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1. Foreword by Senior Director – Professor Mandleni
MUT initiated IRCDE (previously referred to as the Community Development Centre) with a vision of uplifting and developing local people in Umlazi and surrounding areas in the early 70s. It served as a link between community and academia. Community development Centre was under Public Affairs Department (currently Marcomms dept.) when it was initiated. Its establishment was funded by organisations such as Anglo-American. As the unit developed it became a fully-fledged department. In 2006 the Institute for rural development (IRD) was established which was eventually merged with the community development centre which was referred to as Community Outreach to form what is currently known as Institute for Rural Development and Community Engagement (IRDCE).
The vision of the institute to become a vehicle that promotes MUT as a socio-economically responsive institution through Community Engagement. The mission is to coordinate and support community engagement activities as well as establish and maintain relations with internal and external partners, with an aim of enhancing research, teaching and learning contributing towards socio-economic upliftment of communities based on the identified needs. The purpose of the institute is to coordinate and support:
- Rural communities in producing their own food, agro-processing, quality infrastructure provision, facilitation and establishment of rural enterprises.
- Leverage resources from different stakeholders for the identified community projects in an effort to address MUT's mission of social redress.
- All MUT CE activities (Community Outreach, Student Volunteerism, Community based research and Service Learning) rural communities in producing their own food, in agro-processing, quality infrastructure provision, facilitation and establishment of rural enterprises.
2. Staff Complement
IRDCE is made of six staff members. It is comprised of the Director, the Deputy Director, Secretary, an Agricultural Scientist (Livestock), Agricultural Scientist (Crops) and a Community Liaison Officer.
3. Internal processes in place to attract funding
There is an upcoming short course on leadership through community interaction in collaboration with Stellenbosch University. Participating students will be required to pay a subsided fee of R100 as a way of Funding for short course through a mini grant of $10 000 grant from Tufts University in the United States. There will be 50 students that will be trained in the first semester and another 50 others that will be trained in the second semester.
4. Performance-Successes from June 2015
Special national and international days were celebrated such as Mandela Day 2015 (17th of July, 2015), International Literacy day (8 September, 2015) and National Science Week (4-6 August, 2015).
Student volunteers and participants in computer training in the second semester of 2015 were celebrated on the 19th of February 2016. They were awarded certificates of participation and certificates of attendance.
Community Based research included the following projects:
The MOU for Dexter and Matu Zama (DMZ) Agricultural Academy and Empangisweni Trust.
Challenges and how and how they are addressed
Rural development component is still not clear. Although this aspect is being addressed in the Community Engagement Plan of 2016 we are still looking into benchmarking with other institutions of Higher Education that do Rural Development e.g. the pending visit to UNIVEN in March, 23rd of 2016 might give the institute direction.
IRDCE transport – The absence of transport to visit projects is a major challenge. It forces the institute to hire transport, and that is not sustainable for the whole financial year. The funds get finished before the end of financial year. The director (IRDCE) is writing a proposal to DVC (Resources and Planning). The director is also looking into applying for donations from industry.
Office space. The shortage of office space and classrooms to conduct training is also a major challenge. In order to address this the institute is negotiating office space at the Development Centre that is currently used by Department of Sports where two staff members will be housed. We also intend to share the classrooms for training on the same Centre.
Shortage of staff membership that can do coordination for the department. Because the rural part is not clearly defined by the institute there is an urgent need for a coordinator(intern) who will coordinate research between the institution and the community involved, and also other community engagement activities. The coordinator will identify strategic projects that will put MUT on the map. The intern will work with Marcomms, and Marcomms will be willing to share resources with him/her for the rest of 2016.
MOU for Ikamva Youth and MUT has not been finalised since it was initiated in 2013. The director is following up.
Poor participation of the CE community in CE activities. It is hopeful that the allocation of the budget CE will encourage participation from the MUT community.
Other Initiatives
The 2016 Operational plan is in place together with the risk register that identify areas of risk and how they can be managed. Other strategic documents that are in place are the Community Engagement plan which communicates the direction of the institute and how the MUT community can plan their activities. Additionally, IRDCE has been introduced to a performance management system that will enhance the monitoring of goals that need to be achieved by the end of each year including 2016. Forms that the MUT community can use such as application to register a community engagement (CE) flagship/project and guidelines for application form for Community Engagement funds
IRDCE has initiated partnerships with the following organisations although they are not finalised:
University of Zululand and ARC for research and innovation in a way to uplift communities that MUT is engaged with.
Dexter and Matu Zama (DMZ) Agricultural Academy is in partnership with MUT-IRDCE in an effort to train co-operatives on the identified needs, promote environmental awareness and sustainable use of natural resources, co-ordinate technology transfer and promote entrepreneurial skills, share results of research conducted collaboratively, assist the academy in the implementation of research findings. The MOU for Dexter and Matu Zama (DMZ) Agricultural Academy was finalised in February 2016.
Empangisweni Trust is in partnership with MUT- IRDCE with a purpose of placing MUT students for Service Learning and Work Integrated Learning. Projects involved are field crop production, vegetables production, fruit production, piggery, livestock feedlots, small stock and broilers. Food processing, aquaculture and game farming are additional projects. Green Technology (Energy management), Reverse Engineering and agro mechanical, applied research. Education programme for schools (intervention in the form of workshops/ trainings for teachers and community upliftment programmes are part of the partnership agreement although the MOU is not finalised.
Ikamva Youth organisation (student volunteers from various departments within MUT with IRDCE.) The project serves to tutor grades 10 – 12 by student volunteers from MUT who volunteer their services on E-learning. The project is ongoing
The major challenge in this project is an MOU that was initiated in 2013 but has not been finalised.
Future Perspectives
With the introduction of postgraduate programmes the institute envisages to have post graduate students/post Docs stationed in the institute who will assist in:
Research and publications of research papers as a way of attracting funding from DHET.
The training of communities as a way of community development and as a spinoff, a third stream income
Fundraising activities
Reserves management
Identify and protect research ideas that have commercial application through patenting.


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you are an American with a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at (314) 799-2337 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for any American with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
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1. Wooden Dowels (Woodsies Brand, 5/16 x 12 in...I got mine at Michael's)
2. Eye Screws (Walmart sells them in the section where you buy nails and other tools)
3. Ribbon (any width, color, style you want)
4. Lit candle (optional)
5. Needle nose pliers (optional)
6. Push Pin (optional)
Step 1: Cut ribbon to the length you want (I cut mine to 4 feet). Choose how many strands of ribbon you want per wand (I chose 4 strands).
Step 2: Using your push pin, start a hole in one end of your dowel. This will make it easier to screw in your eye screw.
Step 3: After your hole is started, screw your eye pin into the end of the dowel. Hint: Using needle nose pliers makes this step much easier.
Step 4: Stack your ribbon together and pull it through the eye pin, pulling it until both sides are an equal length (so for me I had 2 feet on each side).
Step 5: Double knot your ribbon around the eye screw.
Step 6: Hold the ends of your ribbon (one at a time) close to the flame from your candle. This will melt the end of the ribbon and will prevent fraying. This is my favorite part :)
Place your ribbon wands in a cute glass, mason jar, or whatever you want and you are done!
P.S. This will also make a great toy for your cat!
{Personal Photos}
If you don't want to use your ribbon wands as a ceremony send-off, check out this cute idea!!!


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Lake Travis High School principal Kimberly Brents is pleased to announce that a record 43 seniors have been recognized by the 2016 National Merit Scholarship Program.
These students entered the program by taking the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT) as high school juniors in 2015. They were chosen from more than 1.5 million program entrants and represent less than one percent of each state's high school seniors. According to the National Merit Scholarship Program, these students are the top scorers from each state and show exceptional academic ability and potential for success in rigorous college studies. Additionally, the National Hispanic Recognition Program identifies nearly 5,000 outstanding Hispanic/Latino students each year, while the National Achievement Scholarship Program provides recognition for outstanding Black American high school students.
"We are very proud of these students for their remarkable achievements," Ms. Brents said. "Our students continue to raise the bar on academic excellence. Their success not only reflects the quality and caliber of our teachers and staff who directly impact student learning, it also reflects the support and commitment of their parents who are instrumental to their success. I am one proud principal!"
Earlier this month, approximately two-thirds of the 50,000 high scorers on the PSAT/NMSQT received letters of commendation in recognition of their outstanding academic promise. Commended students are named on the basis of a nationally applied index score that may vary from year to year. The remaining one-third of these students were then notified that they have qualified as Semifinalists and are eligible to receive a National Merit Scholarship. Semifinalists advance to Finalist standing in the competition by meeting high academic standards and all other requirements. In February 2016, some 15,000 Semifinalists will be notified by mail that they have advanced to Finalist standing.
The Lake Travis school board recognized these students and their parents at its regular meeting in October, and the students will also be recognized during halftime of the Lake Travis vs. Bowie varsity football game October 30 at Cavalier Stadium.
The following students are recognized by the 2016 National Merit Scholarship Program:


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Sometimes, you're just not ready for the holidays when everyone else is… if you hated Christmas last year, this might be for you.
A friend a few weeks ago was talking about how hard it had been for her to recover from the death of her father. She'd thrown herself into finishing graduate school and getting a good job, ignoring the loss of any real meaningfulness to these activities. "I was working as hard as I could to 'make it,' but it wasn't making sense to me," she said. "This 'brightside' culture we live in wouldn't allow me to admit that I'd hit a downward spiral when my father died, and I'd never recovered."
I'd never heard of the phrase, "bright-side culture," but my friend was using it to describe not only American culture, but the faith community in which she grew up. Predicated on the idea that Christians are a joyful people, 'bright-side culture' exists to keep us on the sunny side. If you are not particularly sunny, worse, if you are actively unhappy, or in any way deviating from that joyful #blessed life, you are saying somehow that God is at fault, or not enough for you… and for Christians, that's anathema. No one wants to admit that something within might be broken.
We might assume that only within Christian religious circles do people have this overwhelming pressure of happiness, but it's rising all around us. Google hired a "Chief Happiness Officer." Yep, seriously – and Google's not the only one. Yale University's 'Psychology and the Good Life' saw 1200 students enrolling this past autumn, because it's billed as a twice weekly course on "how to be happy." Gallup polls suggest that this is true not just of undergrads – but of most Americans. Though we have more than we've ever had before, the buoyant, ebullient, stereotypical American optimism is failing. We are – as a culture – not happy.
It's a strange time in American history.
It might a good time in American history to stop avoiding our truths, however.
We were really thoughtful this past holiday, reading write-ups of area churches doing Blue Christmas services. Especially when there's so much enforced cheer to go around during the holidays, which plunges so many into unanticipated depression, Blue Christmas services essentially provide a place to weep and be unapologetically morose without the pressure of being greeted with "Happy Holidays!" or the gaudy brightness of bows and colored lights. A choir-mate this year lost her husband after our second concert, and we thought of her on Christmas day, wretchedly trying to make the season bright for her children. Sometimes, it's pointless to pretend. We need to identify and affirm that we are, at times, deeply unhappy.
The original Christmas story remembers darkness – the magi were watching dark skies for portents when they saw the natal star. "The people that walked in darkness" are the same people who eventually see "a great light," but not everyone walks at the same pace. The light comes to everyone different times.
This doesn't mean it isn't there, however.
We have often found the light after the worst of times – when we really think, "Okay, this is some CRAP, and we're done." Sometimes we find that light simply by watching the skies, and waiting; breathing through the distress. Other times, we find that light by doing something for others which reignites our own flame. The writer Omid Safi suggests doing a good turn for someone, stating, "Even more, there is something about a righteous deed that is virtuous in itself: It is faith in the loveliness of a simple act of kindness — apart from whether it will be reciprocated, whether we will live long enough to see its fruits. Acts of beauty are redemptive in and of themselves. So let us, friends, keep planting." (If you need a little brightening, read his whole brief essay on planting and the hope it genders on the days we're sure the world won't be around long enough for us to see a seed grow.)
As we're dragging ourselves along – some newly ill, others rebounding through variation 430,959,806 of whatever this cough-fever-chills thing is; some slogging through work, others on the endless interview rotation, and fearing they'll never find a job, remember that hope is not mere optimism. Optimism is based on …optics, how we see the world. In the words of Desmond Tutu, "Hope is being able to see that there is light despite all of the darkness." Hope is a refusal to surrender, so keep walking, keep planting, and keep going.
Happy Monday.


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Protester killed in latest Burundi clashes
Another protester has been killed in Burundi's capital during clashes with police and soldiers over President Pierre Nkurunziza's bid for a third term in office. Rob Muir reports.
Another killing in Bujumbara... a man shot down by police during yet another protest against President Pierre Nkurunziza (N-kooren-zeeza). After weeks of unrest in Burundi, the death toll now stands at more than 20. The president's calls for peace, are falling on deaf ears, his bid for a third term in office enraging opponents who say it's unconstitutional. But Nkurunziza is showing no signs of backing down. He has the support of the courts who say he CAN run again, as his first presidential term came by appointment, not by election. As a former rebel leader, Nkurunziza helped bring peace to Burundi in 2003 after a savage ethnic war. Now, many fear, that peace has begun to unravel.


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We caught up with a heady starlet bunch at the Beverly Hilton Hotel recently for the 14th annual Hollywood Awards Gala. Out of the big names at the award rites, including Halle Berry, Jodie Foster and Milla Jovovich, we were star-struck by Leighton Meester. And we're still totally bewitched by Nina Dobrev and Katerina Graham, who are shown posing for promotional shots celebrating Vampire Diaries. We do our transformation thing with the three stars, thanks to flats for royalty and boots for vamps.
Leighton Meester demonstrates how you get blue to smoke at the Hollywood Awards events. We mean, leave your snark in the glove compartment. Look at her, head to toe perfection, from eye makeup to sheer dress to shoes. For after hours, we would have awarded her Tory Burch Reva flats—particularly Reva pewter glitter ballet flats—to keep her comfy but still dressed for the Royal Ball.
Nina Dobrev shows up for promo shots for Vampire Diaries, looking mega-romantic in a leaf-print sheath. Her safe choice for shoes were these heels but we say show a little respect for 2010. Vamp it forward. Wear these Jeffrey Campbell Pixie black leather boots. Nina can pull off the drama of pairing boots with cocktail dress. That's a look that tells big producers she has a little something extra going on.
Katerina Graham looks ravishing in a black and brown dress with a faux see-through thing going on. We love her agile talent to wear any dress or gown with the right hair, pose, makeup, everything. Katerina's totally together talents find a match in the Tory Burch Eddie ballet flats that are 2010 top sellers in wear-anywhere versatility. We complete her ensemble with these shoes in rich bronze metallic leather.


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Our December Muse is Amy Sheffer, and this time I picked this wonderfully detailed card from her, to serve as an inspiration:
It's gorgeous in so many ways, I don't even know where to start... I love the boldness of black, but as it often happens, I went in a different direction and created with pastels. I stamped the flowers on the background, instead of lacey flourishes, and put the sentiment in the circle.
I used the same embossing folder, on the cool blue strip of cardstock, just like Amy did. I LOVE that colour :)
Supplies: cardstock: PTI (Fine Linen, Rustic White), American Crafts (aqua); stamps: Hero Arts (Dogwood, Say Hello); ink: Versa Magic (Oasis Green), Fresh Ink (Provincial Grey); Spellbinders Nestabilities Circles/Fleur De Lis Accents; twill ribbon; sewing machine; butterfly die: PTI; Cuttlebug embossing folder (Swiss Dots)
I also combined the Card Patterns sketch 145 (can you see it??), with Tuesday Trigger: A Partridge on a Pear Tree, and OCC's All Ruffled Up challenge.
Please visit my sweet and talented DT at their blogs, and check out what they whipped up with this week's inspiration!
Amy Sheffer (December Muse)
Amy Wanford
Andrea Ewen
Clare Buswell
Cristina Kowalczyk
Debby Hughes
Jean Martin
Julie Lacey
Maureen Plut
Teneale Williams
Teresa Kline
Hop over to the CASE Study blog, where you'll find all the details, fabulous inspiration and InLinkz tool to link up your creation!
As always, thank you so much for visiting, and leaving such sweet comments :)


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Another calendar year winds down...I have no new pictures, as we had a huge storm last night and the yard is wet and muddy. However, there are many, many new shoots poking through the ground, which represent all those bulbs I planted this fall.
It's been a big year, and 2006 looks to be just as challenging as I continue to take care of my garden, my home and my family. We are so blessed and so grateful for all these blessings - I hope we never take it for granted!


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Riande Aeropuerto Hotel
- Restaurant
- Parking
- Jacuzzi
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Courtyard Panama
- Wireless data connection
- Free parking
- Swimming pool
- Exercise room
Marriott Panama
- Meeting facilities
- High speed internet access
- Business center
- Casino on-site
Holiday Inn
- High speed internet access
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Welcome to Panama City Airport Hotels! Our goal is to provide a simple way to browse, shop, compare, and book hotels near Panama City securely online! Select your travel dates to compare nightly rates or simply browse hotels in the Panama City area! Making a reservation is easy and fast! Book online or call toll free! browse hotels
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Riande Granada Hotel & Casino
Approx. distance: 10.9mi
About Panama City Airport
Tocumen International Airport is located 15 miles from Panama City and is the main air travel hub for the country. The airport is the busiest in Central America, and serves as the gateway to the region for millions of passengers each year. The facility was first opened in 1947, and the current passenger terminal was inaugurated in 1978. Due to the huge demand and heavy use of the airport, a modernization effort was undertaken in 2006, which made it one of the few in Central America able to service the largest class of commercial aircraft. Flights to and from all over the Americas are serviced daily, and several routes to Europe are offered.
Travelers to Panama City, a metropolis of over 800,000 residents, can enjoy world class accommodations and restaurants as well as historical attractions such as the remains of Casco Antiguo, a Spanish fort built in the 17th century. Other attractions include nearby tropical rain forest and the Panama Canal, which links the Pacific to the Atlantic and serves almost 15,000 ships a year.


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Reservations and policy
Pointe Hauru
District Tiahura
Moorea – French Polynesia
B.P. 1002 Papetoai
98729 Moorea
Tel : (+689) 40 56 12 67
Fax : (+689) 40 56 29 25
@ : email@example.com
Booking conditions:
To confirm a booking, a deposit of the value of one night is required. We accept:
– Wire transfer
– Local bank check for residents of Polynesia only
– Credit card payment by secured link sent to your email address upon request at email@example.com
There is no charge if the reservation is canceled or modified more than 10 days before arrival. In this case your advanced payment will be transferred on new booking and available until 31 december of the current year
A cancellation fee of the value of one night is required in case of cancellation or booking amendment within 10 days of arrival.
Any cancellation received within 48h prior to the arrival date will incur the total amount of accommodation's charge.
No refunds can be made during your stay, any shortened vacations will be charged the full amount.
Please contact us for groups of 5 or more bungalows as the terms & conditions are different.
Our Partners :
Canyoning (www.randopacific.com)
GIE Tahiti Tourisme
Tahitian Guest house (www.pensiondelaplage.com)
Scuba Diving (www.scubapiti.com)
Hill Walking and excursions (www.tahitievasion.com)
Baggage Storage for you vacation (www.tahitistocktout.com)


text:
Author: Team SkeetSubscribe Visit Official Website
Author: Team SkeetSubscribe Visit Official Website
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text:
Application Requirements
Application Requirements for SPICA - Way of Light University of Divinity
We are currently NOT accepting new students.
Enrollment Application and Registration Form to be completely filled out and submitted.
DOWNLOAD ENROLLMENT APPLICATION FORM: [Download PDF] (Right Click and "Save As or "Download Linked File"
- Age Requirement: 18 years of age or older.
- Evidence of a High School diploma or equivalent must be furnished (via transcripts or verified copy of diploma or GED equivalent).
- Evidence of Higher education diplomas (i.e., College or University studies) may be provided, but are not necessary.
- Submit a five-hundred (500) word essay describing yourself, your vision and spirit of intention, your personality and desire to bring your sacred talents to fruition.
- Three personal reference letters describing your intentions, integrity, and interest in spiritual philosophy and education are to be submitted with your enrollment form.
- Tuition, according to the plan you chose, must be forwarded immediately after acceptance into the SPICA - Way of Light University of Divinity. No refunds are provided after receiving class 102 under Plan. Under Plan 2 there will be no refunds after a student receives their first class at the Bachelor Level or Master Level and no refund for the Doctorate Level after being assigned a Dissertation Supervisor. All students matriculating in the studies of the University of Divinity must begin at the Bachelor's Level.
Plan 1:
* Full Tuition covering Bachelor. Master and Doctorate level: $3000.00
(+ $50.00 non-refundable Registration Fee: $3050.00 total).
* Graduation Conference Fee: $550.00
Plan 2:
* Study Level Tuition:
Bachelor Level: $1,250.00 + $50.00 non-refundable registration fee ($1,300.00 total).
Master Level: $1,350.00 + $50.00 non-refundable registration fee ($1,400.00 total).
Doctorate Level: $2,000.00 + $50.00 non-refundable registration fee ($2,050.00 total).
* Graduation Conference Fee: $650.00
Advanced Placement Testing: A student may request, in writing, up to three subjects in the Bachelor Level program and Master Level program to test out. Each class test fee will be $50 and if student can test at 80% or better they will be able to advance without taking the class. The Advanced Placement Testing must be requested along with the Enrollment Application.
Refund Policy: Full refunds for Plan 1, excluding the registration fee will be paid prior to the student receiving any course materials. Partial refunds will be paid up to the second class. After the student has received the second class (102) materials, there will be no refunds. There are no refunds for registration fees. There are no refunds for Plan 2 after the first class is received in Bachelor or Master degree programs. No refunds are given the doctorate level under plan 2 once the student has been assigned a Mentor/Dissertation Supervisor.
Language: All SPICA - Way of Light University of Divinity material is presented in the English language.
Course Material: Can be and will be sent via email PDF files, CD, or written formats. Written material, packaged in a booklet format, will require additional postage and handling fees. Please inform the university of your need for a booklet format and postage fees will be evaluated for you.
Time Required for Completion: Each level can take the student at least one lunar year to complete (13 month. The student may ask for a six-month extension for the Bachelor's or Master's program, if they find it necessary. Upon completion and testing of each class, the student will submit all materials. The next class lessons will be sent after instructor evaluation of material is submitted. The Doctor of Divinity level can take a full lunar year to complete and the student may request a 1 year extension to honor the necessary dedication to research and development of their specialization.
If you have any questions or need more information, please send us an email.
Phone: (800) 499-2353
Transpersonal Approach(SM)
SPICA Bookstore


text:
Next issue:
February 23, 2006
Questions? Comments?
E-mail our editor.
By Leslie Vryenhoek
Students in Alex Marland's Parties and Elections in Canada course listen as St. John's East candidate Mike Kehoe (NDP), right, and Stephen Harris (Green Party) explain their platforms. (Photo by Chris Hammond)
If you think Canada's youngest voters are of one mind — that those who aren't apathetic are all leaning left of centre — then you haven't spent time discussing the recent federal election in Alex Marland's Parties and Elections in Canada course. From staunch Conservatives to emphatic NDP supporters, the students in this third-year Political Science course were passionate about the election and its outcome during a discussion the day after the Jan. 23 vote.
"Hallelujah! The Liberals had become corrupt, and they were tearing apart the country. It was time for a change," asserted Patrick Hanlon, a Conservative supporter.
Change was something most of the students were happy about, regardless of their political stripes — although they agreed with Mr. Marland's suggestion that any party in power for long enough will face corruption in its ranks. Nonetheless, several echoed Mr. Hanlon's comment that "this is a chance for Prime Minister Harper to prove himself now."
"I think minority governments are a good thing because they produce the most interesting legislation, and people have to work together and take in others' perspectives," Adam Fancy noted.
Others were disappointed in the outcome, and in the whole notion that the Liberals and the Conservatives are the only viable governing parties.
"The NDP started as a grassroots party and they have grown so much and done so much — it's BS that they're not going to get anywhere," said Cara Lewis in response to comments that the NDP were unrealistic and would be unable to govern responsibly.
Veronica Walther felt the same about the Green Party. "That they spend no money on their campaigns is disappointing. In Europe, the Green Party is really a force, but here it's like they don't take themselves seriously. I think if they invested more, they'd be surprised what they could do."
What factors played into their decisions? If this group is any gauge, the youth of candidates isn't a big concern. "If someone is young and hasn't had much experience, then they probably aren't the best choice for leader," Susan Rowsell said. "I'm only slightly more encouraged to vote for a party that contains younger candidates, because they'll have a perspective on issues that might affect my generation."
As one male student pointed out: "It's about ideology, not about age."
Turned off by attack ads, candidates who don't take themselves seriously — whether by underselling their qualifications or talking about their drunken exploits — and the lacklustre campaign they believe the Liberals ran, all the students said ideology, issues and ideals were their guides.
What these young voters had most in common was certainty. Unlike many Canadians who publicly commented that they were waffling right up until casting their ballot, the students all said they had made their decisions well in advance ("I knew how I was going to vote 10 years ago!" Mr. Hanlon said with a laugh). And those decisions were based on a careful analysis of the parties' platforms.
"I was going to vote Liberal initially, because I wanted to stop the Conservatives — I'm not down with them at all — but the more I looked at the platforms during the campaign, the more I liked what the NDP stood for," Mark Vidal said.
Voting strategically — whether to help secure an MP who belongs to the party in power, or to prevent an outcome they disliked — was something none of the students were willing to do. As Cara Lewis said: "I don't believe in strategic voting, or voting out of fear. I voted from the heart."
© 2005 Memorial University of Newfoundland


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Wednesday, December 18, 2013
Gift Sets & Coupon Codes!
Gift sets and kits are officially listed! I put these little gift sets together for some discounted gift options, there are 8 total so there's are a lot of options to choose from! Plus all of them are customize-able by choosing the different soaks, scrubs, lotions, or lip balms you would like to include in them. So here they are:
Home Essentials Kit ($50)- 2 lip balm tubes, 2 deodorant, lotion, and a boo boo stick
At-home Spa Kit ($40)- bath soak, sugar scrub, and lotion
Ultimate Well Being Kit ($80)- hand sanitizer, healving salve, lotion, lip balm tube, boo boo stick
Goddess Gift Set ($55)- bath soak, sugar scrub, lotion, tube of lip balm, perfume
Holiday Gift Set ($45)- bath soak, sugar scrub, lotion, tube of lip balm
Survive The Winter! Kit ($30)- tube of lip balm, get un-sick stick, lotion
Choose Three! Get three tubes of lip balm for $12
Choose two! Get two tins of lip balm for $15
You can check them all out
if the other one doesn't work) as well as the options you have for customizing!
And don't forget about our 5 Days of Christmas! Here they are-
Day 1
: Don't forget, the giveaway ends tomorrow morning!!!
Day 2
: All clothes have been marked down (as of this morning, woops! )
Day 3
: Free shipping code for today: SAMWISHSPECIAL
Day 4
: Automatic free gift with purchase
Day 5
50% OFF Sale, all orders have to be in by 3:30 central time!
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Why Use Residential Air Duct Cleaning
If you home have clean HVAC system, then your family will be benefitting from it from the point of view of hygiene. The air duct is the place when you HVAC system gathers mold, fungi, bacteria, and other contaminants that makes the air that you breathe inside your home impure. The health of your family can be compromised if the quality of the air coming inside your home is contaminated air. You can improve the quality of the air that you breath inside you house by cleaning your air ducts.
Using a specialized vacuum for air duct cleaning will enable the air duct cleaning company to clean your air duct and HVAC system. The air duct cleaning company will then dislodge the dirt and contaminants out of the air ducts with the use of certain devices which they insert into the duct while it is being vacuumed so these contaminants will be sucked out of the air duct.
Although the vacuum is very important in cleaning your air duct, there are many other devices that air duct cleaning services use. There is also a need to scrub the surface of the air duct system so as to push out the contaminants toward the vacuum and these devices include brushes, skipper balls, air whips, and other tools that agitate contaminants. After vacuuming, chemical sanitizers that eliminate microbes are applied to the interior surface of the air ducts. When the air duct is completely cleaned, then the sanitizer can be applied next.
Effective Environmental Protection Authority approved products should be used by your air duct cleaning services to sanitize your air ducts. You can be sure that these products are safe for human, animal and plant life.
Microbes cause respiratory problems to people with allergies, infants, and elderly people who are sensitive to it. To eliminate odor-causing microorganisms and contaminants associated with allergies, mildew, and bacterial growth, the air duct cleaning service uses highly effective sanitizers.
There are different types of vacuum collection systems used by air duct cleaning services and these are the truck or trailer mounted and the portable one. There are vacuum collection systems that are either truck or trailer mounted, and these are also portable ones. Portable vacuums are less powerful than truck mounted ones. Portable vacuums can easily be placed very near the air ducts. A reputable air duct cleaning company will only use a vacuum that is according to the standards of the air duct industry. All vacuums are attached to a collection device so that they can be contained properly before disposal.
For the upkeep of your system, and for the health of your family, air ducts should have regular cleaning. Home circumstances contribute to the contamination in the air ducts. These circumstances include water damage in the home or your HVAC system, the presence of pets that shed hair and dander, smoke from cigarettes, and others. Allergies and asthma with members of your family is the best motivation to have your air ducts cleaned regularly.


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If you are from Tamil Nadu, we would like you to support us in nursery activities close to where you live. We have established more than 75 volunteer driven nurseries in 28 districts of Tamil Nadu and Union territory of Pondicherry. As the name suggests, volunteers along with their family and friends, visit our nurseries in weekends and volunteer for filling pockets, transplanting seedlings, watering and many more activities.
Just in the last year, in 2011, we have produced and distributed more than 18.6 Lakh saplings through more than 130 nurseries spread across the state.
Homemakers, students, teachers, business men, software professionals and people from all sections of the society come together and volunteer to make this project a success


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Private M. Shangev M.M.
Transcript of
Military Medal
3 W.A. Bde.
3 Indian
7 Nigeria Regiment
Date of
2nd May 1944
Regtl. No.
Rank and Name
Private Mailafia SHANGEV
Action for which recommended :-
This African Soldier showed great courage and dash during mopping up operations on 17th April 1944. Disdaining to fire his rifle from close range he literally leaped from bush to bush bayoneting the enemy wherever he found them. Since this date, though on one occasion stunned by any enemy grenade bursting by his head, he has done consistently good work and is invariably cheerful and stout hearted.
Recommended By
Major C.C.A. Carfrae
O.C. 29 Column
Honour or Reward
M. M. Immediate
Signed By
Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Comd. 3 Ind. Div.
General G. Giffard
Commander-in-Chief 11 Army Group
(London Gazette 27 July 1944)


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Singers in Bakewell Choral Society will be spreading Christmas cheer in their
seasonal concert.
Carols, songs and readings will be shared in a programme which will include solo items from young people and an opportunity for audience participation.
The concert, entitled A Festive Evening of Words and Music, is on Saturday, December 21, at7.30pm in Bakewell Methodist Church.
The singers will be accompanied by pianist Amanda Kornas and organist Keith Hodgson.
Tickets £8 from Bakewell Bookshop, choir members and on the door and will include seasonal refreshments. Accompanied children and students free.
A donation from the proceeds of ticket sales will be made to Ashgate Hospice in memory of Jennifer Downey, former choral society member and secretary.
Earlier on Saturday, the choral society will be holding their Christmas market at the church from 10am to 2pm.
There will be a tombola and stalls selling cards, locally made glass decorations, soaps, handicrafts and Christmas decorations; jams, chutneys and preserves, cakes, books and a bric-a-brac stall.
A giant Christmas hamper stuffed with everything needed for a gourmet festive season will be raffled throughout the day.
The kitchen will be open for refreshments including many varieties of tea, freshly made coffee, mouth-watering home-made cakes and fresh soup and rolls.
Entry is free to the Christmas market.


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Carvinc Technologies is one of the best HTML training Institutes in Chennai .We train you HTML as a part of Web Designing and development.our syllabus has been carved to meet real time Industry requirements. once you are trained in HTMLyou can do any designs in web.
HTML, or HypertextMarkupLanguage, is used by web programmers to describe the contents of a web page. It is not a programming language.You simply use HTML to indicate what a certain chunk of text is-such as a paragraph, a heading or specially formatted text. HTML uses a pre-defined set of elements to define content types. Elements contain one or more "tags" that contain or express content. Tags are enclosed by angle brackets, and the closing tag begins with a forward slash.


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Hi everyone! I am back after a wonderful weekend at Camogli in Italy, wow it seemed summer, with such high temperatures and sunny weather! It was really a pitty that I didn't take my bikini with me! However, when the sun came down, it was a little bit colder, and the perfect occasion to wear […]
Category: oasap
2 ways of chic
Connie wears an oasap dress in the style of Alexa Chung although she paired it with Manolos instead of flats or oxfords. For a touch of colour she used the purse we bought her in Perú. I also wore it during the Gracia party in August. This neighbourhood transforms the streets into different places using recycled […]
Lady Punk
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Thanks for the support in 2015
Posted by Liam on Wednesday 20th January 2016
2015 was a good year for Ethiopiaid thanks to YOU!
Thank you for believing in the work we do and for supporting the lives of thousands of Ethiopians.
2015 was a busy year for Ethiopiaid, as we continued the amazing work that you enable us to do. During 2015 you helped us to work closely with 6 partners in Ethiopia and the results were amazing:
At AWSAD, over 419 women and their children were provided a safe house, counselling, medical services and legal aid.
At FSCE, 28 girls attended a safe house where they received skills training, education and a safe environment.
At Facing Africa, you helped to fund 2 surgical missions to
Ethiopia where over 70 operations were performed on NOMA victims.
At Cheshire Services, the lives of 4,940 adults and children living with disabilities were improved.
At Hope Enterprises, you helped feed 850 street children every day and helped to get 450 of them into school.
At the Hamlin Fistula Hospital & Hamlin College of Midwives, more than 1200 babies were safely delivered.
I want to draw your attention to Hamlin Fistula Hospital in particular. 2015 was a year where the hospital had a greater impact than ever before, and we were delighted to host Martin Andrews, Hamlin CEO, for our September art exhibition in Dublin. The show was attended by Sabina Higgins and RTE's Claire Byrne, and was a tremendous success that helped raise much needed funds for the hospital in its effort to end fistula in Ethiopia by 2020.
Remember with us the joy of that day:


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On a recent road trip through British Columbia, my girlfriend bought a bag of baked cinnamon sugar pita chips at a market that we stopped at. When we got back in my truck, we opened the bag and nearly devoured the entire thing. She decided to put the bag away as we were about 3/4 finished it and I threatened to make her walk if she didn't keep feeding them to me. OK, I wasn't going to make her walk, and she didn't take my threat seriously for even a split second, but I really wanted more of them and I had to get point across. These were some serious chips. They were a great snack, and I'd like to think that they are better for you than potato chips. My first thought was, "These would be easy to make." So after experimenting a little bit, this is what I came up with.
I found out that they are very easy to make indeed, but the best part is they are cheap to make as well. A bag of pita bread only cost me $1.49. That's definitely in my budget.
Put these out the next time you have some guests over and you'll find you're guests asking you how you made them. They'll probably invite themselves over again for another visit in the very near future.
I'm not going to write a recipe for this. Instead, I'll explain how to do it.
Here's what you'll need:
Pita Bread
A can of spray oil (ex. Pam)
Here's how you do it:
Combine 1 cup of sugar and 1/4 cup of cinnamon in a bowl. This will make more than enough cinnamon sugar to do an entire bag of pita bread. If you don't want to do that much, just follow the ratio 4 parts sugar: 1 part cinnamon.
Spray a piece of pita with the oil
Liberally spread the cinnamon sugar all over the piece of bread. Go heavy with it.
*** IMPORTANT - After you spread the cinnamon sugar on the bread, spray it again with the oil to help the cinnamon sugar stick to the bread.
Flip the piece of bread over and repeat the process to the other side.
When both sides of the brea are ready, cut the bread into strips.
Cut the strips into bite sized chips.
Spread the chips onto a baking sheet, lined with parchment paper.
Bake at 350 for about 5 mins. You have to watch these as they can burn very quickly. After 5 minutes, open the oven and touch them. If they are still soft, leave them in and keep checking them. They are done when they are about 90% firm.
Once they are done, take them out and allow to cool on a rack.
Store in a air tight bag, or plastic container.


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King Lear
Recognizing Through the Self: The Power of Insight in King Lear
In The Tragedy of King Lear, William Shakespeare drags his audience through horrific tragedy to get to the core of truth. Violence, pain, betrayal, and finally death come crashing down upon almost every character, good or bad. This peeling away of pleasantries is fundamental to the meaning of the play. Shakespeare begs his audience to shed the false coverings created by a manmade society. These constraints include language, clothing, and other artificial institutions such as wealth and royalty. The play shows us how these created controls break down in the face of nature. In the end, there is nothing stronger than blood, the very essence of a human being. However, the audience has also witnessed the tie of blood marred by intoxicating forces like greed and power. Since even the deepest truths can become hidden by man's false boundaries, the role of recognition becomes one of the play's strongest points. Recognition is an enlightened form of sight, which is one of the clear themes of the play. It takes a kind of inner vision to see through the artificial and comprehend the real. Recognition requires both seeing and knowing. The play closely examines this relation, between what is seen and what is true, ultimately turning...
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The first thought is, of course, the eye rate. When getting a new merchant service Elavon, many banks offer you an introductory price for balance transfers and purchases for a specific amount of time.
These types of providers, in addition, have more additional processing fees than retail industry accounts, as well. The easiest way to make your decision would be to examine carefully through the elements and determine the cost and charges that could apply to your organization. If you are in doubt, make clear this exoticity loans before signing anything more. The last thing you want is actually a high-priced surprise in late the 30 days.
Bear in mind, however, that retailer today need to take more baching loans than credit cards. A few hosts of innovative payment processing remedies – like free e-cards, check and pre-paid card processing, electric balance transfers, revenue-generating gifts and devotion cards – that really must be part hyssop loans of your combination.
A business cash advance is often a method of financing that may be quick, simple and efficient. You may not even are aware of it, but, you have currently beaten the first difficulty – your business have a merchant services bank of America contract. When you started your current merchant account so you could process credit cards in your restaurant, you had taken the first step towards getting eligible for a financing transaction. The rest of the deal is equally straightforward.
You named that, you had it. Robin the boy wonder was eager which he must have catalog-display regarding his products, a new fully-featured shopping cart together with merchant services first data as well. He/she wasn't disappointed. For being true, SBI! overcome him. Literally. Robin the boy wonder could either apply SBI!
If you are just getting started primarily or you already recognize bank cards the truth is examined merchant services product sales repetitions have an awful reputation. Their own aim is to sign up brand-new accounts as fast as possible. Because of this reality, they frequently glossed more than or disregarded to share with you about each of the rates and fees it is going to apply to your account.


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UAE businesses struggling to protect value chains
Oracle survey: 74% of UAE companies saw value chain disruption in past year
A research study commissioned by Oracle Corp has revealed that the majority of businesses in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) have been unable to protect their value chains against unforeseen events.
The report, "Managing the Value Chain in Turbulent Times", is based on research concluded in March 2013, carried out Dynamic Markets on behalf of Oracle. The survey involved 677 senior decision makers in large organisations (more than 250 employees) across nine EMEA countries (UK, France, Germany, Russia, the Nordics, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the UAE). The aim of the study was to assess how businesses are currently managing their value chains. It examined major aspects of value chain management, including risk, managing information, innovation and sustainability.
The survey found that over the past 12 months, 63% of businesses across EMEA have reported that they have seen disruption to their value chain due to unpredictable events beyond their control, such as economic disruption (24%), adverse weather (19%) and bankruptcy of suppliers (16%). In the UAE, this figure was higher than the EMEA average, at (74%).
Among those businesses that have experienced disruption in the past 12 months, it has taken 63 days on average to get back to normal operations following an incident. The cost to organisations has amounted to an average of approximately AED2.5m per incident and includes costs associated with lost sales, lost customers, product recall and the work involved in having to rebuild the value chain. In the UAE, the cost was higher than the regional average at around AED12.4m per incident. Compared with the UK, Russia, France, Germany and Turkey, the UAE had incurred the most significant cost per incident among all countries surveyed.
Despite the disruption being caused to the value chain, 75% of organisations admitted that they have not performed a risk assessment on all elements of the chain, leaving them exposed to financial loss. In fact, the study found that 58% of businesses which have not performed a comprehensive risk assessment have been affected by disruption, highlighting the impact this lack of preparation is having.
Compliance is also of great importance to large businesses in EMEA, with 79% having to comply with at least one type of legislation and trade regulation that affects their value chain. The research shows however, that a significant proportion of companies are struggling to comply with these regulations, with 30% having failed to comply with at least one that they are compelled to adhere to during the past 12 months. Failure to comply with legislation can lead to financial penalties or, in extreme cases, punitive legal measures.
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My first product review in over 6 weeks… #beautybloggerfail lol. I've been looking for a new highlighter and had heard really great things about the Physicians Formula Shimmer Strips in Natural Nude, so when I was in London Drugs last week and saw this all-in-one natural nude palette I decided to give it a try.
Create the Perfect Nude Glow! The must-have nude essentials to create a custom nude look for face and eyes. 12 ultra-chic shimmery nude shades create an all-over nude glow, contour and accentuate cheeks, and enhance eyes. Mirror, applicators and application guide included.


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Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Nov 20, 2018 112 min Watch Trailer
overview : Video game bad guy Ralph and fellow misfit Vanellope von Schweetz must risk it all by traveling to the World Wide Web in search of a replacement part to save Vanellope's video game, "Sugar Rush." In way over their heads, Ralph and Vanellope rely on the citizens of the internet -- the netizens -- to help navigate their way, including an entrepreneur named Yesss, who is the head algorithm and the heart and soul of trend-making site BuzzzTube.
Genres : Family, Animation, Comedy, Fantasy
Tags : video game, sequel, internet, lethal virus, aftercreditsstinger, duringcreditsstinger
John C. ReillyRalph (voice)
Sarah SilvermanVanellope (voice)
Gal GadotShank (voice)
Taraji P. HensonYesss (voice)
Jack McBrayerFelix (voice)
Jane LynchCalhoun (voice)
Alan TudykKnowsMore (voice)
Alfred MolinaDouble Dan / Little Dan (voice)
Ed O'NeillMr. Litwak (voice)
Bill HaderJ.P. Spamley (uncredited voice)
John DiMaggioArthur (voice)
Irene BedardPocahontas (voice)
Kristen BellAnna (voice)
Jodi BensonAriel (voice)
Auli'i CravalhoMoana (voice)
Jennifer HaleCinderella (voice)


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Stylish Way to Store Eggs – Bliss Egg Holder
The Bliss Egg Cone is offers you an interesting way to store you eggs. To bad that I didn't found this product before Easter. For Easter this could be an interesting way to entertain your guests, but if you'll keep the eggs to much outside your frige you might have an unplesant surprise. If you want to store your eggs the stylish way you can purchase The Bliss Egg Cone from here for $20. – Via – UberReview
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Fall – on the farm and at home
My friend Sidney did a good job of guarding the cakes.
The silent auction was a big success because the offerings were really nice. We sat a long tables and enjoyed a delicious dinner too.
Back on the homefront I was preparing for winter with the help of my son and his boys. They arrived full of enthusiasm to insulate the underside of my house.
Davis went to Home Depot and bought enough rigid foam insulation sheets to cover the area. He had store cut them in half so they would all fit in his SUV. They are bulky so he had to make two trips. The family crew worked pretty hard trimming and placing a couple of the sheets. They stacked them up and we all decided to find a skilled carpenter to complete the job.
Labels: family, food, friends, home, island life


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The Far-Right Pundits Tasked With Moderating The Iowa GOP
Blog ››› ››› BRIAN POWELL
Conservative media figures that embody messages of misogyny and hate will take center stage at a GOP candidate forum in Iowa, despite the party's own acknowledgment that future electoral victories hinge upon the development of a more tolerant platform.
After Mitt Romney's loss in the 2012 presidential election, the Republican National Committee drafted a series of recommendations on how to evolve and grow the party into a force that can win consistently in the 21st century. To a large extent, the plan recommended reaching out to women and minorities, after Democrats won both groups by healthy margins that year. The RNC report recommended "developing a forward-leaning vision for voting Republican that appeals to women." It went on to suggest that the party needs "to campaign among Hispanic, black, Asian, and gay Americans and demonstrate that we care about them, too."
But in a move that seems in total opposition to those recommendations, the Iowa Republican candidates for U.S. Senate, as well as Republican Gov. Terry Branstad and Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA), have chosen to partner with Fox News contributor Erick Erickson, radio host Steve Deace, and The Family Leader, an anti-gay organization headed by Bob Vander Plaats, to conduct a forum for the candidates on April 25.
Despite his role as "moderator" for the event, Erickson's far-right views on women and minorities are anything but moderate. Erickson has argued that businesses that serve gay couples are "aiding and abetting" sin, that proposed anti-discrimination laws are part of a war on Christians waged by "evil" gay rights activists, and that marriage equality is akin to incest. According to the pundit, gay people are definitely "on the road to hell."
In fact, Erickson is scheduled to appear at an event for the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) on the night before the candidate forum. The ADF, whose work has been touted by Erickson, is an extreme anti-gay organization working to criminalize homosexuality. The event is billed as "An Evening with Erick Erickson," making him a de facto spokesman for a group whose stances are so extreme even some of Erickson's peers at Fox News have distanced themselves from them.
Erickson's relationship with women's issues is just as offensive -- he is particularly hostile to the idea that women should help support a family financially. Erickson stated on his radio show in 2013 that "some women believe they can have it all, and that's the crux of the problem," and told Fox host Lou Dobbs that the recent increase in the number of female breadwinners is "concerning and troubling." He elaborated on this point, saying, "When you look at biology, look at the natural world, the roles of a male and female in society, and the other animals, the male typically is the dominant role."
But it's not just Erickson. The Republican candidate forum will also feature a post-forum focus group moderated by radio host and Washington Times columnist Steve Deace.
Deace maintains strong anti-gay and anti-immigrant views. Most recently, he penned a column suggesting that President Obama and the media were using the story of Michael Sam, an openly gay NFL prospect from the University of Missouri, as an excuse to distract attention away from the 2012 attacks in Benghazi, Libya. He has also compared gay marriage to bank robbery and strongly opposes proposals like the DREAM Act that would aid longtime immigrant children in obtaining a college education.
And the forum itself is presented by The Family Leader, whose president Bob Vander Plaats has called gay people a "public health risk," likened being gay to adultery and polygamy, and is a vocal supporter of the fringe birther movement.
If right-wing hate mongers like Erickson and Deace continue to be chosen to represent the party, GOP rebranding efforts are likely doomed.
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Gull Lake Lodge
- PO Box 25, 132 Leonard Ave.
- June Lake, CA 93529
- Phone: (760) 648-7516
- Toll-free: (800) 631-9081
The Gull Lake Lodge is within walking distance of June and Gull lakes, June Lake Village, and only a stone's throw from the June Mountain Ski Area. Each units offers apartment style accommodations with a separate bedroom, spacious living area, kitchen and dinette, and large bath with shower, cable TV and wireless INTERNET access. Enjoy the outdoor porch and patio furniture, BBQ's, and breathtaking views of Gull Lake and the surrounding mountain peaks. Well behaved pets welcome.
Property Amenities
- Pets Accepted:


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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Genetic polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene correlate with overall survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy
© Fujita et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 14 April 2010
- Accepted: 30 November 2010
- Published: 30 November 2010
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that is involved in carcinogenesis. Endothelial NO, synthesized from L-arginine by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inhibits apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms in the eNOS gene on prognosis of patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Unresectable, chemotherapy naïve stage III or IV NSCLC patients who were treated with standard platinum-containing doublet regimens were analyzed. All individuals were genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphism G894T in exon 7 of the eNOS gene and for a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 4 that results in a rare smaller allele (a) and a common larger allele (b), to investigate the association between these polymorphisms and clinical outcomes. The primary endpoint was correlation with overall survival.
From October 2004 to December 2007, 108 patients (male/female, 66/42; Stage IIIA/IIIB/IV, 6/30/72) aged 29-77 years (median 63) with good performance status were consecutively enrolled in this study. Using Kaplan-Meier estimates, we showed that 5-year overall survival was significantly increased in patients carrying the VNTR a-allele compared with VNTR b/b patients (P = 0.015). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the VNTR polymorphism was an independent prognostic factor for survival.
The results support the role of the VNTR polymorphism in intron 4 as a marker for survival in patients with advanced stage NSCLC who are candidates for standard chemotherapy.
- Nitric Oxide
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status
- eNOS Gene
- Thoracic Radiotherapy
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Status
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in most developed countries [1]. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancers, and platinum-based chemotherapy is considered the standard of care worldwide for patients with advanced stage disease [2]. The treatment response is related to various factors, most of which are defined by tumor and clinical characteristics, such as disease stage and performance status. However, recent studies have shown that genetic factors may also influence the effectiveness of treatment [3, 4].
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical and is involved in numerous physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, immunity and carcinogenesis. NO is synthesized from L-arginine and oxygen by four major isoforms of NO synthase (NOS): neuronal NOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS, and mitochondrial NOS. Although eNOS produces low levels of NO, many clinical observational studies have shown a dysregulation of eNOS expression in human solid tumors [5].
The number of reported polymorphisms in the gene encoding eNOS (NOS3) exceeds 160. The G894T polymorphism (rs1799983), which is located in exon 7 of the gene and leads to the amino acid change from Glu298Asp, is associated with reduced basal NO production [6]. In addition, a 27-bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 4 has been associated with variations in plasma levels of NO and its metabolites [7, 8]. This polymorphism has three alleles: a short 4 repeat allele (a-allele), a more common long 5 repeat allele (b-allele), and a rare allele with 6 repeats. Recent studies have indicated that this repeat polymorphism in intron 4 is the source of a 27 nt-long RNA derived from pre-mRNA splicing. This RNA species inhibits eNOS expression and may represent a new class of small RNA [9, 10]. Endothelial cells containing the a-allele produce a lower level of 27-nt small RNA and a higher level of eNOS mRNA compared with cells with the more common b-allele [10]. The association between eNOS mRNA levels and the a-allele appeared to be dose-dependent [11].
To date, very few studies have investigated the association of these polymorphisms with the prognosis of various neoplastic disorders, and no studies have examined them in relation to survival of advanced stage NSCLC patients who are candidates for standard platinum-based chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the potential association between these polymorphisms and survival of NSCLC patients.
One hundred and eight patients who were judged to have inoperable stage III or IV NSCLC at the time of diagnosis were consecutively enrolled in our study between October 2004 and December 2007. All patients were native-Japanese of Asian ethnicity. Staging was based upon the 6th tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system [12]. Patients with symptomatic brain metastasis, malignancies other than NSCLC within the last 5 years, presence of acute or chronic infections rendering them unsuitable for chemotherapy, or an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of between 2 and 4 were excluded from the study. Patients with operable disease were also excluded, because surgery was considered to be a substantial confounding factor that masks the genetic effect on survival. Tumor response was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) [13], and all responses were evaluated at least 4 weeks after initial assessment. The local ethical committee (Kyoto University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Ethics Committee) approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki declaration.
The patients received one of the following three chemotherapy treatments: carboplatin/paclitaxel, carboplatin/gemcitabine or cisplatin/gemcitabine. With regard to the carboplatin/paclitaxel regimen, paclitaxel was administered either at a lower dose (70 mg/m2) on a weekly basis for 3 out of 4 weeks, or at 180 mg/m2 on day 1 (carboplatin dose was area under the curve (AUC) = 5 or 6 mg/mL • min on day 1). The combination of carboplatin and gemcitabine consisted of carboplatin AUC 5 mg/mL • min on day 1 plus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. Carboplatin was replaced with cisplatin (80 mg/m2 on day 1) in the cisplatin/gemcitabine regimen. Each treatment was repeated for three to six cycles, unless unacceptable toxicity or disease progression was apparent. Patients who are candidate of definite thoracic irradiation therapy received carboplatin AUC 5 mg/mL • min on day 1 plus paclitaxel 40 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks in a concurrent fashion. Two to four cycles of carboplatin/paclitaxel were administered subsequently for consolidation.
Blood samples were collected and DNA was isolated from whole blood cell fractions using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Tokyo, Japan). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of G894T (a G-to-T transversion at nucleotide 894 in exon 7) was analyzed with TaqMan genotyping assays, using the ABI 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Probes, primers and TaqMan universal PCR master mix were those from ABI and TaqMan assays were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The intronic 27 bp insertion/deletion VNTR was genotyped using PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining [14].
The distribution of genotypes was tested for Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium with the goodness-of-fit χ2 test. The linkage disequilibrium of the two polymorphisms was analyzed. The association between overall survival times was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and assessed using the log-rank test. The effects of different genotypes on overall survival were estimated using hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model, with adjustment for gender, age (<70 vs. older), ECOG PS (0 vs. 1), smoking status (never-smoker vs. former/current smoker), clinical stage (III vs. IV), histology (adenocarcinoma vs. others), thoracic radiotherapy (yes vs. no) and the two genotypes examined. We used Akaike's information criterion for entering and removing a variable in a stepwise Cox regression [15]. Survival time was calculated from diagnosis to death or last follow-up. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
We estimated the false-positive report probability for the observed statistically significant associations using the methods described by Wacholder et al [16]. HR values from 2.0 to 4.0 were considered likely threshold values. The prior probability used was 0.1 for these polymorphisms and the false-positive report probability value for noteworthiness was set at 0.5.
Statistical analyses were performed using JMP version 6 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.), R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing., Vienna, Austria.), and Haploview version 4.0 [17].
Characteristics of the 108 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer enrolled in the study
Age, Years
29 - 77
Chemotherapy regimen
Definitive thoracic radiotherapy
Treatment characteristics of the enrolled patients
No. of patients
Stage IIIA
Stage IIIB
Stage IV
Median survival for all 108 patients was 26.8 months (95%CI, range 21.9 - 30.7 months). Median survival was 23.3 months for male patients and 32.3 months for female patients (HR, 1.72; 95%CI, 1.04-2.85; P = 0.034). Median survival was 24.6 months for smokers and 35.2 months for never-smokers (HR, 1.69; 95%CI, 1.00-2.85; P = 0.048). There was substantial agreement between gender and smoking status (Cohen's kappa coefficient, 0.64). Age, ECOG PS, disease stage, histology, and thoracic radiotherapy were not significantly associated with overall survival in the univariate analysis. Regarding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, tumor samples of 34 patients (31.5%) were analyzed and 21 were positive for mutations. Eleven tumors had an L858R mutation in exon 21 and nine contained in-frame nucleotide deletions (including E746-A750) in exon 19. A G719S mutation was found in one tumor. EGFR mutation status (positive vs. negative/unknown) was not prognostic in the univariate analysis.
Genotypic and allelic frequencies of the G894T SNP in exon 7 and the VNTR in intron 4
Genotypic frequencies (%)
Allelic frequencies (%)
VNTR in intron 4
EGFR mutation status was not included in a Cox proportional hazards model because the number of analyzed patients was small and statistically significant results were not observed in the univariate analysis. Including gender, age, ECOG PS, smoking status, clinical stage, histology, thoracic radiotherapy and two genotypes in a model, the common b/b genotype (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.24 - 4.36; P = 0.0085), male gender (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.20-3.43; P = 0.0084) and stage IV disease (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.04-2.99; P = 0.036) were selected as the predictors for overall survival. Correspondingly, HRs of female gender and stage III disease were 0.50 and 0.57, respectively.
Comparative analysis of demographic and pathological information
No. of bb genotype pts.
No. of a-allele carriers
70 or older
Smoking Status
Never or Light
Current or Former
Clinical Stage
EGFR mutation
Activating mutation
Wild type
Thoracic radiotherapy
Frequency and distribution of eNOS intron 4 VNTR alleles in 72 patients with partial response or stable disease and 10 patients with progressive disease
No. of Patients
No. of Patients
a-allele carriers
bb genotype
Our results show that polymorphism of the 27-bp VNTR in intron 4 of the eNOS gene is strongly associated with survival in advanced stage NSCLC patients treated with standard platinum-based chemotherapy. Median survival was significantly prolonged in patients carrying the shorter a-allele (i.e., those with a higher level of eNOS mRNA production).
Published studies indicate a procarcinogenic role of eNOS. In solid tumors, eNOS plays an essential role in VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability [18]. A recent study showed that blocking phosphorylation of eNOS inhibited tumor initiation and maintenance through inactivation of the PI3K-AKT-eNOS-RAS pathway [19]. Moreover, a higher eNOS level was shown to correlate with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines [20]. Our findings were unexpected and in contrast to these observations.
However, our results can be explained by considering the following factors. NO derived from eNOS or eNOS itself can be cytotoxic to cancer cells through direct DNA damage and can be antitumorigenic [21]. The cytotoxic effects of NO can also be mediated through the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in the presence of superoxide anion (O∙2-) [22]. Moreover, clearance of metastatic cells from organ microvasculature is regulated in part by NO. NO has been reported to reduce the attachment of tumor cells to the endothelium and NO-mediated vasodilation may also contribute to the clearance of tumor cells [23, 24]. Using an eNOS knockout mice model and the B16F1 melanoma cell line, Wang and colleagues have shown that arrest of tumor cell metastasis in the portal and pulmonary circulation can trigger the immediate release of NO in an eNOS-dependent manner, and subsequently induce apoptosis in these tumor cells [25, 26]. Our observations were consistent with these reports. Furthermore, Mortensen et al. showed that expression of immunoreactive eNOS in the peritumoral microvasculature is a favorable prognostic indicator in premenopausal breast cancer patients, providing clinical evidence for a defensive role of eNOS against cancer cells [27]. With respect to treatment modality, NO was shown to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy and improve survival of patients with NSCLC in one phase II trial. Yasuda et al. randomized 120 patients with advanced stage NSCLC to receive standard chemotherapy (cisplatin and vinorelbine) alone, or the same regimen with nitroglycerin, a NO-donating drug [28]. The median time to progression was longer (10.9 vs. 6.2 months) in the nitroglycerin treatment group. Thus, in certain situations NO appears to act as a defense against the progression and/or metastasis of malignant tumors.
The median survival time of 26.8 months observed in the present study was favorable compared with that described in other reports [29, 30]. This is probably due to the inclusion of a heterogeneous treatment group (including patients who received definitive chemoradiation) and the relatively young population (median 63 years of age).
Our study has several limitations. The single-institutional study design contains the potential to introduce a selection bias. Although we estimated the false-positive report probability to confirm the statistical significance obtained by established methods, analysis based upon a small number of enrolled patients could potentially lead to false-positive results. Two recent Japanese trials confirmed that EGFR mutation status is a predictive factor for response to EGFR-TKI treatment with a progression free survival of 10 months [31, 32] and this finding paves the way for the personalized therapy for NSCLC. EGFR mutation status was evaluated in only a small proportion of the enrolled patients (31.5%) and the favorable effect of the mutations on prognosis was not observed in our study. Finally, because we restricted the study subjects to those of East-Asian ethnicity, it is uncertain whether these results can be generalized to other populations.
Our results indicate that the VNTR polymorphism in intron 4 of the eNOS gene may be associated with the progression of NSCLC and shed light on the association between polymorphisms in the eNOS gene and survival of patients with NSCLC.
We thank Ms. Miyuki Sasaki for her technical assistance. This work is supported by Health Promoting Association for Respiratory Medicine of Nishi-Nippon.
Authors' Affiliations
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Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<url>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</url>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Here's a rather impressive bit of reflection by Adam Sacks on "the fallacy of climate activism" http://www.grist.org/article/2009-08-23-the-fallacy-of-climate-activism.
He says: "in the 20 years since we climate activists began our work in earnest, the state of the climate has become dramatically worse, and the change is accelerating–this despite all of our best efforts. Clearly something is deeply wrong with this picture. What is it that we do not yet know? What do we have to think and do differently to arrive at urgently different outcomes? The answers lie not with science, but with culture."


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One Of Your Favourite 80s Shows Is Getting A Reboot!
We can't quite believe we're typing this either, but you're going to have to dig out your shoulder pads; 80s TV hit Dynasty is getting a reboot!
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