text:
- Debate
- Open Access
Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera)
- Christine Morrow1 and
- Paco Cárdenas2, 3Email author
© Morrow and Cárdenas; licensee BioMed Central. 2015
- Received: 30 November 2014
- Accepted: 12 March 2015
- Published: 1 April 2015
Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today's marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification.
We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). These added to the recently created orders (Biemnida and Chondrillida) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. We propose the abandonment of the haplosclerid and poecilosclerid suborders. The family content of each order is also revised.
The deletion of polyphyletic taxa, the use of resurrected or new names for new clades and the proposal of new family groupings will improve the comparability of studies in a wide range of scientific fields using sponges as their object of study. It is envisaged that this will lead to new and more meaningful evolutionary hypotheses for the end-users of the Demospongiae classification.
- Taxonomy
- Systematics
- Sponges
- Lithistids
- Heteroscleromorpha
- Polyphyletic
- Monophyletic
- Type taxon
The Systema Porifera (SP) [1] was the result of a collaboration of 45 researchers from 17 countries led by editors J. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest. This milestone publication in 2002 provided an updated comprehensive overview of sponge (Porifera) systematics, the largest revision of this group (from genera, subfamilies, families, suborders, orders and class) since the start of spongiology in the mid-19th century. Because before 2002 only a handful of sponge molecular studies were available, the classification of SP is largely based on sponge morphology and re-evaluation of type material, thus providing "a sound platform for the future development of sponge systematics". Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken the taxonomic framework of SP (for a review, see [2]) especially concerning the Demospongiae. This is the largest class and includes about 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species and more than 50 new species on average described every year [3,4].
One of main reasons that molecular results contradict traditional taxonomy may be that this classification was essentially based on the morphology and arrangement of spicules, characters which have repeatedly been shown to be highly homoplasic in demosponges (i.e. prone to convergent evolution and secondary loss) [5-8]. 13 years after SP, the various molecular studies have greatly challenged the Demospongiae classification, telling a largely congruent story where numerous polyphyletic groups have been revealed or confirmed and new clades have been identified. And yet, despite a few taxonomic changes (see Cárdenas et al. [3], p. 159 for a review of these changes), the overall framework of SP classification still stands and is mirrored in the World Porifera Database (WPD, http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera). This is the most widely used reference for sponge nomenclature and part of the World Register for Marine Species (WoRMS). This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification (biochemists, microbiologists, ecologists, conservationists, paleontologists, developmental biologists) and ultimately impedes our understanding of today's marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, the studies of Morrow et al. [5,9] in particular, but also Redmond et al. [10] and the review of Cárdenas et al. [3] started to anticipate and suggest a revised higher taxa classification of Demospongiae. Indeed, we still have too few demosponge taxa sequenced to generate a full revision of Demospongiae classification to genus level, but we do have enough taxon coverage to suggest revisions of the higher taxa. The last sentence of the SP preface [1] states: "The Systema Porifera project is not an end – but a sound beginning for this new generation to build on what we propose here". We consider it timely to build on the SP classification and officially propose a revised classification of Demospongiae.
Revising the classification
Three versus four subclasses
One of the main discordant points among sponge taxonomists and the higher taxa may be this one: should we create three subclasses (Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha — including the Haplosclerida) or four (Verongimorpha, Keratosa, Haploscleromorpha and Heteroscleromorpha)? The four subclasses classification originates from the first Demospongiae molecular study which named four distinct clades: G1 to G4 [12]. So the issue is whether marine Haplosclerida can be considered part of the Heteroscleromorpha or not and for this, we should first look at molecular studies with the widest taxon sampling which are those issuing from the Porifera Tree of Life (PorToL) project [10,13], and then at those with the highest number of characters; the mt. genome studies of Lavrov et al. [14]. 18S suggests there are four clades with strong support (>90 bootstrap support (b.s.)), marine Haplosclerida and Heteroscleromorpha group with moderate support (70 b.s.) [10]. 28S and mt-genome phylogenetic analyses also find the same four strongly supported clades but this time marine Haplosclerida and Heteroscleromorpha group with a stronger support of 90 b.s. [13-15]. So current molecular data support either three or four subclasses. But skeleton morphology favours three subclasses since Verongimorpha and Keratosa do not have (for the most part) siliceous spicules, and especially do not share the diversity of microscleres present in Heteroscleromorpha and Haplosclerida. By choosing three subclasses we can restrict the order Haplosclerida to the marine Haplosclerida and include it in the Heteroscleromorpha, which becomes by far the largest Demospongiae subclass.
Deleting polyphyletic groups
Abandoning the subclasses Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha
Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha are a legacy from the works of Lévi [16,17] that tentatively grouped sponges according to their modes of reproduction (oviparous vs. ovoviviparous). Although early morphological cladistic analysis suggested the polyphyly of these subclasses [18,19], SP followed the classification of Lévi [20] and subdivided the class Demospongiae into three subclasses: Tetractinomorpha, Ceractinomorpha and Homoscleromorpha. The Homoscleromorpha will not be considered here as it was removed from the Demospongiae and is now accepted as a separate sponge class [21]. Shortly after the publication of SP, molecular studies confirmed the polyphyly of Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha [12,22]. The abandonment of Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha was officially agreed upon during the 7th International Sponge Symposium (Búzios, Brazil, May 2006), formally published by Boury-Esnault [23] and implemented in WPD.
Abandoning Halisarcida
In SP, Chondrosiida includes four genera: Chondrilla, Thymosia, Thymosiopsis and Chondrosia. Molecular results have repeatedly suggested the polyphyly of this order with Chondrilla, Thymosia and Thymosiopsis grouping with Halisarca (only genus of Halisarcidae, and of Halisarcida) [10,12,24]. Meanwhile Chondrosia was either sister group of Verongiida (very well supported) with ribosomal nuclear markers [10,12] or sister-group of a Verongiida + Chondrillidae clade with CO1 [25]. It was already suggested that Halisarcida should be abandoned and Halisarcidae reallocated to Chondrosiida [26], a proposal also previously made on morphological grounds [27]. The family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872 (including Chondrilla, Thymosia and Thymosiopsis) was resurrected to be associated with Halisarcidae in the new order Chondrillida [10]. Despite contradictory results (18S-28S vs. CO1) with respect to the position of Chondrosia, Redmond et al. [10] decided to abandon Chondrosiida and include the resurrected Chondrosiidae Schulze, 1877 in Verongiida. Given the inconsistencies between ribosomal markers and CO1 with respect to the position of Chondrosia we have decided to retain Chondrosiida with its single family Chondrosiidae and its single genus Chondrosia.
Abandoning Verticillitida
The calcified sponge order Verticillitida contains a single family Verticillitidae with a single living species: Vaceletia crypta (Vacelet, 1977). This species has no obvious morphological affinities with any Demospongiae taxa [28]. However, ribosomal and complete mitochondrial data [29,30] suggested that V. crypta belonged to Dictyoceratida, making it the only Keratosa sponge with a mineral skeleton. In the WPD, the order Verticillitida has therefore been synonymized with Dictyoceratida and Verticillitidae has been included in Dictyoceratida. One should note that there are still discussions on whether V. crypta is related to the fossil family Verticillitidae [28,31]; it has been proposed to classify V. crypta in Vacelitiidae Reitner and Engeser, 1985 instead [31,32].
Abandoning Spongillina, Haplosclerina and Petrosina
In SP, Haplosclerida includes the following three suborders: Haplosclerina, Petrosina (both marine) and Spongillina (freshwater sponges) (Figure 1). The worldwide monophyletic Spongillina has been upgraded to order rank [3], since molecular results (using mt. genomes, 18S and 28S) do not support its grouping with marine Haplosclerida (e.g. [10,13,14]). The only two phylogenetic studies disagreeing with these groupings used seven nuclear housekeeping genes (NHKG). In these two studies, the Spongillida group with the marine Haplosclerida, albeit with either no significant or relatively low support (74 b.s.) [24,33]. Furthermore, the taxonomic sampling in these studies was limited: only two species of Spongillida and no species of Vetulinidae — which may be the sister group of Spongillida [10,34] — and therefore a key group that could considerably alter the topology of the NHKG trees. For the rest of Haplosclerida, often referred to as 'marine Haplosclerida', Cárdenas et al. [3] (p. 170) proposed the subclass name Haploscleromorpha. Here we abandon Haploscleromorpha and retain Haplosclerida (with a revised definition) as an order within the subclass Heteroscleromorpha (cf. discussion above on 'Three versus four subclasses').
Although Haplosclerida is a well-supported clade, the suborders Haplosclerina and Petrosina and almost every family therein appear polyphyletic (for a review see [3], p. 192; [10]). A revision of Haplosclerida using new character datasets and implementing a bottom-up approach, studying first the type species of each genus [3] within each of the 5 newly found clades — provisionally called clade A to E [10] — is urgently needed. In the meantime, we propose to abandon these suborders.
Abandoning Lithistida
Lithistida Schmidt, 1870 had been considered an artificial and polyphyletic group long before it was confirmed by molecular results. The only shared character of Lithistida is interlocked spicules called 'desmas' which form a rigid skeleton. Lithistida are easily fossilized and thus have an extremely rich fossil record in comparison with other Demospongiae. Despite their acknowledged polyphyly and after numerous debates during the SP genesis, desma-bearing demosponges were grouped together under the name "lithistid' Demospongiae", mainly for convenience (Figure 1). Even though SP proposed to abandon the order Lithistida [35], this name has remained in the WPD, which can be very misleading for end-users such as biochemists, microbiologists, ecologists or paleontologists. Now that we have molecular support concerning the phylogenetic affinities of most of the desma-bearing families [6,36], we propose to formally reallocate the 13 desma-bearing families to their respective Heteroscleromorpha orders, as was already done by Cárdenas et al. [3,6], and abandon the Lithistida name in WPD. 11 out of the 13 desma-bearing families should be moved to the Tetractinellida: 8 families to the Astrophorina, 3 families to the Spirophorina. The Vetulinidae are now moved to their own order Sphaerocladina (an existing order in the fossil classification) and the Desmanthidae are allocated to Bubarida ord. nov.. 'Lithistids incertae sedis' from the SP (Arabescula, Plakidium and Poritella) should now be referred to as 'Heterosclermorpha incertae sedis' (see below).
Abandoning Poecilosclerida suborders: Microcionina, Mycalina, Myxillina and Latrunculina
Abandoning Halichondrida
The taxonomic history of this group is long and complex (for a review, see [39]). The SP order Halichondrida contains the following five families: Halichondriidae, Axinellidae, Dictyonellidae, Heteroxyidae and Bubaridae (Figure 1). However, the monophyly of Halichondrida has never been recovered in any morphological, molecular or biochemical cladistics analyses (e.g. [5,39,40]). Halichondrida lack any unambiguous synapomorphic characters and are mainly defined on the basis of shared negative characters. Using the 28S rDNA marker, Chombard [41] and Chombard & Boury-Esnault [42] first revealed a close relationship between Halichondriidae and Suberitidae and not with other families assigned to Halichondrida. Chombard & Boury-Esnault [42] proposed the name Suberitina for this new clade. This clade was consistently confirmed in subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies, using more taxa and additional markers (e.g. [5]) and we now consider it should be upgraded to the order rank as Suberitida. At the same time, the other Halichondrida families were distributed amongst other clades: Axinellidae and Heteroxyidae in a well-supported clade for which we use the resurrected order name Axinellida; Dictyonellidae and Bubaridae in another clade here named Bubarida ord. nov. (Figure 2). Finally, 18S and CO1 data revealed a new clade (unnamed at this moment) grouping species of Topsentia, Petromica and Axinyssa [10,36]. Altogether, these well-established results force us to formally propose the abandonment of Halichondrida.
Abandoning Hadromerida
Taxonomy and definitions
For the family composition of each order, see Figure 2. For a tentative generic composition of the orders, see Appendix.
Subclass Verongimorpha Erpenbeck et al., 2012
Definition: Demospongiae without skeleton or with a skeleton made of siliceous asters (Chondrilla) or spongin fibres with a laminated bark and a finely fibrillar or granular pith (most of the Verongiida and Thymosia). Epithelial cells of the larva have i) a non-perpendicular orientation of the accessory centriole relative to the basal body, ii) a protruding nuclear apex and iii) a Golgi apparatus around the nuclear apex and part of the organelles of the basal apparatus (definition from [3], emended with larva observations from [43]).
Remark: We add here larva cytological characters in the definition but underline that very few Verongimorpha larva have been studied so far [43] so these characters need to be confirmed. Borchiellini et al. [12] resurrected Myxospongiae for their G2 clade (Halisarca + Chondrosia + Chondrillidae + Verongiida); since then, the name has been used and even erected as a subclass [43]. But Myxospongiae was originally intended for sponges without any skeleton ("ohne jedes Skelet" [44]), the so called "slime sponges" by Haeckel [44], which was essentially Halisarca. Erpenbeck et al. [25] consider that the G2 clade assemblage is too different from the original content of Myxospongiae and decide to create a replacement name for the Myxospongiae: Verongimorpha. Erpenbeck et al. [25] also consider that most of the sponges in this group are not "slime-sponges" so that the name of the subclass is not descriptive enough of the group. Myxospongiae sensu Haeckel, 1866 has been seldom used in the past and so, despite the different assemblage of Myxospongiae (G2), we believe there has not been confusion: the name Myxospongiae has been properly used now for over ten years. However, we agree that the Myxospongiae name poorly reflects the sponges it contains so we recommend using the name Verongimorpha.
Order Chondrillida Redmond et al., [10]
Definition: Verongimorpha in which the skeleton can be absent, but when present is composed of nodular spongin fibers or aster microscleres [10].
Order Chondrosiida Boury-Esnault & Lopès, 1985
Definition: Verongimorpha with a marked ectosome or cortex enriched by a highly organized fibrillar collagen. Collagen is always very abundant. (modified from [3], p. 170).
Remark: This order only includes the genus Chondrosia.
Order Verongiida Bergquist, 1978
SP definition emended from Bergquist and Cook [45]: Verongimorpha in which the fibrous skeleton, when present, is either anastomosing or dendritic in construction. Reproduction is always oviparous. They produce complex brominated tyrosine-derived compounds.
Remark: Most relationships are uncertain within this order; Pseudoceratinidae, Aplysinellidae and Aplysinidae are probably not monophyletic [10,13,25,46,47].
Subclass Keratosa Grant, 1861
Definition: Demospongiae with a skeleton made of spongin fibre. Spongin fibres are either homogenous or pithed and strongly laminated with pith grading into bark. One genus has a hypercalcified basal skeleton (Vaceletia). ([3], p. 170).
Order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900
SP definition emended from Bergquist and Cook [48]: Keratosa in which a fibre skeleton is always present but, as compared to Dictyoceratida, is reduced in relation to soft tissue volume. The skeleton arises from a continuous spreading basal plate, and adopts either a dendritic or an anastomosing pattern. In anastomosing forms there is never any clear size distinction between primary and secondary elements. The fibres always contain pith and are strongly laminated, usually quite stout, and in some genera cellular (degenerate spongocytes) elements are incorporated in the bark and to a lesser extent in pith. Free fibrous spicules may supplement the main skeleton. The pith in the fibres is markedly disjunct from the bark, and in structure is close to that of the Verongiida. Biochemically, members of this group are characterized by a moderate sterol content in conjunction with the presence of terpenes, which are always diterpenes.
Remark: This order and both of its families (Darwinellidae and Dictyodendrillidae) may be polyphyletic [10,12,25].
Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900
SP definition emended from Cook and Bergquist [49]: Keratosa in which a spongin fibre skeleton is constructed on an anastomosing plan. The skeleton develops from multiple points of attachment and, except in two genera where primary fibres are absent, is organized as a hierarchy of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary elements. Fibre construction is homogeneous lacking pith with growth laminae tightly adherent and just detectable, or pithed and strongly laminated with pith grading into bark, consecutive laminae are marked but remain adherent to each other. Pith is structurally and chemically distinct from that seen in fibres of Verongiida and Dendroceratida. One species (Vaceletia crypta) has a 'sphinctozoan' grade of organization with a chambered skeleton composed of aragonite with irregular structure, without siliceous spicules.
Remark: The families Spongiidae and Thorectidae are not monophyletic and blend essentially together; some Thorectidae should also be reallocated to the Dysideidae [10,13,25].
Subclass Heteroscleromorpha Cárdenas et al., [3]
Definition: Demospongiae with a skeleton composed of siliceous spicules which can be monaxons and/or tetraxons and when they are present, microscleres are highly diversified (definition of Cárdenas et al. [3] was not modified by the inclusion of Haplosclerida).
Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928
Definition: Heteroscleromorpha with an isodictyal anisotropic or isotropic choanosomal skeleton; spicules are diactinal megascleres (oxeas or strongyles), smooth or spined; microscleres, if present, are sigmas and/or toxas, microxeas or microstrongyles (emended definition of Haploscleromorpha Cárdenas et al., [3]).
Remark: Five out of the six families, as well as many genera are not monophyletic [10]. The last family (Calcifibrospongiidae) is monospecific. Currently, five well-supported clades (clades A-E) are recognized [10]. The definition of Cárdenas et al. [3] has been emended here to include Janulum, formerly assigned to Raspailiidae, and now included in clade E [10].
Order Spongillida Manconi & Pronzato, [50]
SP definition of Spongillina from Manconi and Pronzato [50]: Exclusively freshwater sponges, with megascleres consisting of oxeas or strongyles, smooth or spined, forming pauci- to multispicular tracts producing irregular to regular meshes, occasionally with large alveolate cavities (a central body cavity in one family); spongin mostly sparse; microscleres present or absent, including smooth or spined oxeas, aster-like or birotule like spicules. Four families with gemmules (resting bodies containing totipotent cells), which may contain gemmuloscleres of diverse morphology that is often diagnostic. Three families lack gemmules. Where known, reproduction is viviparous, with fully ciliated parenchymella larvae.
Remark: Malawispongiidae is polyphyletic and some taxa may need to be reallocated to Spongillidae [51]. Based on CO1, 18S and ITS2 phylogenetic analyses, Spongillidae are not monophyletic [52,53]. The monotypic family Metschnikowiidae is a doubtful Spongillida and may need to be reallocated to the Haplosclerida. Indeed, it is endemic to the Caspian Sea, thus living in brackish water instead of freshwater; its morphological characters suggest possible affinities with Janulum [54,55], recently reallocated to Haplosclerida (clade E) [10].
Order Sphaerocladina Schrammen, 1924
SP definition of Vetulinidae emended from Pisera & Lévi [56]: Heteroscleromorpha with acrepid polyaxial (astro- or sphaeroclone) desmas. No other megascleres or microscleres, only one recent family but several fossil families.
Remark: We decided to use the paleontological order name since this group has a very long and rich fossil record [56]. A sister-group relationship with Spongillida is strongly supported by 18S [10,34], CO1 and 28S [36].
Scopalinida ord. nov.
Definition: Encrusting, massive or erect flabellate growth forms; with smooth or conulose surface supported by prominent spongin fibres cored with styles; megascleres styles, often with telescoped ends; no ectosomal skeleton; tissue contains an unusual cell type filled with refractile granules.
Remark: This order contains only one family, Scopalinidae with genera Scopalina and Svenzea. Stylissa, a former halichondrid, is here tentatively included in this order/family (Appendix) since the type species Stylissa flabelliformis grouped within the Scopalinidae [10].
Order Axinellida Lévi, 1953 (resurrected)
Definition: Megascleres are styles or tylostyles and oxea, with acanthostyles in some genera. Surface may be smooth but is usually hispid due to projecting choanosomal styles and these may be surrounded by brushes of fine oxea, anisoxea or styles forming a specialised ectosomal skeleton. Micoscleres when present are asters, acanthoxea or raphides, usually in trichodragmata (emended from [5]). Skeleton in several species comprised of a stiff axial region, usually with abundant spongin and an outer, softer extra-axial region. Colour of living sponge is characteristically orange, yellow or dark brown.
Remark: The order Axinellida Lévi, 1953 was originally erected for the families Axinellidae and Raspailiidae [17]. In subsequent publications Lévi assigned seven other families to this order. Whilst the content of Axinellida has changed from that formally defined by Lévi (1973) [20] and Bergquist (1967; 1970) [57,58], various molecular studies have shown Axinellida to contain three of the nine families that have been assigned to it. Most importantly the studies show that Axinella polypoides, the type taxon for Axinellidae clusters here. The principles of the ICZN for family names are based on the name-bearing type genus. Whilst at order level we are not bound by the rules of the ICZN, in keeping with the spirit of the code, we retain the name Axinellida for this order. The Raspailiidae have been moved back from Poecilosclerida to this order based on numerous molecular studies (e.g. [9,10]). The family Stelligeridae was resurrected by Morrow et al. [5] to include former hadromerid (Stelligera, Paratimea) and halichondrid genera (Halicnemia, Higginsia). Redmond et al. [10] using 18S rDNA shows strong support for a Stelligeridae-Raspailiidae clade but no support for Stelligeridae-Raspailiidae + Axinellidae. However in Morrow et al. [9] using 18S + 28S, Stelligeridae-Raspailiidae + Axinellidae is a strongly supported clade. Unpublished results by C. Morrow show that some Heteroxyidae also cluster with Axinellida.
Order Bubarida ord. nov.
Definition: Heteroscleromorpha built with monactines, diactines of different kinds and different shapes (flexuous, sinuous or vermiculiform; telescoped endings are common). Flexuous or sinuous spicules may be confined to axial skeleton or form a basal layer in encrusting forms. Monocrepidial desmas form a basal skeleton in one genus (Desmanthus).
Remark: This order is in need of taxonomic revision: early indications are that there are three clades mixing species of Acanthella, Dictyonella, Bubaris, Cymbastella, Axinyssa, Phakellia and Phycopsis [5,10]. In the future it is likely that the family Dictyonellidae van Soest, Diaz & Pomponi, 1990 and Bubaridae Topsent, 1894 will be merged, however Dictyonellidae is retained here as a revision of the order is beyond the scope of this study. It is also possible that older family names such as Desmanthidae Topsent, 1893 may take priority over Bubaridae. The lithistid family Desmanthidae is assigned to this order since the type species Desmanthus incrustans joins this clade, based on 18S, CO1 and 28S markers [5,10,59]. However, CO1 and 18S studies also suggest that Petromica (Desmanthidae), Topsentia (Halichondriidae) and some Axinyssa (Halichondriidae) group in a very well supported clade (unnamed at the moment) outside of Bubarida [10,36], therefore Desmanthidae and Bubarida are both polyphyletic. For now we retain the family Desmanthidae pending further molecular evidence.
Order Biemnida Morrow et al., 2013
Definition: Megascleres styles, subtylostyles, strongyles, rhabdostyles, or oxeas. Spicules typically enclosed by spongin fibres. Reticulate or plumoreticulate choanosomal skeleton, axially compressed in erect forms. Extra-axial plumose skeleton usually present. Microscleres are microspined sigmas/spirosigmas, toxas, microxeas, raphides, and/or commata. Biemna and Neofibularia cause a dermatitis-like reaction when in contact with bare skin [9].
Remark: This order includes former Desmacellidae genera (Biemna, Neofibularia and Sigmaxinella), grouped in the resurrected family Biemnidae, as well as the Rhabderemiidae family with a single genus Rhabderemia. Grouping of these two families is based on molecular and morphological data, notably the possession of distally microspined "sigmas", which may not be homologous to the sigmas found in poecilosclerid sponges for example [7,9,10,60,61]. In SP, all these genera were in the Poecilosclerida order since they were believed to have lost their chelae.
Order Tetractinellida Marshall, 1876 (resurrected)
Definition: Heteroscleromorpha usually with radial or subradial skeletal arrangement, some genera can be endolithic. Megascleres are monactines and triaenes in various shapes (a synapomorphy of the order, but sometimes secondarily lost). Microscleres include sigmas, asters, sometimes with microrhabds, microxeas and raphides. Desmas are sometimes present.
Remarks: Astrophorida and Spirophorida were included in SP while Tetractinellida was not. However, all molecular studies have shown that Tetractinellida is a strongly supported clade (e.g. [10,62]). We propose to resurrect this order, and recommend the use of the suborders Astrophorina and Spirophorina, as previously suggested [3,5]. Many Astrophorina families and genera seem to be polyphyletic, especially due to the mingling of Ancorinidae and Geodiidae genera [6,63]. Since SP, one family was resurrected (Theneidae) and a new family was created (Vulcanellidae) [6]. Alectonidae, formerly in Hadromerida has been abandoned and the genera Alectona/Delectona/Thoosa and Neamphius have been artificially kept together in the resurrected Thoosidae, now assigned to Astrophorina, awaiting a clearer appreciation of the phylogenetic relationships of Neamphius. The genera Lamellomorpha (Astrophorida incertae sedis in SP) and Characella, are both provisionally assigned to Pachastrellidae, which makes this family polyphyletic [6,10]. Most of the desma-bearing demosponge families have now been assigned to this order: eight and three families are now respectively assigned to Astrophorina and Spirophorina. Studies based on COI, 18S and 28S suggest that Spirophorina and Tetillidae may not be monophyletic [10,36]. It also seems that Pleromidae and Scleritodermidae may not be monophyletic [36].
Order Agelasida Hartman, 1980
Definition: Megascleres smooth or verticillately spined styles, rhabdostyles or ocassionally oxea, no microscleres. Representatives of all families of the order produce similar pyrrole-2-carboxylic compounds, characteristically with a bromine addition [5].
Remark: The new family Hymerhabdiidae added to this order currently includes the former halichondrid Hymerhabdia and the former hadromerid Prosuberites, in addition to some former halichondrids belonging to Stylissa/Axinella/Phycopsis/Cymbastela [5,10,64]. The former raspailiid genera Acanthostylotella and Amphinomia are now assigned to Agelasidae [10].
Polymastiida ord. nov.
SP definition by Boury-Esnault [65]: Heteroscleromorpha with a radiating choanoskeleton and a more or less complicated cortex, the outer layer being always a palisade of ectosomal spicules (tylostyles, or oxea and/or exotyles). Megascleres are tylostyles, subtylostyles, strongyloxeas, styles or oxeas; microscleres may include centrotylote microxeas, acanthose microxeas or raphides in trichodragmata.
Remark: This order only includes the family Polymastiidae.
Order Merliida Vacelet, 1979 (resurrected)
Definition: Megascleres are diverse (oxeas, styles, mycalostyles or tylostyles) but associated with unique microscleres (either clavidiscs or diancistra-derivatives: diancistras or cyrtancistras). Raphides, sigmas or small commata-like spicules are also present. One family contains a species with a chaetetid calcareous basal skeleton, and an outer layer of which is filled with sponge tissue and siliceous spicules.
Remarks: Vacelet [66,67] first suggested to isolate Merlia in its own order — Merliida incertae sedis — but in the SP it was included in the Poecilosclerida, based on microscleres similarities with the Biemnidae and Desmacellidae [68]. The recognition of a separate order was actually confirmed in 18S, 28S and 16S phylogenetic analyses, where it branches separately from the rest of the Poecilosclerida [10,59]. CO1 phylogenetic analyses further show that Hamacantha and Desmacella branch before the poecilosclerid clade (Morrow, unpublished results). Topsent [69] was the first to suggest a close relationship between Hamacantha and Merlia based on the striking similarity between the diancistras (in Hamacantha) and the clavidiscs (in Merlia). On the basis of this molecular result and also the strong morphological affinities of the microscleres we propose to move Hamacanthidae from Poecilosclerida to Merliida.
Desmacellida ord. nov.
SP definition by Hajdu and van Soest [70]: Heteroscleromorpha with monactinal megascleres arranged in plumose bundles; microscleres sigmas and sometimes raphides.
Remark: Desmacellidae, a family without chelae, seems to diverge before the Poecilosclerida radiation [10] and is here assigned its own order. Biemna, Neofibularia and Sigmaxinella which were allocated to Desmacellidae in SP, were transferred to Biemnida [9]; the remaining genera, Desmacella, Dragmatella and Microtylostylifer, are allocated to Desmacellida. However, it should be noted that there is no molecular data for Dragmatella and Microtylostylifer species.
Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928
SP definition emended from Hooper & van Soest [71]: both fibre and mineral skeletons always show regional differentiation such that megascleres are often differentiated into distinct ectosomal and choanosomal components; microscleres include chelae (a synapomorphy for the order, but sometimes lost), sigmas and sigmancistra derivatives, and other diverse forms such as toxas, raphides, microxeas, discorhabds or spinorhabds; the order appears to be exclusively viviparous.
Remark: We propose to abandon the suborders (cf. above and Figure 3). The Poecilosclerida included 25 families in the SP, five of which we now propose to reassign to Desmacellida, Merliida, Axinellida and Biemnida. Possible polyphyletic families include Acarnidae, Mycalidae, Coelosphaeridae, Hymedesmiidae and Crellidae [10,13].
Clionaida ord. nov.
Definition: Heteroscleromorpha with tylostyle megascleres; oxeas and styloid spicules are also present in one family. Variety of microscleres including streptasters (spirasters and diplasters), amphiasters, selenasters, microxeas, microrhabds, spiral microstrongyles and derivatives. Microscleres may be lacking altogether. Calcareous basal skeleton present in one family.
Remark: Clionaidae d'Orbigny, 1851 and Spirastrellidae Ridley and Dendy, 1886 seem to mix and may thus not be monophyletic [5,22,72]. Since Clionaidae is an older family name, there is a chance that Spirastrellidae might become invalid in the future so we chose Clionaida over Spirastrellida (which had been suggested by Chombard [41] in her PhD thesis).
Tethyida ord. nov.
Definition: Megascleres may be styles, tylostyles or oxeas arranged in tracts ending as bouquets, at or near the surface. Microscleres are euasters, usually of two sizes.
Remark: Morrow et al. [5] showed that Hemiasterellidae is polyphyletic with some genera grouping closely with some heteroxyid and raspailiid taxa and others with Tethyidae. In the absence of molecular data from the type taxon (Hemiasterella typus) we retain Hemiasterellidae in Tethyida. Furthermore, Timeidae and Tethyidae may not be monophyletic, but molecular data on these two families is sparse [5,10,22]. We chose the name Tethyida for this order since we have molecular data for the type taxon of Tethyidae (Tethya aurantium) but not for the type taxons of Timeidae or Hemiasterellidae.
Trachycladida ord. nov.
SP definition of Trachycladidae by Hooper & van Soest [73]: Heteroscleromorpha with spined vermiform spinispirae and smooth microrhabds, with a differentiated axial and extra-axial skeleton cored by oxeas, strongyles and/or (tylo-)styles.
Remark: Only one family (Trachycladidae), with 10 species, belongs to this order at the moment.
Order Suberitida Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999
Definition: Heteroscleromorpha without an obvious cortex and without microscleres other than microstrongyles/oxeas; megascleres are oxeas, centrotylote oxeas, styles or tylostyles. Choanosomal skeleton usually consisting of a confused arrangement of megascleres, radial arrangement of megascleres in one family. Surface skeleton of paratangential to erect palisade of large or small megascleres. Molecular synapomorphy is a deletion of a small loop of 15 base pairs in the secondary structure of the 28S D2 domain with respect to other Heteroscleromorpha (slightly emended from [42] to include Stylocordylidae).
Remark: Suberitidae and Halichondriidae are currently not monophyletic due to, for example, the grouping of Terpios with the halichondrids instead of the suberitids, or the early branching of Homaxinella with respect to the rest of the Suberitida [5,10,13]. The allocation of Stylocordyla to Suberitida is based on previous morphological studies (e.g. [74,75]) and molecular data (CO1) (Morrow and Cárdenas, unpublished results).
Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis may include some of the former 'lithistids' incertae sedis listed in SP, which consists of poorly known genera with rhizoclone desmas of uncertain status [76]: Arabescula, Plakidium and Poritella. Collectella is clearly a tetractinellid with phyllotriaenes that we tentatively assign to Theonellidae. Collinella has been synonymized with Discodermia (Theonellidae) in the WPD.
Myceliospongia with its single species M. araneosa remains Demospongiae incertae sedis, as in the SP [77], awaiting molecular data to assign it to an order.
Concluding remarks
Demospongiae in SP is comprised of 13 orders. In the present proposal, five of these order names are abandoned (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and six order names are resurrected or upgraded (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida) and seven new orders have been erected (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). These added to the recently created orders (Biemnida and Chondrillida) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. We propose the abandonment of all Haplosclerida and Poecilosclerida suborders and the use of Tetractinellida suborders. Finally, we reassign many families (belonging to Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, Poecilosclerida, Lithistida) to new orders.
The overall aim of this paper is to begin to resolve the growing discrepancy between the classification presented in SP and the body of evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies. Doing so, we hope to convince end-users to 1) abandon the use of artificial groups, and to 2) use the new/resurrected names proposed here when referring to the new Demospongiae clades. This updated classification will undoubtedly facilitate communication between end-users, reduce taxonomically biased results, and ultimately provide a better understanding of Demospongiae evolutionary history. We should however keep in mind that the groupings we propose are new phylogenetic hypotheses that will be challenged by future systematic research. Hypotheses regarding sponge phylogenetic relationships will continue to change with the description and sequencing of new species, use of new datasets and improvements in phylogenetic reconstruction methods. New phylogenetic hypotheses will undoubtedly involve further changes to the classification. In other words, absolute nomenclatural stability in a rank-based system is impossible and name changes simply reflect the regular growth of phylogenetic knowledge and understanding [78]. This is certainly frustrating for the many end-users of the sponge classification, but it is a reality that we have to accept and understand if we want our research to rely on updated taxonomic grounds and avoid reaching misleading conclusions. The good news is that end-users and non-sponge specialists can now rely on a large choice of biodiversity web based databases. The WPD is currently the most complete, easily and regularly updated database thanks to a large editorial committee.
Yes, the Systema Porifera classification published in 2002 is already partly out of date but we should keep in mind that SP still represents a milestone for sponge researchers, due to its rigorous approach of defining terminal taxa (based on objective evidence from the type species of each genus), and the richness of taxonomic and morphological information it contains. As was certainly the case with SP, we hope the following proposal will stimulate fruitful taxonomic research. In particular, we hope this proposal will help researchers to refocus and revisit clades with a more integrative taxonomic approach [3], combining top-down and bottom-up phylogenetic strategies [3]. Many of these new groupings require clear morphological diagnoses, we hope this classification will help to reveal hidden and overlooked synapomorphies in the various datasets that sponge biologists now have at their disposal. We invite and welcome comments on our proposal, as well as any suggestions for additional changes.
We warmly thank the organizers of the 9th International Sponge Conference (Fremantle, Western Australia, 4-8 Nov. 2013) for facilitating an informal and yet fruitful discussion on the need for a revised classification of Demospongiae. We also thank the organizers (Hans Tore Rapp and Joana Xavier (University of Bergen)) and participants of the 2nd International Workshop on Taxonomy of Atlanto-Mediterranean Deep-Sea Sponges (Bergen, Norway, 2-6 June 2014) for their comments on a first draft of this proposal. Andrzej Pisera is thanked for pointing out at this workshop the availability of the order name Sphaerocladina to welcome the Vetulinidae. Christine Schönberg is thanked for suggesting the name Clionaida. We thank Rob van Soest, Jean Vacelet, Nicole Boury-Esnault, John Hooper and one anonymous reviewer for their comments, which improved this manuscript. PC received support from the 'Swedish Taxonomy Initiative' project (dha 154/2011) and from the EU project 'BlueGenics' KBBE-2012-6. CM received funding from the Beaufort Marine Biodiscovery Research Award under the Sea Change Strategy for Science Technology and Innovation (2006-2013).
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- Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM. Family Trachycladidae Hallmann, 1917. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, editors. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the classification of Sponges, vol. 1. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002. p. 268–74.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ridley SO, Dendy A, Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. 'Challenger' during the years 1873-1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS 'Challenger', 1873-1876 Zoology. 1887;20(59):i-lxviii–1-275, pls I-LI.Google Scholar
- Vosmaer GCJ: Klassen und Ordnungen der Spongien (Porifera). In Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs 2. Edited by Bronn HG: Leipzig & Heidelberg; 1887: i-xii, 1-496, pls I-XXXIVGoogle Scholar
- Pisera A, Lévi C. "Lithistids" Incertae Sedis. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, editors. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the classification of Sponges. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers; 2002. p. 384–7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Vacelet J, Perez T, Hooper JNA. Demospongiae incertae sedis: Myceliospongia Vacelet and Perez, 1998. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, editors. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the classification of Sponges, vol. 1. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers; 2002. p. 1099–101.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dominguez E, Wheeler QD. Taxonomic Stability is Ignorance. Cladistics. 1997;13:367–72.Google Scholar
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Job Description
We are looking for a Senior Front-end Developer with expertise in Angular to join our rapidly growing development team. We make a difference in the lives of users as we create learning, productivity and intelligence apps used daily by thousands and sometimes millions of employees. You will work across functions and with our clients to build sound solutions. You embrace new challenges and can adapt your solutions to unique and ever changing client needs. You're willing to lead a project and enjoy providing guidance and mentorship to other developers.
You'll work on single-page apps interacting with custom-written or third-party APIs as well as the front-end JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. You'll primarily work on building the front-end but will also be interacting with other backend developers on the team.
Since 2012 we've been designing world-class digital products, from Enterprise mobile applications to best in class web apps. The mission at RevUnit has always been to inspire our product teams to solve real-world problems. We believe that starts with cultivating an exceptional internal culture. RevUnit has a 96% Employee Net Promoter Score (we'd refer our friends and family to work at RevUnit), and is one of the 2016 Best Places to Work.
Our commitment to our people and culture helps us to be successful in solving our favorite problems, which involve workforce transformation, or the process of innovating for enterprise employees. Our custom apps focus on task management and productivity, communication, engagement and gamification, and learning management systems. Through all of our products, we are ultimately building a platform for brands to connect their people with purpose.
RevUnit is committed to hiring the best people for the job, regardless of race, religion, national origin, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.
In compliance with federal law, all persons hired will be required to verify identity and eligibility to work in the United States and to complete the required employment eligibility verification document form upon hire.
- Expertise with Angular 2/4.
- Experience with TypeScript.
- Expertise in JavaScript including ES6 and patterns such as observables and promises.
- Expertise in HTML5.
- Expertise in CSS.
- Experience integrating with REST API services.
- Experience with CSS preprocessing (SASS/SCSS).
- Experience with Node and build processes (Gulp, Webpack, etc).
- Experience with source control (Git).
- Experience with CSS conventions (OOCSS, BEM, SMACSS).
- Experience with Agile Method.
- Experience with server-side languages and frameworks (Node/Express, Rails, Phoenix, etc).
- Employee health insurance 100% paid
- Employee dental insurance 100% paid
- Employee short-term disability 100% paid
- Employee long-term disability 100% paid
- 401k Program
- Paid maternity/paternity leave
- Flexible vacation policy
- Hackation policy (one paid trip per year to work from one of RevUnit's other locations)
- 2-3 company All Hands meetings per year for team-building, training, and strategic alignment at RevUnit HQ in Bentonville, AR
- Employee equity program

subset: commoncrawl


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In the next few days, I'll be posting about two or three posts, and then I'm probably not going to be here for a while. These posts will be about ideas I haven't really thought about much yet and that aren't fully "baked" yet, but they might prove useful and inspirational nevertheless.
So I hereby kick off a very short series of experimental posts.


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Seeing as I follow one of its editors and her spouse on Twitter, I've been hearing buzz about this Zombies Vs. Unicorns book for awhile, but I'll admit I felt no great compulsion to run out and buy it. I am an unrepentant zombie fan, sure, but unicorns? Not so interested.
And then I heard that not only were several of the authors going to do an appearance in NYC, but they were going to have a debate. As a former speech geek (closely related to debate, though I never actually went to the dark side), I knew I had to see this. And, well, since there was going to be a signing afterwards, I might as well pick up a copy for myself, right? If it sucked, I could always try to give it away on the blog, right? (Spoiler alert: I'm not giving away this copy!)
As our tickets were being taken we were given instructions: zombie fans sit to the left, unicorn fans sit to the right. We were also given nifty buttons so we could show the world our allegiance! The audience seemed about evenly split. The panelists were, for Team Zombie Maureen Johnson, Scott Westerfeld and Libba Bray. Representing Team Unicorn: Holly Black, Naomi Novik and Alaya Dawn Johnson (who is really Team Zombie, but confessed to some high school debate experience so when Team Unicorn realized they were at a disadvantage they recruited her as a double agent). Justine Larbalestier was on hand to serve as the totally impartial moderator. She came out wearing an anti-unicorn T-shirt and shuffling like a zombie until Scott reminded her that she was supposed to be impartial. Also I must note Justine was wearing kickass cowboy boots. They had crossbows on them! Sooooooo jealous. (I wish I had pictures, but my digital camera has disappeared and my cell phone takes epically BAD pictures. They really were awesome though.)
Team Unicorn may or may not have won the coin toss to go first, but Alaya ended up speaking first, in a really weird pro-Unicorn argument that had something to do with how seagulls are like unicorns and how everyone wants zombies in their living rooms? It wasn't the strongest argument.
Maureen Johnson came out next, dressed up in her finest debate duds, and broke out into a populist faux-Sarah Palin pro-zombie speech, with the help of Zombie Joe as her "translator." Zombies are mavericks! They just keep coming at'cha, like a real American! And unicorns are French. At the end it looked like Zombie Joe may not have been adequately fed before the debate. I think he took a chunk out of Maureen's hand...
Naomi Novik was next for Team Unicorn, and she came prepared with visual aids! Her argument basically was, unicorns are made for crushing evil, zombies are 100% evil and shed body parts (ew). QED, unicorns win. Her final unicorn poster was also quite sparkly
Scott Westerfeld's pro-zombie argument involved looking at the literary fruits of the two species, comparing A Unicorn is Born to Max Brooks' zombie classic, World War Z. The excerpts from A Unicorn is Born may be some of the most frightening and nauseating things I've ever heard. Apparently it goes into the details of unicorn sex, though we were spared that. Instead we got to hear Scott's interpretation of the Battle of Yonkers. It was much better than unicorns. And as a former speech geek, I have to congratulate Scott on his excellent time allocation. He was given 2 minutes for his presentation, and right at the 1 minute warning he was switching smoothly from A Unicorn is Born to World War Z.
During all of this Maureen has been slowly fading. When Scott takes his seat next to her, it looks like she bites his hand!
Holly Black, as the captain of Team Unicorn, now gets 5 minutes to sum up her side's argument. She tries to bribe us with packets of glitter - one hit me on the head! She also described unicorns as sparkling "like a suicidal Edward Cullen" which may be my favorite simile EVER.
Scott isn't looking too great at this point, either. He and Maureen are both kind of slumped over with glazed looks in their eyes. Rude audience members? Or is something more nefarious afoot?
Team Zombie's captain, Libba Bray, one-ups Holly's bribery attempt by having a MUSICAL NUMBER for her closing argument. Highlights from her bluesy/gospel song: the most famous undead person ever - Jesus Christ, who rose from the dead and told his followers to eat of his flesh and drink of his blood. Also, after everything the zombies have been through, they have the right to sing the blues. Another famous zombie? The scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz - he did ask for brains, after all!
As Libba's time winds down, Zombie Joe reappears from the wings. The sound of his shuffling sparks something in Maureen and Scott! They stand and all three shamble over to Libba - Maureen and Scott have turned into zombies and they're carrying the team captain away!
Okay, not really. Well, they did pick up Libba and carry her off the stage, but no one was actually turned into a zombie over the course of the debate.
At the end of it all, Justine was waffling over whether we should just say everyone's a winner or if we, the audience, needed to applaud to declare a winner. I shouted out that we needed a winner, so the two halves of the audience cheered in turn for their respective teams. Justine claimed it was a tie, but I'm darn sure Team Zombie was louder!
There was a Q&A session afterwards, but with so many people on the panel it was hard to get all of the questions and answers written down, so I'll just share some of the highlights.
"How did you discover your affinity for unicorns or zombies?"
Libba: claims she was a creepy kid who loved horror stories and always loved zombies. Her first viewing of Dawn of the Dead was at a drive in theater in a small town in Texas, which she says is the absolute best way to see a zombie movie.
Maureen: her mom was a nurse and would share the gory details of her medical thrillers with young Maureen, so she's always been interested in the first infected/patient zero aspect of stories. Seeing Shaun of the Dead was her zombie epiphany.
Holly: was drawn to the natural history aspect of unicorns - we have centuries of stories and text books talking about unicorns as if they were real creatures. Why does she hate zombies so much? She was totally creeped out after watching Night of the Living Dead and the trauma was solidified by the fact that she had to walk to school through a graveyard the next day.
How long did it take to put the book together?
Justine: Took way longer than she thought it would. It was supposed to have been easy, but instead she found she had to bully and beg people to turn stuff in.
Libba: Thought writing for a themed anthology would be easier than writing on her own. Ended up essentially writing two stories - the first one was filled with grown ups and just wasn't going to work for a YA anthology, so even though it was a great story, she had to turn around and write something completely different!
The Zombies vs. Unicorns debate moves to Baltimore tonight as part of the Baltimore Book Festival. This time it's Justine, Scott and Carrie Ryan on Team Zombie and Holly, Kathleen Duey and Diana Peterfreund on Team Unicorn. If the NYC debate was any indicator, it sure to be a hilarious evening!
Friday, September 24, 2010
Book Events: Zombies Vs. Unicorns Debate at Symphony Space
Posted by Unknown at 1:00 PM
Labels: book events
3 comments:
- vvb32 reads said...
yeah! for team zombie. thanks for sharing this experience.
- September 24, 2010 at 10:07 PM
- ivanova said...
That sounds like so much fun! I wish I had been there. But your description was so vivid I feel like I was there in an undead-spirit kind of way.
- September 26, 2010 at 2:29 PM
- Angela Craft said...
vvb - Team Zombie all the way!
Ivanova - so glad you enjoyed the write up - that's exactly why I do these things. I know I have an embarrassment of riches when it comes to book events here in NYC, so I figure the least I can do is share as much of the experience as I can for people who don't have things like this happening in their backyards all the time.
- September 26, 2010 at 5:06 PM
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The crew of the Tugboat Margot hurries to complete their work in drydock before their 2012 season begins on the Erie and Oswego canals. Although the crew must …Read More
Monthly Archives: May 2012
The Tug Margot is a 90-foot-long "Super Canaler," the last of about a half-dozen boats built in the 1950s to transport oil on the New York State Canal …Read More
In the past, the New York State Marine Highway Transportation Company used the Margot to ship project cargo, i.e. manufactured goods that are overweight and too large to …Read More
The New York State Canal season typically runs from around the last week in April through November, but much depends on the weather. Last year, the canal suffered …Read More
Tim Dufel, engineer and co-owner of NYS Marine Highway Transportation Company, gives a brief tour of the Margot's lower engine room. The Margot has a 1,400 horsepower, eight …Read More
Tim Dufel, the Margot's engineer, explains his latest project to repair the assembly around the boat's shaft and tail shaft. Even routine repair and patch jobs turn into …Read More


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EARTH HOUR , 19th MARCH 2016
In Pecica, Romania, we have also celebrated Earth Hour on 19th of March 2016. "Gheorghe Lazar" High School's students from Pecica, Romania celebrated Earth Hour in the town, joining to all the activities that had been organized worldwide in the evening of March 19th, 2016. "Earth Hour" is an international event, organized each year […]Read more "EARTH HOUR , 19th MARCH 2016"


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Petrini Construction is providing the corrugated steel siding installation on the Castor project. The crew has completed the fascia flashing, once the trim profiles are installed the siding will follow.
West elevation with screened in porch in the foreground.
View through the west elevation and future deck location.
Radiata Pine was specified for all wall finishes, the material is very similar to D. Fir in color and grain. As an option to a micro V joint, the material was milled with a standard T & G offset to provide a 3/16″ square edge reveal.


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I used a card cutting file from Birds Cards. I just loved the butterfly's and thought they would look nice with the cameo image. I coloured her with my Chameleon pens and added green 'gems' on her as well as on the frame around the image using my green metallic gel pen. The CS is by Recollections and the DP by SU.
The sentiments inside is a freebie from Docrafts. I used my Nestibilities Scalloped Square for the frame for my sentiment on the inside and a Memory Keepers punch for the corners of my sentiment on the front.
I hope that I have inspired you enough to head over to our Challenge Blog and check out the rest of the images being released today and also check out the incredible creations my team mates have made.
Challenges Entered:


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The Political Science Department at EMU offers an internship or practicum for undergraduate majors in Political Science, Public Administration, International Affairs, Public Law & Government, and Public Safety Administration, as well as for students majoring in other fields who have an interest in a political or administrative placement. Internships are also offered for graduate students in the Master of Public Administration Program.
Most students enroll in 3 to 6 credit hours of internship, which combines 10 to 20 hours per week of academic-related work experience, a faculty-intern seminar, and a journal and self-evaluation by the student intern. From 3 to 12 credit hours in political science may be available, depending on the amount of time spent on the job. A 3-credit internship normally involves 150 hours working at an organization during a semester. Although students normally complete their internships during a single semester, some have their internship commitments extended to two or more semesters.
In order for their internship to count for academic credit, students must meet with Dr. Barbara Patrick, prior to starting their internship. For information on an internship award for 2019-20, please visit here.
The Department of Political Science is part of the College of Arts & Sciences, 214 Pray-Harrold
Ypsilanti, MI, USA 48197
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Jesus told Saint Gertrude The Great that every time this prayer is said fervently, 1,000 souls are released in purgatory. The prayer was later extended to include living sinners:
"Eternal Father, I offer Thee the Most Precious Blood of Thy Divine Son, Jesus, in union with the Masses said throughout the world today for all the Holy Souls in purgatory, for sinners everywhere, for sinners in the Universal Church, those in my home and within my family. Amen."


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Cardinal, The Food Company
Awarded at
Apart from creating a consistent brand identity that would unify the 6 different product categories and 50 SKU's, we set ourselves the challenge to devise a set of visual assets that would be appealing to consumers who are looking to purchase authentic Asian products but also, to all the young culinary types craving for unique foods and flavors.
With food being embraced as a vehicle for self-expression and storytelling, Cardinal's new product range was designed to tell the story of a "meaningful union between the East and West".
On each pack, the Asian-inspired brush typography harmoniously coexists with the illustrated recipes and the slogan "Learn to Wok" calling out to all those who value authenticity or even, an authentic mash-up such as Korean BBQ dumplings or Mexican tacos!


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- E-MAIL:firstname.lastname@example.com
Miqimini wedding theme
every girl has a dream to be married, and dream a little romantic castle, white wedding, flying pumpkin carriages, beautiful glass slippers, and handsome Prince. When the ringing of the happy moments, moments when all your dreams come true, it's going to be every girl the most romantic, the most happy moments in your life!
&Nbsp; don't spend your doors, don't spend your booth, not the wedding, when the piano wangzilichadekelaideman "dream wedding" playing at the moment, slowly open the door of the Castle, the beautiful Princess, dressed in a white gown but, this should be closer to the wedding of our dreams!
&Nbsp; wedding highlights a vintage carriage, pulled by horses slowly into the race course, wearing a white wedding dress of the bride and groom in tails stand (sit in) above the carriage and waved to guests, happy to accept the blessings of family and friends and applause ... ... Or at the wedding scene, magic shows and wedding-related magic, such as wedding cakes, bride or groom suddenly change clothes, or a beautiful sweet angel flowers in the air, or sparkling wedding ring fell from the sky ... ... Everything is constantly changing, new and fun ... ... ... In short, fairy tale wedding scene design to create a pure and beautiful fairy tale atmosphere, very different from the lively and flourishing traditional wedding. But it sure is. It definitely gives you a once in a lifetime grand ceremony added more wonder and surprise, so that this special day beyond your dreams. Turn you on fascinating. Melting sweet in somebody up there likes me.
PREV: Ocean theme wedding


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"Amazing! It gives the skin a lovely, healthy, radiant look! Overall, this foundation will NOT disappoint!"VIEW ALL REVIEWS
How to use
A sheer, buildable foundation with a natural-looking finish that immaculately evens skin tone. Complete with skincare benefits and the NARS Complexion Brightening Formula, it leaves skin hydrated, softer, and smoother. An artistry essential for creating a natural finish, when used daily, Sheer Glow Foundation improves the skin's brightness and texture. Ideal for evening the complexion with a natural, lightweight glow. Now available in a global shade range of 40 shades, for all skin tones.
- Sheer, buildable coverage
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- Vitamin C derivative helps to brighten skin and diminishes the look of discoloration.
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- 96% says it evens out skin tone
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- Apply Sheer Glow with fingertips, starting in areas where more coverage is needed.
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Work two to three pumps in the palm of my hands before using my fingertips to press it into the skin. The warmth of the hands and fingers helps to blend the foundation for the most natural finish.
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Rated 5 out of 5 by Gita from Amazing product ! I am a professional make up artist. When I found this foundation, I do not need any more. I love it, because it do not has spf and it is perfect for foto shoots. I love everything about NARS. And the colours are perfect. I love santa fe for my clients so much. In this foto I put a lot of products from NARS.
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Rated 3 out of 5 by Celeste from Have only used the foundation once but seems to be really good and very light coverage but buildable good for normal to dry skin only downfall is you have to buy the pump separate baring in mind the foundation alone is £33 and once you have the pump in the foundation bottle you can no long use the lid as it does not fit on which is disappointing.
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Rated 5 out of 5 by JMW 1 from Great foundation! The best foundation I have ever used. I have combination skin and it looks lovely on and stays on all day without looking oily or cakey. Only downside is the pump - having to buy it separatey is poor considering the cost. Once the pump is attached the top no longer fits! Poor bottle design and useless for travel!
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Rated 5 out of 5 by Caz96 from Best foundation I was a bit sceptical about trying this foundation as I have very dry skin and most foundation I use goes cakey, however I am extremely happy I purchased this product as it is absolutely fantastic! Mont Blanc matches my skin tone perfectly and the coverage is easily buildable. The foundation is completely weightless and gives a flawless natural finish! Would 100% recommend
Date published: 2019-01-18
- bvseo_sdk, dw_cartridge, 16.1.1, p_sdk_3.2.0
- CLOUD, getContent, 155ms
- reviews, product


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Creation of a Joomla template + programming
Budżet $250-750 USD
I need a Joomla template created for a diving shop / club. The template must work for Joomla v. 3.8.2 and upcoming versions including the new version 4.x when its released shortly. There will also be some programming work beside the template creation.
Both the template creation and the programming work will be described precisely in the attached files.
You will find description of:
- How the header and menu should work and look like on the main page
- How the menu should work on subpages
- How the main page should look like and how it should work with boxes that can be add in different sizes. It also includes how the design should be on the different boxes.
- How the subpages should work with different options such as registrations forms, contact forms, rental forms etc. Information that must be stored in the database(A database that already exist. Read more about this at the bottom of the page.) All subpages will be described in the attached files.
- A member / client area where the user enter his/hers username (email address) and password and get access to the information saved on that person in the database. Information entered in the different registration forms on the website, rental etc... We already have a website working with all these options.
- How the footer on each page (same on all pages, main and subpage) should work. What it should contains like links, opening hour (script), links to social medias etc...
- The possibility to easy change photos in design like in the slider in the menu, change photos that are placed in the background of boxes etc...
- Template for email use
The design / template must work on all devises and operation systems from computers to smart phones, from windows to apple etc...
I already have a website working with all the above options and also as described in the attached files. I have created the website myself including creating the database etc, client login and a staff area. Anyway its 7 years since I made it and the codes are out of date and therefore I want to create a new site using a CMS that will continue to be up to date. Beside that the site needs a new fresh design - and logo refreshed.
If work goes smooth, we agree on an agreement I have many more sites that needs the same process.
As for the database I want that we have 2 databases. One for Joomla and one for the diving shop where all the above information is saved in, along with a lot of other information that is used by the staff. This database exist now and already have a lot of information saved from the live site www.dykkerhulen.dk.
I want 2 databases so we don't mix the databases if I later on go away from Joomla or if the database gets interrupted by an update or something - does it make sense?
Make sure to read ALL 6 pdf files listed below, before accepting the work!
1. Overall design for Joomla template for Dykkerhulen
2. Mainpage design and functions
3. Footer
4. Menu on subpages
5. Subpages
6. Template for email
All work and descriptions is listed in the 6 pdf files.
30 freelancerów złożyło ofertę na kwotę $998 do tego projektu
We have over 8 years of experience in Joomla development, customization of different joomla extensions, custom extension development. Relevant Skills and Experience [login to view URL] https://accommodatio Więcej
Greetings of the Day ! After reading your project description, I am confident that I can help you! We have worked on various projects similar to your requirements in the past. Please check some of our previous re Więcej
Hi There, Thank you for the opportunity. You are looking to develop a Joomla template for a diving shop. The template must work for Joomla v. 3.8.2 and upcoming versions including the new version 4.x Relevant Skills Więcej
Hello, I always provide fastest results with quality,I have done more than 300 projects here..I have an experience of more than 10 years in web development and maintenance. Relevant Skills and Experience I have in-dep Więcej
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Hello, I have read your project details.I am interested in working with you. I referred to your website and also the attached [login to view URL], we can do all your listed changes as per your [login to view URL] have developed Więcej
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we have read your detail requirements about to work on project and we are ready to start it Relevant Skills and Experience General Ecommerce [login to view URL] [login to view URL] PrestaShop [login to view URL] http:// Więcej
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I could find only one PDF in the project description. could you please provide me rest of the 5 PDF, as you have mentioned to read all the 6 PDF. Looking forward to your response to discuss. Regards Relevant Skills Więcej
Hi there, I have read your requirement for Joomla website development. I have checked your attached image and visited your live website. I can do this task in a timely manner. Relevant Skills and Experie Więcej
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Breaking Down Airline Safety Records
The Daily Beast says it has determined which airlines in the U.S. are the safest by comparing the global statistics for the 25 airlines with the best safety records and those with the worst. Which is the safest? The answer may come as a surprise, since this methodology showed that AirTran is the safest national carrier.
AirTran? Really? Turns out that the discount carrier once known as ValuJet has turned safety into a priority.
"It has been a great five years for us in which our continual dedication to safety has paid off," says Christopher White, a spokesman for AirTran. "Our 8,500 crew members make safety their No. 1 priority every day.
Meanwhile, United, accused of being the least safe of the major airlines, wasn't impressed with the analysis. "It is difficult for us to comment on these figures because we do not know the methodology behind them," said a United spokesperson.
You can see the Daily Beast's results, here.
One interesting bit of information from the article is that the age of the actual aircraft in which you're flying has less of an impact on safety than how long ago that particular model was designed. In aviation writer CLive Irving's analysis of the research, he noted:
Last December a Continental 737 [designed in the 1950s] taking off from Denver aborted at the last second and, in icy conditions, skidded into a ravine. Thirty eight passengers were injured. The 737's fuselage broke apart behind the wings, a failure typical of a design of that age.
Now look at the Miracle on the Hudson. The Airbus A320 [designed in the 1980s] hit the water at around 160 mph, a considerable impact. The fuselage remained in one piece, everybody got out. I doubt very much that would have been true in the case of a 737. Add to that the ability of the A320's fly-by-wire controls to give Captain Sully Sullenberger a stable attitude on very little backup power and the Airbus technology is proved to be a real life saver.
How Safe Is Your Airline? [The Daily Beast]
What to Know About Airline Safety Records [The Daily Beast]
(Photo: Chris Rief aka Spodie Odie)
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Carrie Underwood Makes a 'Cameo' in 'Pitch Perfect 2′ Trailer [Watch]
Carrie Underwood is making an appearance in the 'Pitch Perfect 2' movie ... sort of. One of the mom-to-be's biggest hits will used during a battle performance by the Bellas.
A new trailer for the highly-anticipated 'Pitch Perfect 2' premiered during the Super Bowl, and one of the songs is one that should be very familiar to country fans. While battling the Green Bay Packers, Anna Kendrick, who plays Beca, busts out 'Before He Cheats.'
Actual players from the Packers make an appearance during the short teaser, singing 'Bootylicious' by Destiny's Child up against the Underwood tune. Clay Matthews III, a linebacker, leads members of the team in the hilarious rendition, which also includes some amazing dance moves. T.J. Lang and David Bakhtiari are also in the clip.
But it's Beca who really puts her best foot forward as the Bellas battle for Team USA.
"There's gonna be some haters out there," Rebel Wilson's character, Fat Amy, remarks. "They're going to look at us Team USA and be like, 'Why is the most talented one Australian?'"
The movie promises to be pretty funny and have at least one Underwood hit in it. 'Pitch Perfect 2' is out May 15.
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With so many snowbirds returning to their Florida homes in winter, Manatee Audubon needed a brochure to clearly communicate their various events each month...in one handy brochure.
The annual program of events brochure was significantly upgraded from a 2-color, clip-art version the previous agency had designed. Using a photo of their Audubon chapter's signature bird throughout the brochure, all events were listed, positioning this Audubon chapter as a strong, professionally managed group of fun-loving, but very educationally focused birders.
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