text:
We Accept
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consultation or quote:
The Law Offices of
Edward A. Maldonado, PA
2850 S. Douglas Road
Suite 303
Coral Gables, FL 33134
Tel: (305) 477-7580
Fax: (305) 477-7504
Toll-Free: 1+ (877) 245-6326
Our hours of operation are:
9:00am EST to 5:00pm EST
Edward A. Maldonado, Esq.
Practicing Attorney
since 1997
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Proud Alumnus of
Serving Miami, Florida
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Admitted to Florida Bar- October 23, 1997
United States 11th Circuit Federal Bar- January 15, 1999
United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit- October 14, 1999
B.A. Political Science- DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois.
J.D.- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois.
J.D. Certificate- International and Comparative Law-IIT, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois.
English and Spanish
Mr. Maldonado is a Florida and federal attorney practicing since 1997. His early career focused primarily on state and federal civil and criminal trial litigation with his first solo trial as defense counsel in March of 1998. Although versed in business, technology, intellectual property and regulatory matters, his practice still includes federal and state litigation of civil claims, complex technology litigation, and arbitration. Mr. Maldonado has successfully defended and resolved patent infringement claims, trademark infringement claims, competing software claims, telecommunication carrier disputes, collection claims between distributors and POS system providers, actions against government agencies, federal labor claims particular to communications and radio businesses, corporate shareholder actions, contract breaches, as well as investigations and probes by the FCC and state attorney generals for statutory violations and unfair trade practices.
Over the course of his career, Mr. Maldonado has assisted more than 500 companies with licensure before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and State Utility Commission. He has worked with foreign-owned communication clients to obtain consent from the U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Division to acquire FCC 214 licensure in the U.S., and obtain FCC approval for the transfer of control of ownership in mergers and acquisitions, and VSAT operations. In addition to licensure, Mr. Maldonado has successfully defended and negotiated voluntary compliance agreements (Consent Decrees) with the FCC for technical violations of compliance reporting, and violations of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended.
In 2004, Mr. Maldonado was consulted for and participated in the drafting and passage of, the Illinois Phone Card Fraud Act (effective July 1, 2005), a law aimed at curbing consumer fraud by unstable and uncertified providers. Since then, Mr. Maldonado has been consulted with on a number of proposed bills and prospective legislation throughout the US. He has also written extensively in trade magazines including being the founding author of a regular telecom legal column called Legal Line published by "The Prepaid Press" which addressed legal issues related to the prepaid calling and stored value service industries. Mr. Maldonado is proficient in Spanish.
Since 2003, Mr. Maldonado has worked with e-commerce businesses, online publications, bloggers, and internet entrepreneurs with legal issues and matters atypical to the internet. This has included: internet defamation, online branding and trademark dilution, CAN-SPAM issues, copyrights and copy infringement of websites, I-CANN disputes, web designer contracts, terms and conditions for electronic contracts, security policies, hacking events and the prosecution of hackers, as well as a variety of other legal issues related to the internet and this medium of communications.
Mr. Maldonado's Practice Areas:
Sample of Published or Publicly Available Cases
In the Matter of Laser Technologies d/b/a Laser Tech, Federal Communications Commission, Enforcement Bureau Case No.: EB-TCD-12-00000223: Firm mitigated a Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (NAL) fine in the amount of $252,000 USD for Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ("TCPA") violations, 26 FCC Rcd. 10792 (2011), to $20,000 USD in form of Voluntary Contribution based upon economic hardship and particular factual grounds with Commission review thereof. 29 FCC Rcd. 2658 (2014).
Bellsouth Telecom, LLC v. Azul Tel, Inc. US District Court Southern District of Florida Docket No. 1:13-cv-20562-MGC. Firm defended and settled Federal Statute Violation Claim on Local Access Charges owed by Prepaid Calling Card Provider for use of Local Access Numbers for Long Distance Prepaid Calls and substantially mitigated damages.
Lylle Araya-Solorzano vs. Government of the Republic of Nicaragua et. al.562 Fed. Appx. 901; 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 6565 (2014). Firm served as Defense Counsel in Federal District Court Case, the dismissal of case, and as Federal Appellee Counsel on behalf of the Government of The Republic of Nicaragua and The INSS (Instituto Nicaraguense de Seguridad), Prevailed on Motions and Appeal to uphold Dismissed Claim against a sovereign state in excess of $12 Million.
Lozano v. Caribbean Broadcasting Systems, Inc. et al. Case No.: 09-46461-CA-01, Circuit Court of Miami-Dade County, Florida (2011), Served as Lead Trial Counsel. On-Air Radio personality and Disc Jockey sued a Miami, Florida based FM Radio Station under a five count complaint under Fla. Minimum Wage Act, Fla. Stat. 448.110, seeking class status past hourly work and commissions for sales of commercials and "air-time." Plaintiff sued the Station, Station Manager and Station CFO pursuant to the state statute. Attorney Edward A. Maldonado was brought into the case as Defense Counsel only weeks before trial and represented all Defendants throughout trial. Case concluded after a three-day Jury Trial. Upon resting of the Plaintiff's case, Defense Counsel successfully moved for dismissal of two of the Defendants and for dismissal of four of the five counts alleged. Jury awarded Plaintiff damages only to single count with less than the threshold jurisdictional damages of $15,000 USD.
Exigent Technology v. Prepaid Network, et al Case No.:1:03-CV-23400 (2003-2009) Served as Defense Counsel for Prepaid Network in Federal District Court Case of alleged Patent Infringement, until consolidation and transfer of case from the U.S. District Court for the Southern Jurisdiction of Florida, and served again post-transfer as Lead Settlement Counsel for Defendant Prepaid Network in final settlement.
Sample of Other Federal Cases, Federal Agency Defense and State Cases Served
AT&T vs Prepaid Calling Companies for Local Access Charge Claims. Federal Litigation. Served as Defense Strategy Counsel and Lead Negotiator (appeared Pro Hac Vice in the federal courts outside the State of Florida) in federal litigation between ILEC and Prepaid Calling Companies on claims of unpaid Local Access Charges – firm's efforts resulted in the settlement of claims, voluntary dismissal of lawsuit, and mitigating damages in excess 65%.
FCC vs. Prepaid Calling Companies for Unfair Marketing Practices Cases. Regulatory Defense. Served as Regulatory Counsel to Prepaid Calling Companies on FCC claims of Unfair Trade Practices; engaged Commission in Consent Decree Negotiations to resolve issues and proposed fines in excess of 5 million USD and raised Constitutional issues related to subject matter.
FCC vs. Various Telecommunications and VoIP Providers for CPNI Certification Violations. Regulatory Defense. Served as regulatory counsel for ninety (90) various small to medium sized telecommunication and VoIP providers in relation to Annual CPNI Certification, Omnibus Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 25 FCC Rcd 1795 (Enf. Bur. 2010) (Omnibus NAL). All cases settled through Consent Decree Negotiations. Telecommunication carriers settled with substantial fine reductions, VoIP providers settled with issuance of Citations (Warning) or substantial fine reduction. Cases related to customer proprietary network information (CPNI) and violations or compliance with Section 222 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended.
FCC vs. Small-Sized and Community Radio Stations for Technical Violations. Served as Regulatory Defense Counsel for various small-sized and community Radio Stations (AM/FM/LPFM/ and Translators) on Technical Violations cited and found by the FCC and Commission Field Offices. Firm mitigated proposed fines and provided consultation of compliance changes, post-violation.
Administrative Subpoenas, Letters of Inquiry, and Agency Investigations. Served as Regulatory Defense Counsel during Agency Investigations for various companies in the Communications, Technology, Product, E-Commerce and E-Learning industries before the Federal Communications Commission, FCC Inspector General, Federal Trade Commission, the Florida Attorney General, and various state Attorney Generals during investigations for violations of Regulatory Compliance, and Unfair Trade Practices, False Advertising, and Taxation of Communications Services.
Florida Department of Revenue (DOR) v VoIP and Telecommunication Resellers on Florida Communication Service Tax (CST) and Florida Sales Tax (FST). Served as Regulatory Counsel (in conjunction with Florida Tax Counsel and Florida Certified Public Accountants) for pre-audit and post-audit administrative representation and appeals of assessments of the CST and FST against Telecommunication carriers and VoIP Carriers operating in and from Florida as related to prepaid and post-paid transactions and for the negotiation of settlement with the DOR.
Legal Support for the Reporting of Hacking Events and Civil Claims for theft of Communications Services. Served as Legal Counsel for various companies during post hacking events of communication services, proprietary information, and data breaches for various communication providers, both wholesale level and retail level, in the assessment of damage, information compromised, offender tracing via subpoenas, and coordination of reporting to federal law enforcement.
Craig S. Kirsch, Esq.
Bar Admissions
District of Colombia Court of Appeals
United States Patent and Trademark Office
U.S. District Court Southern District of Florida
Florida Bar
University of Miami School of Law, Juris Doctor
North Carolina State University, BA Psychology
Mr. Kirsch is a patent and trademark attorney who focuses on protecting clients' valuable intellectual property rights through the careful preparation of patent, trademark, and copyright applications with the appropriate governing authorities.
Mr. Kirsch is a registered patent attorney admitted to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
Once obtained, Mr. Kirsch can assist in enforcing those rights in patent, trademark and copyright litigation matters before the state and federal courts.
Mr. Kirsch is located in Miami, FL, and is Of Counsel with The Maldonado Law Group.
Washington D.C., State of Virginia, State of Maryland, and State Florida Civil and Federal Litigation, Federal and State Appellate Practice, Federal Administrative Agency Appeals, the Firm's Washington D.C. local and appellate Counsel:
Andrew Paul Kawel, Esq. External Of-Counsel/Co-Counsel
815 Ponce de Leon Blvd. Suite 305
Coral Gables, FL 33134
Admitted to Florida Bar
Admitted to District of Columbia Bar
Admitted to Virginia Bar
Admitted to Maryland Bar
Admitted to U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Admitted to U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida
Admitted to U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
Admitted to U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia
Pending admissions U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Pending admissions U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
J.D. cum laude, The American University—Washington College of Law (District of Columbia)
B.A. cum laude in Spanish Language & Literature, Kalamazoo College (Michigan)
English and Spanish
Mr. Kawel's Practice Areas:
Mr. Kawel focuses his practice on appellate litigation in federal and state courts. He has composed successful merits and amicus curiae briefs in a variety of practice areas, including immigration and criminal appeals. He provides trial support on dispositive motions, and he tries both civil and criminal matters on a case-by-case basis. He also works with entrepreneurs and small businesses as outside counsel. Mr. Kawel has a strong background in administrative law.
Mr. Kawel's Background:
Mr. Kawel has deep ties to both Florida and the District of Columbia, and he maintains offices in both locations. Prior to opening his appellate boutique, Mr. Kawel worked as a commercial litigator at an AmLaw 100 firm in both DC and Baltimore. In law school, he served as Editor in Chief of Administrative Law Review. He also worked in the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Immigration Litigation, where he composed federal appellate briefs. Mr. Kawel has experience in judges' chambers, including positions at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland and the Court of Appeals of Maryland. Before his admission to the bar, Mr. Kawel taught in Florida's public school system, and he maintains an active Florida Educator Certificate.
Illinois Civil and Federal Civil Litigation, Federal 7th Circuit Bankruptcy claims, Illinois Federal Tax Court Appeals and State Administrative Hearing Local Counsel, U.S. & Mexico Cross Border Issues, the Firm's Illinois Local Counsel:
Gerardo Badiano, Esq. External Of-Counsel/Co-Counsel
Admitted to Illinois Bar -May 9, 1996
United States 7th Circuit Federal Bar - 1996
United States Court of Bankruptcy Court for the 7th Circuit- 1999
B.A. Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois - Political Science and Economics.
J.D. Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois.
J.D. Certificate: International and Comparative Law-IIT, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois.
Mr. Badiano Serves as Of Counsel to the firm as well as Local Counsel for Pro Hoc Vice Appearances of the Maldonado Law Group in the state and federal Courts within the State of Illinois, as well as before the Illinois Commerce Commission.
Badiano's Practice Areas:
State and federal civil and business litigation in the state of Illinois; cross-border legal issues between the U.S. and Mexico; business immigration and immigration practice with a consular practice focused on Mexican persons and entities; business transactions and complex transactions related to real estate and business; personal and corporate federal bankruptcy practice; Federal Tax Court appeal representation; and criminal defense within the state of Illinois.
Contact our firm today at (305) 477- 7580, Toll-Free at 1-877-245-6326, or via e-mail for general questions as to our specific services or representation on a particular matter.
Individuals and businesses facing the threat of imminent lawsuits, regulatory Enforcement Actions or criminal charges are urged to contact The Law Offices of Edward A. Maldonado PA today to schedule a complementary consultation from our South Florida law firm. Time is always of the essence in such cases.
Most of all, thank you for visiting The Law Offices of Edward A. Maldonado PA website. Let us know if this site and its links were a helpful resource as a prospective or existing client.


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Integrated Legacy Solutions (ILS), the financial services industry leading provider of image and data conversion migration technology, today announced a new strategic alliance with financial technology consultant BankSmart®. The partnership will leverage the companies' respective strengths in the banking and credit union market to provide institutions with actionable solutions for mergers and acquisitions, core conversions, and data acquisition.
"As consultants, BankSmart rarely forms unique alliances with other vendors, however ILS' business strategy directly aligns with ours as we both strive to provide our financial institution clients with solutions that create efficiencies and save them money," said Jim Wilkson, president of BankSmart. "Providing an unbiased recommendation to our bank and credit union clients is of the utmost importance to us and them, however knowing the reputation and unique solution offerings ILS provides, we are confident this partnership will grant our customers direct access to the best in the business."
Financial institutions working with ILS are able to leverage a more tailored approach to data migration and conversion, eliminating the many time consuming, expensive and challenging obstacles associated with these processes. As a result of this latest alliance, ILS customers gain additional resources during their conversion projects with direct access to the BankSmart's Bank and Branch Acquisition SmartKits℠, which further simplifies the conversion process in order to get operations up and running faster.
"Having been familiar with the BankSmart team for many years now, we see this partnership as a way to better the services and solutions both our companies provide financial institutions during core conversion and merger and acquisition projects," said Kris Bishop, founder and president of ILS. "BankSmart's consulting services and their Bank and Branch Acquisition SmartKits compliment the legacy data, document and image conversion solutions we offer at ILS and will certainly be mutually beneficial for all of our customers."
ILS focuses on providing financial institutions with a hassle-free approach to data management through one of three methods: full data conversion into a new system, data migration into its flagship OmniView Browser™ or a blended approach that combines the two. ILS' OmniView Browser provides financial institutions with an alternative to a traditional data conversion, enabling them to research and print images and data from various types of report archives, document images and check image systems without having to perform a conversion of the data. Furthermore, OmniView Browser allows users to manage and access information from multiple institutions through a standard web browser from any location without the data ever leaving the security of the bank's network, saving the institution time and money.
About BankSmart
BankSmart was founded and is operated by bankers and our sole objective is to assist financial institutions with significant functional projects with the purpose of creating efficiencies and saving the bank money! BankSmart offers several consulting and project management services including SmartKits for acquisitions, branch openings, data processing conversions, and de novo bank openings, plus data processing vendor renewal, evaluation, and negotiation services, debit card profitability optimization consulting, and de novo bank opening consulting. For more information, visit www.banksmart.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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You can do a lot with Trapcode Particular, whether it is emitting custom particle shapes, images, or videos, or emitting particles from custom shapes, objects, or videos. I had the question of how to emit particles from another Red Giant plug-in - 3D Stroke - and have the particles animating while the 3D stroke is animating. This one stumped me for a bit, so I got to work to try to figure out how it could be done. This tutorial goes over my technique for solving this problem of how to emit particles from animating 3D stroke lines.
In this After Effects and Trapcode Particular tutorial, learn how to use Trapcode 3D Stroke to emit particles from Trapcode Particular, as well as combining other Red Giant Trapcode plug-ins in Adobe After Effects.
This Trapcode Particular tutorial also includes a general overview of Trapcode 3D Stroke, Particular, Shine, and Starglow effects for After Effects CC. I also cover basic expressions and After Effects animation tips.
Like this tutorial? Consider becoming a Patron at Patreon.com/SeanFrangella to get additional benefits such as project files and more!
To get weekly Motion Graphics, VFX, and 3D animation tutorials be sure to subscribe to the show on YouTube!
Looking for the next Tutorial to watch?
Check out the Top 5 Features of Element 3D V2 for After Effects!
Learn about the new 3D Character Creator app, Adobe Fuse!
Learn about the Top 5 new features of Cinema 4D R17!
Learn the Top 5 After Effects Expressions!
Learn how to Recreate the Agengers: Age of Ultron 3D Title Animation!
See how to Combine Element 3D with the new Saber Plug-in!
Learn about the Top 5 Hidden Features of Illustrator CC!
See how to bring Animated 3D Characters into Element 3D!
To check out new features added to Cinema 4D R16!
Check out the Top 5 Tips for Better Camera Animation in After Effects!


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Although this is my seventh year living in Charleston, the past year is the one in which I've felt the most connected to this little piece of earth and warm community of people. Whether it's through the now-familiar drive to Awendaw, in Sam's wild stories about Edisto Island decades ago, or witnessing a clam-harvest out at Bulls Bay -- Blake and I have been humbled in realizing that no matter how small a place may seem or how thoroughly you think you know it, there is always deeper digging to be done.
Last weekend's new experience was the marriage of lobster and champagne on a Sunday afternoon with friends. I grew up with frequent Outer Banks crab boils (or "steamer pots," as we call them), but never once have I cracked into the tail of a lobster. We gathered in the courtyard of Heirloom Books' cozy new space nestled into Broad Street (which has the most exquisite selection of treasures), and things got messy. There's no better way to spend time with both new friends and old, than to stand next to them in a bib with champagne flowing and lobster splattering while digging into that third piece of corn-on-the-cob.


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Colorado is starting to pay attention to future water needs. Click the image to learn how.
In this episode, the State Forester Mike Lester calls in to the show. The focus of this show is on the health of the state forests. This means the link between water and the forests, what is happening to forest products, and how can you help the forests.
In this episode, State Representative of the 59th District, Barbara McLachlan, calls in to the show. The discussion surrounds suicide prevention, school safety, and the fires in Southwest Colorado. This episode dives into the reality of the current situations in Southwest Colorado and the impacts that will have in the future.
In this episode, we talk to State Senator Don Coram. This episode is a Colorado State Legislature wrap-up that has discussion surrounding broadband, hemp, Colorado insurance, school safety, and finally drought.
Proud to introduce the first episode that will be archived of Diversions Radio. This episode features the Deputy Forester for the State of Colorado, Mr. Joe Duda. This episode specifically addresses the health of Colorado's forests.
"Buy and Dry" was discussed on the last program of Diversions. This is something that needs to get more attention and needs to be discussed. The impacts that it has on the Western Slope should not be taken lightly.


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The Chinese manufacturer HomTom announced its smartphones for 2017 at the beginning of the year. Some of them have been already released, and others we are waiting yet.
So, according to HomTom brand, in 2017 we'll see at least seven new smartphones with good specs and very attractive prices. It should be noted that HomTom still does not have flagship and more powerful smartphone, than HomTom HT10 with Mediatek Helio X20 processor.
However, perhaps HomTom decided to focus only on budget market. So, today we'll tell you about all available HomTom smartphone 2017.
HomTom 2017: seven new smartphones
So, this year the Chinese manufacturer releases six new smartphones at once. All of them will receive not the most powerful specs and attractive price tag. According to the company, three new phones will receive support for 4G networks, while the other three smartphones will work only with 3G networks. In addition, a couple of devices will have dust-waterproof and shockproof body.
Review HomTom HT20 rugged smartphone
First of all, HomTom HT20 is a rugged device with protection from moisture, dust and falls on a hard surface. All connectors are hidden under the plugs, which is good on one side, but it gives some inconvenience with frequent charging or listening to music. However, HomTom HT20 is designed for extreme use. It easily survives diving in the water to a depth of 1.5 meters. Also it is able to survive a repeated falls from 2 meters height. The specification list of HomTom HT20 is as follows:
If we talk about the specs of the smartphone, then it is real budget device. It runs a processor from Mediatek, which, of course, is not good for games. For example, World of Tanks game on the minimum graphics settings, you will not get more than 40 fps in the first fight.
The camera is also average. Sensor Sony IMX219 is the most common option for gadgets with price up to $100. Moreover, the camera itself has an original resolution of 8 MP (with interpolation to 13 MP).
HomTom HT20 price and release date
The smartphone HomTom HT20 is already on sale. Its price is about $100. Click the button below to check out actual price.
Review HomTom HT20 Pro improved rugged budget phone
HomTom HT20 Pro is an updated version of original HomTom HT20. Some specs will be improved, but the overall performance remains the same.
HomTom HT20 Pro, like original smartphone, has protected body from water, dust and falls. It is available in four color option: black, white, orange and army green.
Here you can see specification list of HomTom HT20 Pro.
As you can see, HomTom HT20 Pro received more powerful chipset Mediatek MT6753. It has about 35 000 scores in AnTuTu test.
We are glad that Pro version has more RAM and user memory: 3GB and 32GB, respectively. By the way, the camera also will be improved: 16MP rear camera and 8MP front camera.
HomTom HT20 Pro price and release date
Some days ago HomTom HT20 Pro appears in stores. You can order new smartphone just for $126. Click the button below to find out the actual price.
Review HomTom HT16 Pro
It is ultra budget smartphone with 2GB of RAM and supports 4G networks. HomTom HT16 Pro is the third and last smartphone from HomTom with support for 4G LTE networks. The other features are similar to HomTom HT20.
The HomTom HT16 Pro device, like HomTom HT20, has cameras with a resolution of 8MP and 2MP. But the manufacturer decided to slightly cheat and interpolate their resolutions up to 13MP and 5MP, respectively.
HomTom HT16 Pro release date and price
The price of HomTom HT16 Pro is about $90. Find the best deals in Chinese online stores.
Review HomTom HT27, HT30 and HT37
The last three smartphones from HomTom company are based on the same processor – Mediatek MT6580, but differ from each other by camera resolutions and display sizes. HomTom HT27, HT30 and HT37 are bright representatives of the ultra-budget segment.
Among the three cheap smartphones stand out HomTom HT37, which is favorably distinguished by its attractive design and body materials. If HomTom HT27 and HT30 have plastic cases, then HomTom HT37 can boast of metal parts.
The performance of these devices has nothing to say, since Mediatek MT6580 is based on the old Cortex-A7 cores. They are good for stable OS performance and casual games, not for more.
As for the cameras, HomTom HT27, HT30 and HT37 will allow you to shoot quality photos with good lighting.
HomTom HT27, HT30 and HT37 – release date and price
All smartphones are available on sale. The prices start from $60 to $100, depending on model.
Review HomTom HT37 Pro
Just few days ago the Chinese manufacturer HomTom released its new smartphone called HomTom HT37 Pro. It is also budget device with interesting features.
If specifications list is not much different from other models, for example, 3GB RAM + 32GB Storage, 8MP + 13MP cameras, and quad-core processor MediaTek MTK6737, then available features are worthy of your attention.
The smartphone supports 4G networks, and it works on latest Android 7.0 Nougat. But the main feature is double speaker. Not every flagship smartphone has such speaker, not to mention budget devices. It offers great sound quality.
HomTom HT37 Pro price
From July 3 to July 10, GearBest offers great deal! You can buy HomTom HT37 Pro just for $89.99.Follow us in social media:


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Miami Beach
Bay Harbor Islands council reacts to criticism
Six weeks after a national historic-preservation group called Bay Harbor Islands' East Island "one of America's 11 most endangered historic places," two Town Council members questioned the need to preserve the island's older buildings.
At their first meeting since the nonprofit National Trust for Historic Preservation included the town on its list, council members discussed the claim for the first time on Monday.
Council member Solange Rousselot said she did not share preservationists' appreciation of the "Miami Modern," or MiMo, style buildings, which date from the late 1940s and 1950s.
"Historic buildings should not be measured in decades," Rousselot said. "Historic buildings should be measured in centuries. With all of these buildings that are not very well maintained, it would be very irresponsible for us to designate them historic because they would not last 50 more years."
Vice Mayor Jordan Leonard said the government should not be forced on property owners.
"If the county wants to come and designate your property, and you have no say, I have a problem with that," Leonard said. "The problem that I have is if you want to educate them, that is fine but [not when you are] forcing them to the point that they are scared. . . . I have had residents that have even cried."
Teri D'Amico, a longtime East Island resident who co-coined the term MiMo, has criticized council members for what she says is a negligent attitude about the town's architectural history.
"You are not thinking about the criteria for harmony on this island," D'Amico told the council. "You are not being thoughtful or sensitive to these older structures."
Other preservationists championed the uniqueness of the town, whose buildings include work by renowned architects such as Morris Lapidus, Henry Hohauser and Charles McKirahan.
"Modernism was developing on the continent [Europe], but it developed very differently here," said Clotilde Luce, a Miami Beach resident and travel writer. "If you start to just keep a few elements of it, you lose the ensemble and that is your 'postcard' and that is your identity."
Some residents urged the council to look to Miami Beach and its preservation work.
"Miami Beach had a vision and did some good preservation work," resident Hector Garcia said. "You should consider that vision. There is an irreplaceable charm in this town that you have the power to preserve."
Council member Kelly Reid put the discussion on the council's agenda because "when this comes out about our little town, then a discussion is in order."
Historic designations fall under the jurisdiction of Miami-Dade County, not the Town Council, but D'Amico says the council is aggravating the problem through a program of Transfer of Development Rights, or TDRs.
The program allows owners of smaller properties to sell the right to build more units on their land to developers, who can then build larger buildings elsewhere. D'Amico says this encourages construction of condo towers that dwarf the smaller, historic buildings.
"TDRs are a useful tool to preserve historic buildings and open spaces, and you are not using it that way," D'Amico told the council.
Despite opposition from preservationists, the Town Council on Monday approved the transfer of development rights of 27 units to three new building projects.
The only TDR transaction that failed was the transfer of two units from 9300 W. Bay Harbor Drive Condominium Inc. to Island Club Towers, where Mayor Robert Yaffe is the condo board's attorney. Yaffe recused himself and left the dais because of the conflict of interest.
Also on the preservation front, the town is waiting to hear from the county regarding a preservation study underway of the East Island.
"I think this is a discussion that will be ongoing," Yaffe said.


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Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 2
Targeted Prevention Approaches—What Works
Individual-Focused Approaches to the Prevention of College Student Drinking
Jessica M. Cronce, Ph.D., and Mary E. Larimer, Ph.D.
JESSICA M. CRONCE, PH.D., is a senior postdoctoral fellow, and MARY E. LARIMER, PH.D., is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Alcohol consumption is prevalent among college students and can become problematic for some. Numerous randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of individual preventive interventions in reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in college student populations. Consistent with earlier reviews, the balance of the evidence from studies conducted during the past 3 years strongly supports the efficacy of brief motivational interventions combined with personalized feedback interventions (PFIs) and personalized normative feedback (PNF), as well as of stand-alone PFI/PNF interventions. Recent analyses also continue to support the efficacy of alcohol expectancy challenge interventions, although the findings are less consistent. In addition, recent analyses offer mixed support for feedback-based interventions focused solely on blood alcohol concentration and for multicomponent, alcohol education–focused interventions that include elements of PFI/PNF. No evidence of efficacy was found for programs that only included alcohol education.
KEY WORDS: Alcohol consumption; problematic alcohol use; college students; prevention; college and university-based prevention; preventive intervention; individual-level prevention; brief motivational intervention; personalized feedback intervention; personalized normative feedback; blood alcohol concentration; prevention through education
As detailed by Johnston and colleagues (2009), the majority of young adults, in particular college students, consume alcohol. Moreover, a substantial
proportion of those who consume alcohol misuse it, engaging in heavy episodic drinking,1 which directly and indirectly contributes to a host of harmful consequences (O'Malley and Johnston 2002; Perkins 2002). The rates of heavy drinking peak at ages 21 or 22 (Johnston et al. 2009), suggesting that most college students mature out of heavy drinking. Nevertheless, the harm they experience as a result of heavy drinking, such as poor academic and work performance or serious physical injury, may irrevocably alter students' natural developmental trajectories. In an effort to prevent or mitigate such long-term harm, myriad prevention programs have been developed to reduce college student drinking by targeting individual factors associated with alcohol use and misuse, including alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, perceived norms, and natural ambivalence regarding behavior (Baer 2002; Presley et al. 2002). A wealth of research has been devoted to evaluating the efficacy of these preventive interventions. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of the science with regard to individual-focused preventive interventions whose efficacy in reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related problems has been evaluated in the college student population using randomized controlled trials. Conclusions from earlier reviews in this area are described briefly, with greater focus given to summarizing evidence accumulated in the past 3 years (2007–2010).
Individual-Focused Preventive Interventions: Specific Components and Evidence of Efficacy
Previous Reviews
Larimer and Cronce (2002, 2007) conducted qualitative reviews of research published between 1984 and early 2007 that evaluated the efficacy of individual preventive interventions aimed at college students. Both reviews noted a dearth of support for educational or awareness models, including information-based and values-clarification approaches, whereas there was evidence of efficacy for skills-based interventions, including self-monitoring/ assessment, alcohol expectancy challenge (AEC), and multicomponent skills training. Moreover, both reviews documented strong empirical support for brief motivational interventions (BMIs) delivered via mail, online, or in person. As the name implies, in-person BMIs are brief (i.e., typically delivered over one or two sessions) and focus on enhancing motivation and commitment to change problematic behavior. To this end, BMIs often provide personalized feedback regarding the client's drinking and related consequences, alcohol expectancies, and drinking motives; when delivered alone in the absence of a trained facilitator, this personalized feedback component is referred to as a personalized feedback intervention (PFI). BMIs and PFIs often additionally include general alcohol information (i.e., alcohol education) and alcohol-specific coping and harm-reduction skills. PFIs typically include personalized normative feedback (PNF), which compares the client's self-reported drinking behavior to the average drinking behavior of a specific reference group (e.g., typical student, typical female). PNF encourages clients to explore and enhance discrepancies between their perception of their own drinking as "typical" and the actual drinking behaviors of their peers—that is, that the majority of students drink moderately, often significantly less than the individual receiving the intervention. Like PFIs, PNF can be delivered as a stand-alone intervention in the absence of in-person contact. Larimer and Cronce (2007) independently detailed empirical evidence supporting normative reeducation interventions, in particular computer-administered or in-person PNF interventions, that produced reductions in drinking and/or consequences mediated through changes in normative perceptions.
Complementing the qualitative reviews by Larimer and Cronce (2002, 2007), Carey and colleagues (2007) conducted a quantitative review evaluating 62 randomized clinical trials of 98 alcohol interventions for college students published during roughly the same time period (i.e., 1985 to early 2007). This meta-analysis similarly supported the efficacy of individual- focused alcohol interventions in reducing the quantity and frequency of alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences. The investigators further noted that significant intervention effects on indices of alcohol consumption peaked before the 6-month followup and that subsequently emerging effects on alcohol-related negative consequences lasted through long-term followup (ranging from 1 to 3.75 years). Specifically, Carey and colleagues (2007) concluded that individual interventions that used motivational interviewing techniques, included personalized feedback on alcohol expectancies and drinking motives with normative reeducation components, and included decisional balance exercises demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing alcohol- related consequences than did various comparison groups. This combination of intervention components is common to intervention approaches patterned after the Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS) program (Dimeff et al. 1999).
Review of Recent Individual-Focused Preventive Intervention Studies
In the years since the publication of the reviews by Carey and colleagues (2007) and Larimer and Cronce (2002, 2007), numerous studies of individual-focused preventive interventions for college student drinking have been published. Of these, 36 studies evaluating 56 unique interventions, met criteria for inclusion in this review (see the tables for details). Studies were identified via a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PsycINFO and MEDLINE (for a list of search terms used, see Larimer and Cronce 2007), covering the period from late 2007 to early 2010. Additional studies were identified indirectly (e.g., they were referenced in the introduction section of one of the identified studies), and as-yet-unpublished studies were provided directly by authors. Studies were included if they used a randomized controlled trial approach—that is, if they randomly assigned individual participants (or intact groups) to one of two or more experimental conditions, including at least one active intervention and an ostensibly inert control (e.g., assessment only) group. Although the number of studies meeting inclusion criteria suggests that a meta-analysis may be warranted, a qualitative approach was selected for this review to facilitate more rapid communication with key stakeholders concerning the current state of alcohol prevention.2 However, intervention effect sizes are reported for relevant outcomes in all studies that included effect size estimates in the original report or provided sufficient postintervention data to calculate between-group estimates (see tables). Within-group effect size estimates also are provided for studies wherein significant within-person reductions in alcohol use or consequences were evident.
Many of the studies included in this review evaluate the efficacy of multicomponent BMIs, many of which were adapted from the BASICS program. Most of these BMIs incorporated a PFI with PNF. Some studies evaluated one or more PFI/PNF interventions delivered alone, without the benefit of a trained intervention facilitator. Interventions were delivered via various modalities, including in-person group and individual sessions, mailed printed material, and Web-based content. In addition, some interventions were conducted in special settings (i.e., primary care, in the student's home before entering college) or targeted high-risk student subpopulations (i.e., mandated/ sanctioned students, freshmen, or athletes).
Stand-Alone PFI/PNF Interventions. A total of 17 studies evaluated the impact of 14 unique PFIs/PNF and 4 PNF-only interventions implemented via written material, mail, computer, Web, or electronic diary on college student drinking (see table 1). Of 14 PFI/PNF interventions evaluated, 6 were associated with reductions in drinking but not drinking-related consequences relative to the comparison condition at followup. One PFI/PNF intervention (Doumas and Andersen 2009) was associated with reduced drinking- related consequences as well as alcohol use. Four additional PFI/PNF interventions were associated with significant within-person reductions in alcohol use and/or consequences across assessment periods, but between-group differences were not evident. Of four PNF-only interventions evaluated, three resulted in reductions in drinking outcomes at followup. The remaining PNF-only intervention had no effects on these outcomes but was associated with reductions in perceived drinking norms and increased readiness/ preparation for behavior change.
Table 1 Studies Assessing the Efficacy of Stand-Alone PFI/PNF Interventions Compared With Assessment Only or Other Interventions
|Intervention Conditions
|Student Population Outcome (Intervention Condition)
|Effect Sizes
|Follow-up Period
|PFI/PNF vs. assessment only
|Bewick et al. (2008)
|Reduced drinks per drinking occasion (1)
|d = 0.29
|12 weeks
|Doumas & Andersen
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
d = 0.85
d = 0.80
|3 months
|Geisner, et al. (2007)
|Reduced perceived drinking norms (1)
No group difference with respect to alcohol use or consequences (1, 2)
|d = 0.60
|1 month
|Hustad et al. (2010)
|Reduced typical and peak drinking (1)
Reduced typical and peak drinking (2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (2)
|ds = 0.54 to 0.85
ds = 0.59 to 0.75
d = 0.56
|1 month
|Weitzel et al. (2007)
|Reduced drinks per drinking day during the intervention period, but not at followup (1)
|2 weeks
|PFI/PNF vs. waitlist control
|White et al. (2008)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
No group differences (1, 2)
Within-person comparisons:
Reduced drinking frequency (1, 2)
Reduced heavy drinking episodes (1)
Reduced peak BAC (1, 2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (2)
Reduced drinking frequency (1, 2)
Reduced peak BAC (2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1, 2)
Within-person ds:
ds = 0.23, 0.28
d = 0.29
ds = 0.24, 0.28
d = 0.23
ds = 0.24, 0.28
d = 0.22
ds = 0.20, 0.19
|2 months and 7 months
2 months
7 months
|PFI/PNF vs. alcohol education
|Doumas & Haustveit
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced weekly drinking quantity (1)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
|ηp2 = 0.14
ηp2 = 0.15
ηp2 = 0.20
|6 weeks and 3 months
|Doumas et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced weekly drinking quantity (1)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
|ηp2 = 0.07
ηp2 = 0.08
ηp2 = 0.07
|30 days
|Minimal PFI/PNF vs. enhanced PFI/PNF
|Saitz et al. (2007)
|High-risk drinking freshmen:
No group differences (1, 2)
Within-person comparisons:
Reduced AUDIT scores (1, 2)
Reduced quantity drinks per week (women; 1, 2)
Reduced heavy drinking episodes (women; 1, 2)
1 month
|PFI/PNF vs. BMI
|Butler et al. (2009)
|Reduced frequency of typical drinking
(1, 2)
Reduced quantity of typical drinking
(1, 2)
Reduced frequency of binge drinking
(1, 2)
|ηp2 = 0.13
ηp2 = 0.17
ηp2 = 0.15
|4 weeks
|Doumas & Hannah (2008)
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced weekend alcohol use (1, 2)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1, 2)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1, 2)
|ηp2 = 0.07
ηp2 = 0.05
ηp2 = 0.04
|30 days
|Mun et al. (2009)
|No group differences (1, 2)
|15 months
|Walters et al. (2009)
|Reduced alcohol use and problems (1)
No group differences on alcohol use or consequences (2, 3, 4)
|d = 0.54
|6 months
|White et al. (2007)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
No group differences (1, 2)
Protective effect against increases in alcohol consequences (1)
Within-person comparisons:
Reduced quantity drinks per week (1)
Reduced peak BAC (1, 2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
d = 0.27
Within-person ds:
d = 0.28
d = 0.36, 0.19
d = 0.39
|4 months
15 months
15 months
|PNF-only vs. assessment only
|Lewis et al. (2007
|Reduced quantity drinks per week (1)
Reduced drinking frequency (1)
Reduced drinking frequency (2)
|5 months
|Lewis et al. (2008)
|Reduced normative misperceptions (1)
No group differences with respect to alcohol use or consequences (1,2)
|ηp2 = 0.07
|1 -week
|Neighbors et al. (2009)
|Reduced BAC on 21st birthday (1)
|d = 0.33
|4 days post-birthday
Table 2 Studies Assessing the Efficacy of In-Person BMIs
|Intervention Conditions
|Student Population Outcome (Intervention Condition)
|Effect Sizes
|Follow-up Period
|BMI vs. assessment only
|Amaro et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced weekday alcohol use (1)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
Increased use of protective behavioral
strategies (1)
d = 1.06
d = 0.65
d = 1.98
6 months
10 weeks
|LaBrie et al. (2008)
|Freshmen women:
Reduced typical drinking (1)
Reduced heavy-episodic drinking (1)
d = 0.34
d = 0.42
|LaBrie et al. (2009)
|Freshmen women:
No group differences (1, 2)
|6 months
|BMI vs. PFI/PNF only
|Butler et al. (2009)
|Reduced frequency of typical drinking (1, 2)
Reduced quantity of typical drinking (1, 2)
Reduced frequency of binge drinking (1, 2)
|ηp2 = 0.13
ηp2 = 0.17
ηp2 = 0.15
|4 weeks
|Doumas & Hannah
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced weekend alcohol use (1, 2)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1, 2)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1, 2)
|ηp2 = 0.07
ηp2 = 0.05
ηp2 = 0.04
|30 days
|Mun et al. (2009)
|No group differences (1, 2)
|15 months
|Walters et al. (2009)
|Reduced alcohol use and problems (1)
No group differences on alcohol use or
consequences (2, 3, 4)
|d = 0.54
|6 months
|White et al. (2007)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
No group differences (1, 2)
Protective effect against increases in alcohol consequences (1)
Within-person comparisons:
Reduced quantity drinks per week (1)
Reduced peak BAC (1, 2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
d = 0.27
Within-person ds:
d = 0.28
d = 0.36, 0.19
d = 0.39
|4 months
15 months
15 months
|BMI vs. other interventions
|Carey et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced alcohol use (various indices) among women only (1)
|ds = 0.21 to 0.38
|1 month
|Carey et al. (2010)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced alcohol use (various indices)
among men (1, 2, 3)
No group differences on problems
among men (1, 2, 3, 4)
Reduced alcohol use without group
differences among women(1, 2, 3, 4)
Reduced problems without group differences among women (1, 3, 4)
Women in (1) experienced greater reductions in alcohol use relative to (2, 3)
|1 month
|Cimini et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
No group differences (1, 2, 3)
|6 months
|Hansson et al. (2007)
|Reduced alcohol psychopathology (3)
Reduced drinking consequence scores (3)
Reduced estimated BACs (3)
|ds = 0.52 to 0.60
ds= 0.42 to 0.72
d = 0.49
|12-24 months
|Schaus et al. (2009)
|Reduced typical drinking (1)
Reduced peak drinking (1)
Reduced typical BAC (1)
Reduced peak BAC (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
Reduced alcohol problems (1)
|ds = 0.27-0.41
ds = 0.25-0.36
ds = 0.28-0.35
ds = 0.37-0.49
ds = 0.42-0.50
ds = 0.23-0.29
|3 and 6 months
|Stahlbrandt et al. (2007)
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced AUDIT scores (1)
|d = 0.27
|2 years
|Turrisi et al. (2009)
|Reduced typical drinking (3)
Reduced peak drinking (3)
Reduced alcohol consequences (3)
Reduced number of drinks/weekend (2)
|ds = 0.14-0.20
ds = 0.17-0.26
ds = 0.13-0.20
d = 0.16
ds = 0.16-0.18
|10 months
|Wood et al. (2007)
|Reduced total alcohol use (1)
Reduced total alcohol use (2)
Reduced heavy episodic consumption (1)
Reduced heavy episodic consumption (2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
|ds = 0.16-0.25
ds = 0.01-0.20
ds = 0.18-0.26
ds = 0.00-0.22
ds = 0.29-0.33
|1 month,
3 months,
and 6 months
|Wood et al. (2010)
|Protective effect against:
Initiating heavy episodic consumption (1)
Experiencing onset alcohol consequences (1)
Experiencing onset alcohol consequences (3)
|hs = 0.02-0.22
hs = 0.07-0.15
|10 months and
22 months
Table 3 Studies Assessing the Efficacy of Other Preventive Interventions
|Intervention Conditions
|Student Population Outcome (Intervention Condition)
|Effect Sizes
|Follow-up Period
|Alcohol expectancy challenge
|Lau-Barraco and
Dunn (2008)
|Reduced quantity of drinks per week (1)
Reduced frequency of binge drinking (1)
|ds = 0.30 to 0.35
ds = 0.34 to 0.36
|1 month
|Wood et al. (2007)
|Reduced total alcohol use (1)
Reduced total alcohol use (2)
Reduced heavy episodic consumption (1)
Reduced heavy episodic consumption (2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (1)
|ds = 0.16–0.25
ds = 0.01–0.20
ds = 0.18–0.26
ds = 0.00–0.22
ds = 0.29–0.33
|1 month,
3 months,
and 6 months
|Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) feedback
|Glindemann et al. (2007)
|Lower BACs (1)
Increased percentage of individuals with a BAC <.08 g % (1)
|d = 0.31
d = 0.20
|Thombs et al. (2007)
|Increased observed mean BAC (2)
|d = 0.30
|Next day follow-up,
aggregated across participants over
2-year project period
|Alcohol education
|Doumas & Haustveit
|Among high-risk drinkers:
Reduced weekly drinking quantity (1)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
|ηp2 = 0.14
ηp2 = 0.15
ηp2 = 0.20
|6 weeks and
3 months
|Doumas et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced weekly drinking quantity (1)
Reduced peak drinking quantity (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
|ηp2 = 0.07
ηp2 = 0.08
ηp2 = 0.07
|30 days
|Schaus et al. (2009)
|Reduced typical drinking (1)
Reduced peak drinking (1)
Reduced typical BAC (1)
Reduced peak BAC (1)
Reduced frequency of intoxication (1)
Reduced alcohol problems (1)
|ds = 0.27–0.41
ds = 0.25–0.36
ds = 0.28–0.35
ds = 0.37–0.49
ds = 0.42–0.50
ds = 0.28–0.29
|3 months and
6 months
|Thadani et al. (2009)
|Freshmen women:
Increased alcohol knowledge (1)
No group differences on alcohol use or
consequences (1,2)
|d = 0.73
|6 months
|Multicomponent, education-focused interventions
|Bersamin et al. (2007)
Reduced heavy episodic consumption (1)
d = 0.15
|3 months
|Carey et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced alcohol use (various indices)
among women only (1)
ds = 0.21 to 0.38
|1 month
|Carey et al. (2010)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
Reduced alcohol use (various indices)
among men (1, 2, 3)
No group differences on problems
among men (1, 2, 3, 4)
Reduced alcohol use without group
differences among women (1, 2, 3, 4)
Reduced problems without group differences
among women (1, 3, 4)
Women in (1) experienced greater reductions
in alcohol use relative to (2, 3)
1 month
|Cimini et al. (2009)
|Mandated/sanctioned students:
No group differences (1, 2, 3)
|6 months
|Croom et al. (2008)
|Increased alcohol knowledge (1)
Lower participation in drinking games (1)
Less likely to use safer sex strategies (1)
No group differences with respect to alcohol
use or consequences (1, 2)
|d = 0.52
d = 0.12
|6 weeks' postmatriculation
|Hustad et al. (2010)
|Reduced typical and peak drinking (1)
Reduced typical and peak drinking (2)
Reduced alcohol consequences (2)
|ds = 0.54 to 0.85
ds = 0.59 to 0.75
d = 0.56
|1 month
|Lau-Barraco and
Dunn (2008)
|Reduced quantity of drinks per week (1)
Reduced frequency of binge drinking (1)
|ds = 0.30 to 0.35
ds = 0.34 to 0.36
|1 month
|Lovecchio et al. (2010)
|Increased alcohol knowledge (1)
Decreased responsible drinking behavior (1)
Protective effect against:
Increased alcohol consequences (1)
Increased accepting others' drinks (1)
Increased positive alcohol expectancies (1)
|d = 0.11
d = 0.28
d = 0.59
d = 0.65
d = 0.07
|1 month
In-Person BMIs. The literature review also identified 17 studies evaluating 20 unique in-person BMIs (individual and group), most of which incorporated PFI and/or PNF (see table 2). Of these interventions, 13 were associated with reductions in drinking, alcohol-related negative consequences, and/or associated psychopathology, and three interventions exhibited a protective effect against the onset of or increase in alcohol use and/or related consequences. One of these studies (Schaus et al. 2009) demonstrated a sleeper effect of the intervention, with short-term reductions in drinking and subsequently emerging reductions in consequences. Also note that another of these studies (Doumas and Hannah 2008) was not specifically aimed at college students but targeted young adults (ages 18 to 24) who were employed; however, 75 percent of the sample concurrently was enrolled in school. This study found that BMI combined with PFI was equivalent to PFI alone in reducing drinking-related variables. Finally, one of these studies (Hansson et al. 2007) specifically evaluated intervention gains between the 12-month and 24-month followup and found an advantage for a BMI combined with coping skills over either component alone. A quantitative comparison of changes from baseline to the 12-month followup was not presented. However, figures displaying group means suggest a potential short- term effect of the BMI-only condition in reducing estimated blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), which, if counted, would bring the above total support for BMI conditions from 13 to 14.
Other conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of these studies include the following:
- Findings of studies evaluating BMI in specialized settings and high-risk subpopulations suggest that primary care is an effective venue for delivery of this type of intervention (Schaus et al. 2009).
- Group BMI or BMI enhanced with parental coaching is effective in reducing drinking among college freshmen (Turrisi et al. 2009; Wood et al. 2010).
- BMI is effective for nonmandated high-risk drinkers (Doumas and Hannah 2008; Stahlbrandt et al. 2007).
- Studies involving students who had been mandated to participate in the interventions documented benefits of BMIs (Carey et al. 2009; White et al. 2007), in particular for females (Carey et al. 2009) and those who received additional services, including coping skills, problem solving, and stress management training, in the context of a student assistance program (Amaro et al. 2009). Another study (Carey et al. 2010) additionally found greater benefit of BMI participation in reducing alcohol consumption among female mandated students compared with two separate multicomponent educational programs; however, reductions in the BMI were similar to assessment only. Participation in any of the three interventions was associated with short- term reductions in alcohol consumption among male mandated students.
Other Preventive Approaches. Additional studies evaluated other specific alcohol interventions, in most cases comparing these approaches to other active interventions (e.g., BMI or PFI/PNF) (see table 3). Two studies published in the time period evaluated included alcohol expectancy challenge (AEC) protocols, which generally are considered to be more skills based than motivational in nature. Lau-Barraco and Dunn (2008) evaluated a single-session, gender-specific in vivo (experiential) AEC. In contrast, Wood and colleagues (2007) assessed a two-session mixed-gender in vivo AEC, both alone and in combination with a BMI involving a PFI/PNF component. Both AEC interventions resulted in reductions in alcohol use but not alcohol consequences.
Two other studies (Glindemann et al. 2007; Thombs et al. 2007) investigated the efficacy of BAC feedback, another cognitive–behavioral skills-based approach used to intervene with college students. One of these studies (Glindemann et al. 2007) demonstrated a positive effect of the intervention (i.e., reductions in BACs), whereas the other (Thombs et al. 2007) reported a potential inadvertent opposite (i.e., iatrogenic) effect—that is, an increase in BACs. These mixed findings may be related to differences between the two studies in terms of the timing of the feedback (i.e., immediate versus delayed) and use of incentives to promote lower BACs (i.e., a $100 cash raffle for participants with BACs lower than 0.05 percent in the study by Glindemann and colleagues [2007]).
Four studies evaluated alcohol education either as a stand-alone intervention (see Thadani et al. 2009) or as a comparison intervention for PFI/PNF interventions with or without BMI. These studies generally found increases in alcohol knowledge among the students receiving the intervention. However, the interventions generated equivocal or negative effects on alcohol use and related consequences because they detected no group differences and/or lacked an assessment-only control group.
Finally, eight studies tested nine unique multicomponent, education-focused programs, which included general alcohol information as well as elements typically associated with efficacious BMI and PFI/PNF interventions, such as personalized feedback, normative reeducation, challenge of positive drinking expectancies, and tips for harm reduction. Just over one-half of these programs were associated with reductions in drinking and/or alcohol consequences, whereas the remainder (i.e., Alcohol 101 Plus [Carey et al. 2009]; an in-person, facilitator-led program [Cimini et al. 2009]; AlcoholEdu for College, 2006 version [Croom et al. 2008]; and Alcohol 101 [Lau-Barraco and Dunn 2008]) produced equivocal results. Of note, because the effective multicomponent education programs (e.g., AlcoholEdu, 2007 version; AlcoholEdu for College; AlcoholEdu for Sanctions; and College Alc) included BMI and PFI/PNF elements, it is impossible to disentangle the effect of education alone from the effects of these efficacious components.
Individual-Focused Preventive Interventions: Conclusions and Future Research
In summary, studies published between 2007 and early 2010 provide consistent support for the efficacy of brief, personalized, individual motivational feedback (i.e., BMI with PFI/PNF) interventions and stand-alone PFI/PNF interventions. These studies also provide support for the efficacy of AEC interventions, although less consistent, and offer mixed support for BAC feedback. These conclusions are in line with previous reviews (Carey et al. 2007; Larimer and Cronce 2002, 2007). Also consistent with previous reviews, there was an absence of support for programs solely including alcohol education, although multicomponent alcohol education–focused programs, which combine educational elements with BMI, PFI, and PNF components, had greater, albeit mixed, support.
Although the balance of the evidence supports the efficacy of PFI/PNF-only interventions, additional research on these interventions is necessary to identify the elements and/or modalities that are associated with behavior change and to determine for whom in-person BMI is more (or less) efficacious compared with PFI/PNF-only interventions. The lack of intervention effects in a few of the BMI and PFI/PNF studies may reflect the potential absence (or ineffective delivery) of necessary intervention components or the presence of potential moderators of intervention effects (e.g., mandated student status). Additional research also needs to establish the efficacy of these brief interventions in reducing long-term risk. Thus, it may be necessary to modify and evaluate existing interventions and/or evaluate the effects of supplemental interventions in order to extend their short-term effects and enhance or prolong their impact on negative drinking consequences. Recent findings (Carey et al. 2007; Schaus et al. 2009) suggesting longer-term emergent effects on alcohol-related consequences, particularly in response to in-person BMIs (Carey et al. 2007), indicate that the addition of longer-term follow-up assessments will be necessary to achieve this. Finally, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of BMIs in combination with other interventions, including interventions targeting environmental change, parenting practices, or psychiatric comorbidity. Ultimately, multiple intervention strategies may be necessary to produce lasting effects on college student drinking and related harm.
Unfortunately, key stakeholders (e.g., college administrators, campus health professionals) face numerous barriers when trying to implement efficacious individual-focused alcohol interventions. For example, with the exception of commercially available programs, such as e-Chug or AlcoholEdu, the measures and feedback programs used in most intervention protocols are not easily accessible or not immediately useable. For those seeking to implement the BASICS approach (Dimeff et al. 1999), a published manual and measures are available. However, campus personnel may not have adequate resources (e.g., the expertise to train and supervise therapists, access to programs that can generate personalized feedback, or access to campus specific normative drinking data) to implement the program with sufficient fidelity.
Many of these barriers can be overcome by pairing health and counseling personnel with faculty in academic departments who may have experience with program evaluation and implementation. Word processing and spreadsheet/ database programs generally available to campus personnel can be used to generate basic personalized feedback. Distance-learning methods currently used to disseminate some evidence-based public health interventions (e.g., video- or Web-based conferencing of initial training and ongoing clinical supervision) could be adapted to support implementation of BMI protocols. Implementation of routine alcohol screening in campus health centers could be used to gather normative data for use in PFI/PNF and to identify students appropriate for intervention.
Barriers to intervention implementation also necessitate additional research into increasing the reach of evidence-based approaches. This includes research related to training of providers and assessment of fidelity for in-person interventions, methods to improve impact and portability of Web-based or mailed/written interventions, and research on adaptation of efficacious interventions so they are appropriate for young adults from different cultural backgrounds and in contexts outside the traditional, mainstream college setting. To date, young adults in the workplace, community-college settings, tribal colleges and universities, historically Black colleges and universities, and other minority-serving institutions have been substantially underrepresented in efficacy trials of BMIs and related interventions. Careful consideration and the development of meaningful community partnerships to support the bidirectional learning necessary to adapt and implement efficacious brief prevention approaches in these settings are needed.
This research was supported through funding from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (T32–AA–007455, Psychology Training in Alcohol Research).
Financial disclosure
The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
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Carey, K.B.; Carey, M.P.; Henson, J.M.; et al. Brief alcohol interventions for mandated college students: Comparison of face-to-face counseling and computer-delivered interventions. Addiction 106(3):528–537, 2011. PMID: 21059184
Carey, K.B.; Henson, J.M.; Carey, M.P.; and Maisto, S.A. Computer versus in-person intervention for students violating campus alcohol policy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77:74–87, 2009. PMID: 19170455
Carey, K.B.; Scott-Sheldon, L.A.J.; Carey, M.P.; and DeMartini, K.S. Individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analytic review. Addictive Behaviors 32:2469–2494, 2007. PMID: 17590277
Cimini, M.D.; Martens, M.P.; Larimer, M.E.; et al. Assessing the effectiveness of peer-facilitated interventions addressing high-risk drinking among judicially mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Suppl. 16):57–66, 2009. PMID: 19538913
Cho, H. Influences of self-monitoring and goal-setting on drinking refusal self-efficacy and drinking behavior. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 25(3):53–65, 2007.
Croom, K.; Lewis, D.; Marchell, T.; et al. Impact of an online alcohol education course on behavior and harm for incoming first-year college students: Short-term evaluation of a randomized trial. Journal of American College Health 57:445–454, 2009. PMID: 19114384
Cunningham, J.A.; Humphreys, K.; and Koski-Jannes, A. Providing personalized assessment feedback for problem drinking on the internet: A pilot project. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:794–798, 2000. PMID: 11188484
Dimeff, L.A.; Baer, J.S.; Kivlahan, D.R.; et al. Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS): A Harm Reduction Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 1999.
Doumas, D. M., and Andersen, L.L. Reducing alcohol use in first-year university students: Evaluation of a web-based personalized feedback program. Journal of College Counseling 12:18–32, 2009.
Doumas, D.M., and Hannah, E. Preventing high-risk drinking in youth in the workplace: A Web-based normative feedback program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 34:263−271, 2008. PMID: 17600650
Doumas, D.M., and Haustveit, T. Reducing heavy drinking in intercollegiate athletes: Evaluation of a Web-based personalized feedback program. Sport Psychologist 22:212–228, 2008.
Doumas, D.M.; McKinley, L.L.; and Book, P. Evaluation of two web-based alcohol interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 36:65–74, 2009. PMID: 18657941
Fearnow-Kenney, M., and Wyrick, D.L., Eds. Alcohol Use and Harm Prevention: A Resource for College Students. Lynchburg, VA: Progress Printing, 2005.
Geisner, I.M.; Neighbors, C.; Lee, C.M.; and Larimer, M.E. Evaluating personal alcohol feedback as a selective prevention for college students with depressed mood. Addictive Behaviors 32:2776–2787, 2007. PMID: 17499445
Gerend, M.A., and Cullen, M. Effects of message framing and temporal context on college student drinking behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44:1167–1173, 2008.
Glindemann, K.E.; Ehrhart, I.J.; Drake, E.A.; and Geller, E.S. Reducing excessive alcohol consumption at university fraternity parties: A cost-effective incentive/reward intervention. Addictive Behaviors 32:39–48, 2007. PMID: 16650622
Hansson, H.; Rundberg, J.; Zetterlind, U.; et al. Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: A randomized controlled trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31:1927–1933, 2007. PMID: 17908264
Hustad, J.T.P.; Barnett, N.P.; Borsari, B.; et al. Web-based alcohol prevention for incoming college students: A randomized controlled trial. Addictive Behaviors 35:183–189, 2010. PMID: 19900763
Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; et al. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2008. Volume II: College Students and Adults Ages 19–50 (NIH Pub. No. 09–7403). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009.
Kokotailo, P.K.; Egan, J.; Gangnon, R.; et al. Validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:914–920, 2004. PMID: 15201634
LaBrie, J.W.; Huchting, K.K.; Lac, A.; et al. Preventing risky drinking in first-year college women: Further validation of a female-specific motivational enhancement group intervention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Suppl. 16):77–85, 2009. PMID: 19538915
LaBrie, J.W.; Huchting, K.; Tawalbeh, S.; et al. A randomized motivational enhancement prevention group reduces drinking and alcohol consequences in first-year college women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 22:149– 155, 2008. PMID: 18298242
Larimer, M.E., and Cronce, J.M. Identification, prevention, and treatment: A review of individual-focused strategies to reduce problematic alcohol consumption by college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Suppl. 14):148–163, 2002. PMID: 12022721
Larimer, M.E., and Cronce, J.M. Identification, prevention, and treatment revisited: Individual-focused college drinking prevention strategies 1999–2006. Addictive Behaviors 32:2439–2468, 2007. PMID: 17604915
Larimer, M.E.; Cronce, J.M.; Lee, C.M.; and Kilmer, J.R. Brief interventions in college settings. Alcohol Research & Health 28:94–104, 2004–2005. PMID: 19006997
Lau-Barraco, C., and Dunn, M.E. Evaluation of a single-session expectancy challenge intervention to reduce alcohol use among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 22:168–175, 2008. PMID: 18540714
Lewis, M.A.; Neighbors, C.; Lee, C.M.; and Oster-Aaland, L. 21st birthday celebratory drinking: Evaluation of a personalized normative feedback card intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 22:176–185, 2008. PMID: 18540715
Lewis, M.A.; Neighbors, C.; Oster-Aaland, L.; et al. Indicated prevention for incoming freshmen: Personalized normative feedback and high-risk drinking. Addictive Behaviors 32:2495–2508, 2007. PMID: 17658695
Lovecchio, C.P.; Wyatt, T.M.; and DeJong, W. Reductions in drinking and alcohol-related harms reported by first-year college students taking an online alcohol education course: A randomized trial. Journal of Health Communication 15:805– 819, 2010. PMID: 21104507
Mun, E.Y.; White, H.R.; and Morgan, T.J. Individual and situational factors that influence the efficacy of personalized feedback substance use interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77:88–102, 2009. PMID: 19170456
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). NIAAA Council approves definition of binge drinking. NIAAA Newsletter 3:3, 2004.
Neighbors, C.; Lee, C.M.; Lewis, M.A.; et al. Internet-based personalized feedback to reduce 21st birthday drinking: A randomized controlled trial of an event-specific prevention intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77:51–63, 2009. PMID: 19170453
O'Malley, P.M., and Johnston, L.D. Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Suppl. 14):23–39, 2002. PMID: 12022728
Perkins, H.W. Surveying the damage: A review of research on consequences of alcohol misuse in college populations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Suppl. 14):91–100, 2002. PMID: 12022733
Presley, C.A.; Meilman, P.W.; and Leichliter, J.S. College factors that influence drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Suppl. 14):82–90, 2002. PMID: 12022732
Saitz, R.; Palfai, T. P.; Freedner, N.; et al. Screening and brief intervention online for college students: The iHealth study. Alcohol and Alcoholism 42:28–36, 2007. PMID: 17130139
Schaus, J.F.; Sole, M.L.; McCoy, T.P.; et al. Alcohol screening and brief intervention in a college student health center: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Suppl. 16):131–141, 2009. PMID: 19538921
Stahlbrandt, H.; Johnsson, K.O.; and Berglund, M. Two-year outcome of alcohol interventions in Swedish university halls of residence: A cluster randomized trial of a brief skills training program, twelve-step-influenced intervention, and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31:458–466, 2007. PMID: 17295713
Thadani, V.; Huchting, K.; and LaBrie, J. Alcohol-related information in multi-component interventions and college students' drinking behavior. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 53:31–51, 2009.
The Century Council. Alcohol 101 Plus [computer software]. Washington, DC: The Century Council, 2003. Available at: http://www.alcohol101plus.org/.
Thombs, D.L.; Olds, R.S.; Osborn, C.J.; et al. Outcomes of a technology-based social norms intervention to deter alcohol use in freshman residence halls. Journal of American College Health 55:325–332, 2007. PMID: 17517544
Turrisi, R.; Larimer, M.E.; Mallett, K.A.; et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating a combined alcohol intervention for high-risk college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 70:555–567, 2009. PMID: 19515296
Walters, S.T., and Neighbors, C. Feedback interventions for college alcohol misuse: What, why and for whom? Addictive Behaviors 30:1168–1182, 2005. PMID: 15925126
Walters, S.T.; Vader, A.M.; Harris, T.R.; et al. Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77:64–73, 2009. PMID: 19170454
Wechsler, H.; Dowdall, G.W.; Davenport, A.; and Rimm, E.B. A gender-specific measure of binge drinking among college students. American Journal of Public Health 85:982–985, 1995. PMID: 7604925
Weitzel, J.A.; Bernhardt, J.M.; Usdan, S.; et al. Using wireless handheld computers and tailored text messaging to reduce negative consequences of drinking alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 68:534–537, 2007. PMID: 17568957
White, H.R. Reduction of alcohol-related harm on United States college campuses: The use of personal feedback interventions. International Journal of Drug Policy 17:310–319, 2006.
White, H.R.; Mun, E.Y.; Morgan, T.J. Do brief personalized feedback interventions work for mandated students or is it just getting caught that works? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 22:107–116, 2008. PMID: 182982236
White, H.R.; Mun, E.Y.; Pugh, L.; and Morgan, T.J. Long-term effects of brief substance use interventions for mandated college students: Sleeper effects of an in-person personal feedback intervention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31:1380–1391, 2007. PMID: 17550361
Wood, M.D.; Capone, C.; Laforge, R.; et al. Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: A randomized factorial study. Addictive Behaviors 32:2509–2528, 2007. PMID: 17658696
Wood, M.D.; Fairlie, A.M.; Fernandez, A.C.; et al. Brief motivational and parent interventions for college students: A randomized factorial study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78:349–361, 2010. PMID: 20515210


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Which locations are included in this program?
Currently, these offers are only available at participating New York Fries, Swiss Chalet, Harvey's, Kelsey's, Bier Markt, Milestones, Montana's, Fionn MacCool's and East Side Mario's restaurants in Canada.
How do I get my discount?
Simply advise your server and present your valid CAA Membership card before ordering.
What if I don't have my valid CAA Membership card on me?
Without a valid CAA Membership card, these restaurants cannot validate if a Member is eligible to receive the offer. Unfortunately, the offer is not available without a valid CAA Membership card.


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Games, Sports And Athletics
It is human nature that dedicated managers and staff become absorbed in their work and increasingly view their chosen field or profession as all encompassing. While this focus can produce commendable satisfaction for all parties, it also can lead to a type of myopia that blurs important distinctions among various service categories, such as games, sports and athletics. The connection among these three activities is clear, but recognizing the differences insures fulfilling experiences.
The Difference Between Play, Recreation and Leisure
The broad concept that embraces parks, public recreation, commercial recreation and the like is leisure. Although this term's intended meaning never gained popular acceptance, its noble underlying ideal -- the freedom or ability to intelligently choose (among life's many options) -- remains the heart of service provision.
Just as the words sports, games and athletics are sometimes used interchangeably, leisure often is confused with the concepts of recreation and play. Reviewing their similarities and unique qualities allows managers to re-focus organizational philosophy to produce outcomes compatible with each category.
While play, recreation and leisure seemingly defy precise defining, their general relationship can be visualized in Figure 1. Play is a form of leisure and recreation featuring an imaginative, uninhibited, spontaneous and unstructured expression of one's pure self. Play is most closely identified with children, who are allowed freedom unconstrained by adulthood norms and expectations, and represents the joyful purity of leisure.
Recreation is a form of leisure and play that involves more structure, and as a result, more planning and more "rules" (but not necessarily less imagination or inhibition, as anyone who has observed the outrageous behavior of some participants can testify). It retains some of the joy and purity of play, but also incorporates order and regularity, beginnings and endings, and the steps between.
Leisure, as freedom of choice, is partially expressed in recreation and play, but it also envelops them and sets limits. In turn, leisure itself is profoundly influenced by its surrounding culture, civilization, and society. (For example, kite fighting is popular in Afghanistan, but almost unknown in America.). As similar as they may seem, play, recreation and leisure actually represent different philosophical positions supporting different programmatic approaches and outcomes.
Matching Philosophy and Intent
In many respects, games, sports and athletics represent aspects of play, recreation and leisure, and can be separated from each other on this basis. The word games probably is the most troublesome, ranging in meaning from the blissful chaos of children running around the park to the "take me out to the ball game" associated with professional baseball. These two types of games are very different, and are a perfect example of the need for managers to be more precise with their definitions.
Figure 2 shows how games, sports and athletics can be thought of as a continuum of choices based on the relative amounts of play, recreation and leisure present within each. Thus, games are influenced most by leisure and play, and programming should emphasize imagination, spontaneity, happiness, and self-expression supportive of cultural values, while de-emphasizing structure.
Sports takes games to the next level by adding a framework of regulations and norms, incorporating recreation with play to produce a "love of the game": the notion that one benefit of sports participation is a respect for the rules themselves as a means of achieving self-expression. Sports programming must honor that respect for structure and history by emphasizing the activity rather than "victory."
Athletics is a marriage between society and sports: between leisure and recreation. Its distinguishing feature is the emphasis on competition: on victory, sometimes at all costs. Athletics are "played" in the sense that human variables especially are not absolutely predictable, and unscripted events often become critical turning points. It is also "recreation" in that structure is abundant, and history and sportsmanship are acknowledged and given at least token value. Nevertheless, athletic programming usually emphasizes a winner-take-all attitude, frequently at the expense of almost everything else, including the participants.
Given this scheme, a manager should not program athletic contests for pre-schoolers, but should acquire room for appropriate play (indoors and out, psychological and physical). For recreational sports, round-robin tournaments should be considered rather than single-elimination formats; and athletics must be recognized for both its beneficial and detrimental competitive potential.
Much of the trouble surrounding programming (abusive coaching, and parent and spectator violence come to mind) is related to the conflict between philosophy and intent – when folks are watching or coaching a sport or a game, but treat it as an athletic competition, which is by definition more competitive. For managers, there should be no "play"-ing around…unless you mean it.
Kim S. Uhlik is Assistant Professor in the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at San Jose State University, where he coordinates the Leadership and Administration emphasis. He can be reached via e-mail at email@example.com.


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Handmade clutch with digital printed boat illustration
Digital printed aquarel illustration.
This quality canvas clutch features a unique image of a handpainted aquarel plantprint. There are 4 different print available .
It is made of heavy weight canvas fabric .
I personaly handpaint all my designs so every piece is unique.
The clutches are handmade.


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Marvin Phillip
|6′ 0″ (1.84 m)
|Date of Birth
|August 1st, 1984 (age 35)
|Place of Birth
|Williamsville, Trinidad and Tobago
|January 31st, 2007 (aged 22)
|72 ( 0 goals)
|Current Club
|Central FC (5/2018- present)
|Previous Clubs
|Point Fortin FC (6/2017-12/2017), Morvant Caledonia United (8/2015-2/2017), Point Fortin FC (9/2013-5/2015), Central FC (9/2012-5/2013), TTEC (12/2011-4/2012), Joe Public (1/2010-11/2011), W-Connection (8/2007-11/2011), North East Stars (3/2007-8/2007), Starworld Strikers (2002-3/2007), Defence Force, San Juan Jabloteh
|Princes Town Senior Comprehensive, Presentation College San Fernando, Tabaquite Composite
Marvin was a member of the T&T U-17 team that played in the 2001 Youth Championships which was hosted in T&T. Made his senior team debut vs Panama on the 31st of January 2007. Marvin played as a striker for Presentation College before moving to Princes Town where he ended up playing between the uprights for Princes Town... Amazingly, he scored 7 goals for Pres' that year as a striker. Marvin was named W Connection's Goalkeeper of the Year for 2007.
|Honors for Marvin


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My online program and private recovery community has helped hundreds of women beat bulimia.
Click here to learn more
Beat bulimia using my online recovery program and private community. Hundreds of women who were just like you have done the same!Click here to learn more Member Login
I was fifteen when I started bulimia. I was always overweight as a child, not "fat" just "chunky". I dealt with it, though. I would hate myself, but I didn't think there was anything I could do about it. Then I discovered bulimia. Finally! I could eat what I want and lose weight! And I thought I was smart about it, too. "If I eat this and throw up, then after I can drink hot tea to make my throat better, take a few vitamins and, maybe eat a banana." I would drink milk and tea religiously, and- on the rare days I decided to eat- I would eat bananas, or beans. "Electrolytes," was all I thought. My family thought I was crazy about bananas. Until one day, I clogged the bathtub. I had a barbecue that day; I ate a hotdog, chips, cookies, drank a LOT of soda. Just went for it. And then I threw up. I felt terrible all day, as though the food hadn't completely left my stomach. When I went home I decided I had enough. I wanted to throw up again-I NEEDED to throw up again. So, I ate. I ate a bunch again, and afterwards I went to my bathroom and threw up in the tub. It was my regular place to throw up so I didn't think much of it. I was just relieved to feel empty again. But when the food wouldn't disappear, panic set in. I kept trying to make it go away, I was praying for it to just go down the drain; making promises never to throw up again if it would just GO AWAY. But, it didn't. I panicked and told my mom I was sick and something happened. She tried to help me without telling my dad. He would have gotten angry if he found out I clogged the tub. But it didn't work, and he found out. There was a bunch of crying on my part, and my mom just didn't understand why, if I was feeling sick, I went for the tub and not the toilet. (Our toilet wouldn't flush the food properly, it took a bunch of flushes.) I was done. I lay that night before bed realizing that this was affecting everyone and not just me. My parents kept having to buy food to keep up with my habits. I was done being selfish. When I woke up the next morning I had broccoli and celery.and tea. I resisted the urge to puke and it worked. That was three days ago. Still recovering, I was bulimic for almost a year. But I haven't thrown up or shoved my fingers down my throat in three days, and I feel so much less stress, it's amazing. I even think my stomach is starting to remember hunger. Right now, in this moment, I think I'm hungry. I'm going to have a burrito and it's going to be freaking awesome. Sure, I make myself eat the healthy foods only, but I don't care. I'm done with bulimia.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Bulimia Stories.
Article by Shaye Boddington
Author of your-bulimia-recovery.com
and creator of The Bulimia Recovery Program and Community


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Work is well underway in the development of ideas for my residency at Briddlesford Lodge Dairy Farm on the Isle of Wight. you can read about work developments here in a tumblr blog http://hopkilnsresidency.tumblr.com/
An exhibition of the works created will go on display in the newly restored Hop kiln Gallery which has been funded by heritage lottery and arts council england. The Exhibition commences 7th June, with a launch and talk on Saturday 6th June at 5.30pm. I hope you can join me, its a wonderful destination as they have a lovely cafe and farm shop and not to mention dairy cow calves.
Briddlesford Lodge Farm open 7 days a week Briddlesford Road Wootton Isle of Wight United Kingdom PO33 4RY


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Purveyors of audio-visual goodness, Bang and Olufsen has decided
to get into the 3D game with the latest version of its BeoVision 7 55in TV.
With 3D the big thing in TVs at the moment (for better or
worse), it was always going to be a matter of time before the high-end premium
manufacturer got into the game.
Not only has B&O added 3D, it has also packed in an
integrated Blu-ray player which increases the amount of 3D content you'll be
able to view on your large 55in screen.
The BeoVision 7 has been the company's best selling TV with 130,000 units being sold since launching in 2004. The LCD screen in BeoVision 7-55 is based on new direct-type
LED-backlight with local dimming for greater contrast. To view the 3D content
you will need to slap on a pair of active shutter glasses, though it's unclear how many, if any, of these will ship with the TV.
The TV set also comes with B&O's beam shaped loudspeaker
below the screen which uses the company's patented acoustic lens technology to
adapt the sound to the room the TV is in.
"I am excited that we are now able to offer our customers an
upgraded BeoVision 7 experience which also allows for 3D viewing. Many of our
BeoVision 7 customers have asked for this and now it is here", says Bang &
Olufsen's CEO, Tue Mantoni.
We are waiting to hear back from Bang & Olufsen
regarding UK pricing and release date and we'll let you know as soon as we do. For now you can check out the video below to get a better idea of what the BeoVision 7-55 will look in your front room with 3D and Blu-ray now included.
Update: Those lovely people from Bang & Olufsen have been
back in touch and told us the BeoVision 7-55 3D is available to
pre-order this week from any of its stores. Regarding price, B&O
gave us the RRP of a recommended package which would include the
BeoVision 7-55 3D, a motorised floor stand, BeoLab 7-6 (horizontal
stereo loudspeaker), Beo6 cutomisable remote control and one pair of 3D
glasses and will set you back £16,970 – which probably isn't as good
value as the
HP Pre 3 but then again what is.
Source: Bang & Olufsen


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connecting people to the gospel
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Women of God
Any group that desires to accomplish anything of value must have leaders.
Ultimate Confidence
Loving parents long to see their children fly, to soar above the stuff of this world and to succeed in life.
All in All
We have all heard and probably used the expression, "Is nothing holy anymore?"


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Faith Bible Church originally started in August of 2008 when God led a group of Christians to plant a church between Frenchtown and Missoula. We were especially drawn to this area because it has over 500 homes stretching between the two places, and yet there are very few Gospel-witnessing churches nearby. Under the leadership of Pastor Fred Emery, our church was formed and we began meeting on members' properties. FBC began to grow and prosper but in May 2010, our church suddenly suffered tragedy when Pastor Fred was struck and killed by a drunk driver.
The next years were difficult as our church family recovered from such a difficult loss and sought the Lord's direction on what we should do next. We learned God would provide for the plans He still had for us. That fall, we joined the Southern Baptist Convention and within a year, called Noah Lee to pastor the church. While remaining true to our founding doctrine and purpose, FBC was replanted in January of 2011 and we committed to carrying out the four-fold purpose of the church: Worship, Grow, Love, and Go.
From 2011-2015, FBC has been a faithful church plant meeting regularly to study God's Word, encourage one another through fellowship, and reach out to our community with the gospel. We are still unsure how God will use our humble group for His kingdom, but we see God sustaining us and lavishing us with incredible blessings well beyond any of our capabilities.
Over the last few years, God's provided new families to strengthen the church, finances for us to start our new building project, property for our new location, a second pastor for our leadership team, a partnering church to help guide our growth, and an incredible network of churches in the area that are a great support for our efforts to reach Missoula.
Our story has been a tumultuous one. We never expected to have so many trials and obstacles come against our vision for a simple church to meet out here in the Wye. And yet, our hardships have given us the chance to see God's overwhelming strength. He has saved us and sustained us and we know He has a good purpose for us moving forward.
Today we can say we also never expected to have so many blessings and stories of deliverance. And as we see God's faithfulness clearly in our own story, we're eager to share it with the community around us.
To hear more about where we're headed next, read here.


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- Matt turned the dirty 30!! Don't worry we celebrated with a sweet 80's party and big hair.
- We celebrated Grandma Wanda's amazing 89 years of life. Her craziness is missed daily.
- I accepted a promotion with T-Mobile, and 3 days later AT&T announced they would acquire our company.
- We sold the majority of our furniture and things and ALL OF US moved to Seattle!!
- Matt turned from a graphic designer to stay at home dad.
- Isaac figured out potty training (beware he still struggles with aiming and focusing while peeing)
- Took Isaac to his first Mariners game. The best part was a parade of the field, and watched the game in a suite. We were living the good life that day.
- Isaac started preschool and continues to out smart us.
- I won $2500 smackers playing BINGO!!
- Matt was hired full time with the Bureau of Education and Research.
- We realized that we no longer had to make plans on hopes and dreams of something to pan out. It is an amazing feeling to have security in our lives.
When I began this post I assumed I would struggle coming up with eleven things, but I have at least eleven more things I could include. We had a lot of time celebrating life with friends and family. This year has been one of the most fulfilling years. I have loved all of the unknowns and ending the year with an amazing future in sight.
May your 2012 bring you the joy and fulfillment our 2011 did for us.
Happy New Year!!