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Multiple frequency antenna feed
A multiple band antenna feed used with parabolic reflector antennas and the like. The feed is arranged as two coaxially disposed waveguides. A planar array of patch elements is disposed at the end of the coaxial waveguides so the energy in each band radiates from a common phase center. This simplifies the arrangement of associated subreflectors.
This invention relates to antenna structures and more particularly to a multiple frequency feed adapted for use with parabolic reflector antennas.
It is common to use antennas having paraboloidal reflectors in applications such as space communications where radio frequency signals in the form of microwave frequency electromagnetic waves are transmitted between an earth station and a satellite or vice versa. Such antennas may be constructed in a prime focus configuration where microwave frequency energy is coupled to a transceiver by an antenna feed mounted near a focal point of the paraboloidal reflector. The antennas may also be constructed in other configurations such as Gregorian or Cassegrain. Doubly-shaped reflectors may be used as well. These configurations use a small hyberboloidal subreflector mounted near the focal point of the paraboloidal reflector, allowing the feed to be placed between the paraboloidal and hyperboloidal reflectors. Paraboloidal reflector antennas are also used in radar and other communications applications as well.
Regardless of feed configuration or system application, it is the purpose of the feed to connect a transceiver to the paraboloidal reflector. Antennas intended for operation over multiple frequency bands normally require a corresponding number of multiple feeds and subreflectors. U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,648 to Fletcher, et al. issued May 30, 1978, and assigned to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States Government, shows a typical multiple band antenna having a main reflector that diverts energy to a subreflector and then to a flange. The flange is arranged to pass radiation in a first frequency band to first horn. Energy in a second frequency band is reflected by the flange to an auxilliary reflector. The auxilliary reflector is arranged to feed energy to a second horn.
If operation in more than two frequency bands is required, subreflector, auxilliary reflector, and multiple horn configurations become more complicated. In some instances, it is desirable to tilt and rotate the subreflectors about a symmetry axis in order to provide better tracking of the satellite or other signal source. This further complicates construction and operation of the antenna. It is of course desirable to keep the antenna assembly as small and simple as possible.
It is thus an object of this invention to provide an improved feed apparatus for multiple band parabolic antennas.
Another object is to provide radiating elements adapted for simultaneous operation with a coaxial feed.
A further object is to provide a feed apparatus having nearly coincident phase centers for all operating bands, thereby simplifying the arrangement of an associated subreflector.
Yet another object is to provide a feed apparatus allowing the use of multiple subreflectors arranged concentrically or otherwise in a closely spaced arrangement.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a multiple band antenna feed having nearly equal beamwidths in its electric and magnetic field planes.
A still further object is to provide a circularly polarized antenna feed capable of operating in at least two frequency bands simultaneously.
Briefly, these and other objects are accomplished by an apparatus having an inner waveguide disposed within a larger outer waveguide. The inner waveguide carries signals in a first frequency band and the outer waveguide carries signals in a second frequency band. A conical horn disposed adjacent the inner and outer waveguides adapts them for coupling to a parabolic reflector. A circular array of patch antenna elements is positioned about the periphery of the horn and carries signals in a third frequency band to or from the reflector.
The inner waveguide is positioned coaxially with, but not touching, the horn to cause signals to radiate between the inner waveguide and the horn with a desired beamwidth. The outer waveguide is directly attached to the horn. The horn thus also serves to radiate signals to or from the outer waveguide with the desired beamwidth. The patch array is formed as a microstrip circuit or by some other planar fabrication technique appropriate for its operating frequency.
Additionally, the feed may contain polarizers to obtain circular polarization from signals fed with other polarizations. For example, the inner waveguide may use a septum and a cross polarization load to adapt it for connection to a linearly polarized rectangular waveguide. Adaption to linear polarization may be similarly achieved for the outer waveguide by using a stepped transition and one-quarter wave dielectric card polarizers.
An impedance matching dielectric ring may be positioned at the interface of the outer waveguide and the horn.
As it is desirable for the transmitted energy in at least two of the bands to have coincident phase centers, the horn, inner waveguide, and patch array are appropriately dimensioned and positioned. This simplifies the construction and arrangement of associated subreflectors.
The foregoing, as well as other objects, features, and advantages of this invention may be more completely understood by reference to the following detailed description when read together with the accompanying drawings where:
FIG. 1 shows a paraboloidal reflector antenna according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a cutaway isometric view of an antenna feed according to this invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, show stepped and sloped septums that may be used with the feed;
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a circular stepped transition and cross polarization loads that may be used with the antenna feed;
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of an inner and outer waveguide portion of the feed and associated card polarizers;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a typical card polarizer;
FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively, are forward and rear views of a circular array portion of the feed; and
FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the circular array.
Referring now to the drawings, where like reference characters designate corresponding parts throughout the several figures, there is shown in FIG. 1 a view of a space communications system including a satellite 100, adapted for orbiting the earth 11, and an earth station 12. Earth station 12 sends and receives microwave frequency energy to and from the satellite 100. The earth station may be fixed, mobile, shipboard, or airborne. As shown, earth station 12 preferably includes a paraboloidal reflector 13 (sometimes referred to as a dish) in Cassegrain configuration, one or more hyperboloidal subreflectors 14a and 14b positioned adjacent a focal point 15 of the reflector 13 by support members 17 and having a common subreflector focal point 16, an antenna feed 20 positioned near subreflector focal point 16, and transceivers such as K-band receiver 21, X-band receiver 23, and Q-band transmitter 25. As seen shortly, antenna feed 20 collects energy from or provides energy to reflector 13 and thus couples transceivers 21, 23, and 25 to the reflector 13. While the transceivers shown here include two receivers 21 and 23 and one transmitter 25, other combinations of receivers and transmitters are possible.
In downlink operation, communications signals are transmitted by the satellite 100 and received by earth station 12. These communication signals originate as a microwave frequency energy burst, such as that indicated at position A near satellite 100. The energy burst travels in the direction indicated by the arrow towards earth station 12. Upon arrival at a point B near earth station 12, the energy burst is now dispersed. Reflector 13 serves to collect and focus the dispersed energy burst to improve detection of the communication signal. At point C, the energy burst has been reflected by reflector 13 and is being focused as it travels towards reflector focal point 15. The hyperboloidal subreflector 14b, formed of a dichroic material sufficient to reflect energy in the frequency band of operation of the downlink (such as X or K-band) and pass energy in other frequency bands (such as Q-band used for an uplink), reflects the energy burst back towards reflector 13. Thus, at point D, the energy burst is being further focused as it travels towards subreflector focal point 16. The energy burst is then coupled to one of the receivers 21 or 23 by antenna feed 20. For uplink operation, where communications signals are transmitted by earth station 12 and received by satellite 100, energy travels reciprocally. That is, after an energy burst originates at transmitter 25, it travels through antenna feed 20, subreflector focal point 16, and subreflector 14b to subreflector 14a, to reflector 13, and then to satellite 100. As mentioned, subreflector 14b is formed of a dichroic material that passes energy in the uplink frequency band. Subreflector 14a is metallic or other material suitable for reflecting energy in the uplink frequency band. The use of a dichroic subreflector 14b and metallic subreflector 14a having common focal point 16 allows simultaneous operation of the uplink and downlink.
As also seen in FIG. 1, antenna feed 20 includes a conical horn 24 attached to an outer circular waveguide 28. An inner circular waveguide 26 is positioned inside of and coaxial with outer waveguide 28. A circular array of patch elements 30 is positioned adjacent horn 24. The K-band receiver 21 is attached to outer waveguide 28 by an appropriate outer waveguide coupling 29 (such as a rectangular waveguide of the industry standard WR-42 type). Q-band transmitter 25 is similarly connected to inner waveguide 26 by an appropriate inner waveguide coupling (such as WR-22 rectangular waveguide). In downlink operation, energy bursts are collected by horn 24 from subreflector focal point 16, and converted and fed down outer waveguide 28 to K-band receiver 21. In uplink operation, microwave signals are fed down inner waveguide 26 to horn 24 to create a focused energy burst at subreflector focal point 16.
A second downlink frequency band is accommodated by the circular array 30 positioned concentric with and about the periphery of horn 24. Circular array 30 collects energy bursts in a third frequency band, such as X-band, and via an appropriate circular array coupling 31 (such as a coaxial cable) feeds resulting electrical signals to X-band receiver 23.
The structure and operation of antenna feed 20 can be better understood by referring to the detailed view shown in FIG. 2. As previously mentioned, antenna feed 20 includes an outer circular waveguide 28, inner circular waveguide 26, horn 24, and circular array 30. Antenna feed 20 also preferably includes a septum polarizer 32, a rectangular to circular stepped transition 34, a pair of dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B, and a dielectric matching ring 40.
The structure and operation of each of three operating portions of antenna feed 20 including a Q-band portion, a K-band portion, and an X-band portion shall be described separately. In the following discussion, the end of feed 20 near horn 24 is referred to as its forward end, and the opposite end of feed 20 near polarizer 34 is referred to as the rear end.
The Q-band portion of antenna feed 20 includes the septum polarizer 32, the inner circular waveguide 26, and horn 24. The body of septum polarizer 32 is preferably formed from a block 41 of material such as brass. A Q-band rectangular waveguide 42 is formed in block 41 and appropriately sized to match a rectangular wavguide such as the industry standard WR-22. The rectangular waveguide 42 is continued straight through the block 41 between a front side 44 and an opposing side 45. An adjacent side 52 of block 41 runs between and perpendicular to front and opposing sides 44 and 45. A circular waveguide 50 is also formed in block 41 perpendicular to rectangular waveguide 42. Circular waveguide 50 extends from a central portion of rectangular waveguide 42 to the adjacent side 52. The rectangular and circular waveguides 42 and 50 of septum polarizer 32 are drilled, machined or otherwise appropriately cut in the block 41. A metallic septum 54 is placed within rectangular waveguide 42 parallel to both front and opposing sides 44 and 45 and extends into the circular waveguide 50. The septum 54 serves to convert linearly polarized energy in the input rectangular waveguide 42 to right hand circularly polarized energy in circular waveguide output 50. An orthogonal rectangular waveguide port 60 is thus formed in opposing side 45 of block 41 where rectangular waveguide 42 ends. A cross polarization load 62 formed of an appropriate lossy material is placed adjacent orthogonal rectangular port 60. One end of inner circular waveguide 26 is placed near adjacent side 52 of septum polarizer 32 and aligned with circular waveguide 50. The horn 24 is placed adjacent a forward end 66 of inner circular waveguide 26, opposite septum polarizer 32. The conically shaped horn 24 serves as the radiating structure for energy coupled to the inner circular waveguide 26 by septum polarizer 32. As will be described in more detail shortly, the inner diameter of horn 24 is the same as the diameter of outer circular waveguide 28. Thus, the circularly polarized energy coupled to inner circular waveguide 26 is transitioned to a larger circular waveguide provided by the horn 24. The horn 26 is appropriately sized so that this step to a larger waveguide overmodes the Q-band energy and creates a TM-11 propagation mode in addition to a dominant TE-11 mode. The horn is dimensioned so that these two modes are properly phased when Q-band energy departs from the horn 24. The horn is also sized and positioned so that the phase center of the propagated energy is near the center of outer aperture 64 of horn 24 and that transmitted beamwidths in both the E and H planes are as desired. In the preferred embodiment, the transmitted beamwidth in the E and H planes is approximately 32.degree. at 10 dB.
The Q-band portion of antenna feed 20 operates as an uplink as follows. Q-band energy is coupled from Q-band transmitter 21 (FIG. 1) to feed 20 via rectangular waveguide 42 in block 41. This energy travels down rectangular waveguide 42 until it reaches septum 54. Septum 54 converts the linearly polarized energy in rectangular waveguide 42 to right hand circularly polarized energy in circular waveguide 50. Reflected left-hand circularly polarized energy is converted to linearly polarized energy by septum 54 and travels down rectangular waveguide 42 to the orthogonal rectangular waveguide port 60. Cross polarization load 62 serves to properly terminate this reflected energy. Meanwhile, the right hand circularly polarized energy continues down circular waveguide 50 and inner circular waveguide 26. The circularly polarized energy then propagates from forward end 66 of inner circular waveguide 26 and is transitioned into conical horn 24. Horn 24 provides the desired beamwidth and phase center for the energy as it propagates away from feed 20.
The K-band portion of antenna feed 20 consists of a K-band rectangular waveguide 70 positioned adjacent a mid-portion of outer circular waveguide 28. K-band rectangular waveguide 70 is preferably one conforming to the WR-42 industry standard waveguide specification. A similarly sized rectangular opening 72 is formed in outer waveguide 28 to accommodate rectangular waveguide 70. Positioned adjacent opening 72 is stepped transition 34. Stepped transition 34 is essentially a cylindrically shaped step formed from an appropriate metal such as brass. Stepped transition 34 is bored along its major axis at a diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter of inner circular waveguide 26. This allows the inner waveguide 26 to be placed inside and through stepped transition 34. Stepped transition 34 preferably includes a first step 74, a second step 76, and a third step 78. First step 74 is essentially semi-circular. Second step 76 is also approximately semi-circular but third step 78 is formed thereon. Positioned adjacent first and third steps 74 and 78 are K-band cross polarization loads 170 and 172. K-band loads 170 and 172 are formed from a thin resistive film and serve to absorb the cross-polarized energy created by transition 34. Stepped transition 34 and loads 170 and 172 are described in greater detail in the discussion of FIG. 5. Dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B are placed between inner and outer waveguides 26 and 28 forward of stepped transition 34. As will be described in greater detail in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7, dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B are one-quarter wave, tapered, and formed from appropriate material such as as resin filled fiberglass. They preferably have a dielectric constant in the range of 2.5 to 5.5. They are positioned at a 45.degree. angle as measured with respect to an incident E field associated with the linearly polarized K-band energy fed to antenna feed 20 via rectangular waveguide 70. A matching ring 40 is positioned forward of dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B. This matching ring 40 is formed of an appropriate dielectric material and serves to impedance match outer waveguide 28 to horn 24. The horn 24, in addition to the previously recited description of its physical position for Q-band operation, is positioned and dimensioned to also provide the desired beamwidth at K-band (preferably 50.degree. at 10 dB).
In operation, the K-band portion of antenna feed 20 acts as a downlink. Energy is collected by horn 24 and fed along outer circular waveguide 28. Dielectric matching ring 40 serves to impedance match the horn 24 to the outer circular waveguide 28 and the other elements of the K-band portion of antenna feed 20. Energy is then converted from circular polarization to linear polarization by the two card polarizers 36A and 36B and the cross-polarized energy terminated by loads 170 and 172. The outer circular waveguide 28 thus serves both as an outer wall for shielding the Q-band energy inner circular waveguide 26 and as a conductor for the K-band energy. The K-band energy carried by outer waveguide 28 is propagated to the rectangular waveguide 72 by stepped transition 34.
It can now be seen how a single conical horn 24 is used to control the beamwidth and phase centers for both Q-band and K-band energy.
The X-band portion of feed 24 includes circular array 30. Circular array 30 is formed as a multi-layer microstrip circuit board 80 including a forward dielectric layer 82, a rear dielectric layer 86, and a ground plane layer 84 sandwiched between forward and rear dielectric layers 82 and 86. Circular array 30 includes a number of circular patch radiating elements 90a through 90h (90b is not shown in the cutaway view of FIG. 2) formed on the outer surface of forward layer 82. Appropriately placed holes plated through the patch elements 90a through 90g provide the desired left hand circular polarization. The diameter of patches 90a through 90h and their relative spacing and position controls the beamwidth of array 30 (also preferred to be 50.degree. at 10 dB, identical to the K-band beamwidth). The phase center of array 30 appears slightly towards the rear of ground plane 84, very close to the phase centers of the Q and K-band portions of feed 20.
As the X-band feed operates as a downlink, circularly polarized energy is received by circular patch elements 90a through 90h and fed to appropriate power combiners (not shown in FIG. 2) formed on the surface of rear dielectric layer 86. The combined energy is then fed through a coaxial connector 92 or other suitable connector for feeding energy from patch array 30. Patch array 30 is later shown in greater detail in FIGS. 8 through 10.
One set of dimensions has been found to provide the desired operation of antenna feed 20 as a Q-band uplink as well as a K and X-band downlink. These dimensions, indicated in FIG. 2 as reference characters d1-d13, are as follows:
______________________________________ Dimension Nominal (In) Description ______________________________________ d1 1.140 horn forward inner diameter d2 0.437 horn rear or outer waveguide inner diameter d3 0.200 inner waveguide diameter d4 1.403 horn length d5 0.368 horn to inner waveguide d6 0.544 horn to dielectric ring d7 0.627 horn to card polarizer d8 0.833 card polarizer length d9 1.873 horn to first step d10 0.252 first step to second step d11 0.145 second step to third step d12 0.500 patch diameter d13 1.000 array patch center radius ______________________________________
Various elements of antenna feed 20 are now described in greater detail.
FIG. 3 is a closer view of the stepped septum 54 portion of septum polarizer 32.
A sloped septum 55 such as that shown in FIG. 4 may be substituted for stepped septum 54 and provides the same function.
FIG. 5 is a more detailed view of stepped transition 34. As seen, stepped transition 34 is essentially a metal cylinder having a cylindrical hole 102 formed concentrically with its major axis 104. Stepped transition 34 has a cylindrical hole 102 (as indicated by the dashed lines) bored along its major axis 104. A first step 74, a second step 76, and a third step 78 are formed by appropriate longitudinal and latitudinal cuts along and perpendicular to major axis 104. For example, a first longitudinal cut in the direction of arrow 104 and second longitudinal cut in the direction of arrow 106 serve to define the semi-circular first step 74. The first longitudinal cut is parallel with and preferably in the same plane as major axis 104. The second longitudinal cut is perpendicular to major axis 104. Stepped transition 34 thus has a forward face 100, formed as a portion of a circle. Another cut, this one being in a horizontal plane above major axis 104, is also made in the direction of arrow 104 from the forward face 100 towards first step 74, but terminates before intersecting the plane of first step 74. Similarly, a horizontal cut is made in a plane below major axis 104. Finally, downward and upward cuts in the direction of arrows 108 and 110 perpendicular to major axis 104 and in parallel with forward face 100 serve to define upper and lower portions 76a and 76b of second step 76. The portion of forward face 100 remaining after these cuts serves as third step 78.
As mentioned previously, K-band cross polarization loads 170 and 172 are preferably included adjacent stepped transition 34. K-band loads 170 and 172 are formed as a thin card of resistive material. The preferred material is a carbon-loaded polyester film (such as Mylar, a trademarked product of the E.I. DuPont De Nemours Corporation) exhibiting a resistivity in the 200-600 ohms per square range. A slot 182 formed in first step 74 engages K-band load 170 at its rear end and holds it perpendicular to first step 74. Likewise, slot 184 formed in third step 78 engages the rear end of K-band load 172. The portion K-band load 172 extending away from and forward of third step 78 is tapered, as shown in FIG. 5, so that it becomes narrower as distance from the third step 78 increases. The taper is such that a continous angle is formed between an outer tapered edge 173 and inner straight edge 171 of K-band load 172. The continous angle between edges 171 and 173 is preferably 21.degree..
The portion of K-band load 170 extending forward of third step 78 is similarly tapered. The portion of K-band load 170 extending between first step 74 and third step 78 is not tapered.
FIG. 6 is a partial cross sectional view of antenna feed 20. This view shows the orientation of dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B with respect to K-band rectangular waveguide 72. The view is taken looking forward towards horn 24 and circular array 30 in the plane 5--5 of FIG. 2 with the stepped transition 34 removed for clarity. The incident E-field in this instance is in the direction of arrow 110. It can be seen that both the upper dielectric card polarizer 36A and lower dielectric card polarizer 36B form a 45.degree. angle with the incident E-field. The orientation shown has the lower dielectric card polarizer 36B closer to K-band rectangular port 70 to provide right hand polarization. If dielectric card polarizers 36A and 36B are placed in an orthogonal position, as indicated by the dashed lines 116A and 116B, the left hand circular polarization can be achieved.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of one of the card polarizers, 36a, showing its tapered ends.
FIG. 8 is a view of the forward dielectric layer 82 of microstrip circuit board 80 showing the circular array 30 of circularly polarized patch elements 90a through 90h. This is the preferred configuration for operation of the circular array 30 at X-band with eight circular patch elements. Other embodiments for different bands or beamwidths might require a lesser or greater number of patches. The forward dielectric layer 82, as well as the other layers forming microstrip circuit board 80 including ground layer 84 and rear dielectric layer 86, have a central hole 114 to accommodate the outer diameter of the forward end of horn 24. The eight patch elements 90a through 90h are symmetrically arranged around the central hole 114. The operating frequency of the patch array 30 is controlled by the diameter of the patch elements 90a through 90h and the dielectric constant of the material on which the patch array is etched. Forward layer 82 is formed using microstrip techniques on a dielectric substrate. Such a substrate preferably has a dielectric constant of 2.2. One such dielectric is sold by Rogers Corporation under the trademark Duroid 5880. Substrate thickness determines operating bandwidth.
As previously mentioned, the patches 90a through 90h preferably have a diameter of approximately one-half inch, and are arranged in a circle so that their centers are approximately one inch from an array center point 122. This patch element sizing and spacing has been found to provide 50.degree. 10 dB beamwidth at X-band.
Three plated through holes are formed in each patch element. As shown for an exemplary patch element 90a, a center plated through hole 119a is formed adjacent the center of patch 90a. A left side plated through hole 117a and lower plated through hole 118a are formed at positions to the left of and below center hole 119a, when looking at forward layer 82 in plan view. Plated through hole 119a serves as a ground reference point. Left side plated through hole 117a and lower plated through hole 118a serve as quadrature feed probes. That is, they collect energy bursts fed to patch 90a and provide two electrical signals phased at 90.degree. with respect to each other, thereby accomplishing the desired left hand circular polarization. Plated through holes 117a and 118a thus connect patch portions of patch element 90a to rear layer 86. Plated through hole 119a connects another portion of patch element 90a to ground plane layer 84 and rear layer 86.
Patches 90b through 90h are similarly formed. In the preferred embodiment, four of the eight patches have their plated through holes in reversed position. For example, 90e has center plated through hole 119e but an upper plated through hole 118e and right side plated through hole 117e. This reversed positioning of one-half of the patches' plated through holes provides better control over the location of the phase center of patch array 30.
FIG. 9 shows a plan view of rear layer 86. A coaxial connector portion 93 serves to couple rear dielectric layer 86 to an external signal feed such as coaxial cable 31 and hence to X-band receiver 23 (FIG. 1). A dummy mirror image coaxial connector portion 94 provides better symmetry. Coaxial connector portion 93 couples the external signal feed to a main microstrip conductor 120. Rear layer 86 preferably includes eight quadrature hybrid elements 124a through 124h.
An exemplary quadrature hybrid 124a connects the electrical signals from feed probes 117a and 118a. Hybrid 124a is a ring shaped piece of microstrip transmission line 126a. This microstrip ring 126a provides an equal power combiner input from each of the feed probes 117a and 118a, with the signals fed from each probe forced to be 90.degree. out of phase with respect to the other. Center plated through hole 119a connects hybrid 124a to the central ground plane 84 and also to patch 90a. The output of hybrid 124a is fed along a section of transmission line 128a. An eight to one power combiner 130 (also formed of transmission line) couples transmission line section 128a to main conductor 120. The energy fed to each of the other patch elements 90b through 90h are similarly combined by hybrids 124b through 124h and coupled through power combiner 130 to main conductor 120. Rear layer 86 is formed on appropriate microstrip dielectric substrate such as Duroid 5880.
FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view taken across planes 10-10 of FIGS. 8 and 9. It shows forward layer 82, ground plane layer 84 and rear layer 86 and their respective orientations. Patch elements 90a and 90e are shown in cross section. Coaxial input connector 92 is also shown. It can be seen that center plated through hole 119a is electrically and physically attached to ground plane layer 84 as well as outer ground or shield portion 140 of coaxial connector 92. This serves to provide a ground reference at the center of each of patch elements 90a through 90h and quadrature hybrids 124a through 124h. Holes such as 142a and 144a are formed in ground plane 84 and serve to isolate feed probes 117a and 118a from ground plane 84.
Having described a preferred embodiment of this invention, it will now be evident that other embodiments incorporating these concepts may be used. For example, a weather window 150 (FIG. 2) formed of a material transparent to microwave frequency energy (such as quartz) may be positioned at the forward end of horn 24 to keep dirt or other undesirable elements from entering waveguides 26 and 28.
A tapered dielectric rod may be inserted in inner conductor 26 (FIG. 2) to encourage the dominant hybrid HE-11 mode. If used, the tapered rod is preferably shaped to provide the desired beamwidth (such as 32.degree. at 10 dB) in both the E and H planes. The tapered rod may be adapted to assist impedance matching horn 24 or controlling energy beamwidth.
A cup-shaped metallic shield 162 (FIG. 2) may be fit around rear layer 86 of patch array 30 to assist in preventing radio frequency interference from disturbing the operation of array 30. An inner cup-shaped absorber 160 may also be placed inside of the shield to prevent radiation from patch array 30 interfering with its own operation.
Other appropriate waveguide sections may be used instead of K-band rectangular waveguide 72 and Q-band rectangular waveguide 42 to provide access to transceivers 21, 23, and 25. A structural support member may be positioned adjacent the rear portion 38 of antenna feed 20 to serve as a base for other structural members serving to support horn 24 and array 30.
The dimensions and dielectric constants described are for the operating bands of the preferred embodiment and can be scaled to allow operation at other frequencies.
Other multi-band paraboloidal antennas may also be accommodated. For example, the patch array 30 may be fabricated to operate at K-band and the horn 24 could be sized for Q-band operation. Earth station 12 may be arranged in other configurations. For example in a prime focus configuration, antenna feed 20 is instead positioned adjacent reflector focal point 15 and facing inward towards reflector 13 (as shown by the dashed lines 20' in FIG. 1). Subreflectors 14a and 14b are eliminated in this configuration. The feed 20 may also be used in other configurations such as offset prime focus, offset Cassegrain, and Gregorian and the like.
The coaxial waveguide 22 may be formed as coaxial rectangular waveguides and may be arranged to accommodate other polarizations.
A second dichroic subreflector can be placed adjacent subreflectors 14a and 14b to allow similtaneous operation in all three bands and/or operational selection of any band as an uplink or downlink.
The circular array of circular patch elements 30 can be used in other applications requiring a radiating antenna element.
In view of these and other evident possible variations, this invention is not restricted to the disclosed embodiments, but rather is limited only by the spirit and scope of the claims that follow.
1. A antenna feed comprising:
- an outer circular waveguide having a central axis and cross-sectional dimension;
- an inner circular waveguide having a central axis, a cross-sectional dimension less than the cross-sectional dimension of the outer waveguide, and positioned inside of the outer waveguide so that the outer waveguide central axis is aligned with the inner waveguide central axis;
- a plurality of patch elements arranged as a circular array about an array center point and positioned adjacent a forward end of the outer waveguide; and
- a conical horn, having a small openings and a large opening, the small opening positioned adjacent the forward end of the outer waveguide and the large opening adjacent and coaxial with the array center point.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 additionally comprising: a dielectric matching ring positioned inside of the outer waveguide in a space between the inner and outer waveguides, near the outer waveguide forward end and the small opening of the conical horn.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 additionally comprising: a weather window positioned adjacent the large opening of the conical horn.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 additionally comprising: polarizing means, positioned adjacent a rear end of the outer waveguide opposite the forward end, for coupling energy from an energy source to the inner waveguide, and for converting the energy from a first polarization as received to a second polarization inside the inner waveguide.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 where the polarizing means includes a septum polarizer extending into the inner waveguide and the first polarization is linear and the second polarization is circular.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 additionally comprising:
- transition means, positioned in a middle portion of the outer waveguide between the forward end and a rear end opposite the forward end, for coupling energy from an energy source to the outer waveguide.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6 where the transition means comprises a circular stepped transition having a plurality of steps.
8. Apparatus as in claim 7 additionally comprising:
- a card load, positioned adjacent and perpendicular to one of the steps.
9. Apparatus as in claim 6 additionally comprising:
- a dielectric card polarizer, positioned in the space between the inner and outer waveguides and between the outer waveguide forward end and the transition means.
10. Apparatus as in claim 1 where the plurality of patch elements are formed on a forward layer of a printed circuit board.
11. Apparatus as in claim 10 where the printed circuit board has a rear layer opposite the forward layer, additionally comprising:
- an absorber positioned to surround the rear layer.
12. Apparatus as in claim 10 additionally comprising:
- means, positioned adjacent the printed circuit board, for preventing radiation from interfering with the operation of the antenna feed.
13. Apparatus as in claim 12 where the preventing means comprises:
- a cup absorber positioned opposite the forward layer of the printed circuit board.
14. Apparatus as in claim 12 where the preventing means comprises:
- a shield positioned opposite the forward layer of the printed circuit board.
15. An antenna feed comprising:
- an outer circular waveguide having a central axis and cross-sectional dimension;
- an inner circular waveguide having a central axis, a cross-sectional dimension less than the cross-sectional dimension of the outer waveguide, and positioned inside of the outer waveguide so that the outer waveguide central axis is aligned with the inner waveguide central axis;
- a plurality of patch elements arranged as a circular array about an array center point, and positioned adjacent a forward end of the outer waveguide.
- a conical horn, having a small opening and large opening, the small opening positioned adjacent the forward end of the outer waveguide and the large opening adjacent and coaxial with the array center point;
- a dielectric matching ring positioned inside of the outer waveguide in a space between the inner and outer waveguides, near the outer waveguide forward end and the small opening of the conical horn;
- polarizing means, positioned adjacent a rear end of the outer waveguide opposite the forward end, for coupling energy from an energy source to the inner waveguide, and for converting the energy from a first polarization as received to a second polarization inside the inner waveguide;
- transition means, positioned in a middle portion of the outer waveguide between the forward end and a rear end opposite the forward end, for coupling energy from an energy source to the outer waveguide;
- a dielectric card polarizer, positioned in the space between the inner and outer waveguides and between the outer waveguide forward end and the transition means; and
- means, positioned adjacent the patch elements, for preventing radiation from interfering with operation of the antenna feed.
16. An antenna comprising:
- a. a parabolic reflector having a focal point;
- b. a subreflector positioned adjacent the focal point of the parabolic reflector and having its own focal point; and
- c. an antenna feed positioned with a forward end adjacent the subreflector focal point, the antenna feed comprising:
- an outer circular waveguide having a central axis;
- an inner circular waveguide having a central axis and positioned inside of and coaxially with the outer waveguide; and
- a circular array of circular patch elements, formed on a microstrip circuit board, and arranged near the forward end of the feed.
17. Apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the radiation phase centers of the inner and outer waveguides are coincident.
18. Apparatus as in claim 17 wherein the radiation phase center of the circular array is in close proximity with the coincident radiation phase centers of the coaxial inner and outer waveguides.
19. An antenna comprising:
- a. a parabolic reflector having a focal point; and
- b. an antenna feed positioned adjacent the focal point and facing the reflector, the antenna feed comprising:
- an outer circular waveguide having a central axis;
- an inner circular waveguide having a central axis and positioned inside of and coaxially with the outer waveguide; and
- a circular array of circular patch elements, formed on a microstrip circuit board, and arranged near the forward end of the feed.
20. Apparatus as in claim 19 wherein the radiation phase centers of the inner and outer waveguides are coincident.
21. Apparatus as in claim 20 wherein the radiation phase center of the circular array is in close proximity with the coincident radiation phase centers of the coaxial inner and outer waveguides.
22. An antenna array comprising:
- a plurality of circular patch elements, arranged as a circular array, the circular array having an array center point, each patch element having a center point, each of said patch element center points being equally distant from the array center point; and
- a plurality of polarizing means, at least one polarizing means coupled to each circular patch element, for circularly polarizing the circular patch element, said at least one polarizing means comprising first and second feed probes connected to the patch element and disposed substantially orthogonally with respect to the patch element, wherein the at least one polarizing means additionally comprises:
- a central ground plated through feed, connected to the patch element at the patch element center point; and
- transmission line ring means, connected to the first and second feed probes and the ground feed, for providing a combined patch signal.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
|December 1969
|Jones, Jr.
|April 1970
|Ware et al.
|October 1972
|January 1973
|October 1973
|Shimada et al.
|November 1973
|April 1974
|Fletcher et al.
|September 18, 1979
|April 15, 1980
|March 24, 1981
|July 27, 1982
|Scott et al.
|April 10, 1984
|Chu et al.
|May 22, 1984
|December 17, 1985
|Markowitz et al.
|April 22, 1986
|December 23, 1986
Other references
- "Wide-Band Communication Satellite Antenna Using a Multifrequency Primary Horn", Kumazawa et al, May 1975, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Progogation, pp. 404-407. "Dielectric Lens Antenna for EHF Airborne Satellite Communication Terminals", Rotman et al., Feb. 1982, Technical Report 592, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A Dual-Polarized 5-Frequency Feed", Williams et al., COMSAT Laboratories, MD. "Signal Separator for Dual-Frequency Antenna" by W. Hartop, NASA Tech Briefs, 1979.
Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 13, 1987
Date of Patent: Aug 20, 1991
Inventors: Frank Cipolla (Simi Valley, CA), Michael Sarcione (Millbury, MA), Jeffrey Upton (Acton, MA), Barry VanWyck (Billerica, MA)
Primary Examiner: Michael C. Wimer
Assistant Examiner: Peter Toby Brown
Attorneys: Christopher L. Maginniss, Richard M. Sharkansky
Application Number: 7/37,905
International Classification: H01Q 13100; H01Q 13080; H01Q 1380;


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Designed for newer knitters, ribbed sweater in worsted weight yarn.
A sheer and ethereal summer top with mohair, brioche and a flexible, easy-to-wear silhouette.
An easy-wearing summer tee with a cool herringbone stitch edging.
Raglan sweater with cables and texture, plus a cool doubled sleeve detail. Free download.
Simple side-to-side sweater with a deep V neck and a cyberpunk attitude.
Stranded circular yoke with a generous turtleneck and a cropped oversized fit. A great first-colourwork sweater!


text:
SpotOnTM Case Study #X that Includes Your Dog's Symptom(s)Case Study #XAsk Our Vets < Back to Search Results< Back
Dog Eye Warts
by Cameron
Dog Eye Warts - Photo 1
One wart on the bottom of my dog's eyelid showed up about two years ago and then what appears to be another wart on the eyelid above is the scar tissue created from blinking (a guess).
It gets a pussy discharge that I'm treating with polysporin and that works for this symptom.
Should these warts be removed? They are not going away, and could it lead to a greater issue?
I only recently inherited this dog from another family. It was never taken to a Vet to have this checked out.
Comments for Dog Eye Warts
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Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Ask a Vet Online via My Online Vet (SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED FOR NEW QUESTIONS).
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Refreshing & Soothing Toner
125 mL
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Enriched with nature of Witch Hazel & Orange Blossom
Tone, soothe and refresh skin with the help of A'kin Refreshing & Soothing Natural Face Toner. Enriched with the concentrated nature of Witch Hazel and Orange Blossom, the A'kin natural facial toner removes the last traces of excess oils and makeup to leave skin feeling rebalanced, refreshed toned and hydrated. Use daily as part of your natural skincare routine to prepare your skin for more effective moisturisation.
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About the Program
The program is a collaboration between Conestoga College and Great Lakes Helicopter Flight Training School. Students in this program will take classes at Conestoga College as well as at the Great Lakes Helicopter flight school. Graduates will acquire a commercial helicopter pilot's licence as well as a diploma in General Arts and Science.
Program Facts
Length: Two-year Ontario College Diploma program
Location: Doon (Kitchener) Campus and Great Lakes Helicopter
Start: September
Capacity: 30
Tuition: Please refer to Conestoga website Fees Chart for more detail
- Fees for the Great Lakes Helicopter training are additional (contact us to learn more).
- Fees are higher for international students on a Student Visa
- Recreation/Athletics, Graduation/Alumni, Insurance, as well as program-related costs such as books and supplies are additional.
Admission Requirements
- Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD), or equivalent, OR 19 years of age or older.
- Grade 12 compulsory English, C or U, or equivalent, OR Conestoga College Preparatory Communications (COMM1270).
- Grade 12 Mathematics, C or U, or equivalent, (MCT4C is preferred; applicants with MAP4C or MDM4U will be tested to assess mathematical ability) OR Conestoga College Preparatory Mathematics (MATH1385).
- English and/or mathematics testing may be required.
- Basic computer literacy skills would be an asset.
- Before flight training begins, students must provide Great Lakes Helicopter with a current and valid Transport Canada Category 1 Medical Certificate.
FINANCING MAY BE AVAILABLE for those who qualify! Check more.
Admission Procedures
- Academic strength is calculated by averaging all submitted senior level secondary school marks or test results (or equivalent) of the required subjects.
- Ten (10) additional marks are added to each Advanced level, OAC, U, U/C course used in the calculation of academic strength.
- Twenty (20) additional marks are added to each post-secondary course used in the calculation of academic strength.
- A sound mathematical and English background is important for success in this program and is considered during the admission selection process. Minimum cut-offs apply.
- Applicants must also meet Great Lakes Helicopter conditions.
Note: The program courses are taught at the Doon Campus of Conestoga College and Great Lakes Helicopter. Applicants must be accepted by both the College and Great Lakes Helicopter.


text:
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War MusicTuesday, 22.04.2014 - Saturday, 31.10.2015, Museum Ground Floor
In the First World War, music was heard on the battlefield, in concert halls, in the camps and in churches. Music reflected and affected all the emotions of war — pride and jingoism, sorrow and consolation – with everything from requiems to rousing choruses. Marking the First World War centenary, this new exhibition takes a broad look at the relationship between music and war against the background of radical musical change. Original instruments, images and manuscripts are all featured.
For many, music provided a source of hope, sanity and pleasure amidst the horrors of war. This special exhibition displays a host of popular and perhaps familiar songs, printed with bold graphic covers featuring heroic and sentimental images. These were catchy tunes, designed to inspire loyalty and patriotism.
'War Music' explores the reality of the battlefield, which often told a different story. See a wind-up trench gramophone, a tenor horn camouflaged with black paint to stop it glinting at the enemy, a burnt-out harmonica and soldiers' song-books.
The unparalleled outpouring of poetry which the First World War provoked is also examined, as many verses were set to music by the foremost composers of the day.
Finally, the displays follow the Royal Academy of Music's own story during the war: we learn about the exchange of German pianos for English ones, and discover how students and alumni fared once they'd enlisted and left London far behind.
A lively and moving programme of musical events accompanies the exhibition.


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So for you guys that haven't tried this sandwich, you are missing out! I have made this several times and it's a very big hit in my house and easy as well. I mean, who the hell doesn't like all three of the main ingredients, especially bacon bacon and bacon! 😀
- Bread
- Butter
- Sliced cheese (Kraft singles, provolone, asiago, pepper jack.. whichever you prefer) I use several types on my sandwich
- Sliced dill pickles
- Bacon
Directions: Not sure you even need directions on building a grilled cheese sandwich. You just pile the bacon, pickle and cheese onto the bread and grill it up. The more ingredients on this sandwich the better!!
I was craving French fries to go with my sandwich but of course you know that a good bowl of chili or tomato soup would go perfectly with this grilled cheese as well. Hell even Mac and cheese would have been good. Mac and cheese with some bacon sprinkled on top of it, holy crap I need to fix that tonight. Lol!!
Gosh I'm hungry now!! I guess my coffee and bag of hot fries will have to do for breakfast, yeah I know I was thinking the same thing, that sounds like a pretty shitty breakfast. Lol
Til next time,


text: Atlanta-based alt blues-rock band The Georgia Flood hit the road again for their second leg of The Rock Is Dead Tour with Dorothy. The Rock Is Dead tour kicked off in San Diego, CA in January and ends March 11th in Houston, TX. In the last few weeks the band have been featured by KX 93.5, X1051KC, Starbucks Coffeehouse Playlist, Lightning 100, and more! Follow them on tour here.


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Office in Encinitas760-452-6774(voice)408-348-2357(cell)826 Second StreetEncinitas, CA 92024United StatesView Map
Licensed Marriage anf Familty Therarpist more than 30 years. Training and persoanl analysis Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (ICP) and Psychoanalysis (PINC) since 1995. Special interest in Winnicott and British object relations. Participated in a training group for 3 years with Tom Ogden in San Francisco. Currently an Advanced candidate in Psychoanalysis at the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California. Moved my life and practice to Encinitas in May 2016.
Contact Information


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Our Impact : 3,36,97,500 people served and 5,01,97,500 ltr water dispensed
14 May, 2016
In our day to day life, we have often come across the phrase-"jal hi jeevan hai" which means water is life. This becomes totally indubitable in the light of the fact that approximately 75% of our body comprises of water.
Water performs various important functions in the body including:-
Our brain is also made up of 80% of water. But the water which we are consuming in routine is not clean and it is baneful for us.
The main reason behind this is water pollution, which could be attributed to various factors. Rapid growth in the number of industries enhances the waste generated by them which is then discharged directly to the water bodies leading to contamination of water. Moreover the sewage system in India is not well planned and most of the rural areas do not even have sewage system. The waste water discharged from the sewage system gets mixed with the soil and further pollutes the water. But, this is not the only way that water gets polluted. Burning of fossil fuels is yet another factor contributing to it. . When fossil fuels are burnt, toxic elements are generated in the air which gets mixed with the water vapours, producing acid rain that renders the water in affected water bodies, unsafe for drinking.
Consumption of polluted water can cause various diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid, stomach infection, cholera, skin infection etc. Every year a lot of people in India die due to these diseases. A report by UNICEF reads that around 37.7 million Indians are affected by water diseases annually and 1.5 children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone. As our brain is made up of 80% of water, drinking polluted water can even result into mental disorders and severe malnutrition.
The World Bank estimates that 21% of communicable diseases in India are related to unsafe water. Water pollution coupled with limited access to resources impacts the vulnerable and poor sections of the society the most. And this is why, adequate supply of clean drinking water at an affordable price has become a basic necessity today for developing countries.
Realizing the magnitude of problem and acute necessity of a viable solution, the team of Akshay Swachh Jal decided to take up the task of improving the access of most vulnerable communities to clean and safe drinking water. Today, Akshay Swachh Jal is providing clean mineral water of highest standards, to people at a reasonable rate of Rs. 0.25 per litre through its Water ATMs. These Water ATMs are very convenient to use and can dispense clean mineral water in any quantity between 200 ml to 20 ltrs as per the need of the user. With its unique Water ATMs Akshay Swachh Jal is on the mission to bring a social change in India in terms of safe drinking water.
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Perfect tiny fingers and toes, round pudgy face, she was beautiful. As I walked from the nursery window I thought to myself, "She's mine". For the first time in my life something really belonged to me. When I got back to my room I excitedly called Jane and told her I wanted to keep the baby. I can't remember what we said to one another but I know it wasn't long after our conversation ended that the phone rang and it was Robert. Remember I told you he didn't speak much but when he did you listened. "How are you doing kid?" was how he opened our conversation. We talked a little and then He asked me to take a sheet of paper and write on one side all the things I could do for my little girl without anyone's help and then to turn the sheet of paper over and write down all the things I would need help with. Well, you can imagine that one side of the paper was blank except for the word LOVE. I could love her with all my heart but that was all I could do for her.
Later on that day, I had a visit from a good friend of Jane's, named Connie. I had met Connie one other time before. She was quiet but outgoing. No one would have expected that she would have had the experience she shared with me that day. She had been raped and had conceived. Because she was of the Catholic faith she felt that having an abortion was not an option. She carried the baby to full term and then gave it up for adoption. She shared with me how in her mind, the only positive thing that could come out of her experience was that God could use her situation to answer the prayer of another women, who wanted to be a mother. We talked a little longer and then we said goodbye. I lay in bed for a long time staring out of the window. I so wanted this little baby to have the best life possible. I dreamed about what it would be like to have a normal life, to have a mommy and a daddy. I wanted her to have ballet classes, sleepovers, and little girl tea parties. I desired for her to be loved in a way I had never known. The next day when Jane, the caseworker, and I think someone from the hospital came into my room, I signed the papers. Everyone left but Jane she held me in her arms as I cried, reassuring me over and over again that I had done the right thing. I knew deep in my heart it was the right thing. Giving her a chance at life was the greatest way I could show my love for her. Jane had a surprise of her own to share with me; she was expecting another baby. Wow! The baby was due in September my heavy heart was gladdened. Jane also told me that she and Robert had talked, and if I wanted, I could stay with them and not go back to the Center. What a relief! I had wondered what was going to happen to me after this ordeal was over; the invitation to stay was an answer to my own prayer.
Little Donny was born in early September; I remember racing home from school to see him. I held him in my arms he was so precious. He brought such joy and comfort to my aching heart.
As I have sorted through the many experiences of my life, this one principle has proven to be a solid truth. God works out the best outcome, regardless of the situation. Even if the consequences don't seem favorable at the time, in hindsight the outcome will reveal itself to have been what was in your best interest. "We know that all things work together for good to them that love God and are called according to His purpose." Romans 8:28 Give God a chance; trust in Him, He will never let you down. Blessings.


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I forgot to show you how the succulent cuttings I planted turned out, I decided the kitchen window wasn't the right spot for them so instead they are looking pretty awesome on my mantle.
I have a bit of a 'thing' with my mantle, the arrangements on it are constantly changing as each new project or new find comes into the home. When we get new stock at the gallery I often pop some samples on the mantle to enjoy before they find a new home, artwork and thrifted finds also hang out there until their perfect placement comes to me. So these little fellas can stay a while until the right, sunny spot comes up.
X Steph


text: Hey folks. I know I said I was going to be on an irregular schedule this week, but I hate to just go dark for days on end without giving you a head's up, so here's your head's up. We're still on the irregular schedule for a while longer, for a whole host of reasons (none serious but they all add up), but I expect tomorrow should be a normal blogging day. Friday and the weekend might be a little touch and go but we'll see. Thanks for your support!


text: Share: Comments Print February 3, 2014 at 9:10 AM Morning links: Jermaine Kearse earns Super Bowl ring with Seahawks Posted by Adam Jude Seahawks wide receiver Jermaine Kearse, the former UW standout, runs in for a third-quarter touchdown, as the Seattle Seahawks take on the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, NJ on Sunday, February 2, 2014. (Mike Siegel/The Seattle Times) Congratulations to the Seahawks and to former Husky receiver Jermaine Kearse, who spun out of a couple tackles to score a touchdown in Seattle's rout of Denver in Super Bowl 48. The parade is scheduled for 11 a.m. Wednesday downtown … and it'll be over just in time for everyone to check out Chris Petersen's UW recruiting press conference, which has been set for 2 p.m. It's also worth noting that the Northwest's top recruit, Budda Baker, has said he will announce his decision at Bellevue High at 1 o'clock Wednesday. UPDATE: The UW National Signing Day press conference has been pushed back to 3 p.m. because of the Seahawks' parade. The Huskies will announce each signee throughout the day as the letters of intent come in. A few Monday morning links: x At last, the Lombardi Trophy is coming to Seattle. x A look at UW's recruiting class two days before signing day. x There are a few UW recruits included in this year's Tacoma News Tribune Western 100. x Reviewing the top Pac-12 players from 2013. Comments


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Stunning debut victory for Ferrari after 'tricky' start
Thursday, 17 May 2018 08:17 GMT
Italian hero stuns home crowd at Imola
In a sensational display to end a stunning weekend of racing action, Matteo Ferrari (Barni Racing Team) secured his first victory in the European Superstock 1000 Championship, as he battled until the end in front of his home crowds.
Starting from eight on the grid, the Italian was working hard with his team throughout the weekend as he made his wild card appearance with the team. Making the most of all the sessions out on track – with qualifying in the difficult wet conditions – the feeling finally came with the Ducati 1199 Panigale R on Sunday morning, welcoming a lot of confidence into the race. After a tough start to the race, Ferrai was able to recover from fourth to first in the space of four laps and once he was in the lead, he pulled a small enough gap to keep himself safe.
Crossing the line in style with a wheelie, he was understandably thrilled to take the win: "It was a tricky weekend until the warm up. We were only able to find the right set up this morning. I knew it was very important to have a good start and I got one, in the beginning I was sitting behind the two leaders as I began to understand their speed. When I realised I had something more I was able to push hard, and I took enough advantage to stay at the front until the end. I have to thank the Barni Racing Team and Michele Pirro, who gave me precious suggestions for improvement".
Relive all the STK1000 highlights from an iconic Imola, all with the WorldSBK VideoPass.


text:
Hi everyone. I am super excited for the TpT Cyber Monday Sale! Aren't you??
Today I am linking up with Primary Possibilities to share with you…
My Two Newest Products. I love the two books "Alexander Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday" and "A Chair For My Mother." My kids love the interactive notebooks that go along with these two books.
You can check out my "Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday" Interactive Notebook here and here to check out "A Chair For My Mother" Interactive Notebook.
Next, just look at what I have waiting for me in my shopping cart. This is just one of many products that I just can't wait to get my hands on. Don't tell my husband! He is always asking, "What are you buying now?"
Last, but not least is my super Cyber Monday Sale! On sale for 50% off are my Word Family Wheels. My kids love using the Word Family Wheels to create words. This is already differentiated for different levels of learning!
Each bundle includes a wheel for the word family with letters for the students to build the words, a wheel with letters missing so students can make up their own words, and blank wheels to create your own activity.
Blank word family wheels (one and two per page.)
One word family wheel per page.
Two word family wheels per page.
Don't forget to head back to Primary Possibility's page to take a look at some other awesome products that you can grab during the Cyber Monday Sale.


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VICTORIA Beckham wants her sons to form a boy band. The former Spice Girl would love it if her three boys with soccer star husband David - Brooklyn, nine, Romeo, six, and Cruz, three - to form a pop group called "The Beckham Brothers," just like U.S. sibling sensations the Jonas Brothers. Speaking at the premiere of their film "Camp Rock" in London Wednesday night, eldest Jonas brother Kevin, 20, revealed how Victoria told him her ambition, saying: "The whole family is amazing. We got the honor to meet them at the Teen Choice Awards. And we met the boys and took pictures with them. And Victoria said the boys wanted to become the Beckham brothers, and so we were like, 'Yes'" Kevin's brother Joe, 19, is already impressed with Cruz's dancing skills - which he displayed during the Spice Girls' comeback tour last year - saying: "One of them can break-dance very well." The Jonas Brothers - which also include Nick, 15 - have also hit back at British comedian Russell Brand, who mocked their decision to wear chastity rings at the MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) on Sunday. After saying he had never heard of the funnyman before the VMAs, Joe said: "I think he needs a hug." Kevin added: "I think he focused on certain things and didn't move off of them. People's attention spans in America need more than that." The Jonas Brothers have sold over one million copies of their first album A Little Bit Longer in the U.S. - EXPO
Our Staff Reporter
September 12, 2008


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Recent Posts
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- Prague, Czech Republic. February 2016 | SvetaNYC on Terezin. Czech Republic. February 2016
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- Istanbul, Turkey. July 2015 | SvetaNYC on Meteora, Greece. July 2014
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Azerbaijan. July 2015
The countries of the South Caucasus have always been the "lands in-between". In between the Black and Caspian seas, Europe and Asia, Russia and the Middle East, Christianity and Islam and, more recently, democracy and dictatorship. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia and the territories around them have the mixed blessing of being at the crossing-place of different cultures and political systems. However, in my memory, those 3 nations were a part of one country I was born in – USSR. The beauty of the land, hospitality and heroism, three things that are always associated with Caucasus, I learnt in childhood by reading Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy and watching the all-time …
Posted in Asia, Europe Tagged "Бриллиантовая Рука", absheron, Absheron peninsula, Agha Mikayil Hammam, Ateshgah, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, Azerbaijan Georgia boarder, Azerbaijan SSR, Azerbaijani culture, Baku, Baku Khans Residence, Baku Palace, Baku Palace hotel and Hostel, Baku Shipyard, Bibi-Heybat, Bibi-Heybat mosque, BP, British Petroleum, Bukhara Caravanserai, Bulvar, caravanserai, Carpet museum, carpet weaving, Caucasian Albania, Caucasian hospitality, Caucasus, City of winds, city walls, Dagustu park, Dagustu Park Kafe, Dmanisi, Dmanisi skull, Double gate, Engelbert Kaempfer, Farruck Yassar, Firuze, Firuze restaurant, Flame Towers, Fountain Square, funicular, Gasim-Bek Hammam, Gileyli mosque, Gobustan, Gobustan Private Tours, Greater Caucasus, Gregory the Illuminator, gutab, Haji Bani Hammam, Haji Chelebi, Heydar Aliyev, hospitality, House of Isabek Hajinsky, Icheri Sheher, Icherisheher, Icherisheher audio-guide, Ilham Aliyev, James Bond oil field, Ka'ba ye Zartosht, Kamil Aliyev, Khanegah, Leonid Gaidai, Lermontov, Madrasah, Maiden Tower, Martyrs' Lane, mobad, mobed, Mohammad Mosque, Mud volcano, Multani Caravanserai, Museum of Qobustan Petroglyphs, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh war, Nariman Narimanov, National Encyclopedia, Nizami Literature Museum, Nobel, Nobel brothers, Nukha Fortress, oil, oil field, old customs house, Palace of the Shirvanshahs, petroglyph, Petroglyph museum, petroleum seep, pilaf, plov, Pushkin, Qala Antique Museum, Qız Qalası, Qobustan, Qobustan national park, qutab, Ramadan, Red Terror, Rothschilds, Sabayil Castle, Saint Bartholomew Church, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi, shabaka, Shaki, Shaki Khanate, Shamakhy Gate, shebeke, Sheki, Sheki Caravanserai Hotel, Sheki Fortress, Shia, Shia Islam, Shikhov beach, Shirvan, Shirvanshahs, Shirvanshahs' Palace, Silk Road, South Caucasus, Soviet Union, St. Nicholas Church, Sumgait, Sumgait pogrom, Sunni, Synyk Kala, Şəki, tat, Tolstoy, Transcaucasian Republic, Transcaucasian SFSR, Treaty of Gulistan, Treaty of Turkmenchay, UNESCO, USSR, World Heritage Site, www.booking.com, Yanar Dag, Yaraki Karavansarai hotel, Yermolov, Zoroastrianism Leave a comment


text:
I think I'm going to be mute for awhile.
But let me just speak my peace for five sentences.
If boys were honest and they didn't play around just because their willies were itchy,
then things wouldn't get complicated in the first place.
Instead, we girls get blamed for causing drama because we talk too much.
So what's the solution.
Snip off the guy's penis
and chop off the girl's tongue,
and all will be well.
Kudos to maintaining world peace.
P.S. Happy Merdeka Day, btw.


text: A spectacular first trip with VBT. Chip and Bill arranged a fantastic group to paddle from Button Bay out to explore the Palisades of Lake Champlain. Despite a late start, and some minor equipment glitches, we all had a great time discussing the nature and natural history of this amazing section of lake. Thanks to Google Photo for the first enhanced image.


text:
Backing up your critical information is the best way to ensure business continuity in the event of a disaster of any magnitude. Allow our team of technology consultants to put the right plan in place, before the need arises.
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That was a term in poker identified as the'Donk' bet. This pertains to if an individual from standing requires for your racket increase and leads into you with an bet on the flop. The normal routine in all of poker games is that the flop is assessed around into the racket raiser because he's shown strength and the people usually watch to allow him to act to then make a decision to carry on or perhaps not. Thus a donk guess while perhaps not uncommon is a drama less used.
Yet various player types utilize donk gambling in
To get a poorer participant, i.e. a bass, they have an inclination to lead on the flop to get minimum level to observe at which they come within the hand. You may usually lift these players the magnitude of their pot along with 8 days out of 10 they could fold.
If the weaker player ends to the flop and also requires that your re-raise, then you need to remember because this is often a trapping move by the poorer participant
In case the player donk bets the minimum amount and then re-raises your raise on the flop, then I would counsel to throw off all of hands bar monsters since he always has just two group or even better and wishes to play stacks.
To get an experienced player, the donk guess needs to be used in a well balanced un-exploitative way. In the event that you just lead the flop together with draws, then your believing competitions will immediately pick up on this. You need to substitute your drama along with donk direct with not just draws/weak made arms and air, but in addition with collections, top group and overcards. You need to have a donk bet proportion between 15 25 percent and may now form a portion of your internet poker strategy พุชชี่888.
Just just how can people exploit a experienced regular player? Easy, if a normal player increases your cbets a lot, then this affects his donk gambling patterns. This means he could be often value raising palms on the flop compared to leading on the flop for value, so when he donk bets you are aware that it is in the base of his worth range/air, and that means you can safely raise his wager and he'll fold.
And viceversa, when he rarely raises your disposition bets and he now leads on the flop, then it's safe to say his donk gambling range is more stronger. You will predict the donk guess however should he dual arch ends on the flop and twist the turn, then his scope has narrowed even further to the top of his value betting range and has become in your best attention fold even top couple hands.
Since you may see, after you realize the idea of donk gambling and the way that it impacts players ranges, so it's simpler to invent a plan to beat it. This is sometimes said about any play in online poker. If you see a competitor is doing too much of a certain drama, then it obviously makes sense to use it by counteracting it to a benefit.
The easiest means to select up on opponents fashions is to play with 4 tables for a little while since this offers you the full time to research all of the big containers even whenever you are not inside them. Go throughout the bet sizing and note any weird non ordinary action a player can shoot and after the time you will notice your hand studying skills improve to your standard at which you could conquer the matches you playwith.


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Wha blow,So in my last post, I spoke about my reading list, it has all gone to plan and I have not been disappointed once by my choice of books. Lover's Liar's Conjurers and Thieves' was an absolute delight to read, so much so that I will name-check it something I will write soon ish - after the other epic stuff in the process. I am writing a verse to be dropped in a hip hop track, yes people, my first actual foray into that world is on a track called "Rubbish", stranger than fiction I tell you. After that I am working on a three part story with my PiP possey, you will find out more of that in the future, I will publicise that sh*t, believe.
One book I read not on the list has not been published yet. I caught a sneaky peek at it on fellow Gen Txt Tourer - Joe Dunthorne, It is the manuscript of one Ross Sutherland, member of the UK's Aisle 16 crew, (Poetry Boyband, the lead singer is Luke Wright). Now, I was told once, that in the group, Ross was the 'writer' the most talented wielder of words and a hastily sent e-mail to him asking for the manuscript, and a reply with the book in tow, led to me reading all if it in two hours (spread over two days) and realising the rumour was true. The book was COOL. Just steady deftly handled trips into the known and pushing it into the unknown, subject matters from Pac Man to a delicate look at Ikea, an exploration of Swear Words, to a X-Ray'd Love poem called Second Opinion. My favourite has to be 'When Paperboys Roam the Earth' I sent this in response:
'When Paperboys roam the Earth' This was quite vivid for me. I mean, I was never a paper boy, but I wished i was. I had a feeling there was a magic to it, it is ALL here. First line - Perfect.
"your scrappy Reeboks are the first to break the frost"
The first stanza is cinematic, I can see the boy poised at the top of the street, one foot on the pedal, second on the road, the camera begin with a close up of the Reebok, zooms out and travels up past his back, shoulders, head, then goes to the rows of houses picking up "the debris of play things"...
Look out for it, I really hope it is picked up by a publisher. The next few books: 'The Fire People' and anthology of Contemporary Black British Poetr edited by Lemn Sissay, // On the Edge of an Island by Jean Binta Breeze // Shakespeare's As You Like It, and occasional dabbles in John Milton's Every man's Poetry collection // after this will be The Silmarillion, Tolkien's epic novel on the history of middle earth. I read the first 3/4 when I was tour. It inspired so many poems and ideas that i had to stop reading it. 1)because I did not have the time to write the poems 2)I did not want it to end.
Yes, I am a nerd. So what? I journeyed into a park to take a swift arty photograph of the book in its context. Here it is.
speak soon. Inua x


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Changing your eye color has become as easy as changing one's clothes or jewelry these days – all thanks to modern-day ophthalmology. If you are bored of your natural eye color and want to experiment with your looks, all you have to do is wear colored contact lenses. It just takes a few seconds and you will be amazed at the results. This tiny pair of lenses in your eyes literally brings about a dramatic transformation in your looks.
Contact lenses-some helpful tips for care and maintenance-1
Contact lenses-helpful tips for care and maintenance-2
Make up with contact lenses – Is it permissible
These colored lenses are also called by the generic term of "cosmetic lenses". They can be of any color desired, from light brown to peacock blue to emerald green and can be powered to any number desired. But it is up to you to choose the right type of lenses to suit you and your purse.
There are various types of cosmetic lenses. Tinted lenses are tinted to shades of different colors. These are used to tinge the eye a different color or change the depth of a color of an eye. Opaque lenses, on the other hand, are intended to change eye color entirely. These are so designed that they change the color of an eye by masking the underlying color completely. (For example a brown eyed person can be made to look completely blue eyed.) Thus the eye can be made to appear any color, or even if desired of combination of colors (for instance, brown streaked with green or blue streaked with grey). All these usually have a central clear section for the pupil and a grave color over the iris area so that the vision of the wearer is not changed. Then there are lenses with dot matrix prints, there are gradient tinted lens… phew, the variety of these cosmetic lenses is indeed mind-boggling. Moreover, some of these colored contacts have a UV protection filter which protects the eyes.
Color contacts have become immensely popular and trendy and there is such a great demand that many retailers sell them online. Buying colored lenses online, especially in bulk, is a lot cheaper. But in almost all countries, including the
, it is mandatory to get a prescription from a licensed optometrist, immaterial of whether you have any vision defects or not. In case you do have perfect vision, you will be prescribed what is called as ' US ' lens. In order to purchase contacts online, you have to enter the prescription information. This is to ensure that the lenses shipped out are the right fit and of the right power so that they do not cause any problems. Do not ever buy colored lens without a prescription or from unscrupulous sources. You will only be putting your eyes at risk. plano
RelatedFacts about Contact lenses
: Reading
Contact lenses-some helpful tips for care and maintenance-1
Contact lenses-helpful tips for care and maintenance-2
Make up with contact lenses – Is it permissible
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Product Code: 1/4 turn lever taps chrome on upstands
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Wharfedale 8 Esher 6
Wharfedale took the honours in a match that was competitive from the start. The defences of both sides were magnificent and this was the reason for a low score and only one try.
Esher had the advantage of the slope and the breeze in the first half and as Esher coach, Michael Schmid, said after the game, they created chances to score but careless mistakes cost them dearly.
They could have been 10 -15 points up at half time but poor finishing restricted them to two penalties from the boot of Ian Cross.
Esher's best chance came after ten minutes. A clearance from Wharfedale failed to find touch and Esher ran the ball back into Dale's 22. Recycled ball was then quickly moved right and a break in the centre exposed Wharfedale's defence for the only time in the match. With the line begging the scoring pass was thrown harmlessly into touch.
Wharfedale went into half time trailing by a point. A catch and drive was finished off by Dan Solomi. Esher held on to the lead as Jamie Guy's conversion just slid past the posts, a good effort into a difficult breeze.
The home side could have also scored another before the interval. Esher's restart was fielded by Lloyd Davies and he set Taylor Prell off on one of his electrifying runs. The only mistake was what seemed to be the scoring pass to Oli Cicognini. The winger had to go for a very low ball and ended up on the floor and was soon enveloped by a regrouped Esher defence. Dale's reward was a penalty against Esher for off side. Tom Davidson pushed the ball into Esher's 22 for an attacking line out. A poor line out gave Esher breathing space and they soon cleared. The only yellow card of the game was given to Wharfedale's Taylor Prell for foul play. Prell had been guilty of contact with a player in the air earlier in the half. The referee after consulting both assistants decided he was guilty again and a ten minute rest was the result.
The second half was another thrilling period of old fashioned rugby. Defences stood tall. Both sides tried to use the ball and get width, but tackling was resolute and attacks rebuffed.
The only score of the second half came in the fourth minute. Wharfedale won a five metre line out but the catch and drive was held. Dale's pick and go was scrappy but the Southerners allowed them a moderately easy shot at goal by going offside.
Wharfedale attacked again from restart and good work from Davidson, Taylor Prell and Cicognini took the play into the visitor`s 22. Quick ball from the break down was used well and a try looked on until the ball was spilled in midfield. This period of Wharfedale possession saw the Green's backs opening up and combining well with the forwards.
Esher also had periods of keeping the ball but failed to break through.
A game fought at close quarters often leads to ill feeling but both teams held their self discipline. The game was generally allowed to flow, a comparison to the fussy whistle blowing of recent weeks. The packs were allowed to compete and the Wharfedale eight gradually began to hold the upper hand.
There were problems for both sides in the line out with the breeze pushing the longer throw off line. Wharfedale took 14 out of 18 (78%) of their own ball with a not straight and illegal movement from the thrower costing them 2. Esher were much higher with 10 out of 11 (91%), only losing one which was given not straight.
It was not an easy job to pick a Man of the Match as this was a team effort. Cameron Hudson edged the decision for his tackling and his good work in the line.
The narrow win gave Dale a valuable four points and another step towards retaining their National One status. They are now fifteen points clear of the relegation zone and winning the next two home games could see them reach safety.
Jon Feely reflected "The boys were shattered after the game and nursing sore bodies reflecting just how attritional the game was. Esher were direct with their carriers and tested us physically, to not concede a try deserves recognition. In such a tight game against a well organised and experienced side like Esher, we had to concentrate for the full duration. But credit to us, we held our nerve and saw the game through to an important win. Although the slope is a factor at The Avenue, it doesn't win games, teams do, and this team showed a great deal of discipline in the second half to keep the vast majority of the play in the Esher half. Although their defensive effort was a credit to them, our retention for extended periods took the game away from Esher and energy out of their attack"
Skipper, James Doherty, commented that he was "Absolutely delighted with a much needed 4 points. Although everyone in the club house had their way of winning that game we did it our way, we worked hard and defended heroically. We played an astute territory game in the second half. At this stage in the season a win is 4 points in the paper, regardless of performance, our stretched squad is performing admirably, and it is not as easy as some people make out. A fantastic atmosphere at the Avenue, let's keep this going for the next 2 home games"
A disappointed Esher coach, Michael Schmid, reflected on that his side had created in the first half. "We knew we had to be 10 – 15 points clear (by half time) as we had the advantage of the slope and the breeze. We blew our chances" He was impressed with "Wharfedale's team spirit in the second half" and this had given them the edge in the match.
A selection of photographs from the match is available via the gallery tag near the top of the page.
Wharfedale: Taylor Prell (Josh Prell 66); Lloyd Davies, Cameron Hudson, Tom Davidson, Oli Cicognini; Jamie Guy, James Doherty (c); Matt Beesley (Matt Freeman 59), Ian Larkin (Dan Stockdale 59), Jake Armstrong (Joe Altham 65), Adam Howard (Matt Beesley 65, Matt Beesley77), Simon Willet, Jack Barnard, Dan Solomi, Jim Mason (Alex Powell 56).


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Some kids love to write. If you've got a budding journalist on your hands, then this opportunity is just for you!
Scholastic News is recruiting up to 20 Kid Reporters. Students between the ages of 10-14 will write for Scholastic's online Kid News website and print magazines that are distributed to classrooms across the country.
Interested? Find the full application online. Applications MUST be postmarked no later than September 26, 2014 AND they must be sent via postal mail.
The application must include:
- 400-word news article that uses at least 2 quotes from interviews the Kid Reporter conducted. The artilce must feature a person or organization that does good in the community.
- 250-word essay on why they want to be a Kid Reporter.
- 2 story ideas about they community they live in that they would be willing to write about.
- Some biographical information and a picture.
- Release form


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ABB was responsible for the detailed engineering, the supply of core process equipment and also the erection supervision and start-up assistance.
The scope of supply included two 5 cubic meters conical dispersers of ABB Delicel™ range, which are able to process batches of variable sizes down to 20% of their nominal capacity. Delicel™ dispersers have a dual–shaft mixing unit, combining high shearing and high pumping effects for an efficient mixing in terms of product quality and energy consumption. ABB supplied also one up-and-down disperser for small batches, storage and let-down tanks. Powder handling is ergonomic and transfer operations are automatic. The transfer of liquids - resins, finished products, premixes, glues and putties – is operated in closed circuit using pigged lines for the transfer to storage and let-downs tanks as well as to filling lines. Resins are dosed using an ABB piggable collector, combining pigged lines and massflow meter for an accurate dosing. Pigged lines enable the total recovery of products and cleaning water. Formulas, recipes, manufacturing and filling operations are controlled by Paintcel™ control system. It optimizes the operations and enhances the factory flexibility as well as the equipment availability, by executing operations in hidden times such as the pigging of transfer lines or cleaning operations. Paintcel™ ensures the traceability of actions – even half-automated ones - and a fine-tuning of process parameters to easily control the consumption of raw materials and water.
In addition to efficiency and increased productivity, ABB solutions and control systems provide Eskaro with production facilities compliant with health, safety and environmental standards by reducing emissions, product losses and recycling water. Furthermore, waste water will be treated by evaporation and condensation of vapours. Treated water will be reused in the process as cleaning water.
With this new factory, Eskaro aims at increasing their share of the Ukrainian paint market up to 20% in five years. The growth potential has been also taken into account during the detail design phase and extension possibilities are planned so as to reach a capacity of 30,000 tons/year.
ABB's Process Automation division delivers industry specific solutions and services for industrial automation and plant electrification. These solutions help customers meet their critical business needs in the areas of energy efficiency, operational profitability, capital productivity, risk management, and global responsibility. Available industry specific solutions include process control, instrumentation, analytics, safety, plant optimization, telecommunications, energy management and power distribution.
ABB (www.abb.com) is a leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve performance while lowering environmental impact. The ABB Group of companies operates in around 100 countries and employs about 145,000 people.


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Photographing our life in our home is my very favorite way to capture our everyday. We are all self-proclaimed homebodies over here so we spend a lot of time at home. Taking photos indoors can definitely be tricky and learning how to maximize the light and areas within your home is a must. I truly believe magic can happen in any home or place, so if you're shaking your head saying there's no way to get good photos in your home, then I'm here to tell you you're wrong (and what to do to make those magical photos happen). Here are my 5 tips for better indoor photos.
1. Study the light in your home
Before you even pick up your camera, take a week or so to learn the light in your house. Figure out which way your house faces and then determine which rooms get the best light and when. Walk around and peek in each room throughout the day. As soon as you "spot" the light, you'll know it! Keep a little cheat sheet of your house until you know the light pattern inside and out.
For me, I know the front of our house faces northwest so the sun rises at the back of our house and sets in the front. I kind of just keep this in my back bottom and try to utilize the space of our home based on the light. If, for example, my daughter is getting ready to do her homework, I might suggest she sits at our dining room table (because the sun is setting behind her and I can get a fun sun flare).
2. Know your camera settings
Even if you have a super well-lit home, you're likely still not going to have as much light as you would have outside. Know your camera settings and how to make them work for you. I tend to shoot wide open (aka - using a large aperture like f1.8-2.2) + bump up my ISO to make sure my shutter speed stays about 1/150 or 1/200. Some times my ISO creeps up to 1000-1200, which might bring more grain into my photo, but will ensure my subjects and any movement in my photos isn't blurred.
4. Turn off any indoor lights
Unless you are purposely shooting with ambient lighting, I highly recommend turning off any indoor lights. Indoor lighting gives off a warm, yellow color cast and can add harsh shadows and unwanted colors to your subjects and surroundings.
I always turn off ALL the lights when shooting indoors - lamps, closet lights, overhead lights, hall lights. Your family might think you're crazy, but I promise it will be worth it!
4. Push the piles of clutter to the corner
Life is messy and we all have piles of laundry, toys, etc. scattered throughout our homes. That's part of life and should be photographed as well. But if it doesn't tell or add to the story you're trying to tell, then push the clutter out of the frame. It doesn't mean your life is "picture perfect"...it just means that the laundry piles or stacks of books has nothing to do with your son and daughter tickling each other.
5. Look for interesting compositions
Once you start looking at your home, I promise you will never see or photograph in it the same. I am always on the lookout for interesting compositions, leading lines, textures and more when I capture an image. Interesting compositions can take an average image to an extraordinary image! I love to frame my subjects and feel like it really helps to tell the overall story of our day. I'm always peeking in at my kids through door frames, windows, mirrors, etc. Get creative and have fun!
looking for more inspiration + tips?