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email@example.com Copyright Nick Shinn, 1998. Published by FontShop International. FontFont Release 23
Nillie's Love Letters V1
Nillie's Love LettersStyle
1.000 January 10, 2012, initial releaseCompany
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NewBaskervilleITC W08 Regular
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Technomite Regular
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text:
Up and Running with jQuery Mobile
Maximiliano Firtman
Up and Running with jQuery Mobile
by Maximiliano Firtman
Copyright © 2010 O'Reilly Media. All rights reserved.
Revision History for the :
2011-04-20 Early release revision 1
2011-07-20 Early release revision 2
2011-12-09 Early release revision 3
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449397654 for release details.
Table of Contents
Preface ..................................................................... ix
The Mobile Platform ..................................................... 1
Why do we need jQuery Mobile?1
Myths of the Mobile Web 1
Mobile webapps 3
So, again… why do we need jQuery Mobile?3
What is jQuery Mobile 4
What is not 4
The framework 5
The mobile and tablet world 6
Device categories 6
Operating Systems and Browsers 10
jQuery Mobile compatibility 11
HTML5 and CSS3 14
Main Features 15
Use of non-intrusive semantic HTML5 15
Progressive enhancement 16
Accessibility support 17
Testing webapps 18
Emulators and Simulators 19
Remote Labs 22
Starting with the framework ............................................ 25
Preparing the document 25
Requirements 25
Hosting the files 25
Using a CDN 27
Main HTML5 template 29
Adobe Dreamweaver support 31
Previewing files 32
Architecture 32
Roles 33
Theming 34
The page 36
Navigation 39
Back button 40
Internal page links 40
External page links 42
Absolute external links 48
Mobile Special Links 49
Transition between pages 49
Reverse transition 51
Dialogs 51
Closing or going back?52
Opening pages from dialogs 55
Integrating with the Phone 56
Making a call 56
Video- and voIP-calls 58
Sending email 58
Sending an SMS 59
Other URI-schemes 60
Bringing all together 60
UI Components ........................................................ 63
Toolbars 63
Positioning 64
True fixed toolbars 65
Adding content to the header 66
Adding content to the footer 69
Navigation Bars 70
Persisted Footer 73
Formatting content 74
Collapsible content 75
Accordion 78
Columns 79
Buttons 81
Inline buttons 82
Grouped buttons 82
Effects 84
Icons 84
Creating custom icons 85
Icon positioning 87
Icon-only buttons 88
iv | Table of Contents
Icon shadow 88
Lists ................................................................. 89
Full-page vs. inset lists 92
Visual Separators 94
Interactive Rows 96
Nested lists 99
Split button lists 102
Ordered interactive list 105
Using images 105
Row icons 105
Thumbnails 105
Aside content 106
Title and Description 108
Using count bubbles 109
Filtering data with Search 110
List views cheat sheet 111
Form Components .................................................... 113
Form action 113
Forcing a non-AJAX form 114
Form elements 114
Labels 115
Field containers 115
Text fields 116
Auto-growing text area 117
New HTML5 attributes 119
Date fields 119
Slider 120
Flip toggle switch 121
Select menus 122
Grouping select menus 125
Non-native select menus 126
Radio buttons 130
Checkboxes 134
File Uploads 136
The framework & JavaScript ............................................ 137
Document events 137
Configuration 139
Global Configuration 140
Page configuration 144
Widgets configuration 146
Table of Contents | v
Utilities 148
Data-* utilities 148
Page utilities 148
Platform utilities 150
Path utilities 151
UI utilities 151
Custom Transitions 152
Dynamic content 153
Creating pages 153
Creating widgets 155
Updating widgets 156
Creating grids 156
Changing page contents 156
Event handling 158
Page events 158
Widget events 160
Orientation event 160
Gesture events 161
Virtual clicks events 161
Creating themes ...................................................... 163
Theme Roller 164
Global settings 165
Swatch color settings 165
Inspector 165
Adobe Kuler 165
Exporting your theme 167
Fireworks Theme Editor 168
Editing themes 174
Custom transitions 175
Install & Offline access ................................................. 177
Package definition 177
HTML Manifest 178
Download process 179
Accessing online resources 180
Updating resources 181
JavaScript object 182
Events 183
Icon installation 185
Invitation 185
Icon name 185
Icon definition 186
vi | Table of Contents
Full-Screen 190
Detecting fullscreen 190
Styling the webapp 192
Mixing all together 194
Storing offline data 195
Table of Contents | vii
Conventions Used in This Book
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Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements
such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables,
statements, and keywords.
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x | Preface
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Preface | xi
CHAPTER 1The Mobile Platform
If you are reading this book, you are probably a web designer or a web developer, maybe
a jQuery fan or a webapp developer. Before coding we need to talk some minutes about
the mobile ecosystem and where jQuery Mobile fits on it. Let's do it.
Why do we need jQuery Mobile?
The first question that you should be asking yourself is: why jQuery Mobile exists? Why
do we need something special for mobile if there are plenty of mobile browsers ren-
dering standard desktop websites?
To answer these questions, let me copy and paste some extracts from my other book
Programming the Mobile Web published from O'Reilly Media too. By the way, I asked
for permission to myself for doing that.
Myths of the Mobile Web
As the Web has moved onto mobile devices, developers have told themselves a lot of
stories about what this means for their work. While some of those stories are true,
others are misleading, confusing, or even dangerous.
It's Not the Mobile Web; It's Just the Web!
I've heard this quote many times in the last few years, and it's true. It's really the same
Web. Think about your life. You don't have another email account just for your mobile.
(Okay, I know some guys that do, but I believe that's not typical!)
You read about the last NBA game on your favorite site, like ESPN; you don't have a
desktop news source and a different mobile news source. You really don't want another
social network for your mobile; you want to use the same Facebook or Twitter account
as the one you used on your desktop. It was painful enough creating your friends list
on your desktop, you've already ignored many people… you don't want to have to do
all that work again on your mobile.
So, yes… it's the same Web. However, when developing for the mobile web we are
targeting very, very different devices. The most obvious difference is the screen size,
and yes, that will be our first problem. But there are many other not-so-obvious dif-
ferences. One issue is that the contexts in which we use our mobile devices are often
extremely different from where and how we use our comfortable desktops or even our
laptops and netbooks.
Don't get me wrong—this doesn't mean that, as developers, we need to create two,
three, or dozens of versions duplicating our work. And here comes jQuery Mobile.
You Don't Need to Do Anything Special When Designing for the Mobile Web
Almost every smartphone on the market today—for example, the iPhone and Android-
based devices—can read and display full desktop websites. Yes, this is true. Users want
the same experience on the mobile web as they have on their desktops. Yes, this is also
true. Some statistics even indicate that users tend to choose web versions over mobile
versions when using a smartphone. However, is this because we really love zooming in
and out, scrolling and crawling for the information we want, or is it because the mobile
versions are really awful and don't offer the right user experience? I've seen a lot of
mobile sites consisting of nothing but a logo and a couple of text links. My smartphone
wants more!
One Website Should Work for All Devices (Desktop, Mobile, TV, etc.)
As we will see, there are techniques that allow us to create only one file but still provide
different experiences on a variety of devices, including desktop, mobile, TV and game
consoles. This vision is called "One Web." Today, there are a lot of mobile devices with
very low connection speeds and limited resources—non-smartphones—that, in theory,
can read and parse any file, but will not provide the best user experience and will have
compatibility and performance problems if we deliver the same document as for desk-
top. Therefore, One Web remains a goal for the future. A little additional work is still
required to provide the right user experience for each mobile device, but there are
techniques that can be applied to reduce the work required and avoid code and data
Just Create an HTML File with a Width of 240 Pixels, and You Have a Mobile Website
This is the other fast-food way to think about the mobile web. Today, there are more
than 3,000 mobile devices on the market, with almost 50 different browsers (actually,
more than 500 different browsers if we separate them by version number). Creating
one HTML file as your mobile website will be a very unsuccessful project. In addition,
doing so contributes to the belief that the mobile web is not useful.
2 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
Mobile webapps
I'm not going to enter the discussion about mobile web development vs. native devel-
opment. In fact, I believe that the discussion is mostly wrong. Most of the times the
confusing about what the discussion is about. However, it is important to understand
that multiplatform development is quite a challenge in the native development envi-
ronment -using every platform SDK-. Therefore, mobile web is a perfect solution for
this problem in most situations. Here comes the term webapp with plenty of synony-
mous or similar concepts, like mobile webapps, widgets, hybrids, HTML5 apps and
In particular, a mobile webapp differs from typical mobile websites in their purpose.
A webapp typically has a more transactional way of thinking the user interface, emu-
lating native mobile applications. They are still created using web technologies (HTML,
CSS, JavaScript, AJAX) but offering an application-similar experience to the user.
Frequently mobile webapps also make use of HTML5 features, like offline or geoloca-
tion access to provide a better experience. Geolocation is not official part of the HTML5
specification, but a W3C API by its own; however it is often mentioned below the
HTML5's umbrella.
A webapp can be implemented in many ways as shown in Figure 1-1, including:
• Accessed from the browser
• Installed as a full-screen webapp
• Installed webapp via a package officially implemented by vendors (sometimes
called widgets)
• Installed webapp embedded in a native application, commonly known as hybrid
We will cover how to create this kind of webapps in the rest of the book. For more deep
information, just cross the street to my other book: Programming the Mobile Web.
A webapp typically generates new challenges to web designers and developers, such as
loading views instead of pages, maintain a two-way navigation between views, create
rich controls prepared for touch devices, and more.
So, again… why do we need jQuery Mobile?
If you read last pages (and I'm pretty confident you did), you are aware that mobile
web design and development has new challenges for us. We need to create webapps
more than simple websites; there are too many devices out there with different browser
compatibility; and there are also too many libraries trying to solve the same problem
with mixed community and device support.
That is why jQuery Mobile appeared: to help designers and developers to create mobile
web experiences easily, multiplatform, customizable and with unobtrusive code.
Why do we need jQuery Mobile?| 3
The extensive worldwide jQuery community is also a great opportunity for the frame-
work's future.
By last, and not less important, the framework received official sponsorship and support
from many of the biggest companies in this area, such as:
• Adobe
• Mozilla Corporation
• HP Palm
• BlackBerry / RIM
• Nokia
• DeviceAtlas and dotMobi
What is jQuery Mobile
"jQuery Mobile is a unified user interface system across all popular mobile device plat-
forms, built on the rock-solid jQuery and jQuery UI foundation. Its lightweight code is
built with progressive enhancement, and has a flexible, easily themeable design." Official
note at http://www.jquerymobile.com
What is not
To understand jQuery Mobile is very important to know what it is not.
Figure 1-1. A webapp can be delivered as a browser-based experience, a full-screen installed
application or an embedded webapp inside a native app (hybrid).
4 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
jQuery Mobile is not a jQuery alternative for mobile browsers. To use jQuery Mobile,
you need to include the typical jQuery framework. It is not a replacement; it is a UI
layer on top of jQuery.
jQuery Mobile is not a webapp SDK. You can create the whole mobile experience with
jQuery Mobile but you will need some work to compile it as native apps. We will see
how, why and when to do it in next chapters.
jQuery Mobile is not a framework for JavaScript lovers. Unless certain advanced topics,
you won't need any JavaScript code for jQuery Mobile to work. That is great if you are
web designer hating all of those braces and semicolons.
jQuery Mobile is not the solution for all mobile application, websites or games. However,
it covers solutions for most of them. For the others I have to convince you to read my
other book somehow :-).
The framework
If you don't know what jQuery is you are probably a time traveler coming from 10 years
in the past. If you are Marty McFly, you can point your browser to http://jquery.com
and check about this incredible useful JavaScript framework, the most used one on the
web since 2007.
Finally we arrived to the point: jQuery Mobile is a framework that delivers webapp
experiences to mobile and tablet devices, mainly with touch interfaces, effort-less,
multiplatform and using only HTML5 standard code. A jQuery Mobile app looks like
Figure 1-2.
The platform uses for its purposes the jQuery "core" framework, a JavaScript library,
a CSS 3 stylesheet and some resource images.
jQuery Mobile is comparable to jQuery UI on the desktop side: just a UI framework.
The name (without any UI inside) leave us the doubt about if it's a core framework or
not; but I believe the decision was made to take advantage of the power of the jQuery
trademark inside designers and developers world.
The framework was created by the same team of the main jQuery frame-
work, whose leader is John Resig (http://ejohn.org), JavaScript Tool de-
veloper for the Mozilla Corporation, @jeresig on Twitter.
This new platform, like jQuery and jQuery UI, was released as an open source project
under a dual license MIT or GPL version 2.
What is jQuery Mobile | 5
If you want to participate in the development, you can provide patches,
bugs, discussion, and work over the active live code on http://jquerymo
The mobile and tablet world
People are not browsing the web only from their desktop. Now we have very different
devices with different screen sizes, input mechanisms and even new features from old
friends such as HTML, JavaScript and CSS.
Mobile devices are here. There is no doubt having more than 5 billion devices world-
wide and counting. Tablets are also coming in a big way, with millions in the market.
Device categories
Right now, we can divide mobile devices in these categories:
• Mobile Phones
Figure 1-2. This is how it looks a typical jQuery Mobile webapp with standard theming in
smartphones, a webOS device in this case.
6 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
• Low-end mobile devices
• Mid- and high-end mobile devices, also known as social devices
• Smartphones
• Tablets
Mobile phones
Okay, we still have mobile phones in some markets. These are phones with call and
SMS support. They don't have web browsers or connectivity, and they don't have any
installation possibilities. These phones don't really interest us; we can't do anything
for them right now.
In a couple of years, because of device recycling and services provided by carriers and
manufactures, such phones will probably not be on the market anymore.
Low-end mobile devices
Low-end mobile devices have a great advantage: they have web support. They typically
have only a very basic browser, but this is the gross market. Perhaps they aren't the
most-heavy Internet users today, but this may change quickly with the advent of social
networks and Web 2.0 services. If your friends can post pictures from their mobile
devices, you'll probably want to do the same, so you may upgrade your phone whenever
you can.
Nokia, Motorola, Kyocera, LG, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson have devices for this mar-
ket. They typically do not have touch support, have limited memory, and include only
a very basic camera and a basic music player.
Mid-end / High-end mobile devices
This is the mass-market option for a decent mobile web experience. Mid-end devices
maintain the balance between a good user experience and moderate cost. In the last
years, this category was also known as "Social Devices" meaning that the users make
use of social sites, such as Facebook or Twitter using mobile web.
In this category, devices typically offer a medium-sized screen, basic HTML-browser
support, sometimes 3G, a decent camera, a music player, games, sometimes touch and
application support. The big difference with smartphones is that high-end devices gen-
erally are not sold with flat Internet rates. The user can get a flat-rate plan, but he'll
have to go out and find it himself. Starting in 2011, many of these devices are coming
including WLAN (Wi-Fi), as we can see in Figure 1-3.
This is the most difficult category to define. Why aren't some mid-end and high-end
devices considered "smart" enough to be in this category? The definition of smart
The mobile and tablet world | 7
evolves every year. Even the simplest mobile device on the market today would have
been considered very smart 10 years ago.
Typically when you buy them you sign up for a one- or two-year contract with a flat-
rate data plan. A smartphone, as defined today, has a multitasking identifiable oper-
ating system, a modern HTML5 browser, Wireless LAN (WLAN, also known as WiFi)
and 3G connections, a music player, and several of the following features:
• GPS (Global Positioning System) or A-GPS (Assisted Global Positioning System)
• Digital compass
• Video-capable camera
• TV out
• Bluetooth
• Touch support
• 3D video acceleration
• Accelerometer
Figure 1-3. Low- and mid-end devices are evolving really quick. Here you can see the Nokia X3-02
Touch and Type. It is a touch device, with numeric keypad and WiFi.
8 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
There are multimedia devices that can be smartphones but they don't
have a phone feature. These devices are the same as smartphones for us,
web creators. In this list, we can find Apple iPod Touch or Sony Play-
Station Portable (PSP). The only difference with tablets is their screen
size, below 3 inches.
A tablet is a device with a large screen (between 6 and 11 inches), a full HTML5 browser,
WLAN connection (Wi-Fi), sometimes 3G, touch support and all the other features
that we can find on a smartphone.
In this category, we can find many devices, including:
• Apple iPad
• Samsung Galaxy Tab
• BlackBerry PlayBook
• Barnes and Noble Nook Color
• Motorola Xoom
• LG Optimus Pad
• Amazon Fire
• Sony S1 & S2
Figure 1-4. There are dozens of smartphone devices on the market, including iPhone, Android-based
devices, webOS, Symbian, BlackBerry and Windows Phone.
The mobile and tablet world | 9
Operating Systems and Browsers
This book is not intended to get deeply on the mobile ecosystem. There is a detailed
list of operating systems, platforms and browsers in the book Programming the Mobile
Web, from O'Reilly Media. However, if we are going to create mobile web experiences
we need to at least know what we are talking about.
In the mobile world, we can divide the operating systems in two main groups: identi-
fiable operating systems and proprietary's ones. In the last group, we will find mainly
phones, low- and mid-end devices.
With the identifiable operating systems, we will be more interested in which OS a device
has than its brand and model. I mean, we are not going to develop a webapp for Sam-
sung Galaxy; we are going to develop a webapp for Android devices. Maybe iPhone is
an exception to this rule because it is a platform by its own having up to this writing,
only one device: the iPhone (different versions of the device are just that; for web de-
velopers there are no huge differences between an iPhone 4 and an iPhone 3GS).
Table 1-1 lists the operating systems we can find on today's market in smartphones
and tablets:
Table 1-1. Operating Systems and Browsers available in Smartphones, Social Devices and Tablets
Operating System
Browser Included
Other browsers
Opera Mini and pseudo-
Android Browser
Firefox, Opera Mini, Amazon
Silk, Opera Mobile
Symbian Browser
Opera Mini, Opera Mobile
HP webOS
HP Palm
webOS Browser
Windows Phone
Internet Explorer
Windows Mobile
Internet Explorer
Opera Mobile
Micro Browser/Nokia
BlackBerry OS
BlackBerry Browser
Opera Mini
Tablet OS
Tablet OS Browser
Nokia Browser
Samsung Browser
Every operating system has different versions and some allows the user to update to a
newer one. Every OS comes with an installed browser but the user can install and use
an alternative browser. Sometimes the manufacturer or the operator where the user
bought the device installs or replace the default browser with an alternative, such as
Opera Mobile.
10 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
If we open our browser research to low- and mid-end devices, we will find more than
20 other new browsers, including Ovi Browser, NetFront Browser and Phantom
Browser from LG. But that is not the target of jQuery Mobile right now.
What is a pseudo-browser?
A pseudo-browser is a native application that the users can install on their devices. They
use the same engine as the default-browser, but offering extra features over it. There
are plenty of examples for iOS, like SkyFire or Perfect Browser. They are all using Safari
as the final rendering engine; therefore, for jQuery Mobile they are not other browsers.
In the book Programming the Mobile Web you will find 20 pages with detailed infor-
mation about browser types and features of each one.
jQuery Mobile compatibility
jQuery Mobile is a framework intended for touch devices, including smartphones, tab-
lets and multimedia devices. The compatible list will change with time and while the
framework is evolving so it is difficult to publish a complete list here.
The jQuery Mobile 1.0 version is compatible with the following by-default browsers:
Safari for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad from iOS 3.2
Android OS
Android Browser phones and tablets
BlackBerry OS
BlackBerry Browser for Smartphones from 5.0 and for tablets
Nokia Browser for touch devices
webOS Browser from webOS 1.4
Bada Browser
MicroBrowser & Nokia Browser (included in Nokia N9)
Windows Phone
Internet Explorer from Windows Phone/Mobile 6.5 and Windows Phone 7.0
Browser from Kindle 3
jQuery Mobile is also compatible with the following third-party browsers:
The mobile and tablet world | 11
• Opera Mini, fully supported from 5.0 on most devices
• Opera Mobile, fully supported from 10.0 on most devices
• Firefox Mobile
This compatibility list is just for having some information to start from. The compati-
bility is far more complex than this list because we can cross multiple operating system
versions, with multiple browsers versions with different results. Even newer devices
not listed here will also be compatible with the library if they supports the minimum
features that the framework needs.
To make it simple: jQuery Mobile will work on every browser with the capabilities to
offer the experience that the framework provides. Any modern browser should be in-
cluded in this list.
Many modern mobile browsers use a WebKit-based engine, like Safari
or Chrome for desktop. Any modern WebKit-based mobile browser
should be fully compatible with jQuery Mobile. Also Chrome, Firefox,
Safari, Opera and Internet Explorer for desktop are compatible with
jQuery Mobile.
Mobile Graded Browser Support
jQuery Mobile uses a table chart to define the compatibility of every device with this
library. I would not try to enter in this categorization-war if I were you. But you can
check it if you want more information at http://jquerymobile.com/gbs/
jQuery Mobile on desktop browsers
Many modern desktop browsers, like Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari
or Internet Explorer, are compatible with jQuery Mobile too. Even if it
is not intended for desktop applications, this ability will be useful for
testing purposes. However, we will see later that installing an emulation
environment will be useful.
I believe the compatibility is far more complex than this table and for a typical web
designer and developer it should be absolutely hidden. There are better ways to know
if a feature is available in a mobile browser than trying to categorize each one of them.
One solution is just in your hands: use jQuery Mobile.
The GBS (Graded Browser Support) divides mobile browsers in three categories: A-
grade, B-grade and C-grade. In the jQuery Mobile world these grades means:
A browser with CSS3 media queries capability. These browsers will be fully tested
by the jQuery team. However, some features will be automatically disabled if the
12 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
device does not support them. That is transparent for us. The framework provides
a full experience with Ajax-based animations.
It has an enhanced experience but without Ajax navigation features.
A browser non-compatible with jQuery Mobile. This browser will not receive any
CSS or JavaScript code from the framework, so the user will see a plain HTML file
with the content. We will see later in this book how to handle this situation.
PhoneGap and native development
If you look into the Mobile Graded Browser Support Table of jQuery
Mobile, you will find PhoneGap as a browser. PhoneGap is not a
browser; it's a framework to creat hybrids. That is: native applications
with a webapp inside. PhoneGap is officially supported by jQuery in
many platforms, such as iOS, Symbian, BlackBerry, Android and we-
Figure 1-5. jQuery Mobile maintains a list of compatibility browsers on their website. However, the
compatibility is more complex than this table and we should not care at all for most scenarios.
The mobile and tablet world | 13
The great news is that you can use whatever hybrid framework you like; jQuery Mobile
will work if it works for PhoneGap. That is because PhoneGap is not a browser by itself;
it is just a framework using the native browser engine.
To make it simple: jQuery Mobile is compatible with the creation of native apps with
HTML5 and CSS3
Don't panic! I know most web designers and developers panic with HTML5 and CSS3.
Before saying anything about it: Don't worry, jQuery Mobile will make everything for
you. Therefore, you don't need to know HTML5 or CSS3 to work with this framework.
I encourage you to learn them likewise. You will be able to do much more knowing
these new standards, but that is for a later discussion.
This book is not intended to teach you HTML5 or CSS3, but it is important to under-
stand some things about them. Many mobile browsers, mainly inside smartphones and
tablets, support HTML5, CSS3 and other APIs.
I can talk hours only about HTML5, its history and what it has to offer to the mobile
HTML5 in hard terms is an evolving standard including changes to the HTML markup
and lot of new APIs in JavaScript (yes, HTML5 is a lot about JavaScript APIs). HTML5
in a more casual term is an umbrella for many modern features inside browsers, in-
cluding the W3C's formal HTML5 standard, other W3C's APIs, CSS 3, and non-
standard extensions. You can check on http://mobilehtml5.org for compatibility infor-
mation on HTML5 for mobile browsers.
jQuery Mobile uses many of them to provide a great and fast experience on mobile
browsers. That does not mean that the browser needs to support HTML5 as a whole.
In fact, many old browsers still support some HTML5 markup even without knowing
its existence. jQuery Mobile uses CSS3 a lot, when possible, for animations, gradients,
effects and UI rendering.
Only to arouse your curiosity, with HTML5, CSS3 and other modern techniques, you
can provide, with or without a jQuery Mobile experience, the following features:
• Offline Access
• Offline storage
• Web Sockets
• Geolocation Access
• Accelerometer and Gyroscope support
• Animations
• 2D and 3D Transformations
14 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
• Gradients and Visual Effects
• Viewport Management (for zooming support inside the browser)
• Webapp installation meta-data
• Integration with Native applications
• Multimedia support
• Graphic drawing (vector and bitmap)
• Custom font support
There are a lot of samples and links on my blog www.mobilexweb.com about these
Main Features
jQuery Mobile started in August, 2010 as a modern framework, including many pat-
terns and best practices for multiplatform development. The main features of the
framework are:
• Cross-Platform, Cross-Device and Cross-Browser
• UI optimized for touch devices
• Themable and customizable design
• Usage of non-intrusive semantic HTML5 code only, without the need of any Java-
Script, CSS or API knowledge
• AJAX calls automatically to load dynamic content
• Built on the well-known and supported jQuery core
• Lightweight size, 12Kb compressed
• Progressive enhancement
• Accessibility support
We've already discussed some of these features. Let's deeply analyze others.
Use of non-intrusive semantic HTML5
I know you are hungry: you need to see some code. Here you have it. jQuery Mobile
creates webapps from standard and semantic HTML5, perfectly suitable for SEO -
Search Engine Optimization- and WPO –Web Performance Optimization- purposes.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>My first jQuery Mobile code</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-
1.0.min.css" />
Main Features | 15
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<div data-role="page" data-theme="a">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>jQuery Mobile</h1>
<div data-role="content">
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true" data-dividertheme="b">
<li data-role="list-divider">Summary</li>
<li><a href="ch1.html">The Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="cap2.html">The Page</a></li>
<li><a href="cap3.html">Lists</a></li>
<li><a href="cap4.html">Components</a></li>
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true" data-dividertheme="d">
<li data-role="list-divider">Links</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mobilexweb.com">Mobile Web Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.oreilly.com">O'Reilly Media</a></li>
<div data-role="footer">
<h4>© 2011 Maximiliano Firtman @firt</h4>
You can see in Figure 1-6 how this sample renders on many mobile browsers, including
non-jQuery Mobile compatible ones as in Figure 1-7. As you can see, there is no Java-
Script code there for initialization or any other stuff. Just some JavaScript includes.
Be patient, we will start analyzing the jQuery code in the following chapters.
Progressive enhancement
Progressive enhancement is a simple but very powerful technique used in web design
that defines layers of compatibility that allow any user to access the basic content,
services and functionality of a web and providing an enhanced experience for browser
with better support of standards. jQuery Mobile is totally built using this technique.
The term was coined by Steven Champeon (http://www.hesketh.com) in 2003, and while
this approach wasn't defined for the mobile web specifically, it is perfect for mobile
web design.
Progressive enhancement has the following core principles:
16 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
• Basic content is accessible to all browsers.
• Basic functionality is accessible to all browsers.
• Semantic markup contains all content.
• Enhanced layout is provided by externally linked CSS.
• Enhanced behavior is provided by unobtrusive, externally linked JavaScript.
• End user browser preferences are respected.
This list sounds like jQuery Mobile's feature list, doesn't it? That's right. A jQuery
support. And that is a great feature for a mobile webapp.
Accessibility support
From Wikipedia:
Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of making websites usable by people of
all abilities and disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all
users can have equal access to information and functionality.
The web accessibility inside mobile browsers has just begun; however jQuery Mobile
is now fully compatible with W3C's WAI-ARIA specification on compatible browsers
(http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/). At the time of this writing, only iOS 4.0 or higher is
compatible with this specification with the feature called VoiceOver.
Therefore, a jQuery Mobile webapp will provide an accessible experience to users with
visual disabilities on iPhone, iPod and iPad.
Figure 1-6. This is how our first and simple jQuery Mobile code looks like in different devices: iOS,
webOS and Android.
Main Features | 17
Testing webapps
We have already mentioned that a jQuery Mobile webapp will work on almost every
modern desktop browser. However, it would be better if we can test them on a more
accurate environment.
To test the mobile webapp in different environments we can use:
• Real devices
• Remote labs
• Emulators
• Simulators
• Lot of friends ;)
Figure 1-7. On non-compatible browsers, jQuery Mobile will fall back to a simple HTML file fully
18 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
Emulators and Simulators
The most useful tools for our work will be emulators and simulators. Generally speak-
ing, an emulator is a piece of software that translates compiled code from an original
architecture to the platform where it is running. It allows us to run an operating system
and applications on another operating system. In the mobile development world, an
emulator is a desktop application that emulates mobile device hardware and operating
Figure 1-8. You can test jQuery Mobile accessibility from an iPhone, iPod or iPad with iOS 4.0 or
higher. Go to Settings > General > Accesibility and activate VoiceOver. Now close your eyes and
browse your website using your fingers and ears.
Testing webapps | 19
systems, allowing us to test and debug our applications and see how they are working.
The browser, and even the operating system, is not aware that it is running on an
emulator, so we can execute the same code that will execute on the real device.
We should also add to our mobile development environments classic tools for project
and configuration management, like bug tracking, version control, and project man-
agement tools.
Emulators are created by manufacturers and offered to developers for free, either
standalone or bundled with the Software Development Kit (SDK) for native develop-
There are also operating system emulators that don't represent any real device hardware
but rather the operating system as a whole. These exist for Windows Mobile and An-
On the other hand, a simulator is a less complex application that simulates some of the
behavior of a device, but does not emulate hardware and does not work over the real
operating system. These tools are simpler and less useful than emulators. A simulator
may be created by the device manufacturer or by some other company offering a sim-
ulation environment for developers. As the simulator does not simulate all the device
Figure 1-9. With Android Emulator you can have a full Android OS on your desktop with images for
different devices including tablets, such as Galaxy Tab or Nook Color.
20 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
features, we should find tools that will not be helpful for mobile web development but
for other technologies, like Java ME. In mobile browsing, there are simulators with
pixel-level simulation, and others that neither create a skin over a typical desktop
browser (e.g., Firefox or Safari) with real typography nor render engine simulation.
Even with emulators the final rendering and performance will not be exactly the same
as in the real device. Therefore, real device testing is a good practice, even if we are
going to do it only on some key devices.
For mobile web development, we will find emulators from Nokia, Symbian, BlackBerry,
Android, webOS, and Windows Mobile and simulators from Apple for the iPhone and
iPad (though only for Mac OS X).
Some browser-based emulators (that finally works on many different platforms), like
the Opera Mobile emulator, are also available.
Table 1-2 shows the available emulators and simulator for download.
Figure 1-10. You can have an iPad for free inside your Mac using the iOS Simulator. The same can
happens for other tablets, also with Windows or Linux desktop machines.
Testing webapps | 21
Table 1-2. Available mobile & tablet emulators & simulators for download
iOS Simulator
Android Emu-
Browser and
HP webOS Em-
Nokia Sym-
bian Emula-
Browser and
Phone Emula-
Internet Ex-
Nokia Series
40 Emulators
Nokia OS
S40, Ovi
Browser, Op-
era Mini
BlackBerry OS
BB Browser,
PlayBook Sim-
Tablet OS
Opera Mobile
Browser Emu-
Opera Mobile
Opera Mini
Browser Emu-
Opera Mini
PhoneGap hy-
Adobe Device
An up-to-date list of emulator download URLs can be found at http://www.mobilexweb
Remote Labs
A remote lab is a web service that allows us to use a real device remotely without being
physically in the same place. It is a simple but very powerful solution that gives us access
22 | Chapter 1: The Mobile Platform
to thousands of real devices, connected to real networks all over the world, with a single
click. You can think of it as a remote desktop for mobile phones.
The most useful services on the market are:
• DeviceAnywhere (commercial) http://www.deviceanywhere.com
• Perfecto Mobile (commercial) http://www.perfectomobile.com
• Nokia Remote Device Access for Symbian and Meego (free) http://www.mobilex
• Samsung Lab.Dev for Android (free) http://www.mobilexweb.com/go/labdev
For updated information on this topic, go to http://www.mobilexweb.com/go/labs
Testing webapps | 23
CHAPTER 2Starting with the framework
Preparing the document
Let's get our hands dirty and create the typical jQuery Mobile webapp template.
Our HTML5 document needs to include:
• The jQuery core JavaScript file
• The jQuery Mobile core JavaScript file
• The jQuery Mobile core CSS file
• The jQuery Mobile theme CSS file (optional)
jQuery Mobile will also use a series of PNG files for some of the UI but we don't need
to explicitly link them. There is also a version of the CSS file that includes both the core
file and the default theme.
Before coding, our first decision is about resources' hosting. There are two approaches:
• Host all the files within our project
• Use a CDN (Content Delivery Network)
Hosting the files
If you want to host all the files with your webapp, you need to download the latest ZIP
package from http://jquerymobile.com/download. The ZIP name will include the version
of the framework, for example: jquery.mobile-1.0.zip.
The jQuery Mobile package does not include the jQuery core. You need to also down-
load it from http://jquery.com (production version is recommended).
In the jquery.mobile-XX.zip package you will find the following structure:
• demos folder
• images folder
• jquery.mobile-XX.css
• jquery.mobile-XX.js
• jquery.mobile-XX.min.css
• jquery.mobile-XX.min.js
• jquery.mobile.structure-XX.css
• jquery.mobile.structure-XX.min.css
XX will be the version number, including release type, for example: 1.1b1 for 1.1 Beta
1, 1.0rc2 for 1.0 Release Candidate 2 or 1.0 for 1.0 final version.
As we can see inside the package, there are two types of JavaScript/CSS files: one with
the min suffix and one without it.
The ones with the min suffix is the recommended version for production because they
are minified (compressed, without spaces, comments and line-breaks). If you need to
debug inside jQuery Mobile, then you can use the non-suffixed versions.
jQuery Mobile 1.0 needs jQuery code 1.6.4. Don't try to use a later
version of the core because it might be incompatible. If you are using a
later version of the mobile framework check the documentation to verify
which core framework version is the one you need to use.
In the most common situation, you will add to your project's root folder, the following
• jquery-XX.js (from the jQuery core)
• images folder
• jquery.mobile-XX_min.js
• jquery.mobile-XX_min.css
If you are creating a webapp using PhoneGap or other offline/hybrid mechanism, it's
better to embed the files inside your package so the webapp can work offline.
The files with the structure name are useful if we are going to create our own theme as
we will see later in this book.
jQuery Mobile's License
Usage of jQuery Mobile (and jQuery, the core) is free of charge and they are open-
sourced with dual-license, MIT or GPL version 2. The MIT license is the recommended
for most projects and it does not require anything from us. The only important thing
26 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
to remember is to not delete or change the copyright information at the top of the files.
If you have any doubt, you can check http://jquery.org/license
If you host the files on your server, you need to verify that the files are being gzipped
on your server if the client supports compression. It will reduce by 80% the jQuery
Mobile JavaScript and CSS transfer and time load. If you don't know how, just ask your
provider or check in at http://mobilexweb.com/go/performance
Using a CDN
There is a simpler way of using jQuery Mobile: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs).
A jQuery CDN is just a public server on the web hosting the files for us. This approach
has its advantages and disadvantages.
The main disadvantage is that our webapp will work only if the public CDN is online.
Of course, they are prepared for that and they have all the possible support for being
online 24x7. However, some projects needs to not rely on third-party servers, like off-
line webapps.
Creating native applications
If you are creating hybrids or native apps with jQuery Mobile (like Pho-
neGap apps), you should not use a CDN. If the device has lost connec-
tion you could not even show a nice alert using the framework. If you
are creating HTML5 offline webapps, you can use the CDN if you add
them to the application manifest
The main advantages of using a CDN are:
• You can use jQuery Mobile now, in one second without download anything.
• Your server will deliver less files and traffic
• Your webapp will take advantage of caching: if the user had visit other webapp
using jQuery Mobile with the same CDN, her browser may already has all the
resources in the cache.
• For most shared hosting servers, jQuery Mobile resources will load faster from a
• Your webapp will take advantage of the different domains usage for performance
• On some CDNs, you can always have linked the latest version. However, this is
not always recommended, because you will never know how your webapp will
respond to newer versions without testing.
There is no room in this book to talk about WPO (Web Performance Optimization)
for mobile browsers. If you want to check more about this, go to www.mobilex-
web.com/go/performance and follow Steve Souders' blog at http://stevesouders.com
Preparing the document | 27
For jQuery Core, there are several CDNs to choose:
• Official jQuery CDN
• Microsoft jQuery CDN (http://www.asp.net/ajaxlibrary/CDN.ashx)
• Google AJAX Libraries API (http://code.google.com/apis/libraries/)
At the time of this writing, the Official jQuery CDN and Microsoft CDN are hosting
the jQuery Mobile files.
Using a CDN is really simple. You just need to copy and paste the URL to the JavaScript
or CSS external file and that's all. In http://jquerymobile.com/download/ you will find a
Copy-and-Paste snippet, that looks like this:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-1.0.min.css" />
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-
If we are providing our own theme –as we are going to see later- then we need to use
the following snippet:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile.structure-1.0.min.css" />
<-- Our theme CSS file here -->
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-
As you can see, they are just three external resources to a code.jquery.com hosting
server with minified versions of every resource. You don't need to download anything,
nor images, CSS or JavaScript code to use it. Remember to check the latest version
available on the website.
Latest builds
If you want to run your code always with the latest version, jQuery CDN offers you
new resources that you can embed in your code. Remember that these versions change
automatically so your code working today may have problems tomorrow. This option
should be also used for development and testing purposes. Remember that this version
may include unstable, development code.
The files to include for use latest builds are
<link href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/latest/jquery.mobile.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/latest/jquery.mobile.min.js"></script>
The advantage of the latest development builds is the ability to use new features not
available yet on the latest production build.
28 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
Main HTML5 template
To create a jQuery Mobile webapp, you just need to create an empty HTML5 file. If
you have never created an HTML5 document, it's very easy and similar to an HTML
4.01 file.
The DOCType (first line in the document) is very simple: <!DOCTYPE html>
And the other change is the meta charset tag, inside the head tag: <meta char
set="utf-8" />
There is no space in this book to talk in detail about both changes from HTML 4.01,
but just know that these changes are also compatible in some way with older devices
non-HTML5 compatibles where jQuery Mobile also work.
If you use Dreamweaver, starting from CS5 version, you can create an
HTML5 empty template selecting HTML5 from the Document Type
dropdown list in the New Document window. If you don't have it you
need to first download the 11.0.3 or newer update from Adobe.com
website or Adobe Updater application.
The official recommendation from the jQuery Mobile team is to include the JavaScript
and CSS resources inside the head tag (hosted or CDN-based) and add a viewport
meta tag.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Your Title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-1.0.min.css" />
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.0/jquery.mobile-
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
That is all! We have just created an empty jQuery Mobile document. Of course, the
body is empty and that is what we are going to talk in a minute.
The viewport
The viewport is the area in which the page fits. You can specify its width and height,
and it can be larger or smaller than the total visible area of the screen. This is where the
Preparing the document | 29
scale and zoom features of the mobile browser come into play. If you are creating a
mobile-friendly website it shouldn't need to be zoomed in or out or it should start with
a visible area equals to the device's screen width, so you can say to the browser that
you want to start with a scale of 1:1 (viewport area:visible area). Let's take a look at
Figure 2-1 to see what's happening to jQuery Mobile on iOS without a viewport defi-
jQuery Mobile alpha versions used to create the viewport automatically.
If you are migrating an older jQuery Mobile alpha webapp remember
that you will need to add the viewport metatag explicitly on your pages.
The typical viewport metatag for jQuery Mobile will look like:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
You can also say that you don't want the user to change that scale (with gestures or
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
Figure 2-1. In jQuery Mobile we need to define a viewport meta tag to avoid this kind of UI problems
when loading our webapp
30 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
Performance on JavaScript
Before continuing with our webapp, we need to talk some minutes about performance.
There is a well-known practice inside WPO (Web Performance Optimization) claiming
that inserting external script tags inside the head is wrong, from a performance per-
spective. That is absolutely true. Just read the excellent book from Steve Souders: High
Performance Websites.
However, from a jQuery Mobile's perspective, moving the two scripts (jQuery and
jQuery Mobile) to the end of the HTML file may lead to a non-desired result: your
webapp will be shown as plain HTML without CSS for some milliseconds until the
framework is downloaded and executed, even if we put the CSS file on the head.
That is because of the progressive enhancement approach that jQuery Mobile uses
inside the framework. The CSS file for itself does not do anything on the rendering
without the JavaScript.
Therefore, it is better to have them both in the head, even if we have a small performance
delay. Of course, you move to the bottom every other JavaScript file of your own.
Adobe Dreamweaver support
Starting from version CS5.5, Adobe Dreamweaver has official support of jQuery Mobile
inside the tool. You can download a free trial from http://www.adobe.com/go/dream
The first version of Dreamweaver CS5.5 includes jQuery Mobile alpha
3 and not the latest release. Check on http://mobilexweb.com/go/
dwjqm for instructions to update the version. You can always start with
alpha 3 and change it manually.
The support includes the ability to start a page using jQuery Mobile. To do that, just
open Dreamweaver, go to File > New, select Page from Sample > Mobile Starters and
you will have the ability to select from three templates (as seen on Figure 2-2):
• jQuery Mobile from CDN
• jQuery Mobile with local files
• jQuery Mobile with local files, including PhoneGap support (to be covered later
on this book)
Every template starts with a jQuery Mobile document with four pages linked between
each other.
The best part of using Dreamweaver is not the templates, but the code syntax assistant.
You can start typing data- to receive a list of possible jQuery Mobile data-* values. Or
you can receive a list of possible values for each data-* jQuery Mobile attribute (at least
defined up to alpha 3).
Adobe Dreamweaver support | 31
With the new Multi-screen preview method available in Dreamweaver
since CS5.5 you can see how jQuery Mobile adapts itself to different
screen sizes and orientations, including smartphones and tablets.
You will also find a new menu under Insert called "jQuery Mobile" with lot of snippet
code for most of the UI components we are covering in this book.
Previewing files
To see jQuery Mobile in action inside Dreamweaver you need to use the Live View
function, as seen in Figure 2-3.
jQuery Mobile uses a very simple and powerful approach to define the content of the
webapp. Remember that we've already discussed that the framework uses an unob-
trusive approach, meaning that our HTML documents will work even without jQuery
Mobile loading properly.
The main unit of the framework is the page. Just like normal HTML files then? No.
Let me explain. A page is just a div element with a specific role. A role, what's that?
Figure 2-2. Dreamweaver from CS5.5 supports jQuery Mobile templates from scratch.
32 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
Just wait some lines. Continuing with the page explanation, one HTML document can
host one page or many pages inside the same file. And that is a new concept for most
web designers.
We will be able to link to pages inside the same HTML document, to pages on external
HTML documents using simple HTML markup, like the a tag.
Cards idea
The ability to embed more than one page inside the same document has been in the
mobile web field for more than ten years. The now obsolete WML (Wireless Markup
Language) standard had the ability to insert many visual pages inside the same docu-
ment with the idea of reducing latency and download times. jQuery Mobile follows the
same idea implemented over normal HTML and JavaScript.
In the WML world, every page was called a card and a WML document was called a
deck. A WML file used the card tag for defining a page inside a document, while jQuery
Mobile uses typically a div tag with a specific role.
jQuery Mobile uses standard HTML markup, like the div tag. To define what the
framework should do with that div, we define a role. A role in the framework is defined
using the attribute data-role. For example, <div data-role="page">.
Figure 2-3. You can see jQuery Mobile in action inside Dreamweaver using the Live View
Architecture | 33
Custom data-* Attributes
The usage of data-<something> or data-* attributes on an HTML tag is an HTML5
feature called Custom data attributes defined on the W3C specification and allows us
to define whatever attribute we want to add to a tag and being still an HTML-valid
document. It is useful for adding custom metadata to tags without invalidate the
jQuery Mobile uses a lot this ability to define custom attributes for the framework. But
don't get confused: data-role is not an HTML5 new attribute. Its usage is an implicit
contract between the framework and us.
The great feature of custom attributes is that they also work on non-HTML5 browsers
without any main issue.
If you are using Adobe Dreamweaver starting from CS5.5 version, you will have auto-
matic jQuery Mobile suggestions when typing data- inside an HTML element.
The main roles available on jQuery Mobile 1.0 are defined in Table 2-1 and we will
cover them among the book.
Table 2-1. Main Roles available in jQuery Mobile 1.0
Define a page, the unit that jQuery Mobile uses to show content
Header of a page
Content of a page
Footer of a page
Defines a navigation bar, typically inside a header
Renders a visual button
Renders a component
Collapsible panel of content inside a page
Group of collapsible panels (Accordion)
Container for form fields
Content of multiple items as a list
Dialog window
Visual slider for Boolean values
Element that will be hidden on jQuery Mobile's compatible
jQuery Mobile uses a powerful theming mechanism to define visual appearance of the
user interface. We are going to cover theming and custom personalization later on this
34 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
book but it's important to know now that every UI element (such as a page, button or
component) can use a different color swatch inside a theme.
The framework up to 1.0 includes only one default theme and a Theme
Roller (an online webapp to create your own theme) is available at http:
//jquerymobile.com/themeroller to define our own theme without coding
CSS files directly
A theme is a group of definitions for layout, styles and colors. Every theme includes a
set of color swatches that we can change anywhere on our webapp. Color swatches are
created to have different options to show elements. A color swatch is defined by a letter,
from a to z. The default theme includes swatches from a to e with the ability to add
more letters of our own.
The Table 2-2 shows the conventions about the color swatches as seen on Figure 2-4.
Table 2-2. Color Swatches conventions
Color in the default theme
Highest level of visual priority (default
on toolbars)
Secondary level of visual priority
Baseline level (default swatch for most
Alternate secondary level
A color swatch is defined on every jQuery Mobile HTML element with data-theme and
the letter to assign, for example: data-theme="e" for using the accent swatch.
Figure 2-4. Every theme includes different color swatches defined by a letter, here the default theme
from a to e.
Architecture | 35
Typically we can change the color swatch of lots of elements on our webapp, such as
pages, lists, buttons, elements, form elements and toolbars. We don't need to change
them to all the same elements at the same time. We can use color swatches to highlight
one element from another.
Color swatches use a cascading system. That means that if a wrapper element defines
a swatch color, its children will use that swatch unless a new one is defined explicitly.
The page
We know that the page is the main unit for jQuery. A typical page will be divided in
three parts: header, content and footer. The only mandatory section is the content. Every
part is declared using div tags with the corresponding role:
<div data-role="page">
<div data-role="header">
<div data-role="content">
<div data-role="footer">
Every part, including the page, the header, the footer and the content can have its own
swatch color from current theme.
The page-role element is not mandatory on a single page documents and
if we don't provide one, the framework will add one by itself. However,
it's a good practice to add it, as it will make our code cleaner and safer
to future changes.
In Figure 2-5 we can see a diagram of a typical jQuery Mobile Document. Remember
that this page needs to be inside an HTML5-document's body with jQuery Mobile
jQuery Mobile will manage by itself orientation changes (portrait or landscape) on most
devices, adapting the UI automatically to the new viewport.
If we want to provide content for non-A-graded compatible browsers,
we can add the role nojs, for example <div data-role="nojs">. This
content will automatically hidden for A-graded browsers.
36 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
On compatible devices, such as Android-, webOS- and iOS-based ones, jQuery Mobile
will try to hide the browser's address bar manipulating the initial scroll. This is done
to render a more native-app look & feel. However, this hack will only work if the
content is height-enough to fit the available space. If the page has not a large content,
the address bar will be visible at all times.
The header and the footer
In the header and footer we can insert whatever HTML we want. However, because of
standard jQuery Mobile stylesheet, the best rendering UI will be achieved using head-
ers, h1 in the header and h4 in the footer. We will see later on this book how to customize
the UI.
The footer is optional but the header is generally needed in webapp navigation UI. The
header structure is predefined and is divided in three subareas: left, title and right.
Figure 2-5. A typical Page will contain a header, a content area and an optional footer inside a jQuery
Mobile document.
Architecture | 37
We are covering left and right areas later. For now, let's say that these are places pre-
pared for action buttons.
The title is automatically taken from any hX tag, like a h1 or a h2 element. The space
available for the title is limited and it will be automatically cropped if it doesn't fit. On
most compatible devices, we will see ellipsis as seen in Figure 2-6. This behavior is also
replicated in the footer.
The content
The content area can have any HTML code. Typically we are going to use also some
of the styled-controls included with the framework, like buttons, lists or forms.
Let's improve our sample, as seen in Figure 2-7.
<div data-role="page">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Our first webapp</h1>
<div data-role="content">
<p>This is the main content of the page</p>
<div data-role="footer">
<h4>More on mobilexweb.com</h4>
Figure 2-6. If the title doesn't fit, jQuery Mobile adds ellipsis at the end. There is no simple way to
know if a text fits or not. Remember that we will have different screen sizes including phones and
tablets and different orientations.
38 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
If you insert code inside a page, but outside a header, content or
footer section, jQuery Mobile stylesheets will not work and you will
have some UI bugs if you don't take care of them manually
For navigation between pages, we will use standard a elements. jQuery Mobile will take
them and do the magic for us.
First of all, there are different types of hyperlinks that we can make:
• Internal links to another page in the same document (known as multi-page docu-
• External links to a page in other jQuery Mobile document
• Absolute links to non-jQuery Mobile documents
• Mobile special links
Linking between jQuery Mobile's pages (first two cases) creates two special linking
behaviors: 1) it creates a transition animation between pages, on compatible devices,
such as iOS- and Android-based devices; 2) if running on a browser (and not in
chromeless installed app), the browser's back button will be automatic handled to go
back to the first page.
A great feature of jQuery Mobile is the detection of the browser's Back button to also
deliver a going back experience using internally different transparent to us techniques.
Figure 2-7. Each role (header, content, footer) has a nice iOS-like UI by default without doing any
Navigation | 39
Some devices, such as Android- and BlackBerry-based ones have hardware back but-
tons that will also work for going back to the previous page.
When using multipage documents, the first page in the DOM will be
the page selected to be shown with the first load.
The navigation from the second page to the first one after a back event is fired, is done
using the same transition effect in backwards.
This back pattern is inspired on iOS and other mobile OS' user interface's patterns.
jQuery Mobile will stack every new page the user access so she can go back anytime to
any previous viewed page.
This navigation is entirely done by the framework. jQuery Mobile manipulate the cur-
rent URL adding hash values after the initial URL. On some devices, this process causes
a strange effect sometimes. While the address bar is hidden, the user navigates to an-
other page, the address bar appears for a second and then it hides again. This effect
only happens with browser-based webapps. You can avoid it using a full-screen webapp
or a hybrid native app, as we are going to see it later in this book.
Back button
If we want to add a visual "back" button at the left of the header, we can use the data-
add-back-btn="true" attribute on our page. The button label can be customized using
data-back-btn-text also applied on the page and the button color swatch can be defined
using data-back-btn-theme. For example:
<div data-role="page" data-add-back-btn="true" data-back-btn-text="Previous" data-back-btn-theme="e">
If you are creating a browser-based experience and not a chromeless
webapp (such as an installed webapp), you should know that every
browser provides a back button either as a touch button or as a hardware
key. Therefore creating an explicit button for going back will only du-
plicate actions and use valuable space on screen. If you are creating an
installed chromeless webapp then you should always include an explicit
back button.
Internal page links
We have already discussed that a jQuery Mobile document can nest multiple pages
inside. To do that, we add multiple pages as body+'s children. We need to define a
40 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
+id (identification name) using standard HTML for every page, so we can then access
To create a link to another page inside the same document, we just need to use #<id>
in the href attribute, where <id> is the identification name of the target page. For ex-
ample: <a href="#next">.
An external page link must be hosted in the same domain as the current
page or hosted in the same package in a native app. If you link to a
document in other domain it will be treated as an absolute external link.
By default, the framework uses the document's title element as the browser's title.
This title is useful for browser-based apps and is shown on top of some browsers and
when the user bookmark the page. If we want to update this title when the user accesses
a new internal page, we can do it with the data-title optional attribute of every page.
Let's see a sample (shown in Figure 2-8:
<div data-role="page" id="page1">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>First page</h1>
<div data-role="content">
<p>This is the main content of the page.</p>
<p>You can go to the <a href="#page2">second page</a>.</p>
<div data-role="footer">
<div data-role="page" id="page2" data-title="This is the second page">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Second page</h1>
<div data-role="content">
<p>This is the main content of the second page</p>
<p>You can go back using the header's button, <a href="#page1">clicking here</a>
or using your browser's back button.
<div data-role="footer">
Navigation | 41
Can we create a whole webapp only using one HTML document? If we don't require
any dynamic content, we can. However, remember that when nesting multiple pages
inside a document, the user will need to download it completely, even if she does not
see all pages. We need to find the balance between performance and availability to
decide how many pages and which pages should be delivered in the same document.
In Figure 2-9 you can see a diagram of internal page navigation.
We could store some stats from our website to know which pages the user is probably
to visit, so we can pre-fetch them as pages in the same document.
When the framework finds a link to the previous page, it automatically
converts it in a back action link, so you will see a reverse animation and
the action will not add a new entry in the history. If you want a link to
go back, you can use data-rel="back" on any a element.
External page links
If we don't want to include a page inside the same document as the first one or if we
need to dynamically create the content (for example, created using PHP or any other
server-side code), we can link to other jQuery Mobile HTML document using also
standard a tags.
Figure 2-8. Navigation between internal pages is easy and transparent using standard link tags
42 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
<a href="otherDocument.html">Go to next page</a>
That's all? Yes, the framework will automatically trap any link like the one in the pre-
vious line and it will provide a very similar experience as the one with internal links.
An external page link must be hosted in the same domain as the current
page or hosted in the same package in a native app. If you link to a
document in other domain it will be treated as an absolute external link.
Figure 2-9. When navigating between internal pages, every forward link will add an entry in the
navigation stack, while every back action will remove the last entry.
Navigation | 43
The only difference is that the framework will be using AJAX to make the request to
the other document, will parse its content, add the page included in the current DOM
and make a smooth transition to this new page. While the request is being made, the
user will see a nice loading spinner as shown in Figure 2-10. Remember to use data-
title to update the browser's title after loading the new page.
Let's think about it for a second: When jQuery Mobile finds a link on a page, it first
detect if it is an internal link (starting with a hash #) or an external link. If it is an external
link without any rel or target attribute defined (as the example we've written), it cap-
tures the click event creating an AJAX request for the href document while showing a
progress modal window. When the request has finished, the framework adds the loaded
page to the DOM and navigates to it as if it were an internal page.
Figure 2-10. When linking to external jQuery Mobile pages, the framework will automatic show an
animated spinner while loading the requested page (only if it is taking long time).
44 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
For browsers not compatible with the framework, external links will
work as normal HTML links without any trouble because that is what
they are: standard a tags. That is the power of progressive enhancement.
jQuery Mobile automatically will add the external loaded page to the DOM with a new
id (defined as the relative URL from the original document) so it will be already "on
stage" if the user goes to the same page again while the jQuery Mobile document is still
loaded on the browser. This operation is shown on Figure 2-11.
The URL and jQuery Mobile's navigation
jQuery Mobile uses hash navigation (#<id>) for navigation between pages on some
devices. Therefore, HTML anchor navigation will not work inside a jQuery Mobile
document for scrolling inside the same page.
You need to create JavaScript logic for emulating that feature. In non-compatible de-
vices, internal pages will shown all at the same time, and internal linking will work as
normal HTML anchor navigation links.
There are some mobile browsers supporting History API (part of the HTML5 new APIs)
allowing a website to change the entire URL without creating a full-page refresh. jQuery
Mobile uses this API on compatible browsers so instead of hash navigation #<id> for
external links we will see that the full target URL will be shown in the URL address bar
while the content is still loaded using AJAX from the first document.
An AJAX request can fail. There are several reasons for that, like a server-error, a not-
found URL, a connection failure or a network problem on the device. If the target page
cannot be loaded, the user will receive an error alert like the one in Figure 2-12. Later
in this book we will learn how to customize this error message.
AJAX or Hijax?
AJAX (originally, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a client-side technique that
allows the browser to make a request to the server "behind the scenes" without changing
the URL of the page and without blocking the UI while loading. Originally, an AJAX
request uses XML as the data's format while now it is more common to transfer JSON-
formatted values, or even plain text or HTML.
jQuery Mobile makes AJAX requests between page navigations, requesting the whole
target HTML document as plain text for later parsing while still having a normal HTML
link on the markup. This pattern is technically known as Hijax and it includes the usage
of progressive enhancement techniques to make it work.
To make external page links to a page without any issue we need to follow these rules:
Navigation | 45
• The destination must be also a jQuery Mobile document
• The destination must be hosted in the same domain
• The destination must be a one-page document
• If the destination URL is a folder (for example, /clients), the href attribute must
end with slash, href="/clients/"
• The target attribute should not be declared, as in target="_blank"
A jQuery Mobile webapp lifecycle involves typically one full HTTP re-
quest (the first document), many possible internal pages loading and
many possible AJAX request for external pages. No more HTTP full
requests are done until an absolute external link is found or a Grade-B
or Grade-C browser is in action.
To avoid internal problems with the framework logic we need to treat external docu-
ments with multiple pages as absolute external links, as we are going to discuss in next
The framework takes from the loaded document only the first page (the first div with
role="page") and discard any other content. This means that any information you add
Figure 2-11. The framework will add to the original document's DOM the page loaded via AJAX
using an external link so it will be pre-fetched for future usages.
46 | Chapter 2: Starting with the framework
to the head element of the target document will be ignored, with any other content
outside the first page element.
With that in mind, any CSS or JavaScript linked and the framework will ignore the
title element. Should we remove them? Absolutely not. Remember that jQuery Mobile
uses progressive enhancement techniques, so the ignored content will be useful for non-
compatible devices loading the full document in the browser. We will talk about how
to solve this limitation later.
Prefetching and caching pages
Sometimes we don't want to use external pages because we want to show the next page
as soon as the user selects the option. To reduce AJAX times, we can prefetch a page.
Figure 2-12. The message that the user will receive if the destination page could not be loaded in an
external jQuery page loading.
Navigation | 47
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Keeping things local
Tate's Autobody is locally owned and has been servicing Traverse City and the surrounding area for more than 85 years. Our production staff is ASE, PPG, and Michigan State certified. Our staff are friendly, efficient and will gladly assist you through the entire process. Any company is only as good as the people who work there. At Tate's we have the best!
Tate's Autobody utilizes high tech equipment, quality parts, and materials along with proven craftsmanship to produce the finest repair for your vehicle. Since 1930 the Tate family has been passionate about our level of service. That's over 85 years of collision repairs to thousands of vehicles, transforming damaged cars and trucks to pre-accident (or better!) condition using the latest computer uni-body measuring and color matching technology.


text: walking around the city post half-marathon achiness isn't that fun but it was probably a good thing. i could have seen my legs really really tightening up.Winter spent the entire morning playing assistant to her daddy. Though I'm sure she has the best time with her daddy, she was still happy to see me!


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Court reporting services are provided by reliable, experienced, and skilled stenographers who take pride in preserving the integrity of the record. Many of our court reporters have worked with us for 15 years or more.
Match Point Program
The exclusive Match Point system ensures efficiency and effectiveness – you receive the right court reporter for your needs every time.
Each court reporter's skill is matched with the requirement of your case to ensure efficiency and accuracy.
For continuity, the same court reporter is assigned to ongoing cases whenever possible.
Nationwide Coverage
Primary service areas: Nassau, Suffolk, Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, Bronx, Westchester and Rockland Counties. Complimentary deposition rooms in all locations.
If you do not see the location you need, please call us at 1-888-933-6328 or e-mail your request to firstname.lastname@example.com. We will accommodate you at any location you require.
*Staff Support and Access to Wireless Internet Available
- Nationwide Scheduling
- Scheduling 24/7
- ASCII Disks
- Condensed Transcripts
- Daily Copy
- Realtime Reporting
- Rough Drafts
- PDF Transcripts
- Exceptional Client Service
- On-Line Repository
- Complimentary Conference Rooms
- Secure E-mail Transcript Delivery
- Transcription Services
- Videographers
- Video Conferencing
- Word Indexing
- Interpreters & Document Translation
- Expedited Delivery
- Exhibit Scanning with Hyperlinking


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Adafruit's USBtinyISP programmer has a jumper to supply 5V to the target or not. When the jumper is not in place, no power is supplied, and the logic levels are shifted to match the target's supply. I've used one to program target boards operating at 3V and 3.3V, but not 1.8V, so I'm not 100% sure that it will work. I do think I'd stick to ICSP programming and forget the bootloader.
I don't want to add line level conversion to the circuit if I can help it! Is there an alternative/standard/simple way to bootload/program?