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5 Perfect Product Photography Backgrounds (that you already have)
Gone are the days of poorly lit, unedited, grainy photos. In order to stand out online, your photos definitely need to step it up.
This may seem impossible, but it's really not. Do you have a window? Do you have a phone with a camera? Do you have something to stand on? Then you're pretty much good to go.
The next thing you want to look for is a background. Here's our 5 perfect photography backgrounds that are probably already lying around your house.
1. Sheet
This one is one of our favorites because it can be any color and it can either be flat, or textured. Buy a cheap white sheet (or pull that one out of the dryer before it goes in the closet!) and lay it out in a well-lit area. Smooth it out with an iron or your hands & place your props on top of it. Pull out a chair and stand on it, bending over to get the perfect flat lay.
2. Poster Board
Poster Board makes a great background and can be easily stored away when not needed. Lay your board out in indirect sunlight and snap away. Mix colors of your brand/style calls for it. Don't be afraid to get creative here!
3. A Funky Wall
Have a friend hold up your product in front of a wall, plain or decorative, for an added element of adventure & interest. This would work well for brands that promote travel or exploring, or just drinking really good coffee is super hipsta' places.
4. Table/Countertop
Have a table with a texture you love? Make it mesh with your branding & use it often to stay cohesive. We have a desk that is the perfect color for our branding, so we'll clear it off and snap some pictures when the lighting is right.
Sometimes, you can get a glare off of shiny surfaces, so watch for certain times of the day where it's the least glaring and schedule your photography for then.
5. Knits/Blankets
Having trouble distinguishing yourselves among so many product flat lays? Add in some texture! Find a cable knit or loosely crocheted blanket or an animal skin and begin incorporating that in your branding photography.
The key here is to have a background that supports, not distracts from your work. You want your products to be the thing people see first and the background a cohesive hint for who is actually sharing.


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In its monthly agricultural supply/demand update the U.S. Department of Agriculture on August 10 again lowered the outlook for U.S. corn production, reflecting the continued deterioration of this year's crop due to the once-in-a-lifetime drought that affects most of the U.S. Corn Belt.
The latest USDA projection lowers U.S. corn production to 274 million metric tons (10.8 billion bushels), down almost 40 million tons (1.6 billion bushels) from last year, and the lowest since 2006. World corn production is estimated at 849 million tons (33.4 billion bushels), down 27 million tons (1.1 billion bushels) from last year, but 19 million tons (748 million bushels) higher than 2010/2011 due to higher production from China, Brazil and Argentina.
With this large reduction in U.S. corn supplies, higher prices are expected to ration demand during the coming year. USDA projects that total world corn use will decline about 7 million tons (275.6 million bushels) from last year, while U.S. total use will drop 25 million tons (984.2 million bushels) — feed use down 12 million tons (472.4 million bushels), corn use for ethanol down 12.7 million tons (500 million bushels), and exports down 6.3 million tons (248 million bushels). USDA expects world corn imports to decline by almost 7 million tons (275.6 million bushels), while non-U.S. feed use will continue to grow, up 13 million tons (511.8 million bushels) from last year to 405 million tons (15.9 billion bushels).
From a broader perspective, world coarse grain feed use (including mainly corn, sorghum and barley) will be essentially unchanged from last year at 660 million tons, compared with 658.5 million tons in 2011/12.
Countries will respond to the tight corn supplies and higher prices in the coming year in different ways according the USDA estimate. For example, Japan and South Korea imports are projected be unchanged from 2011 to 2012. China's corn imports likely will decrease by 3 million tons (118.1 million bushels) due partly to a record domestic corn harvest of 200 million tons (7.9 million bushels), which is up 7 million tons (275.6 million bushels) from last year.
Globally, all corn users will face the challenge of higher prices and the need for increased efficiency, careful risk management and creative marketing strategies during the coming year. As the projections for U.S. corn use demonstrate, the high prices will ration demand in all markets and in all sectors (feed, food and fuel). Also, the relatively smaller decline in U.S. exports compared to domestic use reflects the resilience of global feed demand.
Despite the decreases projected for U.S. corn production, the United States remains open to trade. In the coming year it will be vital that all exporting countries follow the U.S. example: Open markets, transparent market information and careful planning can help us all work together.
Agricultural production depends each year on weather factors beyond the control of governments or farmers. But agriculture and food production are basically optimistic lines of work. Each year U.S. farmers plant with hope, and do their best with what nature provides at harvest. U.S. farmers use the best genetics, technology and management practices to grow grains for the world market. As they prepare to harvest this year's disappointing crop, they look forward to normal weather and a record harvest in 2013.

subset: commoncrawl


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NSSL's Mission
The mission of the National Severe Storms Laboratory is to enhance the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's capabilities to provide accurate and timely forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather events such as blizzards, ice storms, flash floods, tornadoes, and lightning.
NSSL accomplishes this mission, in partnership with the National Weather Service, through a balanced program of research to advance the understanding of weather processes, research to improve forecasting and warning techniques, development of operational applications, and transfer of understanding, techniques, and applications to the NWS and other public and private sector agencies.
NSSL's directors (L to R): Jeff Kimpel (current), Ed Kessler (1964-1986) and Bob Maddox (1986-1996)


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Established in Outlook, Saskatchewan, Outlook Veterinary Clinic is a mixed animal practice dedicated to the health and well being of both large and small animals. Dr. Carmen Millham and Associates provide a full compliment of veterinary and health services for livestock, horses, and small animals. The clinic provides 24 hour emergency care to the Saskatoon and Lake Diefenbaker region. At Outlook Veterinary Clinic, our team provides service not only for ill patients but also wellness examinations and preventative care for your pets. The clinic has a full selection of pet food, leashes, collars and other pet supplies. The team of veterinarians and technicians provide herd health and preventative services as well as examinations and advice to the livestock and equine sectors.
Recommendations 1
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Make better educated travel decisions with the price index series presented in today's Viz of the Day. The figures highlight common travel-related expenditures, ranging from accommodation, transportation, and urban transit to beer and soccer, and may well help individual travelers to better gauge the relative cost of travel to their destinations of choice.
See also: Transportation Price Index | Beer Price Index
Source: GoEuro


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Komagata Maru Incident Pdf – Indian Modern History notes
Komagata Maru Incident Pdf – Indian Modern History notes – Hello Friends Welcome To Studydhaba.com .
The Komagata Maru incident involved a Japanese steamship, 'Komagata Maru' that sailed from Hong Kong, Shanghai, China to Yokohama, Japan and then to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in the year 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab, India.
Out of all the passengers 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 passengers were not allowed inside Canada, and the ship was forcefully returned to India.
The 'Komagata Maru' incident was widely cited at the time by Indian groups to highlight discrepancies in the Canadian immigration laws.
The inflamed passions in the wake of the incident were widely cultivated by the Indian revolutionary organisation, the 'Ghadar Party', to rally support for its aims.
In a number of meetings ranging from California in 1914 to the Indian diaspora, prominent Ghadarites including Barkatullah, Tarak Nath Das, and Sohan Singh used the incident as a rallying point to recruit members for the Ghadar movement, most notably in support of formulating plans to coordinate a massive uprising in India.


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Ivan, I highly recommend that you include your work/presentations on your blog. Don't be self-conscious, although that's easier said that done :) Don't keep your good work tucked away! Great feedback with some great questions that need answers in a public domain. I've got a great post/paper(?) to write about Content Labels. My head of accessibility operations (Adrian who has 9 years experience working for AOL UK/Europe) talked to his wife about what we were doing. He got a little frustrated when trying to make her understand until it clicked... Adrian's wife (Jackie) said, 'oh, you mean like when I go to the shop and look at the content label on the back of food to ensure I'm happy with the contents before buying...' Brilliant! It's sometimes easier to get people who are not connected in any way, to help us articulate what we have in our heads... Thanks again Ivan and be sure to blog everything in future - I would like to commentate on what you have to say. I'm assuming you'll be blogging about the SWEO. Cheers Paul > -----Original Message----- > From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:email@example.com] On > Behalf Of Ivan Herman > Sent: 26 February 2007 12:20 > To: W3C SW Education and Outreach IG > Subject: small trip report: visit to Bangalore... > > Hi everybody, > > I had a recent trip to Bangalore, and maybe it is interesting to collect > some SWEO-specific experiences here... > > I have a small blog on the conference itself[1]. I usually do not like > to brag about my presentations, so I did not add the pointers to the > blog; they are [2] and [3]. I also participated at a panel. Finally, > outside of the conference, so to say, I had a W3C related meeting at > Infosys, Wipro (both are Indian monster sized IT companies) and at a > meeting with small local companies. > > Some experiences that are worth noting for this group (in no particular > order) > > - need to create SW communities locally. I actually refer to that in [1] > > - there were lots of questions on the relationships of Web2.0 and > Semantic Web. My answers were always along the lines of[4] which was > well accepted. Actually, the interesting remark was that, for many in > India, Web2.0 and Semantic Web _are the same_, they do not even know the > difference:-). I saw that you guys had a long discussions on the > microformats vs Semantic Web issue while I was away:-) but the questions > were usually more general than that. For example, the issue of giving > more 'structure' to tags came up several times, something that the > Web2.0 community begins to hit in general... > > - I got asked several times on whether major search engines use the > Semantic Web or not, and if yes how. And, more generally, how would > these two technologies work in future. Honestly, I did not have a proper > answer, though it _is_ a FAQ (it would be good to extend the [5] with > this, if one of you have more knowledge about it than I do!). I know > about Yahoo Food using SW tools, but I am not sure how; my best shot was > to refer to the GoPubMed project[6] as a good example. Actually, I was > the one opening the flood gates by referring to search problems in [2] > and [3], I should try to avoid that:-) > > - there were several (technical) questions on provenance, access > control, etc, of data accessed via Semantic Web means. This *is* on the > future stack, I am not sure we at SWEO can say anything else... > > That is it for now. B.t.w.: any comments and, mainly, improvement text > on [5] is _always_ welcome! > > Ivan > > > > [1] > http://ivanherman.wordpress.com/2007/02/25/semantic-web-and-digital-librarie s- > conference/ > [2] http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0221-Bangalore-IH/ > [3] http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0223-Bangalore-IH/ > [4] http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#does1 > [5] http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ > [6] http://www.gopubmed.org/ > > -- > > Ivan Herman, W3C Semantic Web Activity Lead > URL: http://www.w3.org/People/Ivan/ > PGP Key: http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eivan/AboutMe/pgpkey.html > FOAF: http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf.rdfReceived on Monday, 26 February 2007 12:33:34 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 20:28:52 UTC


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Huge hello Everyone!
Well i've very excited to tell you about a challenge i'm holding over at
so whats the challenge ????
well i thought i would do a colour challlenge with a word to inspire....
the word is
and the colours combo i would like you to work with is
very Autum colours
Greys, Reds, Golden Oranges, Browns and of course White and black :)
now if thats got you wondering, i ve also done an example to get you really
If you would like to give this challenge a go and get a chance to win
please have a go with the colour combo and be inspired by "Smile"
and upload into Deb's Creations gallery before April 1st 2011
thanks chickie babes i look forward to
seeing what you all come up with :)
Happy scrappen
p.s. Huge thank you everyone who leaves me such lovely comments, they make
me smile from ear to ear and put a bounce in my steps :)


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Stardust 1.1.4 for After Effects CC Plugin
Stardust is a modular 3D particle system for After Effects. It has an easy to use node based user interface and ships with a ton of presets to create stunning effects quickly and easily.
Stardust is a Modular 3D particle system for After Effects. It has an easy to use node based user interface and ships with a host of presets to create stunning effects.
Modular 3D particle system for After Effects.
Node based interface to easily build complex systems in a single 3D space.
Add or replace smart presets in one click.
Replica, a unique tool to replicate particles in many exciting ways.
Countless particle effects for both 3D and 2D looks.
Emitters, Particles, Replica, Forces, Auxiliary Emitters, 3D Models, Text & Mask and Maps.
Space deformers, Sphere, Box, 3d Models, Bend, Twist, Maps, Black Hole.
Splines, animatable as paths and emitters.
Containers to enclose and/or emit particles in a sphere, box or 3D model.
One Tool, in a single 3D space, all on one layer with endless possibilities. It is a full featured particle system with forces, fields, motion blur, DOF and much more.
A breakthrough, easy-to-use, node based interface. Start with a preset or create your own nodes. Many emitters, particles and forces can be added, and have them all work in a single 3D space on one layer. This makes it super easy to create simple or complex particle systems to achieve new and exciting results.
Rethink what a particle system can do! Create beautiful motion graphics by replicating particles in many ways. With Replica you can create unique designs: organic, techy, the options are limitless.


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Ergonomic Assessments
- A detailed ergonomic office workstation evaluation and report with recommendations;
- Targeted feedback to individuals regarding their office/computer set-up, and recommendations for injury prevention
- Assessments and reports for insurance claims;
- Interactive and engaging ergonomic educational presentations for staff;
- Spinal or musculo-skeletal evaluation of injured workers;
- Investigation of other possible underlying problems when a workstation is found to be in good ergonomic working condition;
- Recommendations regarding ergonomic workstation aids such as chairs, foot rests, etc. and lifestyle aids such as ergonomic pillows.
Workstation set up, Posture and Movement Workshop
This fun and interactive workshop teaches the principles and importance of great posture and ergonomics, ideal movement and spinal and body exercises at your desk, and how to use ergonomic equipment ergonomically.
Participants will learn how to evaluate each other's posture on the spot, and participate in active stretches so they can implement them immediately. They will also have an opportunity to see what an ideal workstation should look like and compare and ask for advice on how to improve their current set-up.
By having a clinic onsite employees don't need to leave the office or wait in line at the local medical centre.
Our expo's are commonly delivered in a trade show style event often held over an extended lunchtime.
With our Health Lounge's, you can experience our clinic environment without leaving the workplace.
We offer an extensive range of health and wellbeing workshops and seminars.
Good Nutrition is critical for our general health and performance so it pays to ensure your people understand how to choose and prepare healthy food.
Group sessions are the ideal way to start the day, regain focus, or unwind at the end of a busy day.
An Influenza Vaccination program may reduce the risk of staff developing influenza infection.
Hours at our desks each day can lead to all sorts of issues including repetitive strain injuries (RSI) and neck and back pain.


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- Publish date:
- Updated on
- Year
- 1966
China agrees to provide aid to North Vietnam
Hanoi Radio announces that Deputy Premier Le Thanh Nghi has signed an agreement with Peking whereby the People's Republic of China will provide additional economic and technical aid to North Vietnam. China had already been providing support to the Communists in Vietnam since the war against the French. When the U.S. became decisively involved after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, China increased the support to both North Vietnam and the insurgents in South Vietnam. It was this support and that provided by the Soviet Union that permitted the North Vietnamese to prosecute the war against South Vietnam and the U.S. forces there.


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The latest has just been posted!
Students use a mirror to read backward contractions. How fun is that????
As you can see by my photo, I had a crisis ... I ran out of colored ink! AHHHH! It might have had something to do with the 300 tickets I printed for my daughter's farewell dance. I guess I'll be hitting Costco this weekend to pick up some ink :)
To use this word work station, students choose a card and use a mirror to read the contraction. The word is then recorded and matched to the two words that create the contraction. I've included the option to use 12 or all 24 cards. Perfect to add differentiation into your lesson plan.
You can find this HERE at my store.
Enjoy your evening!


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Where can we begin? We are so happy to have met these two beautiful souls. We were so excited when they contacted us after attending their friend's wedding (Tommy + Maureen) to see if we were available for theirs!
Laura + Brandon were married at an intimate ceremony in front of close family and friends in Kensington, Maryland at the Garrett Park Town Hall. It really was the perfect day for an outdoor wedding. They had so many personal touches to their wedding, you could just see them reflected in their big day. Brandon wrote Laura a special note on the bottom of her shoe before she walked down the aisle. We love the choice of dress for the bridesmaids, such perfect dresses for a more casual backyard wedding! Laura's Cuban heritage was reflected by her gifts to her bridesmaids and the guys' guayaberas, which are traditional wedding shirts in Cuba.
Family and friends are extremely important to them (with most friends being viewed as family as well). Their ceremony was officiated by a close friend who was also the caterer, another friend was the wedding planner, and Laura's mother was her Matron of Honor - LOVE! -
We couldn't get enough of their contagious laughter throughout the day. There were so many touching and emotional moments. Definitely one of those days where we realize how fortunate we are to be wedding photographers. We had SO much fun at their Maryland wedding - let us know what you guys think in the comments below!
Dress: Galina by David's Bridal | Bridesmaid's Dresses: Nine West at Macy's
Venue: Garrett Park Town Hall | Planner: Wendy Caputo
DJ: Andrew Mele | Makeup Artist: Emma Stout | Flowers: Christopher's Flowers


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We offer a playgroup session – "Off to College" Playgroup – to young families that have children with Down syndrome from ages 0-12. It's a group where there is a focus on socialization for the children AND the parents. A place to form relationships while the children explore and learn in a child friendly environment, while being supervised and entertained by very capable student volunteers.
We provide snacks and small meals to facilitate the sense of community and sharing. The play groups include the child with Down syndrome as well as any siblings in hopes of making it an integrated and inclusive environment. Providing ample opportunity for peer modelling which is known to aid in the development of children with Down syndrome.
To join us at our next playgroup, join our Facebook page here, or contact Stephanie Seguin, email@example.com.


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Written by: Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky
Eggs are a versatile and economical source of important nutrients, making them a great addition to any menu. Like any food of animal origin, eggs and egg products must be handled carefully. The cartons of all eggs sold in the United States must contain the following safe handling instructions: To prevent illness from bacteria: Keep eggs refrigerated, cook eggs until yolks are firm, and cook foods containing eggs thoroughly.
Although eggs and poultry have inherent food safety issues, many different foods have been sources of illness, as shown in Figure 1. It is important to remember that all food should be handled safely to prevent food-borne illness.
Safe handling of eggs begins before the eggs are laid with maintaining a healthy flock and collecting clean eggs and then continues throughout the whole production and distribution systems to retail.
The most important step in the safe handling of eggs is the production of clean eggs. Several steps can be taken on the farm to minimize the potential contamination of eggs:
There is a big debate on whether to wash eggs, with both sides making good arguments. The state you live in largely determines whether to wash all eggs. Some states require that you wash eggs, while others do not. Even poultry specialists cannot agree, with some strongly recommending washing, while others say that eggs should not be washed. Internationally, the United States requires commercial eggs to be washed, while the European Union does not allow any shelled eggs to be washed, but it also does not allow dirty eggs to be sold as shelled eggs. As the number of eggs produced in extensive management systems (which increases the number of eggs laid outside the nest box) increases in the European Union, EU regulators reassessed their position on egg washing. A recent multi-year study came to the same conclusion as Brant and Starr (1962) that egg washing should be strongly considered, but Europe decide to leave their regulations unchanged.
Historically, Japan did not allow egg washing, but when the number of food-borne illnesses caused by salmonella increased, that country recently implemented egg washing, building on the experiences of the United States. Egg washing was just one of a range of measures taken to reduce the number of salmonella cases in Japan. Vaccination of flocks against Salmonella enteritidis has also been implemented. Fewer than one in 20,000 eggs now carry salmonella on the shell at the farm gate, and the incidence in the egg contents is even lower.
Research on egg washing done in the early 20th century was used by both the United States and Europe to develop their egg-handling requirements, with dramatically different conclusions. The egg-washing method used in these studies consisted of a wire basket that could hold 50 to 60 eggs being lowered into a rotating washing machine. The water was about 120ºF and contained a sanitizing agent. The eggs were submerged for about three minutes. In commercial settings, eggs could be washed for different lengths of time and in water that could be dirty, or at the wrong temperature or without sanitizer. As a result of this possibility, Britain prohibited the washing of Class A table eggs. There was a price penalty for dirty eggs, and dry cleaning was encouraged when necessary. Around the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) published a 34-page report titled Improved Methods, Techniques, and Equipment for Cleaning Eggs. Based on this report, several key recommendations were made for egg cleaning in commercial egg-processing facilities in the United States:
Egg washing can reduce the number of microorganisms on the shell of an egg. Egg washing does have its risks, however, if not done properly. In an early egg survey in Hawaii (1991), of the 106 dozen eggs tested for salmonella, 10 cartons were positive and seven of the 10 were traced back to a processor with a faulty egg-washing process. In addition, washing eggs using immersion type washers is not allowed in commercial egg-processing facilities in the U.S..
Assuming that you are given a choice in your state, what should you do? Recent research from North Carolina State University would strongly recommend washing eggs. Regardless of the production system, an egg that appears clean will still have bacteria on the shell (reported as the number of colony-forming units growing from a swab of the surface; the higher the number, the more bacteria on the egg shell). These bacteria including many types, of which salmonella is only one. Unwashed clean eggs were found to have log(10) 4.5 colony-forming units. This can be reduced to log(10) 0.5 after proper washing. By comparison, unwashed eggs with fecal material will have log(10) 9.5 colony-forming units which is reduced to only log(10) 4.5 with proper washing.
For a small layer flock, egg washing does not need to be as extensive as that recommended for larger commercial operations. The first recommendation, however, holds true for all egg operations, regardless of size: do not use eggs that are excessively dirty. Eggs should be washed before they are put in the refrigerator, with running water (no immersion) that is warmer than the temperature of the egg. Use a brush if necessary. If a detergent is used, rinse the eggs. Dry the eggs completely before packing them.
In the United States, all eggs must be stored at or less than 45ºF shortly after being laid and throughout the entire distribution system. As a result, you will find eggs in refrigerated displays, often near the milk and other dairy products. In many European countries, however, eggs are typically sold on an unrefrigerated shelf, often near the bakery supplies. Why the dramatic differences? Eggs are not refrigerated in Europe because of the concern for condensation that can form on eggs when they go from cold to warm environments as would occur when eggs are taken from a refrigerated display and transported home in a warm car. This condensation was speculated to facilitate the growth of bacteria on the shell, increasing the probability of bacteria making their way into the egg. The rules, therefore, stress that eggs should not be refrigerated before sale to the final consumer. However, there is no research to support this position. Recent research has shown that condensation, or "sweating," on eggs has no influence on the internal microbial population of properly washed eggs.
In Europe, it is realized that eggs should be kept cool. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers requires that supermarket temperatures should be 66.2º to 69.8ºF in the winter and 69.8º to 73.4ºF in the summer. Room temperature is considered to be between 68º to 77ºF. Britain recommends that once eggs are taken home, they be kept at less than 68ºF. This is considerably higher than the 45ºF required in the United States, possibly because Britain requires vaccination against Salmonella enteritidis, so it considers a lower storage temperature acceptable. Salmonellae reach the inside of the egg in two ways. The contamination of the shell is one way, but Salmonella enteritidis can settle in the reproductive tract and be shed with the eggs. Because of Britain's vaccination requirement against S. enteritidis, the likelihood of contaminating the eggs is considerably less. Britain estimates that it costs 14¢ per hen to vaccinate a flock. If each hen lays about 260 eggs, that works out to 0.05¢/egg or 0.65¢/dozen.
Eggs should be stored in a clean carton on a shelf in the refrigerator. Placing them in the door opens them to frequent changes in temperature and the possibility of damage as the door is opened and closed throughout the day. It is also best to store the eggs large end up. When storing with the small end up, the yolk tends to get stuck in the small end and will break when the egg is cracked open.
Brant, A.W., and P.B. Starr. 1962. Some physical factors related to egg spoilage. Poultry Science 41(5):1468-1473.
Hutchison, M.L., J. Gittins, A. Walker, A. Moore, C. Burton, and N. Sparks. 2003. Washing table eggs: a review of the scientific and engineering issues. World's Poultry Science Journal 59:233-248.


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Advances in technology—including artificial intelligence (AI), as well as computer- and Web-based technologies—have led to the development of exciting instructional and testing applications for teaching writing. Many new capabilities are appearing, yet most are just enhancements or improvements to processes and methods that have been around for a while. Equipment such as wireless classroom setups and hand-held devices offer exciting possibilities, but some of the radical changes in writing instruction are stemming from the development and relatively widespread use of computerized essay correction technology.
Interest in this technology has been powered largely by the many voices raised in concern about the weak writing of American students and the need for improvement in this area. As part of this movement, more and more standardized tests such as the SAT, GRE, and ACT are including essay components.
Most of these standardized tests have been computer-scored for a number of years in all areas, except the short answer and essay sections. Tests like Michigan's MEAP, for example, are mainly machine-scored, with human scorers correcting the few brief essay or short answer sections—a fairly complicated and expensive process.
Scoring essays effectively and providing helpful feedback is a far different proposition from machine-scoring multiple-choice tests. As more tests are including essay and other open-ended writing components, better methods are constantly being sought to cut scoring time and expense.
The top testing companies provide an array of essay-scoring products. Educational Testing Services (ETS) offers e-rater, Pearson Knowledge Technologies has Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA), and Vantage Learning offers IntelliMetric. There are a few other offerings, but these are the three leading artificial intelligences, technologies, or engines that are used in a wide number of tests and that are spreading into writing instruction from about fourth grade through college levels.
How They Work
The three technologies mentioned above are basically engines or core programs that are generally bundled in with other elements by their owners and/or licensed to other companies. e-rater, for example, is part of ETS's Criterion online service, IEA is part of Pearson Knowledge Technologies' Summary Street, and IntelliMetric is part of Vantage Learning's My Access!. Core technologies such as these have also been licensed to other companies, including Prentice Hall; Holt, Rinehart and Winston; and others.
These technologies are also often adapted for other purposes. e-rater, for example, grades essays and has two offshoots—one that specializes in grammar and mechanics (Critique) and one that handles grading open-ended questions (c-rater).
Each of these proprietary technologies uses a different approach and produces different results or a different slant to essay grading. e-rater emphasizes natural language processing for scoring grammar and organization. IEA uses Latent Semantic Analysis and other machine learning and statistical methods for scoring. These methods emphasize content coverage in scoring but also include grammar, mechanics, style, and organization, as needed. Vantage Learning doesn't discuss its MY Access! technology other than to state that the product uses artificial intelligence technologies.
All of the technologies have been extensively tested, and all of them approach or equal human scorers in reliability. All produce holistic grades from 1 to 4 or 1 to 6—similar to those produced by human graders— as well as provide tutorial advice intended to guide student writers as needed. All have similar limitations, which will be discussed later.
The technologies interact with students in roughly the same way; i.e., all are Web-based and the essays are computer-entered. The Web-based platform offers a serious advantage, enabling students to use the services in any location where they can use a computer—with their class, at home, in the library, or in the lab.
Students enter essays in response to prompts based on writing topics the computer software can score. The following is an 11th grade writing prompt from the Intelligent Essay Assessor Demonstration page: "Please write a structured essay on the Great Depression and the New Deal."
Currently, a limited number of prompts are available. Although companies are developing more every year, the limited availability is due to the expense and length of time involved in developing scoring models for each prompt.
To make a specific prompt machine-scorable, up to 300 students write an essay in response to that prompt. These initial essays are scored by two specially trained humans. (If they disagree, a third person evaluates the essays.) The essays and scores are fed into computers that develop scoring models that work for that prompt only. This entire process is repeated for each new prompt.
The cost of computerized essay-grading programs varies greatly and generally is determined by specific-use situations. The price may be determined as a per-student subscription or the fee may be based on student use as determined by a hit or bundles of hits. For example, Criterion from ETS is priced at $15 per student per year, while Holt Online Essay Scoring is priced at $1 per hit (per essay scored once) in batches of 50 hits.
Doubts and Limitations: Frankenstein in the Classroom?
There are many questions surrounding the use of computerized essay scoring.
How can computers accurately score the nuances of the written word and/or something as complex as an essay? What standards should be used, since experts rarely agree about the nature of good writing? Should the mechanics be emphasized, or should the emphasis be placed on the structure and quality of the content and thought involved?
Even developers admit that computers can't assess creative, innovative, or individualistic writing. Another important element that computers can't score is the context of the essay or the audience to which an essay is addressed.
By being unable to deal with these and other elements, will computerized essay scoring somehow force students into some mold of monstrous uniformity? Will it leave the creative side undeveloped?
In addition to these concerns, computerized essay scoring programs are limited by the material fed to them to create scoring models, as well as the limited number of available topics or prompts. And, it's not all that hard to deceive essay grading technologies; they can be fooled. Finally, when it gets right down to it, many educators just don't trust computers and don't want to let them influence student lives any more than they already do.
Any of these perceived disadvantages, however, can be overcome in the classroom by preparing students for the differences that computerized essay scoring programs create in testing situations and by not relying exclusively on computerized scoring.
There are advantages to the computerized systems, too. Computerized essay grading and Web-based writing training systems provide instant and immediate feedback. Students can make improvements and resubmit their work, each time honing the quality of the essay. With some systems, teachers can add comments or change the grade, if desired. The programs can make more writing possible by enabling teachers to spend less time correcting essays.
As a former high school English teacher with classes of 25 to 35 students, I get excited at the thought of computers handling some of the incredibly lengthy processes of scoring 130 or so student essays. The length and tediousness of correction has, by itself, led to less writing instruction in many schools because teachers just don't have enough time to correct all of the essays that should be assigned.
A Web-based training system would make far more writing practice possible, even if careful teacher oversight and other measures are required. The improved focus, understanding, and skills that students gain in these writing situations will be beneficial as they carry over into other areas.
The Products
Today, computerized essay scoring applications are in rapid development by a number of respected companies that have long produced testing, textbook, and other products. Among the top technologies in current use are e-rater, Intelligent Essay Assessor, and IntelliMetric.
Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541; Phone: 609/921-9000; Internet: http://www.ets.org/criterion/.
Criterion 3.0, developed by ETS, is powered by an improved version of e-rater, v2.0. Criterion gives students self-paced writing practice using writing assignments created with parameters and guidelines that instructors choose. The program provides 44 prompts for grades 4 to 8 and 29 prompts for high school, all developed in much the same way as those used with other essay scoring engines.
Recent updates to Criterion allow the program to automatically provide a holistic score and feedback on instructor-created topics without any additional customization or training. Elementary and secondary school teachers can tailor writing topics to their own lesson plans or state standards and provide students with a risk-free automated environment to improve their writing skills.
Tennessee's Knox County schools use Criterion in the middle and high schools. County educators felt that Criterion helped their students become better writers and gave them valuable practice in taking standardized tests. Knox County also collaborated with ETS to develop unique topics in alignment with state testing. As a result, student writing is compared to Tennessee state standards, as well as the national standards embedded in the Criterion topics.
Additional improvements to Criterion 3.0 include enhancements to the scoring engine, newly developed grade-specific scoring models, scoring feedback and reports based on a set of 12 explicitly stated features common to most writing assessment evaluations, and the application of the same scoring criteria to every essay. In addition, Writer's Handbooks are available with vocabulary-appropriate feedback messages for elementary, middle, high school/college, and English language learners.
Diana Schmelzer, principal of University High School in Irvine, Calif., believes that the use of Criterion in her school saves each teacher who assigns essays approximately 60 hours of grading for nearly 180 essays per topic.
To read more about Criterion in action, see the article "Turning Out Better Writers: Practice Makes Perfect, and Computer-Based Writing Makes for More Practice" in the May/June 2004 issue of MultiMedia & Internet@Schools.
Intelligent Essay Assessor
Pearson Knowledge Technologies, 4940 Pearl East Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, CO 80301; Phone: 303/545-9092; Internet: http://www.knowledge-technologies.com/.
Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA) was developed by the former Knowledge Analysis Technologies, now a Pearson company known as Pearson Knowledge Technologies. IEA technology focuses on the understanding of the subject matter that goes into creating an essay.
Though IEA focuses on meaning and content, it can also measure mechanics, styles, and more. This technology is used in Pearson Knowledge Technologies' Summary Street and is also used by NCS Pearson; Prentice Hall; Holt, Rinehart and Winston; and others.
Summary Street is a particularly interesting application of IEA in that it guides student summary writing, working with reading comprehension as well as writing. The program was developed in conjunction with the Colorado Literacy Tutor project and is being used by schools throughout Colorado.
Summary Street compares student summaries to the original text, providing feedback about accuracy, comprehensiveness, and length, as well as problems like redundancy, poor spelling, and extraneous sentences. The program works well, but, as with other similar programs, it isn't perfect. Summary Street doesn't evaluate structure well, can't recognize creativity or metaphor, and doesn't evaluate style.
Prentice Hall's Online Essay Scorer [http://www.phschool.com/language_arts/] uses IEA technology to provide summaries of misspelled words, grammatical errors, and redundant sentences, in addition to a holistic score. An online demonstration is available, illustrating the program's instant scoring and feedback; sample essays are also posted online.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston [http://www.hrw.com/language/] incorporates IEA into its Elements of Language and Holt Online Essay Scoring programs to help students prepare for standardized tests and other classroom uses.
The Elements of Language program includes an interactive online textbook and Web site. The textbook provides reading and writing activities as well as diagnostic and chapter tests. The Web site includes a language center with interactive vocabulary instruction and links to online writing resources and reference materials.
At the time this article was written, Holt Online Essay Scoring offered 58 prompts, with new prompts to be added continually. The program includes seven types of prompts for middle and high school: expository, persuasive, how-to, descriptive, narrative, writing about literature, and writing about nonfiction. An additional prompt—biographical narrative—is offered on the high school track. Teachers cannot add their own prompts to this program.
Vantage Learning, 110 Terry Drive Suite 100, Newtown, PA 18940; Phone: 800/230-2213; Internet: http://www.vantagelearning.com/.
MY Access! [http://www.gomyaccess.com], based on the IntelliMetric scoring engine, is a prompt-driven, Web-based writing environment that scores student essays written in English, Spanish, or Chinese. A Japanese language component is in development.
The program's instant diagnostic instruction helps students improve their writing and helps teachers shape instruction to student needs. The idea is that more frequent opportunities to write with immediate scoring and feedback will encourage improvement.
According to Vantage Learning, the IntelliMetric scoring system is as accurate as human scorers. An adaptation of this technology, IntelliMetric ShortStuff, is used to score very short, open-ended essay responses.
MY Access! provides students with a suite of writer's tools that can be turned on or off by the teacher. The tools include checklists, a dictionary/thesaurus, word banks, graphic organizers, a writer's journal, rubrics, a spell-checker, a grammar and style editor called MY Editor, and more. The program enables two-way communication; students can read and write comments and respond to teacher comments. Charts and graphs are created as students work, monitoring their progress.
When this article was written, MY Access! contained approximately 200 prompts: Ten prompts will be added each year to each of the four levels. The levels include upper elementary, middle school, high school, and higher education. The prompts cover five areas: informative, narrative, literary, text-based/informative, and persuasive. Teachers can add prompts to MY Access! and students can respond using the tools, but these essays cannot be scored.
This program has been used in Birmingham High School in the Los Angeles Unified School District in a partnership that brought mobile assessment carts into the school. Each cart contained 25 Apple iBook computers loaded with MY Access! writing instruction software. One year of use produced a significant increase in the number of Birmingham students who passed the California High School Exit Examination (CAHSEE).
"It's really a voyage of discovery," said Catherine Jo Foss, assistant principal. "The kids log on, pull up their portfolios, write, rewrite, submit, rewrite, get their scores, and then do it all over again in order to move their score from a two to a three or a three to a four. It's like they're playing the game of writing. And they love to win."
Vantage has licensed or sold the IntelliMetric scoring technology to several other companies for programs such as the ACT and College Board exams. CTB/McGraw-Hill has used the technology in its new Writing Roadmap program [http://www.ctb.com/mktg/roadmap/overview.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673270923&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696559579], which allows teachers to assign essays in four writing genres or styles—descriptive, expository, narrative, and persuasive.
With Writing Roadmap, students write essays based on the prompts, following directions from the online writing checklist. Both analytic and summary scores are given almost instantaneously so that students can get results and teachers can tailor instruction to demonstrated class needs. Student essays are kept in individual online writing portfolios for later teacher or student access. As with most of the other essay scoring programs discussed here, Writing Roadmap is aligned to state standards through the use of rubrics, etc., which use the most common elements in national and state standards.
Into the Future
The challenge that remains for writing instruction lies in motivating all of our students to write. Greatly improved feedback and computer use in language arts classrooms should motivate some students, but many will continue to fail to see the writing taught in English classes as a relevant part of their lives.
Sometimes I think that, instead of trying to convince students to join our curriculum, the best approach might be to begin our curriculum where many of the students already are—using e-mail, blogging, and working with other informal computer applications.
One problem is that these informal applications are difficult to guide and monitor in school settings. Perhaps the developing AI technologies could help in this regard, supporting teachers in guiding and monitoring these nontraditional applications and helping us show all of our students that good writing is an important part of everyday life. The students could then move to work with more formal writing situations on the way to becoming mature, fluent, and frequent writers.
Charles Doe has been teaching for 34 years, including 20 years as a Title I reading specialist and 5 years as a media specialist. In addition to presenting and writing articles, he has been involved with computers in education for 12 years. He is a long-time reviewer for MultiMedia & Internet@Schools magazine.
Communications to the author may be addressed to Charles Doe, Media Specialist, Hastings Area Schools, 232 W. Grand, Hastings, MI 49058; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
try it out
A Few Online Essay Scoring Demos
Criterion 3.0


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Stuff Stamford Bridge, ignore the Etihad, the real shock of January 24 was Peterborough United winning a game
This Posh team would struggle to have beaten an egg for most of the last three months so any victory can justifiably be described as seismic, even one at Notts County, the happiest of hunting grounds for most of the past 12 years.
Luck played a small part as Marcus Maddison's opening goal was skilfully created, yet deflected into the Notts County net, but Posh were worthy winners against a team whose athleticism is far more impressive than their technical ability. Posh were far from great, but they played with spirit, within a sensible formation, and with heart. For a team with one win in their 12 previous matches that will do for now.
Presumably over 1,300 Posh fans travelled home with smiles on their faces. Hell, even manager Darren Ferguson's permanently down-turned mouth almost broke into a grimace, probably because he finally gave evidence at a post-match press conference when his own immediate future wasn't the burning question of the day.
In fact his position didn't even warrant a mention. Instead Ferguson was allowed to revel in his team's character and the excellence of midfielder Harry Beautyman, the man singled out by the manager for special praise.
Beautyman played well - he irritated County's chief irritant Alan Smith which is worth a gold star in itself - as did three centre-backs, a goalkeeper and Conor Washington who delivered his best 'mini-me' impression of Craig Mackail-Smith. Hard work won this day - flowing football will hopefully make an appearance as Posh attempt to make the unlikeliest push for promotion.
One win every month will probably not achieve a play-off place and eight points from a possible 39 would normally make talk of going up laughably optimistic, but this is a strange (many would say rubbish) division this season and Posh are now just three points off a top six spot despite some quite awful results and performances.
In isolation this result means very little. The law of averages as well as excellent recent history at Meadow Lane was on Posh's side today, but stringing two wins in a row together has been beyond them since the middle of October. Gary Johnson's Yeovil, who also boast an away win at County this season, probably won't be quaking in their boots when they arrive at The ABAX Stadium next Saturday (January 31).
For now though Ferguson should be allowed to wallow in his survival for another seven days at least. Just like the team, his own performance was much improved despite an interrupted preparation which involved a loan of a new defender whuch lasted all of one morning.
Central defender Shaun Brisley, who hadn't started a Posh game since August 30, wasn't supposed to play at County, but he was brought back into the line-up on Friday morning. If he felt annoyed that he'd originally been overlooked he didn't show it, He played between Michael Bostwick and matchwinner Christian Burgess in a 3-5-2 formation and, apart from a 20-minute spell before the interval, they bossed a County forward line led by the imposing figure of Hungarian Balint Bajner, a 6ft 5in tower of variable talent.
They weren't rock solid and on-loan Posh 'keeper Scott Loach twice made terrific stops in one-on-one situations, in the first-half against Bajner and after the break when little Billy Daniels raced clear. Bajner did well to stay on his feet when riding a reckless challenge from Burgess which would have led to an obvious red card and a penalty had he tumbled. A game-defining moment as it turned out as Burgess, the fall guy in defeat in the previous game, turned out to be the hero here when his soft, but well-directed header, from a Joe Newell corner somehow crept by a defender on the goal-line and into the net off a post.
It was a good comeback fromn Burgess, In fact it was a decent comeback from most of the team. Ferguson gambled on recalling teenager Jermaine Anderson into central midfield and dropping his captain Jack Payne. He also re-inroduced Kyle Vassell to his attack for the first time since the end of November, although his input was less impressive, most notably when missing a close-range sitter which had been teed up superbly by Washington on the stroke of half-time.
It was 1-1 at the time as Maddison's 25 yarder in the 13th minute was cancelled out when Garry Thompson smacked home his ninth goal of the campaign with a sumptous long-range volley after Newell had foolishly left him unmarked.
County finished the half so strongly regular Posh watchers probably feared the worst after the break, but an anticipated County surge never really materialised, Often they resorted to slinging crosses into the Posh penalty from deep positions and most were gobbled up by Bostwick and Brisley. Loach did have to get down well to keep out a Will Hayhurst free-kick, but Posh coped well defensively and usually passed the ball better than their hosts.
The much-maligned Anderson's raking 50-yarder to Newell which led to the winning set-piece was a superb delivery - the teenager even galloped to the edge of the area to force County 'keeper into a fine save at the end of the move.
Carroll also did well to divert a Bostwick header wide in the first-half following a Maddison free-kick.
All of this was viewed by Ferguson sitting in the directors' box after he decided not to appeal against a two-game touchline ban for abusing a useless official. Referee Graham Scott was one of the best performers on the pitch today - another major shock worthy of a headline.
Reaction: Welcome win must the start of a Posh surge forward
Posh: Scott Loach, Michael Bostwick, Shaun Brisley, Christian Burgess, Michael Smith, Joe Newell, Jermaine Anderson, Harry Beautyman, Marcus Maddison (sub Erhun Oztumer, 77 mins), Kyle Vassell (sub Luke James, 77 mins), Conor Washington (sub Aaron Mclean, 89 mins). Unused substitutes: Dion-Curtis Henry, Jack Payne, Kgosi Ntlhe, Harry Anderson.
Notts County: Roy Carroll, Hayden White, Hayden Mullins, Haydn Hollis, Blair Adams, Will Hayhurst, Alan Smith (sub Gary Jones, 46 mins), Curtis Thompson, Garry Thompson (sub Alefe Santos, 77 mins), Billy Daniels (sub Ronan Murray, 63 mins), Balint Bajner. Unused substitutes: Kevin Pilkington, Mustapah Dumbaya, Elliot Whitehouse, Jordan Cranston.
Match details:
Goals: Posh - Maddison (13 mins), Burgess (62 mins).
County - G. Thompson (41 mins).
Cautions: Posh - Brisley (unsportsmanlike conduct), Burgess (foul), Smith (foul).
County - Smith (foul), Carroll (dissent).
Referee: Graham Scott 8
Attendance: 5,960 (1,323 Posh).
Have your Posh say: by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com, or on Twitter @PTAlanSwann or tweet using #PUFC
Visit The Posh Page for our live blog and get local football mobile apps


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November 18, 2012 (KHARTOUM) – The speaker of the Sudanese parliament, Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Tahir, has warned South Sudan against causing the collapse of the cooperation deals it signed with his country two months ago, accusing Juba of continuing to support rebel groups in Sudan.
- Sudanese parliamentary speaker Ahmed Ibrahim al-Tahir speaks during a meeting in Khartoum on March 28, 2012 (GETTY)
Al-Tahir told reporters in the capital Khartoum on Sunday that Sudan will remain committed to the priority of border security before allowing South Sudan to resume exporting its oil via Sudan.
The Sudanese official called on South Sudan to start implementing the security arrangements of the deal they signed in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa on 27 September along with eight other deals covering resumption of South Sudanese oil exports via Sudan and demarcation of borders among other issues arising from the secession of South Sudan last year.
If the security deal is not implemented, there will be no resumption of oil exports through Sudan, Al-Tahir stressed.
The security arrangement stipulates that each country should refrain from supporting rebel groups in the other, and that a demilitarized buffer zone should be established along their 1800-km common border.
According to Al-Tahir, however, South Sudan is still actively engaged in supporting rebel groups operating along the border areas, in reference to the Sudan People's Liberation Movement North (SPLM-N) and its allies in the coalition Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF).
Al-Tahir said that the border areas are rife with hostile activities and that rebel groups continue to come from Juba with weapons. He added that Juba is yet to sever its connections to the SPLM-N which fought alongside South Sudan's army against Khartoum during the second Sudanese civil war.
Sudan's top MP insisted that Juba must first clear Sudan's borders from any hostilities before resuming its oil exports.
Talks between Sudan and South Sudan on the implementation of the border security deal hit a snag after Khartoum demanded South Sudan cooperation in disarming SPLM-N combatants who have been fighting the Sudanese government in the border regions of South Kordofan and Blue Nile since last year.
South Sudan has halted preparations to resume oil production pending a breakthrough in the floundering security talks.


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Alex Anas is professor of economics at the State University of New York at Buffalo since 1991. Prior to joining the faculty at Buffalo, Dr. Anas was on the faculty at Northwestern University from 1975 to 1991 and had visting appointments at Stanford University in 1981-82 and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1986-88. Dr. Anas obtained his BA and BS from Carnegie Mellon University in 1972, and his MA, MCP in 1974 and Ph.D. in 1975 from the University of Pennsylvania. In 2006 Dr. Anas was inducted as a fellow of the Regional Science Association International and in 2016 he was presented with the Walter Isard Award in recognition of his scholarly achievements in the field of Regional Science.
Dr. Anas' research interests over the years have spanned theoretical, empirical and applied urban economics. His publications have contributed to understanding dynamic land use adjustment with durable housing and the abandonment of housing in central cities, the effects of transportation including public transportation on property values and urban land use, the effects of traffic congestion and congestion pricing on land use, dynamic housing market models, the effects of regulations on the housing market, models with dispersed jobs and residences, theories of systems of cities with intercity trade, urban agglomeration, ethnic segregation and ghettos, and the beneficial effects of urban sprawl.
A continuing programmatic focus of Dr. Anas' research career has been the development of computable models based on microeconomic theory that can be used to empirically analyze the impacts of changes and policies on urban structure. In the 1980s he developed and applied the CATLAS (Chicago Transportation and Land Use Analysis System) with a research award from the United States Department of Transportation. In the early 1990s, Dr. Anas developed the CPHMM (Chicago Prototype Housing Market Model), a dynamic model of real estate stock adjustment. The research was supported by awards from the Fannie Mae Foundation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
More recently, at Buffalo, Dr. Anas completed development of RELU-TRAN (Regional Economy, Land Use and Transportation), a computable general equilibrium model that treats the interconnections of spatially disaggregated labor markets, the markets for housing and non-housing floor space, industry location, real estate development, work and non-work related personal transportation and energy utilization and CO2 emissions in personal transportation. The development of RELU-TRAN was supported by major research awards from the National Science Foundation and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. While these awards helped apply the model to the analysis of congestion, road pricing and urban sprawl in Chicago, a 2010 research award from the University of California supported a more extensive application to Los Angeles. The model has also been applied to Paris, France with the support of the Societe du Grand Paris.


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Category Archives: interesting about food and health
Recalls: Edamame, Canned Dog Food
Here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of HealthDay:
Edamame Recalled Due to Listeria Threat
Possible listeria contamination has triggered the recall of Edamame (soybeans) by Advanced Fresh Concepts Franchise Corp. of … read more
Is Carrageenan Harmful and Should You Avoid It?
Carrageenan is a controversial ingredient that's found in a wide variety of products.
It's used as an additive in many foods, including ones marketed as organic or healthy, such as almond milk and yogurt.
While some claim that carrageenan causes … read more
Marketside Supreme Pizzas Recalled
Possible listeria contamination has led to the recall of 21,200 pounds of frozen Marketside Extra Large Supreme Pizza, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) says.
Latest Diet & Weight Management… read more
Maple-Roasted Almonds
Addictive, sweet and salty, of Maple-roasted almonds are a fun way to sneak in the daily servings of nuts.
Related: Nuts protect against disease
You've probably had the honey roasted almonds before, but I think these maple roasted almonds even … read more
How to Make Any Recipe a Clean Recipe
When it comes to eating clean, it's often much easier than you think. Plus, you rarely have to alter the essence of your favorite dishes to achieve a cleaner plate. The key to turning them into a "clean" dish is … read more
Tips to Ensure Good Bone Health (No Pills Needed)
Calcium pills alone do not and cannot prevent or treat bone loss.
That's because calcium cannot make the journey from the digestive system through the bloodstream and into bone without a large supporting cast that stars vitamin D, vitamin K2, … read more


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Chemguide: Support for CIE A level Chemistry
Learning outcome 7.2(b)
This statement is an introduction to strong and weak acids and bases.
Before you go on, you should find and read the statement in your copy of the syllabus.
You need to start by reading bits of the page about strong and weak acids.
This page covers work that you will need in the second half of the course as well as the first. You should ignore all the numerical parts of the page.
Read down as far as the first paragraph under the heading "Strong acids and pH". For now, all you need to know is that strong acids of the sort of concentrations that we normally use in the lab have pHs of around 0 - 1.
For example, 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid has a pH of 0. (More concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid will have slightly negative pHs.)
Ignore the sections headed "Defining pH" and "Working out the pH of a strong acid", and go on to the section on weak acids.
In the weak acid section, just read the introductory bit about what a weak acid is. Weak acids of the sort of concentrations we use in the lab, will typically have pHs in the 2 - 6 range.
For example, 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid has a pH of 2.4.
Now do much the same thing on the page about strong and weak bases.
In the strong base section, just read the introductory bit about what a strong base is, and then jump down to the similar introductory bit about weak bases. Ignore everything else on the page.
Typically, a strong base like sodium hydroxide solution will have a pH of 14 for a 1 mol dm-3 solution. Ammonia solution, a weak base, has a pH of 11.6 for a solution of the same concentration.
This next bit isn't mentioned on either of the Chemguide pages, but is mentioned in CIE's teacher support material.
The electrical conductivity of a solution depends on the number and nature of the ions present. That means that the conductivity of a strong acid or base will be higher than a weak one of the same concentration.
A 1 mol dm-3 solution of hydrochloric acid, for example, contains a far greater concentration of ions than a solution of ethanoic acid of the same concentration. Its conductivity will also be far greater.
© Jim Clark 2011 (last modified April 2014)


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Department of Environmental Science
Department Website
Environmental science is the scientific study of the impact of human activities on natural systems. In order to address these issues, environmental scientists are trained to apply tools and techniques from a variety of disciplines such as biology, chemistry, toxicology, geology, hydrology, meteorology, geography, and statistics. Included among the subjects in environmental science are evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, resource management, and the effects of global climate change. The Department of Environmental Science and its degree programs are currently under development.
Dr. Beth Christensen, Chair
Rowan Hall
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Department of Geography, Planning, and Sustainability
Department Website
The mission of the Department of Geography, Planning, and Sustainability, is teaching, research and outreach that focus on understanding the globalized world, protecting the environment, and building a sustainable future. The Department offers several programs including a BA Geography, a BA in Environmental Studies, a BS in Community & Environmental Planning, and a BS in Geographic Information Science. All of these programs integrate theory and practice, blending both academic and applied facets of geography, environmental studies, planning, and geospatial technologies.
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Robinson Hall
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Department of Geology
Department Website
Geology is the study of the Earth system, the materials of which the Earth is made, the origin and evolution of those materials, the processes acting upon them (both external and interior), and the origin and evolution of its organisms and ecosystems. Lessons learned about the Earth system through geology are also applied to explore the origin and evolution of other bodies in the Solar System. Central to geology is the study of how rocky bodies like the Earth have changed over time. The Department will begin offering two undergraduate majors starting fall 2017, the BS in Geology and the BA in Geology.
Dr. Harold C. Connolly Jr, Chair
Rowan Hall
(856) 256-5261


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About us
The importance of diversity and inclusion
Our global workforce is already diverse in many ways, and we consider this a competitive strength. At the same time, we want to further increase our diversity and ensure an inclusive workplace, because both are key to achieving our goals.
Diversity and inclusion are not just feel-good corporate buzz words. Our experience has shown that they have a positive impact on our business results:
- Better client focus and effectiveness: Teams with diversity in age, gender, background, experience, education and other factors better understand and relate to clients' needs.
- High-quality employees: An inclusive work environment attracts high quality people and helps engage them over the long term.
- Better decision-making: diversity of thought, opinion and experience makes us better at decision-making, innovation and leadership.
In 2016, we'll continue implementing our global strategy for increasing diversity and inclusion throughout the company. This will be complemented by divisional and regional initiatives that particularly focus on education, coaching and mentoring.
For more information, visit our full site.


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Police are hunting for a man who indecently exposed himself to another man in the Grosvenor Centre toilets.
The offender carried out a lewd act, while exposing himself to the victim, around 5.10pm on Wednesday, December 30.
The offender is described as white, in his early 20s, around 5ft 8ins tall, with a tall, slim or scrawny build with blonde-like hair that was short on the sides and slightly longer and messy on top.
He was also wearing a hearing aid.
Anyone with any information can call Northamptonshire Police on 101. Alternatively, they can call the independent charity Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.


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Central Florida Region Bylaws – Printer Ready (pdf)
of the
of the
Sports Car Club of America, Inc.
As Amended to and Including July 1991.
Name, Purpose, Emblem, and Seal
Section 1. Name. The name of the club shall be Central Florida Region, SCCA, Incorporated.
Section 2. Purpose. The nature of the activities to be conducted and the purposes to be promoted and carried out are as follows: To promote interest in sports cars and other fine automobiles and to encourage their safe and skillful operation, by developing, arranging and regulating closed circuit road racing, rallying, Solo I and Solo II, Concours and other forms of automobile competition, by dissemination of information through new releases and Club publications and through related social and recreational activities for the instruction and enjoyment of its members.
Section 3. Emblem. In shape, a variation of the "Ancient French" with a silhouette of the State of Florida sanguine (dark red) on a field of Argent (white), the state silhouette will bear the number of the region (83) and the Region boundaries. The words "CENTRAL FLORIDA" will appear in an arch on the "Chief" of the emblem, the emblem of the Sports Car Club of America, Inc., will be placed in the lower left portion of the emblem.
Section 4. Seal. The club seal shall be circular in form and inscribed with the name of the Region, the year of its incorporation and the word "Florida".
Section 1. Members. Any person interested in joining the Central Florida Region, Inc., of the Sports Car Club of America, Inc., may do so providing both national and regional dues are paid. Central Florida Region, Inc., shall accept members who wish to maintain dual membership with another region, providing verification of national dues payment is obtained. No member may be a regional member only.
Section 2. Dues. The membership year of the region shall correspond to the membership year of the Sports Car Club of America, Inc. Dues shall be payable annually and in such amounts as the Board of Governors may establish. In instances in which both a husband and wife are members of the region, the Board of Governors may establish lower dues for one spouse. The Board of Governors may also establish lower dues for members who have not yet reached their 18th birthday. No refund of dues shall be made under any circumstances.
Section 3. Termination and Suspension.
(a) A member may resign by letter addressed to the region. His or her resignation will be effective upon receipt thereof.
(b) Membership shall automatically lapse for non-payment of SCCA or regional dues 30 days after expiration of the membership year for which they were payable.
(c) The membership of any member indebted to the region of SCCA and delinquent for more than 60 days in such indebtedness shall automatically lapse and such member shall thereupon forfeit all dues and fees already paid.
(d) The Board of Governors may suspend a member at any time for infraction of any SCCA rule or for any other cause if the suspending body shall deem such action to be in the best interest of the SCCA and the region. The suspending body shall immediately notify a member so suspended, in writing, of the suspension. The suspended member shall thereafter be entitled to a reasonable opportunity to be heard, in person or through a representative, by the Board of Governors or a committee appointed by it concerning his suspension. The Board of Governors may thereafter continue for a definite term, terminate, or rescind the suspension, or expel the member and its decision shall be final.
Meeting of the Members
Section 1. Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of the region shall be held in the last quarter of each calendar year for presenting the reports of officers, committees and boards, and such other business as may lawfully come before the meeting. The time and place of the annual meeting shall be established by the Board of Governors, which also shall arrange for an annual convention for the members to be held therewith.
Section 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the region may be called at any time by the Board of Governors on its own motion and must be called by the Board of Governors on petition of at least 60 percent of the members of at least three voting districts. Such meetings shall be held at such times and places as the Board of Governors shall determine.
Section 3. Notice. A written notice of each annual and special meeting stating the place, hour, date and purpose thereof shall be mailed by the secretary to every member not less than 14 nor more than 45 days before such meeting. No action shall be taken at any annual or special meeting of the members unless the intention to consider the subject matter has been set forth in the notice of the meeting.
Section 4. Voting. At all meetings of the members, a quorum shall be 10 percent of the region's membership as of the immediately previous September. All action, except amendment of the articles of incorporation and amendment of these bylaws, shall be by majority of those present and voting. Presence and voting by proxy may be allowed at the discretion of and in accordance with rules prescribed by the Board of Governors.
Board of Governors
The Directors and the Board of Directors of the Corporation shall be called Governors and Board of Governors of the region respectively.
Section 1. Jurisdiction. The affairs and property of the region shall be directed by a Board of Governors consisting of members of the region elected in the manner set forth below.
Section 2. Districts. For purpose of electing governors and lieutenant governors, the membership of the region shall be divided into voting districts, consisting of members within the districts described by the map included in these bylaws. The Board of Governors may change the boundaries of these districts to accommodate new requirements.
Section 3. Terms. Governors shall be elected and shall serve for terms of two years ending at the annual meeting or at the pleasure of the Board of Governors. Terms for governors from odd-numbered districts shall commence at the annual meeting of odd-numbered years. Terms for governors from even-numbered districts shall commence at the annual meeting of even numbered years.
Section 4. Nominations. Any five members of a district may nominate a member of that district to be a candidate for election to the Board of Governors. All nominations shall be made in writing, signed by the members making the nomination and delivered to the secretary of the region by 60 days before the date of the annual meeting of the year when the term of office is to start.
Each district shall nominate and elect a lieutenant governor from the membership of their district for the same term and using the same procedure used in electing their governor. The duties of the lieutenant governor will be to represent their district members by having representative voting rights at meetings in the absence of their governor.
Section 5. Election. The secretary of the region shall prepare ballots for each district, listing in alphabetical order all duly nominated candidates for Governor and/or Lieutenant Governor in such district and shall mail such ballots 45 days before the date of the annual meeting to all members of the district. Ballots shall be mailed for counting to the region auditor or to an unbiased person or persons and shall not be available for inspection by any officer, member, or employee of the region. Only ballots received at the address designated in the ballot 15 days before the date of the annual meeting of the same year shall be counted. A candidate receiving the votes of a majority of members voting shall be elected.
The majority of the Board of Governors shall fill any vacant governorship by appointment of a member in good standing from the district in which the vacancy exists.
Section 6. Governors at Large. The Board of Governors may at their discretion appoint up to two Governors at Large from the general membership for a term ending at the next annual meeting. These governors shall have the same voting rights and privileges as the district governors except as noted herein. If a Governor at Large is elected chairman or vice chairman of the Board of Governors, that person shall not have voting rights.
Section 7. Quorum. A majority of the Board of Governors shall constitute a quorum, which may act in any manner within its competence by vote of a majority of the governors present while a quorum is present.
Section 8. Removal of Governor. The Board of Governors may at any regular or special meeting, by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of those governors voting, remove a governor from office on the basis of his physical or mental incapacity to serve provided written notice of the proposed action is sent to all governors at least 30 days before the meeting. The governor whose governorship is in question shall be given an opportunity to be heard at such meeting, but shall have no vote on the question.
Section 1. Election. The Board of Governors shall elect from the governors a chairman and a vice-chairman, and from the membership of the region a president and vice-president (officially designated herein as regional executive and assistant regional executive respectively) and a treasurer and a secretary and such assistant treasurers and secretaries as it deems desirable. All such officers shall serve at the pleasure of the Board of Governors and until their successors shall qualify.
Section 2. Chairman and Vice-Chairman. The chairman shall preside at all meetings of the members and of the Board of Governors. In the absence of the chairman or in the case of his death, resignation, or inability to act, his duties shall be performed by the vice chairman.
Section 3. Regional Executive and Assistant Regional Executive. The regional executive (RE) shall be the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the region and shall perform the duties usually appertaining to this office. The RE shall manage the business and affairs of the region following the directives and policies specified in the Board of Governors meeting minutes and the region's official policy manual. In the absence of the RE or in his inability to act, his duties shall be performed by the assistant regional executive.
Section 4. Secretary. The secretary or a designated alternate shall attend all meetings of the members and Board of Governors, shall record minutes thereof in a book kept for that purpose, shall supervise the keeping of a current role of all members, and the giving of notice of all meetings as required by law or these bylaws, be custodian of all the region's records and shall have custody of the corporate seal.
Section 5. Treasurer. The treasurer shall supervise the receipt, custody, control and expenditure of all assets and liabilities of the region and shall give bond at region expense. All monies due and payable to the region that are received shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the region in such bank, trust companies or other depositories as the treasurer may select with the Board of Governors approval.
Section 6. Contracts. The regional executive may authorize any officer or officers, agent or agents of the region, in addition to the officers so authorized by these bylaws to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and behalf of the region, and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances.
Section 1. Board of Governors. The Board of Governors shall establish the policies of the region and shall oversee and direct the implementation and execution of such policies and in the administration of the affairs of the region by the executive committee, such other committees as it determines to appoint and authorize, and shall meet at least four times each calendar year.
Section 2. Executive Committee. The Board of Governors shall appoint an executive committee consisting of the regional executive, assistant regional executive, secretary, treasurer and certain committee chairmen who as a minimum shall be the race board, solo board and rally board chairmen. The regional executive shall act as chairman thereof. The executive committee shall run the affairs of the region.
Section 3. Appointment of Committees. The Board of Governors shall appoint from the membership of the region such other committees and boards as shall be necessary to regulate the activities of the region and to advise and assist the Board of Governors concerning the affairs of the region and shall appoint the chairman thereof.
The jurisdiction and procedures of such committees shall be established by the Board of Governors which shall also specify the tenure of committee members and establish rules for the determination of quorums and voting for all committees.
Section 4. Policy Manual. The region's policy manual shall be a compilation of repetitive directives and rules that were passed during regular and special board meetings. It shall be updated and published periodically at least biennially and distributed to all region staff personnel requiring access to information contained in the document.
Fiscal Year
The fiscal year of the region shall be 1 June through 31 May.
Personal Liability
All persons or corporations extending credit to, contracting with, or having any claim against the region or the Board of Governors shall look only to the funds and property of the region for payment of any debt, damages, judgement, or decree, or any other money that may otherwise become due or payable to them from the region or the Board of Governors, so that neither the members of the region nor the Board of Governors, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
The Board of Governors of the region is authorized regardless of the adverse interest of any or all of the governors, to indemnify and reimburse, at region expense, any person made a party to any action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he, or a person whose legal representative or successor he is, is or was a governor, officer or employee of the region, for expenses, including attorney's fees and such amount of any judgement money decree, fine, penalty or settlement for which he may have become liable as the Board of Governors deems reasonable, actually incurred by him in connection with the defense or reasonable settlement of any such action, suit or proceeding, or any appeal therein, except in relation to matters as to which he, or such person whose legal representative or successor he is, is finally adjudged in such action, suit or proceeding, to be liable for negligence or misconduct in the performance of his duties.
The Board of Governors, or nine percent or more of members, of whom no more than one-third shall be from the same district, may propose an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation or bylaws by submitting such proposal in writing to the secretary. A proposal submitted by the members shall be reviewed by a committee of five members, consisting of four members appointed by the Board of Governors, two of who are members proposing the amendment, and a fifth member appointed by these four members, who shall act as chairman. The committee shall consider the propriety of the proposal, taking into account the intent of the petitioners and the suitability of the inclusion of the proposal in primary instruments such as the Articles of Incorporation and the bylaws, and shall draft the proposed amendment into suitable language. Proposals of either origin shall be submitted to the vote of the entire membership by mailing notice of the proposal and a form of ballot to all members. Each member shall be entitled to one vote on each proposal submitted to the membership. At least thirty days shall be allowed for voting. Ballots shall be mailed for counting to an unbiased person or persons and shall not be available for inspection by any officer, member, or employee. If at least two-thirds of the members voting are in favor of the amendment, it shall be adopted. The secretary shall cause the results of the balloting to be published for the information of the entire membership.
District Map and Descriptions


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Rod Macqueen
Rod Macqueen moves effortlessly through the worlds of sport and business. He is recognised and respected for his unusual yet effective mix of skills. A lateral thinker and innovator, he has demonstrated throughout his life an ability to unite people to a common cause and create an environment to help them realise their potential to achieve maximum success.
Current work
A commercial artist by trade, Rod is Chairman of Advantage Line, a company he started in 1991 and transformed into a multi-million-dollar point-of-sale & merchandising business. In addition, he is on the board of several major corporations and consults to multi-national companies. Rod is also a member of the IRB's Rugby Committee.
Previous experience
Rod coached the Waratahs to an undefeated year in 1991 and was instrumental in the development of the Brumbies playing structure and culture. However, he is best known as the coach of the 1999 World Cup winning Wallabies. During his time as Australian Rugby Coach, the Wallabies held every championship trophy available to them including the Bledisloe Cup, Tri Nations and the Tom Richards Cup, achieving an astonishing 81 per cent winning ratio.
As a sportsman in his own right, Rod excelled at the highest level in both surfboat rowing and rugby and demonstrated the leadership skills for which he is renowned.
In 2001 Rod co-authored his book "One Step Ahead" which became a best seller both in the sport and business sector. During the same year his success as National Coach was acknowledged by the IRB when awarded the "International Coach of the Year".
In 2002 the Federal Government appointed Rod as a Business Ambassador/International Patron to the Rugby Business Club for the 2003 Rugby World Cup.
In the 2003 Australia Day Honours List Rod was awarded with a Member of the Order of Australia.
Offering insight into how specific goals can be reached with the resources at hand, Rod speaks about the importance of linking organisational skills with lateral thinking, discipline, teamwork, the importance of family values, pride in achievement and keeping a good sense of humour.
With a wealth of anecdotes, Rod is a much sought after keynote speaker who motivates and inspires audiences to achieve their goals.
- Rugby Union & League
Rod, at the end of the workshop we asked the team what they would take away from the conference. Nearly all feedback had some element of your talk in it. All were very motivated by your spor ... keep readingting metaphors and our head of Strategy commented that he felt your mix was very balanced and insightful. Overall, a great outcome. TelstraView more


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I"m looking for players (or GM's) in the Toronto area that are interested in playing non D&D games. The ones that I'm particularly interested in at the moment are Serenity and Tribe 8 (although I'm open to other suggestions).
Players who are 25+ are strongly encouraged. Check out my profile and contact me through this site or at beaglesmuggler at rogers dot com if interested.


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Mailing List firstname.lastname@example.com Message #106624
Christoph Roethlisberger email@example.com <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Re: [CGP-Update] [*] CommuniGate Pro 6.2 is released
Thu, 23 Nov 2017 11:44:19 +0100
CommuniGate Pro Discussions <email@example.com>
Can we please get an official response from a CommuniGate Systems representative on how to interpret this change, respectively how a CGPro server will behave in the future?
For one, I don't see any expire date on our licence keys, only a month/year declaration on when the licesense was issued.
So I would just have to guess (issue date + 12 months, on the last day of this month?) when the validity period will be over and possibly shut down our servers?
Or does this change only limit the update rights to strictly one year after the purchase of a license?
As right now, the license seems to not only allow to update for at least one year, regardless of the CGPro (major) version, but also for unlimited time within the same major release of the CGPro software itself.
Tuesday, November 21, 2017, 2:34:43 PM, you wrote:
>> * IMPORTANT: the End User License Agreement has been modified.
> The License Keys are valid for 12 months. To extend the validity period by
> 12 months, the updated set of License Keys should be purchased before the
> end of the current validity period
> Say goodbye to your perpetual licenses.
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