text:
- 1 Trends in Australians' sun protection behaviours
- 2 Clothing
- 3 Sunscreen
- 4 Hats
- 5 Shade
- 6 Sunglasses
- 7 Window tinting
- 8 References
Figure 1: A combination of the five sun protection measures is recommended: Slip on clothing, Slop on SPF30 or higher sunscreen, Slap on a hat, Seek shade and Slide on sunnies.
Images provided by Cancer Council Australia.
Sun protection in the form of clothing, sunscreen, broad brimmed hats, shade and sunglasses is recommended during times when the UV (ultraviolet) Index reaches 3 and above. This is the threshold at which UV radiation can damage skin, according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.[1] Safe Work Australia also recommends sun protection for workers who spend extended periods of time outdoors, even on days when the UV Index is below 3.[2]
Infants and toddlers (up to 4 years of age) are particularly vulnerable to UV radiation-induced changes in the skin due to lower levels of melanin and a thinner stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin). Therefore, limiting sun exposure and using clothing cover while outdoors is recommended for infants and toddlers regardless of skin type.[3] Very young babies (less than 6 months of age) absorb more of any chemical applied to the skin than occurs for adults. For this reason, the Australasian College of Dermatologists does not recommend widespread and regular use of chemical sunscreens for babies less than six months of age.[4] However, to date there have been no documented reports of harmful side effects that have occurred as a result of sunscreen absorption among babies.[4]
Sun protection is recommended at all ages, as skin cancer risk is reduced at whichever age sun protection is used.[5] High sun exposure in the first 10 years of life more than doubles melanoma risk,[6] while intense, intermittent sun exposure (for example, in the form of sunbathing vacations) during each decade up to 29 years of age, increases risk of melanoma by over one-and-a-half times.[7] Every additional decade of high sun exposure or solarium use increases the risk of melanoma. The risk of melanoma is reduced by reducing recreational sun exposure at any age.[6][7]
A nationally representative survey of Australian adolescents' and adults' sun protection in 2010-11 found that on a summer weekend[8]:
- The most commonly used sun protective behaviour by adolescents was use of sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15+ (37%), followed by ¾ length or longer leg-cover (28%)
- Less than one-quarter of adolescents reported that they wore a hat, cap or visor (23%), or sunglasses (24%) or were mostly in the shade while outdoors (21%)
- Adults' sun protection compliance was generally better than that of adolescents
- The most common sun protective behaviours among adults were wearing sunglasses (57%), wearing a hat, cap or visor (45%) and wearing ¾ length or long leg-cover (44%)
- Similar to adolescents, 36% of adults reported wearing sunscreen on the weekend that they were outdoors.
Trends in Australians' sun protection behaviours
For trends in Australians' sun protection behaviours since 2003-04, see here.
One of the best barriers between skin and the sun is clothing. Sun protective clothing includes long pants and collared, long-sleeved shirts, which cover as much skin as possible. Clothing can provide protection by absorbing and reflecting UV radiation that strikes the surface of the fabric. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) ratings are based on how much UV radiation passes through non-stretched, dry material. The UPF represents the factor by which UV radiation exposure is reduced (e.g. a garment with UPF 50 allows one-fiftieth of UV radiation to pass through it). UPF for clothing ranges from 15 to 50+ with ratings above 40 offering "excellent" levels of protection by blocking out ≥97.5% of UV radiation.[9] In Australia, UV-protective clothing has to meet the Australian and New Zealand 1996 Standard, which specifies that garments must be lab-tested by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) in order to display a UPF label.[10]
Fabrics do not need to be UPF rated to provide protection from UV. When wearing garments that do not have a UPF label, light weight, closely woven and dark coloured clothing is recommended.[11][12] Designs that maximise body coverage - for example shirts with long sleeves and collars - are also recommended.[13]
Sunscreen is one of the most common methods of sun protection. SunSmart recommends SPF 30 (or higher) broad spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen. Sunscreens are lotions, creams, gels or aerosols that prevent UV-induced skin damage. Sunscreens protect against UV radiation through the use of filters, either inorganic/physical or organic/chemical, that absorb within the UV range.[14][15] Inorganic filters are composed of minerals - most commonly the metal oxides titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, which screen both UVA and UVB.[15] Organic/chemical filters are composed of various compounds such as cinnamates (UVB filter), oxybenzone (UVA) and terephtalylidenedicamphor sulfonic acid (a UVA and UVB filter).[14] Sunscreen formulations composed primarily of inorganic/physical filters do not penetrate as deeply into the skin[14], however, this makes them less likely to cause irritation/sensitisation.[16]
Sunscreen should be stored below 30C and not used past expiry date. Sunscreen should be used in conjunction with other sun protection such as staying in the shade, wearing covering clothing, a broad-brimmed hat and sunglasses.
Regular sunscreen use is a cost-effective approach to skin cancer prevention.[17] An intervention promoting regular sunscreen use to prevent skin cancer showed that it would save the government money and only impose a small cost on society as a whole for these improved health outcomes. According to the economic evaluation, if all relevant parties were committed, the sunscreen initiative would cost the Australian government an outlay of AUD$4224 per skin cancer prevented over a 5-year period, or AUD$1.03 per person annually.[17]
Sun protection factor
The higher a sunscreen's sun protection factor (SPF) the more UVB radiation it filters. Sunscreens labelled broad-spectrum are also protective against UVA.[18]
The SPF of a sunscreen is determined as the ratio of time taken for a minimal erythema (a perceptible reddening of the skin) to appear when 2mg/cm2 sunscreen is applied, in comparison to the time it takes to reach the minimal erythemal dose (MED) without sunscreen.[18] As such, SPF is only a measure of protection under idealised laboratory conditions and against UVB radiation (the wavelength primarily responsible for erythema). SPF does not take into account UVA or immunosuppression spectra.[19]
Properly applied, (the 'teaspoon rule' of 2mg/cm2[18][20]) SPF30 sunscreens filter out 96.7% of UVB, while SPF50 filters out 98%.[19] Despite an increase in protection level, SPF50+ sunscreen must continue to be reapplied every two hours to maintain the optimum level of protection, and used in conjunction with other sun protection (clothing, hats, shade, and sunglasses).
Sunscreens that are proven to be protective against both UVB and UVA are referred to as broad-spectrum.[19] Broad-spectrum protection is now a requirement for primary and secondary sunscreens regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). The level of UVA protection must match the level of UVB protection.[19]
The 2012 Standard replaced the 'per cent transmission test' for UVA protection with the ISO 24443 procedure, which involves prolonged irradiation of sunscreen to ensure photo-stability (i.e. minimal degradation during sun exposure), and requires that UVA is absorbed uniformly throughout the UVA spectrum (n.b. this uniformity requirement also applies to SPF/UVB radiation).[19]
Sunscreen standard
The TGA regulates primary sunscreens as well as some secondary sunscreens (i.e. cosmetics containing sunscreen agents that are at least SPF15). Sunscreens with an SPF rating of 4 and above are listed on the Australian Register of the TGA.[21] Products can only be listed on the register if they comply with the Australian/New Zealand Standard for sunscreen products (AS/NZS 2604:2012).[18]
Under the new standard (AS/NZS 2604:201218) effective 9 November 2012, sunscreens meeting TGA testing standards may be labelled as SPF50+, whereas previously SPF30+ was the highest level of protection manufacturers were able to claim. Sunscreens labelled between SPF15-SPF29 may no longer claim to be 'high protection', as this category is now assigned to sunscreens between SPF30-50. Only SPF50+ sunscreens may be labelled 'very high protection'. Sunscreens regulated by the TGA must provide broad-spectrum protection against UVA as well as UVB radiation. UVA protection testing is also more stringent, with improved accuracy and reproducibility through use of the ISO 24443 in-vitro procedure.
Under the 2012 standard, continued sale of already registered sunscreens labelled as SPF30+ is permitted indefinitely. Some sunscreens labelled SPF30+ may offer SPF50+ levels of sun protection, however these products must undergo re-testing to be re-branded SPF50+. Newly-registered SPF30+ sunscreens must pass the new broad-spectrum test.[18]
Proper application
Prior to applying sunscreen, check and follow the use-by date stated on the packaging and store sunscreen below 30°C.
Most people apply far less sunscreen than is recommended by manufacturers.[22] As a result, sunscreen users achieve an SPF of between 50-80% less than that specified on the product label.[23],[24] In order to achieve the specified SPF, people should apply 2mg sunscreen to each square centimetre of exposed skin. This equates to approximately 35mL (seven teaspoons) per application for an adult.[20] Some researchers have recommended that people apply slightly more than this: 45mL in the form of nine teaspoons (5mL each); one teaspoon of sunscreen applied to the face/head/neck, two teaspoons for the torso, one teaspoon to each arm/forearm and two teaspoons to each leg.[25]
Sunscreen needs to be applied 20 minutes before going outside[26] and reapplied every two hours thereafter.[27] Reapplication of sunscreen 15-30 minutes after going outdoors may also be beneficial, as people are not likely to apply the required amount of sunscreen upon first application. [26]
According to a simulation study, typical sunscreen application - less than the recommended amount (3-6mL per body part) and non-uniformly application - will often result in sunburn and skin damage.[28]
No sunscreen provides full protection. Therefore sunscreen should always be used in combination with other sun protection measures – clothing, broad-brimmed hats, shade and sunglasses.
Evidence of efficacy
When applied properly, sunscreen protects against sunburn and tanning. In an experiment irradiating melanocytes and keratinocytes in Caucasian participants, sunscreen was shown to completely block the effects of DNA damage after exposure to 2 MED of solar-simulated UV radiation.[29]
Randomised studies conducted in Nambour, Queensland have shown that when sunscreen is used regularly, it is effective in reducing melanoma[30] and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but not basal cell carcinoma (BCC).[31][32]
However, it has been argued that a significant reduction in BCC risk was not evident in Green and colleagues' 1999 randomised controlled trial,[31] due to the critical period for BCC risk being earlier in life[33] than the age at which the intervention occurred. In addition, the long time lag between sun exposure and developing BCC as compared with the 4.5 end-point and eight-year extended study follow-up may have been insufficient.[34] That a non-significant decrease in BCC risk was found is likely indicative of an association with sunscreen use.[32] Further, the sunscreen used in the study[31] likely lacked in stable UVA coverage compared with current sunscreen formulations, with the basal skin layer being most vulnerable to UVA radiation.[35][36] This suggests another possible reason why a significant BCC risk reduction was not observed.[34]
Routine sunscreen use has been associated with a reduction in melanoma risk.[37] However, there are barriers to sunscreen efficacy such as incorrect application[38] by either applying less than the recommended amount[39] or applying in a non-uniform layer,[28] failing to reapply[26] or sunscreen removal caused by water or abrasion.[39][40] It has also been reported that sunscreen use may encourage extended sun exposure among sunbathers and increases the risk of skin cancer when used in in this way.[41][42]
Sunscreen use is also protective against solar keratoses[43] and photo-ageing (premature skin ageing due to sun exposure such as wrinkles and skin discolouration).[44]
Nano, as opposed to micro-particle metal oxide (TiO2 and ZnO) 'physical' sunscreens, are less opaque when spread on skin,[45] eliminating this as a barrier to sunscreen use by being more cosmetically acceptable.[46] Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide based sunscreens are also less likely to cause skin irritation and sensitisation.[16]
The current weight of evidence suggests that topically applied (insoluble) titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles do not reach skin cells; rather, they remain on the surface and outer layer of the skin and therefore the risk they pose is negligible.[16][47] However, it is likely that sunscreen nanoparticles can penetrate the stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) if applied to damaged skin.[48] Incidental ingestion, as from a sunscreen spray, is likely to present more of a risk than topical absorption. However, a recent study suggests nanoparticles may not have the capacity for systemic absorption (i.e. circulation throughout the body).[49] A recent study has shown that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles can penetrate human skin. However, 50-60% of these are dissolved in as little as 24 hours as a part of a cell-mediated immune response before they reach the bloodstream.[50]
Sunscreen formulas and their components are regulated through the TGA. In 2013, the TGA updated their review of the scientific literature in relation to the use of nanoparticle TiO2 and ZnO sunscreens.[48] As in the previous review,[51] it was determined that antioxidant compounds/coatings used in sunscreen prevent TiO2 from generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that TiO2 and ZnO do not penetrate the skin to a degree where they pose a health risk. [48] However, further research is required on the health effects of free radicals, which may be generated by coated nanoparticles in the presence of chlorinated water.[48]
The US Department of Health and Human Services' 'Twelfth Report on Carcinogens' lists compounds that have been proven to cause cancer. This list is updated frequently and has never included the chemicals found in sunscreen, including TiO2 and ZnO.[52]
Adequate vitamin D
Regular use of sunscreen when the UV Index reaches three or above should not greatly decrease vitamin D levels over time.[53][54][55][56] Although sunscreens could almost entirely block the solar-induced production of cutaneous pre-vitamin D3 on theoretical grounds or if administered under strictly controlled conditions, in practice they have not been shown to do so. This is mainly due to inadequacies in their application to the skin and because people using sunscreens may also expose themselves to more sun than non-sunscreen users.[56] In addition, it is thought that vitamin D synthesis requires only modest doses of sunlight to be effective[57] and most people get sufficient UV exposure from incidental outdoor exposure.
A broad-brimmed hat with a brim of at least 7.5cm, which shades the face, ears and neck,[58] can block more than 50% of UV radiation to the eyes.[59] Bucket hats with a brim of at least 6cm and legionnaire-style hats with a flap covering the neck are also recommended. Baseball caps are not recommended as they leave the ears, cheeks and back of the neck exposed.[58]
The brim width on bucket hats for children should be suitable for the size of their head and shade their face well (minimum of 5 cm as a guide).
Built, natural and portable shade are all recommended for sun protection during peak UV radiation times. Shade is one of the most effective forms of sun protection as it blocks the majority of incidental radiation (direct, non-scattered radiation). Shade structures often reduce UV exposure by up to 75%. Shade structures with a protection factor (PF) of 15 (blocking 93% of UV radiation) or above offer optimal protection against ambient solar UVR[60] (PF is the protection factor representing the ratio of UVR measured in open sun vs. under shade[61]).
Shade, however, does not provide 100% protection. Some of the sun's UV can still reach a person in the shade via reflection off surrounding surfaces. As a rule of thumb, if you can see the sky, you are less than fully protected. It is therefore recommended to always combine shade with clothing, a broad-brimmed hat, sunglasses and sunscreen.
Exposure to UV radiation over long periods can lead to serious damage to the eyes. If practical, try to protect the eyes all year using sunglasses. The amount of UV reaching the eyes does not correlate well with UV levels, which measure UV reaching an unobstructed horizontal plane, and is instead highly dependent on unique geometry of the ocular region.[62]
Overexposure to UV radiation can cause short-term eye damage in the form of mild irritation, acute photokeratitis (sunburn of the cornea), inflammation, excessive blinking and photophobia (difficulty looking at strong light).[63] Chronic over-exposure may lead to permanent damage such as squamous cell cancers on the conjunctiva,[64][65][66] skin cancer around the eyes[5][67] and eyelids, and possibly some varieties of ocular melanoma (although evidence remains inconclusive).[68][69][70] Other long-term damage to the eyes may include cataracts,[71] macular degeneration,[71][72] pterygium (an overgrowth of the conjunctiva on to the cornea), and climatic droplet keratopathy (cloudiness of the cornea).[73]
Wearing a broad-brimmed hat can reduce UV radiation exposure to the eyes by 50%.[59] Wearing both a broad-brimmed hat and sunglasses that meet Australian Standard[74] can reduce UV radiation exposure to the eyes by up to 98%.[74]
Sunglasses should meet the Australian Standard AS1067:2003 for sunglasses (lens categories 2, 3 or 4) and have an eye protection factor (EPF) of 9 or 10 or be labelled UV400.[74] Darker-tinted lenses reduce glare, but level of tinting does not indicate the level of UV protection. Wearing close-fitting, wrap-around sunglasses is recommended, as 40% of UV reaching the eye is due to peripheral light.[75]
Window tinting
Glass used in buildings
While glass thickness affects UV radiation transmission, other characteristics such as type and colour of glass should be considered.[76] UVB radiation is completely blocked by most types of glass.[77] The degree of UVA transmission depends largely on the type of glass.[76] A study investigating UVA transmission through different types of building glass, found that laminated glass completely blocked UVA, while highest transmission was observed for annealed glass (74.3%) and tempered glass (71.6%).[78]
Glass in vehicles
Laminated glass, required for windshield glass in vehicles sold in Australia,[79] offers better UVA protection than tempered glass, which is used in car rear and side windows.[76] Laminated glass filters out all UVB and over 80% of UVA radiation (equivalent to UPF50+), transmitting only 2.5% of UV radiation.[80] Tempered glass side windows only block 21% of total UVR, but glass treated with a UV-absorbing window film blocks 99.6%.[76]
- ↑ Allinson S, Asmuss M, Baldermann C, Bentzen J, Buller D, Gerber N, et al. Validity and use of the UV index: report from the UVI working group, Schloss Hohenkammer, Germany, 5-7 December 2011. Health Phys 2012 Sep;103(3):301-6 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850235.
- ↑ Safe Work Australia. Guide on Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR). Canberra Australia; 2013.
- ↑ Paller AS, Hawk JL, Honig P, Giam YC, Hoath S, Mack MC, et al. New insights about infant and toddler skin: implications for sun protection. Pediatrics 2011 Jul;128(1):92-102 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646256.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Guitera, PA. A-Z of skin: Sun protection and sunscreens. [homepage on the internet] Rhodes, Australia: Australasian College of Dermatologists; 2016 [cited 2016 Feb 19]. Available from: https://www.dermcoll.edu.au/atoz/sun-protection-sunscreens/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Armstrong BK. How sun exposure causes skin cancer: An epidemiological perspective In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English D. Prevention of Skin Cancer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004. p. 89-116.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Goumas C, Litchfield M, Begg CB, Hummer AJ, et al. Ambient UV, personal sun exposure and risk of multiple primary melanomas. Cancer Causes Control 2007 Apr;18(3):295-304 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206532.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Veierød MB, Adami HO, Lund E, Armstrong BK, Weiderpass E. Sun and solarium exposure and melanoma risk: effects of age, pigmentary characteristics, and nevi. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010 Jan;19(1):111-20 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056629.
- ↑ Volkov A, Dobbinson S, Wakefield M, Slevin T. Seven-year trends in sun protection and sunburn among Australian adolescents and adults. Aust N Z J Public Health 2013 Feb;37(1):63-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23379808.
- ↑ Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Resource guide for UV protective products. Yallambie, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia; 2003.
- ↑ Standards Australia, Standards New Zealand. Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4399 (Sun protective clothing - Evaluation and classification). Sydney, Australia; 1996.
- ↑ Gies P. Photoprotection by clothing. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007 Dec;23(6):264-74 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17986066.
- ↑ Gies PH, Roy CR, Toomey S, McLennan A. Protection against solar ultraviolet radiation. Mutat Res 1998 Nov 9;422(1):15-22 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920424.
- ↑ Gies PH, Roy CR, McLennan A, Toomey S. Clothing and protection against solar UVR: current status. Journal of the Home Economics Institute of Australia 1998;5(2): S8-S11.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 González S, Fernández-Lorente M, Gilaberte-Calzada Y. The latest on skin photoprotection. Clin Dermatol 2008 Nov;26(6):614-26 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940542.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Osterwalder U, Sohn M, Herzog B. Global state of sunscreens. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2014 Apr;30(2-3):62-80 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24734281.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cross SE, Innes B, Roberts MS, Tsuzuki T, Robertson TA, McCormick P. Human skin penetration of sunscreen nanoparticles: in-vitro assessment of a novel micronized zinc oxide formulation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2007;20(3):148-54 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230054.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gordon LG, Scuffham PA, van der Pols JC, McBride P, Williams GM, Green AC. Regular sunscreen use is a cost-effective approach to skin cancer prevention in subtropical settings. J Invest Dermatol 2009 Dec;129(12):2766-71 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536149.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Standards Australia, Standards New Zealand. Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZ 2604 (Sunscreen products - evaluation and classification). Sydney, Australia; 2012.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Young AR, Boles J, Herzog B, Osterwalder U, Baschong W. A sunscreen's labeled sun protection factor may overestimate protection at temperate latitudes: a human in vivo study. J Invest Dermatol 2010 Oct;130(10):2457-62 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20535128.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Schneider J. The teaspoon rule of applying sunscreen. Arch Dermatol 2002 Jun;138(6):838-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056975.
- ↑ Therapeutic Goods Administration. Australian regulatory guidelines for OTC medicines: Sunscreens. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing; 2003.
- ↑ Diffey BL. People do not apply enough sunscreen for protection. BMJ 1996 Jan 1 [cited 1996 Oct 12] Abstract available at http://www.bmj.com/content/313/7062/942.1.
- ↑ Stokes R, Diffey B. How well are sunscreen users protected? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1997 Oct;13(5-6):186-8 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9542755.
- ↑ Schalka S, dos Reis VM, Cucé LC. The influence of the amount of sunscreen applied and its sun protection factor (SPF): evaluation of two sunscreens including the same ingredients at different concentrations. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009 Aug;25(4):175-80 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19614894.
- ↑ Isedeh P, Osterwalder U, Lim HW. Teaspoon rule revisited: proper amount of sunscreen application. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2013 Feb;29(1):55-6 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281699.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Diffey BL. When should sunscreen be reapplied? J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 Dec;45(6):882-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11712033.
- ↑ Odio MR, Veres DA, Goodman JJ, Irwin C, Robinson LR, Martínez J, et al. Comparative efficacy of sunscreen reapplication regimens in children exposed to ambient sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1994 Jun;10(3):118-25 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7947191.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Pissavini M, Diffey B. The likelihood of sunburn in sunscreen users is disproportionate to the SPF. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2013 Jun;29(3):111-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651270.
- ↑ Hacker E, Boyce Z, Kimlin MG, Wockner L, Pollak T, Vaartjes SA, et al. The effect of MC1R variants and sunscreen on the response of human melanocytes in vivo to ultraviolet radiation and implications for melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013 Nov;26(6):835-44 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23962207.
- ↑ Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM. Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2011 Jan 20;29(3):257-63 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135266.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Green A, Williams G, Neale R, Hart V, Leslie D, Parsons P, et al. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999 Aug 28;354(9180):723-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475183.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 van der Pols JC, Williams GM, Pandeya N, Logan V, Green AC. Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 Dec;15(12):2546-8 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132769.
- ↑ Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Bajdik CD, Fincham S, Coldman AJ, McLean DI, et al. Sunlight exposure, pigmentary factors, and risk of nonmelanocytic skin cancer. I. Basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 1995 Feb;131(2):157-63 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7857111.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Chesnut C, Kim J. Is there truly no benefit with sunscreen use and Basal cell carcinoma? A critical review of the literature and the application of new sunscreen labeling rules to real-world sunscreen practices. J Skin Cancer 2012;2012:480985 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22649734.
- ↑ Agar NS, Halliday GM, Barnetson RS, Ananthaswamy HN, Wheeler M, Jones AM. The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Apr 6;101(14):4954-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041750.
- ↑ Tewari A, Sarkany RP, Young AR. UVA1 induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but not 6-4 photoproducts in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Feb;132(2):394-400 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975824.
- ↑ Lazovich D, Vogel RI, Berwick M, Weinstock MA, Warshaw EM, Anderson KE. Melanoma risk in relation to use of sunscreen or other sun protection methods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011 Dec;20(12):2583-93 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016471.
- ↑ Diffey B. Sunscreens: expectation and realization. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009 Oct;25(5):233-6 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747240.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Diffey BL. Sunscreens: use and misuse. Comprehensive Series in Photosciences 2001;3: 521-34.
- ↑ Wright MW, Wright ST, Wagner RF. Mechanisms of sunscreen failure. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 May;44(5):781-4 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11312424.
- ↑ Autier P, Boniol M, Doré JF. Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: still a burning issue. Int J Cancer 2007 Jul 1;121(1):1-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415716.
- ↑ Autier P. Sunscreen abuse for intentional sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 2009 Nov;161 Suppl 3:40-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19775356.
- ↑ Thompson SC, Jolley D, Marks R. Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med 1993 Oct 14;329(16):1147-51 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8377777.
- ↑ Hughes MC, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC. Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013 Jun 4;158(11):781-90 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732711.
- ↑ Smijs TG, Pavel S. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2011;4:95-112 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198489.
- ↑ Diffey BL, Grice J. The influence of sunscreen type on photoprotection. Br J Dermatol 1997 Jul;137(1):103-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9274634.
- ↑ Schilling K, Bradford B, Castelli D, Dufour E, Nash JF, Pape W, et al. Human safety review of "nano" titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010 Apr;9(4):495-509 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354643.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Therapeutic Goods Administration. Literature review on the safety of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing; 2013 Available from: http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/sunscreens-nanoparticles-review-2013.htm.
- ↑ Nohynek GJ, Lademann J, Ribaud C, Roberts MS. Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 2007 Mar;37(3):251-77 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453934.
- ↑ James SA, Feltis BN, de Jonge MD, Sridhar M, Kimpton JA, Altissimo M, et al. Quantification of ZnO nanoparticle uptake, distribution, and dissolution within individual human macrophages. ACS Nano 2013 Dec 23;7(12):10621-35 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24187959.
- ↑ Therapeutic Goods Administration. A review of the scientific literature on the safety of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide or zinc oxide in sunscreens. [homepage on the internet] Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing; 2009 [cited 2010 Sep 1]. Available from: http://www.tga.health.gov.au/npmeds/sunscreen-zotd.htm.
- ↑ Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 2011.
- ↑ Marks R, Foley PA, Jolley D, Knight KR, Harrison J, Thompson SC. The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin D levels in an Australian population. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 1995 Apr;131(4):415-21 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7726582.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Norval M, Wulf HC. Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels? Br J Dermatol 2009 Oct;161(4):732-6 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19663879.
- ↑ Norman AW. Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 Jun;67(6):1108-10 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9625080.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Gies P, Javorniczky J, Roy C, Henderson S. Measurements of the UVR protection provided by hats used at school. Photochem Photobiol 2006 May;82(3):750-4 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483247.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Taylor HR. The biological effects of UV-B on the eye. Photochem Photobiol 1989 Oct;50(4):489-92 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2687903.
- ↑ Parsons PG, Neale R, Wolski P, Green A. The shady side of solar protection. Med J Aust 1998 Apr 6;168(7):327-30 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9577442.
- ↑ Gies P, Makin J, Dobbinson S, Javorniczky J, Henderson S, Guilfoyle R, et al. Shade provision for toddlers at swimming pools in Melbourne. Photochem Photobiol 2013 Jul;89(4):968-73 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565839.
- ↑ Sasaki H, Sakamoto Y, Schnider C, Fujita N, Hatsusaka N, Sliney DH, et al. UV-B exposure to the eye depending on solar altitude. Eye Contact Lens 2011 Jul;37(4):191-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670696.
- ↑ Cullen AP. Photokeratitis and other phototoxic effects on the cornea and conjunctiva. Int J Toxicol 2002 Nov;21(6):455-64 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537642.
- ↑ Sun EC, Fears TR, Goedert JJ. Epidemiology of squamous cell conjunctival cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Feb;6(2):73-7 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9037556.
- ↑ Ng J, Coroneo MT, Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N. Ultraviolet radiation and the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008 Dec;49(12):5295-306 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641285.
- ↑ Tucker MA, Shields JA, Hartge P, Augsburger J, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr. Sunlight exposure as risk factor for intraocular malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med 1985 Sep 26;313(13):789-92 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4033707.
- ↑ Lindgren G, Diffey BL, Larkö O. Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids and solar ultraviolet radiation exposure. Br J Ophthalmol 1998 Dec;82(12):1412-5 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9930273.
- ↑ Vajdic CM, Kricker A, Giblin M, McKenzie J, Aitken JF, Giles GG, et al. Artificial ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma in Australia. Int J Cancer 2004 Dec 10;112(5):896-900 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386378.
- ↑ Vajdic CM, Kricker A, Giblin M, McKenzie J, Aitken J, Giles GG, et al. Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia. Int J Cancer 2002 Sep 10;101(2):175-82 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209995.
- ↑ Pane AR, Hirst LW. Ultraviolet light exposure as a risk factor for ocular melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2000 Sep;7(3):159-67 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035552.
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 Roberts JE. Ultraviolet radiation as a risk factor for cataract and macular degeneration. Eye Contact Lens 2011 Jul;37(4):246-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617534.
- ↑ Chalam KV, Khetpal V, Rusovici R, Balaiya S. A review: role of ultraviolet radiation in age-related macular degeneration. Eye Contact Lens 2011 Jul;37(4):225-32 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646979.
- ↑ Gray RH, Johnson GJ, Freedman A. Climatic droplet keratopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 1992 Jan;36(4):241-53 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549808.
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Standards Australia, Standards New Zealand. Australian Standard AS 1067 (Sunglasses and fashion spectacles). Sydney, Australia; 2003.
- ↑ Sliney DH. How light reaches the eye and its components. Int J Toxicol 2002 Nov;21(6):501-9 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537646.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 Almutawa F, Vandal R, Wang SQ, Lim HW. Current status of photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, window films, and sunglasses. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2013 Apr;29(2):65-72 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23458389.
- ↑ Turnbull DJ, Parisi AV, Kimlin MG. Vitamin D effective ultraviolet wavelengths due to scattering in shade. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005 Sep;96(5):431-6 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005208.
- ↑ Duarte I, Rotter A, Malvestiti A, Silva M. The role of glass as a barrier against the transmission of ultraviolet radiation: an experimental study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009 Aug;25(4):181-4 Abstract available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19614895.
- ↑ Vehicle Safety Standards, Department of Infrastructure and Transport. Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 8/01 - Safety Glazing Material) 2005. Canberra, Australia: Department of Infrastructure and Transport; 2011 Available from: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00115.
- ↑ Gies P, Roy CR, Wang Z. Ultraviolet radiation protection factors for clear and tinted automobile windscreens. Radiation Protection in Australia 1992;10(4): 91-4.


text:
Photo: Haley Barton
Training Weight
Fresh Salmon Scramble.
Protein at breakfast can help reduce cravings for the rest of the day. To reach the 20-30 gram mark, double up your protein sources using eggs and fresh salmon for a delicious, satisfying meal.
- 2 eggs
- 2 ounces fresh wild salmon
- 1 tsp. extra virgin olive oil
- 1 tsp. chopped dill
- 1 tsp. chopped chives
- Slice of whole grain toast
- Cut salmon into large chunks.
- Place non-stick pan on medium heat and add olive oil.
- Once pan and olive oil are warm, add chopped salmon and season with salt and pepper.
- Turn the pieces of salmon gently to cook evenly on all sides.
- While salmon is cooking, crack the eggs in a small bowl and mix together with a fork.
- Once the salmon is almost done (after about 2-3 minutes), add the eggs to the pan and reduce heat to medium-low.
- Gently move spatula across bottom of pan to form large soft curds without breaking the chunks of salmon.
- Once eggs and salmon are cooked through, remove pan from heat and sprinkle dill and chives.
- Serve on whole grain toast.
Nutrition Info – per serving with toast:
- 353 calories; 30g protein; 18g carbohydrates; 18g fat; 4g fibre.
Haley Barton, MSc., is Nutritionist and Health Educator at Nutrition Savvy in Vancouver, B.C.
Click for full Training Weight article.
Click to view this article in IMPACT Magazine's September/October 2015 Food & Fitness Issue.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Which state in India is known as the Venice of the East? This was not a direct question to our team and I eagerly waited for the question to pass it to my team. This was during our school inter-class quiz competition which we used to have every year. During school days I was an avid quizzer thus all these answers were almost at my fingertips.
For years I have known that Kerala is often referred to as the Venice of the east especially the town Alleppey (Alappuzha) which due to its waterways is often associated with the Italian town of Venice. It was really fortunate for me to have traveled to Kerala quite a few times and the experience was just amazing.
One fine day all of a sudden an opportunity jumped into my lap, a chance to travel to Italy and I knew which place that I had to visit. Traveling to Italy and not visiting Venice would be to visit India and skip a chance to see the Taj Mahal. The planning had to be perfect since Venice is in the eastern side of Italy and within a few number of days, I had to complete my tour of the country covering what all could be covered.Continue reading "Day Trip to Venice with Family"


text:
You are 'suddenly single' and mature … no longer in your prime. You are alone ... and still very much alive! Missing companionship; and yes, admit it ... intimacy. When some of you think of how often you ignored earlier opportunities or did not appreciate them when you were contentedly married or in loving committed relationships, you could cry … I mean for both the lost companionship and the sex! Others of you may never have had the chance of a relationship or marriage ... yet. Well, wipe those tears off your faces as you begin to make up for lost time and missed opportunities. An exciting social world awaits your participation if you are adventurous enough to enter the realm of online dating for Young and Seasoned Matures.
Online dating sites are adult playgrounds filled with tempting potential partners for those of us who refuse to fade away. These dating sites are a candyland filled with delectable treats for us to savour.
Many Singles, however, remain on the sidelines ... with a good deal of curiosity. You may be hesitant to enter this dating arena due to reasons such as caution and/or unawareness of what actually goes on in this candyland. You may also harbor personal anxieties or self-perceived/real lack of sufficient electronic know-how. Perhaps you face insecurities as to how to handle the onsite interactions and possible relationships that might come your way ... while time marches on ... all too quickly for most of us.
Do not let the parade pass you by. No need to live vicariously through romantic movies and TV shows. Sculpt a 'last act' worthy of a standing ovation through online dating. At a time in your life when you find yourself wishing there were more time, the online dating process can be stimulating and surprisingly invigorating as you add more life to your life.
And never forget your attitude is the game-changer … in online dating and in life.
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text: There's a lot of stuff to be found online nowadayz, but when I first started looking for CUMBIA online, there wasn't really a lot around. This next cut is something I found online last year i think? It's a re-edit of a cut by the great DJ DUS / DUSTY OLIVEIRA, who's been really dropping some great remixes and nueva cumbia these last few years! Here's my rework of his rework 🙂


text:
February 1, 2011
I needed today to sort a result set in MySQL after a list of id's given. My original query was:
SELECT uid, pid FROM pages WHERE uid IN (15,17,21,87);
So the exact order of records i needed was 15, 17, 21, 87. But i wasn't getting the results in this order. After digging around for a while i found the solution which is quite easy! I needed to alter my query a little bit to receive the desired order of results
SELECT uid, pid FROM pages WHERE uid IN (15,17,21,87) ORDER BY FIELD(uid, 15,17,21,81);
And voila, it works!
1 Comment
Leave a Reply
22 September 2011 at 21:42
This can be done a lot easier. Just use ORDER BY uid [DESC|ASC] (desc-> order descending, asc-> order ascending)


text:
REALPLAY Puzzlesphere (PlayStation 2)
missing cover art
Published by
Developed by
Critic Score
100 point score based on reviews from various critics.
User Score
5 point score based on user ratings.
Not an American user?
DescriptionREALPLAY Puzzlesphere is an action puzzle game in the vein of Marble Madness and Super Monkey Ball using the Realplay system of motion sensitive controllers. Included with a game is a motion sensitive orb that works much like a Wii Remote. If you tilt it in any direction the ball on screen will gather up momentum in that direction. The further you tilt it the more momentum it will gather. The goal of the game is to guide the ball on the screen through complex 3D courses where you have to avoid gaps, make jumps and roll around sharp corners. There are various checkpoints along the way that serve as respawn points and make sure the player doesn't cut short on the designated circuit. When the ball on screen falls out of bounds the player loses a life. He only receives a few lives for each level where he has to make do with. One additional control is the air brake that applies a sudden momentum in the exact opposite direction as the current rolling direction. This can be used for late escapes. To make it more difficult fans can try to blow you off course. A variety of power-ups can be collected to improve your air brake for example, but they are placed at hard to get locations.
The game comes with 36 levels in 6 different environments. There are four game modes: practice, arcade, time trial and 2-4 player time attack.
There are no PlayStation 2 user screenshots for this game.
Promo Images
There are no promo images for this game
Part of the Following Group
User Reviews
There are no reviews for this game.
Critic Reviews
|Eurogamer.net (UK)
|Dec 18, 2007
|3 out of 10
There are currently no topics for this game.
There is no trivia on file for this game.
vedder (45000) added REALPLAY Puzzlesphere (PlayStation 2) on Feb 17, 2009
Integrated Concept, David LeviSpecial Thanks:
With grateful thanks:


text:
IP Phone 1140E
Nortel IP Phone 1140E
Professional-level IP Phone supports a new dimension in desktop communications features and application presentation
The award-winning Nortel IP Phone 1140E with Gigabit Ethernet brings a new dimension in communication features and capabilities to the professional desktop IP Phone. Ideally suited for managers and knowledge workers, the multi-line Nortel IP Phone 1140E supports presentation of data and Web-centric applications on its high resolution graphical display, while an integrated USB port streamlines applications navigation with use of standard USB mice and keyboards. Combined with the rich telephony feature sets delivered from Nortel Communication Servers, deployment of the Nortel IP Phone 1140E enhances personal productivity with delivery of a superior user experience for both today's and tomorrow's communications needs.
Key features and benefits include:
- Multi-line IP Phone supports up to 12 line/programmable feature keys1, 14 fixed keys and four soft-label keys
- High-resolution, backlit, graphical, pixel-based display, combined with a flexible five-position adjustable footstand placement optimizes viewing under varied lighting conditions
- Four-way navigation cluster with new"Enter/Send" key maximizes user choice and flexibility in navigation
- Integrated USB port powers standard USB mice and keyboards, providing input and navigation options for application interaction and simpler menu selection
- Integrated Bluetooth® 1.2 audio gateway supports Bluetooth headsets, boosting productivity with greater freedom at the desktop
- Integrated 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet switch with LAN and PC ports reduces costs, enabling a single cable drop to support both the phone and a collocated PC
- Supports Gigabit Ethernet, positioning the phone's internal switch to accommodate growing multimedia-intensive PC-based applications, thus aligning with investment made in the wiring closet
- Supports 802.3af standard-based PoE and local AC power via power adapter
- Secured Tools Menu offers local access to configuration, diagnostic and user preference options
- Supports customized data and Web-based applications via external application servers, enriching users' experience with advanced multimedia interaction
- Tight linkage with Nortel Communication Servers offers rich suite of reliable, quality based telephony communications features
- Added convenience and time savings with field-upgradeable firmware using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) or for sites requiring enhanced secure firmware upgrades: UNIStim File Transfer Protocol (UFTP)2


text:
Monday, June 15, 2015
Starting this Making Money Online Madness All Over Again!
Well it has been a couple of years since I last posted on here and I have a had a break in this time from trying to make money online due to life just getting too busy to devote sufficient time to this. Anyway, I have decided to give it another go. My first decision is what strategy to pursue. Last time around I think I spread myself too thinly and did not really stick to anything in particular.
So, the plan this time around. Well I am starting with what I know - blogging. I realise that things have changed considerably since I have been away, but I am planning to draw on what I learned last time around and combine this with new knowledge that I have gained to build up a truly useful resource on a subject that I am passionate about. My main project will not be this blog - this will be primarily a means of documenting my progress, as well as sharing some hopefully useful information. Instead it will be a new blog based on a subject that I have knowledge of and passion for.
I will be posting regular updates on how I am doing and posting useful (hopefully) information on how to set up and grow a (again, hopefully) profitable blog. I will also be posting monthly income reports so you can how I am doing. I am not expecting quick results, so don't expect large sums within the first few months.
Anyway, here we go again!!!
Monday, February 4, 2013
Time for a Catch Up
For a variety of reasons I haven't posted anything in a while. The main reason though is a change in my work situation which means that I have less time on my hands and I have not had time to much to work on my online empire. I have been thinking recently that I ought to get back into it, so this post is a start.
Although I haven't been doing anything I have still been earning money. My last monthly total post was for September last year, so let's take a look at what I have been earning since then.
Total Earnings for October 2012
Clickbank $24.21
Squidoo $1.92
Surveys $6.31
Total = 32.44
Total Earnings for November 2012
Amazon.co.uk $62.63
Total Earnings for December 2012
Squidoo $3.03
Total Earnings for January 2013
Amazon.co.uk $117.91
Amazon.com $175.99
Clickbank $26.39
Squidoo $16.56
Total = $336.85
As you can see things have ticking over despite my inactivity, particularly last month which brought me some earnings from Christmas. All I need to figure out now is how to fit in some working online into my new work schedule.
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
Monthly Total Earnings for September 2012
Swagbucks: $8.00
Squidoo: $2.74
Total Earnings = $10.74!!!!
One of my worst months ever! It is of course entirely my own fault as I should be putting in more effort. Let's hope it improves from here.
Monday, September 3, 2012
Total Monthly Earnings for August 2012
Anyway, to this month's totals:
Amazon.com: $100.54
Squidoo: $5.18
Surveys: $6.36 (Pinecone)
Total: $112.08
Not bad for doing nothing I guess. Must get back to work in September!!


text:
India has been Thailand's great allies for over 70 years. At the same time, India has long enjoyed good economic and trading partnerships with ASEAN countries, This issue, MICE Spotlight by NCC is honored to have a chance to talk with H.E. Mr. Bhagwant Singh Bishnoi, Ambassador of India to Thailand, on the relations between these countries, as well as the upcoming grande-scale event to mark the 25th anniversary of India-ASEAN relations.
70th Anniversary of India-Thailand relations
"Thailand was one of the first countries with which India established diplomatic relations in 1947. The relationship between Indian and Thailand is actually rooted and antiquity. Our relationship covers all aspects, covering political aspect, economic and commercial, education, scientific, technology, basically just about everything (smile). We have frequently hosted High-Level Exchanges between our two countries. Also, India and Thailand have always been solid bilateral economic partners. Whenever Indian companies thinks of establishing a manufacturing base in Southeast Asia, for many of them, the obvious choice is Thailand. Many of Indian largest conglomerates such as the Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group, and Polyplex (Thailand) Public Co., Ltd., all have manufacturing bases in Thailand. At the same time, India offers the largest and the most attractive market for foreign investors and a number of leading Thai companies are operating in India such as CP Group, Italian Thai Development and Thai Summit. The governments of our two countries jointly support and facilitate the international trade to ensure our trade's continuing growth (smile)."
25 years of India-ASEAN Solidarity
"Apart from the bilateral context, for India it is also about region and global context. So when we look at Thailand we recognize the fact that Thailand is the center of ASEAN, and as far as India is concerned, ASEAN is the center of India's 'Look East' policy. Throughout the past, we have arranged knowledge exchange, trade negotiations with ASEAN countries, as well as numerous events, including the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of ASEAN, the 25th Anniversary of AEAN-India Dialogue Partnership, he 15th Anniversary of Summit Level Interaction and the 5th Anniversary of Strategic Partnership is organizing ASEAN-India Expo and Forum to celebrate the 25th anniversary of India-ASEAN relations, which is guaranteed to be a very interesting event.
ASEAN-India Expo and Forum… Celebrating 25 years of Friendship and The Future of Economic Prospects
"The ASEAN-India Expo and Forum, which is scheduled for August 2 – 5, 2017 at QSNCC (Queen Sirikit National Convention Center), is an excellent opportunity for India to present our economic information. We plan to focus of five areas:
- Pharmaceutical issues
- Automobile
- Textile
- India's flagship investment programs
- India's innovations and technologies.
Most importantly, this is the event where all ten ASEAN countries to present the best our countries have to offer. We hope to bring the business sector of every country even closer and encourage more investment partnership. We hope to see significant increase of India's investment in Thailand and also of ASEAN's investment in India (smile)."
The friendships between these nations are set to grow even further. This will surely contribute to the growth and prosperity of "ASEAN" in the foreseeable future.
Source: Spotlight


text:
Pandora's Box
Adam Curtis, 1992
4. Goodbye Mrs Ant
When Chemists were Heroes
Thomas Midgely was born in 1889. He became a chemist and an inventor. In 1921, he solved the problem of knocking in car engines: he put lead in petrol. In 1930, he discovered a new coolant for fridges. It was called by
its initials: CFC.
Midgely became part of a golden age of chemistry in America, in the thirties.
[Clip from the 1940 DuPont film A New World Through Chemistry]
In 1935, Midgely predicted that in the future, chemistry would solve many of the world's great problems.
The ozone layer, he said, could be altered to control the Sun's rays and allow scientists to govern the world's
In 1940, Midgely contracted polio. He built a pulley system to lift himself in and out of bed. But, in 1944, he
became trapped in it and strangled himself.
That same year, the American army began mass-producing CFC to help spray a new – some said miracle – chemical over the Pacific battlefields. It killed insects. It was called DDT.
Professor Robert Metcalfe [Metcalf?], entomologist, National Defence Research Committee 1943–1946
I was a project officer in the first aerial application of DDT that was ever made in the world, I
guess; and we flew it over several square miles of jungle and I was walking around some kraals
we'd cut in the jungle floor and there was an incredible, [in]describable rain of insects of all kinds
coming down out of the tops of these huge jungle trees – a hundred to a hundred and thirty,
forty, fifty feet; we got cerambycid beetles, beetles of all descriptions – and probably many people
had never seen [them] or [?if] anybody had ever seen [them], because they're in the tops of the
trees... I remember particularly some [..?..] of these long [..?..] beetles were coming down; there
were wasps and bees of all descriptions and so forth [..?..] it was an incredible experience; and I
guess what occurred to me then was that maybe this was one of the best ways to collect insects
and find out what kind of insects there truly were in a representative area of the jungle... and
that's just one of the more innocent things I guess one could read into it.
[Period film showing Douglas C-47 (Dakota)s spraying Manila in the Philippines]
[Voiceover:] "Low-flying planes cover every section of the city, from the coast of Manila Bay to the
outlying environs, in an effort to destroy the large numbers of flies and mosquitoes plaguing
the area ... Prior to the spring, the populous was informed that the insecticide would not injure
vegetation or clothes."
[Clip from black-and-white film featuring an unidentified man]
"In American bars, there was a drink which was called "Mickey Slim"; and it was a good gin with
a spot of DDT in it. And this was supposed to give you a feeling of happiness and merriment –"
[Robert Metcalf]
... then in Naples, in 1943 and '44, there was an enormous epidemic of typhus transmitted by the
human body louse; and [there were] about ten million applications of DDT dusting powder [given]
to people and they wiped that out – and those things got enormous publicity in household
magazines like [] Reader's Digest ... Everybody wanted to try DDT; and [the] civilian population
could hardly wait to get their hands on it when it was released in 1945 for civilian use.
Harry Renken, farmer
Well, it was sort of a miracle that happened; and, by word of mouth, it spread rapidly and I
think everyone tried it.
I remember one time in 1952; it was summertime and we were going to have a birthday party
right here on the lawn – right here where we're sitting – and the day before I sprayed all the grass
with water and DDT. And this got rid of the flies and also killed mosquitoes; and, you know, flies
in the afternoon – while the sun's shining – and mosquitoes after dark; those are two things [that]
if you could get away from them, you could have a wonderful party out here – and we did. We
had a pest-free party out here [on] this farm.
Wilbert Joyce, farmer
Chemical people would show us test plots and the quality of the corn – and it would have little
small ears, for the weeds and the insects had taken over; [but] where they'd used the chemicals,
the ears were bigger and the yield was two to three times as much.
The United States was [on] a continent plagued with insects. Farmers lived in perpetual fear of finding a new infestation. Whole crops were regularly destroyed by pests. DDT and the other insecticides invented in its wake promised victory in this war.
Shirley Briggs, biologist, US Fish and Wildlife Service 1945–1948
You don't in England... [have] anything like the insect life that we have. You don't have to have
screens on the windows in many places – can't survive here that way.
We are edgier about them. Anything with six legs is... an enemy.
[Brief clip (no dialogue) from the movie] "EARTH VS. THE SPIDER" [released] 1958
[Wilbert Joyce]
I've seen the time [when] full fields of crops would be ruined [by] the insects before the chemicals
[came] into effect. I can remember the cutworms and the wireworms would absolutely clean
the fields of corn and wheat; and there would be nothing left to harvest. And then, when your
chemicals [came] along, you had this to eliminate the insects and... you had your crop then.
Lillard Heddon, crop sprayer 1945–1983
It was a miracle chemical to us because we thought it would control practically every insect ...
but I guess it was just the time and the period that God had decided that he would let us discover
these chemicals and use them wisely; and... I suppose everything, the whole system, is directed
by God, so I guess this was the time that we would find our knowledge given by God would lead
us to find these natural resources to use, to control... do away with some of the slave labour...
The incredible success of insecticides led to a wave of invention. Chemists vied with each other to design
new, more powerful products. This, in turn, transformed other sciences – in particular, the study of insects:
Entomologists had traditionally been figures of fun; eccentric scientists who spent their time classifying insects. But this was now important information for the chemical companies. They began to employ large numbers of entomologists. In the process, the focus of their science began to shift.
Professor Robert Metcalf[], entomologist, University of California 1948–1968
We were fed these new chemicals so rapidly, many of us didn't have any time to do anything else
but test the new chemicals – there seemed to be chemicals being introduced into the pipeline [and]
an inexhaustible pressure to put something out at the other end; and, literally, we forgot about
good, basic entomology and became in a sense, I think, handmaidens of the world chemical
The entomologists began to discover what appeared to be serious side-effects. As they investigated the effectiveness of large-scale spraying programmes, they found that many other species of wildlife were being harmed.
Dr. Eugene Kenega, research entomologist, Dow Chemical Company 1940–1982
We found out soon that there were some side-effects, even as early as 1946 and '47, but the
benefits were so great – we eradicated malaria from the United States, let alone many other places
in the world – and... so, there wasn't the public pressure on...
We were killing off birds; in some cases, it was quite obvious that these species were disappearing,
starting in '47 or '48. And, by '53, even the birds that lived quite a few years were beginning to
disappear; and they weren't replacing themselves because the eggs weren't hatching.
These side-effects led to serious disagreements among the entomologists. At their annual conference in 1953, their president made an impassioned defence of the chemicals. His speech was entitled "The Greater Hazard – Insects or Insecticides". The choice, he said, was a simple one: either continue spraying or return to the bad old days of starvation and disease. Everything should be done to minimise the side-effects, but, ultimately, it was a war of survival. Insecticides had already saved a hundred-million human lives throughout the world.
[Robert Metcalf]
At our scientific conferences and meetings, we were completely immersed in a haze of propaganda
about chemicals. There were lavish hospitality suites, banquets sponsored by the chemical
companies – and a great many entomologists were employed by these companies; and I'm sure
they were absolutely convinced that what they were doing was of fundamental and very valuable
importance to the world.
The chemical companies also portrayed the battle against the insects as a necessary war. Promotional films of the 1950s invoked Charles Darwin. They depicted it as part of the inevitable struggle for existence.
[Clip from such a film, "Goodbye Mrs. Ant!" (1959), sponsored by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation]
[Voiceover:] "Wherever man is, there the ant is also. They seem to come from nowhere and suddenly
are everywhere at once, crawling over the food. As the hordes invade, man often gives up his
pleasures in utter despair. It is the law of nature: the strong survive."
Dr. Thomas Jukes, research chemist, American Cyanamid Company 1945–1963
Now, in evolution, all species are essentially in competition with each other and the ones that are
most successful survive. And insects, as it's been said, will inherit the Earth, because they're so
successful. And insects carry diseases to human beings, such as malaria; and when we spray to
kill the insects, we're interfering with evolution – if evolution were to proceed, then we would be
overwhelmed by the factors that are against us.
James Moore, biographer of Charles Darwin
When people in the post-war period spoke of a "struggle" in nature, they were selecting one
aspect of Darwin's theories that suited their time. Now, for Darwin, nature was a bloody
battlefield; there were winners and losers, victors and vanquished. But this imagery took on
special significance in the Cold War years. In the American midwest, when I was growing up,
the household aerosols were called "insect bombs".
The point is that in these life-and-death struggles, scientists believed they were seizing the power
from evolution and redirecting it by controlling the environment. They took it on faith from the
biologists that this is how the world works – and then they chose to emphasise those aspects of
Darwin's theory which fitted in best with the industrial programmes they were embarked upon.
This was not a neutral reading of Darwin at all; this was an interested reading.
The first serious public attack on the widespread use of pesticides came from Rachel Carson. She was a biologist who had worked for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In the late fifties, she began collecting evidence of the side-effects; in particular, studies which showed that DDT was becoming more concentrated as it worked its way into the bodies of larger animals. In 1962, she wrote a book called Silent Spring. It was an attack on the chemical companies.
Shirley Briggs, colleague of Rachel Carson in the [US] Fish and Wildlife Service
It started coming out in The New Yorker. She kept it rather quiet; she knew that the chemical
industry – or the part of it she was worrying about – would react; and, sure enough, [an] official
of the Velsicol chemical company wrote a very threatening letter to Houghton Mifflin – "You must
not print this book!" – and came out with the standard line, that they still use: "You see, if we stop
using all these pesticides, it would... simply ruin the whole economy of the country. And this is a
sinister plot by the far-left subversive forces" – as they called them – "to destroy the United States."
Silent Spring painted a dramatic picture of a poisoned America. It caused an immediate sensation. It coincided with revelations about thalidomide and the fallout of strontium-90 from nuclear testing.
Gordon Edwards, entomologist
... I got the book and I went home and read [it. A]nd I got about two-thirds of the way through
the book and I saw so many things I knew were not true that it bothered me. Then I set out to
make a lot of speeches to let people know what she [Carson] had said and what was really the
truth; and many other people were doing the same thing across the nation.
So, usually at some time during the talk, somebody would be interested in "What about the
effect on people?" And it was handy at that time to have a box of DDT like this one [he is holding
it in his hand] so I could just dump some out in my hand [he does so, then starts licking the hand] and
take some of it, to show that it's not harmful to people – never has been; no-one's ever been
killed by DDT... I've not even heard of them being made ill by it, even when they attempt suicide.
In 1963, the book was made the subject of an hour-long [CBS] TV special. Three of the programme's sponsors – food and chemical manufacturers – withdrew in protest. Carson used the programme to widen her attack on the chemical companies.
[Clips from (presumably) the TV special]
[Rachel Carson]
"Now, to these people, apparently, the balance of nature was something that
was... repealed as soon as man came on the scene. Well, you might just as well
assume that you could repeal the law of gravity.
"Man's attitude toward nature is, today, critically important... simply because
we have now acquired a fateful power to alter and to destroy nature.
"Well, unless we do bring these chemicals under better control, we're certainly
headed for disaster."
Dr. Robert White-Stevens, chemical industry spokesman
"Miss Carson maintains that the balance of nature is a major force in the survival
of man; whereas the modern chemist, the modern biologist, the modern scientist
believes that man is steadily controlling nature.
"If man were to faithfully follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to
the Dark Ages; and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit
the Earth."
[Shirley Briggs]
The ironic thing was how Robert White-Stevens died: he died as the result of the sting of a wasp.
In 1963, Rachel Carson died [from the consequences of cancer]. Although her book had caused an outcry, it had no immediate effect on the use of pesticides. But another attack on the chemical industry was about to be launched, this time from the suburbs.
[Brief clip from start of 1950s colour film entitled] THE QUIET REVOLUTION
America's suburbs had grown enormously during the fifties, often on land made habitable for the first time
with the use of insecticides. But continued spraying – to treat diseases such as Dutch Elm – now brought the
side-effects of the chemicals into the gardens of the wealthy and articulate middle classes.
Lorri Otto, resident of Milwaukee suburb
We live in what's called the "Gold Coast" area – the wealthier people – and so we had money right
away to buy this stuff and the machinery and the men... And so they went around and squirted
first of all from the ground; but that didn't last very long. Soon, there was... a whole page in the
Sunday Milwaukee Journal on how, now, Shorewood and Fox Point and Bayside – where I live –
were really going to take care of their elm trees; and they had a photograph of a helicopter
spraying with DDT...
And not too long after that, the robins started going into convulsions. It started out... you would
see the robin and you'd think it'll be alright; and then, all of a sudden, this quivering would go on.
Dr. Thomas Jukes, research chemist, American Cyanamid Company 1945–1963
Those robins got in the way of the spray and they got drenched with DDT; and they fell to the
ground and there they were twitching and paralyzed. And that seemed like a terrible thing – and
it was for those robins – but there were millions of other robins that weren't being hurt at all.
[Lorri Otto]
We would be awakened by this "sh-sh-sh-sh-sh" of the [?'copter] over the house; and, one day,
I was so angry that... I raced up into the attic and opened the dormer windows – in my little pink
nightie – and I climbed up on top of the roof and I just stood there and shook my fist at them!
[Thomas Jukes]
What happened next was... that there was a spraying of DDT in Long Island and Mrs Yannacone
didn't like it.
Carol Yannacone [with] Victor Yannacone
[Carol Yannacone:] The first time I noticed it, I [was driving] past here on my way home from work
and there were dead fish for about ten feet out from the side. This is noticeable as you drive by.
[Victor Yannacone:] The mass of fish killed in this lake – and, as we later found out, other lakes –
were all ignored, largely because the suburban population that was seeing this had nothing to
compare it against, having come from the concrete canyons of Manhattan and Brooklyn and
Queens – where I came from – and not knowing what the natural state was supposed to be.
The scientific community, which should've been observing all of this, was too busy making new
products or living in their ivory towers: "Let us take charge. We will bring you better things for
better living, through chemistry."
Victor Yannacone was a lawyer. Together with two local biologists, he founded the Environmental Defense Fund.
Its aim was to legally challenge the use of DDT and other pesticides.
Their argument was that the chemicals were spreading in uncontrollable ways, becoming more poisonous as they did so. One of the strongest pieces of evidence was the disappearance of the peregrine falcon. DDT was being found in their bodies and their eggs were failing to hatch. Two ornithologists set out to count the falcon population.
Daniel Berger, ornithologist, University of Wisconsin [] 1965–1968
We were simply going to follow a route from northern Alabama all the way up to the state of
Maine. And we started in... I believe it was early April – and birds should be on location at that
time. And we simply worked our way northward; and we followed a very torturous route and we
checked something like a hundred and thirty sites or something like that in the course of the next
three months, driving a little over fourteen thousand miles.
We found zero. Not one peregrine falcon.
In 1968, the Environmental Defense Fund discovered an obscure law in the midwestern state of Wisconsin. It
allowed anyone a legal hearing if they believed they could prove water pollution in the state.
Using this as a pretext, the Fund engineered a hearing; and, in November 1968, a small group of them travelled to Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, in the heartland of America's agriculture. The hearing was held in the vast
State Legislature. It quickly became a trial of DDT.
The star was Victor Yannacone. His main aim was to get the public's attention [and] explain why tiny amounts of a chemical could have such large effects.
[Victor Yannacone]
We had to explain that a part per million was significant. We did this by calling a very prominent
scientist from the pro-DDT camp and we asked him a very simple series of questions. "Doctor, do
you have any idea what the purpose of the hormones that flow in your blood is?" – "Ye[s." –
"T]hey're responsible for your secondary sex characteristics: the hair on your head, the hair on
your chest, the tone of your voice – right? Do you have any idea what the level of testosterone in
your bloodstream is necessary to give you that lovely shock of white hair, all that hair on the chest
and the grandchildren that you're so proud of?" And he finally admitted that it was five parts per
million. I said: "Well, do you have any idea what would happen if the level of testosterone in your
blood should drop to as low as three and a half parts per million?" He averred he didn't know
and I said: "Well, you know that that hair of yours would change, the hair on your chest would
disappear, the hair on the rest of your body would change, [falsetto:] your voice would go up to a
little squeak [back to normal voice] – and you sure as hell wouldn't have any grandchildren!"
The public got the point. One part per million could be very significant.
The Madison hearing soon became headline news, with both sides claiming that everything America stood for was at stake.
[Thomas Jukes]
At the height of the battle over DDT, I wrote a poem and sent it to Time magazine. It was a parody
[of] "America, the Beautiful" and I'll sing it for you:
"Oh, beautiful for bug-filled skies / For weevils in our grain / For apple scab and
stable flies / Please bring these back again / Malaria, malaria, red blood cells
harbour thee / Where Rocky Mountain fever thrives / Where babies have TB /
Where parasites take human lives / Why, that's the land for me!
"Malaria, malaria, my spleen will welcome thee / Restore the sickness grandpa
knew / By banning DDT!"
Dr. Hugh Iltis, ecologist, University of Wisconsin 1968
...Yannacone looked at me long and hard and [said]: "I think he'll do." And then he looked at me
and [said]: "Can you, between now and tomorrow, put together a lecture of about forty slides of
all the different pictures of the Wisconsin ecosystem so it'll be not only beautiful but emotionally
rich and will affect the people who listen to it?" [I said]: "I'll try...!"
Next day, I came here [the State Legislature] and gave this talk with beautiful slides of the prairies
and the woods of Wisconsin ... It was, I'm sure, the first time anybody has ever shown wild flowers
in the chambers of the Wisconsin Legislature.
In the late sixties, ecology was a modest scientific backwater. Ecologists spent their time studying the mutual dependence and balance of all the inhabitants of a particular area. But for Yannacone, ecology was a powerful weapon with which to attack the defenders of DDT – especially the entomologists. It gave him a scientific basis [from which] to challenge the idea of evolution they used to justify the large spraying programmes.
[Victor Yannacone]
The entomologists, who should've known better – and now, thirty years later, admit they
should've known better – simply saw the death and the extinction of what we now know to be
beneficial insects as the operation of the fundamental laws of survival and evolution. What they
didn't realise was [that] the kind of evolution they were looking toward was the evolution of
monsters arising from garbage dumps; of chemically-deformed animals and plants. What they
thought would come out of this was a simplified world ecosystem, with "good" plants [and] "bad"
plants – weeds; "good" insects, "bad" insects; "good" animals – the ones we eat – [and] "bad"
animals, the ones that take up space...
There was a problem, though. If human begins were inextricably interwoven with other parts of nature, as ecology said, where were the effects of DDT on humans? In thirty years, no worker in the DDT factories had
been poisoned. The defenders made great play of this at the hearing.
But then, in early 1969, the Environmental Defense Fund received some unexpected news.
[Hugh Iltis]
A Swedish chemist by the name of Goran Lofroth wrote a letter saying they [had] found, in almost
all women in Sweden, DDT in [] mothers' milk. Well, we went to my house [and] we finally said "Hey,
let's call up Sweden!" – and we did; we got him [Lofroth] out of bed – [it] must've been four o'clock in
the morning [there]. He spoke pretty good English: "What do you want?" [We] said: "We want you
in Madison!" He said he would come.
Thursday came and went; Friday, at ten o'clock, people went out to the airport – it was all
hush-hush[. T]he testimony was droning on and on and on: the-pesticide-this and the-chickens-that
and the-eggs-this and so forth and so on – my God, one just... hours... I mean, we have... after all,
we have fourteen of these volumes [he has picked one up], two-thousand eight-hundred pages of
testimony; the stenographers went bananas.
Anyway, at eleven thirty, somebody "hi-ho"ed me – a little sign [he is gesticulating with his little
finger] – and we went outside the hall; and, sure enough, there was Goran Lofroth with his little
In the mean[time], of course, we [] called The New York Times, The Chicago Tribune, The Washington
Post; all these reporters were waiting in the wing[s] ... and then, for the next three hours, Goran
Lofroth laid it on the line that if babies [] drink milk [from] cows that grazed on land that was
sprayed with DDT, their fat is going to contain DDT; and not only this, but fat, of course, is in the
brain – most [of the] brain is fat – [so] it would be loaded with DDT. By Sunday: front page of the []
New York Times.
And the opposition was just livid with rage, but we won that one.
[Gordon Edwards]
When I heard of the ban, I really felt bad about it, because I felt it was a victory against science.
And I felt that scientists and industry had a place in this country and [were] certainly being
undermined by the statements about pesticides in general; it's gotten worse since then, of course.
After banning DDT, the others were easy. Somebody said maybe because DDT was so easy to
spell that people immediately thought about it.
Where once chemicals were seen as good, now they were banned. In the early 1970s, press and television became fascinated by any reports of the side-effects of pesticides and herbicides – and, above all, by the effects on human beings.
News report, Arizona 1972
[Woman:] "The first analysis was phoned to me yesterday to say they have found the residues of
2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. So, I guess I'm the first documented case to say it is residual
in the human body after you've been exposed to it."
The battle against DDT had been won, ultimately, by evidence of its presence in humans. Now the Environmental Defense Fund placed advertisements in the national papers implying that DDT caused cancer. Donations flooded in, but the decision split the leadership.
[Victor Yannacone]
The Environmental Defense Fund and Carol and I parted company over the issue of whether the shift
should be from the questions that we were sure of – that DDT was bad for the environment – to the
speculation that DDT might cause cancer. I don't believe in going to court on speculation. I go to
court on relatively solid evidence.
DDT is not good for mammalian systems. It damages the nervous system; it damages the liver
enzyme systems; it causes some problems. It is not a strong carcinogen; it is not – except in very
large doses – associated with serious human health hazard[s]. Its real problem is that it [has] the
capacity, had it continued to be used at the rate it was being used, to literally destroy almost the
entire world['s] natural ecological system upon which we really depend; and [that] would have meant
the ultimate collapse of the human species as [an] animal species.
The DDT hearing was a watershed; not just for the battle against chemical pollution, but for the science of
ecology. Ecologists became influential figures, giving scientific advice in the battles against other pesticides.
But, in the process, their science was transformed. It became the guiding force of the environmental movement.
Langdon Winner, historian of science
Beginning with the unintended consequences of DDT, the science of ecology had emerged as a
useful tool in science; and many people began to see it as something that could be drawn upon
for moral enlightenment as well – the notion of everything being connected to everything else.
[Lillard Heddon]
I remember the first time I ever heard the word "environmentalist" on the air was on an Arthur
Godfrey show; and he was trying to explain what it was – and it was hard for him to explain what
the [?era] was, so... It was really a new era.
[Period film (colour, 1970s?) featuring a Native American character canoeing from the wild to a littered industrial harbour
and then visiting a littered highway]
[Voiceover:] "Some people have a deep, abiding respect for the natural beauty that was once
this country. And some people don't.
"People start pollution – people can stop it."
[From a ?newsreel]
[Voiceover:] "Two days ago, a man whose controversial predictions of a forthcoming global
catastrophe have made him an international figure arrived at London's Heathrow Airport. He
is Paul Ehrlich, Professor of Biology at Stanford University in California and the chief spokesman
for the so-called "ecological movement".
[Interviewer (off-camera):] "Dr Ehrlich, just how realistic is your projected theory of the
[Ehrlich:] "Well, I think that it's getting more realistic all the time; the signs are getting worse, but
I still have considerable hope because although governments are very slow, people all over the
world are awakening very rapidly to what the real danger is."
In much the same way as the science of entomology had been changed in the 1950s, now ecology was transformed by the social and political pressures of the early seventies. Ecologists became the moral and spiritual
guardians of a new view of the human relationship to nature.
And they, too, cited Darwin's laws to prove that their view was correct.
Dr. Hugh Iltis, ecologist
Nature has a set of laws that all organism[s] have to obey, by necessity, because that's the way
they evolve; and this applies to human beings very much so.
[..?..] you need to introduce into our lives nature [sic], it is a need that is enormously deep. Look
around you, wherever you go, into homes. There are not only living flowers, there are not only
aquaria and pets – look at the wall[s]; what do we see? Sunflowers by van Gogh or irises by van
Gogh; or pictures, photographs of landscapes. You don't see [in a] frame in a house a picture of a
crankshaft from a Ford... or a tin can, squashed; [but] in modern art – which is a sick art because
it reflects the confusion in the human mind – [then] yes, indeed.
James Moore, biographer of Charles Darwin
Darwin's so big that he can support any number of generalisations about the world. I mean, given
Darwin's image as a scientific saint, people inevitably try to get him on the side of their view of
nature. Now, Darwin was complex ... In The Origin of Species, for example, the metaphors tumble
over one another in the most unscientific way. Sure, nature's seen as being at war; but nature is
also likened to a web of complex relations. And here, then, was another aspect of Darwin for
people to seize on for their own purposes. Darwin gave them a basis for urging us not to take
control of nature but to cooperate with it, to stay within its balance. Again, Darwin serves up
In the public imagination, scientific theories are something fixed; and if they're good theories and
accepted by creditable people, well, then they're absolute and that's that. What people don't
understand is that scientific theories never have a single meaning. They become a cultural
property; they are useable, serviceable for different interested parties.
The story of DDT continues.
The head of a large property company has called a press conference to announce that he has stopped construction in one of his skyscrapers.
[From TV footage of media and other people milling around on an unfinished floor of a skyscraper]
[Reporter with microphone:] What's happening here this morning?
[Spokesperson (the company head? (J. Snyder?))]
Well, the peregrine falcons have been nesting in this building for five years and, every
year, the Peregrine Society comes and retrieves the eggs; the eggs will not hatch here
due to DDT contamination [making them] too weak for the bird to sit on.
Each year, they bring back a small baby for the bird so that they feel they've completed
the cycle.
Media representative, J. H. Snyder Company
Basically, the people are here because it's not just a story about the eggs being laid and
gathered; it's a story about how this particular developer, the J. H. Snyder Company,
has literally [sic] suspended construction in this area during the mating season of these
particular birds... and [] it's an excellent idea of how developers and businesspeople can
participate in environmental concerns.
Daniel Berger, ornithologist
You saw the number of TV cameras and the media people who were up here today watching the
manipulation going on. This, in effect, is really a myth being born – or being fostered, at any rate.
The myth in this case is that the peregrine falcon is sacred. Granted, it's a precious species – we
were about to lose it, perhaps, a number of years ago; now we have peregrines back in good
numbers [and] there've been dramatic recoveries...
I think it's just an unrealistic attitude about how sensitive parts of nature are.
[Victor Yannacone]
At the start of the DDT litigation in 1966, science had become the way that [] human beings could
avoid responsibility: "Science will take care of us!". After the DDT wars, we knew that science was
not necessarily going to be the answer – but mankind in the twentieth century still wanted to avoid
responsibility for [its] own individual[s'] actions. Now it's nature that's going to permit us to shift
the responsibility from human beings to some force that we don't have to take responsibility for.
Joan Fairfax, The Ojai Foundation
What we're talking about is a very profound internal shift of attitude and of values. This is the
gift of ecology to human beings – and really to all species – today. And that gift can give rise to
not utopia but ecotopia, which is this profound sense of place; the sense of coming home at last.
Langdon Winner, historian of science
The kinds of ideas about ecology and environment that we see today I don't believe are any more
scientific or rational than previous notions of nature. In both cases, people that talk about them
are saying "Look, this is scientific; I'm not making this up. These are not my hopes and dreams;
this is what science tells us." But, in both cases, I think what you can see happening is particular
kinds of social ideals being read back to us as if they were lessons derived from science itself. In
the case of contemporary ecology, it seems to me that what we're actually getting is a kind of
utopia of a perfectly constructed, complex universe of natural things; and from that universe
one tries to derive various kinds of laws that can help us live better as human beings.
[Joan Fairfax]
I think it is a moral lesson. There is a possibility for a kind of utopia. We've dreamed about it and
that possibility exists in our future.
[Langdon Winner]
The scientific and technological notions of the 1950s – the ideas of endless possibilities for [the]
exploitation of nature – are now seen as ill-conceived and ill-guided. I'm haunted by the possibility
that the ideas of ecology that we now embrace today may, in thirty or forty years, seem similarly
ill-conceived – and they're no more scientific than, let's say, other notions of nature that we have
looked to in the past.
[Victor Yannacone]
At least, when science was our guide, we felt that we were actively doing something; we were in
control. Now there are too many people that say "There's nothing I can do – nature will take care
of it; I just will continue, fat, dumb and happy, the way I am."
We must go back to the simple lesson of history: Every human being, concerned enough, dedicated
enough and willing to make the sacrifice, can change the world around them.
In 1860, Charles Darwin wrote to a friend in America about whether it is possible to seek divine providence in nature. "I feel most deeply", he said, "that the whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as well speculate on the mind of Newton. Yet each man hope and believe what he can."
[Lillard Heddon]
[Interviewer (Adam Curtis), off-camera:] Do you think we'll ever know what's best?
[Heddon:] We will, one day, but it won't be here, on Earth, in our lifetime. We'll know... When we
get to heaven, we'll know what's best.


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Listening to Tinariwen's former manager Andy Morgan talk about the band and Malian music in general with Cerys Matthews as part of BBC 6 Music's recent celebration of African music, it struck me how difficult it often is for us, the Western listener, to understand the cultural and social values of Touareg musicians.
We're fortunate to live in a wealthy country with stable politics; armed conflict and civil unrest is alien to the majority of British citizens who live on the mainland. Our cultural output is high and often commercialized, so music is regularly seen more as a commodity than an artistic or humanitarian endeavour. Our societal mind-set vilifies communities who by their nature and history are nomadic, such as Romani, Roma and Irish travellers.
Maybe, even in this uber-connected and super globalized era, Western audiences are still - generally speaking - far removed from the less-documented struggles of life on the African continent, and particularly in this context, in the West African country of Mali.
So when artists like Sidi Toure or Fatoumata Diawara - just two members of a vast legion of incredible musicians produced by the landlocked state - play to tens of thousands of music fans at festivals and venues across Europe, the US and beyond, we the Western listeners perhaps get to hear and see much more than the music on offer.
Tinariwen, like their fellow Malian artists Amadou & Mariam, Salif Keita, Toumani Diabaté, Rokia Traoré or Bassekou Kouyate, have a distinct sound. Borne out of traditions of story-telling and praise-singing passed down through generations alongside the sounds of native instruments like djembe, calabash, bala and kora, music plays a hugely significant part of the Malian character and identity.
This particular collective of musicians, singers and songwriters have embraced many of the beliefs and customs specific to the Touareg people, having moved and performed around the Saharan regions of Mali, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Mauritiana and Libya over the last thirty years. But playing with up to six guitarists through amplification marked the band out as a little different from the outset. Going electric, as Morgan has explained in the past, carries Tinariwen's sound further and harmonizes perfectly with the mourning wails and ululations that punctuates their music.
There's also a superbly crisp and well-defined quality to the guitarwork that runs through most of the group's material; hammered strings exploring pentatonic scales in the Assouf style, tempered with a little added distortion and the right amount of reverb and echo. These are the hallmarks of Tinariwen's music, and are in no short supply on Emmaar, their sixth album to date.
"The ideals of the people have been sold cheap, my friends / A peace imposed by force is bound to fail" sings Eyadou Ag Leche on opening track 'Toumast Tincha', with the familiar hypnotic rhythm guitar line and empathetic percussion marking the beginning of a shared journey that takes in dusty vistas, endless trails, uncertain and hostile landscapes, barren panoramas and a constantly moving, shifting political and social ideal.
With tracks like 'Chaghaybou' which speeds by at around the 98bpm mark, the faster and slightly more upbeat 'Imidiwanin Ahi Tifhamam', a strong driving Western rock beat on 'Koud Edhaz Emin' and plenty of the usual trance-inducing moments including on 'Emajer' and 'Agregh Medin', Emmaar reaches the parts that 2011's gentler, softer and acoustic-leaning release Imidiwan skirted past. This is fierce back-to-roots music, integrated with the band's obvious development in style, evidenced by subtle Western influences like slide guitar, the apparent guesting of Saul Williams and Chili Peppers axeman Josh Klinghoffer as well as credits for Jack White engineer Vance Powell.
What is so incredibly powerful about Tinariwen's music, its beautifully hypnotic nature and spiritual colour aside, is that it feels both familiar and foreign at once. Recognisable elements like the strains of Robert Johnson, Robbie Krieger or Jimmy Page bending notes or playing with drawn out tremolo effects come and go, but the haunting male vocal chants, tribal drumming and guitar squeals and licks - as on 'Imidiwan Ahi Sigdim', the majestic 'Tahalamot' and 'Sendad Eghlalan' - are always constant, absolutely transporting us to another plane.
This, as with many Tinariwen experiences live or on record, is a road trip like no other. Inspirational work, yet again.


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