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Compartment elasticity measured by pressure-related ultrasound to determine patients "at risk" for compartment syndrome: an experimental in vitro study
© Sellei et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015
- Received: 30 October 2014
- Accepted: 17 December 2014
- Published: 24 January 2015
Decision-making in treatment of an acute compartment syndrome is based on clinical assessment, supported by invasive monitoring. Thus, evolving compartment syndrome may require repeated pressure measurements. In suspected cases of potential compartment syndromes clinical assessment alone seems to be unreliable. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a non-invasive application estimating whole compartmental elasticity by ultrasound, which may improve accuracy of diagnostics.
In an in vitro model, using an artificial container simulating dimensions of the human anterior tibial compartment, intra-compartmental pressures (p) were raised subsequently up to 80 mmHg by infusion of saline solution. The compartmental depth (mm) in the cross-section view was measured before and after manual probe compression (100 mmHg) upon the surface resulting in a linear compartmental displacement (∆d). This was repeated at rising compartmental pressures. The resulting displacements were related to the corresponding intra-compartmental pressures simulated in our model. A hypothesized relationship between pressures related compartmental displacement and the elasticity at elevated compartment pressures was investigated.
With rising compartmental pressures, a non-linear, reciprocal proportional relation between the displacement (mm) and the intra-compartmental pressure (mmHg) occurred. The Pearson coefficient showed a high correlation (r2 = −0.960). The intra-observer reliability value kappa resulted in a statistically high reliability (κ = 0.840). The inter-observer value indicated a fair reliability (κ = 0.640).
Our model reveals that a strong correlation between compartmental strain displacements assessed by ultrasound and the intra-compartmental pressure changes occurs. Further studies are required to prove whether this assessment is transferable to human muscle tissue. Determining the complete compartmental elasticity by ultrasound enhancement, this application may improve detection of early signs of potential compartment syndrome.
- Compartment syndrome
- Intra-compartmental pressure
- Non-invasive diagnostic
- Elasticity measurement
- Elastography
Early and accurate diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is crucial for timing of fasciotomy. Delayed diagnosis is the most relevant determinant of poor and sometime devastating outcome [1-4]. The incidence of a compartment syndrome of the lower limb associated with fracture and blunt trauma varies from 3 to 17% [5]. Also, overlooked compartment syndrome is a major liability risk for the treating physician. Templeman et al. estimated the costs and lawsuits for awards after overlooked compartment syndrome at $ 280,000.00 each case [6]. The transient state within the pathological pathways is difficult to detect and in unsure, imminent cases of ACS we tend to promote early fasciotomy. Therefore improvements of sensible and secure diagnostics are still needed and may help to avoid delayed or unnecessary treatment by surgery.
The pathophysiology of the compartment syndrome is well described [3,4,7,8]. Diagnosis of an ACS by clinical assessment of the soft-tissue swelling is the most important determinant to proceed to surgery. But daily clinical routine work suggests a weak reliability of manual palpation [9]. Invasive pressure measurement continues to be the gold standard to objectify suspected ACS [8]. However, non-invasive assessments potentially allow optimized monitoring [10]. Over the last two decades non-invasive diagnostic principles have been implemented. Several authors showed promising results when investigating either the soft-tissue elasticity or the muscle perfusion. But heir reliability and level of evidence have to be investigated [11-13]. However, there is still a need for a reliable tool assessing the soft-tissue swelling to objectify the clinical findings.
Ultrasound elastography is introduced in the early 1990s [14,15], which allows to differentiate the mechanical properties of tissue by qualitative visual or quantitative measurements [16]. Over the last two decades this technique evolved into a real-time imaging of the distribution of tissue strain related to its elastic modulus. The most common technique of stress application is the strain (compression, real-time) ultrasound elastography [17]. The low-frequency compression on the soft tissue (e.g. breast, abdominal organs, muscle) is usually applied manually with a hand-held B-mode transducer. The resulting axial tissue displacement or strain provokes different echo sets before and after compression, which is visualised by different colours. Thus ultrasound elastography provides information on relative tissue stiffness compared with the adjacent and surrounding tissue within the image section. There is limited date available on the use of real-time elastography for skeletal muscle [18,19]. Niitsu et al. recently described in a feasibility study in healthy volunteers the potential measurement of muscle hardness calculating the "strain ratio" by the relative elasticity of the biceps muscle compared to that of the reference before and after exercise [18]. Whether this application can be used to determine compartment pressures in ACS has to be investigated.
Gershuni et al. determined the pressure-volume correlation of the tibial anterior compartment by ultrasound and demonstrated a volume increase of the compartment after exercise in the cross-section view [20]. Rajasekaran et al. demonstrated a significant increase in muscle compartment thickness in patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome compared with control subjects after exertion using ultrasound [21].
The described pressure-volume correlation of the muscle compartment implies a potential correlation of the pressure and the compartment elasticity. Aim of our study was to prove the feasibility of a pressure enhanced ultrasound measurement for non-invasive assessment of decreasing compartment elasticity whilst rising compartmental pressures. We therefore hypothesize that there is a measurable correlation between compartment pressure and its elastic behaviour, which may be transferable in a model of compartment syndromes aiming at early detection of increased or rising intra-compartmental pressures.
Materials and methods
The pressure sensitive transducer within the probe head determined the initiated manual low-frequency compression of the hand-held. Ultrasound images at 0 mmHg and at 100 mmHg probe pressure were taken. The thickness of the compartment (mm) corresponding the distance between the PVC-film and the bottom of the container was measured by using the ultrasound unit (Figure 2b). The difference between these two measures (Δd) was correlated to the pressure within the container. Filling up the water column, the pressure in the compartment increased. Measurements were obtained without locking the influent tube to allow elusion of the water into the column, simulating an elastic behaviour. The measurements were assessed stepwise at every 5 mmHg pressure increase. The results were figured in absolute and relative values.
The Pearson's coefficient was determined to calculate the correlation between the simulated intra-compartmental pressure (ICP) and ∆d. Additionally, the intra-observer reliability was tested with ten measurements at ICP of 15, 30 and 60 mmHg each of the same observer. Inter-observer reliability (inter-rater agreement) was evaluated with ten different physicians, of various experiences, using the device to measure ∆d at the above mentioned ICP's. They all were not involved into the study setup and construction to ensure the comparability of their results. The reliability was calculated using the Cohen coefficient (κ). Hereby, we excluded the inconclusive pressure measurement between 30 and 50 mmHg that imply re-evaluation. The probability level was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc, version 11.3 (MedCalc Software, Belgium).
Displacement of the compartment (∆d) in cases of physiological (≤30 mmHg) compared with pathological (≥50 mmHg) pressures (using the Wilcoxon test)
Interface motion within the compartment model (∆)
(≤30 mmHg vs. ≥ 50 mmHg)
≤30 mmHg
≥50 mmHg
mean values
mean values
Real motion [mm]
Rel. motion [%]
The invasive needle compartment pressure measurement remains the most valuable tool to assess and objectify elevated intra-compartmental pressures in uncertain cases. But its reliability, invasiveness, and interpretation of the thresholds have been discussed [22]. Hence, there is still a need for a reliable tool supporting the physician's manual observation. Objectifying his interpretation of the affected compartment elasticity and its changes over time and several assessments may improve clinical diagnostics as well as avoid delayed surgery.
There is a close pressure-volume correlation described in the cross-section view of muscle compartments [20] and a significant increase in muscle compartment thickness was demonstrated [21]. This pressure-volume correlation of the muscle compartment implies a close correlation between the pressure and the compartment elasticity. Thus, our hypothesis was that there is a potential measurable correlation between compartment pressure and its elastic behaviour. We therefore measured the elasticity of the compartment assessed by its strain behaviour. The applied manual standardized compression force caused a displacement (=strain), which was expressed by ∆d (mm).
Our results show that pressure changes within the model revealed a measurable change of compartment strain. The use of ultrasound was feasible to detect the whole compartmental displacements after pressure application of the observer with the hand-held probe. The ultrasound pressure probe provides reliable data when used repeatedly.
As far as we know, this is the first pressure related measurement with an ultrasound probe head to determine compartment pressure and its complete strain behaviour.
There are important limitations of this study. The visco-elastic behaviour of human muscle compartment was momentously simplified in our model. Using a water filled cavity in our model the compartment behaviour (compared with the human muscle compartment) is reduced to a homogeneous pressure behaviour. This assumption is limited and questionable, because the anisotropic muscle stiffness properties are inhomogeneous and change during muscle activity and posttraumatic swelling. The most important property addressed in this model is the fact that the compartment pressure rises whilst compressed by the observer.
Our in vitro model is an approximation of the human compartment size. The compartment volume was not changed, simulating inter-individual discrepancy. Furthermore, the plastic foil does not have the natural elasticity of the human fascia, but seems to imitate its physical behaviour at different compartment pressures. Our model is not capable to tell anything about the clinical accuracy or reliability. It is unclear whether other factors such as compartment diameter, muscle tone, and surrounding tissue composition (subcutis size, adjacent bone surface, interosseous membrane) may confound these measurements. These limitations reduce the significance of the results and have an important impact on the conclusion of the transferability to clinical use, but reveal a potential feasibility of this technique. In summary a human subject model is needed to be more appropriate. However, the main purpose of our investigation was to test the feasibility of a simple but potentially useful technique, which may have a clinical use after further improvements.
The evidence of an improved accuracy in measuring the compartment elasticity is difficult to achieve. However, the demanded clinical relevance can neither be proven by an in-vitro model nor by a cadaver model in human subjects, simulating rising compartmental pressures. They all approximate the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome. The clinical relevance has to be shown in a prospective clinical trial comparing the clinical signs, the values of the invasive and non-invasive measurements.
We know that increased tissue pressure usually equilibrates throughout a muscle compartment [22,23,24]. But localized areas of increased tissue pressure within a compartment also may cause irreversible damage to muscle [25]. This pressure peak on the fracture, or blunt injury, site should be examined by the physician. The model presented in this study intends to simulate one fundamental property of compartment pressure behaviour: the rising resistance of the compartment whilst compressed externally. Trapped by the tight fascia the muscle compartment becomes a supposed homogeneous tube with rising pressures. Validating the soft-tissue and muscle firmness is one of the most important clinical finding when assessing the extremities in patients at risk of imminent or acute compartment syndrome [13,26,27]. These findings used to be related to the elasticity of the whole compartment. The compartment firmness is a direct manifestation of increased ICP and is probably the earliest objective sign of a compartment syndrome [5]. Thus, this should be recognised as an early parameter when changes in compartment elasticity occur. Assessing the elasticity (Young´s Modulus) of muscle tissue itself is challenging because of its anisotropic visco-elastic behaviour influenced by its pretension [28]. Therefore diagnostics of muscle elasticity by strain elastography [14] is a limited device to assess musculature and its pressure condition. But in cases of raised compartment pressures the elasticity of the whole compartment itself shows a clear correlation towards the compartmental pressures [20].
In literature there are innovative, non-invasive techniques proposed, aiming at improved assessment of soft-tissue concerning diagnose of an ACS. Either the blood perfusion of the musculature [10] or the intra-compartmental pressure [11,12] is in focus of these diagnostic devices. Their limitations vary in reliability, accuracy and feasibility.
However, there is still a need for optimizing the diagnostics of soft-tissue elasticity, especially in uncertain cases of imminent compartment syndromes [29]. Our hypothesis was confirmed by the results and showed, that a correlation took place between the simulated compartmental pressures and the measured changes of the compartment depth before and after the external manual compression. This behaviour reveals a possible use in non-invasive compartment monitoring.
We investigated the relation between rising pressure changes of a liquid filled compartment and the decrease of elasticity detected by reduced displacement of the compartment diameter by ultrasound. This feasibility study demonstrates a possible correlation between the compartmental pressure and the displacement provoked by external compression. Despite the simplified in-vitro conditions, this technique may be transferable in a model of acute compartment syndrome aiming at early detection of increased compartmental pressures. However, "pressure related ultrasound" of the human muscle compartments may help to identify and to monitor patients "at risk" of potential compartment syndrome.
Authors' Affiliations
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text: LINGUIST List: Vol-12-2100. Fri Aug 24 2001. ISSN: 1068-4875. Subject: 12.2100, Review: Pountain, History of Spanish thru Texts Moderators: Anthony Aristar, Wayne State U.<aristar at linguistlist.org> Helen Dry, Eastern Michigan U. <hdry at linguistlist.org> Andrew Carnie, U. of Arizona <carnie at linguistlist.org> Reviews (reviews at linguistlist.org): Simin Karimi, U. of Arizona Terence Langendoen, U. of Arizona Editors (linguist at linguistlist.org): Karen Milligan, WSU Naomi Ogasawara, EMU Lydia Grebenyova, EMU Jody Huellmantel, WSU James Yuells, WSU Michael Appleby, EMU Marie Klopfenstein, WSU Ljuba Veselinova, Stockholm U. Heather Taylor-Loring, EMU Dina Kapetangianni, EMU Software: John Remmers, E. Michigan U. <remmers at emunix.emich.edu> Gayathri Sriram, E. Michigan U. <gayatri at linguistlist.org> Home Page: http://linguistlist.org/ The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University, Wayne State University, and donations from subscribers and publishers. Editor for this issue: Terence Langendoen <terry at linguistlist.org> ========================================================================== What follows is another discussion note contributed to our Book Discussion Forum. We expect these discussions to be informal and interactive; and the author of the book discussed is cordially invited to join in. If you are interested in leading a book discussion, look for books announced on LINGUIST as "available for discussion." (This means that the publisher has sent us a review copy.) Then contact Simin Karimi at simin at linguistlist.org or Terry Langendoen at terry at linguistlist.org. =================================Directory================================= 1) Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:12:36 -0400 From: D. Eric Holt <DEHolt01 at gwm.sc.edu> Subject: Pountain, A History of the Spanish Language Through Texts -------------------------------- Message 1 ------------------------------- Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:12:36 -0400 From: D. Eric Holt <DEHolt01 at gwm.sc.edu> Subject: Pountain, A History of the Spanish Language Through Texts Christopher J. Pountain (2001) A History of the Spanish Language Through Texts. Routledge, hardback ISBN 0-415-18061-9, xviii+341pp. D. Eric Holt, University of South Carolina, Department of Spanish, Italian & Portuguese, and Linguistics Program DESCRIPTION OF BOOK'S PURPOSE AND CONTENTS: A History of the Spanish Language through Texts (henceforth 'HSLT') is an exceptional book that deserves an easily accessible place on the bookshelves of researchers, instructors and students of the history of the Spanish language. As stated in ch. 1 Preliminaries, HSLT reverses the traditional approach to presenting historical changes and texts; of course, "making the study of individual texts a starting point for the history of the language does not lend itself to a comprehensive and systematic account of phonological and morphological change...and it cannot be guaranteed, even with careful choice of texts, that all phonetic changes will be illustrated, and quite unrealistic that to assume that even a representative selection of morphological forms will emerge." To address this important issue, Pountain (henceforth 'P') describes in some detail many significant formal features of the history of Spanish in the section on Keypoints (pp. 262-297). The justification for an approach to Spanish linguistic history through its texts lies in part with the wealth of textual records both in the parent language (Latin) and in its Romance descendants available to the researcher (Malkiel 1974). Accordingly, the interpretation of texts provides a rich source of data, and allows for the study of the social, cultural and historical matrix in which the language is embedded; further, it allows us a fuller view of vocabulary in context, as well as of syntax; finally, we may also more adequately address issues of register and style, often neglected in more formal accounts (p. 2). A concise and apt description of the book also appears on the back cover: "[HSLT] examines the evolution of the Spanish language from the Middle Ages to the present day. Including chapters on Latin American Spanish, US Spanish, Judeo-Spanish, and Creoles, the book looks at the spread of Castilian as well as at linguistically interesting non- standard developments. Pountain explores a wide range of texts from poetry, through newspaper articles and political documents, to a Buñuel film script and a love letter. [HSLT] presents the formal history of the language and its texts in a fresh and original way. The book has user- friendly features such as a series of keypoints and a careful indexing and cross-referencing system. It can be used as a freestanding history of the language independently of the illustrative texts themselves." This book quite naturally complements works such as the CD- ROM project of ADMYTE (1992) and Kasten, Nitti and Jonxis- Henkemans (1997). Other valuable text-based works one might wish to consult in conjunction with HSLT are Fradejas Rueda (1998) and Sampson (1980); both of which present texts and offer philological commentary of them, with the former dealing in large part with issues of manuscript transmission. This most excellent work comprises the following contents: List of illustrations (Plate I MS Aemilianensis f.72r (Text 2); Plate 2 Genizah T-S 1115.46 (containing one of the Hebrew versions of Text 5a); Plate 3 Tragicomedia de Calixto e Melibea, Burgos: Fadrique de Basilea, 1499, f.4v (Text 15); Plate 4 Santa Teresa: Letter to Padre García de Toledo (Text 21)) List of maps (Map 1 The northern Iberian Peninsula, 10th-12th centuries; Map 2 The progress of the Reconquest; Map 3 Some linguistic features of Latin America (expansion of a suggestions by Zamora Munné and Guitart 1982); Map 4 The location of Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippines) Transliteration and other notational conventions (Arabic transcription; Phonetic symbols [IPA, so not listed or described; deh]; Latin; Other symbols) List of abbreviations Acknowledgements The main text itself comprises the following chapters: I Preliminaries (includes discussion of the selection and assessment of the texts, and of the somewhat problematical issue of the 'Spanish language') II Latin and Romance (includes discussion of texts and the history of the Romance languages, and a letter from the Visigothic period (7th c.)) III Early Romance (From the Glosses of San Millán de la Cogolla (mid-10th c.), The Valpuesta document (1011), From the Auto de los Reyes Magos, 12th c.) IV Al-Andaluz (A Muwa**ah of Abu Bakr Yahya Baqi (died 1145), and other jarchas, poems and stories) V Early literature in Castilian: dialect diversity and mixture (selections from Cantar de mio Cid (late 12th c.), Los milagros de nuestra señora (Gonzalo de Berceo, 13th c.), and the Libro de Alexandre (13th c.)) VI The Castilian norm (selections from Primera crónica general (Alfonso X, el Sabio, late 13th c.) and El Conde Lucanor (Don Juan Manuel, 1335)) VII Prose documents in Castilian from the fifteenth century (selection from the Memoirs of Doña Leonor López de Córdoba (early 15th c.); from the Arcipreste de Talavera o Corbacho (Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, mid-15th c.); an aljamiado document (that is, a Spanish text written in Arabic script; late 14th-early 15th c.); and a selection from La Celestina (Fernando de Rojas, 1499)) VIII The Golden Age: linguistic self-awareness (selection from the first grammar of Castilian, the Gramática de la lengua castellana (Antonio de Nebrija, 1492); on the 'best' Spanish, in Diálogo de la lengua (Juan de Valdés, 1535); on the etiquette of address, in Arte de la lengua española castellana (Gonzalo de Correas, 1625)) IX (typographical error as XI) The Golden Age (a model for Castilian prose, from El cortesano (Juan de Boscán, 1534); selection from Eufemia (Lope de Rueda, mid-16th c.); letter to Padre García de Toledo from Santa Teresa (1562); selection from El Buscón (Francisco de Quevedo, 1626)) X The Enlightenment (a policy for linguistic standardization, from the Diccionario de autoridades (Real Academia Española, 1726)) XI Modern Peninsular Spanish (literary renditions and authentic samples of spoken and journalistic Spanish: Escenas matritenses (Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, 1837); the speech of a Madrid housewife (1979); newspaper report of visit to Spain of King Hassan of Morroco (1989); selection of Andalusian maid bemoaning her lot (Gazpacho andaluz, Carlos Arniches, 1902)) XII Latin America (including a brief general introduction to Andalusian features in Latin American Spanish. Texts include a love letter from Mexico (1689); selection on the guacho from Martín Fierro (José Hernández, Argentina, 1872); Montaña adentro (Marta Brunet, Chile, 1923); on the streets of Mexico City from Los olvidados (Luis Buñuel, Mexico, 1951)) XIII US Spanish (a helpful daughter (20th c.); the Spanish of US teenagers (late 20th c.)) XIV Judeo-Spanish (text from pre-war Macedonia, early 20th c.); Judeo-Spanish as a worldwide language (Aki Yerushalayim, late 20th c.)) XV Caló (the Apostles' Creed in The Zincali (George Borrow, 1843; literary rendition from El ruedo ibérico: Viva mi dueño (Ramón del Valle-Inclán, 1928)) XVI The African connection (rendition of two negros praising the Virgin (Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 1676); the Spanish of Equatorial Guinea (late 20th c.)) XVII Creoles and contact vernaculars (story about going to market in Papiamento (early 20th c.); a Filipina's dream in Ermitaño, a Spanish contact vernacular of the Philippines, 1917)) Keypoints (262-297; 36 such entries, which when appropriate refer to related Keypoints: adverbs; the 'b/v' merger; the case-system of Latin; clitic pronoun position; conditional sentences; consonant groups; the definite article; demonstratives; the f>h change; final -e; future and conditional; future stems; the future subjunctive; gender; the imperfect endings in Old Castilian; learned and popular, semilearned and semipopular; lenition; 'mismo'; monosyllabic verb forms; palatalization; the passive; the perfect; periphrastic verb forms; 'personal' 'a'; personal pronouns; the pluperfect of Old Castilian; 'por' and 'para'; possessives; preterite stems; the reflexive; relatives; 'ser' and 'estar'; the sibilants of Old Castilian; stress; vocabulary - changes in meaning; vowels) Glossary of linguistic terms (includes references to Keypoints) Bibliography (with starred entries indicating that the text is a standard reference and is recommended as a basic reading list for students of the subject) Index of topics (excluding Keypoints, but one wonders why) Index of words (Arabic, Basque, Catalan, Dutch, English, French, Gascon, Germanic, Greek, Italian, Judeo-Spanish, Latin, Mozarabic, Nahuatl, Occitan, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish (including caló, bozal and creole forms - but one wonders why these are listed under separate (sub)entries)), Tagalog, Turkish and Welsh) CRITICAL EVALUATION: As stated above, this is a wonderful book that collects many significant documents in Spanish (linguistic) history, and treats them in a systematic and thorough manner. Each text is given a general introduction and commentary, followed by suggestions for further reading. The text itself comes next, then its English translation, and then detailed comments on various features of the text (with references to the line number), divided into sections on 'phonetics and phonology', 'morphology and syntax' and 'vocabulary', all with appropriate references to the book's Keypoints section and to specific commentaries of other texts. While it may seem odd to collect the structural linguistic explanations/observations at the end of the book, and to list them in alphabetical rather than chronological or modular ('phonetics', 'syntax', etc.) order, this is a shrewd move by the author, as P refers to these points in the discussion of several texts, and unnecessary repetition is thus avoided. However, there is no list of these at any point in the book, either as part of the table of contents, or as a separate list (as of Maps and Illustrations), or as separate index altogether; this is an unfortunate omission in my view. One particular strength that I would like to point out is the author's robust attention to vocabulary development, and to the rich variety of terms that often characterize many lexical/semantic fields in Spanish. For instance, on p. 90, the author comments on the word 'amparar' (to shelter), and offers a good discussion of additional words used in the same semantic field; likewise for equivalents of 'to find' (on pp. 95-6), 'annoyed' (p. 103), 'language' (pp. 138-9), and numerous others. Semantic shifts are also treated at various points. e.g., 'jaw/cheek/mouth' (p. 51), 'swelling/ankle/heel/kick' (p. 108) and 'here/there' (p. 151). These are wonderful and fascinating sections that I've come to expect and treasure from P. (See also Pountain and Batchelor 1992, reviewed in Holt and Catalán 1995.) Another strength is the inclusion of texts of spoken Spanish, access to which has been greatly increased by the compilation and availability of literal transcripts (in addition to literary renditions). Such texts allow for excellent commentary on what must have happened in other stages of linguistic divergence (p. 179). Examples of phenomena evident in the spoken register are the dropping of prepositions and of the complementizer 'que', and of the use of 'que' as a causal conjunction. Likewise, inclusion of journalistic language offers insights into a speech variety that aims for concision and to catch the reader's attention (p. 183). A few comments about chapter XIV (Judeo-Spanish): while P gives original spelling for other texts that appear in another script (e.g., the Arabic and Hebrew passages of chapter IV, which are wonderful elements of the book), for some reason no such original is given for the Macedonian source of Text 33. A useful addition here would be a text in 'solitreo', the use of Hebrew script for the representation of Judeo-Spanish. P alludes to Internet resources for Judeo-Spanish, though none are cited. A websearch of the term pulls up some interesting sites, some of which are listed in the references to this review. Likewise, a recent work that treats the issue of the Spanish spoken by the Jews prior to their final expulsion in 1492 is Miller (2001). With regard to the translations of the texts, the reader receives a synthetic and connected understanding of their contents, for most texts, an additional interlinear (or side-by-side) translation would be extremely helpful, and would allow for easier word-by-word (or at least clause-by- clause) comparison and study. As laid out, locating certain points commented on in the discussion is at times quite difficult. (On the other hand, a side-by-side Standard Spanish version of Text 37 (Two negros praise the Virgin) is included, as well as an equivalent of Text 39 (Papiamento), both very much appreciated.) Another minor omission, in my view, is that the symbol for long or tall 's' (also known as 's' longa, which looks somewhat like a rightward-facing tomahawk), though appearing in Text 2 (p. 22) is not explicitly mentioned until fn. 5 on p. 60, but is not explained until fn. 9 on p. 66. A better location for such mention of it would seem to me to be in pp. xiii-xv, where symbol conventions are indicated, as well as in the discussion of Text 2. Given that this is simply an allograph of curved ('plain') 's', it is also somewhat surprising that P didn't regularize all cases of 's' in the presentation/transliteration of the texts, since no special commentary is given them. Other editorial oversights: p. viii, the chapter on the Golden Age is listed as XI, though it's actually IX; in point 10.2.12 (p. 89) reference to the keypoints for 'adverbs' and 'clitic pronoun position' are given as (p. 000); the correct references are to p. 262 and p. 264, respectively; likewise for point 30.3.1 (p. 208), the reference to keypoint 'gender' should be to p. 275. Given that the Keypoints section is presented alphabetically, however, the reader may easily find the reference. For point 27.1.9 (p. 189), the reference to the line in the text where 'mu' (for 'muy') is omitted, and should read (l.9). p. 11, typographical error: P refers to a hypothetical Latin source for Spanish 'moler' (to grind), given as ?MOLERE, with short /E/, rather than attested long /E:/ (which P cites directly above). Other minor points: In the discussion of the Enlightenment and the dictionaries and grammars published by the Real Academia Española, P states that Alarcos Llorach (1994) is its most recent grammar. However, Bosque and Demonte were the directors of the 1999 Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española, issued by the RAE. I also wonder about some of the words not singled out for commentary in some of the texts. For instance, while many foreign borrowings are noted in the discussion of various texts, French 'somier' (bed frame, l.20, p. 190) has no point dedicated to it, and is glossed as 'mattress' in the English translation. Likewise, while in the discussion of the Ermitaño contact variety of Spanish (p. 261), P states that the words 'sípit' and 'alimásag' have the 'same form in Tagalog', but no gloss is given there, and the lack of word-by-word or interlinear translations makes it quite difficult for the reader to determine what these words mean. ('Crab's pincers'.) I also question some of the choices made regarding the indexing. For instance, neither 'aljamiado', 'bozal', 'caló', 'germanía' nor 'jerigonza' is listed in the Index of topics or in the Glossary of linguistic terms. A related point is that in the Index of words, the entry for Spanish (p. 329) says "Spanish (including caló, bozal and creole forms)". Why couldn't these have been separated? The reader has no immediate way of knowing which of the words comes from which variety, which is unfortunate. Likewise, though the creole variety Palenquero is mentioned in passing on p. 249, there is no entry for it in any of the indices, nor any text or reference to works that treat this interesting contact variety. The reader might hope that future editions of this book would include further references and even texts from other marginal varieties such as Palenquero (Colombia), Lunfardo (Argentina) Media Lengua (Ecuador) and Chabacano (Philippines; however, Ermitaño, another Spanish contact variety spoken there, is treated, though certain striking phonetic characteristics, such as frequent use of open E, O and the pronunciation of fricative [d] after nasal consonants, is lacking.). (See Lipski 1994 for discussion and many references to studies of these varieties.) Three other minor quibbles: for the keypoint 'future stems' (pp. 274-5), P could also note more explicitly that the same explanation of these 'irregular' forms applies equally to the 'irregular' conditional tense forms as well. Likewise, the explanation for the starred entries in the Bibliography (indicating that the text is a standard reference and is recommended as a basic reading list for students of the subject, a very helpful note), is given on p. xviii, in the Acknowledgments section, obscure to say the least. Finally, while the Illustrations and Maps included are certainly valuable, one might wish for additional ones, and in color, of illustrations/facsimiles of the manuscripts and other supporting materials, where possible. In sum, this is an excellent book that should prove invaluable to researchers of Spanish (not withstanding the points mentioned above), as well as serving as an extremely useful and comprehensive text for courses in the history of the Spanish language. BIBLIOGRAPHY: n.a. 1992. ADMYTE: Archivo digital de manuscritos y textos espaónoles. Madrid: Micronet. Bosque, Ignacio and Violeta Demonte, eds. 1999. Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. Real Academia Española, Colección Nebrija y Bello. 3 vols. Madrid: Espasa. Fradejas Rueda, José Manuel. 1998. Prácticas de historia de la lengua española. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. 2nd ed. Lipski, John M. 1994. Latin American Spanish. London and New York: Longman Linguistic Library. Pountain, C.J. and R.E. Batchelor. 1992. Using Spanish: A Guide to Contemporary Usage. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. [Reviewed by D. Eric Holt and Norma G. Catalán, The Georgetown Journal of Linguistics 3.286-9 (1995).] Kasten, Lloyd, John Nitti, and Wilhelmina Jonxis-Henkemans. 1997. The Electronic Texts and Concordances of the Prose Works of Alfonso X, El Sabio. Madison: The Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies. Miller, Elaine R. 2001. Jewish Multiglossia: Hebrew, Arabic, and Castilian in Medieval Spain. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs. Sampson, Rodney. 1980. Early Romance texts: an anthology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. INTERNET SOURCES/RESOURCES: Instituto Sefardi Europeo: http://www.sefarad.org/ Shalom. The weekly magazine from the Turkish Jewish Community: http://www.salom.com.tr/. In Turkish and Judeo- Spanish. History and Dialectology of Spanish (Judeo-Spanish Links): http://www.cla.sc.edu/SIP/Faculty/holt/Historyofspanishlinks.html#Judeo-Spanish BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH: D. Eric Holt teaches courses and conducts research in Hispanic linguistics, phonological theory and historical linguistics at the University of South Carolina. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- If you buy this book please tell the publisher or author that you saw it reviewed on the LINGUIST list. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-12-2100


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Software glitch derails delivery of new Metro-North cars
The promised December debut of the new New Haven Line M-8 rail cars has been pushed back to February, as Kawasaki Rail Corp. works out software glitches that caused the cars to disrupt railway signal systems in recent tests, officials said Tuesday.
Metro-North Railroad President Howard Permut and state Department of Transportation Commissioner Jeffrey Parker said the problem appeared in November during test runs and involves electromagnetic interference from the cars' propulsion system throwing off track-side signal equipment.
That problem should be solved in a week, allowing Kawasaki three to four weeks of simulated passenger runs along the New Haven line, during which the first eight pilot cars must log a minimum of 4,000 track miles without a failure. Parker said the DOT and Gov. M Jodi Rell expected to resolve any issues and make the announced debut that Rell and he in November promised during a news conference and inaugural ride for members of the press.
"At that time, we had every expectation of being able to make that debut," Parker said. "I assure you, the governor is very disappointed." Kawasaki, the manufacturer of the cars, has already fixed a separate problem involving the cab signalling system which informs engineers when to safely depart and maximum speeds allowable, which also contributed to the delay.
Permut and Parker both said it was preferable to push back the start date than rush an effort to address problems central to safety and reliability of the 342-car fleet, an $866 million investment by Connecticut and Metro-North Railroad.
"This is a critical procurement for the New Haven line," Permut said. "These are the most complicated railcars in North America, the only cars that run on both AC and DC current ... It is a very complicated car but we think it will be an excellent performer." The DOT initially planned to have the cars delivered, tested, and in service by early 2010 but a range of delays pushed back the debut more than a year.
During 2008, the anticipated production of the cars was stalled when Kawasaki Rail Corp. was unable to obtain the type of agreed-upon steel to build the equipment.
In late 2009, a delay in installing diagnostic software aboard the first cars delivered, halted the start of a battery of tests of mechanical and computer components controlling propulsion, braking, lights, rest rooms, and door systems on the cars.
In early 2010, former DOT Commissioner Joseph Marie predicted that delay could be made up, enabling a late-year debut.
Rich Harris, a Rell spokesman, said the outgoing governor, who ordered the cars in 2005, had hoped to be in office to see the cars in public service.
"This is something she had worked toward for a very long time and was very hopeful that they would be ready to go this month," Harris said. "But it is obviously important that the cars be as safe as they possibly can be to serve Connecticut commuters." Colleen Flanagan, transit director for Gov.-elect Dannel Malloy said his administration would address possibly delaying the next of an annual series of legislatively enacted percent rail fare hikes if delays in introducing the cars persist.
Tim McCarthy, senior vice president of Metropolitan Transportation Authority capital programs, said any significant failure during the upcoming test runs would require Kawasaki to revamp any faults and begin the 4,000 mile test again.
After the first eight cars meet that standard, subsequent cars arriving from Kawasaki factories in Kobe, Japan and Lincoln, Neb., would need to operate for 1,000 track miles error free before taking on paying customers.
"Kawasaki would be responsible for the costs of any additional testing and also has contractual obligations to deliver the cars," McCarthy said.
On Tuesday afternoon at Grand Central Terminal, passengers waiting to board the 5:03 p.m. local train to Stamford and Fairfield said they could accept an additional delay to fine-tune the cars but complained of dirty rest rooms, heating and air conditioning breakdowns, and scarce seating on the M-2 cars.
Howell Lunn, a 31-year-old equity trader who lives in Fairfield said finding a seat aboard Connecticut's M-2 trains was a constant scramble.
"By the time this train leaves, every seat will be taken and you'll have six people standing in the vestibules," Lunn said. "I'm wondering what the new cars will do, because from what I know they have fewer seats." Drew Brotherton, a 32-year-old Fairfield man, said power outages aboard a packed train car on summer afternoons happened periodically and were unpleasant.
Brotherton said he would not want to pay a fare increase until new cars arrive.
"I haven't dealt so much with a cold car but a hot car with 50 people on it and no windows is terrible," Brotherton said.
Lael Shapiro, a 30-year-old Stamford resident, said that working out safety and reliability problems with the cars is preferable if it would curtail glitches before they went into service.
"You've really got to get that right," Shapiro said. "But I've had some real problems with the bathrooms."


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April 2018 News
BJP Sacrificed Two Jammu Ministers To Support Hegemony Of Kashmir: Jammu Bar President17 April 2018
The Wire
Jammu: Lawyers in the Jammu region, led by the president of the Jammu Bar Association, Bhupinder Singh Salathia, came out on the streets to try and physically prevent the crime branch of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) Police from filing a chargesheet on the brutal rape and murder of an eight-year-old girl. They shouted slogans, burnt tyres and, armed with sticks, brought Jammu to a halt during a bandh (shutdown) protesting alleged targeting of Dogras. Threats were issued about picking up AK-47 guns if their demands were not met. Their core demand was that investigation into the Kathua case should be transferred from the state police to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) because, according to them, the police's investigation would be unduly 'influenced' by officers from the Kashmir valley. This just indicates the mistrust and growing polarisation between Jammu and Kashmir - Salathia feels that Jammu is being 'betrayed.' He also has strong words for the BJP and the national media. As visitors and clients came and went, The Wire met Salathia at his office inside his home in a posh locality of Jammu. He appeared unruffled by the negative press that he has received over the last few days. He spoke about the reasons behind the demand for a CBI probe, the trust deficit between Jammu and Kashmir and sacking by the BJP of two of its state ministers. Excerpts from the interview: What is your stand on the brutal gangrape and murder of the eight-year-old in Kathua? It was a heinous crime. We want justice for the girl. Desh ki amanat thi wo (She belonged to the country). There should be no compromise on meting out punishment to those who are responsible for the crime. At the same time, innocents should not be punished. Is it your opinion that the crime branch of the Jammu and Kashmir Police has named innocents as the accused? Look, from the beginning, people in that area have been protesting against unfair investigation by the police. They have been organising protests. They have blocked roads and sat on dharnas. The police has also lathi charged them. All we want is a fair probe and the guilty to be punished. What are the reasons for your demand for a CBI probe in this case? Mehbooba Mufti has herself demanded a CBI probe in many incidents that occurred in Kashmir. What is the problem if we are asking for it? So, you are demanding a CBI probe into the Kathua incident because Mehbooba Mufti has demanded CBI probes in certain incidents in the Kashmir valley? No. That is not all. The families in Kathua and Hiranagar have been demanding a CBI probe for a very long time. They have been complaining that they are being harassed by the police. And, if you look at how everything has played out, you will understand yourself. Even before the investigation had begun, Mehbooba Mufti declared that this is a case of rape and murder. She is also the home minister. And when she has already declared what this case is about, what do you expect the police to do? So, you are saying that Mehbooba Mufti has influenced the police's investigation? It is obvious that there is pressure. It is only natural when the chief minister has already announced what the crime is all about. How can the police be expected to deviate from that? Then, if you look closely, on February 9, the girl's biological father filed a writ petition in court saying that he does not trust the investigation by the police. So, if you look at it in totality, there are a lot of suspicions about the police investigation - the victim's family wasn't satisfied, the families of the accused weren't satisfied, and you have Mehboobaji declaring before the investigation began that it is a case of rape and murder. Doesn't it seem proper that a CBI investigation should be carried out in this matter? Are we supporting rapists if we are asking for a CBI probe? We are only asking for a fair investigation. You have also said that you do not have faith in the crime branch investigation as officers from Kashmir who don't have a 'good track record' are involved. What did you mean by that? It is there for everyone to see. I do not want to comment on it as the matter is now in the court and let the court decide. But, the families of the accused have been saying that they have been wrongly implicated. They have been targeted. But now, we will fight it out in court. But why would lawyers try to prevent the crime branch from filing the chargesheet in court? We did not. That was the lawyers in Kathua. The media has portrayed it wrongly. I haven't even gone to Kathua since this incident happened. And I have spoken to lawyers in Kathua - they say that they were only demanding the transfer of investigation to the CBI. Let us assume, that the lawyers in Kathua did actually try and prevent the crime branch from filing the chargesheet. Would you stand by them? No, it is not good to obstruct the work of officers of the law. But since I wasn't there, I can't say what exactly happened. They told us that they did not stop the crime branch. And the crime branch did file the chargesheet. When the crime branch had filed the chargesheet, the matter became sub judice. Why then did you call for a Jammu bandh on April 11 demanding a CBI probe? If you felt the police had not done a thorough investigation, you could have pointed that out in court, as lawyers. The Bar called for a meeting of civil society groups on April 7 and it was decided that we will call for a bandh on April 11 on four issues - demanding a CBI probe into the Kathua incident, expulsion of Rohingyas from Jammu, withdrawal of notice regularising illegal encroachment and declaration of Nowshera as a separate district. One day before our bandh, the chargesheet was filed. Once that was done, we no longer asked for a CBI probe because now it was up to the courts to decide. But, according to reports, even on April 11 you demanded a CBI probe into the Kathua incident. That is false. This is a conspiracy of the national media to show us in bad light. And they have succeeded. This has been a trial by the media. They have pronounced us guilty without even listening to us. They call us on their shows, but do not allow us to speak. Civility of discussion demands that you at least listen to what the other person has to say. Our voice hasn't been heard. Deepika Singh Rajawat, the lawyer for the victim's family, has accused you of trying to threaten her demanding that she drop the case. She has alleged that you told her that you have the means to stop her. She is lying. This is all a part of a conspiracy. I never threatened her. Neither did I stop her from appearing in court. In fact, I have evidence to prove that she did appear in court on both April 9 and April 11. She is only trying to create a hype around herself and around this case by saying things which are not true. All her statements in relation to this case are fabrications. She is being tutored by someone to do all this. She feels that she can become a celebrity by using this opportunity. But all her allegations are false. The day before, at a civil society meeting you said that Jammu is now in a battle against Delhi. Please elaborate. See, Delhi doesn't support Jammu. We have been betrayed in this case. After the media portrayed the issue in a certain matter, we were left on our own. The media has created a narrative that all of us are pro-rapists, that we are supporting the accused. And Delhi has pushed this narrative. Is demanding a CBI probe the same as supporting the accused? Is it ground enough to malign an entire region of being communal and being pro-rapists? The BJP has ministers in the J&K government from the Jammu region. They have 25 MLAs from this region. If the people of this region are protesting and demanding something, they should come to their aid. They are a national party. They should at least come and talk to them. But they have shrugged off their responsibility. They have sacked the two ministers who were making the right demands. Those ministers had gone to Kathua and openly supported the accused and also made inflammatory comments. They are representatives from that region. Why shouldn't they go to their constituencies? When a militant dies in Kashmir, Mehboobaji also goes to visit. What is wrong with that? So, the ministers did nothing wrong? No. They were saying the right thing. They were demanding a CBI probe. BJP ne unko halaal kiya hai (BJP has sacrificed them). They have done this to continue in power. They noticed the media backlash and turned their backs on these two ministers. Ram Madhav came and sacrificed these two ministers on directions from Kashmir. They have bowed down to the wishes of the Kashmiris, of the PDP. The day before also you spoke about a trust deficit between Jammu and the Valley. Mufti sahab tried to bring the two regions together. But the experiment has failed. There is a lot of resentment in the Jammu region against the Valley. All the representation of the state comes from Kashmir. Jammu is totally neglected. There is no attempt to accommodate our aspirations and our demands. The entire discourse is about Kashmir and Kashmir alone. Kashmiriyon ne apni bat chalayi hai aur humari kisi ne suni nahi (The Kashmiris have always had it their way, and nobody has heard us out). Delhi has sacrificed Jammu to support the hegemony of Kashmir. If people in sitting Delhi were truly nationalist, they would not have maligned us, the true nationalists, the way that they have.


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DIY Fat Burners You Don't Want to Ignore
Some individuals only have a few pounds they want to take off, while others really need some fat burners to get rid of that extra poundage. We all know that when it comes to losing weight it means burning the fat, otherwise we are unsuccessful. There is no shortage of diets, programs, supplements and many other types of resources to help you reach your weight loss goals.
What it really comes down to though, is "do it yourself". The resources are only as good as the operators. In other words if you aren't using the resources right then no matter how good they are, you are not going to get the ultimate results.
Something else to remember as well is, you are unique, your body is unique, so therefor the fat you are being plagued with is unique. So it makes sense that what may work for one when it comes to fat burners may not be as effective as it is for someone else. So we need to change the wording maybe just a little bit to "Do it FOR yourself.
Let's start at the beginning and look at what fat is and what really makes it.
if you look at "fat" as a noun it means….
- Thinner people have more brown fat then then those that are over weight.
- It is also indicated that when brown fat is stimulated it will burn calories.
- It is known that child have more brown fat compared to adults, and it helps the kids to stay warm.
- There are suggestions that brown fat is more active in the colder months.
- Brown fat is believed to burn white fat.
- White fat cells greatly outnumber the brown fat cells
- These indicators have led some to believe that if a way can be found to stimulate and increase the brown fat in an over weight individual then it might help them to lose weight. There has also been the proposal that sleeping in a cooler room with make the brown fat burn more calories.
- We possess a lot more white fat compared to brown
- .The job of white fat is to provide us with energy.
- White fat also produces hormones that gets picked up by the bloodstream.
- The fat that is measured with calipers from your exercise coach and provides the measuring stick for your total body fat.
- You probably notice it on your thighs and buttocks. However, some experts say this type of fat may not be as detrimental to your health as deeper fat like visceral fat is. They are not taking into account however how important it is to you in respect to your appearance.
- Belly subcutaneous fat cells are believed to be far more dangerous health wise now.
- This is deep fat that wraps around your organs.
- Those with large waists and bellies are dealing with visceral fat.
So there you have a break down as to the type of fats you may be dealing with, so the big question is which fat are you targeting, and are the targeting methods the same for each type of fat?
What fat are you targeting?


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This section contains miscellaneous millwork projects. You provide an original sample, a sketch or architectural drawings and Weston Millwork Company can replicate it for you.
Weston Millwork Company copied two sizes of corbels from the originals. The large corbels are made from 12/4 and 6/4 sugar pine and assembled with Tremont cut nails. As seen in the photo above, small brackets with original 1870s master.


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Five months after starting the popular #HollywoodAssistants blog, Berkeley grad Lauren Bachelis sold a TV comedy to CBS inspired by her industry parody Tumblr.
Bachelis launched the humorous blog in May while working as an assistant at Creative Artists Agency ( CAA) before leaving for a job as assistant to "New Girl" creator/executive producer Liz Meriweather.
And now, just a few months later, Fred Savage—who has a production deal at CBS—will direct and executive produce the story of Bachelis paying her post-college dues at a top Hollywood agency.
"Bachelis will write and serve as supervising producer on the project, titled 20-Nothings, which revolves around five over-educated 20-nothings living in Los Angeles who do whatever it takes to achieve their Hollywood dreams," reports Deadline.
But this isn't the first time CBS has plucked a show idea from a popular blog or Twitter feed. In 2010, the network tried, and failed, with the short lived "$#*! My Dad Says," featuring William Shatner.
From there, the network announced a new series based off of another Twitter feed: "Shh ... Don't Tell Steve" (@shhdonttellsteve); however, decided to pass on it in March 2011.
To get a feel of what the comedy may encompass, we turn to Tumblr blog #hollywoodassistants:


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Donna Karan Spring/Summer 2013 RTW " New York Fashion Week
After demonstrating an edgier, bolder and sportier contemporary line, DKNY, Donna Karan decided to present a romantic Donna at New York Fashion Week with the Donna Karan spring/summer 2013 collection, titled "Sunrise, Sunset'. While the first line was inspired by the daily hustle and bustle of her hometown and the working NY girls, for the Donna Karan spring collection, the designer managed to evoke the serenity of NYC " the calm mornings and romantic sunsets. The result was a range of breathtaking, absolutely gorgeous dresses and mesmerizing colors color-dyed to feign nature.
"Inspired by the awe of coming into the city, light reflected on building and glass. The atmosphere of a shifting, dappling sun and sky. The bigger than life elements of the beach"water, sand rocks, the volumen of clouds'Äö√Ñ√∂'àö√묨'àÇ a collection to reflect a woman's sensual nature with urban modernity and ease.' This is the way Karan herself describes her line and there couldn't have been a better way to express the mood of the collection.
Karan set the tone of the collection with the very first separates presented that came in muted hues. There were several folded jackets over full skirts, jersey dresses and jackets that opened the show in an elegant manner. As the show started to develop, Karan demonstrated a play on volume through constructions. A delicate transparent dress literally flew down from a stricter bra-like jersey top. Dresses were perfectly structured and came in a beach-y palette, consisting of grey, sea blue and sandy beige tones.
For evening, the Donna Karan spring/summer 2013 collection showed a number of stunning pieces, such as a sea-form embroidered and sequined gown or a sleeveless black gown with abstract prints in a sandy tone. The models walked down the runway wearing messy high ponytails with the ends tucked in, while the makeup was kind of other-worldly with fuchsia rimmed eyes and eyelashes painted in hot pink. That was the effect of sunrise and sunset!
Photos courtesy of Stylebistro


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"The physical symptoms can only make you sick or dead. But isolation makes you miserable every hour of your day. It never ends." -- Pat's own words
Wednesday, May 18, 2016
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The newest research about living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS)/fibromyalgia, with personal observations (the most pertinent parts of long articles will be highlighted for the reader)


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Real world shenanigans getting you down? I got something to lift ya spirits.
Now, a long, long time ago on the Wildebeest I talked about Fatboy Slim and my affinity for Big Beat. It was a musical genre out of the United Kingdom that was most definitely a product of its time, the mid 1990s, where the music was bold, loud, and fast, with futuristic whiz-bang electronic flair and endless bass. It's nothing but thrills and breakbeats, and that combo still makes me swoon today.
Aside from Fatboy, The Chemical Brothers, The Prodigy, Apollo 440 and others, a group I dug during my big beat phase was Lo-Fidelity Allstars, a Leeds-based group who got my attention with their 1998 debut How to Operate With a Blown Mind. On that record they brought equal parts funk, spunk, and doomsday-esque bombastics to the mix, making for a rather fun listen which got them some minor fame and critical praise.
It took 'em a few years to produce a follow up. Released in 2002, Don't Be Afraid of Love dropped during the twilight era of big beat, which had begun falling out of style around 2000, and the group was well aware of the shift. To this end the record displayed more maturity from the group, as they shed the wild alter-egos they employed for the first album, and focused on more soul, funk, and R&B influences with less frenzied breaks, but still kept matters funky, fun, and danceable. It's a terrific party record.
"What You Want" opens the album, and damn is it ever catchy. The breakneck pace, the unintelligible vocals, and the reassuring vibe it exudes is dope. Wait until you get about two minutes into this one, where that mantra hits you: "You're gonna keep on…keepin' on." From there, the track picks the hell up, leading an all-out blitz in the last two minutes and concluding with an AWESOME drum break. What a ride!


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Light, shapes and color make up a stunning background in today's clip, "Geometric Flare".
Fun pink and purple hues give this free worship background a party feel, while the stern octagon lens flares remind us that there's still business to be had.
Great for countdowns, lyrics or homily messages, "Geometric Flare" is sure to excite your crowd!
Free Light Worship Background "Geometric Flare" Preview
The Free Worship Backgrounds logo is removed when you download the clip.
Quality: Full HD quality, 1920x1080p, 30 fps
License: 100% royalty free license that allows you to use the background in all types of productions, for worldwide distribution, forever. There are never any licensing fees. Read our license agreement here.


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(This is the first of three Guest Contributions by US-based Jim Farmer [biography, email jfx "AT" immagic "DOT" com]. Jim has contributed occasionally to Fortnightly Mailing over the years.)
Several months after National Security Agency (NSA) documents were revealed by Edward Snowden, the impact on higher education remains unclear clear. Some differences between the explanations from the intelligence establishment and observations from the Washington "think tank" writers and scholars are emerging.
On Friday, 6 September 2013 Guardian reporter James Ball and cryptology expert Bruce Schneier answered reader questions. Three questions are key to better understanding the extent of the public awareness of the intelligence community's practices, and its likely impact.
Here the responses of the Guardian are compared to those of the intelligence establishment and "think tank" scholars in recent Washington DC presentations. All presentations were scheduled before and held after Glenn Greenwald's 5 June report about NSA's collection of phone records. The answers provide some insight into the U.S. government's position.
The questions and answers
Question 1. Reader SteppenHerring asked:
How hard do you think it will be to get people to take security seriously when people are willing to type so much personal data into Facebook/Google+ etc?
The Guardian's James Ball answers:
I think we need more awareness of privacy and security generally, and I think as generations grow up net-native (as today's teens are), that's taking care of itself. I don't think people who volunteer information to a strictly-controlled network on Facebook (or webmail, etc) are automatically willing to share that same information with their governments. That's a large part of what the whole privacy and security debate the NSA files are fuelling is about, I think.
In Washington:
Robert C. Litt, General Counsel of the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) posed the same question in his presentation at the Brookings Institution on 19 July. His answer:
And this leads me to what I consider to be the key question. Why is it that people are willing to expose large quantities of information to private parties, but don't want the government to have that same information? Why, for example, don't we care very much if the telephone company keeps records of all of our phone calls, but we feel very differently about the prospect of the same information going to NSA?
This actually is not a very difficult question to answer. We care because of what the government could do with the information. Unlike a phone company, the government has the power to audit our tax returns, to prosecute and imprison us, to grant or deny licenses to do business, and many other things. And so, there's an entirely understandable concern that the government might abuse this power.
I don't mean to say that private companies don't also have a lot of power over us. Indeed, the growth of corporate privacy policies and the strong public reaction to the inadvertent release or commercial use of personal information by those companies reinforces my belief that our primary privacy concern today is less with who has information than what they can and do with it. But there is no question that the government, because of its powers, is properly viewed in a different light.
A transcript of Litt's full presentation is available here [PDF].
It is surprising that Litt would suggest a citizen's view of their data on social network sites was different from government intercept practices. This view contradicts other government statements. Litt's reason for the difference was rarely included in subsequent press reports.
Sceptical questions from the audience suggest the government's legal interpretation was not judged to be credible by this Washington-based audience.
Question 2. Reader dellcam asked:
Your article states: "$250m-a-year US program works covertly with tech companies to insert weaknesses into products." I don't see tech industry and their lobbyists rallying to put a stop to this. Won't this revelation -- that the US government is undermining the quality of their products damaging their reputation with consumers -- as well as affect the ability of the US tech industry to export their products around the world?
The Guardian's James Ball:
I think this is a serious risk of what the NSA has been doing: if I ran a US security company, I'd be concerned about my reputation (maybe deservedly so, though) – and I'm sure overseas competition will be stressing their ability to refuse US government requests in their advertising (though maybe their own government have similar programs).
That does seem to have been a concern of the NSA and GCHQ. I find that quite telling: if companies are just doing what the government requires, and no more, why such a need for secrecy around it? Why can't they level? I think the efforts some of the silicon valley firms seem to be making are a good start – though what seems to be happening with Lavabit (a secure email company that shut down) are concerning.
Finally: this could be a boost to the free software / open source movement, too. That would be no bad thing.
In Washington:
More broadly to include cloud computing, David Castro, Senior Analyst, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation—sponsored in part by the technology industry—led a panel discussion of this question on 24 July. He summarized [PDF] the panel discussion thus:
The recent revelations about the extent to which the National Security Agency (NSA) and other U.S. law enforcement and national security agencies have used provisions in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and USA PATRIOT Act to obtain electronic data from third parties will likely have an immediate and lasting impact on the competitiveness of the U.S. cloud computing industry if foreign customers decide the risks of storing data with a U.S. company outweigh the benefits.
Castro then estimates:
Thus we might reasonably conclude that given current conditions U.S. cloud service providers stand to lose somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of the foreign market in the next few years.
Using Castro's 20%, the U.S. cloud computing industry stands to lose $22 to $35 billion over the next three years.
Castro's estimates were widely reported in the technology press. Because of the close relationship between NSA and GCHQ (UK Government Communications Headquarters), this will likely also affect British suppliers.
Forrester analyst James Staten wrote that Castro should also have included U.S. customers that would bypass U.S. cloud providers for their international and overseas business and Non-U.S. cloud providers will lose as much as 20% because of other governments taking similar actions.
Add it all up and you have a net loss for the service provider space of about $180 billion by 2016 which would be roughly a 25% decline in the overall IT services market by that final year, using Forrester market estimates. All from the unveiling of a single kangaroo-court action called PRISM. (The PRISM program collects stored Internet communications based on demands made to Internet companies such as Google Inc. Currently a request for PRISM data does not require court approval; the decision is made by a NSA analyst.)
This is certainly a scary picture even if business takes some action to ameliorate their losses.
Separately the Cloud Security Alliance's July survey - before the compromised hardware and software revelations - reported 10% of non-US residents responding had cancelled a project to use US-based cloud providers and 56% are less likely to use US-based cloud providers. 36% of US residents responding said the Snowden incident made it more difficult for their company to conduct business outside the US. 86% of the respondents believe the US's Patriot Act should be repealed or modified to tighten oversight and to provide greater transparency.
The world market for routers and switches is estimated to be US$ 81.4 billion in 2015. Using Castro's 20%, this means a US$16.2 billion decrease in the market for U.S. firms. The European Market is 31.7% of the world market, that is, say, US$ 26 billion). Thus the increased sales from the U.S. market loss might be as much as US$5.1 billion for European countries.
The revelation that NSA is building or paying for compromised hardware and software designs was reported in The Guardian on 5 September. In a Wired Magazine interview on 7 September David Castro said:
This just further erodes the competitiveness of U.S. tech companies. In particular, I think this enlarges the scope of companies that will suffer backlash since cryptographic standards are often embedded in hardware.
So the answer to dellcam's question is yes, there will be a major, and growing, economic impact of the NSA revelations on the market for U.S. Internet software and hardware, with a similar gain for China, Russia and the EU. But US law prevents the manufacturers from admitting or denying their collaboration.
The Guardian's cryptography expert Bruce Schneier also said: "Finally: this could be a boost to the free software / open source movement, too." This could sharply increase the use of open source software, often from universities, because it can be fully inspected and rigorously tested.
Question 3. Reader geoffk asked:
Could the spooks sell the information or keys when they retire?... Would it be impossible?
The Guardian's James Ball:
If the NSA's internal security was perfect, Edward Snowden would never have been able to leak. We're essentially lucky he chose to release to the press – and it's worth remembering he asked for responsible, measured publication, not mass-release – rather than simply sell it to hackers or criminals.
If someone in a similar position to Snowden decided to just take what they could and sell it to a foreign government, or criminal gang, would we ever know? It seems unlikely we'd be told. And given the NSA has repeatedly said they don't know which documents Snowden accessed, maybe they wouldn't know either.
That's an important, additional, reason to be very concerned about the scope of NSA surveillance and activities, in my view – whatever your take on the need/legitimacy of mass-surveillance in general.
In Washington, drawing on a Inforrmation and Technology Innovation Foundation panel that I attended on "Viral Hate: Containing Its Spread on the Internet", at which the following people spoke: Adam Thierer, George Mason University; Lelie Harris, Center for Democracy and Technology; Daniel Castro, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation; Chrisopher Wolf, Hogan Lovbells LLP. (Wolf is the author, with Abe Foxman, of the Anti-Defamation League's "Viral Hate: Containing Its Spread on the Internet".) They concluded that the Internet is on the path to balkanization as a network of national networks. Censoring by all nations is expected following local standards for content. Economic espionage will increase from both government and private sectors.
The "market price" for NSA keys to access computers, routers, and switches could be very high, but there is no evidence, and likely would be no evidence if these were compromised, since neither the perpetrators or NSA would want the public to know. An Atlantic Council 24 June presentation on the Chinese Cyber Challenge identified several organizations that do "hacking for hire" creating high value intercepts. Citing an example, one panellist said knowing the bid of a competitor for a large procurement or project could be worth millions of pounds.
The experts on cyber warfare at the Atlantic Council panel discussion I attended expect further growth of "hackers for hire" because of the economic incentives. (My requests for an opportunity to review the recording of the discussion were denied "this event was off-the-record, so we do not have any audio or video recordings". All Internet references to the meeting now are "not found." No reason was given.)
The Atlantic Council panellists also made these observations:
- The technology to monitor the content of Internet—deep packet inspection—is available and can be and is being deployed nationally, and will be universally deployed before long.
- Cyber warfare will be unannounced and continuous as an instrument of national policy.
- Cyber espionage will be directed at economic targets with U.S. intellectual property endangered, not foreign intelligence.
Thus, based on the cited presentations and others, the intelligence establishment's talking points:
- The activities of NSA comply with U.S. law.
- U.S. citizen's privacy is fully protected by the oversight of the Federal Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and the Congress.
- The surveillance effort (and its expansion) has been and now is vital to protect U.S. citizens from terrorists.
Think-tank scholars, however, are beginning to identify the "costs" of the surveillance state to foreign relations, U.S. businesses, the Internet itself, and citizen privacy.
The impact on colleges and universities will depend upon how the US and UK governments react to current and future revelations. Transnational cooperation will become more difficult as communications are even more closely monitored by all nations. Topics for discussion will have to be constrained to avoid either party becoming, potentially, a "person of interest" subject to further analysis. Censorship may become ubiquitous as now commercially available Internet monitoring equipment is viable and can be implemented by any nation - Syria and Pakistan are examples. Internet governance likely will change with balkanization. This new global environment is inconsistent with the typically open principles and practices of higher education and the research and scholarly communities more generally.
My next Guest Contribution will cover these issues in more detail.


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Hello everyone, I have a question regarding FW version and on which region does it apply.
I have a Samsung UE40JU6072UXXH which is in fact JU6000 but for Adriatic region... now my question is can i install, via usb, FW from the UK Samsung website which is for UE40JU6000KXXH? The FW on both UK and Adriatic Samsung websites is the same version 1490.3 newset and same size also... Will the FW from the UK website be compatible on my model? Thx in advance.
Firmware version/region for JU6000(6072)
Here is information about customize your J series firmware.
Post Reply
3 posts • Page 1 of 1
Re: Firmware version/region for JU6000(6072)
Yes, firmware is European common, won't turn your TV into UK model
I do NOT receive any PM. Please use forum.
Re: Firmware version/region for JU6000(6072)
Thank you very much for answering i thought it might not be compatible because the UK has KXXU and Adriatic has UXXU letters on the model number so i was afraid to try it ))
Post Reply
3 posts • Page 1 of 1


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This book made me uncomfortable. The feeling was very much the same as the first few times I wandered into adult reading from children's literature: that if something bad was going to happen (and it probably was), I was going to hear about it.
Look closely at the picture on the cover. Graceful acrobat, all in white, right? But look at her face. Very realistically, the forces of gravity have distorted her features into a grotesque, partly comic, partly tragic mask. Whoever chose this cover was a genius at matching the visual with the literary. That's pretty much how this book reads.
Not to say Porter isn't a good writer. She is. At first I was a bit bored, because all the short stories seemed pretty much alike. Porter is a master of the interior monologue and I believe I've read a few of these before in English class. "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" is one of the better ones, telling in a rambling, looping, but ultimately coherent fashion the deathbed memories, thoughts, and perceptions of an old woman.
Once I hit the longer stories, I was hooked. Even though I constantly felt ill at ease (anticipating with a cringe the bad thing that was probably going to happen), these are compelling, insightful stories filled with interesting, complex characters. They are a little confusing in places, because names tend to repeat. Sometimes characters in different stories bear the same name, but one can't be sure whether they are meant to be the same person, or a different person who happens to have the same name. Sometimes it's clearly only the names that repeat (the "wolfish, ungracious" dog Kuno in one story has the same name as the narrator's human best friend in another story), but even that's a bit distracting ("Wait, I thought Kuno was a dog!"). Whether the similarities are intentional is another question.
Porter's theme is often misunderstanding or lack of understanding, frequently involving children trying to comprehend the events and subtleties of adult concerns. She captures the awkward, foot-in-each-world feeling of adolescence very well, and she can create a feeling or an impression with a wonderful economy of words. She's a bit too fond of the comma splice (yes, I know, picky, picky), but it suits her tone and rapid diction very well.
Despite the fact that the tension of waiting for the proverbial other shoe to drop prevented me from "enjoying" this book, I'm glad I read it.
Excerpt from "Old Mortality":
Eva, shy and chinless, straining her upper lip over two enormous teeth, would sit in corners watching her mother. She looked hungry, her eyes were strained and tired. She wore her mother's old clothes, made over, and taught Latin in a Female Seminary. She believed in votes for women, and had traveled about, making speeches. When her mother was not present, Eva bloomed out a little, danced prettily, smiled, showing all her teeth, and was like a dry little plant set out in a gentle rain. Molly was merry about her ugly duckling. "It's lucky for me my daughter is an old maid. She's not so apt," said Molly naughtily, "to make a grandmother of me." Eva would blush as if she had been slapped.


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This week, John and Steve discuss some of the signs of growing détente between the U.S. and Russia. However, The War Party is still in charge so the danger remains high.
Though the New Cold War has been moved from the front pages due to all of the election coverage, the situation remains tenuous. As usual, John and Steve provide an excellent rundown of the current events as well as look forward to what possibilities may come forward with the new Trump administration.
This was an extremely important and helpful discussion. Please be sure to give it a listen.


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Summer breeze makes me feel fine
Blowing through the jasmine in my mind
Not sure if it's jasmine or what! But there something in my head I can't shift! I woke with a mild headache this morning, which has gotten worse over the course of the day, and now, it's a real humdinger! I took the pills, but my head doesn't want to co-operate. I'm hoping this warm evening breeze will ease it.
So forgive me, this is a short one 'cos I'm not really feeling it today.
Lots to show you today, starting with this pretty cute dress from MOoH!. This is the Sunny dress Stripes and is available at the Level Up event until 29th May. It comes in fits for all the usual mesh bodies plus 5 standard sizes. There is a HUD for colour change, giving you 10 options to choose. Also from MOoH! are my shoes, these are the Sadie tip toe ballerina leather shoes and you can get them at The Garage Fair until 26th May. Sadie comes in fits for Belleza, Maitreya and Slink feet and again there is a HUD giving you 20 colour options for both the laces and the shoes.
My pretty little anklet is the Spring Bow Anklet from Ama. and you can get it now at the new round of Cosmopolitan which runs from today until 3rd June. There is a HUD for colour changing giving 5 options for metals, strings and the little heart jewel. The details are awesome on the very pretty piece. It is mod so you can resize it. My Arm band is also from Ama. This is the Loved Arm Strap and its available at the Lost & Found event from today until 1st June. The strap is fitted for Maitreya and there is a HUD giving you five colours for both the metal heart and the strap parts.
Poses in both the pictures are from the Lesley set by Joplino. This set is available now at the current round of Suicide Dollz which runs until 25th May. There are five poses, 4 of which have mirrors making a bumper pack of 9 poses in all. Each one is cute and sassy!
I'm also sporting today, the Chance Tattoo from Lush. This is a really pretty tattoo and is available at the new round of Lost & Found. The tattoo comes in appliers fro Slink, TMP, Lolas Tango, Maitreya, Belleza and Omega, plus tattoo layers for classic bodies. There are two shades normal or fade, I'm wearing normal.
That's all for now, back soon with more good stuff, below the links and things you need…..
Dress – MOoH! – Sunny dress Stripes for Level Up 16th – 29th May
Shoes – MOoH! – Sadie tip toe ballerina leather for The Garage Fair 12th – 26th May
Anklet – Ama. – Spring Bow Anklet for Cosmopolitan 22nd May – 3rd June
Armstrap – Ama. – Loved Arm Strap for Lost & Found 22nd May – 1st June
Poses – .:Joplino:. – Pose Set Lesley for Suicide Dollz 14th – 25th May
Tattoo – Lush – Chance Tattoo for Lost & Found 22nd May – 1st June
Hair – Exile – Way That I Feel – Blondes for Collabor88 8th May – June 8th
Skin Face – League – Ella Catwa Applier Pale
Skin Body – League – Maitreya Body Applier Pale
My body & bits
Body – Maitreya Lara V4.1 (with feet and Bento Hands)
Head – Catwa – Catya V2.08
Eyes – Catwa – Mesh Eyes V1.0
Photos taken on location at NorderNey (group access only)