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Photos by Doug Garland '10
Miami is known more for its fancy cocktails than mugs of suds, but an open-minded professor and his beer-loving students are hoping to change the perception. B.R.E.W. FIU, a club formed by students in the Chaplin School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, is on a mission to educate South Florida about the science and art of craft brewing.
A brain for beer
Craft beers are produced in small batches by independent brewers using traditional brewing methods and are known for their full flavor, often inspired by local or seasonal ingredients. FIU's hospitality school, home to the Southern Wine & Spirits Beverage Management Center, is a natural starting point for a local revolution.
Barry Gump, professor of beverage science, joined FIU in 2007. An analytical chemist by training, he added a few wine and food analysis courses – and later on, brewing – to his teaching load while at California State University, Fresno. He draws on his background to take students through the chemical components and reactions in the brewing process.
Gump has always made the brew lab available to students outside of class, but it wasn't until 2011 that a few students decided to organize, and B.R.E.W. FIU was born.
The club's full name, Biscayne's Renowned Engineers of Wort, pays homage to the sweet liquid extracted from barley mash to start the brewing process. B.R.E.W. FIU's Apple Jack Ale and other original recipes have become popular through its involvement with the Food Network South Beach Wine & Food Festival, Brew at the Zoo and other local events. Its first-ever Biscayne Brewers Bash drew 15 local brewers and 300 attendees.
"The public always loves seeing us out, especially when we have our B.R.E.W. FIU and FIU banner right behind us," says Matthew Weintraub '13, one of the club's founders. "They're like, 'I graduated from this school. Why couldn't I have been involved when I was a student?' They're very excited to see FIU out and promoting the local craft beer scene."
Recognizing wider interest, Gump and one of his teaching assistants created a series of three non-credit courses open to the public, ranging from basic extract brewing, similar to a beer kit, to full-grain processes. The series, taught through hospitality school's Beer Academy, launched in Fall 2012 and sells out quickly.
Changing the local landscape
Craft beers have experienced steady growth since the early 1980s as people have come to appreciate their diversity and innovation, but Florida still lags. According to the Brewers Association, a craft beer trade group, Florida ranks 43rd in the nation for breweries per capita.
Miami's scene is anchored by brewpubs Titanic Brewing Company in Coral Gables and Miami Beach's Abbey Brewing Company, both less than 20 years old. But a number of new creative brewers are striking out.
"In the last 18 months the beer scene has just kind of exploded," says Kevin Rusk '82, who opened Titanic in 1999 and co-owns the legendary Miami bar Tobacco Road. "There are a lot of people that have dreamt of opening up a brewery, and I don't want to say it's easier, but it's more credible now."
Not surprisingly, FIU and its alumni have a role in the local uprising. Rusk purchased Tobacco Road soon after graduating with his hospitality degree. New and upcoming ventures Wynwood Brewing Company, CerveTech, Gravity Brewlab, Nightlife Brewing and J. Wakefield Brewing all have FIU alumni or students at the helm.
Growing with a goal in mind
Brewing science courses have been available for a number of years at FIU, but the rise in craft brewing has given the program a new spark. The brewers will soon move from their one-stove and modified-cooler set-up to a state-of-the-art beverage science laboratory in the new restaurant management laboratory. The second annual B.R.E.W. FIU beer festival, now called the South Florida BREW Fest, is in November. Eventually, school officials would like to see B.R.E.W. FIU beers available on campus where alcohol is served, such as Chili's Too at MMC or the Panther Club at FIU Stadium. But the main objective of the program remains the same: education.
"In South Florida, FIU is the only place where we have regular classes that teach brewing," says Gump. "I have great hopes that we'll see more craft breweries, microbreweries and brew pubs spring up in the South Florida area."
Though many of his students are hospitality majors, the courses are open electives. Alexandra Nowell '09 took two brewing classes while completing her religious studies degree. After graduation, she landed a coveted internship at California's Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, one of the country's largest craft breweries, and is now the head brewer at Kinetic Brewing near Los Angeles.
"[Sierra Nevada] looked at my education that I had received at FIU and that's pretty much why they offered me the position," says Nowell. During her stint, she created their training manual and training course. "It helped that I had so much research experience in college." ♦


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Thursday, August 09, 2012
Happy Birthday (40th)
Hi there, my sister in law asked me if I could make a male 40th birthday card for a friend of hers whose husband is turning 40 ... I said sure ... and then she begins to rattle off what her friend wanted in the card and I am frantically writing away her instructions which were the following points:
* a pink male 40th card
* family and home orientated
* include a dog with a pink bow
* they have 3 young girls and the dog is also a female ....
basically the poor guy is surrounded by females in the household who all LOVE pink - I think this guy goes to work with his head hanging down!
So here it is - I had to incorporate other colours but the family and house are all pink (and even the dog has a pink bow!)
I made my first step card and had the family up front on the first step, the house and letterbox (with the number '40' on it!) on the 2nd step, an apple tree on the 3rd step and the back/4th step has another tree, sky and clouds.
It took me quite a while to make this card and I enjoyed every minute off it - alot of fussy cutting! here is a close up of the family ...
So I am entering this card into the challenge over at Crafty Catz - pink! and Paper Take Weekly - anything goes.
materials - Bazzill kraft, piglet card; white card; C'D dutchess; AC coffee; acetate; Cosmo Cricket 'tea for 2', Jillibean Soup 'apple cheddar soup', Teresa Collins 'spring fling' papers; Stampin Up 'all in the family' stamps, Paper Smooches 'spring grove' stamps; AnnaBelle Stamps 'party animals 1' stamps; Staz On jet black ink; Crayola pencils; MFT woodgrain fence die; Pizzazz Aplenty white pearls; pink paper cord.
Thanks for looking.
Posted by Janet O'Brien at 4:11 PM
3 comments:
- Desire Fourie said...
Janet this is absolutely so beautiful. Love the colours and design. And the little family is precious.
Hop on over to Doing Life - for a chance to win some lovely digi stamps to value of 20$.
Doing Life
Digistamps4Joy DT Member
Tammy's Scrapin Corner DT Member
- August 9, 2012 at 4:46 PM
- Pat K said...
Fabulous step card and you've complied with all the recipient's requirements beautifully. I'm sure they will love it.
Thanks so much for joining us at Papertake Weekly this week. hugs, Pat K.x
- August 9, 2012 at 10:09 PM
- AnnaBelle Stamps Blog said...
Incredible detail Janet! Love it!
- August 11, 2012 at 8:56 PM
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subset: commoncrawl


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Be subtle with Custom Die Cut Sticky Notes
by Wendy
on 22 October, 2013
We lived in a fast paced world. This is a sad fact which you will have to deal with sooner or later. The constant whirlwind of activities has certainly made it difficult to keep track of everything. Well, that is what branded sticky notes are for. Not only are they excellent marketing tools, but these sticky notes are sure to become a part of your customer's everyday life, which means your brand will also experience the same kind of attention.
Going for Unique Sticky Notes
Since it has been established time and again the immeasurable value of these promotional sticky notes in terms of promoting your message, you know you have to learn how to maximise their uses. This is where custom die cut sticky note pads come in.
Pre-cut to your preferred shape and size, these promo sticky note pads are bound to grab your customers' attention almost instantly. Here are a few tips to maximise this particular sticky note style.
- Choose a shape which allows customers to easily associate your brand. A good example would be tooth for dentists, trucks for business in the freight or moving industry and apples if you are in the fresh produce business.
- Opt for subtle logo design or artwork. You have to remember that the customers will be using these and will be writing on them so make sure your logo does not overcrowd the space for writing. Keep it simple.
- Contrast colours. It will be a good idea to choose contrasting colours for the sticky notes and your print. This way the logo stands out, even if they are subtle in size, and the shape of the sticky notes is also much more defined.


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Have you ever backed a boat down a ramp and into the lake, only to discover the boat plug was missing and then try nonchalantly to pull it back up to drain? According to the National Marine Manufacturers AssociationŌĆÖs (NMMA) Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract, in 2011 ŌĆ£there were 12.4 million registered boats in the U.S.ŌĆØ That is a lot of boat plugs to remember.
With all of the life jackets, fishing tackle, and gear for a boat outing, this small piece of equipment can be taken for granted. The modern boat plug is an ingenious design. If the plug is leaking or too loose, just twist the handle a turn or two. By smashing the rubber bushing to make it wider, any gap is filled tighter. And although they can last for years, eventually the rubber bushing may develop cracks and need to be replaced.
Boat plugs are crucial for keeping water out of a boat; they also are very good at keeping water in a boat. With our tiny swimming pool down for the year, my son claimed he still needed a lure testing facility.
ŌĆ£Hey, I can use the jon boat!ŌĆØ he grinned, reminding me of the recent boat-filling rain.
Mosquito season in Oklahoma can run most of October so it is important to take precautions and keep all stagnant water; even ŌĆ£lure testing facilities,ŌĆØ drained.
Boat plugs are inexpensive so I have extras stashed in the truck and another in a tackle box. I even know of a fisheries research crew member who was awarded a boat plug as a necklace at the end of the year. Carrying an extra boat plug is a bold fashion statement of jewelry, but it can prove to be a real ŌĆśstopperŌĆÖ.
Source: https://www.takemefishing.org/blog/september-2012/unplugged/?feed=posts


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Until the Challenger accident, the US Air Force had been planning to use the Space Shuttle for a variety of missions, including the launch of spy satellites into polar orbits. Since launches to polar orbit are from Cape Canaveral are inefficient at best, the decision was made to launch polar orbit Shuttle Missions from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
To accomplish this, extensive support and launch facilities were required at Vandenberg, but Space Launch Complex-6 (SLC-6, also called "Slick Six") was sitting unused. SLC-6 had originally been constructed in the 1960s for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program's Titan III rockets. The MOL was cancelled in 1969 and the complex, incomplete, was mothballed. A decade later work began again and SLC-6 was completed to Shuttle specifications by 1985. That year, the testbed Shuttle Enterprise was used in a series of tests:
The first Vandenberg Shuttle launch was scheduled for late 1986. It was to be commanded by Robert Crippen, a MOL astronaut who had transferred to NASA after the MOL was cancelled.
However, the Challenger accident changed all that, and eventually the Air Force decided to withdraw from the Shuttle program and rely instead on expendable launchers. SLC-6 was once again mothballed. In 1991, SLC-6 was chosen for the Titan IV/Centaur program, but this, too, was cancelled. Four launches of the smallish Lockheed Martin Athena were made from the pad, but it was again basically unused until reconstruction began in 2000 for the Delta IV program. On June 27th, a serious rocket finally took to the sky from SLC-6. (More info at Chair Force Engineer), who also mentions the "Indian Burial Ground" legend which supposedly explains the pad's bad luck.)
More Enterprise pics below the fold…
Pics from the Defense Visual Information Center.


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House Held Up By Trees
Artist: Jon Klassen
Height: 9.0" (22.86 cm)
Width: 10.75" (27.31 cm)
Author: Ted Kooser
Pages: 32
Features: Limited Edition
Learn more about the House Held Up by Trees artist event here
When the house was new, not a single tree remained on its perfect lawn to give shade from the sun. The children in the house trailed the scent of wild trees to neighboring lots, where thick bushes offered up secret places to play. When the children grew up and moved away, their father, alone in the house, continued his battle against blowing seeds, plucking out sprouting trees. Until one day the father, too, moved away, and as the empty house began its decline, the trees began their approach. At once wistful and exhilarating, this lovely, lyrical story evokes the inexorable passage of time - and the awe-inspiring power of nature to lift us up.
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From the AP, Via Yahoo! News:
Federal and local police across the country — as well as some of the nation's best-known companies — have been gathering Americans' phone records from private data brokers without subpoenas or warrants.
These brokers, many of whom market aggressively across the Internet, have broken into customer accounts online, tricked phone companies into revealing information and sometimes acknowledged that their practices violate laws, according to documents obtained by The Associated Press.
Legal experts and privacy advocates said police reliance on private vendors who commit such acts raises civil liberties questions.
Those using data brokers include agencies of the Homeland Security and Justice departments — including the FBI and U.S. Marshal's Service — and municipal police departments in California, Florida, Georgia and Utah. Experts believe hundreds of other departments frequently use such services.
"We are requesting any and all information you have regarding the above cell phone account and the account holder … including account activity and the account holder's address," Ana Bueno, a police investigator in Redwood City, Calif., wrote in October to PDJ Investigations of Granbury, Texas.
An agent in Denver for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Anna Wells, sent a similar request on March 31 on Homeland Security stationery: "I am looking for all available subscriber information for the following phone number," Wells wrote to a corporate alias used by PDJ.
Congressional investigators estimated the U.S. government spent $30 million last year buying personal data from private brokers. But that number likely understates the breadth of transactions, since brokers said they rarely charge law enforcement agencies.
A lawmaker who has investigated the industry said Monday he was concerned about data brokers.
"There's a good chance there are some laws being broken, but it's not really clear precisely which laws, said Rep. Ed Whitfield, R-Ky., head of the House Energy and Commerce investigations subcommittee that plans to begin hearings Wednesday.
Documents gathered by Whitfield's committee show data brokers use trickery, impersonation and even technology to try to gather Americans' phone records. "They can basically obtain any information about anybody on any subject," Whitfield said.
James Bearden, a Texas lawyer who represents four such data brokers, likened the companies' activities to the National Security Agency, which reportedly compiles the phone records of ordinary Americans.
"The government is doing exactly what these people are accused of doing," Bearden said. "These people are being demonized. These are people who are partners with law enforcement on a regular basis."
Many of the executives summoned to testify before Congress this week plan to refuse to answer questions, invoking their Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.
Larry Slade, PDJ's lawyer, said no one at the company violated laws, but he acknowledged, "I'm not sure that every law enforcement agency in the country would agree with that analysis."
PDJ always provided help to police for free. "Agencies from all across the country took advantage of it," Slade said.
The police agencies told AP they used the data brokers because it was quicker and easier than subpoenas, and their lawyers believe their actions did not violate the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unlawful search and seizure.
Some agencies, such as Immigrations and Customs Enforcement, instructed agents to stop the practice after congressional inquiries. Police in Orem, Utah, likewise plan to end the practice because of concerns about "questionable methods" used by the data brokers, Lt. Doug Edwards said.
The records also list some of America's most famous corporate names — from automakers to insurers to banks — as purchasing information on private citizens from data brokers, which often help companies track down delinquent customers.
For instance, a 2003 customer list for data broker Universal Communications Company listed Ford Motor Credit Co., the automaker's lending arm, as the single largest purchaser of phone toll records, paying $17,435 to buy such data that year. In all, Ford's lending arm spent more than $50,000 with that data broker that year. Ford also paid $9,000 to another such company, Global Information Group, in 2004, the records state.
Also on UCC's or Global Information's paying client list was the insurer State Farm's banking arm, Chrysler's consumer lending arm, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and banking giants Wells Fargo and Wachovia Financial Services.
At least 50 departments of Wachovia made data requests in 2004, accumulating thousands of dollars in charges. Most of the companies could not provide an immediate explanation when called for comment Tuesday.
Ford Motor Credit spokeswoman Meredith Libby said Tuesday her company used the vendors in the past to help locate customers who weren't paying and had disappeared but the companies "are no longer on our approved vendor lists."
Asked why Ford would need phone toll records, Libby said her company "did not necessarily say (to the vendor), `Give us this specific piece of data, but rather help us to find this person,'" and the charges for phone records were part of the process.
None of the police agencies interviewed by AP said they researched their data brokers to determine how they gather sensitive information like names associated with unlisted numbers, records of phone calls, e-mail aliases — even tracing a person's location using their cellular phone signal.
"If it's on the Internet and it's been commended to us, we wouldn't do a full-scale investigation," Marshal's Service spokesman David Turner said. "We don't knowingly go into any source that would be illegal. We were not aware, I'm fairly certain, what technique was used by these subscriber services."
At Immigration and Customs Enforcement, spokesman Dean Boyd said agents did not pay for phone records and sought approval from U.S. prosecutors before making requests. Their goal was "to more quickly identify and filter out phone numbers that were unrelated to their investigations," Boyd said.
Targets of the police interest include alleged marijuana smugglers, car thieves, armed thugs and others.
The data services also are enormously popular among collection agencies, bails bondsmen, private detectives and suspicious spouses. Customers included:
– A U.S. Labor Department employee who used her government e-mail address and phone number to buy two months of personal cellular phone records of a woman in New Jersey.
– A buyer who received credit card information about the father of murder victim Jon Benet Ramsey.
– A buyer who obtained 20 printed pages of phone calls by pro basketball player Damon Jones of the Cleveland Cavaliers.
"I'm very disappointed," Jones told AP on Tuesday. "I paid for a service and that service is being violated. I've been an upstanding guy, never been in any trouble or anything like that. I was shocked, and I really want to get to the bottom of this."
Privacy advocates bristled over data brokers gathering records for police without subpoenas.
"This is pernicious, an end run around the Fourth Amendment," said Marc Rotenberg, head of the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center which advocates tougher federal regulation of data brokers. "The government is encouraging unlawful conduct; it's not smart on the law enforcement side to be making use of information obtained improperly."
Legal experts said law enforcement agencies would be permitted to use illegally obtained information from private parties without violating the Fourth Amendment as long as police did not encourage crimes to be committed.
"If law enforcement is encouraging people in the private sector to commit a crime in getting these records, that would be problematic," said Mark Levin, a former top Justice Department official under President Reagan. "If, on the other hand, they are asking data brokers if they have any public information on any given phone numbers, that should be fine."
Levin said he nonetheless would have advised federal agents to use the practice only when it was a matter of urgency or national security and otherwise to stick to a legally bulletproof method like subpoenas for everyday cases.
Congress subpoenaed thousands of documents from data brokers describing how they collected telephone records by impersonating customers.
"I was shot down four times," data broker employee Michele Yontef complained in an e-mail in July 2005 to a colleague. Yontef was among those ordered to appear at this week's hearing.
Another company years ago even acknowledged breaking the law.
"We must break various rules of law in acquiring all the information we achieve for you," Touch Tone Information Inc. of Denver wrote to a law firm in 1998 that was seeking records of calls made on a calling card.


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About VOSM
Fracture management is the effective management of injured bones and tissues to foster quick restoration of the patient's function. Examples of fracture management techniques are listed below.
A pin is secured in position by interconnected screws which mend the bone to the nail to provide axial, bending and torsional stability.
A method of immobilizing bones to allow a fracture to heal. External fixation is accomplished by placing pins or screws into the bone on both sides of the fracture. The pins are then secured together outside the skin with clamps and rods.
A method of realigning and stabilizing a fracture through the use of a plate and bone grafts surrounding the fractured area.


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Practice Areas
Economic Impact of U.S. FTAs to be Reviewed by ITC
The International Trade Commission has instituted an investigation that will result in the first of two reports to Congress on the economic impact on the U.S. of all trade agreements implemented under trade authorities procedures since Jan. 1, 1984. For purposes of this report the following trade agreements will be included: the Uruguay Round agreements, NAFTA, and the free trade agreements with Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), Israel, Jordan, Korea, Morocco, Oman, Panama, Peru and Singapore.
The schedule for this investigation is as follows.
- Nov. 2 deadline for filing requests to appear at the public hearing
- Nov. 4 deadline for filing pre-hearing briefs and statements
- Nov. 17 public hearing
- Nov. 30 deadline for filing post-hearing briefs
- Feb. 5, 2016, deadline for filing all other written statements
- June 29, 2016, transmittal of report to Congress


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Any fleet manager will know that there are some fantastic deals out there for those with the budget to buy between fifteen and five hundred cars at any one time. Almost all the big car manufacturers offer 'bulk buy' packages which vary from purely sales and delivery to full fleet management. However, deciding which brand of car you're going to go with and then determining the specific orders can be quite a challenge, particularly if you're buying communal or pool cars. So what factors should be influencing your decision to buy?
Your Budget, Their Price
Price is critical to any fleet manager's decision; therefore your budget calculations will be the constraining factor on what cars you can have in your fleet. A budget should be calculated based on your needs, be as long-term as possible and factor in costs such as repairs and fuel in order to properly determine what you can afford.
You should also remember that many fleet hire purchase companies can be flexible on their pricing in order to meet your needs. As their products are usually variable, it might well be that there's some room for leeway if you really need to cut down on costs. Good negotiation is key, but remember that things can only go so far and at some point you might just need to find a different supplier.
What Type of Vehicles do you Need?
If you're a provider of specialist building work then your decision as to what fleet vehicles you need is going to be more or less obvious: you need vehicles which can help you get your work done. However, for other businesses it's not always so simple, as all you will generally require is vehicles which are reliable and efficient.
If this is your situation, you'll be spoilt for choice. Almost every major car brand has a number of different vehicles on their books, which is why you'll have to get specific. Will super-economical hatchbacks do, or do you need to be carrying four or more passengers at a time?
The Value of Prestige
If your business involves carting around clients then there is definitely something to be said for the prestige of particular brands of cars. This is especially important in the luxury markets, and obviously high-end brands such as Mercedes, BMW or Jaguar are going to hold an appeal for your clients.
However, don't presume this value will also translate internally into your business. While the directors may enjoy taking the Jaguar out, it might not be worthwhile from a cost perspective. On the other hand, a pool of attractive cars can actually be very motivational if they're available to all employees once in a while for a special holiday or a big business trip.
Reliability and Resale Value
On top of prestige, you'll want to consider how reliable your brand is. Of course, this is practically impossible to predict, but it's something that's worth reading up on. One of the best guarantees of reliability is to take out a comprehensive warrantee, along with a good motor fleet insurance policy. This means that whatever brand you choose, you'll always be covered if something goes wrong.
Secondly, consider the resale value of your vehicles if you're looking at working on a hire-purchase agreement. This can drastically affect what you pay in real terms over the course of your fleet agreement, as an expensive car which holds its value can actually be cheaper than an initially cheaper one that doesn't.
Mixed Fleets
It's also important to remember that you don't necessarily need to stick with just one brand, and many fleet managers work with a couple of fleet providers to build up a mixed fleet. This can be ideal if you're just starting your fleet and want to try out a few brands before committing long-term, but it can also give you access to different grades of car. However, it's crucial to remember that you'll need to keep a mixed fleet more or less separate, and you may also need two or more different usage policies. This can be done by separating them by employee grades, locations or primary use.
Choosing your fleet cars can be very exciting, but remember there's no decision which sticks forever. The beauty of a motor fleet is that you can easily adapt it should the vehicles you already have aren't quite working out, so don't be afraid to really bargain for what you need. It's a buyer's market out there in the fleet car world!
Photo by Mike Roberts / CC BY-SA 2.0


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This week Propeller Studios made live a bespoke computer application to manage a gas servicing and repair contract for 16,000 homes. The project was designed, programmed and tested within an eight week period. The solution facilitates the two way exchange of data between a contractor's computer system and ProMaster and Orchard, which are commonly used by housing associations to manage gas servicing work. After agreeing a new multi-million pound contract to undertake the work, an existing client approached us to provide the IT solution because of our outstanding eleven-year track record of delivering projects of a similar nature, on their behalf. The new system checks for and imports changes in either the client's or supplies systems. The frequency that information is exchanged can be set depending on project requirements. It covers a wide range of activities such as repair requests, service activities, appointment processes and updating asset information. It is also capable of managing multiple contracts for any number of clients. With just eight days to go before the contractual start date, our clients supply chain partner notified the project management team that they were unable to provide the repairs module to the specification that had been agreed. As a consequence, we built in the additional functionality required to overcome the problem at extremely short notice.
Praise has been forthcoming from a number of parties:
"Thanks very much Andy for the really hard work you, Seb and Chet have put in under extremely difficult circumstances. You have pulled everything out of the hat, especially in the last couple of weeks. Without your agility we would have faced a big challenge." IT Operations Manager "Please accept my thanks for your fantastic help and support through what has been a difficult and challenging period. The fact that we are where we are is testament to your great work and the tremendous determination demonstrated by Di, Terri and Kain. Looking forward to working with you again in the future." Operations Director Our client wanted to pass on how brilliant Propeller Studios are; "Thank you very much for your efforts, I really appreciate what you have done. While we haven't been able to go-live with Orchard until Monday you have been able to pull it out of the bag for ProMaster." Change project manager, client team "We have worked with many developers, Propeller are by far the best. We have worked with Propeller before and they were brilliant, they have been brilliant again. You are lucky you have them working for you." Application Support Analyst, client team For more information, please contact email@example.com or complete a contact form.


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Part IV – Be Strong: Tree Pose
All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree. –Albert Einstein
Take tree pose to your practice, the benefits are real for this asana. Vrksasana strengthens the calves, thighs, ankles and spine. It gives amazing benefits to those who are having insomnia, headache, low and high blood pressure .
If you want to have stronger lower body, practice these variations.
Key Points:
- Stand firmly wand find the balance
- Gently lift the chest up without over arching the back.
- Relax the shoulders and put them together in prayer pose or other arm position.
- Normally inhale and exhale.
Take note, You can rest your foot above the ankles, inner legs or inner thighs but not in your knees. You don't want to hurt your knee joints.
You can also play with your hands and make the pose even more beautiful!


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Contact Us for more information
One of the reasons Fullchance has grown consistently over the past ten years is that we have very diverse customer base. No single customer represents over 8 percent of our business, providing excellent financial stability with limited vulnerability. In addition, we serve a wide range of markets that also provide a foundation for long term stable business.


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WORKSHOP: Introduction to Sign Painting
presented at OFFCenter Community Arts Project
516 ARTS and OFFCenter Community Arts Project present Introduction to Sign Painting, a hands-on workshop led by local sign painter Curtis Mott. This class is designed to give participants insight into the history of sign painting and also serve as a starting point for individuals interested in learning some of the basic techniques of hand lettering and design layout. The workshop fee includes a lettering brush, 4 oz. can of 1-Shot Lettering Enamel paint, drawing board and a typeface guide for practicing strokes. Upon conclusion of the workshop, participants are encouraged to take their materials home for further enjoyment. Space is limited. Pre-registration is required.
at OFFCenter, 808 Park Ave. SW, www.offcenterarts.org
Fee: $35, pre-register at 242-1445, or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Hanna-Barbera's Christmas Sing-Along is a Christmas album released in 1991. It features Christmas songs sung by Hanna-Barbera characters.
Track list
- Hey Now
- Jingle Bells
- Deck The Halls
- Up on the Housetop
- We Three Kings
- Oh Holy Night
- Comin' Up Christmas Time
- Hope
- Cindy's Mistletoe Song
- Making a Big To-Do
- Brand New Kind Of Christmas Song
|This page about a Christmas special or an episode from a television series with a Christmas theme is a stub. Please help the Christmas Special Wiki by expanding this article.


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Case Studies of Expedited Review: AZT and L-Dopa
Kaitin, Kenneth I.
Bibliographic Citation
Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1991 Fall-Winter; 19(3-4): 242-246.
On October 21, 1988, the Food and Drug Administration issued its Interim Rule on Procedures for Drugs Intended to Treat Life-Threatening and Severely Debilitating Illnesses, or Subpart E procedures. Based on the agency's impressive success in expediting the availability of AZT (see below), the Subpart E procedures described a series of mechanisms for speeding the development and review of promising new drugs to treat AIDS and other serious diseases. The new procedures include four key components....This paper will focus on the last component of FDA's new procedures, i.e., the agency's use of Phase IV postmarketing studies as a condition of approval to accelerate the availability of promising new drugs. The developmental histories of AZT and L-Dopa, two drugs that benefitted from required Phase IV studies in terms of rapid development and review times, will be examined, and the potential merits of this practice will be discussed.
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Individual Shares, Select 6
Hon Tsai Tai
Mixed Leaf Lettuce
Pak Choi
Baby Leaf Lettuce
Stir-fry mix (baby Kale, Yokata-Na)
EXTRAS: Hickory nuts, Green Wave mustard
Thank you all for participating this year in our CSA!
Please stock up on animal protein. We will have available for purchase, seafood, chicken, and beef all on a first-come, first-served basis. Place your order by clicking on the appropriate link.
Filed under: This Week's Shares | Tagged: Arugula, Asian Greens, Bok Choi, Green Wave Mustard, Hickory Nuts, Hon Tsai Tai, Kale, Lettuce, Mizspoona, Mustard Greens, Pak Choi, Pears, Pumpkins, Radish, Yokata-Na | Leave a comment »


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The very British Brenda Antin is the most divine,
delightful,& delicious "shopkeeper" in LA
& her eponymous shop is fantastically fabulous,
& a designer's "trade secret"!!!
The store is a unique blend of vintage & new ....
including a melange of French & English & Italian antique
furniture, lamps, & accessories!!!
Plus Brenda's "own" stunning custom collection
of linen (natural & over-dyed) upholstered furniture!!!
She has also created extraordinary wicker furniture
that she manufactures in LA!!!
And there is also a stunning selection
of bespoke pillows!!!
BUT, I am most in awe of her enormous collection
of vintage textiles!!!
Traveling to France, England, & Italy,
I'm sure Brenda & her husband Mike
never met a piece of linen, toile, or ticking
that they didn't ship back to LA!!!
In her upstairs loft, this "textile junkie"
also has a secret trove of goodies
from around the world .....
including incredible indigos, India quilts,
& Japanese silks!!!
Brenda is the ultimate "accessorator supreme"
& a "must-meet" in LA!!!!
An old-fashioned kinda' girl,
Brenda has no website ...
but can be reached at


text:
Scholarship Winners
Chi Omega Houston Scholarship Fund
Chi Omega Kaleidoscope has been actively fundraising for many years so that collegians from the Houston area may have financial assistance for their educational goals. Thanks to past generosity, Chi Omega Kaleidoscope has donated more than $212,855 in scholarships to 118 young women with outstanding academic achievement and leadership in the classroom and community.
Recipients and amount awarded annually include:
2018 - Awarded $20,000
Anna Powell, University of Virginia
Amanda Thompson, University of Alabama
Emily Gex, University of Texas
Ellie Tuchaai, Texas A&M University
Makenzie Courtland McNeill, University of Mississippi
Cara Collins, University of Texas
Mary Lauren Stangel, University of Oklahoma
Sarah Kaplan, University of Texas
Emily Welter, University of Texas
2017 - Awarded $21,500
Anna Powell, University of Virginia
Cara Collins, University of Texas
Amanda Thompson, University of Alabama
Emily Thamm, Texas A&M University
Emma Carlson, Texas Christian University
Margaret "Meg" Mathias, University of Texas
Elizabeth Mayes, University of Texas
2016 - Awarded $19,875
Lucille Byers, University of Houston
Emma Carlson, Texas Christian University
Madison DeLuca, University of Virginia
Carla Della Femina, University of Houston
Madi Goeringer, Vanderbilt University
Katie Gregory, University of Texas
Melissa Hepler, University of Houston
Elizabeth Mayes, University of Texas
2015 - Awarded $18,750
Elizabeth Bozeman, Texas A&M University
Kylie Fichter, University of Mississippi
Madi Goeringer, Vanderbilt University
Sarah Lenderman, University of Houston
Emily Snow, University of Virginia
Leigh Stubbs, University of Texas
Abigail White, Millsaps College
2014 - Awarded $16,000
Kennedy Packwood, Texas A&M University
Lauren Riddle, Texas Tech University
Thilye Rinke, University of Houston
Elizabeth Russell, University of Houston
Emily Snow, University of Virginia
McClary Snow, University of Mississippi
Nicole Stiz, University of Houston
Tiffany Titone, Texas A&M Univeristy
Molly Tollett, Baylor University
2013 - Awarded $21,000
Taylor Adams, Wake Forest University
Dakotah Appelhans, University of Houston
Caroline Bortz, University of Georgia
Laura Dunn, University of Pittsburgh
Amy Finkelstein, Texas A&M University
Mindy Green, Texas State University
Lauren Hines, Stephen F. Austin University
Olivia Kent, University of Mississippi
Lindsey Koszela, University of Texas at Austin
Madeline McGee, University of Missouri
Kennedy Packwood, Texas A&M University
Lauren Riddle, Texas Tech University
Elizabeth Russell, University of Houston
Madison Schrimsher, Baylor University
McClary Snow, University of Mississippi
Kelly Wood, University of Houston
2012 - Awarded $8,400
Caroline Bortz, University of Georgia
Lindsey Koszela, University of Texas - Austin
Jenna Lindley, Vanderbilt University
Molly Marek, University of Houston
Megan McCormack, Northwestern University
Rachel McCormack, Texas Christian University
Kristen McInnerney, University of Houston
Jessica McKinney, Missouri University of Science & Technology
Mary Katherine Mizell, University of Missouri
Kathryn West, Baylor University
Kelly Wood, University of Houston
2011 - Awarded $12,500
Julia Bell, Texas A&M University
Ashton Cherbonnier, University of Texas - Austin
Catherine Cocke, Vanderbilt University
Kristine Hsi, Stephen F. Austin State University
Kristen Martin, University of Georgia
Rachel McCormack, Texas Christian University
Natalie Tollett, Baylor University
Amanda Van Tilborg, University of Houston
Lindsey Weitzel, University of Oklahoma
2010 - Awarded $14,500
Jane Banos, Louisiana State University
Anna Cosnahan, Northwestern University
Nina Flores, University of Houston
Katherine Foltz, University of Texas – Austin
Kimberly Jackson, University of Mississippi
Bianca Lopez, University of Houston
2009 - Awarded $19,500
Adriana Bayona, University of Houston
Rebecca Beard, University of Houston
Sarah Bett, Texas A&M University
Seliece Dodds, University of Texas – Austin
Catherine Enas, University of Houston
Rose Marie Fecht, University of Houston
Amanda Hunt, University of Houston
Bianca Lopez, University of Houston
2008 - Awarded $3,500
Jaclyn Martin, University of Tulsa
Alexis Schrepel, University of Houston
2007 - Awarded $15,000
Sallie Balderach, University of Georgia
Megan Broph, University of Missouri – Columbia
Rachel Christensen, University of Houston
Monica Little, University of Houston
Lori Peterson, University of Houston
Laura Prus, Texas Christian University
Michele Sims, Oklahoma State University
Jennifer Stuart, University of Tulsa
Megan Sutton, Louisiana State University
2005 - Awarded $11,900
Ashley Chovanec, University of Missouri
Amanda Clisham, University of Texas - Austin
Kristen Heggie, Vanderbilt University
Nicole Mitchell, Texas State University
Caroline Pressley, Texas A&M University
Jennifer Prus, Texas Christian University
Julie Reader, University of Georgia
Alisa Westmoreland, University of Texas – Austin
2004 - Awarded $10,430
Nina Burkett, University of Houston
Katie Moffett, Texas A&M University
Iiesha Muckelroy, University of Houston
Brittany Preston, Texas A&M University
Jennifer Prus, Texas Christian University
Meagan Stangle, University of Georgia
Samantha Weber, University of North Texas
Valerie Whitcomb, University of Houston
Ashley Wilson, University of Houston


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Burkina Faso, landlocked country in western Africa. The country occupies an extensive plateau, and its geography is characterized by a savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south.
A former French colony, it gained independence as Upper Volta in 1960. The name Burkina Faso, which means "Land of Incorruptible People," was adopted in 1984. The capital, Ouagadougou, is in the centre of the country and lies about 500 miles (800 km) from the Atlantic Ocean.
Burkina Faso is bounded by Mali to the north and west, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, and Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo to the south.
Relief, drainage, and soils
Burkina Faso is situated on an extensive plateau, which is slightly inclined toward the south. The lateritic (red, leached, iron-bearing) layer of rock that covers the underlying crystalline rocks is deeply incised by the country's three principal rivers—the Black Volta (Mouhoun), the Red Volta (Nazinon), and the White Volta (Nakambé)—all of which converge in Ghana to the south to form the Volta River. The Oti, another tributary of the Volta, rises in southeastern Burkina Faso. Great seasonal variation occurs in the flow of the rivers, and some rivers become dry beds during the dry season. In the southwest there are sandstone plateaus bordered by the Banfora Escarpment, which is about 500 feet (150 metres) high and faces southeast. Much of the soil in the country is infertile.
The climate of Burkina Faso is generally sunny, hot, and dry. Two principal climate zones can be distinguished. The Sahelian zone in the north is semiarid steppe, characterized by three to five months of rainfall, which is often erratic. To the south, in the Sudanic zone, the climate becomes increasingly of the tropical wet-dry type, with a greater variability of temperature and rainfall and greater total rainfall than the north.
Four seasons may be distinguished in Burkina Faso: a dry and cool season from mid-November to mid-February, with temperatures dropping to about 60 °F (16 °C) at night; a hot season from mid-February to June, when maximum temperatures rise into the low 100s F (about 40 °C) in the shade and the harmattan—a hot, dry, dust-laden wind blowing off the Sahara desert—is prevalent; a rainy season, which lasts from June to September; and an intermediate season, which lasts from September until mid-November. Annual rainfall varies from about 40 inches (1,000 mm) in the south to less than 10 inches (250 mm) in the north.
Plant and animal life
The northern part of the country consists of savanna, with prickly shrubs and stunted trees that flourish during the rainy season. In the south, the prickly shrubs give way to scattered forests, which become more dense along the banks of the perennial rivers. The karite (shea tree) and the baobab (hibiscus tree) are endemic in this region.
Animal life includes buffalo, antelope, lions, hippopotamuses, elephants, crocodiles, and monkeys. Bird and insect life is rich and varied, and there are many species of fish in the rivers. Burkina Faso's national parks include Po in the south-centre of the country, Arly in the southeast, and "W" in the east, straddling the border with Benin and Niger.
Ethnic groups and languages
The major ethnolinguistic group of Burkina Faso is the Mossi. They speak a Niger-Congo language of the Gur branch and have been connected for centuries to the region they inhabit. They have absorbed a number of peoples including the Gurma and the Yarse. The last-mentioned group has Mande origins but is assimilated into the Mossi and shares their language (called Moore). Other Gur-speaking peoples are the Gurunsi, the Senufo, the Bwa, and the Lobi.
Mande languages, which also form a branch of the Niger-Congo family, are spoken by groups such as the Samo, the Marka, the Busansi, and the Dyula. Other groups of Burkina Faso include the Hausa and the Tuareg, whose languages are classified as Afro-Asiatic, and the Fulani, whose language (Fula) is a Niger-Congo language of the Atlantic branch.
Citizens of Burkina Faso, regardless of their ethnic origin, are collectively known as Burkinabé. French is the official language, although it is not widely spoken. Moore, the language of the Mossi, is spoken by a great majority of the population, and Dyula is widely used in commerce.
More than half the population is Muslim. About one-fifth of the Burkinabé are Roman Catholic, and one-sixth follow traditional religions. Most of the remainder are Protestant or nonreligious. The seat of the Roman Catholic archbishopric is in Ouagadougou, and there are several bishoprics throughout the country.
Settlement patterns
The population as a whole is unevenly distributed among the different regions. The eastern and central regions are densely settled and contain about half the total population. In the remaining regions the population is scattered.
About three-fourths of the people are rural and live in villages, which tend to be grouped toward the centre of the country at higher elevations away from the Volta river valleys. For several miles on either side of the Volta rivers, the land is mostly uninhabited because of the prevalence of the deadly tsetse fly, which carries sleeping sickness, and the Simulium fly, which carries onchocerciasis, or river blindness.
Ouagadougou, the administrative capital and the seat of government, is a modern city where several companies have their headquarters. It is also the residence of the morho naba ("great lord") of the Mossi and an important regional centre for international aid programs.
Apart from Ouagadougou, the principal towns are Bobo Dioulasso, Koudougou, Banfora, Ouahigouya, Pouytenga, and Kaya. Bobo Dioulasso, in the west, was the economic and business capital of the country when it formed the terminus of the railroad running to Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, on the coast. Since 1955, however, when the railroad was extended to Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso has lost some of its former importance, although it remains a commercial centre.
Demographic trends
In the early 21st century, yearly population growth averaged about 3 percent; nearly half the population was below age 15. Average life expectancy was just above 50 years—lower than the global average but similar to that of neighbouring countries.
About nine-tenths of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture or livestock raising. Difficult economic conditions, made worse by severe intermittent droughts, have provoked considerable migration from rural to urban areas within Burkina Faso and to neighbouring countries, most notably Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. As many as 1.5 million people, or almost one-third of the country's labour force, have been abroad at any given time. (In the early 21st century, however, unrest in neighbouring countries, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire, made it difficult for Burkinabés to find employment.) The development of industry in Burkina Faso is hampered by the small size of the market economy and by the absence of a direct outlet to the sea. Beginning in the late 1990s, the government began to privatize some state-owned entities in order to attract foreign investment.
Agricultural production consists of subsistence foodstuffs, with the surplus being sold as cash crops. Surplus cotton, shea nuts, sesame, and sugarcane are exported, while sorghum, millet, corn (maize), peanuts (groundnuts), and rice are grown for local consumption. Fonio (a crabgrass with seeds that are used as cereal), cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, and beans are also grown. Livestock raising is one of the principal sources of revenue; animals raised include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys, horses, camels, chickens, ducks, and guinea fowl.
Minerals, particularly manganese and gold, are the chief sources of potential wealth for the country. There are gold mines at Poura, southwest of Koudougou, and smaller gold deposits near Sebba and Dori-Yalogo in the north exist. Reserves of nickel, bauxite, zinc, lead, and silver are also found in the country. Burkina Faso's substantial manganese deposits at Tambao in the northeast potentially represent its most important resource and one of the world's richest sources of this mineral. Exploitation is limited by existing transport inadequacies.
Industry is limited to a number of plants that are mainly in the cities and larger towns. Chief manufactures include foodstuffs, beverages, textiles, shoes, and bicycle parts.
Burkina Faso's currency is the CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc, which has been officially pegged to the euro. It is issued by the Central Bank of West African States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) that were once French colonies in Africa. Branches of the central bank in Burkina Faso are located in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. Among the partially or wholly state-owned commercial banks, the most important is the Banque Internationale du Burkina in Ouagadougou.
Burkina Faso is also a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a body encompassing most states in western Africa, which attempts to integrate and harmonize the economic interests of the region. One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso relies heavily on international aid and on remittances from migrants to help offset its current account deficit.
Burkina Faso's main exports in the early 21st century included cotton, gold, livestock, sugar, and fruit. Some of its exports are sent to African countries, but others, including cotton and minerals, are exported to China, Singapore, and European countries.
Chief imports include petroleum, chemical products, machinery, and foodstuffs, which mainly come from African countries as well as from China and France. There is a deficit in the balance of payments, largely because of the relatively small amounts of exports, which are not of sufficient value to equal the value of imported materials required for promoting further development.
A rail line links Ouagadougou to the port of Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire. It is some 700 miles (1,100 km) long, of which about 320 miles (500 km) run through Burkina Faso. (For several years in the early 2000s, the line was closed because of civil war in Côte d'Ivoire). Running from east to west before crossing the border, the line serves the towns of Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso, and Banfora.
The capital is also linked by road to the principal administrative centres in the country and to the capitals of neighbouring countries. Burkina Faso's road networks are poorly developed, with only a small percentage of the network usable year-round. The remainder consists mostly of unpaved rural roads.
International airports are located at Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. Numerous smaller airstrips are found throughout the country.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Burkina Faso's constitution was adopted by referendum in 1991 and has since been amended. It allows for multiparty elections and a parliamentary republic with a president as chief of state and a prime minister, who is appointed by the president, as the head of the government. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and may serve up to two consecutive terms. The legislative branch of the government is represented by the National Assembly, whose members are elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. In 2014 popular unrest led to the dissolution of the government in October, followed by the establishment of a transitional administration in November. It was succeeded by a democratically elected government that commenced with the inauguration of a new president and a new National Assembly in late December 2015 and a new prime minister in January 2016.
Local government
Burkina Faso is divided into régions, which in turn are divided into provinces, which are further divided into départements. Each région is administered by a governor, and each province is administered by a high commissioner.
Health and welfare
The state of health of the Burkinabé is generally poor. Most hospitals are in the larger towns, but the government has improved access to primary health care by increasing the number of village clinics. Main causes of death in Burkina Faso include lower respiratory diseases, malaria, and diarrheal diseases. Other diseases in the country include onchocerciasis, sleeping sickness, leprosy, yellow fever, and schistosomiasis. Periodic droughts have contributed to malnutrition and related diseases, especially among young children and pregnant women. Burkina Faso has a lower prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS than do many other African countries, although it is higher than the world average. The government has focused on prevention and treatment of AIDS with some success, and the prevalence rate has decreased since the beginning of the 21st century.
School enrollment is one of the lowest in Africa, even though the government devotes a large portion of the national budget to education. French is the language of instruction in primary and secondary schools. About one-fourth of the population aged 15 and older is literate. The primary institution for higher education is Ouagadougou University (established 1974). Research institutes in Ouagadougou offer degrees in rural engineering and hydrology. There are a polytechnic university and a college for rural development in Bobo Dioulasso. A university was established in Koudougou in 2005. Some Burkinabé seek higher education in France, Senegal, or Côte d'Ivoire.
Cultural life
Folkloric traditions are rich in Burkina Faso, reflecting the country's ethnic diversity. The Mossi are known for creating antelope masks that reach heights of up to 7 feet (2 metres). Bobo butterfly masks and the wood carvings of the Lobi are also well regarded for their artistry. The biennial Pan-African Film Festival (FESPACO) in Ouagadougou is popular, as is the International Crafts Fair, which celebrates the country's artisans. The National Museum (1962) in the capital city houses artifacts from the country's diverse ethnic groups. Information about earlier inhabitants of the area can be gleaned from the ruins of a fortified settlement at Loropéni, located in the southern part of the country. The ruins date back some 1,000 years and were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009.
Several daily newspapers are published, including the government-sponsored Sidwaya ("Truth"), as well as a number of weeklies.
Burkina Faso has made a major effort to become competitive on the African sports scene. Wrestling is popular in the country, and Burkinabé athletes have competed in the African Nations Traditional Wrestling Championship. The country has its own basketball league and an annual international cycling tour. Football (soccer), however, is by far the country's passion. Burkina Faso boasts a highly competitive national football league, and the national team has competed in the African Nations Cup tournament.
Upper Volta first sent an Olympic team to the 1972 Munich Games, although the first athletes from Upper Volta to participate in the Olympics were two javelin throwers who competed in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics as members of the French team. The country's first participation in the Olympics as Burkina Faso was in the 1988 Seoul Games.
Early history
Axes belonging to a Neolithic culture have been found in the north of Burkina Faso. The Bobo, the Lobi, and the Gurunsi are the earliest known inhabitants of the country. About the 15th century ce, conquering horsemen invaded the region from the south and founded the Gurma and Mossi kingdoms, in the eastern and central areas, respectively. Several Mossi kingdoms developed, the most powerful of which was that of Ouagadougou, located in the centre of the country. Headed by an emperor, the morho naba ("great lord"), the Ouagadougou Mossi state defeated attempted invasions by the Songhai and Fulani empires yet maintained valuable commercial links with major western African trading powers, including the Dyula, the Hausa, and the Asante.
European exploration and colonization
The German explorer Gottlob Adolf Krause traversed the Mossi country in 1886, and the French army officer Louis-Gustave Binger visited the morho naba in 1888. France obtained a protectorate over the Yatenga empire in 1895, and the French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo and of the Lobi were annexed by the French (though the Lobi, armed with poisoned arrows, were not effectively subdued until 1903). An Anglo-French convention of 1898 fixed the frontier between France's new acquisitions and the northern territories of the Gold Coast.
The French divided the country into administrative cercles ("circles") but maintained the chiefs, including the morho naba, in their traditional seats. The country at first was attached to Upper Senegal–Niger (as that colony was called from 1904 to 1920; now Mali) but was organized as a separate colony, Upper Volta (Haute-Volta), in 1919. In 1932 it was partitioned between Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, and French Sudan. In 1947, however, Upper Volta was reestablished to become an overseas territory of the French Union, with a territorial assembly of its own. The assembly in 1957 received the right to elect an executive council of government for the territory, which at the end of 1958 was transformed into an autonomous republic within the French Community. When independence was proclaimed on August 5, 1960, the new constitution provided for an executive president elected by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term and an elected Legislative Assembly.Hubert Jules Deschamps Jean Dresch
Since Burkina Faso became an independent nation, the military has on several occasions intervened during times of crisis. In 1966 the military, led by Lieut. Col. (later Gen.) Sangoulé Lamizana, ousted the elected government of Maurice Yaméogo. Lamizana dominated the country's politics until November 1980, when a series of strikes launched by workers, teachers, and civil servants led to another coup, this time headed by Col. Saye Zerbo.
Zerbo's short-lived rule ended in November 1982 when noncommissioned army officers rebelled and installed Maj. Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo as president. The Ouedraogo government soon split into conservative and radical factions, with the radicals seizing power on August 4, 1983. They set up a National Revolutionary Council (CNR), with Capt. Thomas Sankara as head of state.
A year after taking power, Sankara renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning "Land of Incorruptible People," and ordered all officials, including himself, to open their bank accounts to public scrutiny. His government was responsible for several concrete achievements: vaccination and housing projects, tree planting to hold back the Sahel, promotion of women's rights, and curbing of waste in government.
During Sankara's rule, tensions with Mali over the mineral-rich Agacher Strip erupted in a brief border war in December 1985. The dispute was settled in the International Court of Justice at The Hague a year later, to the satisfaction of both countries.
Initially a coalition of radical groups that included army officers, trade unionists, and members of small opposition groups, the Sankara regime gradually lost most of its popular support as power became concentrated in the hands of a few military officers—the most important of which were Sankara, Capt. Blaise Compaoré, Maj. Jean-Baptiste Boukari Lingani, and Capt. Henri Zongo. Popular support continued to decline, and on October 15, 1987, a military coup overthrew Sankara, who was killed along with several others.
Compaoré took power at the head of a triumvirate that included Zongo and Lingani. However, as time went on, Lingani and Zongo disagreed with Compaoré about economic reform issues, and in 1989 they were accused of plotting to overthrow him. The two were arrested and quickly executed, and Compaoré continued to pursue his political agenda. In 1991 a new constitution was promulgated, and Compaoré was elected president in an election that was boycotted by opposition candidates.Myron Echenberg
Compaoré was reelected in 1998, 2005, and 2010. His regime, however, was not without opposition or controversy. Unpopular political and economic developments and the suspicious death in 1998 of Norbert Zongo, a prominent journalist known for speaking out against Compaoré's administration, contributed to periodic episodes of social and political unrest that continued into the 2000s. In October 2003 several people were arrested and accused of planning a coup to oust Compaoré. Meanwhile, economic troubles were exacerbated by the civil war that had begun in neighbouring Côte d'Ivoire in 2002. The conflict disrupted an important source of trade for Burkina Faso as well as the livelihoods of several hundred thousand Burkinabé who had found work there. Compaoré's administration also faced public discontent over high living costs, which lead to riots in February 2008, weeks of protests, and a general strike in April.
A wave of protests in early 2011 soon came to be seen as the greatest domestic challenge to Compaoré in more than two decades of rule. Beginning in February and continuing in the following months, many demonstrations were held by university students to protest police brutality—in particular, the December death of a student while in police custody. March saw the beginning of unrelated protests by Burkinabé soldiers reportedly upset about the arrests of and, in their opinion, unnecessarily harsh sentencing of some of their comrades. Then, on April 14, thousands of Burkinabé citizens demonstrated in the capital, Ouagadougou, over the rising cost of food and other necessities. Hours later there was a small-scale mutiny in the city by some soldiers protesting unpaid food and housing allowances and salaries.
Compaoré grew alarmed with the growing unrest, which was indicative of the increasing general displeasure with the country's slow pace of economic progress and development and a lack of confidence in his regime. The military protests were of particular concern, as such demonstrations rarely occurred under Compaoré's authoritative rule. In response to the growing discontent, he dismissed his government as well as military officials in key positions of leadership. His actions initially did little to appease any of the protesters as the army mutiny spread to other cities, where protesting soldiers were joined by other demonstrators, including the police, students, and other Burkinabés. Payment of some funds owed to the armed forces appeared to stem the immediate threat and halt some of the demonstrations. A few days later, in an apparent effort to reassert some control over the military, Compaoré named himself the new minister of defense. In the following months the prices on some basic foods were reduced, soldiers received the allowances owed to them, and civil servants were given raises—all measures that helped reduce tensions for the time being.
Long-held suspicions that Compaoré would try to stay in power past 2015, when he was due to step down, led to an unprecedented level of violence in 2014. In October plans were announced to present a bill in the National Assembly to amend the constitution in order to remove the two-term limit on the presidency. That would allow Compaoré the opportunity to serve additional terms and, thus, extend his 27-year rule. Burkinabés took to the streets of Ouagadougou and other cities to demonstrate against the proposed bill. On October 30, the day on which lawmakers were due to vote on the controversial amendment, protests turned increasingly violent. Demonstrators set fire to cars and public buildings, including that which housed the National Assembly, and overran the headquarters of the state television station. In response, Compaoré declared a state of emergency, dissolved the government, and promised to hold talks with the opposition, yet protests continued, with many demanding Compaoré's resignation. Hours later, Gen. Honoré Traoré, the head of the armed forces, reaffirmed that the government had been dissolved, announced that the National Assembly had also been dissolved, and declared that a transitional government would be established. Compaoré resigned on October 31, 2014, and soon afterward Traoré announced that he would assume the duties of head of state.
His assertion was quickly challenged by other members of the armed forces, who named Lieut. Col. Isaac Zida as interim president—a move that garnered widespread domestic and international criticism. Zida was a commander in the presidential guard—the elite military unit formed by Compaoré and known by its French acronym RSP (Régiment de Sécurité Présidentielle). Under pressure, Zida agreed to hand power to a civilian transitional administration within two weeks. A transitional charter was signed on November 16, and the next day former diplomat Michel Kafando was named interim president; he was sworn in on November 18. Zida was named prime minister of the transitional administration, which led to some concern regarding the level of military involvement in the interim government. General elections to form a new government were scheduled for October 11, 2015.
Throughout 2015 several of Compaoré's former associates were arrested on corruption-related charges. The transitional government also indicted Compaoré and some members of his government on charges of treason in July. The transitional government had passed a law in April that would have prevented banned any individual from standing in the elections if they had supported Compaoré's controversial efforts in the National Assembly to eliminate term limits from the constitution, but ECOWAS, the regional ruling body, overturned it in July. The transitional administration, however, ignored the ruling and barred potential candidates who had links to Compaoré from running for president.
In September the country's Reconciliation Commission released a report with several recommendations, including one to dissolve the RSP. Days later, on September 16, members of the RSP detained President Kafando, Prime Minister Zida, and other government officials. The next day they announced that they had dissolved the institutions of the transitional government and that Gen. Gilbert Diendéré—a former longtime aid to Compaoré—was now the head of a new interim regime, the National Council for Democracy (Conseil National pour la Démocratie; CND). The CND cited the barring of Compaoré-linked candidates in the upcoming elections as a divisive issue and promised to hold inclusive elections, although not on the scheduled October 11 date, which it deemed as being too soon. The coup was widely condemned by the international community as well as by Burkinabés, with protests against the coup erupting in Ouagadougou and other cities.
ECOWAS mediators led discussions to end the crisis and on September 20 proposed a deal that included restoring Kafando as interim president, allowing Compaoré-linked individuals to stand in the upcoming elections—now scheduled to be held in November—and granting amnesty to the coup members. Members of the deposed transitional government and the general public, however, voiced their displeasure with the proposal, being particularly incensed by the amnesty clause.
Meanwhile, on September 21 the Burkinabé military announced that they were marching toward Ouagadougou and gave Diendéré and the RSP coup members a deadline of the 22nd by which they were to lay down their arms. Diendéré, while committing to the reinstatement of Kafando per the terms of the ECOWAS proposal, initially defied the ultimatum before coming to an agreement with the army in which the RSP would return to their barracks and the army would withdraw from Ouagadougou. On September 23 Kafando was reinstated as interim president, but it was amid uncertainty regarding what the terms of the final ECOWAS deal were and if they would be accepted by the RSP, the transitional administration, and the Burkinabé public. In the days and weeks after the transitional administration was restored, some of the lingering questions were answered: the RSP briefly resisted disarmament but it was accomplished, the candidates who had supported Compaoré's efforts in the National Assembly to eliminate term limits from the constitution continued to be barred from the upcoming presidential election, and Diendéré and other coup plotters were charged for their alleged actions during the coup.
The postponed presidential and legislative elections were held on November 29, 2015. Fourteen candidates contested the presidential election. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, who had served as prime minister and president of the National Assembly under Compaoré but broke ties with him in early 2014, was elected with more than 53 percent of the vote. His party, the People's Movement for Progress (Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès; MPP), won the most seats in the National Assembly but did not take an absolute majority.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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flag of Burkina FasoThe name Burkina Faso, which means "Land of Incorruptible People," was created by combining words of the Mossi and Bobo peoples. A new coat of arms was introduced, the national anthem was rewritten, and the motto "Unity, labour, justice" gave way to "Fatherland or death, we will…
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|Series: Power Engineering Volume: 20
Publisher: CRC PRESS (Taylor & Francis Group)
List Price: $159.95
About the book
The book presents a description of novel technology for protection of high-voltage equipment (power supplies, lasers, radar and RF generators) against internal breakdowns and overloads, and also for upgrading of automation systems in 10- to 36-kV power networks.
The book contains technical details essential to manufacturers of high-voltage equipment for commercial production of protection devices and to power companies for self-supporting building the devices in their laboratories.
This book discusses general problems related to the generation of current overload protection systems; describes different designs of new type high-voltage interfaces; describes the high- and low-voltage semiconductor and reed switch-based hybrid switching devices; and contains vast ready-reference information intended to facilitate designers reproducing the described devices.
To whom does it point?
The book suited to electrical, radio, power, electro-physical, industrial engineers; research and development managers; and upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and continuing-education students in respective disciplines.
Lecturers of colleges and instructors of training courses in the respective subjects will find in the book interesting reference material for lectures.
1. Problems of Overload and Spark
Protection Systems for High Power RF-generators, lasers and Radar
1.1. Common Problem of HV Equipment
1.2. Interface Relays
2. High Voltage Interface RG-series
2.1. Interface Relays for DC Circuits
2.2. The Impulse Action Device
2.3. HV RG-series Interfaces for Power Engineering
2.4. Special RG-relay Based Devices
3. High Voltage Switching Devices
3.1.HV Relay "Goliath" Series
3.2. HV Solid-State Switching Devices HVTS-series
3.3. HV Reed Switch Based Commutation Devices
3.4. Hybrid Commutation Devices
3.5. Reliability of the HV Commutation Devices Based on Serially Connected Elements
4. Low Voltage Switching Devices
for High Voltage Power Supply
4.1. Soft-Start Thyristor Contactor
4.2. Soft-Start Contactor on IGBT-transistors
4.3. Power Combined Devices
4.4. Hybrid Power Relays
4.5. Hybrid Switch, Based on Anti-Parallel Connected Thyristors
4.6. Temperature Influence on SAPT Operation
4.7. Hybrid Reed-Transistor Switching Device for DC Circuits
5. Applications for Power Engineering
5.1. New Relay Protection Technology
5.2. Hybrid Over-current Protection Relay
5.3. Arc Protection Relay fo Switchboard
5.4. Automatic Reset Short Circuit Indicator
5.5. High Voltage Threshold Current Transducer
5.6. Single-Phase Ground Faults Protection
5.7. Ground Circuit Fault Indicator for HV Cables
5.8. CT Protection from Circuit Disconnection
5.9. Protection Against Ferroresonance in VT
5.10. HV Indicator for Switchboards 6 - 24 kV
5.11. High Speed Voltage Unbalance Relay
5.12. Device for Protection from Voltage Spikes
6. Applications for Powerful
Radio-Electronic Equipment
6.1. A Special Commutation Device for Unattended Booster Stations
6.2. System Protection forr Powerful Radar
6.3. Protection System for Powerful Industries Lasers
7. High Voltage Devices for Industrial
7.1. Automatic High Voltage Circuit Breakers
7.2. High Voltage Laboratory Power Supply
7.3. Power Relay with Protective Contacts (REPROCON)
7.4. The Use of High Voltage RG-series Relays in Electro-Physical Installations
Appendix A: Some of Author Publications on Books Subject
Appendix B: Some Types of RG-relays with Special Characteristics
Appendix C: Environmental Tests of RG-relays for MIL-STD-202 Requirements
Appendix D: Components, Recommended for Use in HV Protection Devices (Reed Switches, Solid State Modules, High Voltage Thyristors, High Voltage High Power Transistors, Electromagnetic Relays, Connectors HV Cables and Cable Assemblies, Capacitors DC/AC)
Appendix E: Insulation Materials for RG-relays Production
Appendix F: Engineering Equations for Calculations of Magnetic Conductivity in Magnetic Circuits and Electrical Fields for Some Electrodes


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There has been a gradual but strong groundswell around Toronto musician Charlotte Day Wilson over the past few months. In January, she released a track called "After All," an introspective slow-burn of a song that caught the attention of many people online. Since then, Wilson has gone on to perform and work alongside other rising Canadian acts such as River Tiber, BADBADNOTGOOD and Tennyson.
This week, Wilson released a new single called "Work" on Apple Music's Beats 1 show, another R&B-influenced track, building a strong case for the artist's ability to craft lush down-tempo gems. CBC Music recently sat down with Wilson to talk about her musical beginnings, her influences and her production goals. Scroll down for five things you need to know about her.
1. Wilson was in a band called the Wayo before going solo
Prior to releasing her own music, Wilson spent a number of years performing in the R&B group the Wayo. Together they created smooth melodies marked by gleaming guitar riffs, dancing hi-hats and Wilson showing off her saxophone skills between verses. While the overall tone of the Wayo has sort of carried over to Wilson's own music, the Toronto-based artist is able to indulge her own musical ideas better now as a solo artist.
"I've always known that I have a vision of where I want a song to go, so working in a band was hard for me because, if you're working in a collaborative environment, you have to let go of your ideas sometimes," Wilson explained. "I'm glad that I did that for a bit, learned how to collaborate, but I also knew the whole time that I wanted to write songs. I would feel like I was doing an injustice to myself if I didn't try to pursue these songs." Wilson confirmed that this meant the band is no longer active, but in their run they did achieve a notable level of success, performing at festivals such as Arts & Crafts's Field Trip, North By Northeast and Canadian Music Week.
2. She is a multi-instrumentalist
As previously mentioned, Wilson played the saxophone in the Wayo but she was also raised on piano lessons. Those lessons were forced upon her by her parents at a young age, but Wilson is admittedly grateful for them. "It's a hard instrument," she said. "But I was more interested in writing music than practicing any one instrument." Add that to her developing skills as a producer, using digital programs to form songs, and it's clear that Wilson's got a dynamic arsenal that she's ready to use to the fullest in her own music.
3. Soul music has been a long-standing influence
When Wilson first began writing music, she looked to artists such as Feist, Nico and the Velvet Underground for influence but admitted that "soul has always been kind of in the background, it's part of how my ears developed." Her father played a lot of soul music in the house, but it was a compilation called The Motown Story that Wilson remembered the most from her formative years: "I listened to that all the time." She added, "To me, the best kind of music is songs with a pop sensibility and interesting production; eclectic nods of the hat to other genres."
4. Her debut song "After All" has drawn a lot of comparisons to Rhye and for good reason
Earlier this year, Wilson debuted her single "After All" on the popular site, Rookie Mag. The silky down-tempo number eloquently details the notion of gaining perspective on something. Sonically, the track's ease and Wilson's vocal delivery immediately drew comparisons to Canadian-Danish duo Rhye and those similarities are not lost on her. In fact, she was listening to quite a lot of Rhye's music when recording this. "I was just kind of taking note of some of the vocal tendencies that I really liked," Wilson said of Rhye singer Mike Milosh. "Rhye is a huge influence of mine and I'm really not scared to show my influences. Some people will write a song and be like, 'It's my own thing,' but I think it's really important to acknowledge who your influences are and it's almost an homage to that person. It's like, I wonder if I showed this to this person, would they like it?
5. She's focused on becoming a better producer
"I want to make a change and I feel that there are just so few female producers; seeing the underrepresentation is freaky to me and I need to take that upon myself and change that." In recent months, the conversation surrounding the lack of female producers has ramped up and Wilson is determined to keep it going by adding her name to the list of women producing their own music.
Wilson is the first to admit that she's still learning, especially from her friends in River Tiber and BADBADNOTGOOD, but she wants to help the move towards a more inclusive working environment. "I'm personally not intimidated when I walk into a studio full of dudes, but it could totally be intimidating for a lot of people," she noted. "As a producer I still feel like I'm in sponge mode. I'll go into the studio and just watch, listen and ask what's going. The only way you'll get better is to put yourself out there."


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While genre is a necessary tool helping us to classify film, it's a far from perfect one. Comedy and drama as genres are so broad as to be nearly no help at all in letting us decide if a film is one we want to check out. Even more narrowed genres like science fiction can mean a multitude of things – is it a movie about space exploration? artificial intelligence? fantasy which uses faux technology in place of magic? I'm glad I got to see It Comes at Night with a small crew of friends, for as we were leaving the theater one of them remarked, "I was expecting a horror movie." I completely understand why she said that, because It Comes at Night uses gore very sparingly, and what little it does use is either unrealistic or flashed on screen so quickly our brains can't process what our eyes just saw. The director goes out of his way to avoid anything resembling a jump scare, going so far as to change camera angles when a character is walking up behind another just to make sure the audience isn't startled. There is no supernatural creature stalking a group of protagonists taking them out one by one, nor a psychic worming their way into anyone's head. But, It Comes at Night is still most definitely a horror movie. In a way, it's one of the most horrific movies I've ever seen.
It Comes at Night is an incredibly low budget movie. If it weren't for the obvious quality of the cameras used to capture the story and the fact that Joel Edgerton plays our lead character (former history professor Paul) this could be a movie that a very talented amateur could film in their own home. It Comes at Night uses no CGI effects, the sets are very barebones – just an oldish house and the woods surrounding it, and while this isn't the first film for the majority of the cast, not a one is an instantly recognizable name and face. This means that the entire story hinges on acting, script, music, and cinematography, and all four of these elements are absolutely top notch.
The horror in It Comes at Night comes from feelings of claustrophobia, isolation, and being kept in the dark both literally and figuratively. Drew Daniels through his cinematography paints the perfect picture to keep us in a state of dread by showing us that not only are we stuck in a world made up largely of bare, long, dark corridors with no handy exits, but even when we are not in that closed in world there is still no help anywhere to be found in the outside world. Camerawork when done well can be art, it can excite, and in this case, it can instill in us paranoia and hopelessness as everywhere we look there is no escape from the trap gradually closing in on us, but never giving us any real clue as to what that trap is, just that it's there.
The performances in It Comes at Night are amazing in their understatement. This again, isn't a typical horror film as there is very little panic, screaming, nor speeches about the thing out there that's going to get us. The people here are very real – the father who is devoted to protecting his family, but not always knowing the best way to do that and having to keep a brave front (Joel Edgerton). The mother who wants the same, but feels the best way to do that is to back up her husband and lend him guidance but never undercut him (Carmen Ejogo). The seventeen year-old boy who has no companions excepting his mother, father, and dog until they let another family move into their house and he finds himself being drawn in the way seventeen year-olds are to the young wife in that family (Kelving Harrison Jr. and Riley Keough respectively). Every performance here is nuanced and realistic and never once goes over the top. We get that these are real people, we get why each acts the way they do, and all this is again absolutely necessary in amplifying our dread. We not only feel for the characters, we allow them to become stand ins for ourselves.
Then there is the script. This is a story that doesn't rely on the usual scares nor a lot of dialogue, it's a story that relies on making sure the audience doesn't know anything more than the characters in the story do, which is really what makes them our perfect stand ins. Many of the events in the story take place because of something that happened outside of our protagonists field of vision and thus outside their knowledge, and these events are never explained to us. Trey Edward Shults, both writer and director of It Comes at Night, said explicitly that while he knows the impetus of everything that happens in the film's running time, he very purposely left us without any clues that would let us know anything more than our characters do. This is the element that truly solidifies It Comes at Night into the realm of horror more so than any other. Even in films like The Blair Witch Project or Paranormal Activity which It Comes at Night has a lot in common with we are given some sort of release in the end as we find out what it is that's been tormenting us throughout the film. It Comes at Night gives us no such release.
Final verdict: It Comes at Night is a film for film critics and auteurs more than for general audiences. There is little to no fun to be had in this movie, as it is a non-stop barrage on your emotional state with never ending dread, claustrophobia, paranoia, and powerlessness. This elevates horror to a level we rarely see and makes it some of the most realistic, and therefore least fun, horror ever seen in film. The true enjoyment to be gleaned from this movie is the dissection of it – the study of how such minimalist pieces done so well can make for such an intense film. If that is your thing, then I can nearly guarantee you will love It Comes at Night. But, if you are going in to see a standard scream fest, you will not only be disappointed, you may honestly be devastated. It Comes at Night is not for the faint of heart, and it's one I recommend to only a very select few, but for those select few who can really get into how a less is more take on film making can get to us on such a deeply emotional level then this suddenly becomes a must see film.


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CAMPAIGN 2004 -- RICHMOND / Voters have chance to set new course / 5 of 9 council seats open -- city mired in financial problems
With five of the Richmond City Council's nine seats up for grabs and a field of 15 candidates, voters could fundamentally change the direction of a city where fiscal mismanagement and a plan to bring Las Vegas-style gaming to town top residents' concerns.
Beyond having the opportunity to shake up the council, voters will decide on Measure R, which would reduce the council to seven members beginning in 2008 -- a move that would save the city at least $40,000 annually and has no organized opposition.
Four incumbents and 11 challengers are vying for five open seats, turning the race into something of a free-for-all that has attracted everyone from career politicians to a man whose campaign statement says he is "simply a follower of Jesus Christ, and the quality of human life is my priority."
Despite their disparate backgrounds, the candidates agree the city has endured financial crises for way too long.
"We can no longer let this council make excuses to the public," said Corky Boozé, a business owner and six-time candidate. "To move the city forward, we have to start with new, fresh people with new, fresh ideas."
This year's $35 million budget shortfall has prompted hundreds of layoffs, closed library branches and community centers and left streets in disrepair.
Most candidates agree that balancing the budget is Richmond's top priority, but their suggestions for avoiding another huge deficit are as varied as their personalities.
"I would get rid of every individual in the finance department and human resource department, the nonunion employees, because they're the ones who caused the problem," said candidate Bill Idzerda, an energy policy strategist for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.
Incumbent Tom Butt, a vocal critic of the city's financial management, wants the city's computerized accounting system improved and greater technological training within the finance department.
"I still don't think we have our computer management system to a point that it will do everything it needs to do so that we manage our fiscal requirements," Butt said.
John Marquez, a retired labor standards investigator and 14-year councilman who lost his seat in 2001 during an unsuccessful run for mayor, wants the city to use the nearly idle Richmond port to increase revenue.
"My idea is to use the resources that Richmond already has," he said.
Another key issue facing the council is a hotly debated proposal to build a Las Vegas-style casino and resort at Point Molate.
Earlier this year, the city council unanimously announced its intention to sell the land for $50 million to casino developer Upstream Development of Emeryville but postponed a formal decision until after the election.
Many incumbents now refuse to take a stand on the issue, saying they want to learn more about Upstream's offer and a counteroffer from Chevron, which runs a refinery adjacent to Point Molate and opposes building a casino there.
Chevron has offered $80 million for the land. Upstream's deal is potentially more lucrative over the long haul, however, because it provides millions annually in casino revenues and taxes.
Many challengers also have been vague about Point Molate.
"Right now the best use is one that's going to bring economic revenue to the city of Richmond as well as work with the fiscal crises," incumbent Mindell Lewis Penn said in a comment typical of the candidates.
Challenger Andrés Soto, a community activist and legislative policy director for the Trauma Foundation in San Francisco, questions both proposals.
"I would say, from what I've seen now ... I do not believe gaming is a sound basis for future economic development," he said.
The mudslinging is in full swing, with voters receiving mailers demonizing Soto as a radical and endorsing Marquez and Kathy "Storm" Sharff. The brochures were financed by unions representing Richmond police officers and firefighters.
More than $150,000 has been spent on the race as of Sept. 30, campaign finance records show, with much of the money coming from labor unions, industry and political action committees.
A group known as Black Men and Women of Richmond has given a total of $8, 500 to 11 of the 15 candidates, with incumbent Nat Bates being the biggest beneficiary, receiving $2,500. The organization has ties to political consultant Darrell Reese, the former head of the city's firefighters union, who was at the center of an FBI probe five years ago into vote-buying at Richmond City Hall and later was convicted of tax evasion.
Besides deciding on Measure R, voters will consider Measure Q, a half- cent increase in the sales tax to help finance a wide range of services, including police and fire protection. The two measures have no organized opposition.


text: Fuskie Posted September 27, 2017 This is where you'll find recaps of each week's episode of Season 35, Survivor: Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers. Please let us know what you think after each episode! Fuskie Who is looking forward to a good season... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Vancouver, WA — After experiencing revenue losses for the last several quarters, Nautilus Inc. announced plans last month to consolidate its U.S. manufacturing and distribution facilities.
Nautilus will close its Tulsa, OK, facilities by the end of this year and transfer the manufacturing of its products to its facility in Independence, VA. The closing will reportedly affect 140 people. The company does not plan to eliminate any major product lines as a result of the consolidation, according to a company statement.
Nautilus distribution also will be consolidated into its two centers located in Independence, VA, and Portland, OR. The company is determining the costs of the planned consolidation.
"By streamlining these functions, it supports our restructuring activity to provide better efficiency in our manufacturing processes and better service for our customers," Tim Joyce, Nautilus senior vice president and general manager, said in the statement.
In February, Nautilus announced that it would be transitioning a call center in Winnipeg, Canada, to the company's headquarters in Vancouver, WA. In a call with investors and analysts in April, Bill Meadowcroft, Nautilus' chief financial officer, said that the uncertain consumer environment would continue to affect the company in the second quarter. For details about the company's second-quarter results, go to www.fitnessbusinesspro.com/manufacturers/nautilus-financials-0108.