text:
AND Data/Spec-pure text version
Navigation Shape format description v1.2
Copyright Notice
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AND Automotive Navigation Data
AND Automotive Navigation Data is leading provider of digital mapping data used for location-based services around the world. AND Automotive Navigation Data focuses on the development of digital maps in Central and Eastern Europe, North-Africa, Central and South America and Australia. The digital maps are used in personal and `in-car' navigation, Internet-based mapping, fleet management and more. The company employs approximately 250 employees. The company was founded in 1984, is headquartered in Rotterdam, the Netherlands and is listed on Euronext Amsterdam (AND). AND is found on the internet via www.and.com.
Revision history Date Version Remarks 23-Dec-05 v1.0 * Added functional road class Fc# in RD_OTHER field in Roads file * Added long haul Lh# in RD_OTHER field in Roads file * Added stub Links Stub# in RD_OTHER field in Roads file * Added house number ranges Hn# in RD_OTHER field in Roads file * Code page support Per country, a code page in Navigation Shape *.dbf files * Added synonyms exonyms Creation of Alias table * Added administrative boundaries Per country administrative boundaries are delivered * Added signpost information Creation of Signpost table * Added land use polygons Following land use polygons are added: - Beach, dune and plain sand - Built-up area - Cemetery - Forest, Woodland - Golf course - Industrial area - Moors and heath land - Park, garden 17-Jan-06 v1.1 Added types of boundary files Updating of field ND_TYPE (boundary files) 23-Feb-06 v1.2 Updated roads file Updating of field RD_FLOOR Updating of field RD_LEVEL
- 1 Locations file
- 2 Roads file
- 3 Maneuvers and Path index file (TUR, PTH)
- 4 Signpost index table and signpost file (SIT, SIP)
- 5 boundary files
- 6 Administrative division files
- 7 Alias format file
Locations file
Field AND descriptive name Format ID Description ND_1 ND_ID N8 Internal AND-ID ND_2 N2 0 Used for compatibility with AND format, always `0' ND_3 N2 0 Used for compatibility with AND format, always `0' ND_4 ND_TYPE N3 Node type 0 Standard node 1 Junction (exit) 2 Intersection 3 Border node 4 Directional information 5 Toll Booth Info 9 Level dead end, location other than a type 3 or 10-27 where a level may terminate 10 Capital City 11 Large city > 500,000 12 Medium city > 100,000 13 Small city > 50,000 14 Town > 20,000 15 Village > 5,000 16 Small village > 1,000 17 Tiny village < 1,000 19 Postal code point 20 Postal code area 21 Numbered town district (e.g. Dublin 4) 22 Town district > 100,000 23 Town district > 50,000 24 Town district > 20,000 25 Town district > 5,000 26 Town district > 1,000 27 Town district < 1,000 A town or village is upgraded (one or two types) if it is a national or regional centre. A village of type 17 is upgraded to type 16 if it has an own postal code. A village (type 16 or 17) is upgraded (one type) if it is important from a tourist point of view. 30 Railway station 36 Car/train terminal 40 Airport; no information available 41 Big international airport (>10,000 flights per year) 42 Medium international airport (400-10,000 flights per year) 43 Small international airport (<400 flights per year) 44 Heliport 45 Seaplane Base 46 Big national airport (>10,000 flights per year) 47 Medium national airport (400 - 10,000 flights per year) 48 Small national airport (<400 flights per year) 80 Rest area with at least parking and petrol station. 81 Rest area with parking only 82 Rest area with only parking and petrol station 83 Rest area with parking, petrol station and restaurant 84 Rest area with parking, petrol station, restaurant and hotel 85 Rest area with parking, restaurant and hotel ND_5 ND_NATION N3 Nation code (table is available _c.lst file) ND_6 ND_LEVEL N2 Connection level. The connection level of a node equals the level of the road on which it is situated (see Roads file) ND_7 ND_DELETED L For backward compatibility (0) ND_8 ND_ZIP C10 Postal code ND_9 ND_NAME C60 Name ND_10 ND_NAME_PREFIX C10 Name prefix, e.g. "la" ND_11 ND_NAME_SUFFIX C20 Name suffix, e.g. "bei Wien" or "plage" ND_12 ND_NAME_COMP C2 Compass direction (N, S, E, W, NE etc.) of ND_NAME ND_13 ND_CODE C10 Official code belonging to ND_NAME. Exit number Community code IATA airport code Etc. ND_14 ND_PROV N3 Province code (table is available _p.lst file) ND_15 ND_UN_PROV L Flag if province code is needed for unique making of ND_NAME ND_16 ND_UN_CITY C60 City name for unique making of ND_NAME ND_17 ND_UN_CITY_PREFIX C10 Prefix for ND_UN_CITY ND_18 ND_UN_CITY_SUFFIX C20 Suffix for ND_UN_CITY ND_19 ND_UN_CITY_PROV N3 Province code for unique making of ND_UN_CITY ND_20 ND_UN_CITY_COMP C2 Compass direction relative to ND_UN_CITY for unique making of ND_NAME ND_21 ND_CONURB C60 Name of conurbation to which suburb or town district belongs ND_22 ND_CONURB_PREFIX C10 Prefix for ND_CONURB ND_23 ND_CONURB_SUFFIX C20 Suffix for ND_CONURB ND_24 ND_CONURB_UN_PROV N3 Province code for unique making of ND_CONURB ND_25 ND_ID_PERMANENT N10 Permanent node ID, internal AND ND_26 ND_DBLINK C60 Field for client specific ID or ID's, e.g. ESRI = 123456 ND_27 ND_KM C30 Kilometres / Mileage ND_28 ND_TMC C60 TMC-code ND_29 ND_OTHER C60 For internal use
Roads file
Field AND descriptive name Format ID Description RD_1 RD_ID N8 ID of roads RD_2 N2 0 Used for compatibility with AND format, always `0' RD_3 RD_LENGTH N5 Road length in hectometers RD_4 RD_DIRECTION N1 Permitted Traffic Flow 0 Traffic allowed in both directions 1 Traffic allowed from RD_ID_FROM to RD_ID_TO 2 Traffic allowed from RD_ID_TO to RD_ID_FROM RD_5 RD_TYPE N2 Road classification 1 Motor way 2 Federal highway dual carriage way (motor way characteristics) 3 Federal highway 4 Regional road 5 Local road 6 Other road 7 Ferry (cars and cargo) 9 Train ferry (passenger and/or cargo) 30 Railway, passenger and/or freight transport 50 Link to airports, railway stations 58 Walking connection between Railway stations 59 Virtual connection. Used to connect features in the data that are not linked by any other defined features in the database RD_6 RD_NATION N3 Nation code (table is available _c.lst file) RD_7 RD_LEVEL N2 Connection level. The connection level of a road expresses the importance of that road. The general classification is as follows: 0 E-roads in Europe 1 Important national roads in such a way that all type 10 to 13 locations are connected. Scale 1 : 4,000,000 2 Secondary roads in such a way that all type 10 to 14 locations are connected. Scale 1 : 2,000,000 3 Through roads in such a way that all type 10 to 15 locations are connected. Scale 1 : 1,000,000 4 Local connector roads in such a way that all type 10 to 16 and 20 to 26 locations are connected. Scale 1 : 500,000 5 Other roads Scale 1 : 250,000 6 All other roads (streets) 10 All railways RD_8 RD_DELETED L AND Internal Code RD_9 RD_SLOW C1 C Slow road type (road within city limits) RD_10 RD_NAME C60 Road (street) name RD_11 RD_CODE_NAT1 C12 National road number RD_12 RD_CODE_NAT2 C12 National road number RD_13 RD_CODE_NAT3 C12 National road number RD_14 RD_CODE_INT1 C12 International road number RD_15 RD_CODE_INT2 C12 International road number RD_16 RD_CODE_INT3 C12 International road number RD_17 RD_TUNNEL L Tunnel flag RD_18 RD_TOLL L Toll flag RD_19 RD_TIME N5 Ferry journey time in minutes RD_20 RD_FLOOR N1 Relative height to a crossing feature 1 is below 2 is below 3 etc. 9 if relative height is unknown. RD_21 RD_TONNAGE N3 Tonnage admitted on ferry -1 Only passengers (ferries) Also used for pedestrian streets/ virtual connections 3 max. 3.5 metric tons 28 max. 28 metric tons 40 max. 40 metric tons 99 > 100 tons RD_22 RD_TOLL_CARGO L Toll (for trucks only) flag RD_23 RD_OTHER C60 Other Attributes: Sr#1 Slip road segment Rb#1 Roundabout segment Lb#1 Lay-by segment 4wd#1 Four wheel drive road segment Unsealed#1 Unsealed road segments Fc#[0-4] Functional road class 0 to 4 Lh#1 Long haul Stub#1 Stub link hn# Housenumber range L : left, direction from FNODE_ to TNODE_ R: right, direction from FNODE_ to TNODE_ E: even O: odd M: mixed e.g. hn#LE2-12#RO1-11 RD_24 RD_PROV N3 Province code (table is available _p.lst file) RD_25 RD_CITY_ID N11 City code of link (link to ND_ID) RD_26 RD_MUN_ID N11 Municipality code of link (table is available _m.dbf file) FNODE_ FNODE_ N12 From node ID of link TNODE_ TNODE_ N12 To node ID of link
Maneuvers and Path index file (TUR, PTH)
Maneuvers file *.TUR
No Field Format Values Description 1 ID N8 Maneuver ID 2 TYPE C60 Prohibited maneuver Prohibited maneuver only. Priority maneuver Bifurcation 3 BIFTYPE C60 Undefined Classification of the bifurcation type maneuver. Multi lane fork Simple fork Exit bifurcation
Path index file *.PTH
No Field Format Values Description 1 ID N8 Maneuver ID 2 SEQNR N1 Sequence number 3 TRPELID N8 Road element ID / Node ID, derived from Fnode_ or Tnode_ (refers to roads file : AND_ID of link).
Signpost index table and signpost file (SIT, SIP)
Signpost Index Table file *.SIT
No Field Format Values Description 1 ID N8 Signpost ID 2 SEQNR N1 Sequence Number 3 TREL ID N8 Roads ID (refers to Roads file: RD_ID) 4 TREL TYPE C60 Road Type (Road)
Signpost Table file *.SIP
No Field Format Values Description 1 ID N8 Signpost ID 2 JUNCTION ID N8 Road Node ID (derived from Fnode_ or Tnode_) 3 SEQNR1 N1 Sequence Number 4 SEQNR2 N1 Sequence Number 5 INFO TYPE C60 Information type 6 TEXT C60 Place name/Exit name 7 TEXT LANG C3 MARC Language code 8 CON TYPE N1 0 Undefined 1 Branch 2 Towards 3 Exit
boundary files
Field AND descriptive name Format ID Description ND_1 ND_ID N8 Internal AND Link ID ND_4 ND_TYPE N3 Region type 90 Land 91 Inner seas and huge lakes with major geographical referential impact 92 Very big river/lake and/or country separating river/lake 94 Province/department separating river/lake 95 Capital or Metropolis 96 Forest, Woodland 97 Other river/lake 98 Other city cities having population more than 5000 99 Airports (National and International) 100 Ocean, sea 101 City park, garden 102 Regional, national park 103 Small cities having population less than 5000 104 Cemeteries 105 Golf course 106 Beach, dune 107 Plain sand 108 Moors, heath land 109 Industrial area ND_5 ND_NATION N3 Nation code (table is available) ND_9 ND_NAME C60 Name ND_14 ND_PROVINCE N3 Province code (table is available).
Following administrative boundaries are delivered: <file name>_admin0.* Highest delivered administrative division. Equal to order 0 in GDF3.0 specification (country). <file name>_admin8.* Lowest delivered administrative division. Equal to order 8 in GDF3.0 specification. <file name>_admin[1..7].* Intermediate administrative division. Landuse boundaries: <file name>_a.* Airports (National and International) <file name>_b.* Beach, dune and plain sand <file name>_c.* City, built-up area <file name>_ce.* Cemetery <file name>_f.* Forest, woodland <file name>_gf.* Golf course <file name>_h.* Moors and heath land <file name>_i.* Island <file name>_in.* Industrial area <file name>_o.* Ocean/sea <file name>_pk.* Park, garden <file name>_w.* Water boundaries <file name>_w_maj.* or Major water boundaries <file name>_w_min.* or Minor water boundaries
Administrative division files
The level of the administrative division can vary from country to country but it is referred to as the province boundary layer in all cases, and is the most detailed level of administrative division supplied for each country.
Administrative divisions format
Associated with the province boundary layer, there are 4 comma-separated `*.lst' files: * *_p.lst (Province) * *_r.lst (Region) * *_s.lst (State) * *_c.lst (Country)
Administrative divisions in the data
The number of hierarchical divisions that occur is country-specific. All countries receive the lowest or most detailed administrative division - i.e. the Province'.
The term `Province' is used here and refers to the most detailed level of administrative division represented by AND within a country. Due to the large variation in use of this term between countries, it does not always indicate actual provinces as described within a country in its administrative hierarchy. The same is true for the terms `Region' and `State'.
Currently, a maximum of 3 administrative levels (below country level) exists in AND's Global Road Data. For the purpose of this document the most detailed level will be described as the `Province', the level above this as the `Region' and the one above this as the `State' division.
-------------------------------------------- | | | | Nation | | | | -------State-------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | Region | | | | | | | | Province | | | | | | --------------------------------------------
Figure 1: "Administrative Division Hierarchy in AND Data"
The provision of province, region, state and country information in the AND data varies between and within datasets as the following table illustrates:
Continent Province Information Region Information State Information Country Information Europe eur_p.lst eur_r.lst eur_s.lst eur_c.lst North America nam_p.lst nam_r.lst Not applicable nam_c.lst Central/South America sam_p.lst sam_r.lst Not applicable sam_c.lst Australasia as_p.lst as_r.lst Not applicable as_c.lst Africa af_p.lst af_r.lst Not applicable af_c.lst North Pole Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable np_c.lst
All `*.lst' files, except _c.lst, have a corresponding `*.num' file that give a total count of the administrative divisions per country.
The format of the `*.num' files is as follows:
Field Field name Description 1 Country number Same number as in *_c.lst 2 Division count Total number of administrative divisions 3 Division name Official administrative naming
Description of the *.lst files
Administrative boundary information in AND data is supplied as a graphical province boundary file and one or more accompanying `*.lst' files. The following tables describe the field structure of the `*.lst' files at each administrative level:
Field Province information 1 Nation code 2 Province code (AND assigned) 3 Province Abbreviation/code (Official) 4 Province Name 5 Official number (Germany only) 6 Region code 7 State code Field Region information 1 Nation code 2 Region code (AND assigned) 3 Region Abbreviation/code (Official) 4 Region Name Field State information 1 Nation code 2 State code (AND assigned) 3 State Abbreviation/code (Official) 4 State Name Field Country Information 1 Nation code 2 Nation Abbreviation/code (Official) 3 Nation Name
Apart from the <dataset>_c.lst file at country level, the province or `<dataset>_p.lst' file is the only file that can be directly associated with the graphical province boundaries. The boundaries contain a province code attribute a six digit figure comprising the nation code (first 3 digits) and province code (last three digits) combined. This can be used to match the boundaries to their corresponding entry in the <dataset>_p.lst file.
Example : Europe_p.lst
Image innertext to be converted to a the corresponing figure: "....`044003' province code will appear in the AND province boundary data (graphical). The nation code field and the province code field combined from the <dataset>_p.lst file form the unique identifier for all province boundaries in the AND boundary data. ...AND Province Boundary Data (Graphical) ...<dataset>_p.lst ...NATION CODE... PROVINCE CODE ..."044003" ..."044004" ..."
Figure 2: Link between graphical province boundaries and <dataset>_p.lst file
The <dataset>_r.lst file and <dataset>_s.lst file are not directly linked with the graphical data. Instead they provide extra information on the region or state in which each province resides. The associated region and state for each province is identified in a `region code' and `state code' field in the <dataset>_p.lst file. The process by which region or state information can be retrieved and linked to the graphical data is described in the next section.
Linking and mapping all administrative data
The country or <dataset>_c.lst file can be linked to all other *.lst files as follows:
Figure 3 to be placed here!!!!
Figure 3: Linking the <dataset>_c.lst file with other *.lst files
This allows the nation abbreviation and name to be linked to all levels of administrative division. Because the AND province boundary data is only directly linked to the <dataset>_c.lst and <dataset>_p.lst files, it is necessary for links to exist between the <dataset>_p.lst file, the <dataset>_r.lst and <dataset>_s.lst. This allows all information in all *.lst files to be mapped to the province boundaries. The links are as follows:
Figure 4 to be placed here!!!!
Figure 4: Linking the <dataset>_p.lst file with other* .lst files
Example of administrative division mapping
The following example shows how these links can be used to map all administrative information to the province boundary layer.
In Switzerland, there are 2 hierarchical administrative divisions (below Country) province and region. There is the AND province boundary data, a <dataset>_p.lst file, a <dataset>_r.lst file and a <dataset>_c.lst file.
Figure 5a to be placed here!!!!
Figure 5a: Graphical Representation of Province Boundaries in AND GRD
Each province in the AND province boundary data has a 6 digit code. This can be used to link information from the <dataset>_p.lst file. Once this record has been identified, further information in the `region code' and `state code' fields can be used to link the <dataset>_r.lst file and <dataset>_s.lst file to the map.
Figure 5b to be placed here!!!!
Figure 5b: eur_p.lst file
Figure 5c to be placed here!!!!
Figure 5c: eur_r.lst file
Figure 5d to be placed here!!!!
Figure 5d: eur_c.lst file
Mapping Administrative Information using *.lst file links
Using the links between the *.lst file, the province boundaries can then display the following information:
Figure 6 to be placed here!!!!
"Ticino ... Tessin ... Switzerland"
Figure 6: AND Province Boundary display with associated administrative division information
Alias format file
The purpose of the alias file is to provide alternative names for named nodes addressable on the administrative level (e.g. cities). The names are stored in a *.csv format using the following structure: Field Field name Description 1 Xlong Longitude in decimal degrees 2 Ylat Latitude in decimal degrees 3 Mode Always `V' corresponding to "alias name" 4 Lang1-Lang2 The language codes refer to the USMARC Code list for languages 5 Name1 Official language name 6 Name2 Alternative name


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Frequent Links
Orthodox Christianity
|Part of a series on
|Eastern Christianity
|Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)
Liturgy and worship
Orthodox Christianity is a collective term for the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy.[dubious ] The adjectives "Eastern" and "Oriental" are used by outsiders to differentiate the two groups; the adherents of each group call their own group simply "Orthodox Christians".[1] Each of these two branches of Christianity uses the term "orthodoxy" (from Greek: orthos + doxa, meaning correct opinion)[2][3][4][5] to express its belief that it has a historically unbroken connection to the early Christian church in doctrine, faith, and liturgical practice. The two groups have been divided by their disagreements since the Council of Chalcedon (451), and are not in communion with each other,[6] but they maintain many identical doctrines, similar Church structures, and similar worship practices. There have been a number of recent talks aimed at reunification,[citation needed] and a great deal of agreement has been reached, but no concrete steps have been taken towards formal unity as yet.
Orthodox Churches in Slavic-language countries (Ukraine, Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro etc.) use a word derived from Old Church Slavonic, Правосла́вiѥ (pravosláviye) which translates into modern Russian as "правоверующий" ("right believing") or "правомыслящий" ("true-minded").[7]
Both the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy use (with a small difference in plural/singular form of the verbs "we believe", "we confess", "we await") the original of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, a modification by the First Council of Constantinople in 381 of the original Nicene Creed of 325.[8][9] In contrast, the Latin branch of the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches of western Christianity add the phrases "and the Son" and "God from God",[citation needed] and the Armenian Apostolic Church has many more additions.[clarification needed][10] The addition of "and the Son" was (along with the Papal supremacy and some other questions) one of the causes for the East–West Schism formalized in 1054 by simultaneous proclamations of "Anathema" by the Bishop of Rome (Pope) in the West and the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox Church (Patriarch) in the East.
Both Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy recognize Ecumenical councils as the highest authority on matters of faith, worship, and Church organization,[citation needed] but they disagree on the number of councils they consider to be Ecumenical. The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes seven Ecumenical councils, while Oriental Orthodoxy recognizes only the first three.
The Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy are both organized along similar lines. All bishops are considered to be sacramentally equal, no bishop holds any more spiritual authority than any other[citation needed] (thus, no single bishop is infallible), and a bishop cannot interfere with other dioceses that are not under his own jurisdiction for the purpose of making practical administrative decisions regarding the day-to-day business of the Church[citation needed] - but not for the purpose of deciding matters of faith - the bishops in a large geographical area are gathered together in a Holy Synod, presided by a head bishop (who carries a special title that varies from place to place). In most cases, the area under the administration of a Holy Synod corresponds to the territory of a nation-state, as under the Roman Empire it largely corresponded to the civil divisions of the empire, but this is not always the case. Each major Holy Synod is autocephalous, meaning that it is independent of the other Holy Synods and does not answer to them except in cases of heresy. Thus, both the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy are organized according to a federal structure and have no globally centralized leadership of a single bishop with authority over all churches, as in Roman Catholicism. This is one of the distinctive features of Orthodox Christianity, to such a degree that some dictionaries define an "Orthodox Church" as a Christian organization "not accepting the authority of the Pope of Rome, and using elaborate and archaic forms of service".[11]
Although both Eastern Orthodoxy and the Oriental Orthodoxy are decentralized for administrative purposes, they take different approaches to liturgical diversity. The Eastern Orthodox exhibit great uniformity in their worship, with Eastern Orthodox churches in different countries being identical in most respects except for the language they use.[citation needed] The Oriental Orthodox in different countries, on the other hand, use different liturgies, prayers, and other forms of worship. For this reason, Eastern Orthodoxy is called a Church, but Oriental Orthodoxy is called a family of Churches.
The legalism and political power that has shaped Catholicism, as well as the total authority of the Pope, contrasts with the Orthodox Church, who keep the doctrine that their Faith is "not of this world."
The Orthodox believe that among the five Patriarchs and Patriarchates of the Pentarchy (i.e., Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem), a "primacy of honor", not of supremacy, waits for Rome,[12] so that, if the Pope were to return to the Church, he would become "first among equals". When in 2006 the annual publication Annuario Pontificio omitted "Patriarch of the West" from the list of titles of the Pope, some interpreted it as "a rejection of attempts to impose Eastern concepts upon the ecclesiology of the Catholic Church".[13] The Roman Catholic Church affirms the validity of the expression "sister Churches" as applicable to relations between the see of Rome and the Orthodox sees.[14]
The Roman Catholic Church believes that papal supremacy was implied by Jesus, in passage such as John 21:15–17 ("Feed my sheep") and Matthew 16:13-19:
He asked his disciples, "Who do people say that the Son of Man is?" And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." And Jesus answered him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
In contrast, the Orthodox understand Christ's words as referring to all apostles, and His promise as an inheritance to all who confess the same belief. More specifically, they understand Jesus to be addressing Peter's faith (his confession of belief) as being the Rock upon which His Church would be built. This is allegedly shown by the fact that the original Greek uses the feminine demonstrative pronoun when he says "upon this rock" (ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ); whereas, grammatically, if Jesus had been referring to Peter, he would have used the masculine.[15][verification needed] Therefore, in the Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, Papal supremacy and infallibility are considered to be human inventions, rather than stemming from a declaration by Christ.
Orthodox Christianity originated in the Eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor and the Middle East, particularly in those lands which used to belong to the Byzantine Empire, but going as far south as Ethiopia and as far northeast as Armenia. Today, Orthodox populations remain in the Middle East, but their numbers are relatively small. The Eastern Orthodox Church - the larger of the two Orthodox groups - has become the second largest Christian communion in the world (after Roman Catholicism), and it is mainly concentrated in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Greece. Significant numbers of believers also live in Syria and Lebanon. Meanwhile, Oriental Orthodoxy has remained the dominant religion of Ethiopia and Armenia, two of its ancient heartlands. Large numbers of Oriental Orthodox believers also live in Egypt and India.
The country with the greatest number of Eastern Orthodox Christians is Russia, and the country with the greatest number of Oriental Orthodox Christians is Ethiopia.
The term "Western Orthodox" is applied to groups of Orthodox Christians in the diaspora who, with the consent of their bishops, use a Western rite, and often a Western calendar. This movement is analogous to that of Eastern Catholic Churches, though it is smaller and more recent, and not organized along national lines.[citation needed]
The term Oriental Orthodoxy is used to refer to non-Chalcedonian eastern Christians. This is in contrast to members of the Eastern Orthodox Church, who accept the Council of Chalcedon (See Ecumenical Councils) and generally worship according to the Byzantine Rite. Those identified as Oriental Orthodox have traditionally been mistaken as Monophysites, in actual fact they are Miaphysites. They are found in Egypt, Ethiopia, some parts of Syria, Iraq and Iran, Armenia, and southern India in Kerala State. They accept only the first three of the ecumenical councils.
Since the early twentieth century, some rapproachment has taken place between these and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, particularly in Syria. Dialogue among the groups' representatives has resulted in statements that their longstanding differences have been of phraseology all along, and a simple misunderstanding by each side of what each church represents. Eastern Orthodox leaders do not find this entirely satisfactory. In addition, they hold that it is not within any (national) Church's competence to use a General Holy Synod to bring about communion with a group, such as any of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, that had been anathematized by the Church as a whole. Such Eastern Orthodox Christians hold that it would take another Great and Holy Council of every Eastern Orthodox bishop together to reverse the Anathema. Needless to say, the convening of such a Council presents a considerable obstacle.[citation needed]
Since the Second Vatican Council (1962-5), changes in the Roman Catholic Church have led to a gradual "rapprochement" between Catholic Rome and Orthodoxy at the official level. The institutions' simultaneous revocations of the anathemas of 1054 were a gesture toward "restoring mutual trust" and a recognition that there is "a vast area of common ground that the two sides share." Regarding dogma, the Orthodox often believe that:
"Latin scholastic theology makes too much use of legal concepts, and relies too heavily on rational categories and syllogistic argumentation, while the Catholics for their part have frequently found the more mystical approach of Orthodoxy too vague and ill-defined." There are also "psychological barriers [in Eastern Europe] that need to be overcome."[16]For example, in 2008, Patriarch Alexi of All Russia complained about the presence of Catholic clerics and missionaries in Russia, noting, "If they consider Orthodoxy to have just as much the grace of God and salvation as Catholicism, then what is the point of persistent attempts to convert people to the other faith?"[17] The Russian Church, for example, in a gesture of good will, does not demand that Roman Catholics "receive Chrismation" when they convert to Orthodoxy, but allows a simple profession of faith ("though Anglican and other Protestants are always received by Chrismation").[18]
The longstanding Christian institutions described above consider developments in Christianity since the nineteenth century to be unorthodox in the strongest possible sense (or cults). They include within that category Unitarians, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Jehovah's Witnesses, and some of the more radical forms of Liberal Christianity.
Each of the major ecclesiastical communities continues to evaluate and grapple with issues that it believes are estrangements or refinements of perceived orthodoxy. For example, the Roman See often issues recommendations as to what worship practices it considers orthodox so as to curb excesses or deficiencies by its prelates. Some evangelicals are pursuing innovations that more conservative evangelicals consider unorthodox. The latter refer to the changes as "neo-evangelical", "neo-pentecostal," or "fringe Charismatic."
Differences between Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy
Both branches of Orthodox Christianity, together with what is now the Roman Catholic Church, were united and single until the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, after which they were divided by their theological interpretations of the Christ (dyophysite versus miaphysite). The Council, assembled at Chalcedon, not only dealt with the Christogical views of Eutyches but also with Dioscorus' views and earlier behaviour. On the insistence of the Roman legates, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria was denied a place among the council fathers. When Pope Dioscorus argued for the adoption of the formula "one incarnate nature of God the Word" and several bishops equated this with the views of Eutyches, Pope Dioscuros tried to clarify his point that "We do not speak of confusion, neither of division, nor of change." Dioscorus stated that he did not accept "two natures after the union" but he had no objection to "from two natures after the union." The Council of Chalcedon decided that Jesus exists "in two natures", one human and one divine, and that "both natures concur in one person and in one reality [hypostasis]. They are not divided or cut into two persons, but are together the one and only and only-begotten Word, God, the Lord Jesus Christ."[19] The Council of Chalcedon thus declared that Christ is one person in two natures "of one substance with the Father according to his divinity, of one substance with us according to his humanity ... in two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation."[20] This represents the dyophysite view of the Christ.
The majority of the world's Christians at the time - specifically, the patriarchates of Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, and parts of the patriarchates of Antioch and Alexandria - accepted the Council of Chalcedon as Ecumenical, and therefore also accepted its decision to endorse the dyophysite view of the Christ as part of Christian doctrine. These are known as Chalcedonian Christians, and they are the origin of today's Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.[21] The split between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics occurred much later, in the 11th century, but it is widely regarded by the Eastern Orthodox as representing a more severe break than the one resulting from Chalcedon (thus, Eastern Orthodox Christians consider themselves much closer to Oriental Orthodoxy than to Roman Catholicism).
Over a number of decades following AD 451, a significant minority of the world's Christians refused to accept the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, affirming instead the miaphysite view of the Christ. They are known as non-Chalcedonian or pre-Chalcedonian Christians. They represented most of the faithful of the patriarchate of Alexandria (Egypt, Eritrea, and Ethiopia), a large part of the patriarchate of Antioch (Syria), and the entire Church in Armenia. The Christians in India at the time also embraced the miaphysite view when they became aware of the controversy. Collectively, the non-Chalcedonians came to be known as Oriental Orthodox Churches.[20][22][23]
Dialogues aimed at achieving full communion between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox are in progress, with the hope of overcoming the schism that still divides them.[24][25][26] These dialogues have led to a large measure of agreement,[27][28] and the lifting of anathemas and condemnations of the past, the Greek Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches agreed to recognise each other's sacraments of Baptism and Marriage but have not yet reached full normal communion.[24][25][26]
The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the Byzantine Rite liturgy almost exclusively, celebrating it in different languages.[29] The only exceptions to this are a small number of Western Rite parishes, which have adapted or specially composed liturgies based on Latin liturgical rites. The Oriental Orthodox Churches, on the contrary, use a great variety of liturgical rites.[30]
Some churches of the Eastern Orthodox tradition are not in communion with the general body, usually because of disputes about the use of the Julian calendar and ecumenism, but in some cases because of political problems. There is also one such case in Oriental Orthodoxy, namely that of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church in India.
See also
- Council of Chalcedon
- Early Christianity
- Eastern Christianity
- East-West Schism
- List of Orthodox Churches
- Proto-orthodox Christianity
- Western Rite Orthodoxy
- ^ Eastern Orthodoxy and 'Oriental Orthodoxy'"
- ^ Oxford Dictionaries
- ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- ^ Collins English Dictionary
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "orthodox (religious doctrine)"
- ^ "The Oriental Orthodox churches, along with those of the Byzantine tradition or Eastern Orthodox, belong to the larger family of the Orthodox churches. The two groups are not in communion with each other" (Orthodox churches (Oriental)
- ^ Дьяченко (D'yachenko), Протоиерей Григорий (Archpriest Gregory) (1993), Полный церковно-славянский словарь (Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary", Moscow: Издательский отдел Московского Патриархата (Publishing Department of the Moscow Patriarchate), ISBN 5-87301-068-4
- ^ Archimandrite Nektarios Serfes. What Is The Orthodox Church
- ^ Nicene Creed (Armenian Apostolic Church); The Coptic Orthodox Church: Our Creed (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria); Nicene Creed (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church); The Nicene Creed (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church); The Nicene Creed (Syriac Orthodox Church).
- ^ Text in Armenian, with transliteration and English translation
- ^ "Definition of Orthodox Church". Oxford dictionaries online. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ^ Timothy Wise, Orthodoxy (London: Penguin Books, 1993), 27.
- ^ Allen Jr, John L. (10 March 2006). "Pope sets aside a title". National Catholic Reporter (Vol. 5, No. 27). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Sister Churches: The Doctrinal Congregation's Note" The Tablet, 9 September 2000, p. 29
- ^ Holy Apostles Convent (1999) The Orthodox New Testament, Vol. I: The Holy Gospels (Dormition Skete, Buena Vista CO, ISBN 0-944359-13-2) p. 105
- ^ Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church (London: Penguin, 1993), 314-315.
- ^ Ronald Roberson, "Russian Steps to unity," The Tablet, 13 December 2008, 15.
- ^ Ware (1993), 279.
- ^ Definition concerning the two natures of Christ
- ^ a b J. Martin Bailey. Who are the Christians in the Middle East? (Eerdmans 2003), p. 66
- ^ Ronald G. Roberson, The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey, p. 5
- ^ James Leslie Houlden, Jesus in History, Thought and Culture: An Encyclopedia, volume 1, p. 666
- ^ Thomas E. Fitzgerald, The Ecumenical Movement: An Introductory History, p. 56]
- ^ a b Pastoral Agreement between the Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Patriarchates of Alexandria (2001)
- ^ a b Frequently Asked Questions About the Oriental Orthodox
- ^ a b The Coptic Orthodox Church
- ^ Growth in Agreement II, by Jeffrey Gros, Harding Meyer, William G. Rusch (Eerdmans Publishing, 2000 ISBN 978-2-8254-1329-6) chapter VIII: Eastern Orthodox-Oriental Orthodox Dialogue
- ^ Texts of the Agreed Statements of the Joint Commission
- ^ "The Orthodox all the world over must follow the Rite of Constantinople. In this unjustifiable centralization we have a defiance of the old principle, since Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Cyprus, in no way belong to the Byzantine Patriarchate" (Adrian Fortescue, Rites).
- ^ "There are three Ethiopic liturgies all addressed to the Son. In Syria itself the Monophysite Second Liturgy of S. Peter ... (is) directed to the Son, as is part of the eucharistic prayer of the Syriac St James itself, which is followed in this by nearly all the sixty or seventy lesser Syriac liturgies" (The Shape of the Liturgy, by Gregory Dix, published by Continuum, 2005, page 180). The Coptic Church uses the Liturgy of St Cyril, the Liturgy of St Gregory the Theologian, and the Coptic Liturgy of St Basil. In Ethiopia, the most commonly used liturgy is the Ethiopian Orthodox Liturgy of the Apostles.
Further reading
- Rose, Seraphim, hieromonk. Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future. Rev. ed. Platina, Calif.: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1979, t.p. 1990. x, 242 p. ISBN 9781887904001

subset: commoncrawl


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WATCH: Wisconsin Democratic state senators tell PCCC members they will not back down!
There's a lot of pressure on these senators to give in, but thousands of people have donated to show we stand in solidarity with them as they keep fighting!
Can you chip in $14 to support these bold senators? That's $1 for each senator.
(You can also help the PCCC continue our effective national work by donating via PayPal or credit card below -- or you can donate by mail.)
Paid for by ActBlue (actblue.com) and not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee.
Contributions or gifts to ActBlue are not deductible as charitable contributions for Federal income tax purposes.


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Easy Guide to OSHA.gov Website
The OSHA.gov website offers a wealth of information that covers everything you need to know about safety standards and training, compliance duties, as well as OSHA's responsibility in upholding the highest standards of workplace safety and health across all US industries. Found below are links (in blue) to popular pages on the OSHA.gov website and a brief description of each page.
Note that 360training.com and OSHAcampus.com are merely an OSHA authorized training provider and that we are not affiliated with the OSHA or the OSHA.gov website. As a training provider, we regularly use the said OSHA websites for reference and recommend it as a guide to our trainees. Kindly direct your inquiries to OSHA should you need further information on safety practices and regulations.
OSHA.gov Home Page
The OSHA official home page features the latest news, statistical reports and links to helpful information on occupational safety and safety training.
OSHA Outreach
The OSHA Outreach training programs are voluntary programs that cater to entry level workers and site managers of the construction, maritime, disaster site and general industries. This page provides an overview of what to expect from the OSHA outreach training program, program requirements for trainers and industry procedures and links to relevant resources.
OSHA 10 & 30 Hour Construction Industry Training
The OSHA 10 or OSHA 30 hour construction industry training course may come in handy for people who work in construction. OSHA has established the guidelines for the training, but does not provide the training itself.
OSHA 10 & 30 Hour General Industry Training
This link provides a quick background on why safety training is crucial to the general industries, which cover all industries except agriculture, maritime and construction. http://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/generalindustry/index.html
OSHA Regulations
A comprehensive library of OSHA standards, rules and regulations implemented for recordkeeping and preserving workplace health and safety in a wide variety of industries.
Worker's Rights
This page elaborates on workers' rights to a safe workplace. The page contains information about the OSHA Act, employer's responsibilities, safety measures and how to file a complaint against employers who do not observe OSHA standards of safety.
Injury and Illness Prevention Programs
Empower your business by gaining access to OSHA's tools and guides for designing injury and illness prevention programs for your workplace.
Top Ten Most Frequently Cited Violations
Found in this page are links to top ten violations against OSHA standards that employers should watch out for.
This page provides users access to a web submission form where they can send error reports of the technical difficulties they've encountered on the site.
Contact details for reaching OSHA are also posted on the page for workers who would like to file a complaint or request an inspection of their workplace. Get a quick answer to your workplace safety and health questions or log an emergency report by calling the OSHA toll free number: 800-321-OSHA (6742).


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Clint Eastwood adds glamour to Republican convention
Aug. 30 - 'Dirty Harry' star Clint Eastwood was a surprise addition to the lineup at the Republican National Convention in Tampa.
Cheers and applause as Clint Eastwood took the stage to warm up the crowd on one of the Republican party's biggest nights. In his speech, the "Dirty Harry" star addressed President Obama directly. SOUNDBITE: Actor Clint Eastwood saying: "But I think it's maybe time, what do you think for maybe a businessman--How about that? A stellar businessman quote unquote a stellar businessman. And I think it's that time and I think if you just kind of stepped aside and Mr. Romney could takeover. You could still use the plane, though maybe a smaller one not that big gas guzzler." The "Dirty Harry" star was a surprise last minute addition to the lineup. SOUNDBITE: Actor Clint Eastwood saying: "When someone isn't doing the job, it's time for them to go." The Academy Award-winning director and actor endorsed Romney earlier this month.


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"Kansas needs Pat Roberts, now more than ever," said Governor Sam Brownback. "He is our champion, our senior statesman, our Senator. I am honored to be on Pat's team."
"No one fights for Kansas and Kansans harder or more effectively than Pat Roberts," said U.S. Senator Jerry Moran. "I am honored to be on Pat's team and look forward to continuing our work together to put Kansas first."
Elected Republican leaders from across the state on the honorary committee are:
- First District Representative Tim Huelskamp
- Second District Representative Lynn Jenkins
- Third District Representative Kevin Yoder
- Fourth District Representative Mike Pompeo
- Lieutenant Governor Jeff Colyer
- Secretary of State Kris Kobach
- Attorney General Derek Schmidt
- State Treasurer Ron Estes
"I am proud to endorse Senator Pat Roberts for re-election to the United States Senate," said Congressman Tim Huelskamp. "Pat Roberts embodies Kansas with his determination to fight for our state at every turn. We need Pat's toughness in the Senate to fight Barack Obama's liberal agenda. I fully support my mentor and friend, Pat Roberts, for re-election to the United States Senate."
"Senator Roberts continues to be a powerful and effective voice for Kansans in the U.S. Senate," said Congresswoman Lynn Jenkins. "When he speaks for us, Washington listens."
"Senator Roberts continues to fight for our Kansas values," Congressman Yoder said. "Kansans need Senator Roberts' leadership in the United States Senate now more than ever to stand strong against a liberal agenda that spends too much, raises taxes and never balances a budget. Senator Roberts has shown he can deliver for Kansas, and I'm honored to support his campaign for re-election."
"I'm excited to serve as an honorary member of Senator Roberts' campaign for re-election," said Congressman Mike Pompeo. "Senator Roberts has been a strong advocate for Kansans, providing leadership and experience to a Congress that badly needs more of it. Here's to another six years."
"It is an honor to have the support of my colleagues all across the state and federal levels," Roberts said. "We have a strong team for Kansas, and together we send a powerful message to liberal Democrat special interests that our united front is unbeatable."
Pat Roberts, from Dodge City, is the Senior U.S. Senator from Kansas. Roberts' successful 2008 campaign has been widely credited as the foundation for the increase in Republican registration in Kansas. That historic momentum was built upon with the leadership of Governor Sam Brownback during the 2010 Clean Sweep victories and continued in 2012 as Republicans across Kansas are enthused about a bright future for Kansas and America.


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Swimming Gear
Swimming Gear & Accessories
Endurance House offers a great selection of swimsuits & swimming gear in Norwalk, CT.
We carry swimsuits, swimming gear, wetsuits, goggles, much more!
We carry popular brands like: Speedo, TYR, and Aquasphere!
Endurance House also offers wetsuit demos for your next triathlon or open water swim race!


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Reluctant sale of my tax free 1973 microbus imported from Montana. "Hannah" was imported by Graham of FBI VW, named by my daughters and has been mine for 2 years. Last month I had her MOT'd and she passed without any advisories, Hannah is now registered and is road tax Free! In that time I have carried out the following work.
New ball joints, tie and steering rods.
New CV boot kits.
New discs and drums
New complete cable set
New brake slave cylinders
New brake rebuild kits
New brake flexi hoses
New steering damper
New suspension dampers x4
New Webber Carburetor
New Electronic ignition
New fuel pipes
Engine sourced by FBI VW and installed, this is registered on the V5C
Full engine service including plugs, leads, oil, filter and tappet setup.
I'm sure there is more, but these are the things I can remember
When I got Hannah, I had a good look over her and realized all of her metalwork was original .,Apart from a few dings here and there, Hannah is straight and complete, because of this all paintwork has been flatted off with wet and dry to remove impurities, then clear coated to show off her lovely patina. This is mainly paint fading and there are no rust through issues to talk of plus the sides are pretty straight. The underside was cleaned, inspected then coated in high-density zinc primer, then coated with Schultz black. I have included a pic of the underside, taken at the MOT station last month. The tester said he had never seen one as clean underneath. The engine starts first time, every time and runs without skipping a beat. The ride is surprisingly tight and responsive for a 44-year-old van, due to all the steering being properly overhauled. Brakes are good too! I have been restoring air cooled VWs for the past 15 years and this one is by far the most original and whole I have had.
This van is completely sorted and only needs a camping interior. I am selling to make space for my Mk1 cab in my garage. Any inspection is welcome.
Hannah has free historic tax and is located in Houghton le spring between Sunderland and Durham.
I am asking a realistic price of £9000 for a usable, sorted bus. I am happy to chat about her with anyone interested. I will PM my phone number if that makes things easier.


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The burning inferno of what used to be a Chevron Corp. natural gas rig still stains the night's sky orange more than two weeks after the rig caught fire, and no one can say when it will end as swarms of dead fish surface.
The environmental damage is hitting a region whose poor still rely on the delta's muddy waters for survival. A nearby clinic remains overrun with patients who are showing up with skin irritations and gastrointestinal problems.
Rainforest Action Network uses people power to challenge business as usual.
Optional email code


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MicroTouch Switchblade Reviews
MicroTouch SwitchBlade is an "As Seen on TV" 2-in-1 hair trimmer that's claimed to be powerful enough to trim all over, while gentle enough for sensitive skin.
About MicroTouch Switchblade
Endorsed by Brett Favre, MicroTouch SwitchBlade claims to be a 2-in-1 trimmer that features lighted mini and full-size trimmers to help you groom your entire body from head to toe, including sideburns, mustaches, beards, eyebrows, ear hair, neck hair, and anywhere else.
In order to accomplish this, MicroTouch SwitchBlade is claimed to feature precision snap-on guides for superior control, while remaining powerful enough for the tough stuff, yet gentle enough for sensitive skin.
If you've ever purchased an "As Seen on TV" product before, you probably understand why they often come with lower-than-average reputations, which is why you're here at HighYa (smart move!). But is the MicroTouch SwitchBlade any different, or just more of the same? Consider the following:
Similar Options to MicroTouch SwitchBlade
As we've mentioned many times in the past, "As Seen on TV" manufacturers often make relatively mundane products seem like something revolutionary, and the MicroTouch SwitchBlade appears to be no different. But why?
Because as it turns out, there are hundreds (perhaps even thousands) of similar products available online and at retailers near you. To see for yourself, simply type the phrase "full body hair trimmers" or "full body hair groomers" into your favorite search engine.
On top of this, many of these options are less expensive than the MicroTouch SwitchBlade, especially considering the high, non-refundable S&H charges, which we'll talk more about in the Pricing section.
How Well Can You Expect MicroTouch SwitchBlade to Work?
While we didn't try the MicroTouch SwitchBlade ourselves, and we'll discuss online customer reviews in the next section, it's important to keep your expectations realistic about its performance. This might be especially important given the fact that in the trimmer's commercial, Brett Favre goes from looking like a backwoods lumberjack to a city slicker in no time flat.
However, this was almost certainly accomplished using much more than just the MicroTouch SwitchBlade (tools such as scissors and traditional razors, as well as the services of a professional stylist). As such, if you think that the MicroTouch SwitchBlade is the only device you'll need to clean up as much as Brett did, you might be sorely disappointed.
MicroTouch SwitchBlade Customer Reviews
Since writing our original MicroTouch SwitchBlade review, 4 HighYa readers have provided feedback about MicroTouch SwitchBlade and have given it an average rating of 1.5 stars. Here, common complaints appear to revolve around inflated S&H charges (more about this next), poor quality, and failure to work as advertised (not enough power to cut hair).
There were also 107 Amazon customer reviews for MicroTouch SwitchBlade at the time of our research, with an average rating of 2.8 stars. There, common complaints appeared to mirror those found here on HighYa.
Important note: Many of MicroTouch SwitchBlade's Amazon reviews came from accounts where 1) this was their only review, 2) most of the account's reviews were posted on the same day, or 3) all their reviews were very similar. As we've learned from experience, these are often indications that they may be fake.
MicroTouch SwitchBlade also had 2 reviews on BedBathAndBeyond.com and 5 reviews on Walmart.com, all of which were negative and referenced many of the same complaints noted above.
From a company perspective, MicroTouch SwitchBlade is manufactured by IdeaVillage Products Corp based out of Wayne, NJ, one of the larger players within the "As Seen on TV" industry. As such, the company makes a variety of other hair-based ASOTV products, including the Yes! by Finishing Touch, Micro Touch One Razor, and Micro Touch Tough Blade.
Compared to the MicroTouch SwitchBlade, these products have a slightly higher ratings, although they all come with nearly identical complaints.
MicroTouch SwitchBlade Pricing & Refund Policy
MicroTouch SwitchBlade is priced at $19.99 plus $7.99 S&H, and includes 3 precision snap-on guides. You'll also be required to purchase a 10-piece grooming kit for an additional $6.99 S&H, bringing your total to $34.97.
All MicroTouch SwitchBlade orders come with a 30-day refund policy, less S&H charges. Ultimately, this means you'll end up losing almost as much in S&H charges than you'll receive as a refund if you're dissatisfied. Note: Want to avoid this? Skip ahead to the final section.
With this said, in order to request a refund, you'll need to contact customer service at 866-518-6139.
Should MicroTouch SwitchBlade Be Your Hair Trimmer?
Chopping to the point: Considering that MicroTouch SwitchBlade appears to have a mostly negative online customer reputation, as well as the fact that it comes with high, non-refundable S&H charges, we might recommend purchasing the 2-in-1 hair trimmer from a local retailer such as Bed Bath & Beyond, Kmart, Sears, Walgreens, Rite Aid, and many more.
This way, you might save yourself a goof chunk of change and make the overall return process easier if you're not pleased with its performance.
Totally a gimmick
I ordered the item online. It took a while to get. It was broken from the start and would not turn on. They answered emails but to no help. They wanted me to take pictures of the item and send them. It was out of the box, nothing to show. They did not want the piece of junk back and offered $5.00. I refused and they offered $8.00 or pay freight to return. The return address was to CHINA! I decided to take the $8.00. To this day I have received no return for approximately one month. Do not buy, this is a rip-off.
Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend
7 out 9 people found this review helpful
This is just awful.
This product is unsavory and doesn't work the way it should. Seriously, it runs off of batteries. Don't expect much. I would have better luck with a lawn mower. It's made of horrid cheap plastic and has a dirty 1989 business/caveman on the box.
Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend
3 out 3 people found this review helpful
I was stupid
By the time I discovered a second shipping & handling charge for the "bonus" I knew I shouldn't buy this thing. When I was then presented with another choice to pay an additional amount to receive it within a reasonable time I knew for sure, but I proceeded through the checkout knowing I was making a bad choice.
When I received a call a day or two later with some additional scam, any doubts I had were removed.
It finally arrived 8 or 9 days later and my suspicions were confirmed. It is very poorly manufactured and lacks the power to perform well. The "bonus tools" are a joke. If I didn't need them to remind me of my lesson they would have gone straight to the trash.
Ironically, I saw one advertised at Fry Electronics this morning for $7.95 total.
Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend
5 out 5 people found this review helpful
get it lower
Go to office depot and you can get it for $19.99 without paying for s and h; don't fall for free bonus - they are just small nothings which you have all at home like nail clipper and file; toothbrush, comb and the like. the product is good if you are not too hairy.
Bottom Line: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
10 out 11 people found this review helpful
Piece of JUNK!
I opened the package and basically thought it was a joke. Lightweight, cheap plastic. Barely enough power to cut a single strand of hair. This is a SCAM!
Bottom Line: No, I would not recommend this to a friend


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Whatknotgirls is a brand new blog with handmade crafts from my daughter and I, sharing a love of crafting given to us by my mom. We make what we love, with love.
Congratulations on the quilt feature. The butterfly quilt is so cute : )
Thanks for stopping by, we hope you'll take a minute to day "hi", we love comments!


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Ebola Preparedness for the U.S. Health Care System
ASPR and CDC have developed a Detailed Hospital Checklist for Ebola Preparedness to highlight activities that all hospitals can take to prepare for the possibility of a patient exposed to Ebola arriving for medical care. This webinar is especially for hospital emergency managers, infection control officers, hospital leadership, and clinical staff. The checklist provides practical and specific suggestions to ensure your hospital is able to detect possible Ebola cases, protect your employees, and respond appropriately.Launch


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> Hi Joseph, > > please add IAIK's implementation. > > I will give you a report what our implementation is conform with at the > end of next week. Joseph, Please fill in a "Y" in all fields of the matrix, with the following constraints: * Example 4 does not result in the expected canonicalization, since the XML parser used does not correctly normalize an attribute of type ID. * Example 7 only results in the expected canonicalization, if the test file is modified in a way, that the example can be parsed using a validating parser. Otherwise the id function in the document subset selector XPath will not return any element. John, a question regarding example 7: Can I really expect from a non validating parser, that it recognizes the types of attributes, especially the type of ID attributes? If not, then an XPath using the id() function cannot be used for selecting a document subset to be canonicalized. Regards, Gregor --------------------------------------------------------------- Gregor Karlinger mailto:email@example.com http://www.iaik.at Phone +43 316 873 5541 Institute for Applied Information Processing and Communications Austria ---------------------------------------------------------------Received on Friday, 3 November 2000 05:20:37 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 21:21:35 UTC


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The Queer Queens of Qomedy is an all-lesbian, national comedy tour that is produced and hosted by the internationally known comedian, Poppy Champlin.
Champlin chooses the best of the best, of lesbian comedians from around the country to join her. As the producer, she continually rotates the comics so no two comics ever meet in the same city more than once. Champlin is the only common denominator.


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VEERE DI WEDDING is a high spirited and upbeat coming of age story revolving around the lives of four childhood friends Kalindi (Kareena Kapoor), Avni (Sonam kapoor), Meera (ShikhaTalsania) & Sakshi (Swara Bhaskar). Ten years later when these four best friends reunite, they don't realize how much life has changed from what they expected. The film is set against the backdrop of Delhi, where the girls are born and brought up, their trials and tribulations in modern day world, regarding family acceptance, marriage & societal perceptions.
Drama , Comedy
2 hr. 15 min.
Opened June 01, 2018
Shashanka Ghosh
Sonam Kapoor
Swara Bhaskar
Kareena Kapoor Khan
Akanksha Malhotra


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Jan. 23
11:13 a.m. — Police investigated a complaint of fraud on Borthwick Avenue.
Jan. 23
11:13 a.m. — Police investigated a complaint of fraud on Borthwick Avenue.
2:40 p.m. — Motor vehicle accident reported on Rogers Road.
6:21 p.m. — An Old Post Road resident called the station to report an incident of disorderly conduct.
Jan. 24
1:38 p.m. — Warrant is servied on Palmer Avenue
2:14 p.m. — Warrant is served on Dennett Road.
2:34 p.m. — A juvenile was transported to a local hospital, after police responded to a complaint of a juvenile offense on Stevenson Road.
3:46 p.m. — A theft was reported on Manson Avenue.
9:55 p.m. — Motor vehicle accident reported on Goodwin Road.
Jan. 25
12:30 p.m. — Police investigated a motor vehicle accident on US Route 1.
2:11 p.m. — Police were called to Charles Hill Road for an animal complaint.
2:45 p.m. — A warrant was served at the home of an Eliot Road resident.
3:16 p.m. — Beth Domsky, 39, 32 Government St., was arrested on a warrang.
7:05 p.m. — A resident of Mackenzie Lane reported a lost wallet.
Jan. 26
12:54 p.m. — Police responded to Moores Court after receiving a call about suspicious activity.
1:26 p.m. — Anthony Santos, 34, 79 Government St., Kittery, was summonsed into court on a charge of failure to register a vehicle for more than 150 days.
5:43 p.m. — Police were called to Haley Road to investigate a narcotics/drug offense.
10:56 p.m. — Terry Motley, 51, 500 Ledgewood Drive, Kittery, was summonsed on a charge of failure to register vehicle.
Jan. 27
12:58 a.m. — Joshua Kent, 27, 74 Manson Road, Milton, NH was arrested on Route 1 on a charge of operating under the influence of alcohol, two priors.
10:37 a.m. — Police investigate a possible drug offense on Manson Aveneu, after receiving a complaint from a caller.
4:22 p.m. — Someone walked into the station to report an accident that had occurred earlier on Halstead Street. Police investigated.
4:49 p.m. — Suspicious activity reported on Lyndon Way
5:29 p.m. — Police responded to an accident on Walker Street; ambulance was called.
Jan. 28
2:40 p.m. — A caller reported seeing a stray Black Labrador mix dog on Bartlett Road. The dog was gone when police arrived.
3:33 p.m. —Police responded to a report of a two-vehicle accident on State Road.
Jan. 29
3:33 p.m. — Police responded to State Road for a report of a two-vhicle accident.
4:30 p.m. — Motor vehicle accident reported on State Road.


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Oak Cliff originated on December 15, 1886, when John S. Armstrong and Thomas L. Marsalis bought a farm of 320 acres (1.3 km2) on the west side of the Trinity River for $8,000. The farm was subdivided into 20-acre (81,000 m2) blocks, and the plat of the new town made. Armstrong and Marsalis began to develop the land into an elite residential area, which proved to be a success by the end of 1887, with sales surpassing $60,000. However, after a disagreement between the partners, Marsalis secured complete control over Oak Cliff's development. Armstrong would go on to create his own elite residential development on the north side of Dallas, known as Highland Park.
According to the first plat filed, the original township of Oak Cliff extended as far north as First Street, later named Colorado Boulevard just north of Lake Cliff, then known as Spring Lake, and as far south as a pavilion below Thirteenth Street. It was bounded on the east by Miller Street, later named Cliff Street, and on the west by Beckley Avenue. Jefferson Boulevard was the route of a steam railroad, and the principal north and south thoroughfare was Marsalis Avenue, then called Grand Street.


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Family Law Firm Serving Maryland, Virginia & Washington, D.C.
A vision and strategy to achieve your goals
I have years of experience in achieving favorable outcomes for my family law clients through negotiations, and have training both as a family law mediator and as a collaborative family law practitioner. However, if for whatever reason, your family law matter cannot be resolved successfully through one of these amicable resolution processes, then I have years of courtroom experience to see you through a contested trial. In addition, due to my extensive contacts in the local legal and business communities, I am able to direct clients to the appropriate individuals and resources to deal with the multitude of issues that often arise in the course of my representation of them in the family law arena, including, but not limited to: business evaluators; mental health professionals; pension experts; real estate and personal property valuation experts; immigration experts; real estate professionals; financial management professionals; and wills, trusts and estates professionals.
A divorce is certainly one of the most traumatic events that an individual can experience in his or her life. It has profound and long-lasting effects on the individuals involved as well as the people they are closest to, especially when minor children are involved. Even when the ending of a marriage is not involved, many of the other issues, such as paternity, child custody, visitation and child support, are traumatic events in which the most important issues in a person's life are involved — namely their children.
In helping clients to successfully resolve their family law issues, my approach is to:
- Listen closely to learn what the client's individual circumstances are;
- Provide them with an overview of what the laws are that effect their particular situation;
- Provide them with the various methods in which their matter can be settled — such as through direct negotiations with their spouse/former partner or their attorneys, through mediation with a neutral third-party mediator, through the collaborative family law process, or through litigation — and advise them which method or methods are appropriate and/or inappropriate for their specific circumstances;
- Provide them with an understanding of how the applicable court system operates and will work to resolve their case if an amicable resolution cannot be reached;
- Seek to focus them on what their short-term and long-term goals and desires are; and provide them with the various options that are available to them to achieve their short-term and long-term goals; and
- Formulate a vision and strategy to help them achieve their short-term and long-term goals in the most cost-effective manner possible.
Typically, most clients desire to settle their outstanding issues with their spouse or former partner in an amicable, negotiated resolution. That is certainly the approach I prefer for most clients, and the approach that I advocate most clients pursue. A negotiated settlement can occur in a number of ways, including:
- Through direct negotiations between your spouse/former partner's attorney and me; through my negotiating directly with your spouse/former partner if he or she does not have an attorney; or through direct negotiations between your spouse/former partner and you, with me providing you with advice, counsel and other assistance as needed;
- Through the mediation process between your spouse/former partner and you with a skilled, neutral third-party mediator, while I provide you with advice, counsel and other assistance as needed; or
- Though the collaborative family law process, whereby your spouse/former partner and his/her attorney work together collaboratively with you and me (and such other professionals, such as mental health experts and financial experts, as are needed) to reach an amicable resolution.
A negotiated settlement allows the parties involved to resolve their own personal situation in a way that best suits their needs and the needs of their loved ones. And who knows what those needs are better than the parties involved?
However, there are times when it is essential for a client to seek resolution of his or her family law issues through the court system. Why? There are a myriad of reasons why, including issues such as: domestic violence; a spouse who leaves the client and/or the family without adequate financial resources to survive on a day-to-day basis, let alone on a long-term basis; a spouse who initiates litigation without any attempt to first reach an amicable resolution; or a spouse who is unreasonable in his or her settlement demands. Under such circumstances, I have years of courtroom experience to draw upon to advocate aggressively on behalf of my clients and their interests. Frequently after litigation is initiated, a settlement is reached between the parties once the spouse or former partner recognizes that my client is willing and able to stand up for himself or herself, and has capable and aggressive counsel to help him or her do so.
Thus, based on my years of experience in the family law arena, I am able and prepared to recommend and take whatever actions are necessary to best protect and promote my client's interests.
Individualized attention
As a solo practitioner, one of the significant benefits you will receive from working with me is my individualized attention to your case. You will not have the frustrating experience of meeting with me at our initial meeting, hiring me to represent you, and then finding out later that month or the next month that your matter has been handed off to a junior attorney whom you neither have met before nor have any rapport with. I am involved on a day-to-day basis with every aspect of my client's case. I return phone calls from clients as soon as possible; I take phone calls from clients after-hours and during the weekend (when necessary); I check my office voicemail and e-mail several times during the weekends; and I maintain contact with clients, as needed, even when on vacation.
However, I do not let the fact that I am a solo practitioner become a hindrance or detriment to a client and his or her case. I have several competent and loyal attorneys who are willing to cover for me in all three jurisdictions in which I practice if an irresolvable scheduling conflict were to arise. Additionally, I rely on a variety of professionals to provide expert assistance in related fields as needed, such as financial management and investments; wills, trusts and estates; pensions; immigration; real estate; and business valuations. Depending on the size of the case, and especially when litigation is involved, I also have available several top-notch, independent paralegals who can assist me on an as-needed basis.
One of my top goals in structuring my law practice in this way has been to provide the very highest quality legal services to family law clients at a reasonable price. By keeping my day-to-day overhead relatively low, I have been able to maintain extremely competitive hourly rates based on my years of family law experience while still providing my clients with the kind of comprehensive skill and expertise they demand from their family law attorney.


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Battery Service – Battery Exchange
Jump Starts – Roadside Assistance
Contact Dugger's Emergency Roadside Services – Battery Division
Nothing is more frustrating than being stuck with a dead battery in your car or truck.Stuck in your garage, stuck on the side of the road, stuck at the mall. Stuck sucks! If you get stuck with battery trouble in Phoenix, Scottsdale, Glendale, Mesa or Tucson , then the only service you need to remember is Dugger's Services. Jump Start Service, Battery Diagnostics, or battery delivery and installation, Dugger's Battery service is designed to be convenient, fast and safe. We pride ourselves in our customer service experience and unlike other MotorClubs, your experience and safety come first.
You have a couple of options for a Battery Exchange:
Option 1
You can have your vehicle towed to your preferred mechanic's shop and have them replace the battery; (you will have to drop the vehicle off with this option).
Option 2
We can fix it on the spot. (Most vehicles.) Service technicians can provide you with a quoted price for a new battery. If you select this option, then the service technician can install the new battery where your vehicle is stranded. For vehicle's that require a tire or fender removal, there will be an additional cost on top of the battery price.
Here is an example of what the technician will run down during your battery service.
The service technician verifies whether or not someone else has attempted to start the vehicle:
- The service technician will document this on the invoice and have the customer initial the acknowledgment of the previous service.
- The service technician will attempt to start the vehicle (prior to hooking up the jump box).
- Service technicians try determine within the first 10 minutes of arrival, if the service requested can be completed.
- It's important so, the service technicians will inspect the battery to ensure that there is no swelling or fluid leaking from the vehicle.
- In the event that the service technician observes any visual indication of swelling or fluid leakage; they will stop immediately! This can be a danger to their and your safety.
- (877) 823-9696
- If there is any damage to the battery, service technicians need to advise the customer that they need a new battery.
- Hook up the jump box to the battery


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Antenna Lab is an innovative training center located in Padua offering highly qualified training on techniques for audio-visual production and live performing.
Antenna Lab
- Padua Italy
Antenna Lab offers classes for beginners and advanced users on Apple, Adobe, Ableton, Native Instruments and Serato products. The team of teachers is made up of certified trainers and product specialists. The classroom is equipped with Apple iMac computers, Focusrite and Novation hardware and can host a maximum of twelve students.
Antenna Lab wants to become a reference point for a community of musicians, DJs, visual artists, audio and video professionals, photographers, designers and enthusiasts of all genres who share a genuine passion for creativity. By organizing events, open conferences and seminars, Antenna Lab aims to diffuse knowledge of new techniques and medias for creatives. Antenna Lab's Ableton Certified trainer is the founder and director Damiano Rocco, who teaches classes for both beginners and seasoned users. Antenna Lab works with other Ableton Certified Trainers to offer special advanced classes such as Sound Design with Live, taught by Giona Vinti.
注: Ableton認定トレーナーおよびAbleton認定トレーニング機関は独立する個人および団体であり、Ableton関係者および代理者ではありません。また、Ableton AGおよびAbleton Inc.およびAbleton KKはこれらの個人および団体の運営に関わっておりません。コース提供およびカリキュラムの責任はすべてトレーナーおよびトレーニング機関にあります。Abletonは、トレーナーまたはトレーニング機関の行為に対して一切の債務および法的責任を負いません。


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There is a reason for the scare quotes. That is the Guardian's characterization, perhaps looking to provide an excuse for incoherence. However, I find it singularly difficult to believe that a headliner for this event would go all the way to Australia, while giving no thought to what he was going to say.
Cutting straight to the chase, Simon asserts the US is arguably the most broken country in the world. Here is why, paraphrased:
Inequality. He's not a Marxist, but. "The ultimate tragedy of capitalism is its dominance without regard to a social compact …" He hates the notion that profit is the metric by which we measure the health of our society. He dates that to 1980. Between then and the beginning of the 20th century, the US created a consumer class by the the ongoing compromises between capital and organized labor. Then 1980 and poof, we suddenly believe in trickle down economics, and that a free market knows best,
… where now libertarianism in my country is actually being taken seriously as an intelligent mode of political thought. It's astonishing to me. But it is. People are saying I don't need anything but my own ability to earn a profit. I'm not connected to society. I don't care how the road got built, I don't care where the firefighter comes from, I don't care who educates the kids other than my kids. I am me. It's the triumph of the self. I am me, hear me roar.Therefore socialism. And because the US isn't socialist, it is a horror show:
You're seeing a retrenchment in terms of family income, you're seeing the abandonment of basic services, such as public education, functional public education. You're seeing the underclass hunted through an alleged war on dangerous drugs that is in fact merely a war on the poor and has turned us into the most incarcerative state in the history of mankind, in terms of the sheer numbers of people we've put in American prisons and the percentage of Americans we put into prisons. No other country on the face of the Earth jails people at the number and rate that we are.Therefore socialism, because:
The idea that the market will solve such things as environmental concerns, as our racial divides, as our class distinctions, our problems with educating and incorporating one generation of workers into the economy after the other when that economy is changing; the idea that the market is going to heed all of the human concerns and still maximise profit is juvenile. It's a juvenile notion and it's still being argued in my country passionately and we're going down the tubes. And it terrifies me because I'm astonished at how comfortable we are in absolving ourselves of what is basically a moral choice. Are we all in this together or are we all not?And Americans are idiots for the debacle of a debate over something as basic as healthcare policy [He said this despite six weeks of the unfolding disaster that is Obamacare in action]. So imagine how bad Americans are going to be when it "… comes to something as complicated as global warming.
Group health insurance is socialism, you idiots. And because it is, that is just the same as doing it for 300 million Americans. Americans are stupid because they don't get that.
Therefore, more New Deal. Which won't happen because the popular will is completely suppressed. Therefore, America is the most broken country in the world.
You can judge for yourself, but I think my summary fairly represents what he said.
Which is so astonishingly incoherent that it is hard to know where to start. Capital and organized labor can compromise in exactly the same way as electricity and doing the laundry. He can't have been alive since 1980 and glibly dismiss trickle down economics. He likes his strawmen by the squadron. He attributes to capital effects for which it cannot be the cause. Libertarians aren't fans of the war on drugs; by the way, where is the socialist paradise that has legalized them? Not satisfied with a mere squadron of strawmen, he concocts an entire army. He is a perfect example of why the Church of Warmenism is so attractive to progressives. He has no idea how it came to be that employers purchase health insurance, and can't understand the difference between a company and a society.
And we are the idiots?
So far, not really worthy of a post. Another progressive smugly mowing down straw armies by hurling talking points grabbed almost at random from the progressive bag of bollocks is hardly news. Far more
#16: We are propagandized into a culture of the self, which Simon alludes to. [I am a firm believer in free speech, but if I was the Head Dude What's in Charge, the first thing to go would be passive voice. Why is that practically the progressive default writing style?] … The Left is not going to get anywhere in these circumstances without accepting class warfare as a fact, and without accepting the necessity of destroying individuals and institutions on the Right. [I think we have found Dzerzhinsky's replacement]
#17: The big problem, as I see it, with social democratic politics is that is has been true to its Marxist roots in embracing a deterministic notion of historical progress and so, almost a century after Bernstein called it into question, just haven't given the problem of the parliamentary road to democratic socialism any serious attention. Part of that laziness of vision might be because of a ambivalence to the more decentralized strategies favored the cooperative movement, the unfavored sibling to the institutions of Big Labor and the Welfare State (almost everywhere except for Sweden interestingly). But whatever the cause, it is a problem that needs attention. [If you have a taste for leaden prose, progressives are far more likely to satisfy than anyone else. Why is that?]
#33: Expropriation must precede, logically and historically, the creation of democratic processes.
#48: My favorite kooky little gem would be having governments (at any level, but especially the national level) going into business as competitors of private business. Key areas of re-industrialization (consumer electronics, clothing and textiles, etc.) would be targeted by chartering, and initially capitalizing, co-operative, employee/ government-owned, manufacturing entities of various kinds, with an eye to moving gradually toward worker-ownership and operation of virtually all industry …
… Increase taxable base for SSI to 500g and means test. [Progressives really do love expropriation.]
#55: Expropriation is an attitude, a recognition that there is no private property or personal rights.
Communities, as opposed to collections of individuals are formed, I believe, at the moment and in the act of public open (at least to themselves) expropriation. [I'm sensing a pattern here.]
#76: There will and must be crime, even if it is nothing more than illegal strikes and mass demonstrations and occupations of property and public spaces (and who can question, really, the legitimacy of the outbursts of spontaneous rage that can seize whole communities?). The question is always: How much crime, and how much, if any, violence? That is the nut, and it's a hard one.
#101: The [US] "Constitutional Republic" is probably the most efficient anti-democratic system, creating as I said a Leviathan to limit democracy and implant authoritarianism in the minds of the citizens. Elitist and propertarian.
And the esteemed David Simon wonders why we idiot Americans are so suspicious of socialism.


text: Compass Flooring Distributors is one of the leading wholesale distributors of hardwood and luxury resilient flooring. Compass partners with the "Best of the Best" manufacturers from around the world including Canada, Europe, the Pacific Rim and the United States. We select products based on quality, fashion, style, and value. We offer our flooring to the "Best of the Best" floor covering retailers throughout the south, from Florida to Texas. The Compass Flooring retail network is made up of flooring partners who are committed to true customer service by providing clean, current, fashion oriented showrooms with experienced professional sales personnel and high quality installation. Locations in Orlando and Houston.


text: Enquire about your family holiday.When do you want to go? Time Early Mid Late Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 2019 2020 2021 First Name Last Name Telephone Number E-mail Address Newsletter Sign-Up Thank you for your enquiry One of our experts will be in contact with you shortly. Return to the home page.


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Well, I was going to tell you the name of the new novel, but won't, because after all I am female and it is my prerogative to change my mind at a moment's notice, so just in case I change it regarding the title, you will have to wait. Suffice to say I am delighted with today's progress - 3700 words, plus 1200 which I fitted in yesterday whilst dinner was being prepared for me and we are motoring along quite nicely, thank you very much.
I was a tad distracted for an hour or so with Twitter, but finally, I logged off of everything and applied myself to the task The good thing about having a plan, is plans are made to be broken. Already my main character, Gill, has adopted a history I knew nothing of until this morning and whole events have happened that I had no intention of writing! I do love the creative process. The other thing I love at this relatively initial stage, is creating the characters. It's very difficult to show you, the readers, what they feel and how they look, if I don't know myself. So, I like to paint out their lives, likes, interests, acquaintances, background. Eventually they feel like people I know, even if I did create them! Well, I think I have deserved a break - back soon, Sooz
Monday, 9 April 2012
Writing - novel number two
4 comments:
As someone who is probably at the same stage in the writing of a second novel I will follow your progress with interest.ReplyDeleteReplies
thanks for your interest Chris. We authors need to stick together. Any tips/hints welcome and will be reciprocated.Delete
Hi Susan,ReplyDelete
I look forward to following your blog and hearing about how a novel comes together. Any queries on blogs I am more than happy to help you.
Hi GillDelete
thanks for visiting my blog. I may well have queries on blogs, as I am a complete newbie to it!
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"A good costume is half the battle".
-Peter Falk (1927-2011)
in Wings of Desire
5. Made (2001)
Iron Man and Cowboys and Aliens, actor/director Jon Favreau was known for his smaller, character driven movies like Swingers and Made.
In Made, Peter Falk plays Max, a low level gangster who entrusts doofus small time boxer Vince Vaughn to handle one of his money laundering schemes.
Made is a quirky, somewhat edgy comedy. "Swingers meets The Sopranos" is how one review put it. Falk's performance is just menacing enough to be believable as the threatening heavy of the story. At the same time, he is also just funny enough so as not to break the comic momentum of the film. That balance between humour and drama is one of Falk's great strengths as an actor.
4. The In-Laws (1979)
The In-Laws is Peter Falk's best comic role. Allan Aarkin plays a dentist whose daughter is about to marry Peter Falk's son.
Just before the wedding, Falk shows up with a bunch of counterfeit bills and a story that he works for the CIA. It's not long before Falk drags Aarkin off on a dubious yet dangerous mission to Central America.
The In-Laws nicely showcases Falk's comedic range. Falk's charm and humour are front and center. It also helps that he and Aarkin have incredible on-screen comic chemistry.
The 1979 In-Laws is not in anyway to ever be confused with the far inferior 2003 remake starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks.
Other stand out comedic performances by Falk include the only once aired made-for-TV remake of Neil Simon's The Sunshine Boys, co-starring Woody Allen and, of course, Falk's great cameo in The Great Muppet Caper.
3. The Brinks Job (1978)
The Brink's Job is an entertaining little heist movie (based on a true story). Taking place mainly in 1950, it tells the tale of how a few very small time criminals managed to pull off what was at that time the biggest roberry in US history. They were helped in no small part by Brink's' amazingly lax security standards at their Boston office in 1950. 4 million dollars total was stolen. Only 50,000 was ever recovered.
Falk is a wonderful part of an ensemble of top notch actors including Peter Boyle, Paul Sorvino, Warren Oates and Sheldon Leonard.
Who knew Mr.Falk was such a Fanboy?
2. Columbo (1971-2003)
Columbo was not originally offered to Falk. The lead in the series of made-for-TV movies (Columbo aired in rotation with McMillan and Wife and McCloud as part of the NBC Mystery Movies) was first offered to a few different actors, including crooner and Bob Hope sidekick Bing Crosby. Crosby turned down the role, reportedly because he felt the series would interfere with his golf game a little too much. Every struggling actor who just read that last sentence is now cringing I'm sure.
When Falk was finally offered the part, he contributed a great deal to the role. One of his most notable contributions was the raincoat. It was actually his own raincoat. Falk would also often ad-lib lines and physical quirks. Not only did his ad-libs help flesh out the character but they would also keep his fellow actors on edge. This played rather well for the scenes as his co-stars were mainly playing murder suspects.
Speaking of ad-libbing and improvisation, Falk's performance as Columbo is one of the most brilliant status shifting performances I have ever seen. For those of you who have never been to one of my improv workshops, status is a way of defining the power and presence that a character has in a given scene. Status can be played high or low. For instance, in a scene with a spoiled child getting all the ice cream he wants from his dad, the child his high status and the dad is low status. It's all about attitude, really. Falk had this wonderful way of playing Columbo as seemingly low status. Once the murder suspect thinks that Columbo is a bumbling idiot, they let their guard down. Columbo is then able to get more information out the suspects than he might by attempting a more high status means of interrogation. Falk's Columbo would play low status as a means of attaining high status. The murder suspect (often played by celebrity guest stars) only thinks they have a higher status than Columbo. In reality, they are, in fact, the low status players in the scene. Trust me, with 21 years of improv experience under my belt, playing those kinds of subtle status shifts ain't no easy thing.
Mr. Falk truly earned every one of those four Emmy's he won for the role of Lt. Columbo.
1. Wings of Desire (1987)
Wings of Desire is not only Falk's best performance but one of the best films ever made. A half black-and-white Wim Wenders film about fallen angels in German with English subtitles is the last place you'd ever expect Columbo to turn up. That is the strength of his performance in the film.
Falk's very presence in Wings of Desire is a stroke of brilliance on Wenders' part. Not only does Mr.Falk turn in the best performance of his career but he (playing himself, no less) is also invaluable to the film as a whole. Falk's persona brings an earthy charm and humour to a film that, while quite amazing in its own right, would otherwise lack those qualities. A very familiar English-speaking face also no doubt did not hurt Wings of Desires' US box office numbers.
In Wings of Desire, Falk delivers my favorite line ever about acting: "A good costume is half the battle".
Much of Falk's dialogue, like much of the film's dialogue, was ad-libbed and improvised on set (not unlike Columbo, in that sense). The scene where Falk tries on many different hats for his role in the film within the film was inspired by Falk's actual wardrobe fitting. At his fitting, he went through hats just like he does in the scene. At the end of the fitting, Wenders said, "Well, I don't know if we have a found a hat but we have found a scene".
I guess he is no longer a fallen angel.
RIP Peter Falk


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It's the time of year when millions of cases of Beaujolais Nouveau will be snapped up by wine lovers who'll quaff them regardless of the quality.
Though the gamay grape's roots are firmly planted in Europe, surprisingly two of the best of this year's bunch are from Ontario, with just one French and one Italian pipping them at the post.
They are a Generation Seven wine, the Chateau des Charmes Nouveau, and The Fool red, from Niagara Reif Winery .
Unusually, the vineyard has also produced a white nouveau (The Hanging Man, $10.95) using kerner grapes. It's nice, but is only available at the winery, or online, not on shelves.
Apart from that, most of the same culprits are back — six from France, two from Italy and the aforementioned local offerings.
Nouveaus are different from other wines because instead of the grapes being crushed, they are fermented gently, with the clusters on top pressing the ones below in a process called carbonic maceration.
Most regular wines need a lengthy time between harvest and release: the whites usually take several months, the reds can slumber for years in oak before seeing the light of day.
In the case of Nouveaus, no oak is used as a rule, which makes them perfect candidates for those with red wine allergies to histamines.
The carbonic process results in lightly styled reds that are ready to drink now. Gamay is the traditional grape, but the Italian novellos use native grapes to best advantage.
Most have candied cherry, banana or bubblegum flavours and should be served slightly chilled. They are playful with cheese platters, prosciutto-wrapped melon and pâté, and accenting white meats, such as chicken, veal or pork.
The festive ritual has its roots in the late 1800s when French owners rewarded village vineyard workers with the early fruits of their labours in a big celebration of the fall harvest.
Long gone are the heady yuppie days 20 years ago when big bashes were unleashed at midnight Thursday, and suppliers and restaurants battled to be first to showcase the wines.
Fast forward to today and it's really an excuse for a November party with friends, serving fun wines that for once do not have to be taken terribly seriously.
The 12,000 cases that pour onto shelves on Thursday are expected to mostly sell out in three weeks or so.
After tasting all 10 wines, best value is Georges Duboeuf at $8.95. Highest rated was Negrar Novello from Italy at $9.95. Here are my tasting notes from an exclusive tasting for the Star.
Pale ruby. Candied maraschino cherry and strawberry. Mellow.
Darker ruby. Blueberry, black cherry and a hint of vanilla. Tasty.
Delicious spice, sandalwood, black cherry and banana notes. Highest rated of the 10 reds.
Cherry and vanilla with simple bright cherry on the finish.
Lightly hued, banana, cherry, raspberry in a delicate style.
Candied cherry and strawberry, tasting a bit like bubblegum.
Candied plum and cherry in a very light, slightly sweet style.
Black cherry, plum, rose petals, very tasty and gutsy. Best value of the 10 wines.
Candied cherry, lilacs, banana and blueberry, good structure.
Black cherry, some fruity oomph, with a nicely rich plum finish.


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The Glasnost21 CRM module is designed to help sales teams better manage their interactions with clients and prospects. By allowing everyone to see all activity recorded against any company or contact it becomes easy to always remain in the loop and to ensure that everyone knows what they need to be doing.
And throughout there is integration with Google, Twitter and LinkedIn.
Who said what, to whom
You can record comments against a company or an individual. Everyone sees all comments so teamwork is hard baked into the system. You can even email contacts direct from Glasnost21.
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To do's - sorted
You can add a Task to a company or an individual, assign it to one or more system users, add comments and documents as you wish and give it a start and end date.
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Need to send out monthly newsletters, promotional emails, or Christmas e-cards? The newsletter tool allows you to create professional, branded content and distribute appropriately.
Saving a newsletter as a templates makes the repeat creation process fast and efficient.
Search & Reports
Track & find the important things
When you send out newsletters you can track how many were sent and how many were opened. And download a spreadsheet with the details. All comments & documents are searchable.
You can search tasks based on relevant dates, companies and system user. And report on all.


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PC Download Instructions :
Right-click on the image and choose "Set As Wallpaper".
MAC OS9 Download Instructions :
Control-click and select "Save this Image as" to your Mac.
Go to Apple menu > Control Panel and select "Appearance".
Select "Place picture" and locate the appropriate wallpaper.
Click "Set Desktop"
MAC OS X Download Instructions :
Save image to desktop.
Go to Apple menu > System Preferences > Personal section and select "Desktop".
On the "Collection" pulldown menu, go to "Choose Folder" and locate the appropriate wallpaper.