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I saw the movie The Reader on DVD a while back. A few thoughts:
Before you groan about "yet another Holocaust movie", I want to point out that this one is surprisingly double-edged. Ralph Fiennes plays Michael Berg who, as a young man (played in flashback sequences by newcomer David Kross, b. 1990) has an affair with the much-older Hannah Schmitz (Kate Winslet, b. 1975 -- about right). Hannah, it turns out, had been a guard in a Nazi concentration camp and was implicated in the deaths of a hundred or so Jewish female prisoners. Michael, in possession of mitigating (though not exculpatory) evidence, mulls whether to come forward in her defense. Ultimately he doesn't. The movie is pretty explicit in showing that the same political correctness that prevented Germans from speaking up in behalf of the Jews in the '30s is now at work preventing people from speaking up for anybody accused of a war crime. And in so doing, the film invites the audience to have some sympathy for a very stupid, morally obtuse SS camp guard. You don't see this every day.
Be grateful for America's legal system. The "trial" in which Hannah is sentenced to life imprisonment is a Star Chamber kangaroo court in which the judges are also the prosecutors, and Hannah has no legal counsel. The miscarriage of justice that we witness is an excellent argument for our adversarial system.
A word about the affair. It occurred to me that Michael's sexual relationship with Hannah had on him exactly the effect that I would expect. He really loved her, not just in a lustful way, but in a thoroughly romantic, goofy beta kind of way. He's loyal to her, notwithstanding the designs of his female classmates. He contrives a cross-country bike trip with her. Hannah's emotion distance pains him, and the movie draws a pretty straight line between her betrayal (she disappears when she is afraid her illiteracy will be discovered) and Michael's lifelong difficulty maintaining relationships. This was a remarkably conservative theme.
A word about the sex. The Reader is the most genuinely erotic mainstream film I have seen since Exit to Eden 15 years ago. My impression is that, after the well-deserved failure of the movie Showgirls, Hollywood pretty much abandoned the art of the sex scene in any but the most non-erotic, comically absurd context. I'm not sure why this is, or even if my thumbnail history is correct. Perhaps with the widespread availability of cable and Internet, and with them the easy access to pornography, Hollywood decided that the market was getting squeezed.


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This is mini CCTV bracket which is made of metal. Black in color, mini size, it is good looking.
Posted by T***s on 27th Oct 2010
This mount is particularly good, compared to other mounts, because the two screw-tightening mechanisms are large and very easy on the hands, making it easy to tighten things.
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|Virus classification
|incertae sedis
Togaviridae is a family of viruses. Humans, mammals, birds, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are currently 32 species in this family, divided among 2 genera. Diseases associated with Alphaviruses include arthritis and encephalitis. Rubiviruses such as rubella are sometimes associated with arthritis as well.[1][2]
Group: ssRNA(+)
- Family: Togaviridae
- /
- Aura virus
- Barmah Forest virus
- Bebaru virus
- Cabassou virus
- Chikungunya virus
- Eastern equine encephalitis virus
- Eilat virus
- Everglades virus
- Fort Morgan virus
- Getah virus
- Highlands J virus
- Madariaga virus
- Mayaro virus
- Middelburg virus
- Mosso das Pedras virus
- Mucambo virus
- Ndumu virus
- O'nyong-nyong virus
- Pixuna virus
- Rio Negro virus
- Ross River virus
- Salmon pancreas disease virus
- Semliki Forest virus
- Sindbis virus
- Southern elephant seal virus
- Tonate virus
- Trocara virus
- Una virus
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
- Western equine encephalitis virus
- Whataroa virus
- Genus: Rubivirus
- Rubella virus
- /
The Togaviridae family belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses. The genome is linear, non-segmented, single-stranded, positive sense RNA that is 10,000–12,000 nucleotides long. The 5'-terminus carries a methylated nucleotide cap and the 3'-terminus has a polyadenylated tail, therefore resembling cellular mRNA. The virus is enveloped and forms spherical particles (65–70 nm diameter), the capsid within is icosahedral, constructed of 240 monomers, having a triangulation number of 4.[1][3][4]
|Genomic arrangement
|Genomic segmentation
Life cycle[edit]
Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral E glycoprotein to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis.[1] The receptors for binding are unknown, however the tropism is varied and it is known that the glycoprotein petal-like spikes act as attachment proteins. After virus attachment and entry into the cell, gene expression and replication takes place within the cytoplasm.[3][4]
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA-virus-transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation, and suppression of termination. The vector for Togaviridae is primarily the mosquito, where replication of the virus occurs. The family Togaviridae is classified into Old World and New World viruses based on geographical distribution, although it's likely that a few transoceanic crossings have occurred.[3][4] Human, mammals, marsupials, birds, and mosquitoes serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are zoonosis, bite, and respiratory.[1]
|Host details
|Tissue tropism
|Entry details
|Release details
|Replication site
|Assembly site
|Humans; mammals; marsupials; birds; mosquitoes
|Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
|Zoonosis: arthropod bite
|Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
The non-structural proteins are encoded at the 5' end, formed during the first of two characteristic rounds of translation. These proteins are originally translated as a polyprotein, which consequently undergo self cleavage, forming four non-structural proteins responsible for gene expression and replication. P1234 are the two P123 polyproteins formed. The formation of P1234 occurs due to a stop codon read through, which has a 10% to 20% chance of occurrence.[5] Auto proteolytic activity of P2 enables cis cleavage of P1234 between P3 and P4, forming a P123 polyprotein and a nsP4 protein. The nsP4 protein is an RNA dependent RNA polymerase and promotes further negative strand RNA synthesis. This leads to the accumulation of P123 over time and once the concentration is high enough all the other proteins are cleaved by the trans proteolytic activity of P2. Finally the N-terminal of nsP4 is able to act as a scaffold and forms a complex with nsP1, nsP2, and nsP3 that then causes plus strand synthesis.
The formation of a sub-genomic fragment, encoding the structural proteins and a negative sense fragment, a template for further synthesis of positive sense RNA are the characteristic second phase of translation. Assembly takes place at the cell surface, where the virus buds from the cell, acquiring the envelope. The replication cycle is very fast, taking around 4 hours.[3][4]
Initially the Togavirus family included what are now called the Flaviviruses, within the Alphavirus genus. The Flaviviruses were formed into their own family when sufficient differences with the Alphaviruses were noted thanks to the development of sequencing.[3]
- Early 19th century—Rubella is identified as a distinct disease
- 1930—Western Equine Encephalitis virus is first isolated in the United States (the first alphavirus ever isolated)
- 1933—Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus is first isolated in the United States.
- 1938—Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis is isolated.
- 1941—Western Equine Encephalitis epidemic is seen in the United States. It affects 300,000 horses and 3,336 humans.
- 1941—Norman Gregg notices large number of children with cataracts following a rubella outbreak. This and other defects are then categorized under the congenital rubella syndrome.
- 1942—Semliki Forest virus is isolated in Buliyama, Bwamba County, Uganda.
- 1952—Sindbis virus is isolated in the Sindbis health district, 40 miles north of Cairo, Egypt.
- 1959—Ross River virus is isolated from Aedes vigilax mosquitoes (now known as Ochlerotatus vigilax[6]) which were trapped at the Ross River in Australia.
- 1962—Rubella virus is isolated in culture.
- 1963—Ross River virus, which causes epidemic polyarthritis (mostly seen in Australia), is isolated by Doherty and colleagues.[7]
- 1964—The last major epidemic of Rubella in the United States is seen. Approximately 20,000 infants are left with permanent damage following in-utero rubella exposure.[8]
- 1969—Rubella vaccine is licensed
- 1971—Last epidemic of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is seen in horses in southern Texas.[9]
- 1972—The rubella vaccine is combined with the measles and mumps vaccines to form the Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine.
- 1986—Barmah Forest virus is identified as causing human disease in Australia.[10]
- 1991–92—Most recent worldwide epidemic of rubella, probably due to vaccine failures and missed vaccinations.
- 2001—Scientists solved the crystal structure of the glycoprotein shell of the Semliki Forest virus.
- 2005–2006—Large epidemic of the chikungunya virus on the island of La Réunion and the surrounding islands in the Indian Ocean.[11]
- 2006—Major epidemic of the chikungunya virus in India with over 1.5 million cases reported.[12]
- ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Togaviridae". stanford.edu.
- ^ a b c d Murray; et al. (2005). Medical Microbiology (5 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03325-1.
- ^ Jose, J.; Snyder, J. E.; Kuhn, R. J. (2009). "A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly". Future Microbiology. 4 (7): 837–856. doi:10.2217/fmb.09.59. PMC 2762864. PMID 19722838.
- ^ "Aedes vigilax". NSW Arbovirus Surveillance & Vector Monitoring Program. The New South Wales Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Monitoring Program. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
Note that 'Ochlerotatus vigilax' prior to 2000, was known as 'Aedes vigilax'
- ^ Doherty, R. L.; Carley, J. G.; Best, J. C. (1972). "Isolation of Ross River virus from man". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (21): 1083–1084. PMID 5040017.
- ^ Meissner, H. C.; Reef, S. E.; Cochi, S. (2006). "Elimination of Rubella from the United States: A Milestone on the Road to Global Elimination". Pediatrics. 117 (3): 933–935. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1760. PMID 16510677.
- ^ Calisher, C. H. (1994). "Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 7 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.1.89. PMC 358307. PMID 8118792.
- ^ Boughton, C. R.; Hawkes, R. A.; Naim, H. M. (1988). "Illness caused by a Barmah Forest-like virus in New South Wales". The Medical Journal of Australia. 148 (3): 146–147. PMID 2828896.
- ^ Tsetsarkin, K.; Higgs, S.; McGee, C. E.; Lamballerie, X. D.; Charrel, R. N.; Vanlandingham, D. L. (2006). "Infectious Clones of Chikungunya Virus (La Réunion Isolate) for Vector Competence Studies". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 6 (4): 325–337. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.6.325. PMID 17187566.
- ^ Lahariya, C.; Pradhan, S. K. (2006). "Emergence of chikungunya virus in Indian subcontinent after 32 years: A review". Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 43 (4): 151–160. PMID 17175699.
External links[edit]
- Togaviridae Genomes database search results from the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
- Viralzone: Togaviridae
- Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Togaviridae
- "Togaviridae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11018.
- Jose, J.; Snyder, J. E.; Kuhn, R. J. (2009). "A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly". Future Microbiology. 4 (7): 837–856. doi:10.2217/fmb.09.59. PMC 2762864. PMID 19722838.


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|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
|Appellate Procedure Guide
|March 2016
Only attorneys admitted to the bar of this court may practice before the court. The court does not admit attorneys pro hac vice.An attorney may be named on a brief filed in this court without being admitted to the bar of the Fourth Circuit, provided that at least one lawyer admitted to practice in this court also appears on the brief. Any other document submitted by an attorney who is not a member of the bar of the Fourth Circuit will be accepted for filing conditioned on his or her qualifying for membership within a reasonable time. Loc. R. 46(b).An attorney is eligible for admission "if that attorney is of good moral and professional character and admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court of a state, another United States court of appeals, or a United States district court (including the district courts for Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands)." Fed. R. App. P. 46(a).To apply for admission, complete the application for admission, including signing the oath before a public notary and having a bar member sign the motion for admission. The application can be mailed to the clerk with the requisite fee, made payable to the court of appeals clerk. The application can also be submitted online with payment by credit card after the attorney seeking admission to the court has successfully registered for a Fourth Circuit eFiler account, including completing the court's ECF Filer Application.The fee is waived for attorneys appointed by the court to represent a party in forma pauperis, counsel for the United States and any agency thereof who has a case pending before this court, and law clerks to the judges of the court and to the district judges, magistrate judges, and bankruptcy judges within this circuit. Loc. R. 46(b).Attorneys who wish to file documents with the court must register for a Fourth Circuit eFiler account. See Register for eFiling. If counsel is already a member of the court's bar, the account will be activated with full filing privileges. If counsel is not a member of the court's bar, their eFiling account will be activated to allow for submission of their bar application. Once their bar application is processed, filing privileges will be activated.Users must have a PACER account for viewing documents and an ECF Filer account for filing documents. A PACER account is a multi-user account and may be held by the law firm. An Appellate ECF Filer account is an individual account held by a single user. The same ECF Filer account may be used at all federal appellate courts, but each circuit must separately approve and register counsel's filing privileges. The PACER Service Center notifies the Fourth Circuit that counsel has registered for filing privileges. If counsel has also completed the Fourth Circuit's Electronic Case Filing Application, the court authorizes electronic filing with the court.


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With 2013 knocking at my door, I spend some time reflecting this last weekend over what I desired for the new year. 2012 has been a great year filled with growth, friendship, and opportunity and I hope 2013 is filled with even greater things.
I learned early on in life that I am in control of my destiny and the path I take, therefore if I want great things, I need to work (hard) for them. In the past couple of years I have traveled down a few bumpy roads and hit a few crossroads due to my divorce. My plans and aspirations for my future now just don't include me, they include my son. Even though he is still pretty young, I strongly believe that what I do in this early stage of his life is vital in building his future. A good education for him is very important to me in addition to him having proper childcare, healthy meals, and a roof over his head. Your values and priorities definitely change when you become a mother, and change even more if you are a single mother. I have a new level of respect for the single, working mom's out there who are doing it alone to provide and give their children a good quality of life.
Alright, back to my resolutions. Normally, each year I have about 5 or 6 resolutions of high importance and 3 or 4 resolutions of low importance. The funny thing is, I am not very organized in carrying out these resolutions. I normally get burnt out in January on the high level resolutions and then only successfully carry out the low level ones.
This year I'm doing it a little different. I read an article where experts say that it takes 21 days to break a bad habit or form a new one. This makes a lot of sense as routines can't be built immediately, they take practice (and practice makes perfect). I will carry out this 21 day theory in by separating each resolution by month next year. Each month I will work on that specific resolution/goal and hopefully the end result is a good one.
January | Budget
February | Time Management/Organization
March| Work Life
April | Writing
May | Exercise/Health
June | Friendship
July | Travel
August | Reading
September| Reflection and Personal Growth
October | Style
November | Giving
December | Love
January | Budget
One thing I think we have all struggled with is money. Unfortunately, I am not Lisa Hochstein where my only concern money-wise is whether to purchase a Louboutin or a Choo. This year I strive to save more than I spend and really cut back on the wants vs. needs. It's important to me to have an emergency fund and a substantial amount in savings just in case something happens. I work for the government and am VERY fortunate to have a job in this recession, but you never know what the future will bring. I plan frugalizing my variable monthly expenses (groceries, dining out, entertainment, shopping, etc.) and seeing how I can save money. Dining out is often very convenient, but puts a large dent in the pocket book. Finding alternatives to eating out like freezer or crock pot meals will benefit me financially in the long run and are often healthier than take out.
February | Time Management/Organization
Managing my time better and becoming more organized is a huge goal for me. Naturally, I am a pretty stressed out person. I have a lot on my plate and like any person who is juggling children and a career, one might become a bit flustered. When I get flustered, it's easy for me to become overwhelmed and my organization and time management just goes right out the door. First and foremost, I need to establish a better morning routine. For a working mom, it can be pretty tiring to have woken up, showered, dressed, eaten a small breakfast, gotten a child dressed, fed, and ready for the day, then driven 25 minutes to the nanny's house, then another 15 to work by the time SAHM's are just getting up for the day. Since I have such a process each morning, sometimes I am not the best at making it to work on time. I need to fine tune my morning routine and practice a better time management in the process.
March| Work Life
First and foremost, I would like to say that I am absolutely blessed and am very happy with my job. I don't ever want to take my job for granted or lose my professional edge. It's easy to get comfortable in your career and forget about the small professionalisms and work etiquette that you once swore by when you were first hired on. This year, I hope to excel in my career and learn new things along the way. Personally, I like to keep my work-life and home-life separate. Fortunately, I am pretty good at keeping these two dynamics separate, but I have seen it slip in the past year or so. I will continue to work on keeping the dynamics separate and continue looking for ways to grow and excel.
April | Writing
A newcomer to the blogging community, I strive to become a better writer. Putting time, attention, and heart into my posts is important to me. Like pursuit, wouldn't feel right to go into this only 50 percent. Hopefully, with time, practice, and heart, I can create something great.
May | Exercise/Health
I hate to admit it, but I am really bad (shameless even) at hitting the gym. However, when Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team is aired I am normally convinced I will be the next Courtney Cook and end up taking my lazy behind to the gym. Back in my Facebook days, when your workout didn't count unless you tagged yourself at the gym, posted one of those 'fat is sweat crying' inspirational pictures, or updated your status accordingly, I was never jealous or felt bad that I wasn't working out. Now that I am getting older, I am scared (read: terrified) of a possible shift in my metabolism. As much as I don't enjoy any workouts that aren't dance related, I am starting to believe more and more than I need to start up some sort of fitness plan. I've recently stumbled upon Barre Ballet and its pure gold. Another goal I have is to eat a little bit healthier. I'd eat to be healthy then to eat to lose weight. Even though, I am no Miranda Kerr, I am pretty confident with my body but I would like to be healthier and have more energy. With fine tuning my diet and doing barre ballet a few times a week, my goal of meeting my diet/fitness resolution is promising.
June | Friendship
I have been blessed with a few wonderful girlfriends that have stuck by my side for years on end. I am the type of person that has a few really close friends, but not a lot of female friends. Some women would hate this dynamic, but I wouldn't change it for the world. As life took its course, this group of stand-up gals moved away for job offers, found love, got married, and had children. Due to the life changes it's become more difficult to catch up. This year, my goal is to keep in contact and maintain correspondence with these gals that I rarely get to see. Also, I hope to maintain my current friendships and hopefully find new ones in the new year.
July | Travel
I love to travel.
I remember a time where I drove to from Washington to SLC for a family party, flew from SLC to Mexico City, travelled from Mexico City to Guadalajara, flew back home to work for the weekend, then flew to NYC on Monday morning for another vacation. Lately, my travel plans have really just consisted of trips to SLC/Park City, Utah, weekend trips to the Coeur D'Alene Resort, or short stays in Seattle. This year, one of my main goals is to travel. Now that I have a son, my vacations are more kid friendly stays in Texas or the beaches of LA and less the booze cruises of Cabo (not that I'd want to do that anyway, no offense to anyone that would).
August | Reading
This year, I will try my absolute hardest to find the time to read. Honestly, nothing is more relaxing than diving into a good book. Unfortunately, sometimes I haven't used the time that I could be reading wisely and end up filling the time watching Brandi Glanville's attempts to get along with other Beverly Hills women.
September| Reflection and Personal GrowthThis year, I really want to spend some time reflecting on the positives in my life. My recent life changes have made me grow significantly as a person and as a mother and I'm very happy with the new road my life has taken me on. I'd like to find a way to stay on course and continue going down this road. I'm a firm believer on never settling and feel that if you want something, you are the only person in charge of making it happen. I'd like to spend some time finding out what else I want in life.
October | Style
Recently, I've discovered a lovely little thing called Pinterest. Okay, maybe I'm a tad behind in what's popular, but please know when I'm not at work I normally spend my time watching Dinosaur Train, gluing alphabet decals everywhere, and cleaning up mystery messes. Pinterest has inspired me that weekend wear is not just yoga pants, a Northface, and Toms. Pinterest is just wonderful. Anywho, I feel that I have become a little lax in the area of fashion and need to make an extra effort.
November | Giving
By nature, I am a giver. I love to give. This year, I would like to really 'give' in many different ways. I'd like to give back to the community, give of a few random acts of kindness, or volunteer. My birthday is in November and although my mindset is never really on what I am going to get, I'd like to focus that time on service and giving. Note: Hopefully I will be so distracted by volunteering that I will forget my birthday (and that fact that I'm getting up there in age).
December | Love
This year, I am going to really focus on spending extra time with my loved ones. As of late, everyone in my family has gone down different paths, some good and some bad. Since life has been changing so quickly for all of us, it's hard to get together as often as we'd like.
What are some of your new year resolutions/goals?