text:
- Review
- Open Access
The other lives of ribosomal proteins
- Rital B. Bhavsar1,
- Leah N. Makley1 and
- Panagiotis A. Tsonis1Email author
© Henry Stewart Publications 2010
- Received: 29 April 2010
- Accepted: 29 April 2010
- Published: 1 June 2010
Despite the fact that ribosomal proteins are the constituents of an organelle that is present in every cell, they show a surprising level of regulation, and several of them have also been shown to have other extra-ribosomal functions, such in replication, transcription, splicing or even ageing. This review provides a comprehensive summary of these important aspects.
- protein synthesis
- ribosome
- ribosomal proteins
- transcription
- regulation
- life span
Protein synthesis requires accurate translation of the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) to the amino acid sequence of a protein. This translation of mRNA to protein is carried out by the ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA), along with other protein factors. In past years, studies on the structure of the ribosome have led us to understand this complex process of protein synthesis. The ribosome consists of two subunits, each of which is made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and many ribosomal proteins. Structurally, ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes vary by the types of rRNA and protein molecules found in them. The prokaryotic 70S ribosome has a small 30S and a large 50S subunit. The 30S subunit consists of one 16S molecule of rRNA and about 21 proteins, while the 50S subunit consists of two rRNAs (5S and 23S) and 31 proteins. The eukaryotic 80S ribosome has a small 40S and a large 60S subunit. The 40S subunit consists of one 18S molecule of rRNA and about 33 proteins, whereas the 60S consists of three rRNAs (5S, 28S and 5.8S) and about 50 proteins [1].
During protein synthesis, the small ribosomal subunit plays a role in accurate codon-anticodon recognition between the mRNA and tRNA molecules, while the large subunit is mainly involved in the peptide bond formation of the growing amino acid chain. In addition, structural studies of the ribosome have now revealed that they are also involved in functions such as the translocation of tRNA and mRNA on the ribosome [2].
Function and regulation of eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal proteins
Protein Name
Find online at:
Candidate for binding and internalisation of externally added cellular prion protein in the gut
Knorr, C., Beuermann, C., Beck, J. and Brenig, B. (2007), 'Characterization of the porcine multicopy ribosomal protein SA/37-kDa laminin receptor gene family', Gene Vol. 395(1-2), pp. 135-143.
Cell apoptosis regulation
Naora, H. (1999), 'Involvement of ribosomal proteins in regulating cell growth and apoptosis: Translational modulation or recruitment for extraribosomal activity?', Immunol. Cell Biol. Vol. 77, pp. 197-205.
Drosophila homologue of human S6
Tumour suppressor in the haematopoietic system
Watson, K.L., Konrad, K.D., Woods, D.F. and Bryant, P.J. (1992), 'Drosophila homolog of the human S6 ribosomal protein is required for tumor suppression in the hematopoietic system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 11302-11306.
Mutations result in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (zMPNST); RP genes may be 'haploinsufficient tumour suppressors' in zebrafish and cancer genes in humans
Amsterdam, A., Sadler, K.C., Lai, K., Farrington, S. et al. (2004), 'Many ribosomal protein genes are cancer genes in zebrafish', PLoS Biol. Vol. 2, p. E139.
Mutations result in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (zMPNST); RP genes may be 'haploinsufficient tumour suppressors' in zebrafish and cancer genes in humans
Amsterdam, A., Sadler, K.C., Lai, K., Farrington, S. et al. (2004), 'Many ribosomal protein genes are cancer genes in zebrafish', PLoS Biol. Vol. 2, p. E139.
Involved in retinal formation
Uechi, T., Tanaka, T. and Kenmochi, N. (2001), 'Complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: Assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders', Genomics Vol. 72, pp. 223-230.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Developmental regulation
Majewski, P., Wołoszyńska, M. and Janńska, H. (2009), 'Developmentally early and late onset of Rps10 silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana: Genetic and environmental regulation', J. Exp. Bot. Vol. 60, pp. 1163-1178.
Cell growth or proliferation regulation
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Overexpression of S15a suppresses a utation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc33 gene, which encodes the cap-binding subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF-4F); mutations of cdc33 lead to arrest in the cell cycle at the G1 to S transition.
Saeboe-Larssen, S. and Lambertsson, A. (1996), 'A novel Drosophila Minute locus encodes ribosomal protein S13', Genetics Vol. 143, pp. 877-885.
Role in nuclear export of 40S subunit precursors
Gazda, H., Sheen, M.R., Vlachos, A., Choesmel, V. et al. (2008), 'Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients', Am. J. Hum. Genet. Vol. 83, pp. 769-780.
Mutations result in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (zMPNST); RP genes may be 'haploinsufficient tumour suppressors' in zebrafish and cancer genes in humans
Amsterdam, A., Sadler, K.C., Lai, K., Farrington, S. et al. (2004), 'Many ribosomal protein genes are cancer genes in zebrafish', PLoS Biol. Vol. 2, p. E139.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Developmental regulation
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Mutation in S18 associated with growth retardation and abnormal leaf development
Naora, H. (1999), 'Involvement of ribosomal proteins in regulating cell growth and apoptosis: Translational modulation or recruitment for extraribosomal activity?', Immunol. Cell Biol. Vol. 77, pp. 197-205.
Mutations result in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (zMPNST); RP genes may be 'haploinsufficient tumour suppressors' in zebrafish and cancer genes in humans
Amsterdam, A., Sadler, K.C., Lai, K., Farrington, S. et al. (2004), 'Many ribosomal protein genes are cancer genes in zebrafish', PLoS Biol. Vol. 2, p. E139.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Developmental regulation
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, differentiation'
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Degeneration of retina
Uechi, T., Tanaka, T. and Kenmochi, N. (2001), 'Complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: Assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders', Genomics Vol. 72, pp. 223-230.
Dimer acts as a monocyte chemotactic factor in phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells
Naora, H. (1999), 'Involvement of ribosomal proteins in regulating cell growth and apoptosis: Translational modulation or recruitment for extraribosomal activity?', Immunol. Cell Biol. Vol. 77, pp. 197-205.
Haematopoietic and developmental abnormalities
Danilova, N., Sakamoto, K.M. and Lin, S. et al. (2008), 'Ribosomal protein S19 deficiency in zebrafish leads to developmental abnormalities and defective erythropoiesis through activation of p53 protein family', Blood Vol. 112, pp. 5228-5537.
Overexpression of S20 suppresses temperature-sensitive RNA pol III (but no specificity?)
Hermann-Le Denmat, S., Sipiczki, M. and Thuriaux, P. (1994), 'Suppression of yeast RNA polymerase III mutations by the URP2 gene encoding a protein homologous to the mammalian ribosomal protein S20', J. Mol. Biol. Vol. 240, pp. 1-7.
mRNA downregulated in onset of apoptosis in leukaemic cells
Naora, H. (1999), 'Involvement of ribosomal proteins in regulating cell growth and apoptosis: Translational modulation or recruitment for extraribosomal activity?', Immunol. Cell Biol. Vol. 77, pp. 197-205.
Acts as a translation initiation factor rather than as a core ribosomal protein
Török, I., Herrmann-Horle, D., Kiss, I., Tick, G. et al. (1999), 'Down-regulation of RpS21, a putative translation initiation factor interacting with P40, produces viable minute imagos and larval lethality with overgrown hematopoietic organs and imaginal discs', Mol. Cell Biol. Vol. 19, pp. 2308-2321.
Cell growth or proliferation regulation
Ye, J.L. and Zhang, Y.Z. (2007), 'The connection between tumor and ubiquitin-ribosomal protein S27a, ubiquitin and ribosomal protein', Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Vol. 23, pp. 982-988. [Article in Chinese]
Cell growth or proliferation regulation
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Cell malignant transformation
Ye, J.L. and Zhang, Y.Z. (2007), 'The connection between tumor and ubiquitin-ribosomal protein S27a, ubiquitin and ribosomal protein', Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao Vol. 23, pp. 982-988. [Article in Chinese]
Binds to the 3' UTR of its mRNA to stimulate its deadenylation and degradation
Badis, G., Saveanua, C., Fromont-Racinea, M. and Jacquie, A. (2004), 'Targeted mRNA degradation by deadenylation-independent decapping', Mol. Cell Vol. 15, pp. 5-15.
Tumour suppression gene regulation
Lai, M.D. and Xu, J. (2007), 'Ribosomal proteins and colorectal cancer', Curr. Genomics Vol. 8, pp. 43-49.
Increases tumour supporessor activity of Krev-1'
Naora, H. (1999), 'Involvement of ribosomal proteins in regulating cell growth and apoptosis: Translational modulation or recruitment for extraribosomal activity?', Immunol. Cell Biol. Vol. 77, pp. 197-205.
Mutations result in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (zMPNST); RP genes may be 'haploinsufficient tumour suppressors' in zebrafish and cancer genes in humans
Amsterdam, A., Sadler, K.C., Lai, K., Farrington, S. et al. (2004), 'Many ribosomal protein genes are cancer genes in zebrafish', PLoS Biol. Vol. 2, p. E139.
Function and regulation of eukaryotic large subunit ribosomal proteins
Protein Name
Find online at
Required for rapid neurite regeneration
Twiss, J.L., Smith, D.S., Chang, B. and Shooter, E.M. (2000), 'Translational control of ribosomal protein L4 mRNA is required for rapid neurite regeneration', Neurobiol. Dis. Vol. 7, pp. 416-428.
S. cerevisiae
Binds to single-stranded RNA/DNA
Cusick, M.E. (1994), 'Purification and identification of two major single-stranded binding proteins of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as ribosomal protein L4 and histone H2B', Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Vol. 1217, pp. 31-40.
Part of chimeric protein encoded by trk-2h oncogene
Ziemiecki, A., Müller, R.G., Fu, X.C., Hynes, N.E. et al. (1990), 'Oncogenic activation of the human trk proto-oncogene by recombination with the ribosomal large subunit protein L7a', EMBO J. Vol. 9, pp. 191-196.
Categorised as an ocular gene; downregulated in eyeless masterblind zebrafish.
Wang, H., Kesinger, J.W., Zhou, Q., Wren, J.D. et al. (2008), 'Identification and characterization of zebrafish ocular formation genes', Genome Vol. 51, pp. 222-235.
Coregulator of vitamin D receptor-retinoid X receptor-mediated transactivation of genes
Berghöfer-Hochheimer, Y., Zurek, C., Wölfl, S., Hemmerich, P. et al. (1998), 'L7 protein is a coregulator of vitamin D receptor-retinoid X receptor-mediated transactivation', J. Cell. Biochem. Vol. 69, pp. 1-12.
Rana sylvatica
Upregulated under freezing conditions
Wu, S., De Croos, J.N. and Storey, K.B. (2008), 'Cold acclimation-induced up-regulation of the ribosomal protein L7 gene in the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica', Gene Vol. 424, pp. 48-55.
A component of the NIK-mediated antiviral signaling
Rocha, C.S., Santos, A.A., Machado, J.P. and Fontes, E.P. (2008), 'The ribosomal protein L10/QM-like protein is a component of the NIK-mediated antiviral signaling', Virology Vol. 380, pp. 165-169.
Hamster cells
Upregulated in response to DNA damage
Kobayashi, T., Sasaki, Y., Oshima, Y., Yamamoto, H. et al. (2006), 'Activation of the ribosomal protein L13 gene in human gastrointestinal cancer', Int. J. Mol. Med. Vol. 18, pp. 161-170.
Identical to heparin-binding protein, HBp15
Fujita, Y., Okamoto, T., Noshiro, M., McKeehan, W.L. et al. (1994), 'A novel heparin-binding protein, HBp15, is identified as mammalian ribosomal protein L22', Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Vol. 199, pp. 706-713.
Interacts with casein kinase II
Zhao, W., Bidwai, A.P. and Glover, C.V. (2002), 'Interaction of casein kinase II with ribosomal protein L22 of Drosophila melanogaster', Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Vol. 298, pp. 60-66.
Binds Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA (EBER) in EBV-infected cells
Le, S., Sternglanz, R. and Greider, C.W. (2000), 'Identification of two RNA-binding proteins associated with human telomerase RNA', Mol. Biol. Cell Vol. 11, pp. 999-1010.
Binds human telomerase RNA
Le, S., Sternglanz, R. and Greider, C.W. (2000), 'Identification of two RNA-binding proteins associated with human telomerase RNA', Mol. Biol. Cell Vol. 11, pp. 999-1010.
May play a role in growth inhibition
Jiang, H., Lin, J.J., Tao, J. and Fisher, P.B. (1997), 'Suppression of human ribosomal protein L23A expression during cell growth inhibition by interferon-beta', Oncogene Vol. 14, pp. 473-480.
Gynoecium development
Nishimura, T., Wada, T. and Okada, K. (2004), 'A key factor of translation reinitiation, ribosomal protein L24, is involved in gynoecium development in Arabidopsis', Biochem. Soc. Trans. Vol. 32, pp. 611-613.
Marine shrimp
Differential expression in gonads
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Lin, P. et al. (2007), 'Ribosomal protein L24 is differentially expressed in ovary and testis of the marine shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus', Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. Vol. 147, pp. 466-474.
Cell death inhibition
Lopez, C.D., Martinovsky, G. and Naumovski, L. (2002), 'Inhibition of cell death by ribosomal protein L35a', Cancer Lett. Vol. 180, pp. 195-202.
Interacts with GCIP, and over-expression in breast and liver cancer results in cell proliferation
Chang, T.W., Chen, C.C., Chen, K.Y., Su, J.H. et al. (2008), 'Ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 interacts with GCIP and overexpression of P0 is associated with cellular proliferation in breast and liver carcinoma cells', Oncogene Vol. 27, pp. 332-338.
Over-expression leads to cell proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Artero-Castro, A., Kondoh, H., Fernández-Marcos, P.J., Serrano, M. et al. (2009), 'Rplp1 bypasses replicative senescence and contributes to transformation', Exp. Cell Res. Vol. 315, pp. 1372-1383.
Human and mice
Suppresses cell growth
Yoo, Y.A., Kim, M.J., Park, J.K., Chung, Y.M. et al. (2005), 'Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41 suppresses cell growth in association with p53 and p27Kip1', Mol. Cell. Biol. Vol. 25, pp. 6603-6616.
Extra-ribosomal properties of the ribosomal proteins
Ribosomal proteins and gene expression
Ribosomal proteins involved in gene regulation mechanisms
Gene regulation level
Ribosomal protein (RP)
Escherichia coli
Negative regulator of rpsB and tsf expression
Homo sapiens
Becomes a part of nuclear factor-κB complex that interacts with specific sites in the genome, on tumour necrosis factor stimulation
Bacillus subtilis
Autoregulates rpsD gene expression
H. sapiens
Inflammatory gene expression
E. coli
Transcription anti-termination and stimulates transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase
E. coli
Transcription anti-termination
E. coli
Transcription anti-termination
E. coli
Transcription anti-termination
E. coli
Inhibits transcription of S10 operon mRNA and transcription anti-termination
H. sapiens
Self-regulation at both transcriptional and translational levels
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Transcription anti-termination
S0 and S21 (in association with each other)
S. cerevisiae
Promote maturation of 3' end of 18S rRNA
Rattus rattus
Inhibits the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, a nuclear receptor
E. coli
Transcription anti-termination
S. cerevisiae
Post-transcriptional repression of RPS14B [CRY2] expression
RNA processing and splicing
E. coli
Acts as RNA chaperone in the folding process of T4 phage intron RNA
H. sapiens
RNA splicing and modification
S. cerevisiae and H. sapiens
Binds to the first intron of its transcript to inhibit splicing.
Overproduction of RPS13 interferes with splicing of its own pre-mRNA by a feedback mechanism.
Negatively controls splicing of its own pre-mRNA
H. sapiens
Required for 18S pre-RNA processing and 40S subunit formation
Mus musculus
Interacts with Gu(alpha) which is involved in rRNA processing
E. coli
Translational repressor of α operon (operon genes; S13, S11, S4, L17)
E. coli
Translational repressor of spc operon
E. coli
Self-translation regulation
E. coli
Self-translation regulation
E. coli
Suppresses translation of S10 operon mRNA.
Self-translation regulation
E. coli
Self-translation regulation
H. sapiens
Self-translation regulation
S. cerevisiae
Self-translation regulation
H. sapiens
Silence translation of ceruloplasmin (Cp) mRNA
E. coli
Post-translational inhibition of ornithine and arginine decarboxylase enzymes
Ribosomal proteins and nucleic acid replication
During viral infection, viruses recruit some of the host machinery in order to produce new viral particles. The synthesis of new viral particles requires the replication of the viral genome, and in most of the DNA viruses the duplication of their genome is carried out by the host replication system. Ribosomal proteins are shown to take part in the genome replication in both DNA and RNA viruses. The ribosomal protein L14 helps Rep helicase to unwind the DNA during replication of the bacteriophage genome[12], and S1 is a subunit of Qβ replicase that replicates the genome of RNA coliphage Qβ [3]. In yeast, L3 helps in replication or maintenance of the double-stranded RNA genome [26].
Ribosomal proteins and DNA repair
Ribosomal proteins in DNA repair mechanisms
Ribosomal protein
E. coli
Involved in SOS repair mechanism by participating with polymerase UmuC
Drosophila spp.
DNA repair endonuclease. Corrects damage resulting from oxidative and ionising radiation
H. sapiens
Knockdown of S3 protects human cells from genotoxic stress.
This is the converse of the situation in Drosophila S3
P0/LP0 (constituent of ribosomal stalk structure)
Drosophila, H. sapiens
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity
Regulation of ribosomal proteins
Ribosomal proteins and the cell cycle
The cell undergoes different phases of growth and division during the cell cycle. The progression of a cell through these phases is controlled by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and regulatory molecules of cell cycle checkpoints. Ribosomal proteins have been shown to alter the cell cycle fate by interacting with these molecules as an extra-ribosomal function. Human L34 inhibits the cell cycling proteins Cdk4 and Cdk5 [30]. L26 binds to the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of p53 mRNA upon DNA damage and increases translation of p53, a key player in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis [31].
Expression pattern of ribosomal proteins in cancers
Ribosomal protein
Expression pattern
Cancer type
Prostate cancer, head and neck carcinomas
Colon cancer
Feline leukaemia virus-induced lymphomas
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer
Gastrointestinal cancer
Oesophageal cancer
Gastric cancer
Human breast cancer Used as marker for human prostate cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Ribosomal proteins and disease
Any defects in ribosomal proteins affect the synthesis of proteins that are required by a cell for carrying out vital cellular functions. Apart from protein synthesis, some of the ribosomal proteins are implicated in disease conditions owing to abnormal expression levels or expression of mutated genes. A mutation in ribosomal protein S19 was initially characterised as the cause of Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA), a congenital erythroid aplasia [51]. Subsequently, ribosomal proteins S17, S15, S24, S7, L5 and L11 were also found to be involved in DBA [52]. It also has been shown that ribosomal proteins S3A (mouse) and S19 (zebrafish) function in erythropoiesis [18, 53]. The function of these ribosomal proteins in erythropoiesis and DBA might give some clues as to how defects in the ribosomal proteins lead to the low red blood cell count in DBA patients.
In some disease conditions, the expression levels of the ribosomal proteins play an important role, as in Turner syndrome and human cataracts. Turner syndrome has been linked to a deficiency in human ribosomal proteins 4X and 4Y (isoforms of rps4)[54], and expression of L7A, L15 and L21 is downregulated in human cataracts [55]. A similar syndrome, named Noonan's syndrome, has been linked to ribosomal protein gene rpl6. This gene was found to be located in the same chromosome locus as Noonan's syndrome [56]. Other ribosomal proteins, such as S14, L24 and S26, are associated with 5q syndrome, mouse Bst and diabetes, respectively [19, 57, 58].
Ribosomal proteins and developmental regulation
During the development of an organism, the cells undergo growth and differentiation to give rise to tissues and organs. These processes are regulated by spatial and temporal control of gene expression. The ribosomal proteins that are involved in protein synthesis are also found to regulate development in many species. In Arabidopsis, some of the ribosomal protein genes are termed embryo defective, as mutated forms of these genes are lethal to embryo development [59]. A similar study in zebrafish has shown that ribosomal protein L11 affects embryological development in this species [60]. In animals, ribosomal proteins are involved in processes such as oogenesis and gonad development. The ribosomal protein S2 in Drosophila melanogaster and S15A in sea urchins play a role in oogenesis, while S4 in human is involved in gonad development [3]. Developmental defects in genes such as Drosophila minutes, mouse Bst (belly spot and tail), which encodes rpL24, and Dsk (dark skin mutants), which encodes rpS19, are also the result of defective ribosomal proteins. Organisms with these conditions exhibit various growth defects and have reduced adult size.
Ribosomal proteins and lifespan regulation
Many recent studies have come up with different mechanisms by which an organism regulates its life span. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling (IIS) pathway and caloric restriction (CR) has been the major players of lifespan regulation in many species [61]. In the insulin signalling pathway, the components of this pathway, such as abnormal DAuer Formation (DAF)-2 or the downstream factor DAF-16, regulate the expression of various genes involved in metabolism, the stress response and other processes that shorten life span [61, 62]. In CR, the life span of an organism is increased by decreasing the caloric intake. There is not much evidence of the mechanism by which CR affects the life span but some genes have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans that influence life span regulation through CR [61]. It is further observed that the genes involved in CR mechanism are also linked to the IIS pathway [63, 64]. Another player of longevity is the nutrient-responsive pathway mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [65]. Both IIS and mTOR have a common downstream factor, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, which functions in regulating the mammalian life span [66]. Thus, these different pathways interact with each other to regulate longevity.
Also, many of the genes essential for growth and development are shown to extend the life span of a wide range of organisms. Among these genes are those involved in protein synthesis. The inactivation of translation initiation factors and ribosomal proteins S3, S8 and S11 was observed to increase the mean life span in Caenorhabditis elegans [61]. This indicates that the cell conserves its energy by keeping a check on protein synthesis.
Function and regulation of prokaryotic small subunit ribosomal proteins
Protein Name
Find online at
E. coli
Stimulates the T4 endo-ribonuclease Reg B
Aliprandi et al., S1 Ribosomal Protein Functions in Translation Initiation and Ribonuclease RegB Activation are mediated by similar RNA-Protein Interactions. (2008). The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283(19):13289-13301.
Poly (A) binding protein in E. coli
Kalapos MP, Paulus H, Sarkar N. (1997). Identification of ribosomal protein S1 as a poly(A) binding protein in Escherichia coli. Biochimie 79(8):493-502.
Interact with non-coding RNA DsrA and with rpoS mRNA and has a small role in altering the structures of these RNAs
Rositsa I. Koleva, Christina A. Austin, Jeffrey M. Kowaleski, Daniel S. Neems, Leyi Wang, Calvin P.H. Vary, Paula Jean Schlax. (2006). Interactions of ribosomal protein S1 with DsrA and rpoS mRNA. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 348: 662-668.
Binds to tmRNA, which tags truncated/trans-translated proteins for degradation
Matthieu Saguy, Reynald Gillet, Patricia Skorski, Sylvie Hermann-Le Denmat and Brice Felden. (2007). Ribosomal protein S1 influences trans-translation in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Research 35(7): 2368-2376.
Over expression results in protection of mRNA degradation by PNPase
Briani et al.; (2008). Polynucleotide phosphorylase hinders mRNA degradation upon ribosomal protein S1 overexpression in Escherichia coli. RNA 4(11):2417-2429.
E. coli
Identical to H-protein in E. coli (Binds DNA and is associated with E. coli nucleoid)
Robert C.Bruckner and Michael M.Cox. (1989). The histone-like H protein of Escherichia coli is ribosomal protein S3. Nucleic Acids Research 17(8).
E. coli
Overproduction of S4 stimulate rRNA synthesis
Takabe, Y., Miura, A., Bedwell, D., Tam, M. and Nomura, M. (1985). Increased expression of ribosomal genes during inhibition of ribosome assembly in Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology 184: 23-30.
Myxococcus xanthus
Heat inducible protein
Maria De Angelis, Raffaella Di Cagno, Claude Huet, Carmine Crecchio, Patrick F. Fox, and Marco Gobbetti. (2004). Heat Shock Response in Lactobacillus plantarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (3): 1336-1346.
E. coli
Acts as an endonuclease
Jacques Oberto, Eliette Elisabeth Mouray, Olivier Pellegrini, P. Mikael Wikstrom and Josette Rouviere-Yaniv. (1996). The Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S16 is an Endonuclease. Molecular Microbiology 19(6): 1319-1330.
Function and regulation of prokaryotic large subunit ribosomal proteins
Protein Name
Find online at
E. coli
Zinc-binding protein
Katayama A, Tsujii A, Wada A, Nishino T, Ishihama A. Systematic search for zinc-binding proteins in Escherichia coli Eur. J. Biochem. 269(9):2403-2413.
E. coli
Allosterically regulates RNase E-dependent RNA degradation 'inhibiting RNase E-specific cleavage in vitro, stabilising mRNAs targeted by RNase E in vivo, and controlling plasmid DNA replication by stabilizing an antisense regulatory RNA normally attacked by RNase E' also upregulated in stress, which accompanies inactivation of RNase E and increased half-life of stress-responsive transcripts
Singh D, Chang SJ, Lin PH, Averina OV, Kaberdin VR, Lin-Chao S. (2009), Regulation of ribonuclease E activity by the L4 ribosomal protein of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106(3):864-869. Epub 2009 Jan 14.
E. coli
Involved in regulating the activity of (p)ppGpp synthetase I
Yang X, Ishiguro EE. (2001), Involvement of the N terminus of ribosomal protein L11 in regulation of the RelA protein of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 183(22):6532-6537.
E. coli
Zinc binding protein
Katayama A, Tsujii A, Wada A, Nishino T, Ishihama A. Systematic search for zinc-binding proteins in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 269(9):2403-2413.
E. coli/Bacillus subtilis
General stress protein Ctc: might be required for accurate translation under stress conditions
Schmalisch M, Langbein I, Stülke J. (2002), The general stress protein Ctc of Bacillus subtilis is a ribosomal protein. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4(5):495-501.
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As I put more hours on these speakers I continue to hear more from recordings than I have regardless of the other speakers I have used. Beautiful sound to match the esthetics of Lou's incredible cabinetry work. Lou, you have made my enjoyment of the musical experience all the more delightful! Thanks!
Wow those look great! I would try giving those a little more breathing room in the rear and maybe a slight toe in.
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text: Summer is getting closer, and I'm looking into things to do. Had some ideas, but then I got to thinking if there is any way of having a vacation where I could drive fast and learn something. So do you guys know of places to go? Some kind of racing school or something like that. Nordschleife is obvious, so need to mention that. (I might be a bit late to book something this year, but there's always next year.)


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My bully hates me.
- by Biebs_xoxo & bieberfever0206
- Rating:
- Published: 24 Jun 2014
- Updated: 31 Aug 2014
- Status: In Progress
Justin: "Were the fuck is that bitch?" Emily: "I think I found her" I looked around and then I saw her sitting all alone. This is going to be a good day for her Maybe.. Demi: "Guys why don't we get a sandwich come let's go" Justin: "No, come on Demi" We walked over to Cindy, she notices us and she tried to run away. I grabbed her wrist and pushed her against the wall. She looked really scared that's how I like it. I pushed her to the floor while Emily and Sarah were beating her. She started to scream and all the other students just walked away, they didn't do anything because they know who I am. Then Cindy looked at Demi and started to scream her name. Demi didn't do anything. Good girl.
Did I Just?
Did I Just?
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January 26, 2010
Our arts and crafts classes at Pine Camp allow adults and children plenty of opportunities to explore and develop their creativity. Our big, beautiful studios at Pine Camp provide an atmosphere that is relaxing and will inspire your creativity, while our our top-notch instructors are supportive and win praises from our students.
The wide variety of classes range from fiber arts to jewelry-making, photography, pottery, painting, drawing and many more unique arts and crafts. To see a complete list and schedule of upcoming classes consult our Program Guide at http://www.richmondgov.com/Parks/ActivityGuide.aspx.
For more information, call our Art Department at (804) 646-3674.
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
Explore Your Creativity with an Art Class at Pine Camp
Posted by Richmond Va Park and Rec at 11:55 AM
Labels: Art Classes


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The Cabinet Internet Store was created to be able to provide professional kitchen design/cabinetry design and discounted cabinetry ordering to a broader geographic group of customers that can't easily get to a fully-stocked cabinet showroom.
Welcome to The Cabinet Internet Store!
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Your IP Address is: 126.96.36.199
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HR teams are constantly facing problems while enforcing policies or facing the backlash by employees. Apart from this, HR issues also include dealing with daily struggles like complaints against pesky coworkers, all the while handling tedious spreadsheets and data. Here's a lighthearted take on 5 HR issues every HR exec has faced and how to solve them:
1) Payroll
Just like a period, payroll takes up almost a week of every month of your life. The former is something you HAVE to go through, but the latter can be fixed with a simple step. Men, though unrelatable, you get the gist of this.
Payroll isn't just about processing someone's monthly salary. There's a lot that goes into it before you actually reach that step. Usually, during the last week of the month, HR teams are found in their rooms acting like the CBI cum Math Prodigies. For every employee, HR has to calculate the amount to be paid based on the policies and deductions. Late marks, leaves, fresher's DOJ, and other calculations are carried out. Not just these, there's also IT, PT, bonuses, loan advances, provident funds, and other computations.
An extremely easy solution to this HR problem is automating payroll completely. While employees do need their salaries, they also need HR to be available for current affairs in the organization that needs their attention.
2) Shift Planning
Certain situations demand unique solutions. Let's take an example. Your company has a customer base that's across the country. Now suppose you have an election in your city. It would be unethical of you to force your employees to skip voting and come to work. But you also can't lose out on lakhs of business. In such a situation, shift planners would play an important role. You can change the shift timings of all employees for that particular day to a later time, e.g. 12 pm. That way, they would have enough time to vote in the morning and also make it work without having an unnecessary late remark.
3) Employee queries
Imagine this: You're handling a crucial issue and an employee approaches you asking…… Actually, wait, don't imagine this. If you're an HR, you've definitely experienced it. Employee queries are something you can't run away from. "How many leaves do I have left?", "Where's my salary slip?". "Is FancyPants coming in today?". How many times have you been plagued with such questions?
A quick fix to all data related employee queries is to have the information present in one place. With an HRM software, you can have automated salary slips, a list of employees on leave, leave balances, company holiday lists, and much more – all in one platform!
4) Appraisals
Like a retail worker getting off at 5 pm has his eyes dead set on the clock come 4:55 pm, employees eagerly look forward to their appraisal meetings. As an HR, you have several employees to keep track of. But the employees will only focus on one. Themselves. This can mean that sometimes you lose track of what date an employee must have an appraisal meeting. Or, you're perpetually cross-checking for quarterly/half-yearly/annual appraisals. While doing this, it's easy to skip setting a reminder, or to completely forget you had a meeting.
The solution to this HR issue? A performance management system. With this feature, you can create review cycles based on your company policies. Once an employee is onboard, you can simply assign a review cycle once and forget about it. The system will automatically notify you when the appraisal is due. You can also select reviewers and approvers for the performance review. These systems also come with a rating scale and the option to create your own feedback form. Feedback forms can be customized based on the employee's job profile, making your job easier.
5) Reimbursement
All these days you've said, "Bro, go ahead for the client meeting. We'll pay you for the cab later." Well, it's payback time. In all honesty, it's not just client meetings that employees need to be reimbursed for. Whether it's a phone bill or a flight cost, managing reimbursements via emails can cause a lot of confusion. Following up, responding to the trail mail, confirming payments, etc, can make it a dreary task.
A reimbursement feature offers a single spot to handle every reimbursement request. After creating a reimbursement policy, you can assign it to employees, again, based on their job profile. You can create multiple policies for teams, levels of seniority, etc. The policy can be customized down to the point where you can set sections for images as proof or even fill in the compartment your seat was in. Approval and compensation rights can also be given to relevant people so you only need to overlook the process.


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I'm starting the year off right with a new YouTube cover, and thanks to technology it's also my first journey into the realm of SPLIT-SCREEN! I've been a Pavement fan for some time now, but I never got to see them play when they were together. So you can imagine how ecstatic I was when […]
Entries Tagged as 'cover'
Pavement Cover
January 7th, 2014 · Comments Off on Pavement Cover · Uncategorized
The Final Countdown!
May 25th, 2013 · Comments Off on The Final Countdown! · Uncategorized
Here's a little something I whipped up just in time for the new season of Arrested Development. I hope it makes your banana stand! Extra special treat for those that stay 'til the end!
Tags:a magician named gob·arrested development·cover·the final countdown·video
Afternoon Tea
February 27th, 2013 · Comments Off on Afternoon Tea · Uncategorized
I found this while going through some old files and realized I never posted it. Please enjoy a live cover of me playing "Afternoon Tea" by The Kinks!
COTW #13: Let Your New Life Begin!
January 27th, 2012 · 1 Comment · Uncategorized
Okay, so I screwed up last time and incorrectly named "This Will Be Our Year" as Cover of the Week #14 (it was actually #13.) Instead of fixing it, I'm including a short cover this week as the real #13, thereby saving the day and avoiding a rip in the time-space continuum. Phew! I'm not […]
COTW #14: This Will Be Our Year
January 5th, 2012 · Comments Off on COTW #14: This Will Be Our Year · Uncategorized
Happy New Year! For my final Cover of the Week, I chose a song from the classic Zombies record Odessey and Oracle (buy this right now if you don't have it, you will not regret it!) This will be my last cover for a while, since I'll be focusing on finishing the next SCS record! […]


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Manual Notice: 2015-1
From: John F. Obr, P. E., Director, Construction Division
Manual: Construction Contract Administration Manual (CCAM)
Effective Date: August 28, 2015
This manual notice transmits revisions to the manual and provides clarification and additional guidance for the policies and procedures of the Construction Division.
Updates correspond to recently published revisions to Form 599, "Traffic Control Devices Inspection Checklist."
Chapter 4, "Job Records"
- Section 3, "Traffic Control Plan"
- The Department will notify the Contractor of deficiencies at the time of inspection or by the end of the next business day.
- The Contractor will correct noted deficiencies immediately upon notification (Priority 1) or within 7 calendar days of notification (Priority 2), as designated on Form 599.
If you have questions or require assistance, please contact Roxana Garcia at 512/416-2482.
Past manual notices are available in a pdf archive.


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- Description
The Era Maxim3 Inline locking window handle is not handed and is suitable for UPVC windows. The handle spindle is turned in the espag gearbox to throw locking points and is locked or unlocked by the supplied key. To release locking points, simply press on the push button. Supplied with one spindle which can be cut down but the fixing screws are not included.
- Specifications
Name ERA Maxim3 Inline Locking Window Handle SKU 3222 Brand Era MP Window Handle Inline Number Of Keys 1 Handing Reversible Backplate Height 69mm Backplate Width 18mm Screw Centres 43mm Spindle Size 7mm Spindle Length 40mm
- Reviews


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The GEOINT 2010 Symposium took place Nov. 1-4 at the New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Hear Directly from the Who's Who of the GEOINT Community at GEOINT 2010.
The GEOINT Symposium is the nation's largest intelligence event of the year, annually attracting more than 3,000 total attendees and over 200 exhibitors for multiple days of keynote speakers, panel discussions, technical workshops, breakout sessions, networking events and 100,000 square feet of exhibit space.
Who is USGIF
The United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF) is the only organization dedicated to promoting the geospatial intelligence tradecraft and building a stronger GEOINT Community across industry, academia, government, professional organizations and individual stakeholders.
With 150 Sustaining Member organizations and a growing number of individual members, USGIF is proud of its steady growth. As a not-for-profit educational foundation, USGIF strives to bring together the community at-large and support life-long learning that will ensure a robust cadre of professionals and a healthy tradecraft now and in the future.
What is the GEOINT Symposium
The GEOINT Symposium is the preeminent event of the year for the defense, intelligence and homeland security communities.
Each year since 2003, GEOINT Symposia have brought together an exciting agenda of keynote speakers, panel discussions, breakout sessions and provided attendees a unique opportunity to learn from leading experts, share best practices, and uncover the latest developments from government, military and private-sector leaders.
This mix of community leaders with a ever-growing exhibit hall featuring the industry's top solutions and capabilities brings attendees and exhibitors back year after year.
Of course, the GEOINT Symposium wouldn't be the GEOINT Symposium without the rich networking opportunities. An opening welcome party, charity golf tournament, GEOWalk corporate hospitality night, closing celebration and exhibit hall receptions—as well as some impromptu events—provide tremendous networking opportunities with immeasurable returns on investment.


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So, I havent posted for a few days for a few reasons.
1. I have a lot of pre-college stuff to take care of.
2. I'm figuring out all my AnimeBlogger stuff.
That's right! Pretty soon I'll be on Anime Blogger!
*awaits applause*
Hopefully this could be my big boost in traffic and such, plus, I actually have my own site now, and I must say, I'm excited.
For a few more days, I'll be moving all my posts and such manually over to the new blog. I can't import, so I have to backdate and everything to make sure it's the same. When the new blog is up, I'll keep this one up for a while so you all can change your bookmarks and such. Thank you all who have been supporting me by reading my blog so far, lets hope I can actually update more often now that I'll have a site.
Watashi Wa Ganbare Masu!


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Founder / Developer
XMLTV.se is the longest running project of mine and produces tv schedules in JSON and XMLTV formats for Europe. It has over 800 tv-channels and radiostations that is updated daily and hourly. Uses PERL.
Used by 70,000 unique users per month.
It's opensource and is available on Gitlab (gitlab.com/xmltv-se).
Honeybee.it is a tvguide site that imports the files from XMLTV.se and add additional data from various sources such as TheMovieDB and TheTVDB. The API is used by several big websites, apps and companies in Europe. Uses Ruby on Rails, PostgreSQL, AngularJS
Used by ~40,000 users per month.
Lensire.com is a contact lens price comparison website that fetches prices from various resellers all over the world. Uses Elixir, ArangoDB and VueJS


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Brooks Koepka Loses To Sergio Garcia In The Byron Nelson
Brooks Koepka lost to Sergio Garcia in a play-off as the Spaniard won the AT&T Byron Nelson, his first PGA Tour win in four years. The win came even after Garcia hit the water twice in the final round, but made a pat on the 18th. On the other hand, Koepka got a double-bogey after sending the ball into the water.
Koepka ended with a one-over-par 71 in his final round following three bogeys, which included two consecutive dropped shots on the 14th and 15th holes. The poor showing allowed his rivals to catch up as he went down 15 under.
However, Garcia was the only player to benefit from the bad fortunes of Koepka. The 2004 winner ended with a 68, including six birdies and four bogeys, to force the playoff. Despite hitting the ball into the water on the 11th, he was able to get a par. But, he was unlucky on the 14th as his second shot hit the water that resulted to a bogey.
After the game, Sergio Garcia won his ninth PGA Tour trophy, which matched the record of the late Seve Ballesteros for a Spaniard. Garcia said it was awesome and being at the same level as Seve meant so much to him. He added that he can say he "won a little bit a la Seve" in the tourney. Garcia also said while he had a good game in the last five holes, he was struggling for a good part of the game.
On the other hand, Brooks Koepka was not satisfied with his performance. He also said he was not satisfied with his performance on Saturday when he got the lead with a 65. He said he did not have it in the last 36 holes as he was puzzled at the direction of the ball.
On the other hand, Jordan Spieth was hoping to do better in the hopes of fixing his poor record since his 16th-place finish when he was still sixteen years old. However, he got six bogeys and ended with a 74, which sent him down to 18th place.
Matt Kuchar placed third after Sergio Garcia and Brooks Koepka with a 69 in the round while Spencer Levin, Colt Knost, Robert Garrigus, Charles Howell III, Bud Cauley and Tim Wilkinson shared a six-way tie for fourth place.


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The Construction Process
Below, you will find the construction process broken down into a series of stages. Read through these to get a sense of what to expect as your project moves from drawings on paper into three dimensional reality.
Step 5
Paving and Ground Surfaces
What will students run, dance, and jump on? Ground surfaces and paving are an important component of the construction process, and a great opportunity to introduce sustainable elements to the school ground. Along with walls and structures, the ground surfaces form a major component of the school yard environment.
Step 9
Post Construction Warranty Period
For the first year after construction, owners are protected by warranties. In some cases, these warranties may extend beyond this initial year. Read through the text below to gain an understanding of what the different roles of the owner, contractor, and consultants are during this crucial period.


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Blog it all!
I've decided I want to blog more.
This being one of the first posts I've written in months, that may not seem like a good idea.
But instead of dwelling on the consequences, though, I'm just going to lace my Nike's up, and do it.
From now on, I will be posting on this blog once a week for all of 2011. (Unless I don't have access to a computer, my iPhone, or the internet–geez, I'm ALREADY dithering)
I know it won't be easy.
This blog is still in it's cradle, and it needs tons more work.
Just look at the blogs of other writers: like Jeff Vandermeer, and Cory Doctorow,
If you are still reading this, I hope you'll stick around.
Encourage me with comments and 'likes,' and some good will along the way.
Because just like writing–or, maybe because it IS writing—blogging isn't easy.
If you have a blog, why don't you join me? And post more often! For blogging tips check out http://dailypost.wordpress.com/
Peter Usagi


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Portable Cash Registers that combine convenience in set up and efficient day to day operations.
2-line back lit LCD display
Wedderburn Online Store
Wedderburn now have a range of affordable weighing scales, printers and food equipment available online!


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- John Wheeler III in handout photo provided Newark, Del. Police Department (AP Photo)
- Play CBS VideoVIDEOWho or What Killed John Wheeler?Criminologist Casey Jordan spoke with Rebecca Jarvis with her opinion on John Wheeler's mysterious death giving a 50-50 chance that he put himself in the dumpster his body was found in.
(CBS) More than a week after the body of former presidential and Pentagon aide John Wheeler III was found in a Delaware garbage dump, there are new, puzzling clues, few answers, and a lot of questions.
The mystery began on New Year's Eve, when Wheeler's body was discovered in the Wilmington-area dump after it was left by a garbage truck.
His death was quickly ruled a homicide, but a criminologist told "The Early Show on Saturday Morning" authorities may have moved too quickly in that declaration, and that there are other plausible possible causes of death.
Wheeler was a graduate of West Point who served as an aide to three presidents and led the effort to build the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial,
He appeared unhinged in the days before his death, reports CBS News correspondent Michelle Miller. Surveillance video caught Wheeler in a Wilmington parking garage two days earlier, looking disoriented. He wasn't wearing a coat and was carrying one shoe.
"His face was really flush," parking attendant Iman Goldsborough told CBS News. "From the way his shoe looked, I would say it looked like somebody had done thing to him."
The next night, Dec. 30, Wheeler was seen at another building in Wilmington, dressed in different clothes and again looking confused.
Police say somehow, Wheeler's body ended up in a dumpster 15 miles away.
A neighbor who had seen Wheeler Christmas Eve says he has no idea what might have happened, and was shocked at Wheeler's condition on the tape.
"I have never seen him like that in my life," Robert Dill told CBS News. "I have no idea. At this point, I couldn't even give you a theory."
Wheeler's car was found parked at a train station.
Miller says investigators have been eyeing a legal battle Wheeler was having with a neighbor whose home is under construction.
In a new development that's raising even more questions, a local TV station is reporting that Wheeler's cell phone was found inside that home.
But, friends say they can't imagine that dispute would have led to Wheeler's death.
On "The Early Show on Saturday Morning," criminologist Casey Jordan. of Western Connecticut State University, in Danbury, pointed out that authorities called Wheeler's death a homicide within 24 hours of his body being found. "That's a logical thing to assume," she told co-anchor Rebecca Jarvis, "based on the fact that his body was n a dump and had been placed in a dumpster. But, we still don't know the actual cause of death. To be honest, that's a little bit of a jump. Usually, you know the cause of death before you decide the manner of death is a homicide. That was, of course, before we had seen the (surveillance) footage (and) we understood about this disoriented state that happened in the two days before he was found.
"And I wouldn't be surprised if they end up changing that after they get the toxicology reports come back. I think the autopsy isn't complete and we need more details before we decide whether or not he was murdered.
"What's confusing to me is that, usually, you know that (someone was killed) because you have something like a gunshot wound, stabbing wounds, bludgeoning — something that clearly could not have been self-induced. But no details like that have been released.
"And the fact of the matter is that, when we see this footage, we see perhaps he was suffering from an organic brain problem? Even his neighbors say they'd never seen him like this. Was he poisoned? Did he have a brain tumor? Did he suffer from brain cancer and nobody even knew it? Something — there's a disconnect between him being in the dumpster and that behavior we see in the hours before he disappeared.
" … There are possibly 10 dumpsters he came from that ended up in that dump truck, so we don't even have a crime scene. It is entirely possible he crawled into the dumpster himself in his demented state.
"We may never know the truth about what happened to John Wheeler."
To see the entire interview, click on the video below:


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"Sunshine of Your Love" is a 1967 tune by the British rock group Cream, written by Jack Bruce, Pete Brown and Eric Clapton. It was originally introduced on the album Disraeli Gears in November 1967, and was later released as a single in January 1968. It is Cream's only gold-selling single in the USA. It features a distinctive electric/bass guitar riff and a guitar solo from Clapton.
A version of Sunshine of Your Love (with certain sexually charged lyric changes) performed by Frank Zappa (and band) appears on his The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life album, along with a cover of Hendrix' frequent staple "Purple Haze" and a number of other covers.
Sunshine of Your Love Reviewed by frank zappa newspaper on 09:11 Rating:


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Greenhaven Press
Chemical Dependency: Opposing Viewpoints
JUV 362.29.C42c YA
Presents opposing viewpoints about the causes and treatment of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug addiction, and includes critical thinking skill activities and a list of organizations to contact. 1991.
Mass, Wendy
Teen Drug Abuse
JUV 362.29.M3817t YA
Examines the problem of drug abuse among young people in the United States, discussing the various drugs that are used and why, consequences of drug use, and ways to prevent and treat this problem. 1998.
Stewart, Gail B.
Teen Alcoholics
JUV 362.292.S849t YA
Describes the lives of four teenage alcoholics, discussing their problems, treatment, and ways in which they have dealt with their addiction with varying degrees of success. 2000
Egendorf, Laura K.
Teen Alcoholism
JUV 362.292.T2294t YA
Discusses the causes, risk factors, effects, dangers, and solutions of teenage alcoholism from a variety of viewpoints. 2001.
Patty Jo Sawvel (editor)
Student Drug Testing
JUV 371.784.S9332s
Burgess, Melvin
JUV B887.sYA
After running away from their troubled homes, two English teenagers move in with a group of squatters in the port city of Bristol and try to find ways to support their growing addiction to heroin. 1996.
DeFelice, Cynthia C.
Death at Devil's Bridge
JUV D359.dd YA
Despite a great summer job as first mate on a fishing boat out of Martha's Vineyard, thirteen-year-old Ben gets caught up with illegal drugs and possible murder. 2000.
Deuker, Carl
Gym Candy
JUV D4867.gYA
Groomed by his father to be a star player, football is the only thing that has ever really mattered to Mick Johnson, who works hard for a spot on the varsity team his freshman year, then tries to hold onto his edge by using steroids, despite the consequences to his health and social life. 2007.
Flake, Sharon
Begging For Change
JUV F589.b YA
Teenaged Raspberry Hill tries to sort out her confused feelings of disgust, shame, and love for her homeless, drug addicted father and worries that she may have inherited his lying and stealing ways. 2003.
Grant, Cynthia D.
The White Horse
JUV G7661.w YA
In her writing for a concerned teacher, sixteen-year-old Raina reveals her troubles with a dysfunctional family, life on the streets, drug abuse, and finally an unplanned pregnancy. 1998.
Hopkins, Ellen
JUV H76884.gYA
Eighteen-year-old Kristina is determined to manage her crystal meth addiction in order to take care of her newborn son, but when the pull of the drug becomes too strong, her greatest fears are quickly realized. 2007.
Miklowitz, Gloria D.
Anything to Win
JUV M5875.a YA
To increase his chances of winning a college scholarship, a talented high school quarterback risks his health by taking anabolic steroids to gain weight. 1989.
Mowry, Jess
Babylon Boyz
JUV M868.b YA
Two inner-city teenagers--Dante, who badly needs a heart operation, and Pook, who dreams of going to medical school--are confronted with a difficult choice when they stumble upon a cache of cocaine whose sale would give them their dreams but contribute to the demise of their community. 1997.


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Editor's note: The writer submitted this letter at the beginning of the month but due to an error at the paper publication was delayed until now.
I was surprised at the vitriolic attack on me in the May 26 edition of your newspaper.
The full text of this article is only available to online subscribers.
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Concerning the Canadian Gaz Métro (VGS) proposed 12-inch, high-pressure (600 psi) gas transmission pipeline through Addison County:
Vermont law (30 V.S.A., Section 248(b)(5)) and common sense say that proposals that would be a threat to public health and safety are not in the public good.
Google "explosions of natural gas transmission pipelines" for pictures and record of that potential harm to Vermont and Vermonters.
ADDISON COUNTY — The Addison County American Legion baseball team made an early-season statement by ripping off a four-game winning streak between Saturday and Monday, all against Northern Division foes.
AC improved to 4-3 overall, 4-2 in the league, good for a first-place tie. The team had been 0-3, 0-2 in the Northern Division, until sweeping three home games this past Saturday and Sunday and winning on the road on Monday.
Editor's note: Since last August, our columnist has been filing his stories from Cameroon, West Africa.
At the end of the movie "The Color of Money," a rejuvenated, if middle-age, "Fast Eddie" Felson (Paul Newman), pronounces triumphantly, "I'm back!"
That's me, sort of. After 10 months in Africa, I'm here to announce tentatively: "I'm back?"
WEST HAVEN — New York teen Jessey Mueller won the 30-lap Bond Auto Parts Modified features on Friday at the Devil's Bowl Speedway in West Haven, his second win of the year.
Fletcher's Joey Roberts took second, and Middlebury's Todd Stone, the defending track champion, was third. Leon Gonyo took fourth, followed by Brandon's Vince Quenneville Jr.
MIDDLEBURY — Recent Middlebury Union High School graduate Sara Boe and Middlebury College junior Katie Ritter were among recently announced Vermont Sports Media Association Athlete of the Month winners.
In statewide balloting of VSMA membership, Boe was elected the March Female High School Athlete of the Month, and Ritter was chosen as the April Open Division Athlete of the Month.
BURLINGTON — Three recent local high school graduates who played for the Middlebury Union High School hockey teams will skate in this Saturday's Make-A-Wish All-Star Twin State Hockey Classic at the University of Vermont's Gutterson Arena. The Classic showcases top recent high school graduates from Vermont versus New Hampshire players.
VERGENNES — The visiting Town of Essex Swim Team splashed past the host Vergennes Champs on Tuesday, 368-141, in the opening Champlain Valley Swim League meet for both squads.
Anna Rakowski led the Champs by winning the 10-and-under girls' backstroke, butterfly and freestyle races.
Also winning for Vergennes were:
• Noah Konczal, U-8 boys' breaststroke.
• Lucius Karki, U-10 boys' backstroke.
• Leah Croke, U-12 girls' breaststroke.
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1. I hate horror movies..I dont feel any sense of entertainment watching people get hacked to bits, being tortured, terrified, haunted or waching blood sprinklers. I really truly hate them.
3. My maiden name is Carter: and "Carter" is what most of my friends have always called me and I kept it after I got married because I love it..(even the Mister toyed with the idea of taking it on.) When I was pregnant with Madi and we were choosing names, had she been a boy, I was going to name her Carter, even tho I tell Madi that I was really going to name her Vedder, after Eddie..
4. If I had 2 boys, I totally would have named one Vedder.
5. I stutter..over the years, Ive learned how to not have you hear it
6. I dont like cookies...kinda. I love cookie dough...so at my house, theres always dough in the bowl, but none in the jar.
7. We dont normally have dinner around here until 7:30pm....One: I dont love cooking..I appreciate the need for it, but once I hit the lotto, Im hiring help or we'll be takin it out every night..until then I procrastinate on having to make it..Two: When Mad gets home from school, she crazy snacks so eating an hour later is moreso making leftovers for the fridge.
8. This is actually really hard.
9. I am WORLD FAMOUS with my husband for my random thoughts..Illl be talking to him about something I saw on Antique's Roadshow` then randomly start yabbering on about getting a real Christmas tree next year even tho its February, then Ill remind him about taking in the recycling..next, something new and exciting my sister just told me, then some new furniture hardware I just bought and finish it off with a question like "want to go to the movies on Friday?" where I dont get any sort of response because Craig tuned out 6 topic's ago..
10. Peanut butter cookies are my favorite dough that does actually turn into my favorites cookies.
11. In the summer, I wear a dress, without fail, every-single-day....and yesterday, because Im so ready for summer, I went and bought 3 new ones.
12. I read the obiltuaries in the paper almost every day. I like to read about people who once lived on our planet...the stories and the words loved ones share...Sometimes I think about them while I go on with my day....and I like that.
13. I stay up way way too late. Usually 2am-ish...
14. My favorite food that I could easily eat every single day is sushi. My daughter also feels the exact same way about it, so we go out for sushi.....like....a LOT!
15. I make my own laundry detergent, as well all my cleaning supplies including dishwasher soap. Im scared of chemicals and cancer and left over chemical cleaning residue in the sink Im washing the lettuce for tonights salad in or on the dishes Im serving with or in the tub my baby's soaking in....plus, I like the guilt free feeling of not killing fish when I flush and drain.
16. Im 8 years younger than The Mister and 22 years older than Madi
17. I get complimented on my feet more so than any other physical thing I own..maybe weird, however, Ive seen some pretty nasty feet so Ill take it, as well as any other compiments I may get :-)
18. This post has so far taken me a week and a half to write
19. OoooOoo..I love Judge Judy...she's my guilty pleasure... I watch her in awe.
"They dont keep me here because Im beautiful!!" HaHaHaHa!!
20. Im allergic to cats, but I have one....we respect each others personal space, and I have an absolute self confessed addiction to vacuuming, and every 2 years, when I blow the motor because of it, The Mister buys me a new one without complaint, so it all works out perfectly well.
21. I love to read...but dont that often because once I start a book...nothing else gets done and no one gets fed until I finish it...
22. I have an OCD situation with to-do-lists. Once something is on it...Im a steam engine till its done..so, I try not to have to-do lists.
23.Its been 3 days since #18
24. Sometimes I ask my husband if he misses his pretty wife..My days are paint stained mismatched holey clothes, dirty hair, no makeup, usually sweaty from my am workout.....until 5:00, then, Im freshly showered, hair in a bun, face shiny with moisturizer and zit cream, wearing my flannel pajammies..Of course, he says, I still AM his pretty wife ;-P.
25. I am genuinely surprised when someone tells me they read my blog...I honestly think only my Mom, my Dad and my Auntie Crystal in BC does. Thank you, truly to the rest of you who do to!
Ok, dammit: that was hard..really..really..hard. Not because I couldnt think of earth shattering amazing things to talk about, but because I had to decide what exactly I wanted ya'll to know.


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This article's title is conjectural.
Any name given in official media is eligible to become the title of the article.
The current title is not an official name.
The "Deceased Soldier" is a corpse seen outside Kraid's room in his lair in Super Metroid. It appears to be leaking a yellow liquid, which may be yellow-colored blood or the result of decomposition. The liquid also looks similar to the attacks fired by the nearby Gadora, possibly indicating cause of death. Sbugs can be seen feeding on the corpse, and they will scatter when Samus comes near. This body's purpose is unknown and has prompted much speculation as to who it is and why it is there. It may have been killed by Kraid or the Gadora right next to it, as it looks like in death it was thrown back against the short wall, indicating that something from the direction of the Gadora killed it. The body serves as a warning to Samus, as it is situated right before the battle with Kraid.
In the code of Super Metroid, the corpse is a set of five tiles.
- Super Metroid Players' Guide frequently mentions the presence of adventurers on Zebes who have met grisly ends at the hands of Space Pirates, possibly referring to this corpse.
- The corpse is notable for being the location that Samus can encounter the Sbugs over and over, as opposed to them not returning after scattering. The corpse is apparently too good for this swarm of Sbugs to resist eating.
- If the yellow substance found pouring out of the body is indeed blood, then it is possible that this is because the body's species, assuming it is not a human possesses a high concentration of vanabin in their blood, which is a yellow, vanadium-based pigment, like Earth's sea cucumbers possess. If this happens to be so, however, then it is likely not involved in oxygen transportation and may instead indicate a natural toxicity.
- Another potential blood type would be iridium-based blood. However, this would indicate that there is a lack of oxygen in the room and therefore unlikely (although the yellow "blood" does appear as a more orangish tint than Samus' Power Suit coloration). Also, the dead individual would have had to have died within days as iridium-based blood would be highly photosensitive and would degrade from orange (its oxygenated color) to green before finally reaching a deep bluish-black. As the compound would take one atom of oxygen per molecule to change from its deoxygenated yellow state to a sullen orange, the reaction is not quite as quickly as, say, cobalt complexes, thereby meaning the corpse would have to possess a more convoluted lung system than any Human would be accustomed to.
- The yellow fluid may also be some form of residue from the Gadora's attack - the exact composition of the projectiles the creatures produce is unknown.
- The corpse's armor heavily resembles that of Weavel.
|Food, Nourishment and Sustenance
|Plants & Fungi
|Blueroot Tree • Fruit • Red Starburst • Sap Sac • Saturnine • Tangle Vine Fruit
|Geruta • Embers • Kiru Giru • Pirate Militia • Reo • Ripper • Sciser • Scritter • Skree • Space Pirate • Tallon Crab • Torizo • X Parasite • Zoomer
|Specific Humans
|Samus Aran • Virginia Aran
|"Deceased Soldier" • Amok Mommy
|Lava • Phazon
|Deca-triticale • Elite Nutrient Mix • Energy • Nutrient-grade biomatter • Synthetic Metroid rations • Wrecked Ship


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The Battle Grounds MMA has announced the final schedule of its Battle Grounds O.N.E., One Night Elimination featuring 8 fighters in 1 night with 1 champion. The fight, originally scheduled for June 27th, is happening this Friday, October 3rd, at the BOK Center.
BattleGrounds O.N.E. will host a battle arena for 8 welterweight (170lb) mixed martial arts fighters, with the final victor taking home $50,000. BattleGrounds will also feature several fights in the middleweight and the lightweight divisions.
Some of the selected fighters for the night are Cody "AK Kid" McKenzie, Jesse "JT Money" Taylor, David "Bulletproof" Mitchell, Joe Ray, Brock Larson, Trey "That Just Happened?" Houston, Luigi "The Italian Tank" Fioravanti, and Roan "Jucao" Carneiro.
Commentators for the night will be WWE Hall of Famer Jim Ross and retired UFC superstar Chael Sonnen.
The show starts at 8pm with doors opening at 7pm. After the competition, head over to Enso, where DJ ZachFast will be playing dance beats all night. Enso also now has $5 covered parking available across the street at 1st & Detroit!


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Tax season is upon us, and if you're already worried about paying your tax bill, you're not alone. If you know that you won't be able to afford all that you owe the government this April, there are a few steps you can take both before and after the date passes. Read on and find which payment route will be most useful for your purposes.
Don't Avoid Filing
Even if you know you won't be able to pay your taxes, you still need to file them—this year's deadline falls on Monday, April 18, 2016. That may sound like a lifetime away right now, but it will be upon us before you know it. The IRS doesn't take kindly to late filers—they can charge a penalty fee up to a maximum of 25% for the total cost of your debt if it isn't filed within five months; this doesn't even include the interest that your debt will accrue over time. Filing by the deadline will help you avoid the penalty fee, even if you can't pay what you owe, and it will also help you stay on the IRS's good side.
Consider Using a Credit Card
While it's not always advisable to pay off one debt by creating another, using a credit card to pay off your taxes might be the lesser of two evils. The interest rate on your credit card may well be lower than the penalty that the IRS will charge on your debt—a half a percent per month, to a maximum of 25% after 50 months. Even making just a partial payment with your credit card can help you avoid devastating IRS interest costs. There is a fee to use a credit card with one of the IRS-approved processors, so be sure to do the math—add your card interest rate and the processing rate together and determine if that will cost you less than the interest rate charged by the IRS.
Request an Installment Agreement
If you can't pay it all right now, ask the IRS to consider giving you an installment agreement. If your debt is less than $50,000 (combining taxes, interest, and any penalties), you're likely to secure an installment payment plan simply by asking online. The most lenient of these plans will give you up to 72 months to pay back what you owe. This is only applicable to those taxpayers who are up to date on all past due tax returns. If your debt is above this threshold, you'll need to negotiate, and a tax professional would be able to help increase your likelihood of IRS acceptance. Installment plans aren't without their caveats—penalty fees and interest will still accrue on your balance as long as you're making payments.
Resolve Debt with Offer in Compromise
If you have filed but can't pay, consider an offer in compromise. This is a "something is better than nothing" situation, at least for the IRS. If they see that you will never be able to pay the debt owed, or that it is highly unlikely, they may compromise with you and reduce your debt to something more manageable. It's rare that an OIC is accepted, and you must convince the IRS that you can't pay the full amount, you suspect the amount of your tax liability is incorrect, or that paying your debt would cause unwarranted economic hardship. These offers can be very difficult to apply for, as there are many stipulations that you must meet before the IRS will accept an offer. If you do choose to try this route to settle your debts, use the help of a professional from a site like Community Tax to ensure the best chance of success.
Ask for an Extension
Undue hardship extensions are also rare, but they do happen. If the IRS deems that paying off your debt would cause an undue financial struggle, they will consider giving you an extra six months to pay your debt. Interest will still accrue, but the lack of penalty fees is an attractive reprieve. Be prepared to argue your case, as the IRS will need proof that immediate payments would cause a considerable financial loss.
Do your best to amass the funds you'll need to pay off your taxes, but remember, even if you don't come up with the total amount, you still need to file and utilize these resources to make a financial plan that will leave you debt-free. Happy tax season!


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People sometimes ask me, 'Spike, you seem like you're quite angry and annoyed a lot of the time. Tell me, what do you do to relax?' (Ok, no one has ever asked me that. Seriously, why have none of you ever asked me that?) You may have guessed by my opening tone that after all those heavy pieces on hunting, climate change and climate change again, the seriousness and po-faced-ness of it all finally got a little too much for me and it's time for one of my periodic drifts into levity.
So what do I do to relax I hear you all completely refusing to ask (it's almost as if you have no interest in my mental well-being whatsoever). Well, obviously, I whittle miniature Star Wars figures, what else does a right thinking 30-something environmental nerd do with his spare time? And today I'm particularly pleased with myself, as I've just completed my tiny R2D2*. I even managed to bleed in the right place (the 'eye' bit) when I inevitably cut myself. Which made me very happy. But then made me whimper a bit and rummage through the draws for a plaster. And then when I couldn't find a plaster, reduced me to wrapping toilet role around my thumb and selotaping it in place (it's not very easy to type like this).
But where's the Adventures in Conservation in all this, I once again don't hear you ask (just what is your problem?). Well, where along time ago (in a galaxy far, far away…OK, actually Walthamstow) I used to whittle in a spacious garden, surrounded by wildflowers and birds and insects and all that kind of mentally relaxing stuff, I now whittle on a tiny balcony in a tower block over-looking the giant hanger of Stockwell Bus Station. 'Not very picturesque, not very 'naturey', is it Spike?' you might say, if you ever actually got around to asking me a question, you self-involved so and so. And no, it isn't, but…but my whittling has had the rather wonderful side effect of creating a small pile of wood shavings in the corner of what was previously a desolate and tiny landscape. Today, while finishing off my micro-droid I noticed ladybirds crawling out of the debris. A quick count revealed 10 (though they were all Harlequins) – but still, nature where there was none before, and all thanks to George Lucas. Sort of.
As I type, I've just noticed some of this wonderful nature has followed me indoors. I suspect someone (my wife) will finally be asking me some questions about my hobbies.
*I've not had much opportunity to do any chainsawing recently, but one day in the near future I plan to create a R2D2 tree stump. I'm sure that would go down well with the Reserve Manager.


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Facility Photos
About Foundations Atlanta
We believe in a treatment model that addresses the whole person – psychological, physical and social. That's why in addition to process groups and lectures, our program includes a complete range of holistic offerings.
Our Program
Holistic options include:
- Acupuncture
- Massage therapy
- Music Lessons
- Nutrition Counseling
Treatment Services
- Evidence-based outpatient treatment for addiction and co-occurring depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, pain issues or psychological trauma
- Assessments conducted by a master's level assessment manager to determine if treatment is needed and at what interval
- Intervention assistance
- Aftercare monitoring program
- Active alumni program and nationwide Heroes in Recovery community
- Physician-directed medication management
- Partial Hospitalization Program
- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) using stages-of-change approach
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Relapse prevention and continuing care planning for long-term success
Below are just a couple of the programs we offer, such as intervention assistance and our aftercare monitoring program, as well as information for clinicians who would like to refer their patients to our program.
To find out more information about any of our services or to enter our program, please contact us at the number listed on this site.
Watch Video
When is the right time? How will it work? Is it like the shows I've seen on TV?
We will answer your questions and work with you to choose the right professional for your specific situation. We work with independent interventionists — most are masters level or licensed – and we can help walk you through this sometimes-confusing process.
Recovery can only happen when the addict truly accepts their need for help. Because addiction can be a disease of darkness and hopelessness, people who were once caring and productive family members lose themselves. Intervention is a loving way to break through the darkness and moved toward recovery.
Foundations Recovery Network intervention services guide an addict's family and friends through every detail of the intervention process to ease the fears and doubts associated with taking this first step. Our services encompass addiction-related crisis that transpire from alcohol, drugs, mental illness, trauma, eating disorders, gambling and sexual and other addictions.
Our 5-step intervention method provides a proven protocol of education, action and healing in a respectful and non-confrontational manner. We pride ourselves on matching individuals with the right interventionist, finding the person who will understand where they're coming from and how to get them the help the need while providing the least amount of disruption.
We're aware that even reaching out to an interventionist in the first place can feel like a betrayal of a loved one's trust. In reality, it is simply asking someone to help you communicate to your loved one that you're scared and want direction on how to best help them. When someone is in need of this type of help, they're already in a very vulnerable place. Your loved one is impaired. If you wait for them to ask for help, it may be too late.
The interventionists we use are not affiliated with our programs. They are impartial and not paid by us, so their entire focus is best serving you and your loved one, getting him or her the help they need.
Any patient who has successfully completed our Intensive Outpatient Program is eligible for AMP. If the program is covered by insurance, there may be a minimum attendance requirement to comply with insurance reimbursements. Patients in AMP will meet with their continuing care coordinator monthly and their care manager quarterly. Patients may also continue to attend psycho-educational lectures weekly and are welcome to attend one day of IOP weekly, as needed.
Q&A with the Outpatient Director
Get to know Laura Pugsley and why she's so passionate about recovery.Read Q&A
Note to Healthcare Providers
Once a referral is made, the patient is assigned to our assessment manager, who will provide them with step-by-step instructions to guide them through the assessment process. Foundations Atlanta may also be able to offer ambulatory detox services for patients entering our program, if medically appropriate.
Our addictionologist continues to follow the patient after leaving treatment if requested. If a patient completes our program successfully, we offer relapse prevention programs to support them during any type of surgery or procedure that may occur post-treatment.
To refer a patient, please click the button below:


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The new Scania tipper is designed to meet demanding conditions and offer maximum operational capacity and fuel efficiency.
Scania Commercial Vehicles India launched the new P 440 8x4 20.2 cu.m U-body tipper. This has been designed to increase the productivity of mining tippers and improve the total operating economy.
The P440 tipper was designed to meet demanding conditions in the Indian subcontinent and offer maximum operational capacity and fuel efficiency. The 'U' design for the tipper body is the first in its class for overburden removal application. The body's combination of 'U' design and superior wear resistant steel increases the payload carrying capacity by up to 5 per cent while reducing the fuel consumption by almost 5 per cent due to low self-weight of the tipper body. It also improves the stability of the vehicle by lowering the overall centre of gravity.
The P 440 U-body tipper comes with a mixture of time tested driveline and a new engine. It has a 13-litre, 440 HP engine and is capable of reaching peak torque at lower engine speed. It is BS-IV compliant through Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology. This when coupled with Scania patented Opticruise® gear shift technology keeps the gear shifts to an optimal number and directly benefits the customer by improving fuel efficiency.
Speaking at the launch function, Raghavan Srinivasa, Director, Sales (Trucks), Scania Commercial Vehicles India Pvt Ltd said, 'We at Scania work to integrate sustainability into the core of the business. Scania leverages innovative thinking, develops partnerships and works extensively within the logistics flow to capture efficiencies and secure customer profitability. We are confident that P 440 U-body tipper will deliver on our promise of driving even more value and profitability for our customers.'
All Scania tippers also come with an option of choosing Fleet Management Services. This service enables the customer to remain in control of the fleet's performance by providing information such as fuel consumption, tipper idling time, driving behaviour and tipper's position.
While talking about Scania's commitment to offering complete solution to customers, Hanna Johansson, Director, Business Support, Scania Commercial Vehicles India Pvt Ltd (on behalf of Mikael Benje, Managing Director) said, 'Scania India firmly believes in having a true partnership with our customers. Besides being a manufacturer of heavy trucks and buses, Scania is increasingly developing new ways of delivering customer value based on a full service offering that delivers lifecycle profitability.'


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Homeowners opened their doors to the public when the Balboa Island Museum and Historical Society Home Tour showcased eight homes Saturday.
The homes were built between 1913 and 1953. Some have been completely gutted and remodeled, while others remain in their original form.
The home at 212 Ruby Ave. still has many of its original features, including the fireplace and 8-inch thick plaster walls. The residence at 108 Turquoise Ave. displayed nautical flags painted on the dining room wall symbolizing faith, hope and love.
The oldest house on the tour, which was built in 1913 and is at 526 South Bayfront, has undergone extensive remodeling and enjoys a view of the harbor from the master bedroom.
The Quandt family managed to maintain and preserve the 1926 cottage structure even after gutting and remodeling the original house at 110 Pearl Ave.
118 Apolena Ave., owned by John Robertson, is a restored cottage with a blend of old and new styles. The home is one of 20 built on the island by architect and builder Leon Yale in 1932. Yale was known for his signature detailing, using tongue and groove joints, pine walls, sloped vaulted ceilings, wood floors and alcoves.
— Susan Hoffman


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Staff writer
A children's book and coloring book "To the Cider Mill" is available at Central Park Antiques in Marion.
The book's author, Danna York of Belton, Mo., has been coming to Marion for Old Settlers' Day since 1979. Her mother-in-law is a former Marion resident. She said Marion is one of her favorite towns.
York homeschooled her children. Trips to Marion always signaled that fall was in full swing — a summer of play was over and her three children needed to get back into a learning mindset. Another yearly event for the family was visiting the cider mill about five miles away from their home. Her children's amazement when they watched the cider being made and their joy of climbing trees in the orchard were the inspiration for the book.
York also thought about her experience teaching art when she started working on the book eight years ago. She wanted the book to be an outlet for creativity and that is why there are blank pages available for drawings. All of the illustrations in the book are blank, available to be colored any way the reader pleases.
"I try to get them to love art," she said. "I don't feel like they're constricted."
Over nearly a decade, York has made some modifications to the book, adding some decorations on the outer edges and including a list of autumn activities. She said she has traveled as far as Utah promoting the book. She has planned to read the book over Skype to children in New York. At all of her readings, she gives children a chance to color and draw.