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Custom Wireless Solutions
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HRI specializes in safe wireless control solutions for Mobile Off-Highway, Robotic, and Industrial Machinery. We offer stock products as well as custom and semi-custom controls for a wide variety of demanding applications.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I share a sea story on the show tonight, based on a video I saw this evening shared with me by my oldest daughter.. Hope you enjoy it. Supreme Court makes major rulings plus I get deep into a pile of tech stories and update you on my Transformation.
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Get a Warrant.
Aereo Looses.
Cell Phone Searches Limited.
Show Notes:
Aereo Looses Big Time.
Doc Searls on Aereo.
Know your rights on your Cell Phone.
Android Smart watches Debut.
Android TV.
Moto 360.
Get your own Android VR Kit.
Android L Preview.
Larry and Sundar Interview.
Le Tote.
iPhone Prices Plummet.
Costco iPhone prices.
Exoskelton cleared by FDA.
Google ATAP Group.
Aereo Alternatives.
Edible Cupcake Wrappers.
Chip Implant helps Quadriplegic.
Tastemaid $25m???
Honeypots being Attacked.
Hospital Networks Wide Open.
Hydrogen Breakthrough.
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Watch: Irish Euro fans still the soundest
Irish mammies proud as punch as Irish Euro fans in France show just how the party should be run
If your heart doesn't sing with a medley of good will, multi-cultural repartee and all out great craic then read no further. Irish fans have been winning hearts across France with their adorable antics and generous spirit at the UEFA European Football Championships.
Whether it's a bunch of supporters helping an elderly French couple to change their tyre or a ridiculous friendly dance off between rival fans in the streets, there's been Irish charm in buckets.
The focus on the Irish fans' good behaviour is particularly noticeable against the backdrop of negative feeling after 3 days of clashes between other rival teams in Marseille.
Here's a gallery of fan images from the last few days in France+25
And here's a selection of our favourite fan moments so far at the tournament
A one all draw between Ireland and Sweden led to numerous shared moments for the fans:
Irish and Swedes uniting to belt out some Abba- a thing of beauty. #coybig #irishfans pic.twitter.com/8Rqh1ds9Tc
— Paddy McKenna (@PaddyMcKenna) June 13, 2016
The rival fans got on so well, the Swedish fans even adopted an Irish leprechaun, perhaps looking for some good luck to rub off.
"Yeah we've got you a ticket mate! Don't forget to wear that leprechaun outfit" pic.twitter.com/RvvkmLS1g7
— Steve Turner (@SteveLTurner) June 13, 2016
Ever keen to integrate, Irish fans have been doing their best to impress the locals. Amidst the street parties this group of Irish fans paused to keep local pensioners' car in good working order.
Irish fans changing a flat tyre for an old couple in France! #EURO2016 #COYBIG pic.twitter.com/BwOgQOF23X
— 98FM (@98FM) June 14, 2016
They've even offered a novel adaptation of pétanque bowling for the French to acquire.


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Anti-Wall Street Protests Spreading to Cities Large and Small
By ERIK ECKHOLM and TIMOTHY WILLIAMS
October 3, 2011
A loose-knit populist campaign that started on Wall Street three weeks ago has spread to dozens of cities across the country, with protesters camped out in Los Angeles near City Hall, assembled before the Federal Reserve Bank in Chicago and marching through downtown Boston to rally against corporate greed, unemployment and the role of financial institutions in the economic crisis.
With little organization and a reliance on Facebook, Twitter and Google groups to share methods, the Occupy Wall Street campaign, as the prototype in New York is called, has clearly tapped into a deep vein of anger, experts in social movements said, bringing longtime crusaders against globalization and professional anarchists together with younger people frustrated by poor job prospects.
"Rants based on discontents are the first stage of any movement," said Michael Kazin, a professor of history at Georgetown University. But he said it was unclear if the current protests would lead to a lasting movement, which would require the newly unleashed passions to be channeled into institutions and shaped into political goals.
The Rest…HERE


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Blue King Brown from Australia, will be touring North America when they bring their power packed live show to venues in August of 2008. Hard hitting Urban roots music in the truest sense, with dub, hip hop, afro beat, Latin and soul influences Blue King Brown, already a huge success in Australia and Japan, are now hitting US and Canadian soil armed with words and music that reflects the past, acknowledges the present and represents the future.
Sharing stages across the world with the likes of Damien 'Jr gong' Marley, Santana, The John Butler Trio, Michael Franti and Spearhead has brought this incredible band's craft to a higher level and a diverse market reach. Peter Gabriel's WOMADelaide, Big Day Out, and Al Gore's Live Earth 2007 are just some of the highlighted festivals that have given Blue King Brown their platform to spread their music and message.
Though still relatively young and fresh to the scene BKB's talent has already been recognized and acknowledged through collaborations on their upcoming album with Sly and Robbie, Jah Mason, Rovleta Fraser and renowned engineer BONZAI (know for his work with Damian & Stephen Marley amongst many others) assisting Blue King Brown in studios from Australia (SING SING) and Jamaica (Anchor Studios & Bob Marley's legendary TUFF GONG studios) to New York and San Francisco.
Fronted by the lyrical Natty Arrow on vocals and guitar, mixed with the rhythm machine of Carlo Santone (bass), Sam Cope (keys), Salvador Persico (percussion) and Pete Wilkins (drums) to create a vibe and stage presence uniquely their own that is a must to be witnessed live! The back-up vocal intertwining of Hailey Cramer and Ngaiire add that R&B flair that keeps the audiences clamoring for more. The sum is definitely more important that all of the parts in Blue King Brown, a band that can transition their audience from dub reggae to hard hitting Afro-beat political decrees without as much as a misstep.
"BKB are one of those unique truth-telling outfits in our business that defy time. Amazing musicians with a powerful message. What a concept, huh?" – Serj Tankian
"Blue King Brown is my favorite band right now. They embody everything I love in music from Ozomatli, African bands, Tower of Power to Santana. They are the voice of the street and the band of the future!" – Carlos Santana
Complete Tour:
Thursday July 31st Temple Bar Santa Monica, California
Friday August 1st Reggae Rising Festival Piercy, California
Saturday August 2nd Doug Fir Lounge Portland, Oregon
Monday August 4th The Independent San Francisco, California, supporting Julian Marley
Tuesday August 5th El Corazon Seattle, Washington
Thursday august 7th Media Club Vancouver, British Columbia
Friday August 8th The Habitat Kelowna, British Columbia
Saturday August 9th Shambhala Salmo (Nelson), British Columbia
Sunday August 10th Crankworx Festival Whistler, British Columbia
Tuesday August 12th Wild Bills Banff, British Columbia, supporting Buckwheat Zydeco
Wednesday August 13th Marquee Room Calgary, Alberta
Friday August 15th Double Door Chicago, Illinois
Tuesday August 19th Harpers Ferry Boston, Massachusetts
Thursday August 21st Sullivan Hall New York, New York with Theresa Andersson
Friday August 22nd Recher Theatre Towson, Maryland with Danielia Cotton
Sunday August 24th Castaways Ithaca, New York
Author: World Music Central News Department
World music news from the editors at World Music Central


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Where The Heart Is Naugatuck Ct
Heart of The Heart kan verwijzen naar: Muziek Bands. Heart (Amerikaanse band), een Amerikaanse rockband actief sinds 1963; Heart (Nederlandse band), een Nederlandse.
Read about heart attack (myocardial infarction) in men and women including causes, symptoms, signs, diagnostic, treatment, and prevention. What happens during a heart.
The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen.
Normal heart sounds Normal heart sounds as heard with a stethoscope Problems playing this file? See media help. The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, and also assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. The heart is located in the middle compartment of the mediastinum in the chest. In humans, other mammals and birds the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish in contrast have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart pumps blood through both circulatory systems. Blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. In addition the blood carries nutrients from the liver and gastrointestinal tract to various organs of the body, while transporting waste to the liver and kidneys.[ The heart pumps blood through both circulatory systems. Blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. In addition the blood carries nutrients from the liver and gastrointestinal tract to various organs of the body, while transporting waste to the liver and kidneys.[citation needed] Normally with each heartbeat the right ventricle pumps the same amount of blood into the lungs as the left ventricle pumps to the body. Veins transport blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood - except for the pulmonary and portal veins. Arteries transport blood away from the heart, and apart from the pulmonary artery hold oxygenated blood. Their increased distance from the heart cause veins to have lower pressures than arteries. The heart contracts at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute. Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008, accounting for 30% of deaths. Of these more than three quarters follow coronary artery disease and stroke. Risk factors include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and poorly controlled diabetes, among others. Diagnosis of CVD is often done by listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope, ECG or by ultrasound. Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment. The heart is situated in the middle of the mediastinum behind the breastbone in the chest, at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5-T8. The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest (though occasionally it may be offset to the right) and is felt to be on the left because the left heart is stronger, since it pumps to all body parts. Because the heart is between the lungs, the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart. The heart is supplied by the coronary circulation and is enclosed in a double-membraned sac–the pericardium. This attaches to the mediastinum, providing anchorage for the heart. The back surface of the heart lies near to the vertebral column, and the front surface sits deep to the sternum and costal cartilages. Two of the great veins – the venae cavae, and the great arteries, the aorta and pulmonary artery, are attached to the upper part of the heart, called the base, which is located at the level of the third costal cartilage. The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies just to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages. The right side of the heart is deflected forwards, and the left deflected to the back. The heart is cone-shaped, with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex. A stethoscope can be placed directly over the apex so that the heartbeats can be counted. An adult heart has a mass of 250–350 grams (9–12 oz). The heart is typically the size of a fist: 12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness. Well-trained athletes can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle, similar to the response of skeletal muscle. The heart wall is made up of three layers: the inner endocardium, middle myocardium and outer epicardium. These are surrounded by a double-membraned sac called the pericardium. The innermost layer of the heart is called the endocardium. It is made up of a lining of simple squamous epithelium, and covers heart chambers and valves. It is continuous with the endothelium of the veins and arteries of the heart, and is joined to the myocardium with a thin layer of connective tissue. The endocardium, by secreting endothelins, may also play a role in regulating the contraction of the myocardium. The middle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium, which is the cardiac muscle– a layer of involuntary striated muscle tissue surrounded by a framework of collagen. The myocardium is also supplied with blood vessels, and nerve fibers by way of the epicardium that help to regulate the heart rate. Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate – spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart. This autorhythmicity is still modulated by the endocrine and nervous systems. There are two types of cardiac muscle cell: cardiomyocytes which have the ability to contract easily, and modified cardiomyocytes the pacemaker cells of the conducting system. The cardiomyocytes make up the bulk (99%) of cells in the atria and ventricles. These contractile cells are connected by intercalated discs which allow a rapid response to impulses of action potential from the pacemaker cells. The intercalated discs allow the cells to act as a syncytium and enable the contractions that pump blood through the heart and into the major arteries. The pacemaker cells make up just (1% of cells) and form the conduction system of the heart. They are generally much smaller than the contractile cells and have few myofibrils which gives them limited contractibility. Their function is similar in many respects to neurons. The cardiac muscle pattern is elegant and complex, as the muscle cells swirl and spiral around the chambers of the heart. They form a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the great vessels. Deeper ventricular muscles also form a figure 8 around the two ventricles and proceed toward the apex. More superficial layers of ventricular muscle wrap around both ventricles. This complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more effectively than a simple linear pattern would. As with skeletal muscles the heart can increase in size and efficiency with exercise. Thus endurance athletes such as marathon runners may have a heart that has increased in size by up to 40%. The pericardium surrounds the heart. It consists of two membranes: an inner serous membrane called the epicardium, and an outer fibrous membrane. These enclose the pericardial cavity which contains the pericardial fluid that lubricates the surface of the heart. The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria are connected to the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves and separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus. There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage. The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart and this sometimes includes the pulmonary artery. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. The ventricles are separated by the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus. The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart. It forms the atrioventricular septum which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart's electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct electricity. The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles. The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract. All four heart valves lie along the same plane. The valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart and prevent backflow. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve. This consists of three cusps (flaps or leaflets), made of endocardium reinforced with additional connective tissue. Each of the three valve-cusps is attached to several strands of connective tissue, the chordae tendineae (tendinous cords), sometimes referred to as the heart strings. They are composed of approximately 80 percent collagenous fibers with the remainder consisting of elastic fibers and endothelium. They connect each of the cusps to a papillary muscle that extends from the lower ventricular surface. These muscles control the opening and closing of the valves. The three papillary muscles in the right ventricle are called the anterior, posterior, and septal muscles, which correspond to the three positions of the valve cusps. Between the left atrium and left ventricle is the mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two cusps, an anterior and a posterior medial cusp. These cusps are also attached via chordae tendinae to two papillary muscles projecting from the ventricular wall. The tricuspid and the mitral valves are the atrioventricular valves. During the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, the papillary muscles are also relaxed and the tension on the chordae tendineae is slight. However, as the ventricle contracts, so do the papillary muscles. This creates tension on the chordae tendineae, helping to hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place and preventing them from being blown back into the atria. The semilunar pulmonary valve is located at the base of the pulmonary artery. This has three cusps which are not attached to any papillary muscles. When the ventricle relaxes blood flows back into the ventricle from the artery and this flow of blood fills the pocket-like valve, pressing against the cusps which close to seal the valve. The semilunar aortic valve is at the base of the aorta and also is not attached to papillary muscles. This too has three cusps which close with the pressure of the blood flowing back from the aorta. The two major systemic veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, and the collection of veins that make up the coronary sinus which drains the myocardium, empty into the right atrium. The superior vena cava drains blood from above the diaphragm and empties into the upper back part of the right atrium. The inferior vena cava drains the blood from below the diaphragm and empties into the back part of the atrium below the opening for the superior vena cava. Immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava is the opening of the thin-walled coronary sinus. In the wall of the right atrium is an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis, which is a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. Most of the internal surface of the right atrium is smooth, the depression of the fossa ovalis is medial, and the anterior surface has prominent ridges of pectinate muscles, which are also present in the right atrial appendage. The atria receive venous blood on a nearly continuous basis, preventing venous flow from stopping while the ventricles are contracting. While most ventricular filling occurs while the atria are relaxed, they do demonstrate a contractile phase when they actively pump blood into the ventricles just prior to ventricular contraction. The right atrium is connected to the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve. When the myocardium of the ventricle contracts, pressure within the ventricular chamber rises. Blood, like any fluid, flows from higher pressure to lower pressure areas, in this case, toward the pulmonary artery and the atrium. To prevent any potential backflow, the papillary muscles also contract, generating tension on the chordae tendineae. This prevents the flaps of the valves from being forced into the atria and regurgitation of the blood back into the atria during ventricular contraction. The walls of the right ventricle are lined with trabeculae carneae, ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium. In addition to these muscular ridges, a band of cardiac muscle, also covered by endocardium, known as the moderator band reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction. It arises from the lower part of the interventricular septum and crosses the interior space of the right ventricle to connect with the inferior papillary muscle. When the right ventricle contracts, it ejects blood into the pulmonary artery, which branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry it to each lung. The upper surface of the right ventricle begins to taper as it approaches the pulmonary artery. At the base of the pulmonary artery is the pulmonary semilunar valve that prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery. After gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries, blood high in oxygen returns to the left atrium via one of the four pulmonary veins. Only the left atrial appendage contains pectinate muscles. Blood flows nearly continuously from the pulmonary veins back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period, the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. This atrial contraction accounts for approximately 20 percent of ventricular filling. The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle by the mitral valve. Although both sides of the heart will pump the same amount of blood, the muscular layer is much thicker in the left ventricle compared to the right, due to the greater force needed here. Like the right ventricle, the left also has trabeculae carneae, but there is no moderator band. The left ventricle is the major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit; it ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve. Cardiomyocytes, like all other cells, need to be supplied with oxygen, nutrients and a way of removing metabolic wastes. This is achieved by the coronary circulation. The coronary circulation cycles in peaks and troughs correlating to the heart muscle's relaxation or contraction. Coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart and the coronary veins remove the deoxygenated blood. There is a left and a right coronary artery supplying the left and right hearts respectively, and the septa. Smaller branches of these arteries anastomose, which in other parts of the body serve to divert blood due to a blockage. In the heart these are very small and cannot form other interconnections with the result that a coronary artery blockage can cause a myocardial infarction and with it, tissue damage. The great cardiac vein receives the major branches of the posterior, middle, and small cardiac veins and drains into the coronary sinus, a large vein that empties into the right atrium. The anterior cardiac veins drain the front of the right ventricle and drain directly into the right atrium. The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at about three weeks into embryogenesis. This early start is crucial for subsequent embryonic and prenatal development. The heart derives from splanchnopleuric mesenchyme in the neural plate which forms the cardiogenic region. Two endocardial tubes form here that fuse to form a primitive heart tube known as the tubular heart. Between the third and fourth week, the heart tube lengthens, and begins to fold to form an S-shape within the pericardium. This places the chambers and major vessels into the correct alignment for the developed heart. Further development will include the septa and valves formation and remodelling of the heart chambers. By the end of the fifth week the septa are complete and the heart valves are completed by the ninth week. The embryonic heart begins beating at around 22 days after conception (5 weeks after the last normal menstrual period, LMP). It starts to beat at a rate near to the mother's which is about 75–80 beats per minute (bpm). The embryonic heart rate then accelerates and reaches a peak rate of 165–185 bpm early in the early 7th week (early 9th week after the LMP). After 9 weeks (start of the fetal stage) it starts to decelerate, slowing to around 145 (±25) bpm at birth. There is no difference in female and male heart rates before birth. The heart functions as a pump in the circulatory system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. This circulation consists of the systemic circulation to and from the body and the pulmonary circulation to and from the lungs. Blood in the pulmonary circulation exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs through the process of respiration. The systemic circulation then transports oxygen to the body and returns carbon dioxide and relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart for transfer to the lungs. The right heart collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae. The blood collects in the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve. Here the blood enters the pulmonary circulation where carbon dioxide can be exchanged for oxygen in the lungs. This happens through the passive process of diffusion. In the left heart, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the mitral valve and into the aorta through the aortic valve for systemic circulation. The aorta is a large artery that branches into many smaller arteries, arterioles, and ultimately capillaries. In the capillaries, oxygen and nutrients from blood are supplied to body cells for metabolism, and exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat which includes systole and diastole and the intervening pause. The cycle begins with contraction of the atria and ends with relaxation of the ventricles. Systole is when the ventricles of the heart contract to pump blood to the body. Diastole is when the ventricles relax and fill with blood. The atria and ventricles work in concert, so in systole when the ventricles are contracting, the atria are relaxed and collecting blood. When the ventricles are relaxed in diastole, the atria contract to pump blood to the ventricles. This coordination ensures blood is pumped efficiently to the body. At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, in early diastole, both the atria and ventricles are relaxed. Since blood moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, when the chambers are relaxed, blood will flow into the atria (through the coronary sinus and the pulmonary veins). As the atria begin to fill, the pressure will rise so that the blood will move from the atria into the ventricles. In late diastole the atria contract pumping more blood into the ventricles. This causes a rise in pressure in the ventricles, and in ventricular systole blood will be pumped into the pulmonary artery. When the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) are open, during blood flow to the ventricles, the semilunar valves are closed to prevent backflow into the ventricles. When the ventricular pressure is greater than the atrial pressure the tricuspid and mitral valves will shut. When the ventricles contract the pressure forces the semilunar aortic and pulmonary valves open. As the ventricles relax the semilunar valves will close in response to decreased pressure. Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle (stroke volume) in one minute. This is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the beats per minute of the heart rate (HR). So that: CO = SV x HR. The average cardiac output, using an average SV of about 70mL, is 5.25 L/min, with a range of 4.0–8.0 L/min. The stroke volume is normally measured using an echocardiogram and can be influenced by the size of the heart, physical and mental condition of the individual, sex, contractility, duration of contraction, preload and afterload. Preload refers to how much blood is in the ventricles at the end of diastole, when they are at their fullest. A main factor is how long it takes the ventricles to fill—if the ventricles contract faster, then there is less time to fill and the preload will be less. Preload can also be affected by a person's hydration status.[ Preload refers to how much blood is in the ventricles at the end of diastole, when they are at their fullest. A main factor is how long it takes the ventricles to fill—if the ventricles contract faster, then there is less time to fill and the preload will be less. Preload can also be affected by a person's hydration status.[citation needed]. It is important because of the Frank-Starling mechanism. This states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of muscle fiber. This means that a ventricle will contract more forcefully, the more it is stretched. Afterload, or how much blood is left in the ventricles after systole, is influenced by vascular resistance. This tension is called afterload. It can be influenced by narrowing of the heart valves (stenosis) or contraction or relaxation of the peripheral blood vessels. The strength of heart muscle contractions controls the stroke volume. This can be influenced positively or negatively by agents termed inotropes. These can be either conditions or drugs. Positive inotropes that cause stronger contractions include high blood calcium and drugs such as Digoxin, which will act to stimulate the sympathetic nerves in the fight-or-flight response. Negative inotropes causing weaker contractions include high blood potassium, hypoxia, acidosis, and drugs such as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. These act on the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve. The normal rhythmical heart beat, called sinus rhythm, is established by the sinoatrial node, the heart's pacemaker. Here an electrical signal is created that travels through the heart, causing the heart muscle to contract. The sinoatrial node is found in the upper part of the right atrium near to the junction with the superior vena cava. The electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium in a radial way that is not completely understood. It travels to the left atrium via Bachmann's bundle, such that both left and right atrium contract together. The signal then travels to the atrioventricular node. This is found at the bottom of the right atrium in the atrioventricular septum–the boundary between the right atrium and the left ventricle. The septum is part of the cardiac skeleton, tissue within the heart that the electrical signal cannot pass through, which forces the signal to pass through the atrioventricular node only. The signal then travels along the Bundle of His to left and right bundle branches through to the ventricles of the heart. In the ventricles the signal is carried by specialized tissue called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the electric charge to the cardiac muscle. The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 120 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity and then gradually increases again with age. The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. Exercise and fitness levels, age and basal metabolic rate can all affect the heart rate. An athlete's heart rate can be lower than 60bpm. During exercise the rate can be 150bpm with maximum rates reaching from 200 to 220 bpm. The sinoatrial node creates and sustains its own rhythm, the sinus rhythm. Cells in the sinoatrial node do this by creating an action potential. The cardiac action potential is created by the movement of specific electrolytes into and out of the pacemaker cells. The action potential then spreads to nearby cells. When the sinoatrial cells are resting, they have a negative charge on their membranes. However a rapid influx of sodium ions causes the membrane's charge to become positive. This is called depolarisation and occurs spontaneously. Once the cell has a sufficiently high charge, the sodium channels close and calcium ions then begin to enter the cell, shortly after which potassium begins to leave it. All the ions travel through ion channels in the membrane of the sinoatrial cells. The potassium and calcium only start to move out of and into the cell once it has a sufficiently high charge, and so are called voltage-gated. Shortly after this, the calcium channels close and potassium channels open, allowing potassium to leave the cell. This causes the cell to have a negative resting charge and is called repolarization. When the membrane potential reaches approximately −60 mV, the potassium channels close and the process may begin again. The ions move from areas where they are concentrated to where they are not. For this reason sodium moves into the cell from outside, and potassium moves from within the cell to outside the cell. Calcium also plays a critical role. Their influx through slow channels means that the sinoatrial cells have a prolonged "pleateau" phase when they have a positive charge. A part of this is called the absolute refractory period. Calcium ions also combine with the regulatory protein troponin C in the troponin complex to enable contraction of the cardiac muscle, and separate from the protein to allow relaxation. The normal sinus rhythm of the heart, giving the resting heart rate, is influenced by the autonomic nervous system through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. These arise from two paired cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata.The vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system acts to decrease the heart rate, and nerves from the sympathetic trunk act to increase the heart rate. These come together in the cardiac plexus near the base of the heart. Without parasympathetic input which normally predominates, the sinoatrial node would generate a heart rate of about 100 bpm. The nerves from the sympathetic trunk emerge through the T1-T4 thoracic ganglia and travel to both the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, as well as to the atria and ventricles. The ventricles are more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) at the neuromuscular junction of the cardiac nerves. This shortens the repolarization period, thus speeding the rate of depolarization and contraction, which results in an increased heart rate. It opens chemical or ligand-gated sodium and calcium ion channels, allowing an influx of positively charged ions. Norepinephrine binds to the beta–1 receptor. High blood pressure medications are used to block these receptors and so reduce the heart rate. The cardiovascular centres receive input from a series of receptors including proprioreceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, plus stimuli from the limbic system. Through a series of reflexes these help regulate and sustain blood flow. For example, increased physical activity results in increased rates of firing by various proprioreceptors located in muscles, joint capsules, and tendons. With increased rates of firing, the parasympathetic stimulation may decrease or sympathetic stimulation may increase as needed in order to increase blood flow. Similarly, baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the aortic sinus, carotid bodies, the venae cavae, and other locations, including pulmonary vessels and the right side of the heart itself. Rates of firing from the baroreceptors represent blood pressure, level of physical activity, and the relative distribution of blood. The cardiac centers monitor baroreceptor firing to maintain cardiac homeostasis, a mechanism called the baroreceptor reflex. With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of baroreceptor firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation. As pressure and stretch decrease, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases, and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation. There is a similar reflex, called the atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflex, associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria. Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located. However, as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure, the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase HR. The opposite is also true. In addition to the autonomic nervous system, other factors can impact on this. These include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones; levels of various ions including calcium, potassium, and sodium; body temperature; hypoxia; and pH balance. Factors that increase the heart rate can include release of norepinephrine, hypoxemia, low blood pressure and dehydration, a strong emotional response, a higher body temperature, and metabolic and hormonal factors such as a low potassium or sodium level or stimulus from thyroid hormones. Decreased body temperature, relaxation, and metabolic factors can also contribute to a decrease in heart rate. One of the simplest methods of assessing the heart's condition is to listen to it using a stethoscope. In a healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart sound S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either pathological or benign. One example of a murmur is Still's murmur, which presents a musical sound in children, has no symptoms and disappears in adolescence. A different type of sound, a pericardial friction rub can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. Being such a complex organ the heart is prone to several cardiovascular diseases some becoming more prevalent with ageing. Heart disease is a major cause of death, accounting for an average of 30% of all deaths in 2008, globally. This rate varies from a lower 28% to a high 40% in high-income countries. Doctors that specialise in the heart are called cardiologists. Many other medical professionals are involved in treating diseases of the heart, including doctors such as general practitioners, cardiothoracic surgeons and intensivists, and allied health practitioners including physiotherapists and dieticians. Obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol can all increase the risk of developing heart disease. However, half the number of heart attacks occur in people with normal cholesterol levels. It is generally accepted that factors such as exercise or the lack of it, good or poor diet, and overall well-being (including emotional), affect heart health. Exercise results in the addition of protein myofilaments and this can result in hypertrophy where the size of individual cells are increased but not their number. This is a condition known as athletic heart syndrome. The hearts of athletes can pump more efficiently at lower heart rates. However, enlarged hearts can have a pathological cause such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which can result in a heart of 1000 g (2 lb) in mass. The cause of an abnormally enlarged heart muscle is unknown, but the condition is often undiagnosed and can cause sudden death in young athletes. Coronary artery disease is also known as ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerotic disease and is the most common form of heart disease. The underlying mechanism of this disease is atherosclerosis–a build-up of plaque along the inner walls of the arteries which narrows them, reducing the blood flow to the heart. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and the most common cause of death, globally. It is also the main cause of angina. Cardiomyopathy and most commonly dilated cardiomyopathy, is a noticeable deterioration of the heart muscle's ability to contract, which can lead to heart failure. Other common causes of heart failure (which can also be congestive), are heart attacks, valve disorders and high blood pressure. This happens when the heart is pumping insufficiently and cannot meet the body's blood flow demands. Because the heart is a double pump, each side can fail independently of the other, resulting in heart failure of the right heart or the left heart, either of which through causing strain in the other side can result in the failure of the whole heart. Congestive heart failure results in blood backing up in the systemic circulation. Edema (swelling) of the feet, ankles and fingers is the most noticeable symptom. Pulmonary congestion results from left heart failure. The right side of the heart continues to propel blood to the lungs, but the left side is unable to pump the returning blood into the systemic circulation. As blood vessels within the lungs become swollen with blood, the pressure within them increases, and fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue. This pleural effusion causes pulmonary edema. If untreated, the person will suffocate because they are drowning in their own blood. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either pathological or benign and there are several kinds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1) the quietest, to 6) the loudest, and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds and position in the cardiac cycle. Phonocardiograms can record these sounds. Murmurs can result from valvular heart diseases due to narrowing (stenosis), regurgitation or insufficiency of any of the main heart valves but they can also result from a number of other disorders, including atrial and ventricular septal defects. Abnormalities in the sinus rhythm can prevent the heart from effectively pumping blood and cause both atrial and ventricular fibrillation. Examples of cardiac arhythmias are a very rapid heart rate (tachycardia) and a very slow heart rate (bradycardia). Tachycardia is generally defined as a heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute, and bradycardia as a heart rate slower than 60.[Asystole is the cessation of heart rhythm which results in cardiac arrest. Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is the condition of an abnormal build-up of fluid in the pericardium which can adversely affect the function of the heart. The fluid can be removed from the pericardial sac using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis. Carditis is inflammation of the heart; this can be specific to regions as in pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis or it can be of the whole heart known as pancarditis. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cyanotic heart defect and the most common cause of blue baby syndrome. The cardiac examination includes inspection, palpation and auscultation. Using surface electrodes on the body, it is possible to record the complex electrical activity of the heart. This tracing of the electrical signal is the electrocardiogram (ECG) or (EKG). An ECG clearly shows normal and abnormal heart function and is an indispensable diagnostic tool. There are five prominent points on the ECG: the P wave (atrial depolarisation), the QRS complex (atrial repolarisation and ventricular depolarisation) and the T wave (ventricular repolarisation). Several imaging methods can be used to assess the anatomy and function of the heart, including ultrasound, angiography, PET, CT and MRI. Ultrasound of the heart is called echocardiography. It is used to measure the heart's function, assess for disease of the valves of the heart, and look for any anatomical abnormalities. Echocardiography can be conducted by a probe on the chest ("transthoracic") or by a probe in the esophagus ("transoesophageal"). A typical echocardiography report will include information about the volumes at the end of systole and diastole, how wide the valves are (checking for stenosis), whether there is any backflow of blood through the valves (regurgitation), and an ejection fraction, which describes how much blood is ejected from the left and right ventricles after systole.[Ejection fractions range from approximately 55 to 70 percent, with a mean of 58 percent. A cardiac stress test uses exercise or drugs to stimulate the heart and provoke a measurable response to the stress in order to gauge the heart's effectiveness. Angiogenesis represents a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. Defibrillation is used to treat serious arrhythmias. Artificial pacemakers used to regulate the heartbeat can also incorporate a defibrillator. Coronary artery bypass surgery to improve the blood supply to the heart is often the only treatment option for coronary heart disease. Heart valve repair or valve replacement are options for valvular heart disease. The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC, although their function was not fully understood. On dissection, arteries are typically empty of blood because blood pools in the veins after death. It was subsequently assumed they were filled with air and served to transport air around the body. Philosophers distinguished veins from arteries, but thought the pulse was a property of arteries. Erasistratos observed that arteries cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood which entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries, but with reversed flow of blood. The Greek physician Galen (2nd century AD) knew blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body, where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, while air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created, "sooty" vapors were created and passed to the lungs, also via the pulmonary artery, to be exhaled. The earliest descriptions of the coronary and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon, published in 1242 by Ibn al-Nafis. In his manuscript, al-Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen. His work was later translated into Latin by Andrea Alpago. In Europe, the teachings of Galen continued to dominate the academic community and his doctrines were adopted as the official canon of the Church. Andreas Vesalius questioned some of Galen's beliefs of the heart in De humani corporis fabrica (1543), but his magnum opus was interpreted as a challenge to the authorities and he was subjected to a number of attacks. Michael Servetus wrote in Christianismi Restitutio (1553) that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs. The breakthrough came with the publication of De Motu Cordis (1628) by the English physician William Harvey. Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines. Otto Frank (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship. Ernest Starling (1866–1927) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart. Although they worked largely independently, their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name "Frank–Starling mechanism". Although Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His were discovered as early as the 19th century, their specific role in the electrical conduction system of the heart remained unknown until Sunao Tawara published his monograph, titled Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens, in 1906. Tawara's discovery of the atrioventricular node prompted Arthur Keith and Martin Flack to look for similar structures in the heart, leading to their discovery of the sinoatrial node several months later. These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram, whose inventor, Willem Einthoven, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924. The first successful heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. This marked an important milestone in cardiac surgery, capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large. However, long-term survival rates of patients were initially very low. Louis Washkansky, the first recipient of a donated heart, died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks. The American surgeon Norman Shumway has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques, along with pioneers Richard Lower, Vladimir Demikhov and Adrian Kantrowitz. As of March 2000, more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide. By the middle of the 20th century, heart disease had surpassed infectious disease as the leading cause of death in the United States, and it is currently the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Since 1948, the ongoing Framingham Heart Study has shed light on the effects of various influences on the heart, including diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin. Although the introduction of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers has improved the management of chronic heart failure, the disease continues to be an enormous medical and societal burden, with 30 to 40% of patients dying within a year of receiving the diagnosis. jb (F34) "heart" in hieroglyphs As one of the vital organs, the heart was long identified as the center of the entire body, the seat of life, or emotion, or reason, will, intellect, purpose or the mind. Thus, in the Hebrew Bible, the word for "heart" לָבַב lebab is used in these meanings (paralleling the use of φρήν "diaphragm" in Homeric Greek). An important part of the concept of the soul in Ancient Egyptian religion was thought to be the heart, or ib. The ib or metaphysical heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the child's mother's heart, taken at conception. To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of emotion, thought, will, and intention. This is evidenced by Egyptian expressions which incorporate the word ib, such as Awt-ib for "happiness" (literally, "wideness of heart"), Xak-ib for "estranged" (literally, "truncated of heart").[In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. It was thought that the heart was examined by Anubis and the deities during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of Maat, it was immediately consumed by the monster Ammit. The Chinese character for "heart", 心, derives from a comparatively realistic depiction of a heart (indicating the heart chambers) in seal script. The Chinese word xīn also takes the metaphorical meanings of "mind, intelligence", "soul", or "center, core". In Chinese medicine, the heart is seen as the center of 神 shén "spirit, soul, consciousness". The Sanskrit word for heart, hRd (हृद्), dates at least as far back as the Rigveda and is a cognate of the word for heart in Greek, Latin, and English. The same word is used to mean "mind" or "soul" depending on the context. Many classical philosophers and scientists, including Aristotle, considered the heart the seat of thought, reason, or emotion, often disregarding the brain as contributing to those functions. The identification of the heart as the seat of emotions in particular is due to the Roman physician Galen, who also located the seat of the passions in the liver, and the seat of reason in the brain. However these "emotional properties" of the heart were later discovered to be solely centered in the brain. This tradition influenced the development of the medieval Christian devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The idiomatic expression of "pierced" or "broken" hearts ultimately derive from devotional Christianity, where the hearts of Mary or Jesus are depicted as suffering various tortures (symbolizing the pain suffered by Christ for the sins of the world, and the pain of Mary at the crucifixion of her son, respectively), but from an early time the metaphor was transferred to unfulfilled romantic love, in late medieval literature dealing with the ideals of courtly love. The notion of "Cupid's arrows" is ancient, due to Ovid, but while Ovid describes Cupid as wounding his victims with his arrows, it is not made explicit that it is the heart that is wounded. The familiar iconography of Cupid shooting little heart symbols is Baroque. Animal hearts are widely consumed as food. As they are almost entirely muscle, they are high in protein. They are often included in dishes with other offal, for example in the pan-Ottoman kokoretsi. Chicken hearts are considered to be giblets, and are often grilled on skewers: Japanese hāto yakitori, Brazilian churrasco de coração, Indonesian chicken heart satay. They can also be pan-fried, as in Jerusalem mixed grill. In Egyptian cuisine, they can be used, finely chopped, as part of stuffing for chicken. Many recipes combined them with other giblets, such as the Mexican pollo en menudencias and the Russian ragu iz kurinyikh potrokhov. The hearts of beef, pork, and mutton can generally be interchanged in recipes. As heart is a hard-working muscle, it makes for "firm and rather dry" meat, so is generally slow-cooked. Another way of dealing with toughness is to julienne the meat, as in Chinese stir-fried heart. Beef heart may be grilled or braised. In the Peruvian anticuchos de corazón, barbecued beef hearts are grilled after being tenderized through long marination in a spice and vinegar mixture. An Australian recipe for "mock goose" is actually braised stuffed beef heart. Pig heart is stewed, poached, braised, or made into sausage. The Balinese oret is a sort of blood sausage made with pig heart and blood. A French recipe for cœur de porc à l'orange is made of braised heart with an orange sauce. The structure of the heart can vary among the different animal species. Cephalopods have two "gill hearts" also known as branchial hearts and one "systemic heart". The vertebrate heart lies in the front (ventral) part of the body cavity, dorsal to the gut. It is always surrounded by a pericardium, which is usually a distinct structure, but may be continuous with the peritoneum in jawless and cartilaginous fish. The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species, ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds and up to 1200 bpm in the ruby-throated hummingbird. In the heart of lungfish, the septum extends part-way into the ventricle. This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body. The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin; thus, the blood returned to the heart through the vena cavae is already partially oxygenated. As a result, there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other tetrapods. Nonetheless, in at least some species of amphibian, the spongy nature of the ventricle does seem to maintain more of a separation between the bloodstreams. Also, the original valves of the conus arteriosus have been replaced by a spiral valve that divides it into two parallel parts, thereby helping to keep the two bloodstreams separate. Adult amphibians and most reptiles have a double circulatory system but the heart is not separated into two pumps. The development of the double system is necessitated by the presence of lungs which deliver oxygenated blood directly to the heart. In amphibians, the atrium is divided into two chambers by a muscular septum but there is only one ventricle. The sinus venosus, which remains large, connects only to the right atrium and receives blood from the venae cavae, with the pulmonary vein by-passing it to enter the left atrium. The heart of most reptiles is similar in structure to that of lungfish but the septum is generally much larger. This divides the ventricle into two halves but the septum does not reach the whole length of the heart and there is a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aorta openings. In most reptilian species, there appears to be little, if any, mixing between the bloodstreams, so the aorta receives, essentially, only oxygenated blood. Archosaurs (crocodilians and birds) and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of archosaurs evolved independently from that of mammals. In crocodilians, there is a small opening, the foramen of Panizza, at the base of the arterial trunks and there is some degree of mixing between the blood in each side of the heart, during a dive underwater; thus, only in birds and mammals are the two streams of blood – those to the pulmonary and systemic circulations – permanently kept entirely separate by a physical barrier. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart, but the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects deoxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action will take place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery). In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes, presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable. Arthropods have an open circulatory system, and often some short open-ended arteries.The arthropod heart is typically a muscular tube that runs the length of the body, under the back and from the base of the head. Instead of blood the circulatory fluid is haemolymph which carries the most commonly used respiratory pigment, copper-based haemocyanin as the oxygen transporter; iron-based haemoglobin is used by only a few arthropods. The heart contracts in ripples from the rear to the front of the animal transporting water and nutrients. Pairs of valves run alongside the heart, allowing fluid to enter whilst preventing backflow. In insects, the circulatory system is not used to transport oxygen and so is much reduced, having no veins or arteries and consisting of a single perforated tube running dorsally which pumps peristaltically. The simpler unsegmented invertebrates have no body cavity, and oxygen and nutrients pass through their bodies by diffusion. This article incorporates text from the CC-BY book: OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014.. ^ What Is the Heart? – NIH The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd Ed., 2012) – Robert M. Anderson, M.D. (CC-BY-NC) Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy Dissection review of the anatomy of the Human Heart including vessels, internal and external features Prenatal human heart development Anatomy of the Human Heart – Texas Heart Institute Animal hearts: fish, squid
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The Purple Heart Family Purple Heart Membership MOPH Membership is the fraternal arm of the Order and is organized into Regions, Departments, and Chapters that.


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News & Events
Department of the Month
They may be a small department, but the hospital certainly couldn't function without them - - - literally.
The Alliance Community Hospital's Information Technology department, which is supervised by Vice President of Technology Services David Shroades, is comprised of the following 10 Colleagues: Mark Aldana, Jared Jones, Roger Gibbons, Christopher Swimm, Dave Pyatt, Nicole Yanik, Virginia Fisser, Lisa Entrikin, Linda Miller, Dan Yarian.
Though he's too humble to admit it, IT Coordinator Dan Yarian knows well that none of us could send out a greeting, let alone get our work done without the efforts of his staff.
"Well, as a department we are responsible for the maintenance of many types of equipment," he said. Indeed, since their areas of duty include, the following: Computers, Printers, MFP (Multi-Function Printers and (Scanner / Printer / Fax / Copier), Mobile Carts, Various Software Packages, Held Scanners, Label Printers, Internal Network Connectivity, Outside Connectivity, VPN (Virtual Private Network) and Internet.
In addition, the IT staff handles connectivity for any ACH-affiliated physician office that uses Meditech or Personal Access Computers. We also handle all computers needs for VNA as well as all of our remote transcirpitonist and coders.
When asked about the most common call at the Help Desk, Dan said with a smile, "We had a tie. It was Scanner / Printer / Fax / Copier machines, Mobile Carts, various Software Packages, about 40 types of Hand Held Scanners, Label Printers, Internal Network Connectivity both Wired and Wireless Outside Connectivity, VPN (Virtual Private Network) and Internet connections, between password resets and accidentally setting the caps."
Dan said that, though IT bears great responsibility at ACH, it is not a department without lighthearted moments.
"The funniest story to date had to be the time we were going through more towels than we would have liked due to a slight flooding issue in the department. The true classic moment was when Ginny had to fish out a key that was thrown down the hallway. If memory serves it was using a very long broom," he laughed.
And Dan could not be more proud of his staff.
"The IT Team is a very special group of people. We all like to have a good time but when there is a 'system down' issue, we have all hands on deck."
"The team is a great bunch of people and they do wonderful work in getting the job done," he said.
Congratulations, Information Technology, November's ACH Department of the Month!


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Succulents have become an increasingly popular wedding flower in recent years, and naturally, cakes with succulent flowers are showing up more and more. As you'll see below, these beautiful desert flowers are incredibly versatile and can be a rustic, fresh addition to modern cake design, whether they are the real deal, or beautifully-crafted sugar flowers.
Say "I Do" with Succulents:
I Do Wedding Cake via Craftsy Member SweetWhisk
Clean and simple cake with succulent flowers
With beautiful sharp edges and white-on-white offset chevron design, this cake brings elements of both simple elegance and natural beauty to a new height. Craftsy member SweetWhisk made this cake while enrolled in in Jessica Harris's Clean & Simple Cake Design.
Photo via Sugary and Chic Cake Boutique
Succulents and bramble
We love the stark contrast between the smooth white fondant base and the simple placement of the two succulents in this stunning design by Sugary and Chic Cake Boutique. The double bottom tier wrapped in bramble is a lovely reminder that sometimes less is more when it comes to cake decorating.
Photo via Sweet and Saucy Shop
Chic chevron and succulents
Here's a perfect example of how to do modern cakes with succulent flowers. The perfect placement of one beautiful, bright green sugar succulent so beautifully complements the gray chevron print.
Photo via Edible Art Cakes
Naked succulents
With naked cakes all the rage, the delicious goodness of pure cake is spilling out of every layer. The natural beauty of the succulents adorns this cake with perfect balance. With each tier as a separate cake flavors, Edible Art Cakes created a work of art that makes you feel right at home.
Photo via Sweet and Saucy Shop
Shades of succulents
Sweet and Saucy Shop does it again with bold fondant prints and one simple succulent flower, with a twist. Why not break down barriers and stretch your imagination? White, gold and even blue gum paste succulents offer the sophistication and character this desert flower exudes naturally.
Photo via Heather Barranco Dreamcakes
Succulent fairytale
Want to walk into a fairytale? This masterpiece by Heather Barranco at DreamCakes draws you in to a world full of wonder. You want to lie in the grass and watch the clouds go by as you smell the calming aroma of the pale pink roses and dusty blue and green succulents. These exquisite sugar flowers draw you in and inspire you to dream.
A few fun facts about succulents:
- All cacti are succulents but not all succulents are cacti
- Fresh succulents are eco-friendly — they can be replanted within a week after a wedding and will continue growing, which could also make a great wedding gift.
- They thrive in dry climates with little moisture, so there is no need to worry about wilting during a wedding.
- They come in a large variety of colors and can enhance any flower arrangement from roses to sunflowers.


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Beautiful Aromas Contact details
It is opened on July 24, 2013.They are a registered beauty therapist. They have a warm, classic, welcoming waiting room and a pleasant, relax, hygienic, quality beauty room(s) with flowers, music, candles, combined with all the lovely, comfortable things to make this Home Based Spa Boutique. Address: – 4 Judd Cres, Naenae, Lower Hutt, Wellington,… Read More »


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San Mateo Canyon Wilderness
IntroductionThe United States Congress designated the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness (map) in 1984 and it now has a total of 39,413 acres. All of this wilderness is located in California and is managed by the Forest Service.
DescriptionMountains covered with chaparral and coastal sage dominate the landscape of San Mateo Canyon Wilderness. Many deep drainages hide a lush growth of vegetation, with oak woodlands thick in the lower elevations. Annual rainfall averages 15 to 20 inches, most of it falling in winter and early spring; flash floods rip through narrow canyons in heavy downpours. Spring brings a wealth of wildflower blooms. Summers tend to be very hot and dry, though you will probably find small pools in San Mateo Canyon most of the year. Keep an eye open for wildlife: 139 bird species, 37 mammal species, 46 reptile and amphibian species, seven species of fish. Lizards, rattlesnakes, coyotes, skunks, and mice are commonly seen; the elusive mountain lion is rarely seen. The east-west San Mateo Canyon Trail follows the main canyon for 7.5 miles near the center of the Wilderness, and provides access to what is probably the best camping in the area: fields of grass, shady stands of oak and sycamore, the best chances for water. This trail is joined by at least six others, most of them easy to moderate, including the 5.4-mile Tenaja Falls Trail. Tenaja Falls, when spring brings a rush of water, is a dramatic sight. Poison oak grows richly around the falls even when the creek dries up. Campfires are not permitted. This Wilderness receives light human use and can provide a wild and worthy experience, especially in spring.
Planning to Visit the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness?
- Print a fact sheet
- General things to consider when visiting any wilderness
- Regulations, Fees, Permits
- Contact the Forest Service
- Visit the National Forest wilderness website
Leave No TraceHow to follow the seven standard Leave No Trace principles differs in different parts of the country (desert vs. Rocky Mountains). Click on any of the principles listed below to learn more about how they apply in the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness.
- Plan Ahead and Prepare
- Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces
- Dispose of Waste Properly
- Leave What You Find
- Minimize Campfire Impacts
- Respect Wildlife
- Be Considerate of Other Visitors


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As in previous Septembers I'm going to do learn something new everyday. Most likely not in any form of scrapping but I am going to try and record it in picture form on my blog.
I have always found that things happen when you least expect them whilst doing this project. My learning today was going to be something completely different until we went to a local country park. There was only a handful of cars in the car park. I was just starting to put the coins in the car park machine when a man pulled up and asked did I want his ticket as it still had an hour left. Only something small but it has been a long time since a stranger has done that and it was very much appreciated.


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BARNES offers a selection of prestigious and luxury property, apartments and luxury villas for sale in Cannes and its region.
Cannes and the French Riviera enjoy a unique environment preserved and renamed. Throughout the year, festivals and events enliven this magnificent region and in particular Cannes.
At once close to Paris but also the rest of Europe thanks to the airports of Nice (30 min) and Cannes-Mandelieu (10 min), Cannes quickly became one of the most popular resorts in France. It therefore attracts a large international and national customers.
Discover our real estate listings of luxury properties in the Cannes region.


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In this quick video you'll see how to optimize your WordPress database. We'll cover why you want to do this manually versus using a plugin, plus what to check in the database before you do it.
Thank you for your interest in BlogAid Training.
[Content protected for SEO and Performance, Webmaster 5, Webmaster 6 members only]
If you are a member you can login here.
To become a member please click here.


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The price of oil is increasing along with economic growth. Many people in the oil industry are excited about the future. Matt Badiali is a leading forecaster who works with companies across the nations. During his career, he has helped numerous people with financial planning.
Matt has had an exciting career. Not only has he worked on Wall Street, but he has also owned a company. He currently works with people who need help with their finances. He also gives speeches at large companies about financial planning and commodities.
After graduating from college, Matt Badiali started working in the oil industry. He enjoyed working on oil rigs and getting to travel. After several years, he had amassed a significant amount of cash. Instead of spending his money, he decided to invest it in various asset classes. He worked with a financial planner, but he was not satisfied with the service he received. He decided to start a financial planning firm committed to customers.
Financial Planning
Having success with financial planning is more straightforward than most people realize. Matt Badiali decided to offer a program that outlined the basics of financial success. He told clients to pay down debt and invest a large percentage of their income. He charged almost nothing to work with clients, and he soon had more customers than he could manage.
Freedom Checks
Matt Badiali decided to develop a new investment product for customers. Freedom Checks are an excellent way for people to earn passive income. By making an initial investment, an investor can receive a substantial return each month. Matt Badiali sold millions of dollars in this investment over the past few years. He enjoys helping clients add diversification to their portfolio. He is an excellent resource for anyone who wants to learn more about financial planning.


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If you would like to send us your CV to be kept on file for any future opportunities at HydroGarden, please send it with your covering letter to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Typical job roles include:
Current Vacancies:
Cultivation and Technical Advisor
Work within Product Development to advise customers on cultivation, technical and product queries, test equipment and to assist with the introduction of new products from planning through to shelf. Responsible for running the greenhouse and commercial grow room.
Main Responsibilities
The Person
To be successful in this role, you will be required to demonstrate the following key skills:
Monday to Thursday: 8.30am - 5pm
Friday: 8.30am - 4pm
To apply, please email your cover letter and CV to email@example.com


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Survey Questionnaire Template
The survey questionnaire template is an effective and systematic tool through which certain companies and other corporate bodies conduct surveys. These generally pertain to the product or service performance and the related customer response. This can also be conducted by non profit organizations for the purpose of researching particular topics relevant to a group or groups of people. There must be proper attention paid to the subject matter of the survey while creating the survey questionnaire. The template should also be appealing but also simple so that a large number of respondents are attracted to it.
The survey questionnaire template, being very handy in collecting information which helps in the progress of the research, should be formulated by a professional.
You can Download the Survey Questionnaire Template, customize it according to your needs and Print. Survey Questionnaire Template is either in MS Word and Editable PDF.
Survey Questionnaire Template
Category: Questionnaire Templates


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The Norwegian name Birkebeiner, which was originally the name given to rebels during the civil war, today has a different meaning and is the name given to the largest sporting event series in Norway, which includes the biggest mountain bike race in the world.
The Birkebeinerrennet (ski cross country), Birkebeinerrittet (mountain bike) and Birkebeinerlopet (cross country run) make up the Birkebeiner series with more than 60,000 participants per year. The finish for all races is Lillehammer, the former host city for the Olympic Winter Games.
The history of the series goes back to the year 1206 when, during the Bagler wars, the son of the king, Skjervald Skrukka, was brought to King Inge Bardsson.
To this day, the Birkebeinerrennet remains on the original course that the skiers Torstein Skjevla and Skjervaly Skrukka used to take the child to safety.
To demonstrate the performance that these two skiers accomplished, each participant is duty bound to carry a 3.5 kilogram backpack that equals the weight of the king's son that time.
Next event dates:
19 Mar 2011 (Birkebeinerrennet)
27 Aug 2011 (Birkebeinerrittet)
17 Sep 2011 (Birkebeinerlopet)
Next event date:
8 May 2011


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Citraguard is a Hospital Grade Disinfectant designed for disinfecting all hard surfaces, drains, sinks, toilets, taps and fittings.
Apply neat to surfaces and leave in place for a minimum of 8 minutes contact time before rinsing with water. It can also be used as a Household disinfectant for general cleaning applications such as spray and wipe or mopping floors by being diluted with water in a spray bottle or mop bucket.
© 2019 Cleaners Supermarket Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved


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Monday, December 7, 2009
Fowl Supper and Visiting Scholar Lecture Series
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Vintage Halloween Drag
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Hello, Triangle Program students!
Thursday, October 15, 2009
New Blog from the 519
"Beginning today, The 519 will publish a new blog series called Centre Voices: It takes a Village to build community. Every Tuesday and Thursday for the next 6 weeks, staff, members, volunteers and friends of The 519 will share their experience of the Village, the role it plays in their life today and their hope for its future. In doing so we hope to create a positive dialogue about the future of our community, about the neighbourhood which we have served for nearly 35 years."
Be sure to check it out!
Thursday, October 1, 2009
Big Thanks, Ya'll...
I just want to thank everyone on the Community Engagement Committee who helped out with our Grand Opening Party last weekend...despite the rain, we had a huge turnout and we raised some much-needed funds. Elizabeth, Dexter, Dennis, Rachel, Val, Vanessa, Robyn, Hinna, Nousheen, Nathalie, Brian and Rebecka: you guys are the best.
Thursday, September 24, 2009
New Hope for HIV Vaccine
It is still a long way off, but there is new hope tonight for an HIV vaccine in our lifetime. Below is an excerpt from the CBC news story tonight. To read the whole story click on this link:
"An experimental vaccine appears to cut the risk of becoming infected with HIV by 31 per cent.
The research by Thai and American scientists has not been peer-reviewed or published yet, but scientists worldwide have been watching the trial so closely and awaiting the results that the researchers announced their data analysis Thursday in Bangkok.
It's the first time a vaccine seems to have prevented HIV infections. The modest reduction was enough to encourage some researchers after 26 years of fruitless searching for a vaccine."
It was really amazing to hear that a vaccine is possible and it also means scientists are learning a lot more about the virus and how it works in the body, so this was a positive moment in my day. I think I had started to believe the conspiracy theorists who always say that noone wants a vaccine for HIV/AIDS since big pharma makes so much money from the very expensive treatments, but it was nice to see that there are still scientists working on this important cause.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
34 Isabella Street Grand Opening
Thursday, September 10, 2009
Sunday, June 21, 2009
Show your Pride and Support the CLGA!
Thursday, June 18, 2009
Grand Opening Party-Saturday, September 26.
Friday, June 12, 2009
Open House During Pride Weekend
Renovations on the CLGA's new home, located at 34 Isabella Street are now complete, and it is fabulous!
Sunday, June 7, 2009
Anyone Going to New York this month?
In honour of the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, the New York Public Library is hosting an archival exhibition called 1969: The Year of Gay Liberation:
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
Hello, Hamilton!
Saturday, May 23, 2009
1200 visitors in 6 hours!
We also received a warm welcome from the Toronto Area Archivists Group (TAAG) and the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA). It was great to feel like a part of the archives community.
Thursday, May 21, 2009
CLGA at the City of Toronto Archives for Doors Open
The City of Toronto Archives was formally opened on January 22, 1992. It was designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership to be a safe, secure and efficient archival repository, as well as an inviting research facility and a complement to its historic surroundings. Architectural highlights include: an ultra-modern, climate controlled storage area to accommodate 123,000 boxes; a sky lit central atrium and exhibition area; pink terrazzo staircase; 60-seat theatre; and a two-storey, sky lit Research Hall where researchers can access City records, photographs and maps.
The Archives is located at 255 Spadina Road, just north of the Dupont Subway Station (on the University line). It's also just south of the fabulous Spadina Museum and Casa Loma, so why not visit all three?! Check out the Doors Open website for details on events taking place at these two historical sites and in the surrounding neighborhood
For more information about the special events that will take place at the Archives, please visit its official City of Toronto website. Also, please note that the Archives will only be open on Saturday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm.
Monday, May 18, 2009
Presentation at Jarvis Collegiate
May 14, 2009 CLGA Engagement Committee members Dennis, Rachel and Elizabeth were invited to participate in Jarvis Collegiate's anti-homophobia week. The week had apparently begun with an all-school assembly at which the members of the school's Gay Straight Alliance gave a very impressive sounding presentation. We were so intrigued that Dennis asked the student who created it to consider donating it to the archive.
For our part, we presented an overview of Queer History in Canada, including some more recent trans-history in Toronto, to a small but enthusiastic group of students. A few highlights of the presentation include: Bill C-150 and Trudeau's famous line "There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation."; the organising rally held in Jarvis Collegiate's auditorium following the Toronto Bath House Raids; the complicated position of the trans-movement within the Queer community.
We finished off with more personal stories about how homophobia and becoming aware of sexuality has shaped our lives and this started some great conversations with the students.
We were also honored with these two cards (images left).
It was a great way to spend the afternoon with a lovely group of young activists. I look forward to
chatting with them again.
This is the colouring sheet/handout that Rachel made (below).
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Jane's Walks: Yonge Street is Flaming
This walk was my first Jane's Walk, and it was great!
Lots of good anecdotes and first-hand accounts from guest guide Marcia McVea, but also great stories from guides Jane Farrow and Gerald Hannon as well as time given at each stop for stories and memories from amongst the participants.
It was very informative and fun way to engage with the city's history and well worth the strain to hear the speakers who were often overpowered by Yonge Street traffic during the first stops.
Queer history moves up Yonge Street, from the smokey anonymity of swanky hotel piano bars of the 1950's to the grotty backrooms of the 70's and the revolutionary parades and marches of the 1980's. Join in a conversational Sunday stroll through the history of the bars, beverage rooms and clubs frequented by gays and lesbians on the Yonge Street strip from King to Wellesley Streets.
519 Seniors Drop In - CLGA History Presentation April 27th
The 519 has a Seniors Drop-In once a week and a good number of the seniors who drop by are in fact Gay or Lesbian. So I was also a bit intimidated since most of these people would have lived through the very history that I would be talking about.
I was warmly welcomed by Dick Moore who introduced me to the approximately 20 people in the room. There was a nice mix of men and women, with the usual larger representation of men. A couple of the men I recognized from my past years of activism. It was a very casual atmosphere of sitting around tables, sipping tea and nibbling freshly baked chocolate chip cookies.
I was using Lesbian and Gay Liberation In Canada, a selected Annotated Chronology, 1964 - 1975, by Donald W. McLeod as my base reference source. It is a chronology of major events outlining Canadian lesbian and gay history for the period indicated, combined with a brief selected bibliography of sources of each event. The depth of material in that book is overwhelming, but proved to be the perfect tool for me to be able to pick out some of the trends, patterns and progress of gay rights in Canada, while occasionally referencing similar events in other countries.
Since I only had an hour, I needed to summarize the material into very broad strokes of commentary, trying from time to time to pick out examples of events which highlighted steps in our history of life in the closet to living with greater and greater openness about being out. Many of the people present would nod vigorously when I touched a point in their lives directly. Unfortunately, the chronology of McLeod's book ended in 1975 and I was running out of time, so I had to do a quick summary of the last few decades thinking that most in the room would have been active participants in this last period. However, I think we need to go back for another session to do proper justice to that period as well.
The conversation which followed was very lively, with individuals recounting the bars they used to attend, the clandestine nature of some of these clubs and bars, the stereo types which existed, the games that needed to be played to hid one's sexual identity, the way the police actively raided clubs and how the men and women had to switch dance partners when the lights flashed the warning signal that the cops were on their way. We talked about the piano bars and how they were real magnets for the gays and the dykes. There was real history in the room with all those present remembering their lives, their experiences, their traumas and their fun times, their romances, and their heart aches. It was great to be a part of the rekindling of those memories. This was experiencing archives of a different sort; this was the living lesbian and gay archives.
Dennis Findlay
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
CLGA sponsored Inside Out Film
Royal Ontario Museum Sat May 23 12:30pm
The Queer Nineties brings to completion Nancy Nicol's award-winning series on the history of lesbian and gay rights in Canada, which has been 10 years in the making and has covered 40 years of history. This bookend documentary brings together the most influential voices of the struggle for equal rights, giving precedence to human rights activists as well as to pioneering lawyers. The work also addresses the issue of censorship at the Surrey School Board, which in 1997 banned three children's books that depicted same-sex parents. The roles of ethno-cultural communities and the labour movement in the advancement of LGBT rights across the country contribute to the documentary's comprehensive view of the decade that gave us many of the freedoms we enjoy today.
Click here for more information and for links to purchase tickets:
Tuesday, April 21, 2009
CLGA Booth in Peel for GSA Event
Monday, March 30, 2009
More Renovations
Here are some more photos that Suzy took on March 22nd. Everything should be finished sometime in April...woot!
Here are some photos that Suzy took of the construction at 34 Isabella on March 5th. Sorry it took me this long to figure out how to post them!


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Welcome to Night Vale
95 - Zookeeper
Zookeeper Joanna Rey brings some animals to the studio. Plus, an update on Old Woman Josie, dragons in town, and a look at traffic.
The voice of Joanna Rey is Felicia Day.
Weather: "Coffee" by Sylvan Esso (sylvanesso.com)
New Books: Night Vale Podcast Episodes, Volumes 1 & 2
Available now!
Welcome to Night Vale: The Novel. welcometonightvale.com, click on books.
Night Vale European Tour Dates:
Oct 3-23, 2016
welcometonightvale.com, click on live shows.
Music: Disparition, disparition.info.
Logo: Rob Wilson, robwilsonwork.com.
Produced by Night Vale Presents. Written by Joseph Fink & Jeffrey Cranor. Narrated by Cecil Baldwin. More Info: welcometonightvale.com, and follow @NightValeRadio on Twitter or Facebook.


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It was time to play around with the pasta machine again and make some sort of starter ravioli thing. I had limited supplies in the fridge, so the filling was just a simple cheddar cheese and spinach, therefore it was really important to have a tasty, tangy sauce. Therefore pasta with salsa verde was tested, and I must say went down pretty well.
What do I need?
|Fresh Pasta with Zingy Salsa Verde
- 2 Eggs
- 100g '00' flour
- 100g Semolina
- 10ml Olive Oil
- 30g Cheddar Cheese
- Handful Spinach (torn)
- Salt
- Pepper
- 50g Basil
- 50g Parsley
- 50g Coriander
- 50g Chervil
- 1 Shallot
- 1 Lemon (zest and juice)
- 10ml Olive Oil
- 1 tsp Caster Oil
- Salt and Pepper
What do I do?
- Place the flour and semolina in a bowl and make a well in the middle. Add eggs and olive oil and combine together using hands. When all combined and shiny place in the fridge.
- Place all salsa verde ingredients in a bowl and blend using a stick blender.
- Roll the pasta with a rolling pin and then keep rolling through the pasta machine until you can basically see through it, then cut with any shaped cutter you want your ravioli to be.
- Combine together the cheese, spinach, salt and pepper in a bowl and place in your ravioli - stick each side of ravioli together with a little bit of water, or egg.
- Place pasta in boiling water for 2 minutes, or until it rises to the top.
- Serve straight away with salsa verde, a drizzle of olive oil and some cracked pepper.


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Praise for a few announcers
The normal thing for bloggers to do is wait for announcers to say something stupid, then write a post explaining exactly how they are stupid. Whole websites have been built around this concept. Sometimes, though, credit is due.
Today's game of the week features Tampa Bay and the Mets. David Wright is currently hitting .350 but is on pace for 170 strikeouts and only 10 homers. It is certainly a weird season. Ken Rosenthal brought these numbers and mentioned Wright's .480 BABIP. Even Tim McCarver seemed to grasp regression to the mean, as he (rightly) doesn't think Wright will continue striking out at a 170K pace. It was a discussion you'd be more likely to read at a site like the Hardball Times.
Wright is having an odd mixture of good and bad luck. There's some bad luck in that he's not making contact with balls he normally hits. Some bad luck in that balls he normally hits out of the park are staying in. And quite a bit of good luck in that balls he does contact are dropping in for hits. The thing about Wright is that he's not the best at any aspect of the game, but is well above average at just about everything. It's weird to see him with an extreme BABIP, and an extreme whiff rate.
I would think Wright will almost certainly hit more like his .300, 30 hr, 115K self from here on than the statistical freak he's been so far. He's having as good a season as he normally does, but it is difficult to see how one could consciously trade off one's abilities to get to where he is now.
Want a higher BA at the expense of homers? This can probably be done by shortening your swing, going with the pitch, etc., but that approach should decrease your strikeout rate, not increase it.
If you consciously swing harder, and do so at the expense of strikeouts, I can see where such an approach could increase your BABIP and your K rate at the same time. But that would approach should not kill your power, should it?
I'll add a little batted ball data from Fangraphs. Wright is hitting slightly more line drives (25% to 23% career) at the expense of ground balls. Not a big enough increase to explain the huge BABIP increase. He's hit 3 more line drives than his career averages would expect, yet has 20 more hits in play. His flyball percentage is unchanged, so it's hard to see why he's stopped hitting homers.
Just a weird season for Wright, but I expect him to display his normal profile of skills going forward.