes only and to empower people with knowledge to take care of their own health. We disclaim any liability if the reader uses or prescribes any remedies, natural or otherwise, for him/herself or another. Always consult a licensed health professional should a need be indicated.


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1. The witch cast a pain-inducing spell on the boy, or
2. The witch cast a spell to make the boy THINK he has stomach pain, or
3. The witch cast a spell to make the boy eat that suspiciously smelly burrito out of the fridge, or
4. Is the witch an employee of McDonalds?
We are left to decide for ourselves just how the evil, anonymous witch perpetrated the deed, but make no mistake; it's witchcraft. Thank you Mr. Robertson for steering us away from the path of reality and sanity.
I grudgingly admire David because I suspect that underneath a startlingly effective disguise, there lurks a shrewd businessman who believes none of the poo that comes out of his mouth or his word processor (boy, does that phrase make me sound old...it's OK, I am) and is quietly raking in the money (his net worth is reputed to be in the eight figure mark). Why would I like that? Well mainly because he is benefitting from the tendency of a significant proportion of the heaving masses to believe complete rubbish, and frankly, if one is prepared to hang one's hat upon bullshit such as alien lizards running the world, well then I think a bit of exploitation of your mindless stupidity is due!
Which brings me to the issue at hand: why do significant numbers of people choose to believe what amounts to utter nonsense?
Both of the above men have made themselves very well known by their outspoken ideas (genuine or otherwise), which always seem to provoke a lot of publicity for their respective services and/or products. Their motivation for being controversial can be understood in that light - or indeed, if either of them actually does believe the garbage that comes out of their mouths (which would probably mean that they're low down on the rationality spectrum). However, what motivates someone to believe in either a) witchcraft or b) alien lizards ruling the world is probably something I could apply for a large research grant to study. Of course, if I apply to the wrong lizard (they're everywhere, apparently) for the grant, or if that lizard is secretly a witch, then I might have a problem.
I used to have a similar belief system: I used to believe in an allegedly benevolent but threatening god who smote the human race at will, controlled everything but let us do stupid, sinful shit, and then punished us (i.e., worked in 'mysterious ways'). The god was so mean, he (yes, it was a 'he') had constructed the universe in such a way as to grant us either everlasting life in heaven where we were indescribably happy, or everlasting hell, where the suffering would simply never, ever stop.
The list of things that I was expected to do and not do to garner enough favour to avoid everlasting torture seemed endless, unreasonable, and much of it made little sense. I believed it all, for a long time...because my parents told me as an impressionable child that this was absolutely the truth. I trusted my parents, I trusted the people whom they trusted and whom they assured me were telling me the truth. It was only as an adult, and when I finally - FINALLY shook my head clear and began challenging the things that I had blindly believed, that I began to accept how much I had been told was either false or unknowable, even though it had been presented as known.
One of my reactions was annoyance with myself - the truth had been there for many years for me to embrace, and I'd avoided taking the rational step despite peeking through the keyhole at it once or twice.
Why? In my case, my religious belief - indoctrinated though it was - had become a part of my life. I thought that it had become a part of ME. I was scared about leaving it behind; firstly in case I was wrong, and this god whom I was supposed to love, would punish me somehow, and secondly in case by doing so I changed ME for the worse. In retrospect, however, what forced me to wake up was the constant barrage of reality which contradicted the bronze age superstitions that I had been taught to follow. Being constantly faced with facts and reality forced me to think rationally and hence I became religion-free and much, much happier. Rather than being something which I had been forced to somehow retrospectively earn the right to, life became something to enjoy.
My personal experience - of reality forcing its way into my thick head - leaves me wondering what stops other people with functioning neurons from realising the same kind of thing - about religion in general, and about people such as these two outstanding arseholes in particular. Reality is all around us - facts, solid evidence - ALL around us. Perhaps the question is not why we believe in superstitious nonsense, but why we do not believe in what our senses tell us is real?


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Join our email list for exclusive savings and new product information.
Our comprehensive responder kit contains the essential first aid supplies you need in a medical emergency. This 100 denier CORDURA® bag with handle, padded shoulder strap, four zippered mesh pockets & five nylon pockets includes CPR devices, dressings, bandages, tapes, biohazard bags, gloves and more. Plus, there's still room for your own personal medical supplies.
All orders are shipped via ground except for certain larger orders, ambulance cots, etc. which ship via commercial trucking service.
When shipping ground you can expect the following transit days to your location. Please note: The transit days are based on business days.


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Handling and Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Data
This task view aims at presenting R packages that are useful for the analysis of spatio-temporal data.
Please let the maintainer know if something is inaccurate or missing.
The following people contributed to this task view: Roger Bivand, Achim Zeileis, Michael Sumner, Ping Yang.
Although one could argue that all data are spatio-temporal, as they must have been taken somewhere and at some point in time, in many cases the spatial locations or times of observation are not registered, and irrelevant to the purpose of the study. Here, we will address the cases where both location and time of observation are registered, and relevant for the analysis of the data. The Spatial and TimeSeries task views shed light on spatial, and temporal data handling and analysis, individually.
Representing data
data.frame objects), with longitude, latitude and time as three of the columns, or an identifier for a location or region and time as columns. For instance, data sets in package plm for linear panel models have repeated observations for observational units, where these units often refer to spatial areas (countries, states) by an index. This index (a name, or number) can be matched to the spatial coordinates (polygons) of the corresponding area, an example of this is given by Pebesma (2012, Journal of Statistical Software). As these data sets usually contain more than one attribute, to hold the data in a two-dimensional table a long table form is chosen, where each record contains the index of the observational unit, observation time, and all attributes.
data(wind) in package gstat. It has time series as different columns, each column representing one location (weather station). The
stConstruct function in package spacetime accepts data in long, time-wide or space-wide tables.
STdata which holds point observations and covariates that can vary in space, time, and space-time, with the aim of fitting and predicting a particular class of spatio-temporal models, described in its vignettes.
setZ on a brick or stack).
sts, which holds a
SpatialPolygonsDataFrame slot for the areas, and numeric slots to define a regular time series (no time objects, such as
ppx that deals spatial and temporal coordinate. None of the point pattern classes mentioned support spatial or explicit temporal reference systems.
ltraj for trajectories, and methods for analyzing them; the packages move and trip both extend sp based classes for trajectories. A blog post on tidy storm trajectories points out how nested dataframes, along with geometry list columns of the sf package, can be used to model sets of trajectories, and visualise properties at the set level and at the level of individual fixes.
z slot of a
RasterStack or
RasterBrick object. Its webpage includes several examples, from the hovmoller plot and horizon graph, to the density and histogram plots.
Data sets
demo(CressieWikle) in spacetime.
Retrieving dataPackages for retrieving data are:
6 months ago
Edzer Pebesma


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Our Positions and Actions
Our Position
Our goal is to equip as many of our members as possible with information and resources to help them become persuasive and accomplished advocates for retirement security. The strategies, tools, and resources included in this toolkit are based on the experiences of NEA affiliates and a broad coalition of organizations representing public employee pension plans. To defend against attacks on retirement security, we must educate and activate all our members—active, retired, education support professionals, student, and higher ed—and we also must identify and engage other allies who share our concerns. Traditional pensions that reward career educators are the target. NEA members need to be organized, educated, and prepared to speak up and help build support for retirement security.
Messages to Congress on Pension Protection
- Letter to the House Ways and Means Committee, Oversight Subcommittee on Pensions – 5/4/11
- Letter to the Senate Urging a Yes Vote on Tax Extenders – 6/24/10
- Letter to the Senate on the Tax Extenders Bill – 6/8/2010
- Letter to the full House in Support of the Tax Extenders – 5/26/2010
- Letter to the House Urging Support for the Tax Extender Bill – 5/18/10
- Letter to the House Urging Immediate Action on Private Pension Relief – 4/14/10
- Letter to the Full Congress on NEA's Proposal for Temporary Relief - The Separate Liability Funding Solution - 4/27/09
Testimony to Congress on Pension Protection
- Statement of the NEA on Public Pensions- 5/5/11
- Hearing on "State and Municipal Debt: The Coming Crisis, Part II" - 2/15/11
- The Role of Public Employee Pensions in Contributing to State Insolvency and the Possibility of a State Bankruptcy Chapter - 2/14/11
- Statement to Congress on Defined Benefit Pension Plan Funding Levels - 10/1/09


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City with Dwellings Volunteers
Our work is not possible without our dedicated volunteers. Between our Community First Center and our Overflow Shelter, volunteers are at the heart of our work with the men and women in our city experiencing homelessness.
Each evening between December 1 and March 31, our overnight Overflow Shelters are places of rest and renewal for Winston-Salem's citizens who do not have a pillow to comfort their heads at night. Volunteers serve meals, check guests in, or stay overnight providing a safe place for our guests to sleep. Sign up to help support our ongoing work to provide welcome and respite to our city's most vulnerable individuals.
The City With Dwellings' Community First Center (located at 633 W 4th St., Winston-Salem) is an inviting and hospitable place to stay in touch with our guests. We offer classes on Monday mornings. Tuesday and Thursday morning we host open hours from 9-11 am. Our volunteers work to build community with our guests by providing hospitality, engaging in conversation with our guests and getting to know them, and through supporting therapeutic programming. Come check out this evolving, innovative approach to solving the crisis of homelessness.


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2014 Heart & Soul Dip Dinner
The Annual Heart & Soul Dip Dinner of the East End Family Resource Center is happening this February 22nd, from 11 am to 3 pm at the Roosevelt Neighborhood Center.
The dinner will feature home-cooked Southern comfort food like macaroni and cheese and candied yams, but might also feature dishes such as the "Presbyterian chicken," which was a huge hit in previous dinners.
The director of the Carver Culinary Institute, Tom Grant, along with his students, will prepare smoked tomato soup and an aged cheddar grilled cheese sandwich for the event. There will also be some chicken casserole, broccoli casserole, noodle kugel, fried fish, ribs, and potato salad.
This year's event will be the first to give out door prizes every half-hour. Recipes of favorite dishes will also be available for purchase, and there will be space available for those who are interested to sell or exhibit non-food items.
Proceeds from the Heart & Soul Dip Dinner will go towards the free after-school program, senior program, and other family activities of the East End Family Resource Center. For more information, call the center at (304) 344-1656.


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Reflex AU Duel Season
By ZTKFPS
Pleased to finally announce a season of duel for AU/NZ Reflex players. That's right – a SEASON. You know it's gonna be lit.
Consisting of FOUR midweekly duel cups with some of the best and freshest maps out, players will find themselves entering a fierce competition with the aim of qualifying for the Championship, and all the glory and street cred (and money!) that comes with it.
The Season boasts a serious prizepool. You can donate to the Championship pool through the following paypal: email@example.com. Currently at 300 or smth for the whole season! No amount is too big or too small, really appreciate any help to grow our scene and keep it hungry.
Big thanks to the donators of the championship prize pool:
Please read the following carefully, especially with regard to the championship qualification which operates off a points system.
Midweekly cups take place on the following Wednesdays: 10th August, 17th August, 31st August, 7th September. It is to these cups the following rules apply.
MAP POOL: Aerowalk, Use and Abuse, Quickfire, Tephra, Ruin, Static Discharge, Furnace
SIGNUPS: http://reflexau.challonge.com/tournaments/signup/NFM3zFDG6n
BRACKET: http://reflexau.challonge.com/seasoncup4/
BROADCAST: http://twitch.tv/ZTKFPS with ur boi bringing u the goods. @ZTKFPS if ur the tweeting type.
START TIME: 7PM GMT+10, check-ins open 30 minutes prior.
Championship Information and Qualifier Info
Championship Qualification Standings, Point Allocations etc:
10th Aug Results: http://reflexau.challonge.com/seasoncup1/standings
17th Aug Results: http://reflexau.challonge.com/seasoncup2/standings
31st Aug Results: http://reflexau.challonge.com/seasoncup3/standings
7th Sept Results: http://reflexau.challonge.com/seasoncup4/standings
Below will be rankings from each individual cup in a nicely presented table, followed by an updated cumulative total. The top EIGHT players from the cumulative total encompassing all 4 midweekly cups will progress to the Championship ODC with B1G PR1ZES, full Bo3 Double Elim Bracket etc. The possibility of points being the same between participants due to tournament format, the following contingency plan exists to try cover issues.
Distribution: 1st = 25, 2 = 18, 3 = 15, 4 = 12, 5 = 10, 7 = 8, 9 = 4, 13 = 2. Clashes will be deterimined as Formula One dictates ie:
- In the event of any ties for position, the player with superior tourney results (based on descending order, from number of wins to numbers of second-places down etc) will gain precedence.
Qualification Standings: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lAseE470aGfsbQnD7FEEHL2Ht18u7f68mnEoetZ_Brs/edit?usp=sharing
Top 8 players will be added to private discord to sort date for championships.
Final Results
1st – Ultra578
2nd – matttttttttt
3rd – CMRN
4th – Dacra
5th – Stral, Dorinos
7th – krickit, Vinty


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Hyundai Kicks Off Its Super Bowl XLVIII Advertising Blitz With Two New Ads
Elantra and All-New Genesis Spotlighted as Super Bowl Advertising Veteran Illustrates Performance, Style and Safety with Humor and Strong Family Bonds
Dec 16, 2013, 12:59 ET
COSTA MESA, Calif., Dec. 16, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- In its seventh consecutive year as a Super Bowl advertiser, Hyundai enters the Big Game fray with two game-day ads during the first and fourth quarters of Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20131002/LA90771LOGO-b)
The ads use clever interpretations of real life moments to position a Hyundai as the ultimate driving companion and trusted family member. One spot, leveraging the talent of a celebrity comedian, continues Hyundai's longstanding tradition of using humor to highlight vehicle performance and function. The second spot illustrates the close connection of family. Creative was developed by Hyundai's agency of record, INNOCEAN USA.
Hyundai will open its Super Bowl advertising showcase with a 30-second spot titled "Dad's Sixth Sense," during the first quarter. In a sketch that any dad can relate to, the spot dramatizes the near-misses and saves of everyday parenting, giving a dramatic demonstration of the all-new Genesis and its Automatic Emergency Braking capabilities – one of the many features included in Genesis' comprehensive suite of safety services, the Sensory Surround Safety System.
"Nice," a 30-second in-game spot running in the fourth quarter, is inspired and made possible by the new sporty, compact Elantra. The humorous spot follows a young comedic talent in an escalating game of compliments between two identical Elantras, effectively showcasing the innovative performance, style and technology features of Hyundai's new compact sedan.
"Cars have become more than just a means of transportation – they play an active role in many parts of our lives," said Steve Shannon, vice president of Marketing, Hyundai Motor America. "Our creative campaign this year highlights how Hyundai continues to be 'there for you' and your family. Whether it's safely reacting to unexpected surprises on the road in the premium Genesis or dialing up the fun in an Elantra, Hyundai is an ideal driving companion."
"Each year we challenge ourselves to come up with a new, inspiring way to showcase Hyundai during the biggest TV event of the year, while staying true to our audience and what's most relevant to them," said Greg Braun, Executive Creative Director, INNOCEAN USA. "This year we were able to take two different approaches to our spots – from fun and comedic, to endearing and sentimental – while still focusing on the essence of Hyundai. Our focus always has been how the Hyundai vehicle inspires and enables our consumer – whether you're a first-time car owner or looking to upgrade into your first true premium car."
Hyundai Motor America, headquartered in Costa Mesa, Calif., is a subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Co. of Korea. Hyundai vehicles are distributed throughout the United States by Hyundai Motor America and are sold and serviced through more than 820 dealerships nationwide. All Hyundai vehicles sold in the U.S. are covered by the Hyundai Assurance program, which includes the 5-year/60,000-mile fully transferable new vehicle limited warranty, Hyundai's 10-year/100,000-mile powertrain limited warranty, and five years of complimentary Roadside Assistance. Hyundai Assurance includes Assurance Connected Care that provides owners of Hyundai models equipped with the Hyundai Blue Link telematics system with proactive safety and car care services, complimentary for three years. These services include Automatic Collision Notification, Enhanced Roadside Assistance, Vehicle Diagnostic Alert, Monthly Vehicle Health Report and in-vehicle service scheduling.
For more details on Hyundai Assurance, please visit www.HyundaiAssurance.com
Please visit our media website at www.hyundainews.com and our blog at www.hyundailikesunday.com
Hyundai Motor America on Twitter | YouTube | Facebook
MEDIA WEBSITE: HyundaiNews.com CORPORATE WEBSITE: HyundaiUSA.com
SOURCE Hyundai Motor America


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teaching woodcarving for the beginner and advance by youtube and updating classes to come plus tips on woodcarving, tools, etc
This is a personal blog. The views expressed on these pages are mine. It is solely my opinion. I am not an expert and am not responsible for what you do with my advice and opinions.
All data and information provided on this site is for informational purposes only. I make no representations as to accuracy, completeness, currentness, suitability, or validity of any information on this site and will not be liable for any errors, omissions, or delays in this information or any losses, injuries, costs incurred,or damages arising from its display or use.
The information in this weblog is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights.
Saturday, March 5, 2011
next carverswoodshop luncheon,, monday march 7, 12-3 pm
howdy folks,, lol ,, the next meeting for the carverswoodshop luncheon is monday march 7th 2011 12pm to 3 pm, at the home furnishing outlet mall , morgantown pa, i am looking forward to it,, also i just purchased a new sharpening system and once i get it in the mail and give it a try i will give an update,, so things are moving forward,, hope all is well and everyone has a carving project they are enjoying,, keep carving arleen if you need directions,, email me at email@example.com
Posted by carverswoodshop at 4:25 PM
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Demi Lovato is in love and she wants the world to know it. The singer and former Disney star is currently dating MMA fighter Guilherme "Bomba" Vasconcelos, and together they celebrated his birthday at Disneyland. Of course, no celebration is complete without proper social media documentation, and the two took to Instagram with gusto — and a lot of PDA.
Vasconcel posted a photo with Lovato getting cozy at the theme park, along with the caption "I love you @ddlovato."
He followed this up with a Boomerang video of the singer planting a smooch on his cheek.
They weren't alone at the celebration. Vasconcel was joined by a whole slew of friends, and they all posed for a group shot while out partying.
In case it wasn't clear, Lovato is feeling good right now. She spoke to Entertainment Tonight not just about her relationship, but also her journey towards sobriety.
"It feels amazing," she told them, reflecting on her fifth year of being sober. "All I've been doing is focusing on bettering myself. It's been quite the journey, but it's well worth it."
When it comes to Vasconcel, things are going just as well.
"I'm just having fun, you know? And my life is in a really good place right now," she gushed. "He makes me laugh."
While it sounds like things are going smoothly, they're keeping it casual, so don't jump to any conclusions when you see the diamond ring on her left ring finger in a picture she posted on Snapchat.
She has her music to focus on, and it looks like we should be expecting some new hits soon.
"I'm in the studio right now, every single day," she said. "I was just listening to some on the way over here, I'm really excited for everyone to hear it."
She says that her latest tunes are definitely "more soulful," which is probably thanks to all the good things happening in her life. So go PDA-crazy, Demi. You deserve it.


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No Matter How Old You Are When You Retire, Your Benefits Will Be Waiting
You're 65, but instead of being ready for retirement, you feel as if you're in the prime of your career and can easily squeeze in another five to 10 years before you're ready to call it quits. Your company provides the medical coverage you need, and you don't see any reason to switch to Medicare just yet.
Except…you heard that you only have one shot at Medicare enrollment, and that's during the seven-month period that begins three months before the month you turn 65, and ends three months after the month you turn 65. What can you do in order to keep receiving your group coverage and not give up your Medicare benefits? After all, you'll still need them for when you do decide to retire.
Well, you're in luck…
While it's common knowledge that Medicare benefits become immediately available at the age of 65, it's not as well-known that if you choose NOT to enroll right away because an employer currently covers you, you will have another enrollment period after you retire. Once you retire, you have an eight-month period to enroll without penalty.
So, if you feel you're still too young to retire, by all means, keep working and know that, when you're ready, your benefits will be waiting for you. To learn more about delayed Medicare benefits, visit: http://www.aarp.org/work/social-security/info-02-2011/enrolling-in-medicare-part-b-before-retirement.html


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Beach Suppliers: CLEANING
Are you looking for a supplier that can furnish your beach? We offer a free list of beach suppliers with the largest web catalogue. Try to contact a lot of suppliers with one click only! Find the best beach suppliers on MondoBalneare.com!
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CATEGORIES Beach Suppliers


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Bundle now or later. You'll get our best price no matter what.
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That's Life
October 11, 2016
We set out to discover how optimistic Canadians truly are through a nationwide survey. The results show that we definitely see the glass as half-full.
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Help for Owners of Dogs Jumping up on People and Guests
Train polite sits for greeting
First, a Thought on "Cultural" Differences Between Dogs and Humans
Raise your hand if your dog jumps up on guests and you do not know what to do to solve the problem. At the same time though, you don't want to close your dog in a room as you want him to socialize and learn to be around your dog-loving guests, so what's left to do? Let's first understand better dog jumping so you can take the proper approach to work on the problem. Why do dogs jump in the first place?
Let's imagine for one moment the following scenario. You are a vendor for important machinery, and every time you find a buyer, you congratulate him for the purchase with a firm handshake and a friendly backslap. The buyer smiles back to you and thanks you. Your social behavior gives you a confidence boost as the way your buyers respond to it makes it reinforcing, so you continue to use this hand shaking and back slapping behavior after selling several products over the years.
One day, your boss tells you that you must go on a business trip to Japan and try to introduce the machinery to the locals. Your first buyer comes and you give him that energetic hand shake and friendly back slap to congratulate him of the purchase. The buyer seems embarrassed, smiles a bit and then leaves. "OK, you may think, he must be perhaps be an introvert person." The next buyer comes along, and you try again your energetic handshake and back slap. The buyer stops smiling and leaves as well. "Geez," you may think, "these Japanese buyers are quite cold here!" The last buyer almost seemed bothered by your behavior. You not only did the firm hand shake, but you emphasized the up and down movement, gave the back slap several times to emphasize your friendly intentions just to make sure he understands you are congratulating him. Yet, this last person seemed far from being content.So you stop doing it for some time and things seem to be better. Once back to the States though, you revert to your usual behavior, which was always positively perceived.
Fast forward a few months, and your boss now sends you now to the Middle East. His business is expanding globally, so you need to introduce the machinery to many different cultures. You sell several machines to a group of locals, so you decide to congratulate them one by one. The first person, is very limp in shaking your hand, the second pretends he doesn't see your hand but accepts the back slap,and the third even makes a disgusted face and just leaves you there with your hand suspended in the air. These people seem even worse than the Japanese! What gives?
Once back to the States, you discuss with your boss the odd behaviors you observed in your recent trips. Turns out you discover that in Japan, a firm handshake and back slapping is considered aggressive and that you were better off just giving a delicate handshake, or better, just bending down in a gracious bow. In the Middle East, things are even worse! A handshake with the left hand is offensive, as the left hand is considered to be dirty and unhygienic. No wonder those Middle Eastern men acted disgusted! Your boss therefore suggests to take a course in social etiquette before heading to a different country from now on.
A similar situations seems to unravel with our canine companions. In the dog world, jumping up brings them close to our faces and it's their way to say hello. Because people are taller than dogs, dog feel even more compelled to jump up. They start this behavior during early puppy hood with their moms and litter mates and continue it with humans where most people think it's cute, so if your puppy meets people who love puppies--and who does not! they will likely respond to his jumping by touching him, saying "Helloooo!" and even allowing him to lick their faces. Your pup thinks "That's so cool, these people understand me and even respond positively to my social greeting!" The behavior is soon reinforced, and the dog jumps more and more until he reaches 100 pounds and, ooops, his behavior is no longer considered cute.
Then one day, he meets a lady with an elegant suit, and he jumps on her. She quickly moves away and says "Oh no, you left muddy paw prints all over my suit!" Your dog is a bit surprised by her reaction, but she's the only one that behaved this way so far, so he carries on jumping on all your other friends who understand his behavior and are happy to greet him. Another day, he meets an older lady, and his jumping gets her a bit off balance and she pushes him away and says " Goodness gracious, get off of me, I was almost about to fall!" And then on another day, your dog jumps on a child and the child moves away abruptly and goes "Ouch!" You scratched all my arm!". Your dog may be a bit perplexed at this point, as it seems like some people do not like much his jumping, but they are still quite a minority, so the behavior of jumping is still kept alive by those who appreciate his jumping behavior. The behavior is still worthy to try, even if occasionally, he'll stumble on people who seem like they don't like it. It's the power of variety at play, after all, you keep on playing the slot machines even if you lose several times but win at others, so why shouldn't Fido?.
So there you have it. People from different countries having trouble communicating due to cultural differences, and dogs and humans going through something similar due to different styles of communicating. Dogs want to greet us in the only way they know, and the way that was previously reinforced since puppy hood. Humans are not consistent and respond in different ways and therefore owners desperately want to teach their dogs better behaviors so to avoid Rover from ruining expensive clothing, scaring people away or risking to knock over unstable people like the elderly and small children. So what steps can we take when dealing with a dog that has made of jumping up on guests a habit? Read on for some strategies.
Use a baby gate as a management tool
Some Strategies to Reduce Jumping on Guests
Jumping on people may seem cute when dogs are puppies, but there's nothing cuter than puppies taught to sit for attention. It's really never too early to teach a puppy good manners, so there's no reason why puppy owners cannot start teaching them from scratch. Following are some ideas to help owners of dogs who love jumping on guests.
Magical Management
One of the biggest problems with jumping is that dogs who jump and receive attention, are allowed to rehearse the unwanted behavior more and more. And as we have seen, behaviors that are reinforced tend to repeat. So in order to avoid rehearsal we will need to implement the following management techniques:
- Avoid exposing your dog to people who reinforce the jumping. So if Uncle Jack loves to shower your dog with attention when he is standing up and licking his face, this needs to stop.
- If you do not have time to train or you have over guests who won't follow instructions, you are better off confining your dog to another room for the time being.
- If you are on a walk and you meet people, you can always prevent jumping by stepping on the leash. In this case, the leash is being used as a management tool. For safety, attach the leash to a dog harness and make sure there isn't enough to slack. It's not a bad idea to use a marker to mark the exact area you should step on to prevent the unwanted behavior. This way when you need to, you know right where you need to step on. Don't leave the handle of the leash though as if the leash slips from under your foot, your dog will be free to escape!
- Alternatively, you can use a baby gate so your dog can see your guests but is prevented from jumping on them.
Avoid Aversive Methods
What's the best way to teach a dog to not only jump but nip and bite as well? The best way for this recipe for disaster is by using physical, aversion-based methods. Pushing the dog away, grabbing his collar or squeezing his paws potentially lead to a dog that not only jumps, but will bite on top of that because he is perceiving that hands near him are bad. Using squirt bottles shock collars or no-jump harnesses may decrease the jumping behavior for some time, but the dog may revert to jumping when these tools are not used or some other behaviors may pop up their ugly head. After all, let's not forget that dogs learn through associations, if every time your dog sees a person, he is shocked or squirted in the face negative associations risk forming and anxious, defensive states may develop. And what makes it worse is that by punishing your dog for jumping, you will be punishing your dog from expressing joy and an eagerness to be with you or around other people. Fortunately, there are better ways to train a dog to stop jumping on people or guests.
Train Incompatible Behaviors
As humans, we may feel compelled to tell dogs not what to do, but dogs respond better when we tell them what to do instead. There are many behaviors that are incompatible with jumping. All you need to do is train them starting with low levels of distractions at first and then adding the distractions of people. In dog training lingo, this is known as "proofing."Following are some behaviors that are incompatible with jumping.
- A dog cannot jump if he is asked to sit on his four legs.
- A dog cannot jump if he is asked to lie down.
- A dog cannot jump if he is asked to stay at a distance.
- A dog cannot jump if he asked to rest on his mat.
- A dog cannot jump if he is asked to search for treats tossed by you or the guests.
The above trained behaviors may need some time to implement around distractions. In order to train them well, you will need to add the distractions gradually and keep your dog under threshold. If your dog is not capable of responding to a command or take food when he sees people, his training needs to be better proofed and he will need to work under threshold.
Lower the Threshold
So Rover cannot focus when there are people around? He doesn't listen and even spits out treats? If so, you need to lower his threshold levels. Following are some tips to lower your dog's threshold when he sees people or you have guests over.
- If the noise of the doorbell or a dog knock increases your dog's arousal, ask your guests to not knock or ring the bell.
- If the noise of a car parking in front of your house sends your dog over threshold, ask your guest to park at a distance.
- If your dog gets too excited and jumps when people talk to him, look at him or touch him, ask them to not touch, look or talk to your dog.
- If fast hand movements seem to elicit jumping, tell your guests to act calm and to keep their hands and arms relaxed.
While it may look like you are not curbing the problem when you avoid situations that send him over threshold, in reality you are preventing failure and setting him for success. While he may not be ready to deal with certain situations as of yet, you will get to a point where you can work him through distractions by simply desensitizing him towards triggers.
Desensitize to Triggers
Some dogs jump exclusively on certain people or jump on them when they do certain things. Try to see if there is a pattern going on. Does your dog jump more on kids? Does he get more excited when he hears female voices? Do hand movements entice him to jump? Does the noise of the doorbell send him over threshold? Once you find out a predictable trigger, try to gradually desensitize him to that. Desensitization takes place when you gradually expose your dog to situations and triggers by presenting them in a less salient manner. So if for instance, your dog can't contain himself when he meets kids, let him see them from the window or at a distance behind a baby gate and ask him to sit. Praise him and reward him with treats when he shows self control at a distance. Does your dog lose his head when he hears a female voice? Ask him to sit when you have a female friend talk from another room. Does the doorbell drive him nuts with anticipation? Ring it when there are no guests over, with time, he will no longer start associating it with guests. Afterward, ask your to sit upon hearing it at a distance from the door. Do hand movements elicit jumping? Desensitize him to them by introducing them gradually, you can even make hand movements a cue to sit.
Give Attention when Not Jumping
And now comes one of the most effective strategies: not giving attention when the dog is jumping. So every time your dog jumps on guests, tell them to turn their back swiftly and turn boring, cross their arm and pretend to become a pole. Dogs don't jump on poles, and that's because they are boring. If he continues to jump towards your guest's back, tell your guest to move away to unbalance your dog and even leave the room. When the dog stops jumping, the guest can turn around and praise him and give a treat. If praise increases arousal though, tell the guest to be quiet and reward by just tossing treats to the ground at a distance. As the dog gets good at this, your guest can ask your dog to sit for treats (or you can). It's best if the guest tosses the treats on the ground instead of hand feeding them. This let's the dog's energy focus on the floor rather than up towards the guest.
Even Negative Attention is Attention!
You may think that it helps to push the dog away or tell him "no jump," but in most cases, this does not work, why? As mentioned, dogs continue behaviors that are reinforced. So if you are out all day and your dog craves company badly, even if you touch him or scold him, that's for him a form of attention. Pushing away also often increases arousal, and the dog will come back jumping for more. Many times, high levels of excitement are caused by little stimulation and exercise during the day, try walking your dog and engaging him in mentally stimulating games each day, especially prior to your your or your guest's arrival.
Use a Positive Interrupter
If your dog is near guests and you notice he is getting a tad bit excited, catch him before he jumps and interrupt the behavior using a positive interrupter. I like to use a smacking noise for this. I first train the dog to respond to it in a quiet area of the home, then I add distractions. I make a smacking noise with my mouth and follow it with treats several times. I use this smacking noise to interrupt any unwanted behaviors, so it comes handy for when you notice your dog is getting a bit excited towards guests and you want him to come back to you.
Invite the Right People Over
Now, it's time to schedule a non-jumping party! Invite over some volunteers and tell them what the rules are. You can tell them to come in the door and if your dog jumps, they must turn their backs and freeze. If the dog jumps on their back, they leave. If the dog doesn't jump they can praise if the dog doesn't get too excited and toss a high-value treat and repeat several times with other guests. Once your dog is not jumping, you can then ask your guests to come in and ask for a sit and praise and reward that by tossing a treat. If your dog is quite large, and you are afraid he may knock people over, install a baby gate and let your dog meet them behind it. If the dog jumps on the baby gate, the person leaves, if the dog sits behind it, let them toss him a treat. After seeing many people who do not reinforce jumping with attention and who reinforce sitting instead, your dog will start generalizing them with other visitors so he should be jumping less and less, just as the vendor mentioned previously learned that firm handshaking was not accepted well by Japanese and that bows worked much better. Be aware though, that it takes just one or a handful of people that reward jumping with attention that will bring you back to square one, so you must be very strict on the no-attention-when jumping policy! Be an ambassador for your dog and help him succeed by exposing him to the right people!
Be Aware of Extinction Bursts
If your dog was used to meeting people who gave attention while your dog was jumping, you may see some extinction bursts along the way. It's good to be aware of these as they may seem to you an indication that your training at some point is not working. What are extinction bursts? If your dog was used to receiving attention often when he jumped, the moment people start turning their backs to your dog will leave him baffled. "Hey, what's up with you? Everybody gave me attention when I stood up! Do you see me? I am hear, look at me! Woo hoo! and your dog may start jumping at this point and the jumping may even increase in intensity, or your dog may even add barking to vent his frustration or try something new to grab attention. If you keep up the training with people turning their backs in spite of the extinction burst, your dog will eventually get it that attention now is no longer given when he's on two feet, but only when he is on four.
Train Better Impulse Control
A lot of dogs who jump may also benefit from learning more impulse control. The Premack principle may help to gain better control since it teaches dogs to perform a behavior before attaining what they want. I particularly like Dee Ganley's games for impulse control. She calls it the "chill out game' and it's a good game for lowering arousal in jumpers. I also like to train a good "front command" where I put the dog in sit stay and call him to me. The dog comes running to me and right when he is front of me I ask for a sit.
Enroll a Professional
Last but not least, please enroll a professional to help you out. Behavior modification and training at times comes with some risks. Not all jumping is necessarily friendly. If your dog doesn't like people or is anxious or stressed around them, he may jump on them as a way to increase distance and send them away. If this is the case, the jumping will actually increase if it causes the people to turn their backs and leave, which is what you do not want! This would take a totally different approach. Also, in some cases, the frustration caused by the extinction burst may cause some dogs to get rough or even aggressive. So play it safe, and enroll a force-free professional to help you out.
Disclaimer: this article is not a substitute for hands-on behavior advice. Behavior modification and training comes with some risks.For safety, enroll a force-free behavior professional to help you out.
Alexadry© all rights reserved, do not copy.
KIKOPUP Emily Larlham explains the positive interrupter
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These are great tips, but I have Dachshunds.
Seems like it takes time and some discipline to discourage jumping. It is so cute in puppies that I think a lot of us do encourage it. We only get sick of it when the dogs are big and it hurts to be jumped on or we are going somewhere and get mad at the muddy paw prints on our clothes. Training all your guests seems like a lot of work.
Very informative hub from an experienced person! I am sure it will come handy for me.
I am curious if part of this should be included with human "dog park manners". Aka - don't let any dog jump up on you.
Though my current dogs have been less jumpy than previous ones, my boy dog gets into jump mode especially around guys who love to encourage the behavior. I do tell neighbors we meet to ignore him so it doesn't get reinforced. Good tips as always!
A very common problem and your ways sounds most helpful.


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Aug. 8,2016 By Jack Jodell (in association with BURR DEMING, creator of and chief author over at FAIR AND UNBALANCED.COM – see my Blogroll in the lower right hand column).
"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it,"
– modified slightly, and attributed to either Patrick Henry or Voltaire –
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