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Warning: The FX500 is a Solid Hub (rigid) disc that engages and disengages instantly. This is a Race Only clutch.
All stages come as a complete kit including disc, pressure plate, throwout bearing, pilot bearing (when applicable), and alignment tool.
*Ceramic based clutch disc are not intended to increase the life expectancy of a clutch rather to increase the holding capacity and improve the durability of the clutch. Using a ceramic based material for easy street driving may reduce the life of the clutch kit due to harsh engagement and higher tendency to slip the clutch kit. Ceramic disc are never recommended for stock or near stock vehicle applications.
Clutch Masters Part Number: 03011-HDB6-R


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Staff Picks Blog
Celebrate Rara with Us
Strongly linked to the Christian calendar, but firmly rooted in Haitian Creole and Voodoo culture, Rara is primarily a festival of music, as it depends on music to tell the stories of the country's history, culture, and mystical rituals. Rara celebrations begin on Ash Wednesday and end on Easter weekend. Parades are frequent during the annual Rara Festival, and their jubilant atmosphere is enhanced by drums, metal bells, maracas, and the vaksen, a trumpet-style instrument made from scrap metal or bamboo. Rara's themes are sometimes considered risqué, as the music satirizes Catholicism and political topics, and has themes running throughout of gender and sexuality. However, the majority of Rara celebrations are joyful, exuberant expressions of the reconciliation between the individual's Haitian cultural beliefs and Christianity. This year's Rara Festival begins on April 9th and ends on Easter Sunday, April 16th. Book your Rara stay today by calling (877) 810-0975, visiting us online at www.plazahaiti.com/specials, or email: firstname.lastname@example.com other posts
"Highly Recommended"
A very pleasant atmosphere and helpful staff greeted me upon arrival. Vladimir, who quickly handled my special requests, was especially helpful. I would definitely stay here again and would recommend this hotel for all travelers, whether on business or vacation.
– Matthew W
"Great Haitian atmosphere"
We really enjoyed this property. The staff was very friendly and even went out of their way to accommodate us, by letting us check in early after flying all night. The atmosphere was very laid back just as most Haitians are.
– Gregory C
"Great Stay"
Great experience. All the staff was very helpful and the rooms were very clean. Vladimir and James were very supportive and helpful as well. The front desk and restaurant was high class. We will definitely be back.
– Tyler S
"PG from Florida"
I really enjoyed the family atmosphere at Leplaza hotel . Every single staff was very nice courteous, helpful , professional from the security guards to the receptionists , the staffs at the bar and restaurant . I had the greatest times of my life because everyone make feels at home especially at the reception and the bar- restaurant . I strongly recommend Leplaza Hotel . My rooms were nicely cleaned daily . I want to go back soon because they made me feel special . I want to thank all the staff about their warm welcome .
– PPGedeon
Located off the central town square it has good security and is the obvious expat place to stay. Nice garden breakfast area near a well received pool. Tranquil after the huddle and bustle outside. Rooms are clean, beds are very comfortable and the hot showers a blessing.
– Harlequin_dreaming

subset: commoncrawl


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The Culture of Content Creation
When we started Elastic Lab in 2007, social media was exploding, creating a wave of grassroots influencers. One of our goals from the outset was to put real people on camera to share their opinions and expertise with consumers. This was a departure, to say the least, from the tightly controlled commercial productions we were used to. As we recruited videographers for our network, it became clear that most of them were already active in social media and developing their own audiences through blogs, podcasts, books, how-to's, and independent films. And that within their audiences were the authentic voices we were looking for, people willing to provide a personal perspective rarely found in the commercial world.
Elastic Lab developed a small introductory project as a way to get to know new filmmakers. The assignment was to film an interview with one person who created their own digital content to share online. We asked why they did it, what they found rewarding, and how they viewed their role in the world. What we came to understand was more significant; their sense of community, of integrity, of artistry, and of humanity. Over four years, more than 60 interviews became 44 episodes in a series called The Culture of Content Creation. A few early digital creators share their thoughts on this page.
What makes this series creatively unique, in my mind, are 1) the filmmakers — who include not just pros but film students and amateur videographers, and 2) the interesting individuals they recruited to tell their stories. Elastic Lab provided one-on-one creative direction and education as needed, detailed shooting assignments, editing, music, and graphics.
This new voice thing
This conversation is new


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Morning's Refrain - Tracie Peterson
Author: Tracie Peterson
Published: 2010
Pages: 368
Genre: Fiction, Historical fiction, Christian fiction
Rating: 2.5/5
As dark family secrets threaten the tranquility of the life he's come to love, Dalton Bjorklund must make difficult choices about the future. To complicate matters, Phoebe Robbins falls into his life quite literally when Dalton rescues her after she falls overboard in the Sitka Harbor. He quickly loses his heart.
But Dalton is not the only one who decides to seek Phoebe's attentions--his best friend, Yuri, decides to court her when Dalton must travel from Sitka. But when Dalton realizes the depth of his love for Phoebe and returns, the two friends find that their battle for Phoebe's affection is only the start of the problems that face them. (via Goodreads)
Thoughts: I enjoyed the first half of the book, but for then on end the book seemed to fall into the old cliche that are Christian romance book. I would have liked to see Dalton not have as much spine as he had towards Marston and him fight his demons a little more than it be so very cliched that the good Christian finds a way to stand up to Marston. For the most part I really like Tracie's books, but this one was a big whatever. I would have liked to see Phoebe and Dalton's relationship evolve over a period of time rather over the course of what amounted to a six month courtship. Could this book be any more cliched? Will read the last book in the series, but I am hoping that the writing will be better.


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Source: Poet's Radio
This lady whose real name is Nkemjika Christien was however criticized for the high cost of her book.
selfless Man who likes to see others grow and practices his belief of oneness amongst poetry promoters. He also organized a good number of poetry competitions in the outgone year.


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If you've paid big quantity to invest on expensive silk comforters, perhaps you given thought to how plus it really can maintain one? You will need to buy exactly how called as duet cover. A two piece cloth stitched together which may be a wrap a person insert the silk comforters into to the duet teaches.
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Author Bio:
I am Archana Patel, a writer for Welllivngshop. Well-Living-Shop is an Online Shop that Aims to Provide the Best Organic Bedding Set for you. Our Products are 100% Organic Include Organic Mattress Toppers, Organic cotton pillows, Organic comforter, crib mattress pads.


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Erotic sculptures in Indian temples was always a strange and incomprehensible to many Europeans, brought up in a very different religious traditions. If you take Christianity, then a girl in a short skirt, even in the church will not go very well, but here in a religious temple where Hindus also pray to God, and such a frank eroticism. The fact that attitudes toward sex and sexual relations in sunny India is not like us. Why is Christianity, Islam, even in the atheist Soviet Union, sex is always perceived as something sinful, or indecent, associated with fornication. You can not remember such a funny old slogan of the Soviet Union: "In the USSR, no sex!"
In Hinduism, the opposite is true – sex has always been a natural expression of the love of man and woman. And in some areas of Hinduism (such as Tantra) sexual relationships are generally considered sacred. This partly explains the nature of the origin of the Indian erotic sculptures.
Elements of the erotic sculptures are present in many Hindu temples, but the most famous of them – this Khajuraho temple complex, built in the 10th century, and which is also perfectly preserved to our times. Daily Khajuraho attracts a bunch of tourists from around the world, and some even claim that the temples of Khajuraho – the most erotic in the world. Probably something in it.
Khajuraho was built by Indian rulers Chandella dynasty, which reached its peak in the 950 th year. For its construction were invited to the best sculptors of the then India, which had immortalized in his remarkable stone sculptures of famous Kama Sutra.
Scientists, historians and art historians are several versions about the meaning of erotic sculptures in Indian temples: some think that the erotic figures symbolize the connection of Atman and Brahman, ie, the human soul and the Divine Spirit. Others consider them only a manifestation of the cult of worship of the Indian Kama god – the god of love and passion. Still others believe that the appointment of erotic sculptures is the sexual education of the people. An interesting idea, which argues that the erotic sculptures in Hindu temples built his specifically to experience the spiritual forces of Indian yogis who have to restrain your mind from temptation.
But the strange thing is that many of the erotic sculptures depicted is Indian yogis and ascetics in the arms of women. Obviously, these ascetics are tantric sects of Hinduism. Tantra – Indian teaching that sexual intercourse between a man and a woman is considering how great the harmonious union of the two principles and a way to achieve cosmic bliss. Also for the Indians meeting men and women on a bed of love is a manifestation of worship of God on the part of both, and bliss and orgasm that reach people through sexual intercourse, some even equate the Indian sages to the bliss of union of the soul with the Holy Spirit (Brahman).
From India, the teaching about solar tanra penetrated into Europe and America, where it became very popular (especially such a thing as tantric sex). There tantra and we have, for example, tantra in Moscow and many other large cities of the former Soviet Union (now CIS).
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A customer arrives on your website determined to find a specific product. After a few moments it becomes clear they can't find what they're looking for – at this point they can leave or get an on-screen message. In this post, Now Interact's Test Manager and Data Scientist Dr. Jonathan Salisbury discusses the perfect time to show a pop-up.
The situation is all too common, yet so many websites get the timing wrong: the channel change invitation pop-up (live chat or other) arrives too soon, causing the user disruption and frustration, or the pop-up comes too late – the user has already left for your competitor's site.
So what are the warning signs of a visitor leaving your site, and what is the optimal moment to offer visitors the chance to move between channels?
It's more than just timing
There are four key questions to answer:
- Who should we invite to move between channels?
- What should our invitation look like and consist of?
- Where on the website should we offer invitations?
- When should we offer our invitation?
These are complex questions that most companies would be hard-pressed to answer. In this post, I'm going to discuss the importance of just one small element of the 'when?' question.
When to invite?
Suppose you've decided to display an invitation to a specific visitor on a specific page. When should you offer the invitation? How many seconds should you wait?
Visitors will not be kept waiting. They will move on and never see your invitation. The temptation , therefore, is to show the message right away.
However, if your invitation is displayed after zero seconds there is a risk that the visitor won't even notice it. So you make it appear after one or two seconds. Problem solved? Unfortunately not.
Ready or not!
The issue is that not all visitors are ready to accept an invitation after just a couple of seconds.
Our research suggests that different users respond in different ways. Fast moving visitors are quicker to accept invitations, which isn't any good if they have left the website due to a delay. Equally, presenting the invitation as soon as the user visits the website will lose the interest of people who prefer to browse at a slower pace.
The way forward
If an invitation is presented too early it could be rejected. If it is presented too late it may not be seen. What becomes clear is that a single static time delay won't cut the mustard.
The key to truly answering the 'when?' question lies in using tools like Now Interact's to intelligently adjust the timing in line with visitor behavior.
If you'd like to speak to me or another Now Interact data expert about omni-channel research and best practice, contact us today.


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Click here for Slate's complete Kosovo coverage.
Just before leaving for Belgrade from a certain Eastern European city, I stumbled upon the following news item: In light of the NATO bombings, a Russian publishing house was canceling Monica Lewinsky's publicity tour scheduled for the summer. "How did the entire world manage to lose its mind in just a couple of days?" I screamed, perhaps exaggerating just slightly. "I know," a colleague agreed. "Things seemed to be OK, didn't they? And now that they've done this, how do you stuff all this shit back in?" By "they" she meant NATO, not the publishing house.
The "shit" is an instantly transformed political and military situation in this part of the world. The bombings have turned Russia from a country split between its Western aspirations and its national pride into a land seeped in anti-Americanism and vintage Cold War rhetoric. And in Serbia itself, they have, in just one week, all but destroyed independent media, killed off the last of the non-nationalist political opposition and, as everyone outside of Serbia and Russia knows, turned the situation in Kosovo from bad to catastrophic.
Of course, I have something of a vested interest in bombs not falling, being that I'm here and would like to get out alive. And I am surrounded by people whose life goal has shifted from fighting the Milosevic regime to surviving. But whom besides civilians like them did NATO think it would be putting at risk? So far I have heard lots of talk from NATO and the Western press of bombing military equipment. But what about the people assembling it? Today I learned that at least two such plants, both of which have been bombing targets, are deliberately exposing their workers to risk–one has required workers to show up daily to clean up the rubble, while the other has formed a human shield around the plant.
Since he has been in power, Milosevic has consistently demonstrated a willingness to part with an unlimited number of his citizens, whether they die in battle, emigrate, or are denied basic life-sustaining food and medicine as a result of international sanctions and an economy sacrificed to war. So, did the Western alliance think that once they started bombing, allowing the regime to claim that Serbia was the object of aggression, Milosevic would suddenly grow protective of his people? That he would, in essence, become less of a tyrant once he was declared one?
Trying to find some semblance of logic in NATO's actions is the most difficult task facing anyone in this country who chooses to concern himself with it. Perhaps it's just as well that the independent media have had to submit to censorship, since they would have an awfully difficult time criticizing the president even if they had the opportunity. For the first time since the Balkan wars began, there is no denying that Milosevic is being treated unfairly. It is blatantly unfair to have negotiated with him as an equal partner on Bosnia and then to interfere in an armed conflict inside his own country. It is blatantly unfair to have allowed Boris Yeltsin (to name just one of the closest neighbors) to bomb the life out of Chechnya, meanwhile supporting Russia with financial aid and even accepting it into the Council of Europe, and then to bomb Yugoslavia over Kosovo.
For better or for worse–well, probably for worse–Kosovo is, by any legal standard, a part of Serbia. Just as important, it is an integral part of Serbia emotionally and economically. Bosnia was important to Serbs, but it was something like the gallbladder–it can hurt, it can bleed, it can kill you if starts rotting, but if it is removed, you will survive. For most Serbs, who have never even set foot in Kosovo, it is like the heart: Every schoolchild knows that Kosovo is the cradle of Serbian civilization, the site of the Serbs' most glorious military moment, the battle of Kosovo Polje. The Serbs lost that one, by the way, and the fact that they continue to celebrate it as a triumph of their heroics should give NATO an indication of Serbs' very particular brand of fighting spirit. Not coincidentally, Kosovo was also the site of Milosevic's greatest glory, the moment he emerged from the ranks of the gray Yugoslavian nomenklatura to speak up for Serbian national pride. He has been their leader and hero ever since.
Serbs also believe that Kosovo holds much of their national wealth–that it is literally the country's gold mine. They claim that there is more gold and other metals to be found there than anywhere else in Europe. The claims are difficult to confirm, of course, but they make for a long-standing expectation that someday, when Kosovo is perhaps no longer populated primarily by Albanians, Serbs will mine their loot. Already, Kosovo provides a significant portion of Serbia's electricity. It is inconceivable, Serbs believe, that Kosovo would ever be severed from Serbia. Of course, until a couple of days ago we all thought that it was inconceivable that anyone would drop bombs in downtown Belgrade. Now we keep expecting them.
How you stuff all this shit back in I do not know. Perhaps it is a job for ground troops. But couldn't someone have thought about this before the world went nuts?


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The Client Panel is a simple, login-based admin area for my clients to download tour images, select music, rearrange images on the Flyer, get a tour embed code and tour links, rearrange images in the tour, rename the images and add descriptions. This admin area can be opened on the iPhone, iPad, or Android.
You will be sent an automatically generated email from me giving you all the links to your virtual tour. The last link is for your Client Panel. When you go to it you will be asked to sign up for access control by setting up a FREE Account. They will send you an email with a new link. This is for our protection to stop a third party from hacking your virtual tour.
Agent Client Panel Overview
The Client Panel is a simple, login-based admin area photographer's customers can download tour images, select music, rearrange images on the Flyer, get a tour embed code and tour links, reorder images in the tour, rename the images and add descriptions. View Video Information Here.
Tour View
This is the default view after logging in and displays all of your customer's tours. You'll notice that your customers have the ability to filter their tours by state.
My Account -> Profile Settings
Agents can change their Customer Record information including logos and photo.
My Account -> YouTube Settings
Agents can connect their YouTube channel by logging into their YouTube channel and clicking the second link on the page. Then they can follow the instructions.
Tour Detail View
The Tour Detail view is organized around the 6 major things your customers need to access for each tour. This puts the most commonly accessed items first while still making it fast and easy for your customers to access the multitudinous features of the system. They can also deactivate the tour in the top right corner (directly under Published) at any time.
1. Downloads
From the Client Panel, your customers can download images in Large, Small, Print-Quality, and an "MLS" size.
2. Tour Links
Branded Tour – Complete with provider and customer branding. Not suitable for most MLS/IDX Systems.
Unbranded Tour – Suitable for most MLS / IDX systems.
Simple Layout Tour – A minimalist layout with nothing but the viewer. No branding, no links, just images. (Only applies to older designs).
Gallery – A non-tour version of your images in a simple gallery-style view.
Build Custom Links – If you need the tour to display in a more custom way than offered by the standard links. Use the checkboxes below to create your custom link:
- Show Address
- Show Branding
- Show Links
- You can also choose which image will begin the tour
In the Tour Links section you'll notice Three Icons on the right side of the links. Clicking those icons will perform the following actions:
Copy Link to clipboard
Copy Embed Code to clipboard
Download QR Code
3. Video
Allows your customer to request a video a video version of the tour in a single movie file (.mp4) suitable for use on YouTube, DVD, etc. You will receive an email when your customer has requested a video. Please note, they are not allowed to actually order the video – you must complete the order on their behalf. Once the video has been created it will be available for download or direct upload to Youtube in the Client Panel. Your customers do have the ability to regenerate their video should they need to make changes to the tour.
4. Statistics
Viewing statistics for your tour which includes total photos viewed, total tour views, total visitors, referring sites, and repeat visitor information. The statistics on this page are update every 30 minutes.
Add additional email addresses to receive weekly statistics.
5. Flyer
Images and text can be customized.
6. Edit Tour
This button allows you to customize the tour. You'll notice five main tabs – Address/MLS, Tour Info, Tour Settings, Media, & Media Settings.
This tab allows you to update the MLS information on the property, as well as the address of property.
Tour Info
Here you can edit tour headings 1 and 2 as well as the property description.
Tour Settings
This tab allows you to edit and add custom links, including a custom flyer, custom schools link, custom link 1&2 and a Matterport link.
Selecting the media tab allows you to upload, and rearrange the order of the media. You can also edit media details which includes name, description, media type (image or floorplan for example), duration/display time, etc.
Media Settings
On this tab, you can also make additional edits to the tour including music, image display time, transitions, panning settings, etc.


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"What should I say? This is my stuff. [GUFT002] and [GUFT003] are outta there on our sweet, little GUFT-Netlabel. I decided this morning to tinker this two Best Of'z together. And now I'm done. One is covering The Dark Past (03-09) of my project Infirm Individual, it is experimental Noise and underground Grindcore - something like that. Don't get damaged, my friends. You can read something about the history of my work in the virtual bad-English-booklet. I hope you enjoy it. The other compilation contains my newest material, it's called The New Age (09-11), it is electronic music with a lot of 8-Bit-magic. I can't describe it actually. I don't know what I should say anyway, because these two releases are containing so much memories, so much of my damn blood. It's some sort of my life-work.
I don't want to spoil my own poo poo, but I do: This is hot underground shit, folks. Serious heart-work. Just for you. Have fun with it. I'm a little bit melancholic now. Wow. I will drink some wine now and will hug my dusty NES-Console, while hearing Burzum or Aborted." - God
More GUFT-Releases: http://undergroundterminal.blogspot.com/p/guft-netlabel-releases.html


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#sinceFFdied I worked hard with the band, we toured the UK again, and started working on a new album. I started doing web content and sub-editing for CDNX, which means I sort of have a real job again, after about five years. I also worked on a Japanese TV show, and that ended up with me spending a few days in Tokyo. Best start to a new year, for quite some time. Onwards, and upwards.
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At Punto Italia we're passionate about what we do and we're equally enthusiastic about sharing our expertise in coffee and coffee preparation with our Customers and Friends.
Since our inception in 2008, Punto Italia has emerged as a leading player in the food and beverage industry in Vietnam – specializing in premium coffee and coffee machines from Italy. We are the only Italian coffee company that is directly present in Vietnam and not through a distributor.


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As she ordered a morning latte in Boston's Faneuil Hall Marketplace today, Jane Swift made a point of making the point that it was only a decaf.
''For some people, I can't do anything right these days,'' she said, only half-joking.
Ms. Swift is running to be the lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. She is also 17 weeks pregnant.
That makes her the first expectant mother to run for statewide office in Massachusetts. And -- to her outraged surprise -- the focus of a swirl of local debate about pregnant women in politics and in the workplace.
Experts on women in politics say Ms. Swift, 33, is not the very first statewide candidate in the country to alternate stumping from a podium with racing against morning sickness to the ladies' room. Judi Dutcher was pregnant when she was elected Minnesota's state auditor in 1994. And that is not to mention Federal officeholders who became pregnant as incumbents, like former Representatives Susan Molinari of Staten Island and Blanche Lambert Lincoln of Arkansas.
But judging by the fuss created over Ms. Swift's condition since she announced it two weeks ago, she is still breaking very new ground, says Ms. Swift, a Republican who is the running mate of A. Paul Cellucci, the state's acting Governor, and faces a possibly tough primary in September.Continue reading the main story
''I knew it would be a story,'' she said. ''I knew people would be interested. I did not expect we would be getting involved in a debate as to whether or not women should work when they have children.''
Then she observed: ''Even if we're going to focus on the pregnancy, I wish we could shift the debate to about, 'What, then, do Jane Swift and Paul Cellucci think they can do on day care and creating more opportunities for flextime and meaningful part-time work?' But we really haven't gotten there yet.''
Instead, attention has been focused on the very fact that Ms. Swift is due to give birth just two weeks before the November election.
''It's generated a lot of controversy,'' said Elizabeth A. Sherman, director of the Center for Women in Politics and Public Policy at the McCormack Institute of the University of Massachusetts at Boston.
''On the one hand, a lot of people have been saying, 'This is great, it's as it should be; of course, we have more and more women candidates, naturally we'll inevitably have a woman who's pregnant.' On the other hand, there's been a backlash by the more religious and traditional organizations who've said, 'This is wrong, she shouldn't be doing this.' ''
Evelyn Reilly, executive director of the Christian Coalition of Massachusetts, said on Wednesday that she was not telling Ms. Swift how to live, but on hearing the news: ''My first reaction was, 'Thank God she's not having an abortion,' and my second reaction is, 'I hope she'll have enough time to spend with the child.' This is a good opportunity for us to discuss the broader issue, which is, does institutional day care compare with a parent caring for the child in the home?''
But the backlash against the backlash began immediately as well.
''I'm so angry, I'm shaking,'' a Boston Herald reader wrote today, condemning a local conservative women's group leader for daring to ''talk about what is in the best interest for someone else's child.''
In hard-core political circles, meanwhile, talk has centered on more pragmatic speculation about what a pregnancy does for a ticket. And there, too, is some debate.
One camp includes the likes of Kevin Sowyrda, a Republican political analyst and friend of Ms. Swift, who calls her pregnancy ''a political advertiser's dream come true.''
Ms. Swift's condition means that if she wins the primary, Democratic opponents will have a harder time portraying the Republican ticket as anti-women or anti-children, Mr. Sowyrda said, and will probably need to treat Ms. Swift gently in debates. ''Do you really want to be the candidate who beats up on an eight-month-pregnant woman?'' he asked.
The other camp argues that pregnant politicians should be treated like any other politicians, and proceeds to point out that Ms. Swift's candidacy is not exactly immaculate. Although her opponents in the primary have assiduously avoided criticizing her pregnancy, she has drawn fire for adjusting her positions on the death penalty and an assault weapons ban to conform to Mr. Cellucci's tougher stances, as well as for taking large -- though legal -- tax deductions when she was a legislator. Some critics also say she is too young for the job.
In a way, Ms. Swift's youth is the point in all of this. She was the youngest woman ever to serve in the Massachusetts Senate, which she did for six years beginning at the age of 25; and in her current young ambition, students of women in politics say, she represents the new generation who get involved in politics much earlier than the last generation -- and who are thus likelier to get pregnant. Ms. Sherman of the McCormack Institute noted that Massachusetts women on average get into politics 10 years later than men.
Politics is not a field in which it is easy to stop for a few years and have children, then pick right up again, said Debbie Walsh, acting director of the Center for the American Woman and Politics at Rutgers University. So the desire to have a family, along with exclusion by old-boy political machines, were the main factors keeping women's political involvement low in the past, she said.
Women hold just 25 percent of statewide elective offices nationwide, Ms. Walsh said, but their presence in high-level politics has been expanding noticeably. Even in Massachusetts, which has elected only one woman to a statewide office -- a lieutenant governor in 1986 -- this season is looking up: at least six women are running statewide races this year, more than ever before.
Ms. Dutcher, the Minnesota state auditor, said that toward the end of her campaign, when her pregnancy started showing, ''I made it part of my speech -- that I'm not only sensitive to financial issues, I'm sensitive to family issues, obviously.''
She accepted with aplomb a comparison to Marge Gunderson, the very pregnant small-town sheriff in the movie ''Fargo,'' and cheerily recalled retching in parking lots before popping a breath mint and entering meetings of potential supporters.
But neither Ms. Dutcher, who found out the day after she announced her candidacy that she was pregnant, nor Ms. Swift makes light of their very personal decisions to continue their campaigns.
Ms. Swift, a moderate Republican who supports gay and abortion rights and plans to emphasize education and economic development in her campaign, had waited four years for a positive pregnancy test, she said, and was thrilled when it came.
''Then reality set in,'' she said.
Not only of morning sickness, but of the starkness of the choice she faced as a less-than-famous former legislator from remote North Adams, Mass.
''Jane Swift, who lives in the far western corner of the state, is not going to get the opportunity to run with a very popular sitting governor on a ticket a lot of times, and maybe never again,'' she said. ''And that was really the choice. It wasn't, 'Do you do this now or not do this now?' My husband and I looked at it as, 'Do you ever do this?' The one thing I want people to understand is that it was not a decision we made lightly.''Continue reading the main story


text: LINGUIST List: Vol-15-2349. Fri Aug 20 2004. ISSN: 1068-4875. Subject: 15.2349, Review: General Ling: Núñez-Cedeño, López & Cameron Moderators: Anthony Aristar, Wayne State U.<aristar at linguistlist.org> Helen Dry, Eastern Michigan U. <hdry at linguistlist.org> Reviews (reviews at linguistlist.org): Sheila Collberg, U. of Arizona Terence Langendoen, U. of Arizona Home Page: http://linguistlist.org/ The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University, Wayne State University, and donations from subscribers and publishers. Editor for this issue: Naomi Ogasawara <naomi at linguistlist.org> ========================================================================== What follows is a review or discussion note contributed to our Book Discussion Forum. We expect discussions to be informal and interactive; and the author of the book discussed is cordially invited to join in. If you are interested in leading a book discussion, look for books announced on LINGUIST as "available for review." Then contact Sheila Dooley Collberg at collberg at linguistlist.org. =================================Directory================================= 1) Date: Fri, 20 Aug 2004 00:33:29 -0400 (EDT) From: Hayim Sheynin <hsheynin19444 at yahoo.com> Subject: A Romance Perspective on Language Knowledge and Use -------------------------------- Message 1 ------------------------------- Date: Fri, 20 Aug 2004 00:33:29 -0400 (EDT) From: Hayim Sheynin <hsheynin19444 at yahoo.com> Subject: A Romance Perspective on Language Knowledge and Use EDITORS: Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael; López, Luis; Cameron, Richard TITLE: A Romance Perspective on Language Knowledge and Use SUBTITLE: Selected Papers from the 31st Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Chicago, 19-22 April 2001. SERIES: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 238 PUBLISHER: John Benjamins YEAR: 2003 Announced at http://linguistlist.org/issues/14/14-3017.html Hayim Y. Sheynin, Gratz College, Melrose Park, PA. SCOPE This is an edited collection of 21 papers which were presented at the 31st Symposium on Romance Languages. The content has been organized thematically to cover a variety of theoretical issues ranging from phonology, morphology, and syntax to their contextual use in Romance linguistics as seen through pragmatics and sociolinguistics. It is clear from published papers that some discussions on the topics of the papers were held in the conference and the presenters were asked many questions, all of which resulted in the incorporation of additional material as a reaction to these questions and discussions in the time of preparation the papers for publication. INTRODUCTION In the Introduction (pp. vii-xv), the editors give a short characterization of the papers included and acknowledge help of many people who assisted both in organization of the Symposium and in preparation of this volume. PAPERS 1. ''Pronominal clitics in Picard revisited'' / Julie Auger (pp. 3-20) In an 1994 LSRL paper, Auger treated Picard (regional language of northern France) and concluded that subject clitics are affixal agreement markers (rather than arguments) on the verb. In this paper, she continues to provide new morphophonological evidence that the weak subject pronouns in Picard (e.g., j' ''], il 'he') and other preverbal clitics are affixes rather than syntactic clitics. The paper provides the summary of the analysis presented in the mentioned 1994 paper and advances a new analysis of behavior of vowel epenthesis within clitic sequences versus that across word boundaries. Along the way, Auger examines the feature of vowel epenthesis in Vimeu Picard (VP). Unlike French of Isle de France, VP has complex rules of vowel epenthesis when one morpheme may have 3 variants, e.g. d/éd/de 'of', depending on difference of immediately preceding or following phonemes (vowels, consonants, or double consonants correspondingly). Some of the clitics consisting of one consonant cannot be realized by the prosodic structure of Picard, thus causing vowel epenthesis. Auger establishes the rule for epenthesis across word boundaries and observes that the behavior of vowel epenthesis within clitic sequences (particularly, clitic + verb) is similar, but not exactly. Beside the typical CeC.C pattern, also an additional C.CeC can be found. Interpreting this difference, Auger lists several hypothetically possible explanations. These explanations in great measure depend on particular examples which involve different level of sonority. Thus in all instances of CeC.C, the second consonant is more sonorous than the first (see the Sonority Hierarchy proposed by Goldsmith 1990:111), in all C.CeC patterns, the second consonant either less sonorous than or as sonorous as the first consonant. Several different approaches of analysis confirm that all VP pronominal clitics are affixes. The paper is very thoughtful in that the author at the start proposes different possibilities in interpretation of a phenomenon, then analyses each possibility, and by the reasoning rejects one interpretation after another until only one possible explanation remains plausible. Auger is equally attentive to phonology, morphology, and syntax, as well as prosody to find the right answer to the questions she posited in the beginning of the paper. 2. ''Spanish /s/: A different story from beginning (initial) to end (final)'' / Esther L. Brown and Rena Torres Cacoullos (pp. 21-38) This research team investigates the phonological variable /s/ in Spanish. They take in account a big number of research devoted to /s/ in Peninsular Spanish, Colombia, northern New Mexico, as well as in Andalusian, Extremeño, South American and Carribbean dialects. For this study, Brown and Torres Cacoullos analyze data from Ascención, Chihuahua, in northern Mexico collected in Torres Cacoullos (2000). They study phonetic reduction (lenition, weakening). The sibilant realization of /s/ include the voiced allophone [z], the reduced realization is represented as an aspirated allophone [h] and the extreme reduction is manifested as a deleted token [Ø]. The authors present statistics of syllable-final /s/ reduction in word- final and word medial positions. They observe how this phenomenon differs in high frequency words (most of reduction cases and deleted tokens) and less frequent words (much lower percentage of reduction cases). The results of comparison of the presented dialectal material differ those of previously studied dialects. Then observations of initial /s/ reduction follow. The authors consider preceding phonetic environment and its influence on the reduction. Preceding low and mid vowels are more favorable to aspiration and deletion than high vowels, though /a/ is ordered above /e/. The reduction of /s/ is more favored when it follows /o/ and /e/ than when it follows /a/ or /i/. The reduction occurs more frequently in unstressed and pre-tonic syllables, as well as in post-tonic ones. Again higher frequency words show higher reduction rates than low frequency words (much lower percentage of reduction cases). As in the first case, the results of comparison of the presented dialectal material differ those of previously studied dialects. The researchers note that the Chihuahua patterns approximate the Greek type of s > h change. Due to the required brevity of the review, we simplified the process of this research, as we do in the rest cases. Brown and Torres Cacoullos consider complex influences of phonological environment, vowel hierarchy, syllable position, phonotactic sequences, word boundary and other factors involved into /s/ reduction. 3. ''Consonant intrusion in heterosyllabic consonant-liquid clusters in Old Spanish and Old French: An Optimality theoretical account'' / Fernando Martínez-Gil (pp. 39-58) Martínez-Gil treats a well-known historical change triggered indirectly by vowel syncope. In the process of consonant epenthesis, an epenthetic consonant was inserted between two consonants of a heterosyllabic cluster. The exemplified patterns involve Latin groups /-mV.n-/, /- mV.r-/ which after the loss of the vowel give in Old Spanish /-m.br-/; /-mV.l-/ > /-m.bl-/; /-nV.r-/ > /-n.dr-/; /-lV.r-/ > /-l.dr-/; /-dzV.r- / > /-dr-/. The changes described are transparent in Old Spanish, because they are amply attested in spellings like omne, omre, hombre. The author shows that consonant intrusion was a synchronic phonological process, and not simply a historical change. As a result of pretonic syncope in verbal forms of 2nd and 3rd conjugation in future tense and conditional mode (e.g. comer - Fut. 3 sg. combr-á - Cond. 3 sg. combr- ía; doler - doldr-á - doldr-ía; remaner - remandr-á - remandr-ía; yazer - yazdr-á - yazdr-ía; conosçer - cono[st]r-á - cono[st]r-ía. An additional proof that consonant intrusion was a synchronic phonological process is exemplified in apocope process /-mV.l-/ > (-m.l-) > /m.bl-/ as in [ni me la > nimla > nimbla]. An entirely analogous process of consonant intrusion occurs in Old French: Lat. cam(e)ra > chamre > chambre; sim(u)lare > semler > sembler; gen(e)ru > genre > gendre; pol(ve)re > polre > polder; laz(a)ru > lazre > la(z)dre; ess(e)re > esre > estre; spin(u)la > espinle > espingle. The evidence that demonstrates the synchronic nature of consonant intrusion in Old French is exemplified by the root alternations like: men-our - mend-re; crem-ons - creimb-re; attaign-ons - attaind-re; naiss-ons - naist-re; dol-eir - dold-ra; val-eir -vald-ra. Following Clements 1987:41-42, Martínez-Gil formalizes consonant intrusion a the sequence of five independent mechanisms: ''(i) the insertion of (C)onsonantal slot between the two members of a cluster of increasing sonority; (ii)-(iii) two universal default rules that assign the inserted C-slot, respectively, the major class features [-sonorant, -continuant], and the orality features [-nasal, -lateral]; and finally (iv)-(v), two further independent operations which spread laryngeal and point of articulation features from the preceding consonant.'' The further explanations by Clements based on the Syllable Contact Law and the Universal Sonority Hierarchy are found insufficient, because they lack explanatory power. Martínez-Gil enumerates phenomena to which Clements' approach does not provide any explanation and notes the cases which are not going along with the Universal Sonority Hierarchy and violate the Syllable Contact Law. He also mentions that ''in rule-based phonology there is no coherent theory of how rules interact with constraints.'' Having shown insufficient character of rule-based theory, Martínez-Gil introduces his optimality theoretical account of intrusive consonants based on Correspondence Theory (McCarty & Prince 1995, 1997). Our impression is that this account is by no means simpler, as the author suggests. It involves a long series of preferences and licensing. However this approach helps to better understanding of ''a uniform account of consonant intrusion.'' It is not necessarily simpler as the explanation, although it reduces the role of formal machinery and appeals exclusively to independently needed universal constraints. 4. ''A constraint interaction theory of Italian raddoppiamento'' / Mario Saltarelli (pp. 59-79) It was noticed already in 1872 and described in many studies that Italian shows evidence of initial consonant lengthening (raddoppiamentofono-sintattico 'phonosyntactic doubling'--RF) [example: chiamò Maria, i.e. kja.mòm.marí:.a] which realized at syntactic phrase boundary lengthening. Many explanations of this phenomenon were offered, some debate over the derivational source of the doubling' element, others define RF as an autonomous phonological rule. Saltarelli presupposes that RF is just one manifestation at phonetic interface of more general effects of quantitative restrictions between consonants and vowels, responding to conflicting constraints, following Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993). Section 2 exposes RF in the light of the previous derivational studies, highlighting issues and new data relevant to understanding of the phenomenon. In Section 3, Saltarelli proposes a re-assessment of RF in view of quantitative restrictions regulating duration in both consonants and vowels from a universal perspective. Finally in Section 4, the author revisits rules, constraints and the typology of RF. Already in section 3, RF emerges as a manifestation of the evaluative function of constraint interaction. A re-positioning of RF as an effect of universal quantity restrictions under prosodic conditions leads to better understanding of a number of phonological elements, such as s+C clusters, coda lengthening, etc. In addition, Saltarelli enumerates grammatical types (by Lexical Head Categories and by Functional Categories) and their distribution (in different Italian dialects and dialect groups). At that an explanation is offered, why the Marsican dialect of Pescasseroli differs Italian in lacking RF as triggered by lexical heads, while maintaining RF triggered by individual functional items. In difference from other Italian dialects, Marsican prefers vowel lengthening in satisfaction of prosodic prominence in sandhi contexts. In the conclusion, the new definition of raddoppiamento offered as a grammatically based dichotomy between lexical and functional triggers. 5. ''Ground/Focus: A perspective from French'' / Claire Beyssade, Jean- Marie Marandin, and Annie Rialland (pp. 83-98) Departing from the quote from Lambrecht & Michaelis 1998 about the lack of the conceptual framework, missing, confused or contradicting notions about the aspects of information structure, this Paris team of researchers aims to contribute to the clarifications of the notions of Focus, Ground, Given, and Discourse Topic on the basis of new analysis of French. They start from description of French stress, stating that ''illocutionary boundary tones'' (IBT) play a role in focus marking. The main types of IBTs are the assertion low boundary tone (L%) and the question high boundary tone (H%). The tree researchers manipulate different statements trying to understand to what exactly question each statement is the answer, thus shedding light on the meaning of Focus. An interesting feature of this research is interconnection of prosodic, intonation, syntactic, logical and communicational aspects of the language which are rarely exhibited in their interconnection in the same research project. 6. ''The subject clitics of Conversational European French: Morphologization, grammatical change, semantic change, and change in progress'' / Bonnie Fonseca-Greber and Linda R. Waugh (pp. 99-117) This paper treats the subject clitics of spoken French. The authors mention a significant body of research on morphologization of the clitics, substitution of pronominal clitics by the impersonal correlate and other changes. However they note that after all this research, it is still unclear in what stage those changes are, which changes are completed and which are in progress. The authors have far going intentions to present the corpus study of all the changes and clear out the understanding of grammatical change, synchronic variation and even further to describe what impact have these changes on the typological status of conversational French, and on its typological relation with the other Romance languages. The authors presuppose that the school learning of French is based on the written language and thus the perception of French as it concerns grammatical judgments is unreliable. As a remedy for this shortcoming they propose the methodology based on corpus-based research of spoken French of adult native speakers. Two large corpora were used for the present study, namely, Fonseca- Greber's corpus of Everyday Conversational Swiss French and Waugh's corpus of Everyday Conversational Metropolitan French. As it was already stated by Offord (1990) all European regional varieties of French from Belgium to Switzerland have the same standards as standard French [of France] with minor lexical and phonological modifications. Parts of the discussion (§3.2) are based on partial use of the even larger corpus of Everyday Conversational European French. Using Schwegler (1990), the authors determine that the subject clitics of the 1st and 2nd person have been fully morphologized into inflectional prefixes, while the subject clitics of the 3rd person lag somewhat behind, because they fail the test of obligatoriness. The authors demonstrate reduced forms and reduced paradigms of the subject clitics of all 3 persons and describe how the process of reduction and weakening of the subject clitics impacts word boundaries. The most striking change described in the paper is nearly absolute loss of 'nous' (we) as subject clitic and its replacement by 'on' which is used with a finite form of a verb in the 3rd person sg. (99% of recorded utterances). From the context it is easy to determine that the meaning remains of the 1st person pl. The new use of 'on' caused gradual disappearance of use of 'on' in its traditional indefinite meaning. Now when 'on' has undergone the semantic change, a need arose to find a substitute for indefinite meaning. This function was taken on by 'tu' and 'vous'. Indefinite use of these pronouns can be attributed to foreign influences, particularly English. The current reviewer can say that this use is also common in spoken Russian. On obvious reasons, the language contacts of French and English are stronger. However this can be a parallel development in various languages. At the end, the researcher enumerate the other changes which they didn't have chance to discuss in the current paper, thus reserving the topics for future research. In the final paragraph the authors conclude that French is becoming like other Romance languages in developing null subjects. The authors should be congratulated for clear presentation of the problem, good examples, use of tables and statistics. They give an impressing picture of the rapid change of the ordinary conversational language of France and Switzerland. It seems that the written and conversational varieties of French develop typologically different ways. 7. ''A scalar propositional negative polarity item in Spanish'' / Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach and Scott A. Schwenter (pp. 119-131) These two researchers study the semantics and pragmatics of a negative polarity item in Spanish. First they discuss prepositional negative polarity items, such as nada, nadie, ni; then 'que digamos'. We should mention the typo in example 9b where in 'que digamos' the final s was omitted. The authors used the Corpus de Referentia del Español Actual and observed that 88% of all occurrences of 'que digamos' are accompanied by a scalar degree expression. The exclusions only confirm the rule, in these cases 'que digamos' is used to attenuate a contextually salient scalar value. Pragmatically the main function of 'que digamos' is to contravene scalar expectation whether explicit or implicit. This paper is a good addition to the semantic research of Spanish. The ideas of Gutiérrez-Rexach and Schwenter might also be extended to other languages. 8. ''A pragmatic analysis of Imperfect Conditionals'' / Michela Ippolito (pp. 133-150) Ippolito discusses semantic mechanisms of conditional mode. She argues that sometimes even the imperfect in indicative mode has conditional meaning, i.e. the past has modal use. She demonstrates this idea with Italian and Turkish examples. One of her conclusions states that the verb in past tense (not only imperfect, but even aorist) can be or must be interpreted outside the context, in order to avoid a semantic clash with other temporal elements such as adverbs. The present reviewer wish to add that he encountered similar modal uses in Hebrew and other Semitic languages (mostly in imperfect, but also in perfect). 9. ''Indirect objects in ditransitive constructions in Brazilian Portuguese'' / Heloisa Maria M. Lima Salles and Maria Marta P. Scherre (pp. 151-165) The object of the paper to show that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) differs European Portuguese (EP), among other usages, by a clear tendency to eliminate preposition a introducing indirect object, replacing it by para or em. This is a known fact which was discussed previously in many studies. The authors of the present paper examine this phenomenon in BP spoken in Fortaleza (Northeastern state Ceará), where the elimination of preposition a is less radical. They found the use of para (in all forms, full, reduced and contracted) - 67% and the use of a - 33%. In order to find the governing mechanism of distribution of both prepositions, the authors try to establish division of verbs to several groups each requiring different preposition. They also take into account referential function of the nominal in the direct object position (e.g. presence or absence of article before the nominal). Thus semantic features in the syntactic environment are also at play to influence the choice of a preposition. In BP, the preposition para tends to be selected in contexts involving the feature [-(potentially) light] on the verb and [+referential] on the direct object nominal, whereas the preposition a tends to be found with the opposite features. EP does not display any grammatical process encoding the above- mentioned differences in the conceptual representation of the predicate. Lima Salles and Scherre made a significant effort in the linguistic analysis of very complex ongoing linguistic change in BP. What is puzzling, however, that they do not raise question, why the process of change described occurs in BP, while EP is not touched by it. 10. ''Pragmatic variation in Spanish: External request modifications in Peninsular and Uruguayan Spanish'' / Rosina Márquez Reiter (pp. 167-180) This paper focuses on speech act realization and its author attempts to fill the gape in investigation of pragmatic variation in different varieties of Spanish. Márquez Reiter notes that the difference of the (possible) communication styles between Peninsular and Latin American speakers can vary in degrees of (possible) misunderstandings mostly pertaining to the differences in politeness systems or formality/informality levels. Then she clarifies the difference between indirectness and tentativeness categories as they applied in formulation of requests. The paper describes two research experiments conducted in Uruguay in 1997 (Uruguayan material) and in England (Peninsular material) in 2000. The requests were collected via a non-prescriptive open role play from two unequal independent groups of undergraduate students. Both experiments were recorded, Uruguayan material was audio-taped, while Peninsular material was video-recorded. In each of the two groups the students were not (too) familiar with each other and therefore were indirect when interacting. No consideration of gender were taken into account. 13 examples are transcribed, translated and discussed in the paper. Márquez Reiter studies peripheral elements and finds that there are differences in use and perception of users of two groups. Thus 'oye' is a preferred precursor in Peninsular, while 'mira' is used in Uruguayan Spanish. Also as precursor, the literal semantic meaning of both verbs is reduced to a meaning 'pay attention', each of two varieties prefer to use as a precursor one of these verbs, while the second one retains the literal semantic meaning. [Note. Incidentally the current reviewer encountered the only 'mira' precursor in scholarly texts in Judeo-Spanish of the 16th century which obviously reflect the older Old Spanish usage. The Uruguayan Spanish [as most of Latin American varieties of Spanish] probably more closely continues traditional Old Spanish usages than Peninsular Spanish. The 'oye' in Judeo-Spanish occurs only in the literal meaning 'hear, listen'--HYS] Speaking on other precursors, Uruguayans perceive perdón as more formal than disculpá. The same precursors can be used in Peninsular Spanish but their incidence is very low compared to Uruguayan speech. When they used in the Peninsular Spanish, the verb perdonar is preferred to disculpar. Uruguayans prefer combination of the verb with a title. This analysis shows that the Uruguayans are relatively more conscious about their space/distance and that of the addressee, moreover they explicitly acknowledge the hearer's authority over them, expressing more feelings of social inequality. [Note. I can state again that this usage is characteristic for Judeo- Spanish of the 16th century and Old Spanish usage. In the texts of 15th and 16th centuries it is a regular use.--HYS] At the end of conclusions, Márquez Reiter attempt to reduce the impression of significant differences of pragmatic functions in the two varieties of Spanish. The last sentence of the paper, ''unfamiliarity, rather than any actual typological difference, appears to be the main force at work'' is coming as a surprise. The statement might be true, but all the discussion in the paper was not directed to this conclusion. In order to prove this is true, the researcher had to juxtapose examples of utterances by familiar and unfamiliar interlocutors, and then to discuss the results. The absence of the comparison makes this statement unfound. The examples provided in the text of paper are accompanied with excellent English translations, while those in appendix are not translated. Thus the value of appendix is diminished for English reader. This research paper is a valuable addition to the study of pragmatic differences in varieties of Spanish. One would hope for further comparative research of speech acts in Spanish dialects. 11. ''Clitic simplification in a contact variety of Spanish: Third person accusative pronouns in the Mexican-American community of Houston'' / N. Ariana Mrak (pp. 181-194) Mrak studies change of a language in situation of language contacts, particularly contacts of languages with different linguistic systems, in this case the language of Mexican-American community of Houston and American English. The study is based on interviews with three groups of speakers, division based on their ages of arrival in the U.S., only with one restriction: they have to reside in Houston no less than 10 years. The samples of unaffected Mexican Spanish of Mexico City were taken from Lope Blanch 1976, because unavailability of data about unaffected Mexican Spanish of Houston. For the study, the researcher has used 30 tape-recorded interviews which were conducted with the diverse group of informants consisting of 15 men and 15 women who varied in education from the 3rd year of elementary to the graduate of university, and in occupation from a housewife and a laborer to military officer, librarian and university student. Mrak mentions a number of studies of pronominal clitics in several varieties of Spanish in situation of language contact (with Basque, Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani). In different situations the contact produces different changes. Thus in Basque Spanish the clitics are omitted in situations where the referent is an inanimate object, while they used when the noun phrase indicates a human object. Other researchers found dative clitics in accusative contexts when the referents are animate objects. In the situation of contact with Guarani, singular dative le replaces any of the four accusative clitics, lo/la/los/las. In Ecuador, two forms as accusative pronominal are used instead of the four, namely lo and le. They also produce the dative singular form in accusative situations. In Puno, Peru, the use of either lo or le (for the four accusative clitics, lo/la/los/las) varies depending from L1 of the speakers: speakers of Spanish as L1 prefer le (the dative form), while speakers of Quechua or Aymara as their L1 prefer lo. The picture which the current research produces is more complicated than one all previous researches described. The four expected forms of accusative clitics are the most widely used in the Mexican-American Spanish of Houston. However, when the speaker does not want to produce one of these four forms, he resorts to repetition of the noun phrase (in the second and third generation of the speakers the frequency of repetition is 14 and 15% respectively). When the speaker doesn't want to repeat the noun phrase, he replaces it with eso (which is does not indicate gender or number). This use accounts to 8% of frequency. Next follows the type of leísmo when four accusative forms are replaced with le or les (dative forms). This use is not popular in the Mexican- American Spanish of Houston, but generational distinction shows slight increase of this use in the third generation of speakers. As matter of fact, all the shapes of reduction of clitics are more strongly attested in the third generation of speakers. 12. ''The expression of topic in spoken Spanish: An empirical study'' / Francisco Ocampo (pp. 195-208) While the title defines this study as an empiric one, it is based on a large corpus of informal conversations with 32 middle class speakers of La Plata, Argentina. Mostly the simple sentences analyzed taking in account word order, prosodic features, cognitive motivation, relation of stress and topic shift, gradation of topic saliency. In Spanish the topic is expressed mostly by a noun phrase in the preverbal position, while there are cases when the topic already established, in consecutive phrases it can be relocated to the last place (postverbal position), or referred to by pronominal clitic. Topical subjects with new referents tend to receive primary stress. Continuing topics are more likely to receive secondary stress. 13. ''An adaptive approach to noun gender in New York contact Spanish'' / Ricardo Otheguy and Naomi Lapidus (pp. 209-229) Since Silva-Corvalán 1994 researchers of the United States Spanish propose contact-induced change that draw on the notion of simplification. The current researchers propose that contact-induced changes should additionally be understood in terms of the notion of adaptation. The most common phenomenon in all contact languages is cross-language lone lexical insertions (English lexical insertions - ELIs). The paper deals with lone English-origin words in the Spanish spoken in NYC. The discussion is based on the interviews collected in (CUNY) Project on the Spanish of New York. The 33 socio-linguistic interviews were conducted with residents of New York City of Puerto Rican, Dominican, Mexican, Colombian, Cuban and Ecuadorian ancestry. 477 ELIs (noun tokens) were found in the transcripts of these interviews. The researchers made sure that these ELIs are characteristic of NYC Spanish speech. The results are interpreted following adaptation theory (Poplack 1983:125; Nettle 1999:449-451). Both the transcripts and the additional experiments show that the most of ELIs perceived by the NYC Latinos as masculine (87%-masc. to 13%-fem.), while relation of the nouns in original Spanish (native words) are roughly 45% (masc.) to 55% (fem.). The researchers explain the reasons of change of this relation by phonological and semantic factors. These findings run counter to so called analogical criterion, according to which the ELI takes the gender of the word it displaces (Zamora 1975; Weinreich 1953:45). An additional statistic table for the same corpus shows identical proportion of noun tokens with and without anaphoric reference. The cases of marked gender are easier to study than unmarked one. The researchers note that they still not entirely understand issue of gender in anaphora and that their study has several important limitations related to not distinguishing loans from switches. This carefully planned and thoughtfully conducted project paves the way to additional research projects into intricacies of adaptation and for study of language of minority groups in many countries. 14. ''Properties of the double object construction in Spanish'' / Tonia Bleam (pp. 233-252) The section ''Syntax'' opens with the paper on the double object construction in Spanish. Bleam using new data based on idioms shows that indirect object doubling construction should be assimilated to the English double object construction. Following Masullo 1992; Demonte 1995; Ormazabal & Romero 1999; and Bleam 1999 she shows the differences in underlying structure for the prepositional dative in English and clitic-less constructions in Spanish. She analyses binding asymmetries, scope freezing and juxtaposes alternate projection versus derivation. Meaning differences are accounted with the help of Harley's alternate projection analysis (Harley 1995, 2000) based on the central idea that verbs of transfer have two different lexical decompositions which project different structures in the syntax. 15. ''Spanish perception verbs and sequence of tenses: Aktionsart effects'' / Alicia Cipria (pp. 253-272) Alicia Cipria examines Spanish perception verbs when used with tensed complements (mainly the imperfect or the preterit). Under perception verbs she means such verbs as ver, oir, palpar and oler. The previous research (Gili y Gaya 1961; RAE; and Suñer and Padilla-Rivera 1987) with little differences stated that the complement verb must have a simultaneous relationship with the main verb of perception or it should match the tense specification of the main verb. Otherwise the meaning of the main verb changes to that of cognition. Cipria demonstrates examples where no simultaneous reading arises. She determines that the difference in readings comes from a pragmatic rather than a semantic source. She considers division of verbs into states (Vendler 1967) and meaning of the term ''aktionart'' and its division into telic and atelic aktionarten. Then she analyses all the meanings (or uses) of the imperfect and comes to result that it always displays atelic actionart, while the preterit sometimes exhibits the complement situation as simultaneous with the main verb and sometimes as preceding the event described by the main verb. We believe that on some steps of her analysis Cipria mistakenly uses a priori subjective judgments. For example: having brought examples (18) Vi que los niños construyeron un castillo en 5 minutos, and (19) Vi que los niños construyeron un castillo, she states: ''I claim that non-availability of a backward shifted reading for (19) is simply a pragmatic effect, triggered by the brief nature of '5 minutes' and the possibility for a sand castle to be built in a short period of time.'' If the children had built an extremely fancy castle with Legos, then we could truthfully utter : (20) Vi que los niños construyeron un castillo en 10 horas. >>From what we know about the real world and people in it and their activities, there is not a pragmatically viable situation in which the subject witnesses or 'sees' the entire eventuality of ''building a castle in 10 hours.'' Facts like these just reinforce the importance of pragmatic effects in the available temporal interpretations. (pp. 266f.) Thus the researcher finds a big difference between '5 minutes' and '10 hours' in interpretation of the grammatical tense. This is true in real life but not for the purpose to decide which action preceded which, because it is clear from the three examples that the subject of the main close saw (witnessed) that the children have build the castle and accomplished it (18) in 5 minutes, (19) some time ago, (20) in 10 hours. In our opinion, the judgment based on ''personal experience'' about the real world has no place in decisions on temporal relations of the main verb and the verb of the close. These grammatical relations are rather formal and substitution of the adverbial complement does not change temporal relations. Otherwise the paper is a valuable contribution on temporal sequence. 16. ''Defaults and competition in the acquisition of functional categories in Catalan and French'' / Lisa Davidson and Géraldine Légendre (pp. 273-290) As it was known, in the process of the acquisition of language, in early childhood, the children prefer to use not-finite root forms cross-linguistically (Guasti 1994; Torrens 1995; Weverink 1989; K. Wexler 1994; Phillips 1995; Ferdinand 1996; Grinstead 1998; Meisel 1994). During the growth of the children the use of non-finite and finite forms fluctuates, gradually approximating to the norms of ''correct'' grammar of the adults. The authors of this paper took on themselves the task to explore the similarities and differences in the patterns of acquisition of their native language by French and Catalan children. According to Grinstead 1998, the third person singular present indicative forms may be default forms in Catalan. The current researchers probe this statement on their data. Then they compare the acquisition of tense and agreement and finally using Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) they analyse development stages on one particular Catalan child. Using data from two particular corpora (coming from the CHILDES database), they demonstrated four stages, three children for each language. Detailed information was published previously for French in Legendre et al., 1999 and for Catalan in Davidson 2001. On the first stage the children use infinitives, bare participles, and bare gerunds. The French children use considerably more not-finite root forms than Catalan children. The Catalan children, in their turn, substitute 1st person, 2nd person singular and 3rd person plural forms of verb by the form of the 3rd person singular. This phenomenon was interpreted as an agreement error. In conclusion, despite the previous assumptions, Catalan looks very much like French, only instead of not-finite root form Catalan learners use the third person singular present indicative. French learners begin acquiring understanding of tense first, Catalan learners acquire understanding of agreement first. An optimality-theoretic analysis with partial constraint ranking can explain how varying proportions of tensed, agreeing, and default utterances arise. This outstanding study is conducted in a very logical and thoughtful manner and it gives results useful not only for language educators, but also for practical evaluation and measurement of child's development and work of language pathologists. 17. ''Constraints on the meanings of Bare Nouns'' / Viviane Déprez (pp. 291-310) Déprez (l'accent aigu in the name of the author following the title of the paper on p. 291 is mistakenly omitted) has a goal to capture and predict the various meanings of nominal expressions without determiners cross-linguistically. She finds that previous research of this topic (Chierchia 1998) was useful, but not entirely accurate and its conclusions are contradicted by linguistic material of certain languages, particularly by Haitian Creole data. Déprez initiated an alternative approach based on a syntactic parameter, more precisely the Plural Parameter of bare nominals in Haitian Creole. This paper extends this syntactically inspired approach beyond Creole, using also the data of non-Creole languages. The presentation of material in the present paper reflects an intermediate stage of the research project. Beside several Creole dialects, she utilizes data of several Romance languages. This paper outlines a model that predicts and constrains the distinct readings of bare nominals in a variety of languages. 18. ''Null objects revisited'' / Jon Franco and Alazne Landa (pp. 311- 326) The present paper is critical of research on null objects published in the 80s and 90s, especially to Sánchez 1998. The researchers from Bilbao show that in the phenomenon of null objects in Basque Spanish: 1) Only object clitics with inanimate referents can drop; 2) it is impossible to have object drop with animates [which contrasts with Brazilian Portuguese and Andean Spanish]; 3) inanimate direct objects are never clitic doubled. Analyzing language contact influence, two scholars do not find parallel structure in present linguistic situation in Basque and Basque Spanish, but it is not excluded ''that there must be some type of preexisting parallel structures'' at some period in the history of Basque Spanish. Despite, the researchers demonstrated serious efforts to explain the phenomenon of null objects and its mechanism in Basque Spanish, their explanations are still hypothetical in great measure. The problem requires an additional research. The research of a particular syntactic phenomenon in two structurally different languages stumbles into disparity of their verbal complexes and their mechanisms of agreements. 19. ''Auxiliary choice and pronominal verb constructions: The case of the passé surcomposé'' / Kate Paesani (pp. 327-340) The choice of an auxiliary verb in Romance was treated many times, most recently by E. Benveniste (1966), R. Freeze (1992) and R. Kayne (1993). Kayne being the last in this chain and familiar with the ideas of his predecessors proposed that both main verb and auxiliary 'have' are instances of 'be' to which An abstract D/P0 head has incorporated. Paesani treats auxiliary choice in pronominal verb constructions in the French passé surcomposé (psc) [=an inflected auxiliary + a participial auxiliary + participial main verb]. The syntactic constructions in this case show strange disparity. When the main verb selects 'avoir' as its auxiliary, the form of the auxiliary compound is consistently 'avoir eu'; however, when the main verb selects 'être', the compound auxiliary varies between 'avoir été' and 'être eu'. Paesani proposes two key factors which determine the spell-out form of the auxiliary compound: 1) the presence or absence of an abstract D/P0 head in the syntax and 2) Kayne's (1993:21) 'have for be' parameter. Aware of Jolivet's (1984) claims that variation in the form of the auxiliary compound is also contextually determined, Paesani adopts a dialect hypothesis that makes use of a single syntactic structure and a dialect-specific parameter. She claims that the participial auxiliary is a verb. Upon analyzing the syntax of have/be alternations, she draws a number of complex formulas which describe general structure for participial constructions. Many factors of syntactic nature are included into account. Most of deliberations incorporate Kayne's ideas. This analysis relies crucially on head incorporation and participial AGR, presence or absence of a D/P0 head, while the movement of a DP subject through AgrO versus AgrS accounts for auxiliary choice in transitive and unaccusative verbs. I should note that exposition of the topic is done in highly technical style and with many formulas and abbreviations that makes this paper difficult to follow. Its weak point is presence of multiple assumptions. The conclusions are heavily dependant on these assumptions. 20. ''The lexical preverbal subject in a Romance Null Subject Language: Where are thou?'' / Margarita Suñer (pp. 341-357) This paper investigates where preverbal subjects are in Spanish, a Romance language without subject clitics. Adopting the Minimalist Program, Suñer assumes that when no preverbal lexical subject is present, the SpecTP in NSLs contains a null element belonging to the Det category. She demonstrates that Spanish preverbal subjects are in A-position. Upon analyzing a number of modern Greek and Spanish sentences she concludes that Spanish preverbal subjects, unlike Greek ones, may be as ambiguous as those in English. Suñer investigates how different orders of modal verbs (on one side 'may', on another 'can') correlate with the preverbal/postverbal position of the subject in Spanish. She finds that with perfect tenses the epistemic reading (poder >> un) predominates for most speakers, irrespective of indefiniteness and subject position. With other tenses, possibilities vary. An attentive reader may find many interesting observations in this paper. For example, Suñer observes from the interaction between an indefinite subject and a modal in Spanish that the preverbal subject does not obligatorily have wide scope over the modal, contrary to what happens in Greek. Comparing several of Suñer's statements (p. 342, at the end of sec. 1 and p. 347, at the end of sec. 2.2) we find a contradiction. In the first statement, she says that ''the Spanish preverbal subjects are in A-position'', while in the second that ''scope facts do not provide unequivocal evidence for considering Spanish preverbal subjects to be in A-bar position.'' Most probably, this a result of not careful formulation (one would think that the first statement contains an assumption, while the second statement is based on examination of a number of examples, since further she continues to argue that Spanish preverbal subjects occupy A-position, see pp. 349-352). In her final remarks (p.352, sec. 4), she says, ''Spanish (and Standard Italian) subjects do not necessarily behave as they were in A-bar position.'' Here we see that the researcher is not completely sure in her conclusions. But two lines down she writes, ''Moreover, reconstruction effects ... and the possibility for ad sensum agreement with collective subjects ... unequivocally show that Spanish preverbal subjects are in an A position.'' The paper presents a very valuable research project. However, it is advisable that the author who is a veteran researcher would re-examine the facts and rewrite her arguments and conclusions in clearer formulation. 21. ''Intervention effects in the French wh-in-situ construction: Syntax or interpretation'' / María Luisa Zubizarreta (pp. 359-379) This paper follows recent writings by Cédric Boeckx (see References). Boeckx identified three central properties of the interrogative constructions in French. Zubizarreta asks the question whether the three properties (exhaustivity, ''intervention effects,'' and locality) are related. The current paper is limited only to the discussion of the relation of the first two properties. The researcher treats the wh-in- situ constructions vis-à-vis the fronted wh-constructions. She exemplifies all existing wh- situations in 30 sets of the fronted wh- constructions as opposite to the wh-in-situ constructions, then analyzes them checking in each case relation between ' exhaustivity' and ' intervention effects'. She comes to conclusion, ''that a syntactic Minimality-based account of the so-called 'intervention effects' in the French wh-in-situ gives the wrong result'', i.e. one can understand that the relation of 'exhaustivity' and 'intervention effects' should be analyzed not on the level of the syntax, but rather at the interface of logic and semantics. EVALUATION OF THE VOLUME In general, the volume presents plethora of interesting research papers. As expected researchers make heavy use of Chomskian and Post- Chomskian linguistics. Chomsky's ideas dominate the methodology. Constraint-based analysis, Correspondence theory, Optimality theory, Grammatization, Synchronic variation and Language contact are the major topics of the volume. All these problems are studied in the microcosm of specific minor or seemingly minor themes based on one language or a few dialects. It is a nature of the conference materials to be diverse and not connected each to other, because of different interests of researchers. One would desire to have a greater thematic unity; however the editors as well as the organizing committee of the symposium are prompted to give an opportunity to the participants to present the results of their work. Still a publication of the thematic selections of the symposium materials would be desirable. It would enable specialized audiences to collect the parts of the symposium's materials which are closer to the interest of particular researchers and research teams and use them more actively. In the existing situation, it is used mostly by the participants of the symposium. In the case of thematic collections of papers, it is possible to include more papers from several symposia, because the materials will be divided to a number of volumes, each may contain more papers on similar problems. REFERENCES Auger, Julie. (1994)''On the nature of subject clitics in Picard,'' In Michael L. Mazzola (ed.), Issues and Theory in Romance Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown U. Press, 1994, pp. 159-179. Benveniste , Emile. (1966) Problèmes de linguistique générale. Paris: Gallimard, 1966. Bleam , Tonia. (1999) Leísta Spanish and the Syntax of Clitic Doubling. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware, 1999. Boeckx , Cédric. (1999) Some In-Situ, Some in Spec CP. Unpublished Ms., Storrs: University of Connecticut, 1999. Boeckx , Cédric. (2000) Properties of French Interrogatives. Unpublished Ms., Storrs: University of Connecticut, 1999. Chierchia , Gennaro. (1998) ''Reference to Kinds Across Languages,'' Natural Language Semantics 6/4 (1998), pp. 339-400. Clements , George N. (1987) ''Phonological Feature Representation and the Description of Intrusive Stops, '' In Anna Bosch, Barbara Need, & Eric Schiller (eds.), Papers from the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1987, pp. 29-50. Davidson, Lisa. (2001) Defaults, Frequencies and Variation in the Acquisition of Catalan. Ms., John Hopkins University, 2001. Demonte, Violeta. (1995) ''Dative Alternation in Spanish,'' Probus 7 (1995), pp. 5-30. Ferdinand, Astrid. (1996) The Development of Functional Categories: The Acquisition of the Subject in French. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics, 1996. Fonseca-Greber, Bonnie. (2000) The Change from Pronoun to Clitic to Prefix and the Rise of Null Subjects in Spoken Swiss French. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, 2000. Fonseca-Greber, Bonnie & Linda R. Waugh. (2001) ''On the Radical Difference between the Subject Personal Pronouns in Written and Spoken European French,'' In C. Meyer & A. Leistyna (eds.), Corpus Analysis: Language Structure and Language Use. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. Freeze, Ray. (1992) ''Existentials and Other Locatives,'' Language 68 (1992), pp. 553-595. Gili y Gaya, Samuel. (1961) Curso superior de sintaxis española. Barcelona: Bibliograf, 1961. Goldsmith, John. (1990) Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. Grinstead, John. (1998) Subjects, Sentential Negation and Imperatives in Child Spanish and Catalan. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA, 1998. Guasti, Maria. (1994) ''Verb Syntax in Italian Child Grammar: Finite and non-Finite Verbs,'' Language Acquisition 3/1 (1994), pp. 1-40. Harley, Heidi. (1995) ''If you have, you can give,'' In Proceedings of WCCFL 15 (1995). CSLI. Harley, Heidi. (2000) Possession and the Double Object Construction. Ms., University of Arizona, 2000. Jolivet, Rémi. (1984) ''L'aceptabilité des formes verbales surcomposées,'' Le Français Moderne 3/4 (1984), pp. 159-182. Kayne, Richard, (1993) ''Toward a Modular Theory of Auxiliary Selection,'' Studia Linguistica 47 (1993), pp. 3-31. Lambrecht, Knud & Laura Michaelis. (1998) ''Sentence Accent in Information Questions: Default and Projection,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 21 (1998), pp. 477-544. Legendre, Géraldine, Paul Hangstrom, Anne Vainikka, & Marina Todorova. (1999) Partial Constraint Ordering in Child French Syntax. Technical Report, Johns Hopkins University, 1999. Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1976) El habla popular de México: Materiales para su studio. México: UNAM, 1976. McCarty, John & Alan S. Prince. (1995) ''Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity,'' In Jill N. Beckman, Laura Walsh Dickey, & Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1995, pp. 249-384. McCarty, John & Alan S. Prince. (1997) ''Faithfulness and Identity in Prosodic Morphology,'' In The Prosody-Morphology Interface, ed. by René Kager, Harry van der Hulst, & Wim Zonneveld. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 218-309. Masullo, Pascual. (1992) Incorporation and Case Theory in Spanish: A Crosslinguistic Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1992. Meisel, Jürgen. (1994) ''Getting FAT: Finiteness, Agreement, and Tense in Early Grammars,'' In Jürgen Meisel (ed.), Bilingual First Language Acquisition: French and German Grammatical Development. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1994. Nettle, Daniel. (1999) ''Functionalism and Its Difficulties in Biology and Linguistics,'' In Michael Darnell et al. (eds.), Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. Offord, Michael. (1990) Varieties of Contemporary French. London: Macmillan, 1990. Ormazabal, Javier & Juan Romero. (1999) On the Syntactic Nature of the me-lui and the Person-Case Constraint. Ms., University of the Basque Country and MIT, 1999. Phillips, Colin. (1995) ''Syntax at Age Two: Cross-Linguistic Differences,'' MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26 (1995), pp. 37-93. Poplack, Shana. (1983) ''Bilingual Competence or Grammatical Integrity,'' In Lucía Elías Olivares (ed.), Spanish in the U.S. setting: Beyond the Southwest. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, 1983. Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky. (1993) Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Technical Report. Ms., Rutgers University, New Brunswick and the University of Colorado. Sánchez, Liliana. (1998) ''Null Objects and D Features in Contact Spanish,'' Paper presented at the LSRL XXVIII held at Penn State in April 1998. Schwegler, Armin. (1990) Analyticity and Syntheticity: A Diachronic Perspective with Special Reference to Romance Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. (1994) Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Suñer, Margarita & José Padilla-Rivera. (1987) ''Sequence of Tenses and the Subjunctive, Again,'' Hispania 70/3 (1987), pp. 634-642. Torrens, Vicenç. (1995) L'adquisició de la sintaxi en català i castellà: La categoria functionalde flexió. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad de Barcelona, 1995. Torres Cacoullos, Rena. (2000) Grammaticization, Synchronic Variation, and Language Contact. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000. Vendler, Zeno. (1967) ''Verbs and Times''. In Zeno Vendler (ed.), Linguistics and Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967, pp. 97-121. [Reprinted from Philosophical Review (1957)] Weinreich, Uriel. (1953) Languages in Contact. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. Weverink, Meike. (1989) The Subject in Relation to Inflection in Child Language. M.A. Thesis, University of Utrecht, 1989. Wexler, Kenneth. (1994)''Optional Infinitives, Head Movement, and Economy of Derivation,'' In Norbert Hornstein & David Lightfoot (eds.), Verb Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 305- 350. Zamora, Juan Clemente. (1975) ''Morfología bilingüe: la asignación de género a los préstamos,'' Bilingual Review 2 (1975), pp. 239-247. ABOUT THE REVIEWER Hayim Y. Sheynin studied Classical philology, Semitic languages and Oriental Studies in Leningrad (now St.-Petersburg, Russia) and Philadelphia (USA). He hold Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1987). He taught Hebrew literature and Semitic linguistics in Haifa University, Israel; Dropsie University and Gratz College, last two in Philadelphia, PA. His previous research was in Cairo Genizah manuscripts, History of Hebrew printing, and medieval Hebrew literature. His current interests are in Jewish languages, Judeo-Arabic and especially Judeo-Spanish, as well in Lexicography, Sociolinguistic and Historical linguistics. He contributed a number of articles and reviews to Jewish Quarterly Review, Linguist List, Studies in Linguistics and other periodicals. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- If you buy this book please tell the publisher or author that you saw it reviewed on the LINGUIST list. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-15-2349


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Ógra Fianna Fáil, the largest youth political organisation in the country, has launched its national recruitment campaign in third level colleges around the country.
The campaign begins today at NUIG in Galway and the University of Limerick, and continues at UCD, DCU, Trinity, DIT and other third level institutions across the country throughout the month.
Ógra Fianna Fáil President Kate Feeney said it's a crucial time in the youth organisation's calendar.
"Last year Ógra saw a record increase in membership resulting from a widespread recruitment campaign. We established a number of new units and membership soared by 200% in some colleges. This year's campaign will be bigger and better than ever," said Ms Feeney.
This year's theme is 'Have Your Say … Make It Matter.' The aim is to encourage young people to be active citizens, make their voices heard and help shape the future of this country.
Ógra's Third Level Organiser Fintan Phelan explained, "Students have been let down spectacularly by this government. We have been the victims of a litany of broken promises from the Labour Party, particularly in relation to the hikes in college fees, cuts to college grants, the SUSI grant fiasco and the woeful lack of decent graduate opportunities. We want to give students a forum to stand up and make their voices heard."
The Fianna Fáil Leader Micheál Martin will join young party members for the recruitment drive in a number of locations over the next few weeks.
Deputy Martin commented, "Over the past year Ógra has shown itself to be an excellent forum for young people to voice their opinions and help shape policy. The young wing of our party has never played a more important role in the wider organisation when it comes to policy formation, the party's renewal effort and reaching out to a younger generation of voters who are justifiably disillusioned with politics.
"Ireland stands to benefit greatly from more young people getting involved in politics. I hope that this year and in the years to come, Ógra Fianna Fáil will continue to play a strong role in encouraging this," said Deputy Martin.


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From O'Neill Library
Chair is one of 15 color photographs by Lisa Kessler, a lecturer in studio art, on display last fall in the O'Neill Level Three Gallery. The exhibition, titled Seeing Pink, drew from a series of some 80 photographs started in 2007 to capture appearances of the color, which Kessler describes as "jam-packed with all kinds of meanings, many of them conflicting." Also pictured were cakes, neon signs, a picket fence, and the all-pink opposing men's locker room at the University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium. Chair was taken in 2012 with a point-and-shoot camera. It was a "turn-the-car-around" encounter according to Kessler, who spotted this scene on a back road in western Massachusetts a few days before the Fourth of July.


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