text:
Loon Splits Bad Boy, Wraps Sophomore Album
Loon has parted ways with Bad Boy and formed his own company, Boss Up Entertainment. The artist has also nearly completed his sophomore album and has signed several acts to Boss Up, which has begun neSongwriter/producer Loon has parted ways with Bad Boy and formed his own company, Boss Up Entertainment. The artist has also nearly finished work on his sophomore album, "The Renaissance," and has signed several acts to Boss Up, which has begun negotiating a distribution deal.
Loon spent four years on Bad Boy, appearing on a host of albums and co-writing the biggest hit in the P. Diddy-run label's history, "I Need a Girl Part II." The track spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. His lone studio album for the label, a self-titled set released late last year, debuted at No. 2 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
"My relationship with [Diddy] from beginning to end was on the up and up," Loon told Billboard.com when he was in Las Vegas last week for the Billboard Music Awards. "I did everything I had to do to help him refurbish the label and bring it back to its present state."
"[But] I've never been able to establish my own identity or other dimensions of myself," he continued. "The smooth stuff is a dimension of myself, but there's so much more that comes with me. I endured the burden of Puff's criminal case [and Bad Boy rapper] Shyne [going to jail] and J. Lo beating us up on the radio. It took a couple of years to get all that out of the way. I was at a fork in the road. I could continue to be in the shadow, or I could take the initiative and be my own man. That's the choice I made."
As for "The Renaissance," Loon declined to reveal potential collaborators apart from Mase, with whom he recently completed a track. "It's definitely me getting more in tune with myself," he said of the album. "Me trying to put out multiple impressions of myself as opposed to just seeing Loon as a lover boy. Don't expect desperation to obtain street credibility, but I do have some street records that will show a different dimension."
"My first album, I had a lot of decent features," he continued. "But I don't want everybody to feel like I need a crutch right now. Loon is going to do a song, hook and all."
Loon has also signed his cousin, R&B/gospel singer Dante Hawkins, to Boss Up, as well as a Russian singer named Luba ("she's going to remind you of a black R&B singer; that strong, sultry sound," he said). "I'm trying to instill the same qualities as a boss in my artists," Loon said. "I give my cousin his own budget and he can give me an album. I don't need to hold his hand."
Loon says he's thrilled to strike out on his own in attempt to "create that balance as a CEO/artist. I'm not trying to save the East Coast. I'm a music lover. I want to build an Arista. I don't want the label name tattooed on my arm."
"I wrote pretty much every chart-topping record or verse that came out of Puff's mouth for the past four years," he concluded. "I think a lot of execs are looking at it like, 'This is the guy I can build a franchise around. He writes records.' I'm not the novelty rapper that just comes out to do a jingle every five years."


text:
Title Page | Collection Summary | Biographical/Organizational Note | Scope and Contents | Arrangement
Collection Summary
|[Thomas F. Saarinen collection]
|Span Dates
|Call No.
|G3201.A67 coll .S2 Saarinen
|Saarinen, Thomas F.
|ca. 4,100 pieces (chiefly ms. maps) : some printed items, some col. ; 204 folders ; 7 bankers boxes (7 linear ft.)
|Collection material in English
|Geography & Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
|Thomas F. Saarinen was a geographer who extended the technique of mental or cognitive mapping to the world scale. He collected the first broad, worldwide sample in his research project titled, Parochial Views of the World. The collection consists of the raw data from that project and represents findings and administrative issues. Specifically, present are some 3,900 sketch maps of the world drawn by students from 71 sites in 52 countries; these maps were analyzed based on their positioning on sheets of paper ca. 8 1/2 x 11 inches. The collection also includes statistics, discussion papers, thesis papers, books, magazines, published articles, correspondence related to the project.
|Finding Aid Permalink
|Cite or bookmark this finding aid as: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/eadgmd.gm015008
|LCCN Permalink
|LC Online Catalog record for this collection: https://lccn.loc.gov/2004626092

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Company : Linseis Inc
UMDC Code : 105069
The features are Inkjet Printing Technology Without Physical Contact with the Paper, Low-Cost, Available in One- or Two-Channel Continuous Trace, Continuous Analog Trending on the Same Axis, Many Digital Printing Capabilities, Built with Polymer Plastic Mold Technology, The PHE Offers Many of the Features Found in Higher-Priced Instruments, Three-Year Warranty.
Product URL : http://www.linseis.net/html_en/recorders/industrial_recorders/phe.php
Last Updated : 03/16/2013
Categories : "Charts", "Recorders"
Please provide the following information and a representative of Linseis Inc will contact you to assist with any questions you might have.
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Copyright 2019 Medical Product Guide. All Rights Reserved
ECRI Institute Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System (UMDNS™) Proprietary Statement
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A Term is a single word search.
A Phrase would wrap a string of words in quotes and find matches on the extact string.
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text:
Way back when I first started C programming, I wanted to find an easy way to copy one block of memory to another block of memory. The first thing I discovered when digging through documentation was the memcpy() function, which basically does exactly what its name indicates -- copy memory from one location to another. The documentation also talked about a related function called memmove(), which I thought must "move memory from one location to another," so I didn't pay it much attention as I wanted to copy memory, not move it. Yeah, I knew that memcpy() wouldn't behave if the memory regions you were copying overlapped, but I was like "okay, I just won't be stupid and copy between overlapping regions," and, fortunately, the way I used it over the years happened to never result in a situation were those regions would overlap (I think... I've written a lot of code, but don't recall ever debugging an issue due to a bizarre memcpy()-related corruption).
Once upon a time, I applied for a job with the NSA...
Hey, I had just been laid off, the economy was in the toilet, it was before Snowden, and I assumed that the NSA focused on targeted intelligence, not broad surveillance.
I managed to get a phone interview with them (along with directions not to mention interviewing with them on any social media). They were even going to fly me down to Fort Meade for an in person interview, but I declined as I got a local job offer I accepted instead.
Given everything that has come to light about mass surveillance and now the FBI wanting to force Apple to backdoor the iPhone, I know I will never want to work for any three letter agency again. In fact, I want to do all I can to make their jobs as difficult as possible, whether it's spreading the word on crypto or contributing to open source tools that make surveillance more difficult.
We're so-focused on the terrorism boogie man that we don't notice the other enemies of freedom under our noses. I for one am not about to give up my liberty to "protect" me from something less likely to happen then getting eaten by a shark.
As Patrick Henry once said, give me liberty or give me death!
First, I'm relatively new to the whole fountain pen thing. I first got into it back in May of 2015 or so, and I didn't really appreciate paper quality at that point either. I mostly just used what I had lying around home or office. Once I started using fountain pens for a bit, however, I started caring more about the types of paper I was using and making sure it was fountain-pen friendly.
I recently got into fountain pens for various reasons. Anyway, I don't have time to post any reviews on specific stuff I'm using yet, but I did feel like announcing that you will be seeing stuff about pens, paper, ink, and handwriting here in addition to all the other nerderies.
I've been doing some assembly level debugging and I noticed this following somewhat weird construct in many locations within the program:


text:
Sweet Model-by-Model Recount of Spocom Anaheim Super Show Bikini Contest 2016 Brought here by Calvin Li
The famous Spocom Bikini Contest had a great turn out and crowned Diana Mila as Miss Spocom Anaheim 2016www.wheelsandheelsmag.com / Photos by Calvin Li
Bikini Contest is always one of the highlights of the Spocom show. Year over year, they have produced many wonderful Miss Spocom's that people love.
Our contributing photographer, Calvin Li, has brought us a model-by-model recount of the fierce competition.
From the first model, Miss Spocom Anaheim 2015, also our feature model, to the last but not the least model, all showing different types of beauty and personalities.
Here is
the quick recap of the models and the sweet crowning moments!
Spocom Bikini Contest Anaheim 2016
* Please forward any requests or questions to email@example.com


text:
Create a code snippet app
by Michelangelo Altamore
Open Source Rails project
by Dmitry Amelchenko
Theme Support
by James Stewart
Observer and Singleton
design patterns in Ruby
by Khaled al Habache
JRuby monitoring with JMX
by Joshua Moore
Ruby Web Frameworks:
A Dive into Waves
by Carlo Pecchia
How to Implement
Automated Testing
by Eric Anderson
Ruby on Rails & Flex
by Arturo Fernandez
Workflow solutions with AASM
by Chee Yeo
MeshU Exclusive Coverage
How to build a business with Open Source
by Chris Wanstrath
Carl Mercier * Ilya Grigorik * Ryan Singer
interviews by Rupak Ganguly
Volume 1, Issue #3
A Word from the Editor
by Olimpiu Metiu
Welcome to the largest edition of Rails Magazine yet!
The past couple of months were hectic as usual, with our
team expanding to 7 people (http://railsmagazine.com/team),
not including our many authors and columnists
(http://railsmagazine.com/authors). Should you find an article
particularly useful or enjoyable, please take a moment to send
a thank you note to the appropriate author or editor – they
worked hard on a volunteer basis to share their knowledge in
a professional format.
To help the magazine continue on, we are looking for
additional help – please contact us if interested in joining the
editorial team.
Our RailsConf 2009 edition, intended originally as a
2-page event report, took a life of its own and ended up with
12 pages of exclusive event coverage, Rails 3 information and
interviews with prominent rubyists.
Of course, these are exciting times for the entire Rails
community: Passenger for Nginx, MacRuby/HotCocoa,
Ruby 1.9 gem compatibility and Rails 3 rumours are just
a few things keeping everyone busy. Also, the Matt-gate
incident led to self-reflection and positive action, including
the creation of Railsbridge.org – an inclusive community we
hope will add value to the community and complement Rails
Activism efforts.
Without further ado, Rails Magazine Issue #3...
by Olimpiu Metiu
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails
by Michelangelo Altamore
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project
by Dmitry Amelchenko
Theme Support
by James Stewart
Observer and Singleton design patterns in Ruby
by Khaled al Habache
JRuby Tip: Monitoring with JMX
by Joshua Moore
Workflow solutions using AASM
by Chee Yeo
Ruby Web Frameworks: A Dive into Waves
by Carlo Pecchia
How to Implement Automated Testing
by Eric Anderson
Ruby on Rails & Flex:
Building a new software generation
by Arturo Fernandez
Building a Business with Open Source
by Chris Wanstrath
Interview with Carl Mercier
Interview with Ilya Grigorik
Interview with Ryan Singer
(interviews by Rupak Ganguly)
Olimpiu Metiu
is a Toronto-based
architect and web strategist.
He led the Emergent Technologies group at
Bell Canada for the past couple of years, and his
work includes many of Canada's
largest web sites and intranet portals.
Recently, Olimpiu accepted a position with
Research in Motion (the maker of BlackBerry),
where he is responsible with the overall
architecture of an amazing collaboration platform.
A long-time Rails enthusiast, he founded Rails Magazine
as a way to give back to this amazing community.
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/olimpiu
Connect on LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/ometiu
A Word from the Editor by Olimpiu Metiu
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails
by Michelangelo Altamore
In this article you will see how to create a basic source
code snippet application. I will use tests to drive development
step by step and provide a practical example.
I assume that you are familiar with Ruby on Rails basic
concepts . You should have a working environment with a
recent version of Ruby (>= 1.8.7), RubyGems (>=1.3.0) and,
of course, Rails (>=2.1).
Initial Sketching
We create a new rails application called Snippety:
$ rails snippety; cd snippety
and install nifty_generators by Ryan Bates as a plugin by
$ script/plugin install git://github.com/ryanb/nifty-
so that we can quickly generate a simple layout with the
$ script/generate nifty_layout
A code snippet will have the following attributes:
Let's scaffold a basic model:
$ script/generate nifty_scaffold snippet name:string
language:string body:text
Migrate the database with
rake db:migrate
, start your
web server with script/server and point your browser to local-
host:3000/snippets to see a functional snippet view.
Soon after playing with the web interface we realize that
our fresh Snippety is lacking a few things:
language is in a free text field instead of a selectable list of
available languages
snippet name, language and body are not required nei-
ther on create nor on update
snippet body is not highlighted according to the snippet
two different snippets can have the same name
the list of snippet show a tabular list instead of a list of
These functionalities represent Snippety's business value.
We can start by constraining a snippet to have a unique name,
a language and a body; after that we will try to get syntax
In general you should not care too much about the order
of activities when the sequence is not critical, and this is the
case since we can't ship a unit of work missing either syntax
highlighting or with a potentially inconsistent snippet collec-
Before start, I rearrange our previous list according to
their priority and express each as an expectation:
each snippet should have a mandatory unique name,
language and body
each snippet body should be rendered highlighted ac-
cording to its language
index action should list snippets in a blog-style way
snippet language should be chosen from a selectable list
of languages instead of free text
Now that we know where to head for, we can start our first
Task 1: Snippet Validation
The business logic of Snippet requires a mandatory unique
name, a stated programming language and a body. We will
implement this starting with tests.
Test Driven Development (TDD) basically means that for
any new requirement we first add a new test asserting what
should happen for a case and then we will implement code so
that the new test, and all of the old tests, are satisfied.
Let's start by editing
and imple-
menting a test method named
that fails
when the snippet's name is not present:
1 require 'test_helper'
3 class SnippetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
4 def test_should_have_a_name
5 snippet = Snippet.new
6 assert_nil snippet.name
7 snippet.valid?
8 assert_not_nil snippet.errors.on(:name)
9 end
10 end
Take a break to understand what this test is saying. On
line 5 we are instantiating a new snippet. On the next line we
assert that our snippet has no default name, that is
should evaluate to
. Then we run the active record
validation on line 7 by sending the
message on the
snippet object.
We have fulfilled our preconditions, so on line 8 we assert
that we should have an error for the snippet object on the
name symbol.
That is sufficient to express that a snippet validation
should fail when it has no name. Run
rake test:units
on your
console to see the following failure:
1) Failure:
[./test/unit/snippet_test.rb:8:in `test_should_have_a_
<nil> expected to not be nil.
1 tests, 2 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
The next step is to make the test pass by implementing the
simplest thing that could possibly work . Let's modify
so that it looks like that:
class Snippet < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_presence_of :name
and run
rake test:units
Finished in 0.076376 seconds.
1 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
The test passes! We are done with that iteration. Now it's
your turn: using the above code as a guide try to write a test
that fails when the language attribute is not set on a snippet
object. Then implement the simplest thing that makes your
test pass. Do the same for the body attribute and finally con-
front your snippet unit test suite with mine.
To accomplish task 1 we still need a unique name attribute
for our snippets. Consider the following test method:
25 def test_should_have_a_unique_name
26 snippet_one = Snippet.create(:name => 'Hello
World', :language => "ruby", :body => "puts \"Hello
27 assert_nil snippet_one.errors.on(:name)
28 snippet_two = Snippet.create(:name => snip-
pet_one.name, :language => "ruby", :body => "def hello;
#{snippet_one.body}; end")
29 assert_not_nil snippet_two.errors.on(:name)
30 end
We instantiate two snippet objects, we assert that the first
one is created and saved without errors on name in line 27,
while the second one on line 28 is expected to have an error
on name, having the same of the first. Run the usual
to see:
Finished in 0.099406 seconds.
1) Failure:
[./test/unit/snippet_test.rb:33:in `test_should_have_a_
<nil> expected to not be nil.
4 tests, 8 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
As you may have guessed we need to change
like that:
class Snippet < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_presence_of :name, :language, :body
validates_uniqueness_of :name
Let's try our tests again:
Finished in 0.095361 seconds.
4 tests, 8 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
All tests are passing now. We have validation for our snip-
pets and the first task is complete.
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
Time to move on the next one.
Task 2: Snippet Highlighting
For this task we will use the library CodeRay by Kornelius
Kalnbach. Check if it is already installed on your system with
gem list coderay.
If it is not listed you can install by running:
$ sudo gem install coderay.
Our aim is to let Snippety being able to use the
gem to render an highlighted version of a snippet body ac-
cording to its language syntax.
So we configure that dependency in
adding the line:
config.gem "coderay"
We still don't know how to interact with that library. How-
ever that knowledge is not that far away, by running
ri CodeRay
you can see its usage; I report here what is relevant for us:
Highlight Ruby code in a string as html
require 'coderay'
print CodeRay.scan('puts "Hello, world!"', :ruby).html
# prints something like this:
puts "Hello, world!"
Highlight C code from a file in a html div
require 'coderay'
print CodeRay.scan(File.read('ruby.h'), :c).div
print CodeRay.scan_file('ruby.h').html.div
You can include this div in your page. The used CSS
styles can be
printed with
% coderay_stylesheet
The documentation tells us that:
we can obtain coderay's stylesheet with the command
we can highlight a string calling scan method on the
In order to integrate coderay stylesheet we run the follow-
ing inside root folder of Snippety:
$ coderay_stylesheet > public/stylesheets/coderay.css
You should obtain the stylesheet file. To get it loaded we
must modify application layout, as you can see on line 6 in
4
5 <title><%= h(yield(:title) || "Untitled") %></
6 <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'coderay', 'application'
7 <%= yield(:head) %>
8
The stylesheet should be loaded now (you can look at the
source to be sure).
Now it's time to explore CodeRay from the Rails console:
$ script/console
Loading development environment (Rails 2.2.2)
A bridge too red
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
The documentation tells us that:
we can obtain coderay's stylesheet with the command
we can highlight a string calling scan method on the
In order to integrate coderay stylesheet we run the follow-
ing inside root folder of Snippety:
$ coderay_stylesheet > public/stylesheets/coderay.css
You should obtain the stylesheet file. To get it loaded we
must modify application layout, as you can see on line 6 in
4
5 <title><%= h(yield(:title) || "Untitled") %></
6 <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'coderay', 'application'
7 <%= yield(:head) %>
8
The stylesheet should be loaded now (you can look at the
source to be sure).
Now it's time to explore CodeRay from the Rails console:
$ script/console
Loading development environment (Rails 2.2.2)
>> CodeRay
=> CodeRay
The gem has been correctly loaded if you can see that.
Let's try now to get syntax highlighting using the same ex-
ample as the user manual:
>> CodeRay.scan('puts "Hello, world!"', :ruby).html
=> "puts "Hello, world!> CodeRay.scan('puts "Hello, world!"', :ruby).html.div
=> "
\n

puts "Hello,
world!"</
It looks much better now. It has a
with a CodeRay class
and the code is inside a pre tag so that multiline code will be
shown on separate lines.
We now have enough ingredients for the following test:
def test_should_render_highlighted_html
plain_body = %Q(puts "Hello, world!")
hightlighted_body = %Q(
\n

puts "Hello,
world!"</
snippet = Snippet.new(:name => "Hello", :language =>
"ruby", :body => plain_body)
assert_equal hightlighted_body, snippet.highlight
First we instantiate a Ruby snippet with the content of
"Hello, world!" as body and with the requirement that
it should be rendered by the same markup that we last saw in
the console. We run our unit test suite as usual and we get:
Finished in 0.098842 seconds.
1) Error:
NoMethodError: undefined method `highlight' for
./test/unit/snippet_test.rb:44:in `test_should_ren-
5 tests, 8 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors
It complains since we do not still have any highlight
method. So we add it to
def highlight
Rerun the test to find that now we've got a different prob-
Finished in 0.102812 seconds.
1) Failure:
[./test/unit/snippet_test.rb:44:in `test_should_ren-
<"
\n

puts "Hello,
world!"</
expected but was
5 tests, 9 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
It fails since the highlight method actually returns nil. We
are ready to implement source highlighting by writing the
implementation that we have already seen using the console
and hopefully making the tests pass:
def highlight
CodeRay.scan(self.body, self.language).html.div
We try our tests again:
Finished in 0.111017 seconds.
5 tests, 9 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
And they pass! We can highlight source code snippets
now and we have a test that confirms that. However, we can't
show highlight source code for anyone until we modify the
snippet views.
Your first instinct could be to look for snippet views,
Michelangelo Altamore
is an Italian Ruby
on Rails evangelist with a passion for expressive
beautiful code. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science
from Catania University, Italy.
Michelangelo has more than 3 years of experience
in software development and offers his services
from Convergent.it (http://convergent.it)
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
manually customize them and finish the work.
That would be great, however you will end up without any
tests for your controller or views, and that is not good. We
instead maintain discipline and proceed with the next task.
Task 3: Action Views Customization
Let's explore functional tests with
rake test:functionals
Finished in 0.259097 seconds.
9 tests, 10 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
You may wonder how it is possible that you already have a
suite of 9 different passing functional tests without even writ-
ing a single one.
You should thank Ryan for this, he is so good that
comes with functional tests not only for
but also for Shoulda and RSpec.
That simply means that our work for functional tests will
be less than expected. So open
with your editor and have a look at the first
1 require 'test_helper'
3 class SnippetsControllerTest <
4 def test_index
5 get :index
6 assert_template 'index'
7 end
As the name suggests, the method is testing the index ac-
tion of the snippets controller. On line 5, there is a call to an
HTTP request, in particular the get method; the symbol index,
that actually stands for the index action of our snippets view,
is passed as an argument to the get request. That request is
expected to produce a response rendering the index template
view for the snippet controller. This is fine and it works, we
just would like to add the expectation that a list of snippets is
rendered on the template. To do that we modify the method
in that way:
4 def test_index
5 get :index
6 assert_template 'index'
7 snippets = assigns(:snippets)
8 assert_select 'div#snippets' do
9 assert_select 'div.CodeRay', :count => snippets.
10 end
On line 7 we are assigning to snippets the fixtures set
contained in
that you can see under the test/
fixtures directory, and we expect that our template contains a
snippets id div tag, and inside it, a number of div with Cod-
eRay class matching the number of the snippets.
Running our functional tests we see:
Finished in 0.227583 seconds.
1) Failure:
Expected at least 1 element matching "div#snippets",
found 0.
<false> is not true.
9 tests, 11 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
Our test is failing. Indeed, we have no div#snippets for our
view. We can implement that and produce the div.CodeRay
listing with the following
<% title "Snippety" %>

<%= link_to "Create a new code snippet", new_snip-
pet_path %>

View available code snippets

<% for snippet in @snippets %>
<%=h snippet.name %> – <%=h snippet.language %>
<%= link_to "Show", snippet %> |
<%= link_to "Edit", edit_snippet_path(snippet) %> |
<%= link_to "Destroy", snippet, :confirm => 'Are you
sure?', :method => :delete %>
<%= snippet.highlight %>
<% end %>
Check our functional tests:
Finished in 0.22947 seconds.
9 tests, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
And they pass. In fact, you can now see div#snippets and
div.CodeRay by looking at the source code of the index page.
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
By the way, we've just finished our 3
requirement. Now,
let's try to modify our show action to properly display a snip-
pet. We add line 16 in
13 def test_show
14 get :show, :id => Snippet.first
15 assert_template 'show'
16 assert_select 'div.CodeRay', :count => 1
17 end
Here we expect a div.CodeRay
element on our page. The
test fails since our generated show view action does not know
anything about syntax highlighting, as you can see:
Finished in 0.306102 seconds.
1) Failure:
Expected at most 1 element matching "div.CodeRay",
found 0.
<false> is not true.
9 tests, 14 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
Now we produce the following template for
<% title "#{snippet.name} - #{snippet.language}" %>
<%= link_to "Edit", edit_snippet_path(snippet)
%> |
<%= link_
to "Destroy", snippet, :confirm => 'Are you
sure?', :method => :delete %> |
<%= link_to "View All", snippets_path %>
<%= @snippet.highlight %>
Finally, our tests are now happily passing:
Finished in 0.271848 seconds.
9 tests, 15 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
We can take a break now and have a look at our applica-
tion's front end. After the creation of a couple of code snip-
pets, Snippety now looks like this:
While editing or creating a code snippet we have no
selectable list of available languages. It's time to address the
We start by adding the requirement that a language should
be presented inside a select box by placing that assertion on
line 22 of
19 def test_new
20 get :new
21 assert_template 'new'
22 assert_select 'select#snippet_language'
23 end
The above expresses that a template should contain a
select element with snippet_language id and a parameter cor-
responding to the language attribute in the snippet model.
Having no select box in our view,
rake test:functionals
as shown:
Finished in 0.282672 seconds.
1) Failure:
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
Expected at least 1 element matching "select#snippet_
language", found 0.
<false> is not true.
9 tests, 16 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors
We find that the relevant code to modify is placed inside
, a view partial:
1 <% form_for @snippet do |f| %>
2 <%= f.error_messages %>
3

4 <%= f.label :name %>

5 <%= f.text_field :name %>
6

7

8 <%= f.label :language %>

9 <%= f.text_field :language %>
10

11

12 <%= f.label :body %>

13 <%= f.text_area :body %>
14

15
<%= f.submit "Submit" %>

16 <% end %>
We change creating a local variable holding an array of
languages on line 8 and changing the
into a select
box on line 11, as follows:
8 <% form_for snippet do |f| %>
 2 <%= f.error_messages <span
 3
</
 4 <%= f.label :name %><br />
 5 <%= f.text_field :name %></
 6 </
 7
</
 8 <% languages = [
"Ruby","JavaScript","Java","C"] %>
9

10 <%= f.label :language %>
11 <%= f.select :language, @languages %>
12

13

14 <%= f.label :body %>

15 <%= f.text_area :body %>
16

17
<%= f.submit "Submit" %>

18 <% end %>
rake test:functionals
says that:
Finished in 0.3083 seconds.
9 tests, 16 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
We have no failures. It means that we have a working
select list:
We have caused some eyebrow raising since a good can-
didate model property is placed inside a local variable of the
view layer.
We should refactor it and refactor it without making the
tests fail. You can see how in
1 class Snippet < ActiveRecord::Base
2 LANGUAGES = %w(Ruby JavaScript Java C)
4 end
And in
7

8 <%= f.label :language %>
9 <%= f.select :language, Snippet::LANGUAGES %>
10

Sure enough, we see that the tests are still passing:
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
Finished in 0.43375 seconds.
9 tests, 16 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors
As a side effect, the form partial change also provided a
working implementation for the edit action, without its own
test. As a simple exercise you can modify the
ods on your functional test suite for covering that action. If
you are tired of using rake to launch your test suite, you can
take a look at
Initial requirements for snippety have been fulfilled. If it
this exercise were real, it would be now released to the users
and we would await feedback from them. Maybe they would
like more languages, the addition of line numbers, etc.
What is important is that now you should be more famil-
iar with TDD. As you have seen, the concept is easy to grasp
and you can use it effectively on your own projects.
Indeed Test::Unit is great but some people are happier
when they can minimize Ruby's syntactic sugar impact on
tests, still using it to express their tests in a readable language
that is meaningful for the application. Shoulda by Thoughtbot
addresses this issue. You can learn by their nice tutorial.
I can't close without mentioning RSpec, the original Be-
haviour Driven Development framework for Ruby. If you feel
curious, you could have a look at a great talk by Dave Astels
and David Chelimsky where it is explained what BDD is, and
where it comes from. By the way, if you are interested, The
RSpec Book (beta) has been recently published.
I hope you've find it useful and thank you for your time.
Looking Up from Below
Create a simple code snippet app with Rails by Michelangelo Altamore
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project
by Dmitry Amelchenko
There is a lot to say about open source (OS) development
model. A typical OS Rails project has its own specifics large
enough that sets it apart from the rest of other OS software
projects. A typical OS project usually has a build output
which can be downloaded and installed — a tar or a jar or a
zip archive, a lib file, or an installable exe file, while Rails out-
put is a Web Site. A complexity of a web application deploy-
ment perhaps is one of the reasons why OS web application
development has not became a mainstream yet. Rails on the
other hand opens an opportunity to develop web applica-
tions which can be easily installed on as many environments
or on as many hosts as desired. Some might ask: when we are
developing a web application, don't we usually want to run
it on a single, well recognizable and unique host? One of the
reasons for developing OS web applications would be the
fact that some industries are still heavily regulated and will
not allow potentially sensitive information to be sent across a
wire to some web 2.0 service, but if the source code for such a
service is freely available and can be installed inside corporate
firewall, everyone would be happy. Another reason people
choose to do OS web applications is availability of outstand-
ing tools and services for free in exchange for making your
code open source. In this article I will be talking about some
such services. And the last but not the least reason is avail-
ability of talent – if you are working on really cool OS project
and utilize all the powers of the Web to promote it, the chanc-
es are that best of the best hackers will be open to work with
you. What ever the reasons for people to do OS Rails projects
might be, you can find a list of those in two primary sources
— http://wiki.rubyonrails.com/rails/pages/OpenSourceProjects
and http://www.opensourcerails.com/.
For me it all started with reading "Getting real"
book by the 37Signals — it's available online at
gettingreal.37signals.com/ . To simply put it; the 37Signals
are the best of their kind. They are by far ahead of the crowd
and setting the industry standards, after all they are the Rails
inventors. The book mostly talks about common sense when
it comes to software development. I was also very excited to
find out about some of the web 2.0 products the 37Signals of-
fers. One of the simplest but yet useful projects that I wanted
to start using right away was "Campfire" — a group chat
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project by Dmitry Amelchenko
web application. But as soon I was ready to start promoting
"Campfire" in the office, I realized that it's not going to work
for my company. I work for one of those firms that are very
concerned about sending potentially sensitive information
across the wire outside of a corporate firewall. But I was stub-
born and felt that the group chat software was exactly what
my company needs to improve openness and collaboration.
So I decided to start hacking my own group chat web applica-
At first I just wanted to write something very similar to
"Campfire". It is later, based on users' feedback, when I real-
ized that group chat powered by social networking aspects is
even more powerful and useful. Also my intention was to get
as many developers from my work place interested as pos-
sible. So opensourcing the project was not really a require-
ment initially. But in order to make my life easier and avoid
any questions from the management, like "what do you need
this server for...", "we don't have what you are looking for in
place...", "we can't approve a non work related projects run-
ning on this infrastructure...", "it has to be approved by the
committee...", "if you are doing this then it means you have a
way too much time on your hand...", I decided not to get into
the corporate bureaucracy and to run the project on my own.
I was going to approach the corp tech again later, when the
project is off the ground and kicking.
Looking back, I think the decision to opensource the proj-
ect was one of the best decisions of my life.
The next step was to figure out how to run the project and
not to spend too much money out of my pocket. We live in a
weird time when you can get a lot for free. And it is not like
"you get what you pay for" any more — free does not mean
bad at all, usually the opposite, "free" reads the best. And of
course it is the best not because it is free, but because it is
As far as technology, Ruby on Rails was my first choice,
free, elegant, outstanding community support — but I'm
preaching to the choir here. Being a professional, I could not
afford not to put the code into a version control. There are
tons of options available here. Git is getting a lot of buzz lately.
There are many sites that offer git repositories' hosting. But
there is something to be said about http://github.com/. First of
all it gives 100M for public repositories for free (which really
means repositories containing opensource projects). But even
that is not the most important thing. What makes github
stand out from the crowd is the social networking aspect.
It's crucial that your OS project is reachable . The project I
started is hosted at http://github.com/dmitryame/echowaves/
and at the moment of writing, it had 18 followers — not that
many, but more then I could have possibly hoped for for a
few month old project. And the cool thing is that you are not
only limited to developers in your company or country. It's
truly world wide. One of the best contributors and the techni-
cal lead on the project is located in Spain — believe it or not
he found the project on github and liked it enough to join.
Through github I got introduced to a guy from Britain who
was also inspired by the 37Signals and started few other great
projects — railscollab and rucksack, he has made a lot of very
useful suggestions and had influenced the project in a big
way. I can not stress enough the excitement I get from work-
ing on the project with all different people I've never even met
in person before, located all over the world. Social network-
ing lately has drawn a lot of scepticism, but in my experience
if there is a benefit from the Internet and Social Networking,
then that's it.
As great as it sounds, it does not come for free–, there are
few simple things to keep in mind. Here is what I had to do
make things moving.
Make sure to write reasonable • README in you rails
project. It will appear on the repo's home page for your
project on github and most often people will judge your
project based on the first impression they get from that
README file. So make sure it has an executive summary
of your project as well as simple installation instruc-
tions. In my opinion, this is all there is to README file.
If you start putting more things into it and it became
long, it will distract attention and will turn people away.
Next, make sure you have a demo installation of your •
project that people can play with before they make a
decision to install your project on their local machines.
Preferably this should be a dedicated host with a catchy
name that hopefully matches the name of your proj-
ect on github. My reference installation for instance
is http://echowaves.com/ . By now it's actually more
then just a reference installation. The developers that
work on the application use it to collaborate on project
related issues. Some people (including myself) have
started photo blogs there. We get some very useful
feedback from the community through it, and also
using it we communicate the news and updates back
Dmitry Amelchenko
specializes in
web applications development for financial
companies in New York City and Boston
area. Throughout his career he worked on
a number of highly visible mission critical
web sites as a software engineer, mentor
and architect. Experienced in C++, Java and
Ruby languages. Witnessed first hand the evolution of web
applications development from CGI, to J2EE, to Ruby on Rails.
Currently works on number of open source projects hosted on
github at http://github.com/dmitryame/.
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project by Dmitry Amelchenko
to the community. Thanks to the nature of the project,
we could eat our own dog food (so feel free to checkout
echowaves and run it on your own domain , or even
feel free to create a conversation ("convo") on http://
Another very important thing is to make the links •
between your project and the github obvious. I placed
a link to the github location on the default landing page
and made it very explicit, And the very first link in my
file points back to the http://echowaves.com/ site.
Sites like github are crucial in helping to get attention •
to your project. The reason you are putting it on github
is probably because you want to find contributors. Be
open to any type of help — content writers, developers,
spelling errors catchers, designers (the most difficult
to find), suggestion makers. But remember: you are in
charge. If you really want for your project to success,
you need to have a vision. Make sure you communi-
cate this vision whenever you get a chance, put it in on
your home page, make it the first thing in your README
file, talk about it in your blog. Do not start working on
every little feature suggested right away. Do not accept
every line of code people contribute, unless you have
worked with that person before and developed a trust
relationship. Read more about that in the "Getting
Real" book.
It's essential to communicate back to the community •
what is currently in progress and what features are
planned to be implemented. Initially I had a free ac-
count on http://lighthouseapp.com/
, but it only support
ed 2 users per project (for more I had to pay and I am
so cheap when it comes to OS development ;-)). Then I
looked at Google Code as an alternative. Surely it sup-
ports the whole OS development stack including Sub-
version as a version control, but since I already started
using github, I was only interested in the issues tracking
aspect of Google Code. If you are more comfortable
with SVN, feel free to use Google Code for version con-
trol as well, but as for me I find that the social coding
aspects of Google Code are just not nearly as good and
helpful as github's. The good thing is that thanks to the
competition in the OS project hosting space, where
you can choose what works best for you. Here is the
example of how the users tracking list looks like for me
The next big thing in organizing an OS Rails project is an
infrastructure you will be running you site on. There are few
options available here. I initially started hosting my site on a
computer under my desk in a basement. But quickly realized
that outsourcing the infrastructure is the better way to go. If
you are serious about getting your project off the ground and
want it to be noticed by other people, you have to make sure
it's up and running 24/7 and the bandwidth must be good
enough to make a good impression on visitors — the web
community has very high expectations these days. This is the
only thing you are expected to pay for, not a whole of a lot,
but still out of your pocket, so make your choice wisely. There
are number of hosting providers that support rails apps like
http://www.engineyard.com/ and http://www.slicehost.com/.
I personally choose the power and flexibility of Amazon's
web services. Read more about it here http://aws.amazon.
com/. EC2 is easy to setup and use. They constantly add new
features. They offer a FREE static IP address — a must for a
serious web site hosting. They finally support persistent file
system storage in addition to their S3 web service. The scaling
is easy, the bandwidth is outstanding, the billing is a "pay as
you go" model, so no costly contracts, no capacity planning
ahead of time and no hidden costs — just use what you can
afford to pay for at the moment and pay only for the things
you need at the moment. In the future when the site grows
above first million users and the investors start banging on
your door offering loads of cash, you will be able to scale with
your eyes closed. But that's a story for another article.
After you are done setting up the project and developers
start contributing their talent to the project, your reference
installation is up and running and you actually have some-
thing to show, then it's time to start promoting your project.
For me the most natural place to start was at work. After all,
the project was initially started as a collaboration tool for the
office. I installed the app on my personal sandbox and held a
lunch presentation for developers. Doing a presentation, you
will be able to get an instant feedback, you will know right
away if your idea is worth anything to people. During the
presentation do not forget to mention that you are looking
for contributors. Next, investigate your local ruby and rails
community, present at one of the local Ruby or Rails groups
meetings as well, if not able to present, at least send an email
to the local Ruby group and introduce yourself, explain what
you are doing and why, mention that you are open to sugges-
tions and looking for volunteers. One comment about com-
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project by Dmitry Amelchenko
munity support I have to make: if you run into a technical
issues on the project, then the local community mailing list is
the great resource — so do not hesitate to use it. For example,
when I was looking for a library that supports chats in the
browser, before spending much time on research, I asked the
question on a Boston Ruby group mailing list. I've received
a suggestion to use Orbited, and that ended up being one of
the best architectural decision I had made on the project. Or-
bited is easy to install and configure and is rock solid. I actu-
ally sometimes forget that I use it at all — it works like a well
oiled machine, and you never have to worry about restarting
it (maybe once every few months when a new release comes
out and I want to upgrade).
Depending on your project and budget, you might con-
sider to start paid ad campaigns. I feel the majority of the
OS Rails projects might not benefit from it, especially at the
early stages. I tried to run Google AdWords as well as Fa-
cebook ad campaigns. The traffic has slightly increased, but
the bounce rate also went through the roof. The bounce rate
represents the average percentage of initial visitors to a site
who "bounce" away to a different site, rather than continuing
on to other pages within the same site. It's incredibly difficult
to come up with the right keywords combination and even
if you do find it, most of the times is does cost money. If you
set your daily budget too low (like I did) your keywords will
never trigger and instead Google will show your ad based on
the site content, which might not be exactly what you want.
Here are some more effective techniques that tend to yield
better results for promoting early stage OS project (again,
things are different if you have cash on your hand, then feel
free to skip this part):
Talk to all your friends, tell them about your project •
and ask them to post a short note about it on their
Consider writing articles for magazines like • http://rails-
Make sure to post on • http://www.opensourcerails.com/.
Post your projects status updates on Facebook, Twitter •
or both. This is the way to keep your friends informed
about what's going on. Eventually they will notice from
your status updates that something is happening, will
start asking you questions, and most likely will start
sharing your story with their friends.
If you have good writing skills or really catchy idea, •
feel free to post on sites like http://reddit.com/ or http://
slashdot.com/ or http://digg.com/, just don't be discour-
aged if your post does not get high ratings or does not
get published at all (as in my case with).
By the time you start actively promoting your project,
it helps to start monitoring your site statistics. I use Google
Analytics which is free and offers a lot of different metrics.
EchoWaves Overview
Khaled Al-Habache
Echowaves is an ambitious project with many features of
interest. In a way you can use it as a free Campfire-like group
chatting tool. We, the RailsMagazine staff, use it to hold our
regular overseas meetings using our private Convo (conversa-
tion). However that's only one side of it. Echowaves adds the
social aspect to chat, making it more into Conversation based
site. You can create new conversations and share your thoughts,
check popular conversations and follow them and also you can
follow users and check what conversations are most of interest
for them. Echowaves can also be used as a Web 2.0 live forum,
where topics and replies can be seen instantly. A nice thing is
the ability to embed photos and videos and to attach files. This
makes the conversations more interactive, also it makes it fit
personal and gallery pages.
Echowaves acts as an OpenAuth provider and exports data
in various formats to help developers make use of the public
If you like to chat, blog, post pictures, share updates with
friends or just socialize — try out EchoWaves.
Running the OS project, you have to be a little bit of every-
thing yourself; no one else will do it for you if you won't. Keep
an eye on the stats and try to understand the metrics that are
available to you. Simple number of hits per day is important
but not nearly enough to understand what's going on. Sub
scribe to some free uptime monitoring service as well. I use
It's also as crucial to follow some basic design guidelines
to get higher ratings on search engines. Things like correct
page titles, meta descriptions, etc... Google webmaster tools
https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools is of a great help in
identifying some problems. If your ratings are not that high
initially, do not expect it to go up very quickly, it takes a lot
of patience and daily attention (it could take months). Still,
make sure to analyze the suggestions Google Webmaster tool
makes and try to address the issues pointed out as soon as
There are probably a lot more other things you can do to
make your OS Rails project a hit. The basics are still going to
be the same for everyone — it is all about common sense as
outlined in "Getting Real" by the 37Signals book. Your job as
a project Master is to find the best possible combination that
works for you. Just remember, when you are running an OS
project, the most difficult thing is to make others care about it
as much as you do — if you accomplish this goal, success will
follow. Be passionate and honest, even if you are not the most
experienced Rails developer in the world but love what you
are doing, that is a sure road to success.
Working on a typical Open Source Rails project by Dmitry Amelchenko
It's the ideal scenario really. You've spent many, many
hours into your project, crafted the business logic so it's just
right, and tuned it all to perfection. And then you realize that
with just slightly tweaked views and a change of stylesheets,
that same app could serve a different audience.
Or perhaps that's rather rare, but you're busy designing an
app that from the outset will need to serve multiple clients,
each of whom will need a bit more customization than a
simple choice of logo and colour scheme provide.
In either case you could get round it with careful use of
layouts, partials and other tricks from the Rails toolkit, but
that can quickly become cumbersome and isn't going to scale
if you need to change different elements for different clients.
That's where
plugin comes in.
Originally released by Matt McCray based on code used in
the Typo blogging engine by Tobias Luetke,
vides support for any number of themes which can override
any view (whether a full view or a partial) from your main ap-
plication, and have their own set of assets. So once you've got
your main site set up, all you need to do is add an appropriate
folder, add some declarations to your
identify the right theme, and override where necessary. The
file covers most of the particulars.
Before you rush out and start theming your application,
there's something else you ought to know. The plugin keeps
breaking. It's not that the code is buggy, but simply that
goes fairly deeply into Rails, and for a variety of (very good)
reasons Rails API keep changing. It's the sort of problem that
we can all hope will disappear once we have Rails 3 and the
defined public API, but for the time being some workarounds
are necessary to get it working for subsequent Rails releases.
So in that great open source tradition, a few of us have
begun experimenting with the plugin over on github. It began
when I created a fork and found a workaround to serve my
Theme Support
by James Stewart
James Stewart
is a freelance web developer
and consultant, based in London and primarily
working with arts organizations and non-profits
to develop their web presences and improve their
business processes. Though officially tech-agnostic
he's usually happiest building web applications with
Rails or Merb. Outside of work he's enjoying the new
experience of fatherhood, and dabbles in concert promotion.
Project page
Test Application
fairly modest needs. Since then a couple more forks have
sprung up and we're working on resolving them. I also man-
aged to make a test suit that can help checking the state of the
plugin with your installed rails version.
190 meters up
Theme Support by James Stewart
Observer and singleton are two common design patterns
that a programmer should be familiar with, however what
made me write about them, is that both are there out of the
box for you to use in ruby.
So let's have a look at both and see how ruby help you use
them directly:
Observer Design Pattern
According to Wikipedia:
"The observer pattern (sometimes known as publish/sub-
scribe) is a software design pattern in which an object, called
the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observ-
ers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes,
usually by calling one of their methods. It is mainly used to
implement distributed event handling systems."
So how does ruby help you implementing this design
pattern? Well, the answer is by mixing the observable module
into your subject (observed object).
Let's take an example, let's suppose we have a banking
mechanism that notifies the user by several ways upon with-
drawal operations that leaves the account with balance less or
equal to $0.5.
If we look deeply at this problem, we can qualify it as a
good candidate for observer design pattern, where the bank
account is our subject and the notification system as the
Here is a code snippet for this problem and it's solution:
# require the observer lib file
require "observer"
class Notifier
class EmailNotifier < Notifier
def update(bank_account)
if bank_account.balance <= 10
puts "Sending email to: '#{bank_account.owner}' in-
forming him with his account balance: #{bank_account.balance}$."
# send the email mechanism
class SMSNotifier < Notifier
def update(bank_account)
if bank_account.balance <= 0.5
puts "Sending SMS to: '#{bank_account.owner}' informing
him with his account balance: #{bank_account.balance}$."
# send sms mechanism
class BankAccount
# include the observable module
include Observable
attr_reader :owner,:balance
def initialize(owner,amount)
@owner,@balance = owner,amount
# adding list of observes to the account
add_observer EmailNotifier.new
add_observer SMSNotifier.new
# withdraw operation
def withdraw(amount)
# do whatever you need
@balance -=amount if (@balance - amount) > 0
# now here comes our logic
# issue that the account has changed
# notify the observers
notify_observers self
Observer and Singleton design patterns in Ruby
by Khaled al Habache
Observer and Singleton design patterns in Ruby by Khaled al Habache
account = BankAccount.new "Jim Oslen", 100
account.withdraw 99.5
#=>Sending email to: 'Jim Oslen' informing him with his ac-
count balance: 0.5$.
#=>Sending SMS to: 'Jim Oslen' informing him with his account
balance: 0.5$.
So to user ruby observer lib we have to implement four
Require the 'observer' lib and include it inside the subject
(observed) class.
Declare the object to be 'changed' and then notify the
observers when needed – just like we did in 'withdraw'
Declare all needed observers objects that will observe the
Each observer must implement an 'update' method that
will be called by the subject.
Observers in Rails
You can find observers in rails when using ActiveRecord,
it's a way to take out all ActiveRecord callbacks out of the
model, for example a one would do this:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
after_create :send_email
def send_email
#send a welcome email
a neater solution is to use Observers:
class UserObserver < ActiveRecord::Observer
def after_create(user)
#send a welcome email
You can generate the previous observer using the follow-
ing command:
ruby script/generate observer User
You still can have observers that map to models that
don't match with the observer name using the 'observe' class
method, you also can observe multiple models using the same
class NotificationObserver < ActiveRecord::Observer
Hanging Low
Observer and Singleton design patterns in Ruby by Khaled al Habache
observe :user, :post
def after_create(record)
#send thanks email
Finally don't forget to add the following line inside
to define observers:
config.active_record.observers = :user_observer
Singleton Design Pattern
According to Wikipedia:
"In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a design
pattern that is used to restrict instantiation of a class to one
object. (This concept is also sometimes generalized to restrict
the instance to a specific number of objects – for example,
we can restrict the number of instances to five objects.) This
is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate ac-
tions across the system."
The singleton design pattern is used to have one instance
of some class, typically there are many places where you
might want to do so, just like having one database connec-
tion, one LDAP connection, one logger instance or even one
configuration object for your application.
In ruby you can use the singleton module to have the
job done for you, let's take 'application configuration' as an
example and check how we can use ruby to do the job:
# require singleton lib
require 'singleton'
class AppConfig
# mixin the singleton module
include Singleton
# do the actual app configuration
def load_config(file)
# do your work here
puts "Application configuration file was loaded
from file: #{file}"
conf1 = AppConfig.instance
Khaled al Habache
is a software
engineer and a senior RoR engineer.
A fan of open-source and big projects,and
research based work.
Currently giving part of his time for Ruby
community and other web related work on
his blog: http://www.khelll.com
Khaled is a Rails Magazine contributing editor and maintains
our regular Ruby column.
Ruby observer.rb
Singleton Module
Rails guides
conf1.load_config "/home/khelll/conf.yml"
conf2 = AppConfig.instance
puts conf1 == conf2
# notice the following 2 lines won't work
# new method is private
AppConfig.new rescue(puts $!)
# dup won't work
conf1.dup rescue(puts $!)
#=>Application configuration file was loaded from file: /
#=>private method `new' called for AppConfig:Class
#=>can't dup instance of singleton AppConfig
So what does ruby do when you include the singleton
method inside your class?
It makes the 'new' method private and so you can't use it.
It adds a class method called instance that instantiates
only one instance of the class.
So to use ruby singleton module you need two things:
Require the lib 'singleton' then include it inside the de-
sired class.
Use the 'instance' method to get the instance you need.
Observer and Singleton design patterns in Ruby by Khaled al Habache
What is JMX?
JMX (Java Management Extensions) is a Java
tool used
to monitor and control a Java
process. Since JRuby is a
process, it can also be monitored using JMX. The great
thing about JMX is that it is not just one way communication.
You can also use JMX to change settings within the JRuby/
process and within your own application. This article
will only cover the briefest of introductions about JMX. The
goal is to help you get started using it.
JConsole is the default JMX client provided with the JDK
Development Kit). Unfortunately, it is not part of the
JRE (Java
Runtime Environment) so if you do not have it
you will need to download and install the JDK. JConsole is a
simple application that connects to a Java
process and then
displays the collected information to the user. It can also be
used to set variables within the Java
process. To get started
with JConsole simply execute one of these commands (de-
pending on your OS type):
Windows: •
Linux: •
(it should be added to the path with the
command) or
Mac: Sorry, I cannot afford a Mac right now but I guess •
it would be similar to Linux (currently the Josh Moore
Mac fund is accepting donations).
* One bug with JMX on Linux is that JMX uses the IP
address found in the
file to connect to the Java
process. So if you execute
hostname -i
on the machine running
the JRuby process you want to monitor, and the output is not
your IP address, then you will need to modify the
file and then restart your network process or restart your
* You should be aware that the information gathered by
JConsole is session based, so when the connection is closed
all the gathered information will be lost.
Setup the Jruby/JavaTM process
Now that JConsole is running, you will need to connect
to a process so that you can monitor it. With JMX you can
connect to any local process without any change to it*. Simply
click on the process and click connect (see image). Once con-
nected you will be shown information that is being collected
in real time. The overview tab gives several top level graphs of
the current system resource usage (Memory, CPU, etc). The
Memory, Threads, Classes, and VM Summary tabs all provide
more information about each respective topic. The MBeans
tab is special as it shows you the raw output received from
the JMX connection. In addition, if you want to change any
of the Java settings, use this tab. It depends on the version of
JConsole that comes with JDK .
* If you are using JConsole from versions earlier than 6
then you will need to set this variable in Java:
-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote (java -Dcom.sun.management.
or for JRuby use:
jruby -J-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote
Monitoring local processes is not all that exciting. Much
more interesting and useful is monitoring processes on re-
JRuby Tip: Monitoring with JMX
by Joshua Moore
JRuby Tip: Monitoring with JMX by Joshua Moore
mote servers. Because of security reasons if you want to use
JMX to monitor a remote JRuby process you will need to pass
in some variables to the Java
process when it starts. To be
simplistic, simply start the Java
process like this (you can
choose any port number you want):
java -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=9999 -Dcom.sun.
management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -Dcom.sun.management.
These options are used with JavaTM or a JavaTM applica-
tion server like Glassfish, Tomcat, Jetty, etc. In order to moni-
tor a process started with JRuby you will need to prepend the
variables with
-J-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=9999 -J-Dcom.sun.
management.jmxremote.authenticate=false -J-Dcom.sun.management.
Once the process is started with these variables you are
ready to go.
* You should be aware that when starting a Java
with these options you will be opening a huge security hole
in your server. Unfortunately, I do not have time to cover the
secure setup. Please see the resource section for an article on
this topic.
Once the process is up and running in the JConsole con-
nection box, click the "Remote Process" radio box and then
enter in the host name or IP address followed by the port
number (i.e.
). Once the connection is estab-
lished you can use JConsole in the same manner that you
would for a local process.
Joshua Moore
grew up on a farm in
Pennsylvania, USA. On the farm he learned
that hard work is not easy and that he did not
like to get dirty. So he started down the path
of computer programming (less dirt, but still
hard work). He liked Java and worked mostly
with desktop application development until
about a year ago, when he decided he could not ignore web
development any longer (he ignored it before because he did
not want to fight different browsers to get his applications
to work right). But, different browser rendering or not, here
he is using Ruby on Rails, mostly JRuby on Rails, and loving
it. He chose Rails because it was simple, powerful, and no
configuration needed.
Check out his blog:
Twitter: @kaiping, email:
Josh is a columnist with Rails Magazine, where he publishes
regularly on JRuby.
MX home page
More Information and JMX Authentication
jmx4r a gem to create a JMX client in JRuby
jmx a gem to create a JMX client and custom MBeans
How to write custom MBeans
Using JConsole (also explains what all the different JavaTM memories mean)
This is a quick introduction to JMX. This article has barely
scratched the surface of what JMX can really do. The real
power of JMX can be leveraged in many different ways. Some
of these ways include: writing your own MBeans to collect or
set custom information and writing your own JMX client to
log the performance of you application. For further informa-
tion on these advanced topics, checkout the resource section
JRuby Tip: Monitoring with JMX by Joshua Moore
Workflow Definition
A workflow is an abstract representation of real work
undertaken by a single or complex group of individuals
or mechanisms. It describes a system of activities enabled
through a collection of resources and information flows.
Workflows are primarily used to achieve some form of pro-
cessing intentions, such as data processing.
There are two main forms of workflows: sequential and
state-machine. Sequential workflows are predictable. They
utilize the rules and conditions we provide at the beginning
to progress a process forward. The workflow is in control of
the process.
A state-machine workflow is the reverse. It is driven by
external events to its completion. We define the states and
required transitions between those states. The workflow sits
and waits for an external event to occur before transitioning
to one of the defined states. The decision making process hap-
pens externally outside of the workflow – there is a structure
to be followed still like a sequential workflow but control is
passed to its external environment.
What is a state machine?
The diagram below is a simple example of a state machine.
It has three main properties: states, events and transitions.
A state represents a particular situation. The state machine
above has two main states – 'Power On' and 'Power Off'. The
machine will be in one of these two states at any point in
There is only one main event in the state machine above
– a button click. An event describes an external stimulus or
input into the system. In this instance, a button click will
either 'power on' the state machine or power it off and both
states shown above respond to the same event.
A transition moves the state machine from one state to
the next. In the diagram above, following a button click, if
the machine is in a 'power on' state it will transition to the
'power off' state and vice versa. Not all transitions move the
state machine to a new state – it is possible to loop back to the
same state.
A state machine does not just store states and events
alone. It can also execute code when an event arrives. In the
example above, the state machine can be designed to control
electricity flow when it transitions to a new state following a
button click event.
State Machine in Rails
Sometimes you need to track the state of a model in an
application and the transitions between a set of pre-defined
states which are triggered based on certain events. Or you
might need to express the business logic of your application
using a workflow to illustrate the flow of state changes based
on its events.
For example, you might have an ap-
plication that allows the user to upload files
for processing and you need to provide
some form of mechanism to track the file
while it is added to a queue for processing
and to provide some form of feedback to
inform the user of the status of the out-
come (success or an error) and the relevant
action to take based on the outcome (if an
error occurred, inform the user).
This can be modelled by adding a '
or '
' column in your model table and
updating it as you go along. However, it
becomes tedious and error prone when
multiple states are involved.
(AASM) plugin converts any
model into a Finite State Machine capable of remembering
which state it is in at any point in time and the transitions it
is allowed to go through between those states and the actions
that are to be triggered when a specific state is reached.
Workflow solutions using AASM
by Chee Yeo
Workflow solutions using AASM by Chee Yeo
Setting It Up
To utilise the plugin in a Rails application, simply install it:
ruby script/plugin install http://elitists.textdriven.com/
svn/plugins/acts_as_state_machine/trunk/ acts_as_state_machine
You would also require a
string column in the model
table – this is where AASM stores the state of the object.
An Example
For illustration purposes, say we have an application
which allows the user to upload video files for processing and
there is a Video model.
Within the
model add the following code to in-
stantiate the plugin:
# inside Video.rb
Class Video < AR::Base
acts_as_state_machine, :initial => :original
state :original
state :processing
state :processed, :enter => :set_processed_attributes
state :error, :enter => :inform_user
event :convert do
transitions :from => :original, :to => : processing
event :converted do
transitions :from => :processing, :to => : processed
event :failure do
transitions :from => :processing, :to => : error
def set_processed_attributes
# update name of file; move file to permanent storage
location etc
def inform_user
# pass message to user to inform of error with error code
end # end of Video model
directive includes the plugin with
an initial state of
. When a new video file is uploaded
A slice above
Workflow solutions using AASM by Chee Yeo
and a new video object created, this is the first state it will be
in. Note that although the plugin looks for a column called
in the database table, this can be overridden in the
directive like so:
acts_as_state_machine, :initial => :original, :column =>
The diagram below illustrates the current state machine of
the video model.
The three main components which the AASM plugin
needs to make it work are states, events and callbacks.
The possible states an object can be in are defined using
keyword. The name of the state is expressed as a
symbol. This generates an additional method of
query the state of the object:
@video.processed? # returns true or false
Events move or transition the object from one state to the
next. These are declared in the example above using the
event :convert do
transitions :from => :original, :to => : processing
This automatically adds an instance method of
class as an instance method. To call an event, simply
call your object instance with the event name followed by an
exclamation mark.
In our example above, suppose we have a method which
picks a video out of a queue for processing:
def some_method
@video.convert! # calls convert event; moves video from
'original' state to 'processing' state
# video has been successfully converted
@video.converted! # calls converted event; moves video
from 'processing' state to 'processed' state
@video.failure! # calls the failure event
It is possible to have multiple transitions statement in one
event block – the first one which matches the current state of
the object will be called.
Sometimes it might be necessary to do some validation
in an event loop before moving that object to the next state.
These are known as guards and can be used in an event block
like so:
event :convert do
transitions :from => :original, :to => : processing,
:guard => Proc.new { |video| video.accepted_format? }
The example above ensures that the uploaded file is of a
specific format via the
method and state tran-
sition will not be continued if it fails (if it returns false).
action at the end of a
statement is used
to define a callback. Callbacks are defined to trigger code
once the object is transitioning into that particular state.
These could be either methods or
objects. If a callback is
defined as a symbol, like in the example above, the instance
method of the object with the same name will be called.
In the Video example, when the object has reached the
' state, it fires a method called
which updates the object accordingly. There are two
other actions which could be used in a state declaration:
. The
callback gets triggered after the
model has already transitioned into that state and
called once the object leaves that state. We could make our
Video example more expressive by defining two additional
callback methods to be triggered once the object has reached
Chee Yeo
is a 30 year old open source enthusiast
from the United Kingdom. He is currently a Ruby
on Rails developer and has produced and launched
small to medium sized applications. He enjoys
blogging and writing articles about Rails and
contributing to open source.
Chee is also the founder of 29 Steps, a web agency specializing
in Ruby, Rails and web development. See how they can help at
Workflow solutions using AASM by Chee Yeo
state :processed,
:enter => :set_processed_attributes,
:after => Proc.new {|video| video.move_file}
:exit => :delete_tmp_files
In the example above, I declared a
which calls an
instance method of
after the object has entered
state and its attributes have been updated. The
instance method
removes all temporary video
files after processing and will be called once the object leaves
the block. One can create very complex states and behaviours
by delegating callbacks to relevant actions within a single
The AASM plugin is a great tool to have when you need
to implement state based behaviours in your application.
Although the same could be achieved by rolling your own,
the expressiveness of the plugin syntax itself makes it really
straightforward to understand.
Workflow solutions using AASM by Chee Yeo
In this article we introduce the Waves framework, mainly
based on the concept of "resources" to provide web applica-
tions. No prior knowledge is needed in order to understand
everything, though some experience with Ruby and Ruby On
Rails could help.
Being a ruby programmer implies, more or less, to being
also curios, to love experimentations… so we like to explore
emerging web framework, particularly the ones based on
Now it's time for Waves. It's defined by its developers as a
Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) framework.
But what does that mean?
Starting from the following facts, they derive that the MVC
way is only one of the possibilities to build and code web ap-
The Web itself is based on resources, and the spreading •
of REST over other "protocols" is a clear symptom of
Reasoning in terms of resources give you the possibility •
to use all the (huge) existing infrastructures of the web
(caching, URI, MIME types, RSS, and so on).
When properly structured, a • ROA application can be
less costly to maintain and to integrate with other ap-
After all, • HTTP has demonstrated to be a good choice
for that: a protocol that calls methods on resources.
Methods: • GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, …
Resource: "things" identified and accessed by an • URI
So, the most interesting things about this framework can
be summarized here:
Embrace of • resources approach: the key of Waves are
resource, and the routing features heavily work with
The application behaves like a • proxy of resources: we
can have multiple request paths invoking the same set
of resources.
It's based, like Rails (at least with 2.3 version) and Merb, •
on Rack.
It runs on JRuby.•
In Waves we can see an application basically as a com-
posed stack of functionalities:
Application: is built on Layers
Layers: mix-in features to help build your application •
(eg: MVC support)
Foundation: is a Layer that provides at least the mini-•
mal features set required for an application.
In fact, Waves authors speak in terms of Layers and Foun-
dation. Of course there aren't any magical approaches on
that, we can do almost the same with Rails (or Merb, Sinatra,
Ramaze, etc), but this "change of mind" is interesting and
worth experimenting a little.
In this article we'll explore the surface of the framework
that is still on version 0.8.x. After installing it, we'll write a
simple application in order to illustrate how Waves works.
Of course a gem is provided, so we simply need to type:
$ sudo gem install waves
and adding some dependencies if they aren't already pres-
ent in our system.
A simple application
Let's create a simple application for managing personal
ToDo's list.
$ waves generate --name=todo_manager
Waves can use whatever ORM we prefer, in this case we
choose to experiment with Sequel.
Previous command generates our application skeleton:
Ruby Web Frameworks: A Dive into Waves
by Carlo Pecchia
Ruby Web Frameworks: A Dive into Waves by Carlo Pecchia
As we can see the directory structure looks familiar to
Rails one. Particularly important is the
file, when a
Waves application starts:
## startup.rb
require 'foundations/classic'
require 'layers/orm/providers/sequel'
module TodoManager
include Waves::Foundations::Classic
include Waves::Layers::ORM::Sequel
Now, let's create a migration for our basic resource:
$ rake schema:migration name=create_items
that generates the file
we'll fill with:
## schema/migrations/001_create_items.rb
class CreateItems < Sequel::Migration
def up
create_table :items do
primary_key :id
string :name
string :content
string :status
timestamp :updated_on
def down
drop_table :items
As told before here we are using Sequel ORM, but of course
we can choose whatever fits our needs (ActiveRecord, Data-
Mapper, etc).
Now we can launch the migration with:
$ rake schema:migrate
But wait! Where is the database configuration?! All con-
figuration options live in
, namely:
Development and production modes inherit from default
setups. In development we find:
## configurations/development.rb
module TodoManager
module Configurations
class Development < Default
database :adapter => 'sqlite', :data-
base => 'todomanager'
reloadable [ TodoManager ]
log :level => :debug
host '127.0.0.1'
port 3000
dependencies []
application do
use ::Rack::ShowExceptions
use ::Rack::Static,
:urls => ['/
css/', '/javascript/', '/favicon.ico'],
:root =>
run ::Waves::Dispatchers::Default.new
server Waves::Servers::Mongrel
Carlo Pecchia
is an IT engineer living in Italy.
Its main interests are related to Open Source
ecosystems, Ruby, web application development,
code quality. He can be reached through his blog
or on Twitter.
Ruby Web Frameworks: A Dive into Waves by Carlo Pecchia
And in fact, after running the migration a new file con
taining the Sqlite development database is generated (
Now it's time to put in some HTML and CSS code.
We do it using Markaby, the default system assumed by
Waves (but of course we can switch to another templating
system). It's an interesting way of generate HTML code by
only writing Ruby snippets.
## templates/layouts/default.mab
doctype :html4_strict
html do
head do
title @title
link :href => '/css/site.css', :rel =>
'stylesheet', :type => 'text/css'
body do
h1 { a 'ToDo manager', :href => '/items'
div.main do
## public/css/style.css
/* it's up to you to put some content here...
Ok, it's finally time to start Waves server to ensuring us
everything is set up properly:
$ waves server
And pointing out browser on http://localhost:3000
we see
the 404 error:
Of course, we haven't yet defined any request path pro
cessing. Let's do it in main entry point, that's the
## resources/map.rb
module TodoManager
module Resources
class Map
include Waves::Resources::Mixin
on( true ) { "Hi, I manage your To-
Dos..." }
Basically here we are saying that all request are served by a
string as content. Let's see if, and how, it works in practice:
Let's add one line:
on( true ) { "Hi, I manage your ToDos..." }
on( :get ) { "Hi, I manage your ToDos...
again!" }
Refreshing the browser we can see the second string
rendered. This is how, basically, routes work in Waves. At the
end of this article we'll show how we can use this nice DSL
(domain specific language) here to express routes.
Introducing RESTful behaviour
Ok, now we have to define routes for "items" like that:
GET /items
• displays the items list (of things to do…)
GET /items/:id
• displays the item identified by :id
POST /items
• creates a fresh new item
PUT /items/:id
• modifies item identified by :id
DELETE /items/:id
• deletes item identified by :id
But first we need to define Item model:
## models/item.rb
module TodoManager
module Models
class Item < Default
before_save do
set_with_params(:updated_on => Time.
after_save do
set_with_params(:name => self.id)
def date
Ruby Web Frameworks: A Dive into Waves by Carlo Pecchia
Due to implementation of
methods for the control-
ler (maybe broken?), we have to define a
column in the
model, and be sure it acts like an
Let's insert some data using the console:
$ waves console
>> t = TodoManager::Models::Item.new
=> #<TodoManager::Models::Item @values={}>
>> t.content = 'finish waves introductory
=> "finish waves introductory article"
>> t.status = 'todo'
=> "todo"
>> t.save
=> #<TodoManager::Models::Item @
values={:content=>"finish waves introductory
:status=>"todo", :id=>1, :updated_
on=>Mon Dec 29 12:00:00 +0100 2008}>
>> t
=> #<TodoManager::Models::Item @
values={:content=>"finish waves introductory
:status=>"todo", :id=>1, :updated_
on=>Mon Dec 29 12:00:01 +0100 2008}>
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text:
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Left to Right. Beulah(Foley) Grieneisin, Harry Foley, William Foley, Bert and Bess (Foley)Cornell, Joseph Foley,
Mary (Foley) Cornell and son Allen Cornell, Allen Foley and his wife Vergie. Front row left to right. Kathleen
(Foley) Welton, Earl Cornell (Bess's son), Joseph Frazier Foley, Christina (Grapes) Foley, Nellie (my Grandma) Foley, Irene
and Delmer Cornell (children of Mary (Foley) Cornell). Dog is Bob. Photo taken abt. 1910
Return to Homepage Ohio Heritage Photo Album


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text:
Wanda and Jillian have an odd, complex relationship. Fate caused Jillian to pop to help Wanda move on to the "next phase of her journey" and Wanda believes their two Fates are linked.
Jillian met Wanda when she was captured by Haffaton. At the time, Wanda was addicted to Heroine buds and required by Olive Branch to torture prisoners like Jillian in order to turn them. Wanda eventually helped Jillian to defeat Olive Branch, after gaining permission from Warlady Judy to change sides and join Faq. Jillian then saved Wanda's life, by making a deal with Charlie, who helped cure Wanda of most of the physical effects of her addiction to Heroine buds.
It is implied in Book 2 – Text Updates 010 that before the fall of FAQ Jillian and Wanda were romantically involved. They appear to still have had a romantic and very intimate relationship during the times when Jillian was captured by Gobwin Knob, but it's unclear how much of that is genuine, how much was the spell of control Wanda cast on Jillian, and whether there might be other factors involved. This relationship is implied to have originated from Faq during a flashback. It is unlikely Jillian knows that Wanda was unintentionally responsible for the destruction of her side.
When Jillian breaks free from Wanda's Suggestion Spell, Wanda absorbs the full damage from the spell's abrupt termination. It's possible that she absorbed this damage deliberately, in order to avoid harming Jillian. She asked Parson not to croak Jillian, immediately after the spell broke. Jillian for her part remained concerned for Wanda even after breaking free of Wanda's spell.
Jillian has repeatedly attempted to persuade Wanda to leave Stanley's side, once while being held captive at Gobwin Knob, again during a fly-by visit to Gobwin Knob before the Coalition attack, and yet again when they parleyed at Spacerock. Her attempts to influence Wanda was hindered by the fact that she didn't know certain critical facts about Wanda. Jillian did not know about Wanda's role in the First Battle of Faq or the prediction that Wanda would someday gain an Arkentool. Wanda did mention the Summon Perfect Warlord Spell in passing after she interrogated Jillian at Gobwin Knob, but Jillian still doesn't know many critical facts about Wanda's relationship with Parson.
While Wanda benefited during the Battle for Gobwin Knob from having secrets that Jillian didn't know, Jillian has secrets unknown to Wanda. Wanda probably did not know that Jillian had rebuilt Faq and become a Queen, until she decrypted Ossomer. She still doesn't know that Jillian's Royal Heir will pop fairly soon, or that Jillian has formed separate alliances with the Royal Crown Coalition, the Western Giants, and Charlie.
The two met up again at Battle of the Expository Bridge. Wanda believed that Jillian had come all this way for her, but Parson suggested that it might have been for Ansom. Reacting jealously, Wanda had Ansom sent off with the ground troops to prevent Jillian from seeing him. Wanda proceeded to parley with Jillian.
Jillian indicated that she was fond of Wanda, but opposed her side because she can't stand Stanley. Jillian offered to let Wanda join her and conquer the world together. Wanda initially rejected this offer, saying that she is loyal to Fate. The Arkentools are Fated to be brought together, and she needs to stay by Stanley's side to help this event occur. Jillian suggested that Wanda could still fulfill her Fate if she joined Jillian's side, but was under non-disclosure, preventing her from sharing details. Wanda indicated that she might take her up on this offer, if she could win back her trust by helping her defeat Spacerock. Jillian pretended to agree, but proceeded to force an end to Gobwin Knob's turn, placing Wanda in a dire situation.
Though unwilling to croak Wanda herself, Jillian took a great deal of satisfaction in leaving her to her apparent doom. Much to Wanda's shock, Jillian left Wanda to croak while stating that she was finally sure who she had come for: Ansom.
Wanda has since entered a strong state of cognitive dissonance. She is not quite able to acknowledge what has happened in her relationship with Jillian and reacts violently to Jack's pointed hints, but realizes that somewhere, she has made a mistake.
A few turns later, Parson cautiously asked her if she would be willing to arrange Jillian's assassination. After a moment of shock, Wanda enthusiastically agreed. She continued looking for ways to rationalize how Jillian could still love her and sought to decrypt her. However, Jillian's words eventually made it clear beyond a doubt that Ansom was the one she loves, causing Wanda to break down in tears.


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text: Home > Bookshop > Other Subjects > Self Help « Back Past, Present, & Future: Clearing Your Past, for Living in the Present, and Manifesting Your Future Dreams and Goals Gregory, Linda Our Price Retail Price AUD$26.95 Your Price AUD$10.31 Minimum Order: 1 In Stock (1) Dispatch: 1 day Past, Present, & Future: Clearing Your/Gregory, Linda/Paper/0646497969/S021-A AUD$10.31 QTY Gift Wrapping Add Gift Wrapping (click checkbox) If you would like a gift wrapping message, please add it in the Notes section on the checkout page, thank you. AUD$2.95 Publisher: Gregory Institute of Transactional Analysis ISBN-13: 9780646497969 Series: Binding: Paperback Year Published: 2008 Everyone has a past, everyone has a present, the future isn't written yet. The question is, do we allow our past to sabotage our future? Many people today know they have the ability to manifest goals and dreams in their lives, and yet for many, even though they put the techniques into practices, it does not work so well. Why? We all carry around old home movies in our heads, some embarrassing, some treasured. We tend to hang onto them. Old negative beliefs about ourselves, others, life can unconsciously block our success in manifesting our dreams and goals. This book is about clearing the past in order to live in the present, and outlines clear steps to manifest future dreams and goals. Reaching your full potential, and becoming open to your spiritual self can be the result. By clearing our past and learning to use consciousness positively, and applying the law of attraction we can manifest the positive and happy life we want. They key is changing early outdated decisions and then learning how to manifest our positive intentions. ID: 181422 Code: AA000464


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What You Need For A Digital Marketing Strategy
When you own business, then the first thing that you will think of is the business strategies and also marketing strategy. The most important one that will lead to the growth of your business is the marketing strategy. There are so many ways that you can use to acquire a marketing strategy that you should know.
You will be able to create a digital marketing strategy because of the many technologies that have been introduced in the current world. The following information will help you a lot when you are thinking of creating better digital marketing strategy that will serve you to the best.
The thing to be aware of is that there is a great relationship between the digital marketing strategy and also a digital marketing strategy. If in any case, you would like a career path that has growth potential or if you love staying online, digital marketing is the most suitable for you. Many people desire to have skills in digital marketing. Nowadays, a lot of industries look for people who are well equipped with online space to handle their marketing strategies. This is why you need to get digital marketing strategy.
Finding the best certification program for digital marketing becomes troublesome because it is something that is not widely known. By reading this article, you can be sure that you will end up with a highly reputable certification program. You can find some digital programs that offer digital marketing certification. If you are ready for your certification, you can use certain ways to get it. The first way is through Google analytic individual qualification.
If you're new in digital marketing, it is a must for you to have an idea about Google analytics. People can now easily get their strategy through the help of Google. They offer online programs that can help you learn more. After every lesson, you will have to do some quizzes before you finally get the certification. Twitter is known to be one of the widely known social media platforms. This is the reason why every business ought to make good use of it.
Every marketer ought to be equipped with email marketing techniques. This helps them to acquire enough knowledge on open rates and creating catchy content. It would be of great help Hubspot email marketing certification, to successfully run a campaign,. It is never charged and can last for thirteen months. With the assistance of Hubs pot content marketing, you will also be able to acquire digital marketing certification.
It is the most suitable for writers. It will help you transform your writing skills to the most effective marketing strategies. as long as you have scored the needed percentage you will get your certification.
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