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Step by step instructions to Apply at a University in England
In this way, you've settled on the choice to consider in England. This wasn't a troublesome for you to choose, yet now you're at the crucial step – how would you apply to go to college in England? What do you have to do so as to ensure that you can go precisely where you need to go?
We need to help you make sense of the application procedure! Here are some broad rules that can help you to decide precisely what you have to do with a specific end goal to think about in England.
General Application Requirements
Regardless of where your nation of origin is, there are general application forms that you should experience keeping in mind the end goal to think about in England. As you will see, it's not altogether different than the application procedure for different nations. Remember – despite the fact that the accompanying rules apply for practically every English college, every college may have its own necessities that you need to follow keeping in mind the end goal to get into a particular program or zone of study. Contact the college you wish to go to for these sorts of subtle elements.
Check whether the college that you wish to go to has particular prerequisites for affirmation. This is genuinely normal, thinking of some as colleges, (for example, Oxford) have exclusive standards for their understudies. On account of the high flood of global understudies going to college in England, most English colleges really have arrangements of necessities for every nation that may wish to go to their college (Check out this case from Oxford). On the off chance that you don't meet these prerequisites, however, might at present want to apply, contact the college and see what you can do so as to attempt and meet those necessities.
Complete any applications that you are anticipating finishing. On the off chance that you might want some help doing this, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) can help you apply to each of the foundations that you might want to apply to go to. Most English Universities will utilize the UCAS application as a major aspect of their application procedure. Numerous English Universities will have their own individual online applications you can round out too. Watch out for application due dates. In the event that you don't round out your applications on time, you might be charged an expense or your application might be disposed of.
Regardless of where you apply, you will see that a number of the inquiries are the same. Give as much data as you can, in light of the fact that the more entire your applications are, the snappier they will get prepared. Deficient applications might be totally disregarded. Likewise, make sure to do any articles that you might be allocated to do as a major aspect of the application procedure; they do make a difference and skipping them can be inconvenient to your acknowledgment to the college. Pay any expenses related with the application procedure.
Ensure that you send your secondary school transcripts (or equal, contingent upon the nation you live in) and transcripts from other advanced education organizations off to the colleges that you are applying to. These are required as a major aspect of the application procedure so they can decide whether you've met their affirmation necessities. Most circumstances, you will simply need to contact the auxiliary school or college that you went to and request that they send or fax the transcripts to the English University (some of the time a charge is required to send transcripts). You can likewise keep duplicates of authority transcripts close by and simply send them off or fix them yourself.
In conclusion, ensure that you do anything with respect to money related guide. There are actually a great many dollars accessible for the individuals who are contemplating in England, and some of it goes unclaimed. This even applies to the individuals who are universal understudies; some of that cash is distributed only for worldwide understudies. You simply need to know where to look. The UK Council for International Student Affairs can help you to make sense of what help you might be qualified for. Ensure that you experience any procedures you have to with a specific end goal to acquire money related guide – contact the budgetary guide office at your potential establishment for more data.
If English Is Not Your First Language
On the off chance that English is not your first dialect, you should demonstrate your capability in the dialect. You may need to take a position test, or the college may require another sort of test so as to demonstrate your capability in the dialect. One of the tests that you may need to take is known as the Test of English as a Foreign Language exam (TOEFL), which is the most perceived English as a moment dialect test in the whole world.
A few colleges may likewise direct a meeting so as to decide your competency in talking and understanding the English dialect. Many individuals who concentrate abroad will know a few dialects, to begin with, so this may not be of worry to you.
What You Need to Do if You Are an EU/EEA/Swiss Applicant
In the event that you are an understudy who as of now lives in the European Union, the European Economic Area, or Switzerland, you will simply need to experience the procedure recorded previously. You will then need to manage any visa as well as movement prerequisites as dictated by the UK Border Agency. A rundown of these nations can be found on this page (author note: connection to Visa and Entry Requirements) or at the UK Council for International Student Affairs site.
Contingent upon which college that you choose to go to, you may have different prerequisites as an EU/EEA/Swiss understudy. The worldwide understudy issues office or the affirmations office at the colleges you are applying to will advise you of these prerequisites as essential.
Non-EU/EEA/Swiss Applicants
- If you are not from the EU, the EEA, or Switzerland, there are a few procedures that you should experience keeping in mind the end goal to be acknowledged into a college in England. Here are the absolute most regular things you should do:
- You should give a duplicate of your identification and a visa estimate photo to the college amid the application procedure. On the off chance that you want to remain for more than a semester, you will likewise need to demonstrate that you have the fitting printed material finished (visa application, and so forth).
You should give a duplicate of your introduction to the world authentication and a testament demonstrating the origination of both of your folks with a specific end goal to be considered for admission to an English college.
You should likewise give confirmation that you will have the capacity to bear the cost of your training and different costs that may come up subsequently of your instruction. This is on account of, on the off chance that you are not in the EU/EEA or Switzerland; you will be extremely far from home. This isn't as much a "necessity" as it is the English college guaranteeing that you will be agreeable while you are considering in England.
As should be obvious, regardless of the possibility that you aren't from the European Union, the European Economic Area, or Switzerland, the procedure isn't entirely different. The extra parts of the application are because of the nation's necessities for migration, and the college needs to ensure that those sorts of things are squared away before you even apply to go to their college. In the event that you are having issues or don't know how to do some of these things, the worldwide understudy issues office, as well as the affirmations office at your potential college, can help you through the procedure.
By and large, applying to go to college in England is not a troublesome thing; it will simply take some additional time since you're applying as a global understudy. Britain invites worldwide understudies with open arms, and when you begin the application procedure; your potential affirmation will be seen as a resource for the college. On the off chance that you use your assets legitimately and do all that you are asked of by the legislature and your college, the procedure ought not to be troublesome by any means. Good fortunes with the application procedure!


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Post-Game Summary: Eternal Sonata
Note: 'Post-Game Summary' is a new feature I wanted to try where I write a quick summary of the feelings and the experiences I've had for a game after I've had a bit of time to let it sink in, in this case right now it's the morning after the evening I finished Eternal Sonata. This can be treated as a mini-review but please note that it's still entirely possible that I will make a full length review later on. So with that out of the way I will commence with the post. Also, this post might contain minor spoilers.
When going into Eternal Sonata, I didn't know what to expect. I didn't have particularly high hopes since it's been mocked repeatedly by other individuals for it's slow pacing and tedious cutscenes, plus it didn't help that I saw it in a bargain bin for $9AUD, which in Australia is a damn good deal for any game worth noting. I had finished my last JRPG, Persona 4, a few months back and I was ready for another.
The first thing I took note of was the art style. It went for '3-Dimensional Anime' that I had previously experienced from the short demo I played of Tales of Vesperia. It was a nice look for a game that had so many similarities to anime. The game is also very beautiful but after about four hours into it I began to mock the vibrancy of it. I even took note that places in real life that are supposed to be dirty would be presented in this game as a colour-filled paradise. For example, the sewers in this game have clean, sparkling water and rainbows. RAINBOWS!
I noted in the last paragraph that this game has a lot of similarities to anime. It doesn't stop with the art style. The story is very slow, which is something that anime is also known for, and is constantly filled with slow-paced establishing shots in the cutscenes that bare no significance to the action. The characters also have a tendency to soliloquise every chance they get. Even one of the characters halfway through the game is stabbed and it takes her 6 minutes in actually die because she's too busy blurting out all of her feelings.
There are a lot of things in this game that didn't need to be there and the time taken to create those things should have been better used in fleshing out the characters and the story. There's almost no character development in this game. There is a predictable romantic sideplot during the game that isn't established very well but you don't really care about it because at the end, all the characters are unlikeable and forgetable.
The story in this game is very unique and interesting at first but soon turns tedious and predictable. The game is centred around Polish pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin in his death bed and takes place within a dream that he is experiencing before he dies. While this is a neat concept at first, this idea is tossed out the window as the game centres around political espionage and rebellion.
Finally, the combat is something I want to mention. The combat is a mixture of real-time and turn-based with each character in your party taking turn to wail on the enemies. Each character is given a limited amount of time of run around the screen and perform their actions. I really liked this combat system at first but it soon turn into another cheap, repetitive way to do turn-based battles. I like turn-based combat if it's done right, eg Persona 4, but in this game it felt like a boring cluster of combos and quick-time events.
Overall, the game, while it looks and is presented beautifully, never lived up to what it was trying to do and ended up being a poor game because of that.
(Image © Bandai Namco)

subset: commoncrawl


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Steven Wilson-Beales
"I'm pleased to be invited to judge at this year's Online Media Awards and I'm looking forward to reviewing submissions from a variety of sectors. I'll be focusing on a number of different aspects: original storytelling, social strategy, video output and monetisation. Best of luck to all the entrants!"
Steven Wilson-Beales is Head of Editorial at Global, responsible for the digital editorial output across 11 brands including LBC, Capital, Heart, Classic FM, Radio X, Smooth and Popbuzz. Those brands are now viewed in more than a billion Facebook newsfeeds each month.
Before joining Global in 2014, he was Managing Editor (Entertainment) at MSN UK and Head of Internet at Ministry of Sound. He started his career as a music journalist for Universal Music.


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Raptors block Cleveland's path to perfection | Toronto's offense gets on track | Thunder look to get physical versus Warriors in Game 3 | Carmelo "looking forward" to playing under Hornacek
No. 1: Raptors block Cleveland's path to perfection — The Cleveland Cavaliers had romped through the NBA Playoffs, winning their first 10 consecutive games this postseason to take a 2-0 lead over the Raptors into Saturday night's Eastern Conference Finals Game 3 in Toronto. But any hope the Cavs had of going undefeated on the road to a return trip to the NBA Finals came to an end in Canada, as the Raptors won 99-84. As our own Steve Aschburner writes, Toronto leaned not on All-Stars Kyle Lowry or DeMar DeRozan, but instead got a huge performance from back-up big man Bismack Biyombo…
Near the end of the Toronto Raptors' resilient and necessary 99-84 victory in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference finals, Biyombo batted a rebound to a teammate to cap a memorable night for both the Raptors and himself. Then he got batted back when Cavs forward Dahntay Jones hit him in, well, a nether region that had the high-revving Raptors center dropping to his knee, then going fetal on the floor as the final seconds ticked away.
Jones said later the hit was inadvertent, just accidental contact delivered down under when he tried to do something in garbage time — box out Biyombo — that no other Cleveland player had managed through the first 47 minutes and change.
Biyombo encouraged the honchos at the league office to be the judges of that when they go to the videotape for their standard review.
What they'll see on pretty much every other play involving Toronto's 6-foot-9 defensive dervish is a game-defining and series-slowing performance. Biyombo set a franchise record with 26 rebounds — not just a playoff record, a Raptors all-time high — and blocked four shots.
Not only did he channel the likes of Dikembe Mutombo, Dennis Rodman and Cleveland's own Tristan Thompson, Biyombo swatted away any notions the Cavaliers, their fans or a bunch of experts around the league might have had that this would be done by Monday. Forget "fo', fo', fo'," thanks to Biyombo's "no, no, no!"
"He knows his role," Toronto's DeMarre Carroll said. "That's the NBA. Everybody can't be the Kevin Durant, LeBron James, Stephen Curry. You have to understand your role, your niche, and he understands it to a tee, and that's a prime example of a true professional."
Biyombo, 23, was reminiscent of several professionals Saturday, starting with Mutombo. Like the eight-time All-Star center who blocked 3,289 shots in 18 NBA seasons, Biyombo is a native of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He gives up five inches to his famous countryman and NBA ambassador, is less than half his age and is 2,713 regular-season swats behind. Yet he has adopted the finger-wag that Mutombo used to such great effect on those blocks (second all-time since the league began counting them in 1973) and in that recent GEICO insurance commercial.
When did that start? "After I got the license from Mutombo," Biyombo said. "He's like my big brother, and I've had several conversations with him, especially defensively, how he was able to impact the game." Though shorter, Biyombo has way more quick-twitch muscle going for him, getting higher off the ground than the former Georgetown star.
Then there's Rodman, a comparison volunteered by Biyombo's coach, Dwane Casey, when Casey wasn't busy lobbying from the podium for a fairer shake from the officials. "He knows where the ball is coming off," the Raptors coach said, of his guy's Rodmanesque tendencies. "He's an active player. He's a guy who's always moving, moving his feet… He understand angles."
No. 2: Toronto's offense gets on track — Toronto's Game 3 win wasn't only about the big night from Biyombo — the Raptors also finally seemed to crack a Cleveland defense that had mostly been airtight throughout the postseason. As our own John Schuhmann writes from Toronto, the Raptors looked like the terrific offense they'd been during the regular season, in large part thanks to the performance they got from Cory Joseph…
The way the Toronto Raptors played in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference finals, you would think they were a top-five offensive team this year.
Oh yeah, they were.
You wouldn't have known it from the Raptors' first 16 games in these playoffs, in which they had strong offensive stretches here and there, rarely got big games from both of their All-Stars on the same night, and had scored less than a point per possession. While the other three teams still playing have scored at a rate at, near, or better than their regular-season marks, the Raptors had scored 8.6 fewer points per 100 possessions in the playoffs than they did in going 56-26.
Their first 14 games were against very good defensive teams that needed to make things ugly to win. With their incredibly potent offense, the Cleveland Cavaliers have no such need. But the Raptors couldn't take advantage of Cleveland's defense beyond strong first quarters in Games 1 and 2.
In Game 3 on Saturday, it was if the Raptors' realized that Cleveland has no rim protection and a handful of sub-par defenders in its rotation. The result was a lot more attempts at the rim than they had in either of the first two games, their second-most efficient offensive performance of the playoffs (99 points on 85 possessions) and an end to the Cavs' 17-game winning streak in playoff games within the Eastern Conference.
The Raptors' defense was important. After allowing 56 points in the paint in Game 1 and another 50 in Game 2, they surrendered only 20 on Saturday and were good enough on the perimeter to keep from getting hit with the Cleveland 3-point onslaught. But they took control of this game with a huge offensive first half, scoring 60 points on 43 possessions before halftime.
DeMar DeRozan had his mid-range jumper going again, but didn't settle. Kyle Lowry hit a few 3s and got his team into early offense. And the biggest key was Cory Joseph keeping things going when Lowry got into foul trouble.
In Game 1, Joseph got a quick hook in the second quarter from Raptors' coach Dwane Casey and played a season-low 5:21 before halftime. The back-up point guard, who was a huge key to the Raptors' success in the regular season, had been struggling since the start of the conference semifinals.
But Saturday brought a breakthrough for Joseph, who was a plus-10 in a little less than 18 first-half minutes, never leaving the game after entering for Lowry midway through the first quarter.
"He did a much better job tonight of controlling the game," Casey said, "running the offense, keeping things under control, not letting the defense speed him up."
Joseph's minutes have proven to be critical for the Raptors, who are now 7-0 in the playoffs when he's registered a non-negative plus-minus and 2-8 when they've been outscored with him on the floor.
No. 3: Thunder look to get physical versus Warriors in Game 3 — The Oklahoma City Thunder threw their Western Conference Finals series against the mighty Golden State Warriors into chaos by waltzing into Oakland and winning Game 1. After the Warriors evened things by taking Game 2, the series shifts to Oklahoma City tonight for Game 3, where as our Fran Blinebury writes, Thunder forward Serge Ibaka says the Thunder need to stand strong and not let the Warriors push them around…
The numbers told the story. The best rebounding team in the NBA was hammered on the backboards in Game 2 of the Western Conference finals. The bigger, taller, stronger Thunder were pushed around, dominated even.
"Of course, you take it personally," OKC power forward Serge Ibaka said following Saturday's practice. "It makes us feel like we're soft, we're weak, you know what I'm saying? … We have to do a better job next game and be aggressive, make sure if they're going to score those baskets, that's hurting them. They have to work hard to get us.
"Yes. It's kind of weird, yes. It's kind of weird, especially for us, playing bigs. They're small. It's kind of weird. But give them a lot of credit, because they're the best team in the game. … It's not going to be easy."
The Thunder are 9-2 in the playoffs when they've out-rebounded their opponents. They were especially effective in the previous series against San Antonio by using a big lineup that kept 7-foot Steven Adams and 6-11 Enes Kanter on the court together. Adams was able to play his role as defensive stopper at one end, Kanter scored at the other and together they helped get the Thunder a bundle of second-chance points. However in the Warriors' 118-91 runaway win in Game 2, they were the ones able to come up with 15 offensive rebounds.
"They are playing tougher than us," Ibaka said. "You know, they were more aggressive than us, so I think that's why. It's more a game. We have to do a better job of starting aggressive, and just play our basketball."
Thunder coach Billy Donovan wasn't as quick to hang the "soft" label on his team.
"I don't know if I would necessarily fully agree with that," he said. "They did a great job on the backboard. They were really physical. They come up with loose basketballs. They made those plays, and in Game 1 I thought we did a better job. They did a great job raising their level of play, and you've got to give them credit. So I think maybe Serge's point is that when you're getting beat like that, to loose balls or rebounds, it can certainly make you look that way.
"I feel like we need to do a better job rebounding the basketball than we did. They were quicker on loose basketballs. They came in from different angles to rebound. They kept balls alive on the glass. We got caught into some rotations a couple times where we didn't have our block-out assignments lined up."
No. 4: Carmelo "looking forward" to playing under Hornacek — After what seemed to be an interesting journey, Knicks president Phil Jackson has apparently settled on Jeff Hornacek as the next coach for the New York Knicks. And yesterday the Knicks' biggest star, Carmelo Anthony, said he's excited to get moving as a part of Hornacek's offensive attack…
"I played against him a couple of times when he was the head coach out there in Phoenix," Anthony said in an interview Saturday with WNBC-TV. "Everybody knows he likes to play an up-tempo pace of game, likes to get out in transition, likes to speed the game up a lot. So from that standpoint, I'll definitely be looking forward to that."
Anthony's comments suggest that team president Phil Jackson has given Hornacek the freedom to tweak the triangle offense, as several reports have indicated. The Knicks ranked in the bottom third of the NBA in pace the past two seasons, when they ran the triangle. Hornacek ran a faster-paced offense with the Suns, who ranked in the top 10 in pace in each of his three seasons as coach.
Perhaps more importantly, Anthony said Saturday that he believes Hornacek gives the Knicks a chance to turn things around. The club has missed the playoffs in each of the past three seasons.
"It sets the stage for us to do that," Anthony said. "[It's a] new opportunity, something new to play with, something fresh, a clean plate. So hopefully we can build off of this momentum."
Hornacek was offered the Knicks' job by Jackson and general manager Steve Mills earlier this week, and negotiations on a contract with the club have begun, league sources said.
Interestingly, Anthony said he didn't share his opinion on the coaching search with Jackson before Hornacek was offered the job.
"Whatever Phil did, he did on his own," Anthony said.
SOME RANDOM HEADLINES: Toronto coach Dwane Casey had a lot of thoughts about the officiating in not just Game 3, but the entire series against Cleveland … Former Cavs coach David Blatt says he will coach somewhere next season … Brian Shaw is close to a deal to join Luke Walton's staff with the Lakers … The Houston Rockets will reportedly interview Spurs assistant James Borrego for their head coaching gig, as well as longtime assistant coach Adrian Griffin … The Nets continue adding to their staff … Paul Pierce got his daughter a llama for her birthday …


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The Speakers Bureau
ACAR Has Speakers Available to Public Groups
The Akron Cleveland Association of REALTORS® (ACAR) has launched a speakers bureau to talk about the shape of local real estate with Northeast Ohio community and business groups. According to ACAR Speakers Bureau Chair and 2010 ACAR Affiliate Council chair, Dave Iammarino, ACAR is currently seeking presentation engagements for its six speakers with chambers of commerce, and public organizations including Kiwanis Clubs, Rotary Clubs, parent-teacher groups and other organizations.
"The purpose of the ACAR speakers bureau is to connect with the fabric of our region and provide the real truth about the local real estate market through speaking engagements," explained Iammarino. "It is another way ACAR's credentialed, local real estate experts are available to the community."
The ACAR bureau's 30-minute presentation "The Real State of Real Estate" explores facts about home ownership and brings national and local sales statistics together with key economic indicators to give buyers and sellers practical information about today's market. ACAR offers all speakers bureau presentations at no cost to host organizations or guest audiences.
"The members of the ACAR Speakers Bureau are experienced REALTORS® who have their finger on the pulse of the real estate market," added Iammarino. "They are experts in the field, working with buyers and sellers every day, sharing their knowledge, and keeping up-to-date on market changes."
For more information, or to schedule an appearance, contact Dave Iammarino at (440) 829-4150 or Mike Valerino at (216) 901-0130 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Bah! Humbug! Meets Octopode (by accident)
24 comments:
i love this image...so darn cute and your colors and details are beautifulReplyDelete
I think this is AMAZING, Donna! Cute image and the musical notes snowflakes are inspired!! Wow, to be in your head for ideas! Perfection down to the last detail! xxReplyDelete
Hi Donna,ReplyDelete
I love the shape and layout and the colours are gorgeous. A really sweet image and great embellishments.
Fiona x
gorgeous creation and love the colour choice, thank you for sharing your lovely work with us at the Winter Wonderland this week.ReplyDelete
hugs Kate xx
PS I have some new candy if you are interested :)
- AnonymousOctober 13, 2011 at 3:56 AM
Great job on the monotone color, Chickie! Love the popped frame and all of the crystally looking pieces. Trying my hardest to get caught up...sorry it's taking so long :(ReplyDelete
This is GORGEOUS! I love everything about this card, the snowflakes (I thought they were wood at first) The little Octopode image is adorable. Thanks for playing along with the ABC Christmas U is for unused challenge!ReplyDelete
LOVE this image! I was actually thinking of getting her! What a terrific job you did with her! Love the mono look! Awesome Christmas card!ReplyDelete
This is so cute! What a fun card!ReplyDelete
This is so fantastic!!!!ReplyDelete
Hi Donna,Oh my this is SUPER SUPER CUTE!I LOVE the image,the shape of your card and your coloring,Just AMAZING girl!!You Won 3 of my Christmas or Halloween digi's,Your choice!over at my blog(Cindy's little Creations)ReplyDelete
Please e-mail me at email@example.com
so I can send you the images,Have a GREAT day my friend!:)
Donna, I think your card is fantastic. I like unique creations that make you think outside of the "traditional" box! Way to use those chipboard letters, too!ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining us at ABC for the "U" challenge!
I love the way your mind works... you are amazing Donna...ReplyDelete
Thanks for your fabulous entry - so sorry to be so late commmenting but Max and I are meeting up this weekend and as you can imagine one of us is busy packing and the other knee deep in cleaning duties to make sure all is spick and span for the visit.ReplyDelete
So excited. Have a great weekend and hope you'll have chance to join in our new challenge which started yesterday - it's all about FOOD.
The Bah! Humbug! Duo
Ann and Max xxx
Absolutely LOVE this! :)ReplyDelete
Fabulous!!!! Love it. I've finally found some bloggy time and loving seeing a bit of octopode fun on my first stop! It's lucky you think outside the box to combine those two challenges well. I'd be stumped for sure! xReplyDelete
So cool- the funky snowflakes are perfect with the image. Love that you used a neutral color scheme too.ReplyDelete
This is just downright stinkin' cute, that's what it is...ReplyDelete
What an unusual choice of colors for a snow theme - but it works!ReplyDelete
I thought I had already commented on this... I guess not. I know I was here previously admiring her - it's hell getting old and forgetting to do things. This is sooo cute. Love the image and the coloring, but I especially love the way you have framed out the stmaping. The card is great - love the snow. The music notes are fab and I love the mixed fonts!! Just great.ReplyDelete
Love the color palate you used with these images. Freshens up the whole winter thing which I might add I am not too happy about it's arrival!ReplyDelete
Great monochromatic card, Donna. Thank for joining ABC Christmas Challenge, hugs, Miria xReplyDelete
You can do a combination of a card for me anytime -- this is gorgeous!ReplyDelete
Wow - this is fabulous Donna!ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining us at the ABC Christmas Challenge!
Helen x


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Removing indoor plants could be a serious mistake!
"The space within becomes the reality of the building." ~ Frank Lloyd Wright
The inclusion of indoor plants into a modern interior design is no longer just an attractive luxury. Considering their proven ability to improve the efficiency within a working environment, it would be a strategic error if these were the first to go when executives are faced with budget restrictions.
Competitive trading conditions across most industry sectors have caused the hallowed walls of most boardrooms to resound with the voices of pressurised management teams. Faced with falling sales; reduced margins and escalating costs, the current business environment has created new challenges when it comes to balancing the budget. While reducing expenditure on indoor plants might appear to be an easy solution, this could prove to be a very expensive mistake.
Improve productivity by creating a stimulating office environment
In order to maintain and improve productivity, a key element in the competitive business arena, one needs to operate in an environment which encourages high performance. Dr Loretta Lanphier, a Doctor of Naturopathy and a clinical nutritionist, who has undertaken extensive research in health science, shares her views in her publication titled: Setting up Your Office for Health.
Dr Lanphier encourages the establishment of a stimulating and nurturing office environment. Lanphier, CEO and founder of Oasis Advanced Wellness, suggests that we should be aware of the problems that can negatively affect us. In doing so, we'll be able us to take adequate counter measures and provide an office that is balanced and conducive to the good health and well-being of both the individual and thereby the organisation.
Sick Building Syndrome and MCS
In her report, Dr Lanphier makes reference to the findings of Dr. B. C. Wolverton and the team from NASA who proved that indoor plants do more than just enhance the beauty of the surroundings - they also remove volatile organic compounds (VOC's) or pollutants from the air and also add oxygen and humidity to the indoor environment. Lanphier refers to plants as being a solution to the common, high-tech ill, or sick building disease.
The products that emit these organic compounds number in the thousands. Paints, varnishes, furniture, air fresheners and cleaning materials are a few common sources and without any means of effective cleansing, these linger and are breathed in by the occupants.
The presence of these toxins is often the cause of many ailments, collectively referred to as Sick Building Syndrome or MCS, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. With indoor plants having a proven ability to filter the air and remove up to 87% of the toxins commonly trapped in the sealed environment.
Don't underestimate air borne pollutants
According to a report by the World Health Organisation in 2002, potentially dangerous volatile organic compounds are responsible for over 1,6m deaths each year. Emitted as vapour from certain solids and liquids, VOC's have adverse short and long-term health effects on humans and animals.
The risks associated with indoor air pollution and Sick Building Syndrome are well known and the ability of indoor plants to substantially remove these risks are no now substantiated by the many professional studies. Their presence is no longer an aesthetic luxury, indoor plants play an essential role when it comes to ensuring the productive environment that is necessary for a workforce to perform to their highest ability.
Courtesy: Interior Plantscapers Association


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The Steadicam is a revolutionary tool that's changed the landscape of cinematography since the 70's. It's been used in countless featured films and continues the make its mark in the filmmaking industry. It combines the stabilized steady footage of a conventional tripod mount with the fluid motion of a dolly shot and the flexibility of hand-held camera work. It allows the camera to follow the operator's movements while absorbing jerks, bumps, and shakes to capture smooth cinematic footage.
The Steadicam has since evolved into very interesting hybrids where filmmakers are combining them with 3 axis gimbals. This allows the camera operator to make camera movements that are familiar to traditional Steadicams while adding the fluidity of motion of a 3 axis gimbal. Ultimately, this fusion of technology equalizes the unwanted vertical movement. The hybrid 3 axis gimbal combo also minimizes the fatigue and strain associated with operating 3 axis gimbals due to heavy setups.
Showing all 4 results


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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Social capital and dental pain in Brazilian northeast: a multilevel cross-sectional study
- Bianca Marques Santiago1Email author,
- Ana Maria Gondim Valença2 and
- Mario Vianna Vettore3
© Santiago et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 11 August 2012
- Accepted: 2 January 2013
- Published: 4 January 2013
There is limited evidence on possible associations between social determinants and dental pain. This study investigated the relationship of neighborhood and individual social capital with dental pain in adolescents, adults and the elderly.
A population-based multilevel study was conducted involving 624 subjects from 3 age groups: 15–19, 35–44 and 65–74 years. They were randomly selected from 30 census tracts in three cities in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. A two-stage cluster sampling was used considering census tracts and households as sampling units. The outcome of study was the presence of dental pain in the last 6 months. Information on dental pain, demographic, socio-economic, health-related behaviors, use of dental services, self-perceived oral health and social capital measures was collected through interviews. Participants underwent a clinical examination for assessment of dental caries. Neighborhood social capital was evaluated using aggregated measures of social trust, social control, empowerment, political efficacy and neighborhood safety. Individual social capital assessment included bonding and bridging social capital. Multilevel logistic regression was used to test the relationship of neighborhood and individual social capital with dental pain after sequential adjustment for covariates.
Individuals living in neighborhoods with high social capital were 52% less likely to report dental pain than those living in neighborhoods with low social capital (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27-0.85). Bonding social capital (positive interaction) was independently associated with dental pain (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80-0.91). Last dental visit, self-perceived oral health and number of decayed teeth were also significantly associated with dental pain.
Our findings suggest that contextual and individual social capital are independently associated with dental pain.
- Dental pain
- Epidemiology
- Oral health
- Social capital
- Socioeconomic factors
Evidence in oral health research highlights the underlying influence of social, economic, environmental and political determinants that act via material, behavioral and psychosocial pathways[1] on oral diseases[2]. In particular, both compositional and contextual factors of where people live influence their health[3]. Compositional explanations attribute the effect to characteristics of the individuals, such as social status and social position. On the other hand, contextual explanations for local environment effects on health operate through broader psychosocial and material pathways. Moreover, material circumstances can have psychosocial consequences and vice versa[3, 4]. Inequalities in oral health mirror those in general health[2]. It has been shown a social gradient in morbidity and mortality levels and also that its universality indicates the overriding influence of the social environment or social context on health[5]. According to Marmot 'if the major determinants of health are social, so must be the remedies'[6].
There are few epidemiological studies on the social determinants of dental pain. They predominantly address the relationship of a family's social position, its socioeconomic status and cumulative episodes of poverty to children's dental pain[7–9] and to adult's orofacial and dental pain[10]. Only one previous study reported the association between contextual socioeconomic status, namely the Human Development Index, and dental pain. Using a multilevel analysis, it was reported that dental pain was 33% less prevalent in adolescents living in more developed areas of the city, compared to those from less developed ones[11].
The concept of social capital has entered into the mainstream of public health discourse since the 1990s, representing a new branch of studies of social determinants of health[12]. There is no consensus on the definition and measurement of social capital. However, the majority of concepts of social capital assume that it consists of some aspects of social structure and facilitates certain actions of individuals who are within the structure[13]. Social capital can be defined in terms of resources, such as the levels of social support and social information that are embedded within an individual's social network. In contrast, others conceptualize and measure social capital as both an individual attribute as well as a property of the collective[12, 14]. Most studies did not simultaneously assess the relationship between social capital and health at both individual and group levels, but tended to assess one or the other[12].
There is evidence on the possible effect of social capital on oral health. Previous studies focused on adolescents or elderly people limiting their findings to specific age groups. Studies on social capital and oral health considered clinical and subjective measures of oral health including dental caries, dental injuries, number of remaining teeth and self-rated oral health[15–19]. In addition, social capital has been assessed at individual and community levels.
In the studies where social capital was considered as a community-level characteristic, the most common measurement of social capital was aggregating data at individual level. Neighborhood social capital was assessed using a 30-item social capital index including five dimensions of social capital (social trust, social control, empowerment, neighborhood security and political efficacy) in a study on social capital and dental injuries in Brazilian adolescents[15]. In another study, vertical and horizontal social capital were considered community-level variables that were calculated using the average scores of individuals nested in communities. Horizontal social capital showed beneficial effects on numbers of remaining teeth in older Japanese adults[20]. In two other studies in social capital and oral health in Japan, community-level social capital was created by aggregating individual-level data[17, 18]. Individuals aged 65 years or over living in communities with higher structural social capital (volunteer participation) reported more number of natural teeth[17]. In the other study, neighborhood social capital (social network) was independently associated with individual dentate status regardless of individual social networks and social support[18].
The Human Research Ethics Committee of the Department of Health of the State of Paraíba gave ethical approval for the study (Protocol no. 0001.0.349.000-09) and informed consent was obtained from all participants or their parents in case of adolescents under 18 years.
Design and sample
Data were obtained from a multilevel population-based study conducted between 2010 and 2011 in three cities in the State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. A household survey with two stage sampling method was conducted. First, a random sample of 30 neighborhoods, among the 76 eligible, was selected. Then, adolescents, adults and elderly living in the neighborhoods were randomly selected from the official record of local health services. Census tracts are administrative boundaries that represent characteristics of similar communities with a similar population density and which in the present study were considered as neighborhoods. The sample of adolescents, adults and elderly was proportionally selected across the census tracts. As a result, the proportion of age groups in the sample was similar among the selected areas. Inclusion criterion for participants was age between 15 and 19 years (adolescents), or between 35 and 44 years (adults), or between 65 and 74 years (elderly). The exclusion criteria were living outside the selected neighborhoods and individuals under orthodontic treatment, since pain is common during orthodontic treatment.
A minimum sample size of 593 people, proportionally selected from 30 neighborhoods, was estimated; assuming a significance level of 5%, an 85% power, design effect of 1.5 and a prevalence of dental pain in people aged ≥ 15 years of 25% in neighborhoods with high social capital and 35% in neighborhoods with low social capital (10% difference)[22].
Data collection
Initially 30 neighborhoods (census tracts) were randomly selected. Thereafter, residents were invited to participate in the study to obtain individual data through face-to-face interviews at participants' households. Dental caries assessment was conducted by three examiners previously calibrated using the DMFT index. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner Kappa Coefficient were ≥ 0.93 and Kappa ≥ 0.89, respectively.
Outcome variable
The outcome of study was the prevalence of reported dental pain in the last 6 months. Participants were asked the following question: "Have you had toothache during the last six months?" with options "yes" or "no". Therefore, a binary outcome variable was used in the multilevel logistic regression analysis. This variable was used in previous studies[9, 11].
Contextual social capital
Contextual social capital was defined as the features of social organization; such as civic participation, norms of reciprocity, and trust in others; that facilitate cooperation for mutual benefit[12]. The questionnaire used to measure contextual social capital included 30 items comprising 5 dimensions. Social trust dimension was composed by 9 items, 5 items with 3 options (0 to 2) and 4 items with 5 options (0 to 4). The score of social trust dimension ranged from 0 to 26[23]. Social control dimension included 5 items with 3 options (0 to 2) with score ranging from 0 to 10[24]. Five items with 5 options (0 to 4) were used in the Empowerment dimension, which score ranged from 0 to 20[25]. Political efficacy dimension was composed by 4 items with 3 options (0 to 2), score from 0 to 8[26]. Neighborhood safety dimension was composed by 4 items with 3 options (0 to 2), score from 0 to 8[23]. Because of the differing numbers of items in each subscale (dimension), the final score of each sub-scale was standardized from 0 to 100 points. The score obtained in each dimension was multiplied by 100 divided and by the maximum score. For example, a participant who answered the intermediate value (1) in each item of the political efficacy dimension (4 items) would have a final score of 4. The standardized score of political efficacy dimension was [4 × 100]/8 = 50. The final score was an unweighted sum of each subscale. The social capital questionnaire was previously developed and tested in a Brazilian sample with an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient > 0.70)[15].
The questions on social capital were collected individually and then aggregated at a neighborhood level[12], assuming that questions are related to neighborhood. This categorization was used previously[15]. The 30 neighborhoods were divided into three levels: low, intermediate and high social capital areas based on the tertiles of the mean score of social capital[15, 18]. The social capital at neighborhood level was used as a secondary-level variable.
Individual social capital – bonding and bridging social capital
Bonding social capital involves having strong ties with people in the same community that enable people to 'get by'. It is characterized by a flow of information and support among members of a particular group[27]. Bonding was assessed by using a social support scale consisting of 19 items comprising 5 dimensions of functional support: material, affective, emotional, positive social interaction and information[28, 29].
Bridging social capital is the formal and informal links with other community members that enables people to 'get ahead'. Bridging connects individuals and groups, corresponding to people's social networks, and enables an information and resource flow between the groups[27]. The social network questionnaire consisted of five questions concerning the person's relationship with their family and friends, and their participation in social groups[29].
Confounders and mediators
Demographic and socioeconomic confounders included sex, age, ethnicity, schooling, familial income and sanitation conditions. Oral health-related behaviors (frequency of sweet intake and tooth brushing), use of dental services, self-perceived oral health and number of decayed teeth were considered mediators, because they are likely to be on the pathway between social capital and dental pain.
Statistical analysis
A multilevel logistic model was used to estimate the association between contextual social capital (an area-level variable), individual social capital (bonding and bridging social capital) and dental pain, controlling for potential confounders and mediators according to the theoretical framework presented in Figure 1.
Statistical modeling was initially carried out by bivariate analysis in order to select relevant independent variables described in Figure 1. Only covariates presenting P < 0.10 were considered in multilevel models. This criterion was used to reduce discrepancy between the data and the model and reach an economic model with relatively few parameters. Co-linearity was detected among the five dimensions of bonding social capital. Positive interaction was the bonding social capital dimension elected for multivariate analysis because it was the one that showed higher statistical significance.
A two-level random-intercepts and fixed-slopes model structure with individuals nested within neighborhoods was fitted and used to estimate the cumulative distribution probabilities of the two groups being compared. The fixed and random-parameter estimates for the two-level ordered logit models were calculated by predictive/penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) procedures with second-order Taylor series expansion.
The unadjusted association of social capital (Model 1) was sequentially adjusted for bonding and bridging social capital (compositional effect) in Model 2, individual-level confounders in Model 3 (socio-demographic characteristics), and individual-level mediators in Model 4 (use of dental services) and Model 5 (self-perceived oral health and number of decayed teeth). The entrance of the independent variables across the statistical modeling was theoretically driven based on the conceptual framework (Figure 1). The significance level established for multilevel analysis was 5% (P ≤ 0.05).
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows®, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and MLwiN software version 2.24 (Centre for Multilevel Modeling, Bristol, UK).
Of 763 individuals invited to participate, 661 agreed to take part in the study (response rate = 86.3%). Participants with missing data for the outcome or any independent variable used in multilevel analysis were excluded (N = 37), therefore, 624 subjects composed the final analytical sample.
Estimated unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) from first level variables for dental pain
Dental Pain
n = 167
n = 457
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age group, n (%)
Adolescents (15–19 years)
106 (63.5)
269 (58.9)
Adults (35–44 years)
52 (31.1)
143 (31.3)
Elderly (65–74 years)
9 (5.4)
45 (9.8)
Sex, n (%)
52 (31.1)
180 (39.4)
115 (68.9)
277 (60.6)
Ethnicity, n (%)
39 (23.4)
113 (24.7)
118 (70.6)
313 (68.5)
10 (6.0)
31 (6.8)
Years of schooling, n (%)
≥ 9
48 (28.8)
177 (38.7)
74 (44.3)
176 (38.5)
≤ 4
45 (26.9)
104 (22.8)
Family Income, n (%)a
≤ $430
11 (7.5)
37 (9.5)
50 (34.2)
95 (24.4)
$861 to 2,580
74 (50.8)
205 (52.5)
> $ 2,580
11 (7.5)
53 (13.6)
Sanitation conditions, n (%)b
Water supply inside house
147 (88.6)
415 (91.0)
No water supply/outside house
19 (11.4)
41 (9.0)
Oral health-related behaviors
Frequency of sweet intake, n(%)c
22 (13.3)
57 (12.5)
1-3 days per week
86 (51.8)
231 (50.9)
≥ 4 days per week
58 (34.9)
166 (36.6)
Frequency of tooth brushing, n(%)
≥ 3 times per day
91 (54.5)
288 (63.0)
2 times per day
60 (35.9)
139 (30.4)
1 time per day
16 (9.6)
30 (6.6)
Use of dental services
Utilization of dental care, n(%)
3 (1.8)
19 (4.4)
164 (98.2)
437 (95.6)
Last dental visit, n (%)
<1 year
110 (65.9)
235 (51.4)
≥1 years
54 (32.3)
203 (44.4)
3 (1.8)
19 (4.2)
Oral health measures
Self-perceived oral health, n(%)
31 (18.6)
175 (38.3)
Fair/Poor/Very Poor
136 (81.4)
282 (61.7)
N decayed teeth, mean ± SD
5.5 (4.5)
2.5 (3.2)
Social capital variables and unadjusted multilevel Odds Ratios (OR) for dental pain
Dental pain
n = 167
n = 457
Neighborhood social capital, n (%)
64 (38.3)
145 (31.7)
60 (35.9)
154 (33.7)
43 (25.8)
158 (34.6)
Bonding social capitala, mean ± SD
Affective Support
90.9 (14.7)
93.1 (13.8)
Emotional Support
82.1 (20.3)
85.1 (19.3)
Information Support
83.7 (20.1)
87.6 (17.7)
Positive Interaction
84.1 (19.0)
88.8 (16.6)
Material Support
88.4 (14.2)
89.6 (15.5)
Bridging social capital, n (%)
Sport/artistic activities in the last year
≥ 1
75 (44.9)
223 (48.8)
92 (55.1)
234 (51.2)
Meetings in the last year
≥ 1
23 (13.8)
52 (11.4)
144 (86.2)
405 (88.6)
Charity work in the last yearb
≥ 1
28 (16.9)
102 (22.4)
138 (83.1)
354 (77.6)
≥ 1
147 (88.0)
422 (92.3)
20 (12.0)
35 (7.7)
≥ 1
110 (66.3)
316 (69.3)
56 (33.7)
140 (30.7)
Multilevel logistic regression of the association between social capital and dental pain
Model 1a
Model 2b
Model 3c
Model 4d
Model 5e
Explanatory variables
Individual-level variables
Age group (Reference: Adolescents)
0.70 (0.44-1.11)
0.69 (0.43-1.10)
0.79 (0.47-1.33)
0.31 (0.13-0.72)
0.33 (0.14-0.80)
0.81 (0.30-2.15)
Sex (Reference: Male)
1.48 (1.00-2.21)
1.34 (0.89-2.02)
1.53 (0.97-2.41)
Years of schooling (Reference: ≥ 9)
1.68 (1.09-2.58)
1.94 (1.25-3.03)
1.45 (0.89-2.37)
≤ 4
2.37 (1.35-4.17)
2.70 (1.51-4.81)
1.33 (0.69-2.57)
Utilization of dental care (Reference: No)
3.61 (0.46-28.22)
5.69 (0.49-66.1)
Last dental visit (Reference: <1 year)
≥ 1 year(s)
0.57 (0.38-0.86)
0.46 (0.29-0.72)
0.55 (0.09-3.37)
0.34 (0.04-2.61)
Self-perceived oral health (Reference: Excellent/good)
Fair/Poor/Very Poor
1.93 (1.18-3.15)
Number of decayed teeth
1.24 (1.16-1.31)
Individual-level social capital
Bonding/Positive Interactionf
0.87 (0.82-0.90)
0.88 (0.82-0.92)
0.88 (0.82-0.90)
0.88 (0.80-0.91)
Bridging/Relatives (Reference: ≥ 1)
1.53 (0.84-2.77)
1.50 (0.81-2.75)
1.54 (0.83-2.84)
1.60 (0.81-3.16)
Neighborhood-level social capital (Reference: Low)
Moderate social capital
0.88 (0.58-1.34)
0.87 (0.57-1.33)
0.85 (0.55-1.30)
0.82 (0.53-1.28)
0.73 (0.42-1.26)
High social capital
0.62 (0.39-0.96)
0.61 (0.39-0.96)
0.59 (0.37-0.93)
0.57 (0.35-0.90)
0.48 (0.27-0.85)
According to the final model (Model 5), individuals living in neighborhoods with high social capital were 52% less likely to report dental pain than those living in neighborhoods with low social capital (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.85). In addition, the odds of reporting dental pain was 12% lower among those with bonding social capital (positive social interaction) (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.91). Individual factors associated with dental pain were the last dental visit, self-perceived oral health and number of decayed teeth (Table 3). Poor self-perceived oral health and dental caries increased the odds of dental pain.
In this study, the hypothesis that neighborhood and individual social capital are associated factors with dental pain was confirmed. Furthermore, neighborhood social capital showed a strongest association with dental pain compared to individual social capital. The odds of dental pain were 52% and 12% lower in those living in neighborhoods with higher social capital and in those with individual social capital, respectively, suggesting that the effect of social context on dental pain is particularly more important than individual social relationships. Similar to previous studies on the subject, contextual social capital was associated with oral health, but to the author's knowledge this is the first study to show evidence of the relationship between neighborhood and individual social capital and dental pain.
Whereas studies focused linking social capital to oral health outcomes were on the impact of neighborhood social capital on children's oral health[15, 16], more attention has recently been given to the possible simultaneous influence of contextual and individual social capital on dental status[17, 18]. The study by Aida et al.[20] showed a significant association between community and individual social capital and oral health. That agrees with our findings on dental pain. The relationship between neighborhood and individual social capital and other types of pain has been demonstrated. For example, bonding social capital and not bridging social capital was associated with pain functioning and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia[30]. Low individual social capital was also associated with poor health outcomes, including musculoskeletal disorders[31]. Similarly, Swedish adolescents from neighborhoods with high social capital reported more symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and psychosomatic symptoms compared to those from areas with low social capital[32].
Different mechanisms underlying the influence of social capital on health outcomes may explain our findings. First, individual and neighborhood social capital may benefit health by a positive influence on health-related behaviors and pattern of attending dental services[15, 16, 18, 33]. Neighborhoods with high levels of social capital are characterized by shared norms and a general consensus about what constitutes appropriate health practices[33]. Or individual social capital can make more possible diffusion of health information between individuals and spread positive behavioral norms through the communities[15, 16]. It can be hypothesized that low bonding social capital may lead to poor oral hygiene and unhealthy dietary habits as well as lower use of dental services and, consequently, predisposing individuals to a greater likelihood for more severe dental caries and so dental pain.
Second, high levels of neighborhood social capital may protect psychosocial health; resulting in less fear, stress and anxiety as well as increasing self-esteem[16, 32, 33] and personal oral health care[16, 33]. Psychological distress has been associated with harmful behaviors, such as smoking and consumption of 'comfort foods' such as confectionary[34], which in turn may increase the risk for periodontal diseases and dental caries[20], two clinical conditions related to dental pain experience. Third, residents in neighborhoods with high social capital are more likely to participate in civic activities and political processes in order to secure health-promoting resources such as educational opportunities and better health services[21, 33]. Moreover, individual social capital can increase civic participation through interpersonal political influence within communities to make more efficient use of local physical and financial resources[16, 21, 33].
The theoretical framework used in this study pointed out the mediator effects of oral health clinical measures and behaviors on the association between social capital and dental pain. Previous studies reported the positive relationship between low social capital and dental caries[16, 35] and poor self-rated oral health[19]. In this study, dental caries, self-perceived oral health and use of dental services remained associated with dental pain in the final model. Severe caries is the main cause of dental pain and subjective oral health measures, such as self-perceived oral health and dental pain, are strongly associated. These associations have already been reported by others authors in both adolescents[36] and adults[37]. Therefore, it can be suggested their mediator role on the possible harmful influence of individual and neighborhood social capital on dental pain. Notwithstanding, not only the prevalence of dental caries but also its severity has to be taken into account to explain its role on dental pain and to support the relationship between social capital and dental pain[38].
Contrary to findings reported in previous studies, individual socioeconomic characteristics, such as family income and sanitation conditions, were not associated with dental pain[11, 39, 40]. The high coverage of water supply and the financial governmental support programs for low-income families in the communities where the study was conducted may partially explain the discrepancies between our findings and the previous studies.
There are some limitations to our study. The number of clusters (neighborhoods) and units per cluster (individuals) can be considered weaknesses because of their influence on the study's power. In order to compensate the limited number of individuals per cluster, data for all the age groups were analyzed simultaneously. Even though, age was considered as a covariate in the statistical analysis, which reduced its confounding effect, epidemiological studies in social capital and oral health usually considered specific age groups. Social capital meanings vary according to age and aggregating individual data from adolescents, adults and elderly to build the neighborhood social capital measure may affect its assessment. This bias was minimized by including similar proportions of each age group from the selected communities in the study. The proportion of each age group was similar across the neighborhoods, namely, around 60% of adolescents, 30% of adults and 10% of elderly. Another limitation is the cross-sectional design employed, which is directly related to limitations concerning causal inference and the occurrence of inverse causality, as some risk factors can be consequences of dental pain. This aspect is particularly relevant for some covariates, including utilization of dental care, time after the last dental visit and self-perceived oral health since they can precede dental pain as well as being consequences of dental pain. Similar to previous studies, these covariates were included in the multivariate logistic regression[15, 16, 19, 20]. The choice to use census tracts to define neighborhoods can be criticized, as it is not necessarily related to the individual's perception of their neighborhood. Finally, due to the high response rate it was not possible to estimate its variation among the neighborhoods.
From a public health policy perspective, policy makers may wish to know whether they should make interventions with regard to individuals or the places where they live. It is very likely that the answer is both, but that the strongest association observed between contextual social capital and dental pain suggests that priority should be placed on the latter. Although there is a claim to examine and tackle the 'upstream' social conditions that give rise to an unequal distribution of diseases[2], further evidence through prospective follow-up research into the influence of social capital is required to orientate dental public health policies, improve equity and reduce oral health inequalities.
This study pointed out that contextual and individual social capital are independently associated with dental pain. The strongest association observed between neighborhood social capital and dental pain compared to individual social capital suggests that the effect of social context on dental pain is more important than individual social relationships.
This study was funded by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Grant 402312/20008-2). We thank the Research Group of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Clinic from Federal University of Paraiba.
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- Aslund C, Starrin B, Nilsson KW: Social capital in relation to depression, musculoskeletal pain, and psychosomatic symptoms: a cross-sectional study of a large population-based cohort of Swedish adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2010, 10: 715-10.1186/1471-2458-10-715.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/13/2/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Hi EVERYONE;
August 26th
This is T.J. Mom had to return to the hosptial last night, because she was very sick, and was having a high fever. It turns out she has an infection in the lymph nodes of the incesion in her leg, but she does not have feeling there, so she did not know. They drained a lot of fluid today, and she sounds better today. They are giving her lots of meds. Sorry I have not updated sooner, but I've had a bug, and been out of it. Thanks for your prayers!
T.J. M'S daughter
Friday, August 28, 2009 3:27 PM, EDT
Mom came home from the hospital late last night She is doing very well. She is eating well, and up and moving about though this takes great effort. She wanted me to tell you that she already has fluid building up, one of the doctors said they may have to go back in surgically to insert a tube, in order for the fluid to drain as it should. They are going to try and hold off on that until next Friday to see if this will be needed, because that is when her next appointment is. It may have to be done sooner, if the fluid does not drain properly. It is my understanding that too much fluid in her leg can cause infection, especially since she does not have feeling her upper leg, where they did surgery. So we would ask for your prayers in this matter, but this is a far more common problem than the previous ones she has endured. Mom and I have sat face to face today, and been able to chat which is such a gift from God! She is alert! Please don't misunderstand, she does tire easily, of course, but she at this point very improved and we praise God! I am hopeful this is a real turning point! Again, her appointment is Sept. 4Th. Thank you for your prayers and loving support!!!!!!!!!!!! I am so proud of our Mom!
T.J. on Madeline's behalf)
Hi Gang! I know you are probably ready for some posts that don't involve Mom's health, but since you all are praying, I still need to post these for awhile! thanks for bearing with me!


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Browse by first letter of the job description
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Database Administrator Job description
Insurance Specialist Job Description
"I couldn`t put it down from start to finish...Some of these stories are fascinating, some sad and some just downright funny. I thoroughly recommended it anyone whether interested in Human Resources or not!"
"A really funny and interesting read .... great insight into the wierd and wonderful world of HR ..."
"Amusing and informative. A recommended read for anyone interested in a career in Human Resources. "
"Entertaining reading and one that anyone in the field of HR will be vale to instantly relate too! "
If you want an HR text book this book is probably not for you. If you want a unique insight into some of the weird and wonderful true stories that happened during a twenty year career in Human Resources it is.
"I couldn`t put it down from start to finish...these stories are fascinating, some sad and some just downright funny. I thoroughly recommended it whether interested in HR or not!"
Working closely with the editorial team, to manage independent productions through the whole finance, legal and business affairs process from development stage to commission, production and delivery.
1. Ensure that independent commissions and developments are negotiated, contracted and delivered in a timely way in accordance with all relevant guidelines, anticipating decisions and approvals that may be necessary along the way.
2. Ensure the delivery of strong and effective working relationships with independent producers.
3. Ensure that the prices agreed with independent producers represent value for money.
4. To liaise with colleagues in new media and interactive to ensure that all aspects of the project are moving forward in a holistic way, taking on any necessary business affairs dealings where appropriate.
7. To discuss, with Commissioning Editors, the business implications of their development & commissioning proposals for independent and co-productions and ensure negotiations are aligned.
8. To identify policy issues and liaise with line managers, Policy and Planning, corporate legal etc
9. Ensure accurate cash forecasting and proactive cash management on independent commissions
10. Ensure accuracy of data on all applicable business and finance systems.
11. To be aware of the extent of any financial and purchasing authority invested in the post, and to ensure that this authority is exercised in accordance with corporate and directorate financial arrangements.
12. Responsible for ensuring all reporting deadlines are met for Genre Commissioning.
13. To lead any direct reports, agreeing objectives, conducting feedback and appraisal conversations, contributing to their career development by providing support and advice on training and development.
14. Ensure full awareness of all relevant policies and work with colleagues to ensure their appropriate application, eg health and safety; commercial policy; editorial policy and all business affairs guidelines.
15. Seek innovative ways to simplify and streamline business processes and negotiations.
Key Tasks / Activities
Business Affairs Manager Job Description [cont]
Business Affairs Manager Job Description [cont]<
Education to graduate level desirable.
Financial or Legal Qualification desirable but not essential.
Substantial broadcasting experience in a Production Management, Production Finance or Legal/ Business Affairs role.
Previous experience in the TV broadcasting environment is required within one of these disciplines: Finance, Business or Legal. Demonstrable exposure and understanding of at least one of the other disciplines.
Demonstrable experience of complex negotiations in the TV landscape, within a finance, legal or business role.
Experience of data interpretation and providing advice.
Experience of working in a commissioning environment desirable.
Business Affairs Manager Job Description [cont]
Skills and Abilities
Exceptional interpersonal skills needed to maintain credibility and effective working relationships with high level internal and external contacts
Excellent negotiation, influencing and persuading skills
A proven ability to work in a team
Strong IT skills and financially literate
An imaginative and creative approach to solving problems
Able to pick up complex intellectual subjects such as copyright law
Free job description Business Affairs Manager
5. Exercise professional judgement in the management of company dealings with independent producers so as to minimise the risks associated with the commissioning of programmes.
Business Affairs Manager Job Description
6. To ensure that the company investment is protected, undertake necessary checks, investigations and review of progress reports at the appropriate stage of the process.
1. Evaluate, price & negotiate programme licence fees and development deals with independent producers, ensuring prices are in accordance with the Code of Practice principles and value for money.
2. Working to the Senior Legal and Business Affairs Manager and with the legal support team, to draft, negotiate and conclude contracts with independent producers, commissions, and co productions and acquisitions; draft, negotiate and conclude contracts with key talent.
3. Advise commissioning execs on risks associated with their independent commissions and actively manage that risk on behalf of the company.
4. Proactively build effective working relationships with external suppliers and internal colleagues.
Business Affairs Manager Job Description [cont]
5. Consider at all times the non linear TV aspects of the project, liaise with colleagues to ensure that thinking is joined up and conduct business affairs dealings where appropriate.
6. Provide assistance and guidance to independent producers and colleagues and promoting good practice with independent producers.
7. As appropriate to approve Underlying Agreements including Agreements with Producers, Directors, Writers, Composers and other contributors` contracts, Underlying Rights agreements such as Book Agreements, and Format and Third Party Distribution. In certain circumstances to initiate book option agreements to be passed to Indies.
8. With editorial colleagues, ensure that Commissioning Specifications are effectively completed and manage any changes through the process.
9. Manage the stage payments on productions ensuring the company risk is managed by regularly reviewing progress reports, checking that key underlying agreements are signed and that outstanding elements of the commissioning specification are agreed at the appropriate stage.
10. Produce regular and ad hoc reporting relating to independent commissions, as required.
11. Produce and submit genre actuals and forecast numbers to TV finance in SAP including detailed review of Results Analysis and overall reasonableness review of the numbers prior to submission.
12. Supervising, co-ordinating and scheduling activities of direct reports, providing advice and support, resolving issues where necessary and promoting good working practices to create an environment in which the team feels motivated.
13. To secure appropriate financial approvals from internal management in a timely way.
14. Conduct any necessary checks and investigations in order to protect the company investment.
15. Collaborate across Genres in order to ensure consistency of approach and aid both external and internal relations.


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Monday, April 6, 2015
5 comments:
- Vee said...
An absolutely magical and meaningful way to save the treasures of your heart. What I love about your birdcage is that it would not hold any bird...they would come there for cover from the rain. I was out in our spring yesterday playing marbles with my grands. So much fun! Enjoy your spring days!
- April 6, 2015 at 8:30 AM
- Dorthe said...
Dear Sandy,
I love seing your new art ,so just wanted to tell you, that I enjoied seing these gorgeous pieces once more.
The one with the cast metal twig and your "childhood bird" is my favorite, but they are all amazing, and so special!!!
- April 6, 2015 at 9:18 AM
- Magpie's Mumblings said...
Your wee birdcage is amazing - I've never done metalwork but I can see how difficult it must have been to put together. I loved it, but then I saw the owl and oh, just oh....
- April 6, 2015 at 9:21 AM
- Cranberry Morning said...
Good grief, what a talent! Your creations are gorgeous.
- April 6, 2015 at 9:23 AM
- bobbie said...
I'm not on FB, so I really appreciate seeing your pieces here on the blog ~
Love the birdcage; in wonkiness there is beauty.
And I'm so pleased to see you exploring and using your new talents ~ all great & lovely!
Hugs ~
- April 6, 2015 at 10:33 AM


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Document Type
Publication Date
Given that educational or instructional technology graduate programs are preparing students to work in a highly connected, global society, faculty should seriously consider adding a course to their curriculum that specifically examines ICT integration in educational or training contexts outside of the nation in which the course is offered. Adding a course that examines international perspectives about ICT for teaching and learning would benefit all students no matter their career trajectory, as the issues to be addressed can provide them with critical perspectives within a comparative framework. This article provides a brief overview of a course that I designed for the spring 2011 semester, which was offered as a three-credit hour elective in the Boise State University's Department of Educational Technology master's degree program.
Copyright Statement
This is an author-produced, peer-reviewed version of this article. The final publication is available at
www.springerlink.com. Copyright restrictions may apply. DOI: 10.1007/s11528-011-0520-x
Publication Information
Perkins, Ross A.. (2011). "ICT International: Developing an "International Issues in ICT" Course". TechTrends, 55(5), 11-12.


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Our board solutions for your project
To complete your ice rink, AST offers board and border systems in a wide variety of configurations. With a range that extends from ice rink borders for event rinks to inline boards and ice hockey boards corresponding to international standards, AST is a single-source supplier. For exclusive ice rink solutions - such as are installed in shopping centres, for example - AST carries special boards with a stainless steel handrail. Boards with integrated LED lighting are a new addition to the range. The ice hockey boards can be supplied in grades conforming to DIN 18036 standard, IIHF standard (training/league hockey) and IIHF championship standard. Polyethylene is the recommended material for indoor ice hockey boards, TPO is the best choice for outdoor use.
Ice hockey boards
Boards for ice hockey rinks are available in a wide range of designs and can be adapted to individual customer requirements. AST supplies both single frame and double frame constructions, optionally with real glass or polycarbonate spectator protection. AST also offers player, penalty and jury boxes including the floor construction and benches. For multipurpose ice arenas, the board can be mounted on an ice dam with quick release fasteners.
Depending on requirements, the boards can be delivered in various configurations. AST offers board solutions in the following three categories: DIN 18036, IIHF (Training/League hockey) and IIHF Championship. Board systems that satisfy the IHF championship specification particularly feature flexible glazing which is made from acrylic or Plexiglas.
Single frame board
Single frame boards are the ideal boards for mobile ice rinks, but are also suitable for permanent installations (indoor and outdoor). Single frame boards are covered with fully coloured white PE (indoor) or TPO (outdoor) planking. The handrail is available in any RAL colour.
Reference projects
Double frame board
Unlike the single frame board, the double frame board is covered with fully coloured, white polyethylene planking on both sides. Consequently, there is more space on the rear of the board that can be used for advertising. For outdoor systems, double frame boards with weather-proof TPO planking are recommended.
The board elements, including the safety or acrylic glass, can be disassembled if necessary, and they are easy to store. This is ideal for multipurpose ice arenas or leisure centres with an ice hockey programme. Both the double and single frame boards can be designed without posts for the spectator protection. This allows the spectators a greater area of unobstructed viewing, and it is also advantageous for television broadcasting.
Ice dam
The ice dam is a board foundation made from galvanised steel which is installed under the entire board circuit. Each board element is mounted on it with bolts. The board can be removed and reassembled quickly, and the ice area is retained.
Reference projects
Inline hockey
Board constructions with galvanised steel frame are available for inline hockey.
AST offers a custom solution for every system.
Reference projects
Ice area borders for event rinks
The AST offering for event boards is just as varied as the events themselves. Made from transparent polycarbonate or rustic wood - AST has the right boards for your event. Upon request, also with integrated lighting system.


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The TCC Collector Zone Transaction Manager generated the following agreement:
elguapochico10 receives:
$82 for 1 chosen and 1 random team in my 2008 SP Authentic group case break.
MWS receives:
All the hits, inserts, rookies, and 3 of each base card from the Bears and Rams.
Additional notes:
Payment has already been received!!!


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Sanity Savers
Today's Mistletoe Make and Bake
designers are
Heidi Kaisand - Hen and Chicks
Monique Dillard - Open Gate Quilts
There is no such thing as......
Holiday Sanity Savers
, but I will give it a try.
Get up an hour earlier or stay up an hour later every day... that will add one work day to your week.
Make lists for EVERYTHING. You may not be able to get it all done but at least you will be able to sleep. "They" say if you write things done it frees your brain from trying to remember it for you. (Your brain usually does this about 3:00 a.m.)
Don't worry about finding all the presents you have hidden. Your kids will love the surprises when you come across the gifts in February.
Do not allow Santa to bring any gifts that say, "Some Assembly Required."
Buy your own gift, wrap it very poorly, put a gift tag from your husband. Open it, act very surprised and gush greatly.
I am sure "he" thinks one of the kids did that for him.
Works every time!
Don't over scheldule! I
learned not to set myself up for unrealistic expectations. The best things happen when unexpected.
Sanity Saver tied in with the recipe listed below.
for printable version of recipe.
When baking you must double the alcohol in any recipe. Do not put it in the recipe.
Drink it while you are cooking. I often add this to my Sonic Route 44 drink cup and
no one knows why mom is in such a good mood.
Mistletoe Make and Bake


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What happens after my property is foreclosed? How do I get it back?
What does it mean that my property is in forfeiture? Does that mean I lose my property?
If I don't pay my taxes will I really lose my house and property?
What is a delinquent tax?
When and where do I pay my summer property taxes?
When and where do I pay my winter property taxes?
What happens after the property taxes are delinquent and are then forwarded to the County Treasurer for collection?


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Thursday, 29 September 2011
Say Goodbye to Summer Mr Erdem
29 comments:
I see it's pretty hot in your part of the world too, Claire. Gorgeous top! You've got quite a collection of lovely hats. :) Hope you're having a beautiful day!ReplyDelete
Love your shoes!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous29 September 2011 at 09:11
I know, I'm sweltering in a jumper here, I packed everything away a few weeks ago! Frank has the most stylish walker in town.ReplyDelete
Isnt it just amazing. I am loving this weather so much. Lovely to see Mr Erdem make a come back :-) Poor Frank in this weather. XxxxReplyDelete
SUPER, SUPER cute outfit! Absolutely love it.ReplyDelete
Lovely shoes, I love it! ;)ReplyDelete
I love your shorts and the top!!!ReplyDelete
Beautiful photos!!
Have a wonderful weekend!
Besos, desde España, Marcela
looking good!ReplyDelete
like ur shoes! and that doggy ;)
I put all my summery clothes away the other week and now I regret it sooooo much :-(ReplyDelete
omg!so cute!!love them!ReplyDelete
very good outfit!!
You look fab! I love your shoes!!ReplyDelete
So happy you are getting summer weather. Poor Frank looks like he is strugging.ReplyDelete
Great post
Helen xx
You know I'm not much of a print person, but I adore that blouse.ReplyDelete
Me encanta el look y te sienta genial.ReplyDelete
Un saludo
love the outfit especially in that last picture - poor frank needs some hydration.ReplyDelete
You totally remind me of Sienna Miller in this outfit! So fab!ReplyDelete
Along Abbey Road
Enter to win my $25 LOFT gift card giveaway!
You and frank are so gorgeous in these pictures!ReplyDelete
It's weird that the weather is behaving this way....Italy is really hot too!
Our weather has been weird too...a few days of rain and then a real scorcher.ReplyDelete
You've got some pretty tall wedges there.
I love your updo's....would you consider doing a tutorial for those of us who are all thumbs?
What a beautifully sweet outfit! I love the prettiness with a dash of funkyness with hat. You look gorgeous!ReplyDelete
Dirty Pink Cardigan
I love your bag !! You're so lucky to take pictures in the sun, we don't have hot days here in Canada, it's rainy...ReplyDelete
ur floral top is stunning. really love it!ReplyDelete
Follow me on:
Miss Kwong - Art and Fashion
Um, this girl's got legs! Love the outfit too :o). Super duper loving the sunnies, especially. xx from SoleilReplyDelete
Claire, I love everything about this 'Indian summer' outfit! And that hat...Completely agree with you on Erdem: he is one of the most talented designers of his generation and few people master floreal prints as well as he does. Have a great (sunny) w-e!ReplyDelete
Such a fun summery photo shoot. Loving the wedges.ReplyDelete
In love with your top! so feminine and funny! we like so much your blog!we follow you!ReplyDelete
kisses Silvia and Chiara
beautiful blog!!ReplyDelete
Wow! great outfit! :)ReplyDelete
I love frank! :)
Beautyful outfitReplyDelete


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MacBook Pro features Intel's new third-generation Core architecture for a boost in processor and memory speeds. New next-generation graphics deliver performance levels that are up to 60 per cent faster than before. High-speed Thunderbolt I/O lets you transfer data at rates up to 10 Gbps. And it comes with OS X Mavericks, the latest release of the world's most advanced desktop operating system.
Please write in your email address and you shall hear from us of good times.


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Posts Tagged 'wine rack'
Kosher Wine Wednesday, Courtesy of Trader Joe's
Monday fun-day. Tipsy Tuesday. Wine Wednesday. Thirsty Thursday. Friday, Saturday, Sunday (no catchy nickname required for weekend drinking). You can always come up with a reason to drink. Maybe not a good reason, but a reason nonetheless. Catching up with a good friend is always a great reason to have a few drinks, though. Last…Read More


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The thing about ancient things is that they're supposed to stay dependably the same. That's why classics are the classics, icons are iconic, etc. That's...the rule.
In the "rules are made to be broken" (hearts too) category, I nominate the horrendously hideous Mamillia Project, a "mixed-use retail concept" (a phrase which would have rolled off my tongue with ease six months ago, and now only makes me nauseous).
The Mamillia Project is an underground PARKING LOT covered by ubiquitous retail stores configured in an outdoor "mall"-like setting. There are a few high-end clothing boutiques, an overpriced jeweler only the most naieve of tourists would patronize, a couple of cafes, and basically...nothing.
The worst part of it is the location: directly obstructing the view to Jaffa Gate and the Old City from the west! The view of the Old City is classic, and Mamilla's "Mall" is an offense, a blasphemous interruption in the landscape...and just plain WRONG.


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Software Development Tools
Help your students apply practical tools to software development with this six-unit course for grades 11-12. Throughout this CTE elective, students learn how applications are created in commonly used software development tools, discover how web applications communicate with web browsers to prevent errors, and learn various testing strategies to improve the quality of application software.
Students also put their newfound knowledge into practice by designing a software application that showcases creative design choices, effective information management and organization, and knowledge of hardware and software architecture. Additional lesson content in this online course includes software development environments, prototyping techniques, language specific tools, and quality assurance of software products.
Offered to Grades 11-12: 0.5 Credit (Semester or Summer Term)
- Semester Elective = $175
- Enrollment Fee = $150
- Software Development Tools Course Description
- Full Course Catalog
Part Time Student: Enrollment Application Form
Get Started with Enlightium Academy Full-Time
Enlightium Academy has year-long open enrollment, so you can start this course as well as others at any time! Full time students can save up to 25% off tuition and have more support options available based on their need and budget. Visit the tuition page to learn more about our pricing. 1st Semester is from August 22nd to December 23rd. 2nd Semester is from January 9th to June 2nd. Have questions first? Call us at 866-488-4818.


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Enon : Murder Sounds
I've been listening to Enon's Hocus Pocus a lot lately. It's a really great record and although it's intensely attached to my sophomore/junior whatever year of college, something about it is still very fresh and makes sense for right now.
I spent all day yesterday listening to music and redesigning the blog.
I felt very productive. What do you guys think?
April is gonna be a SICK month.
Welcoming 2011's awesomeness with Spring makes sense.
Let's take it to the next levzzzzzz.