text: I can't remember how I spiraled in. I was randomly web surfing, clicked here, clicked there, saw someone's nonsensical (non-knitting) blog and a widget in his sidebar, clicked on it, which brought me here. Ok, I'll check it out. They apparently rate blogs, I'm not sure what their criteria is though. I did a search for knitting blogs just for shishabobs and giggles. Did a quick scroll through the first few pages, recognized some blog names, and then this blog jumped out at me. Way to go Joan, you're 7.3 on their radar. :-)


text:
- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Defect in recruiting effector memory CD8+T-cells in malignant pleural effusions compared to normal pleural fluid
- Arnaud Scherpereel†1, 2, 3Email author,
- Bogdan Dragos Grigoriu†1, 4,
- Marc Noppen5,
- Thomas Gey2,
- Bachar Chahine2,
- Simon Baldacci2,
- Jacques Trauet6,
- Marie-Christine Copin3, 7,
- Jean-Paul Dessaint3, 6,
- Henri Porte3, 8 and
- Myriam Labalette3, 6
© Scherpereel et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 8 February 2013
- Accepted: 28 June 2013
- Published: 2 July 2013
Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a common and fatal complication in cancers including lung or breast cancers, or malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). MPE animal models and immunotherapy trials in MPM patients previously suggested defects of the cellular immunity in MPE. However only few observational studies of the immune response were done in MPM patients, using questionable control groups (transudate…).
We compared T cell populations evaluated by flow cytometry from blood and pleural effusion of untreated patients with MPM (n = 58), pleural metastasis of adenocarcinoma (n = 30) or with benign pleural lesions associated with asbestos exposure (n = 23). Blood and pleural fluid were also obtained from healthy subjects, providing normal values for T cell populations.
Blood CD4+ or CD8+ T cells percentages were similar in all groups of patients or healthy subjects. Whereas pleural fluid from healthy controls contained mainly CD8+ T cells, benign or malignant pleural effusions included mainly CD4+ T cells. Effector memory T cells were the main T cell subpopulation in pleural fluid from healthy subjects. In contrast, there was a striking and selective recruitment of central memory CD4+ T cells in MPE, but not of effector cells CD8+ T cells or NK cells in the pleural fluid as one would expect in order to obtain an efficient immune response.
Comparing for the first time MPE to pleural fluid from healthy subjects, we found a local defect in recruiting effector CD8+ T cells, which may be involved in the escape of tumor cells from immune response. Further studies are needed to characterize which subtypes of effector CD8+ T cells are involved, opening prospects for cell therapy in MPE and MPM.
- Pleura
- Effusion
- Tumor
- Mesothelioma
- Immunity
- Lymphocytes
Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a common consequence of cancer with more than 150,000 cases of MPE per year are diagnosed in the USA [1]. MPE is found in up to 6% of patients with malignancy. Pleural metastases and/or MPE are mostly of lung cancer (15-30%), breast cancer (10-15%) or lymphomas origin. These patients have a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 3 to 6 months [1]. Among cancers associated with MPE, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) was previously considered a rare tumor, but its incidence is increasing worldwide due to past (mostly occupational) exposure to asbestos. Outcome of patients with MPM remains poor despite recent treatment improvements [2]. Spontaneous immune response to mesothelioma seems to be important in counteracting tumor development. The immune system plays an important role in tumor biology, as it can delay mesothelioma progression [3], and immunotherapy has met with some success in previous and ongoing clinical trials [4–10]. In malignant effusions, the inflammatory processes and the immune responses induce the recruitment of cells into the pleural space [11]. The ability of T cell subsets at different differentiation stages to migrate to extra-lymphoid tissues as well as the immediate effector capacities of antigen-experienced T cell subsets, are heterogeneous [12]. Naïve and central memory (TCM) T cells constitutively express the CC-chemokine receptor (CCR7) permitting their traffic to lymphoid organs. Conversely, effector memory (TEM) and terminally-differentiated memory cells (TTD) have lost CCR7 expression, can traffic to peripheral sites, and are characterized by immediate effector capacities such as cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity [13]. Depending on antigen load, either early or highly differentiated T-cells may exert the prominent protective capacity [14–17]. Previous studies never compared pleural cell populations from MPM patients with those of healthy subjects, but instead used various control groups such as pleural transudates, tuberculous effusions or ascites, none of which could provide accurate baseline values [18–20].
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of all four naïve and memory subsets composing the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell pools in paired blood and pleural fluid from a large cohort of consecutive patients with MPM before any treatment. To better delineate specific changes in subset composition induced by mesothelioma, control groups included (a) otherwise healthy subjects with severe essential hyperhydrosis, (b) patients with benign lesions associated with asbestos exposure, and (c) patients with pleural metastases of carcinoma.
Demographic data, asbestos exposure of patients and diagnostic methods in recruited patients
METS (n = 38)
BPLAE (n = 30)
MPM (n = 79)
Age years (mean ± SD)
65.8 ± 11.6
61.9 ± 11.3
64.3 ± 9.5
Male gender n (%)
21 (55.3%)
29 (96.7%)
64 (81%)
Mesothelioma subtype n (%)
60 (76%)
Mixed (biphasic) type
10 (12.6%)
9 (11.4%)
Primary tumor
14 (36.8%)
10 (26.3%)
Digestive tract
3 (7.9%)
2 (5.3%)
6 (15.8%)
3 (7.9%)
Diagnosed by:
Blind Pleural Biopsy
1 (1.3%)
27 (71.1%)
21 (70%)
48 (60.8%)
6 (15.8%)
9 (30%)
28 (35.4%)
Guided biopsy
5 (13.1%)
2 (2.5%)
Asbestos exposure n (%)
11 (29%)
24 (80%)
61 (77.2%)
27 (71%)
5 (16.7%)
13 (16.5%)
Likely (but not confirmed)
1 (3.3%)
5 (6.3%)
In order to correctly interpret the lymphocyte immunophenotype profile of the different subgroups of patients we obtained normal pleural fluid by pleural lavage from subjects undergoing a stellate ganglion ablation under a thoracoscopic minimally invasive technique for severe essential hyperhidrosis. Fifteen otherwise healthy adults were recruited during the same period of time as the cancer patients presented above (using the same criteria as in reference [23]). These subjects had no history of prior pulmonary or pleural disease, and had a normal physical examination. Chest X-rays and complete pulmonary function testing confirmed that all were healthy except for the presence of essential hyperhydrosis at the palmar and/or axillar level. Paired simultaneous blood and pleural fluid samples were available for each subject in this group.
This study was performed under a research protocol approved by ethics committees from all involved institutions, and all patients gave an informed consent.
Distribution of T cell subsets by multiparameter flow cytometry
Ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid anticoagulated samples of blood and pleural fluid were collected on the same day, sent to the laboratory within one hour, and analysed immediately upon arrival. Haemorrhagic pleural effusions were excluded from this study in order to avoid any bias generated by the contamination of pleural samples by blood.
Unprocessed whole blood and pleural samples were stained directly with fluorochrome-labelled monoclonal antibodies (concentrations according to the manufacturers' instructions) followed by red cell lysis (UtiLyse reagent - Dako Chemicals) and two washings prior to acquisition. Staining was carried out by an automatic workstation (TQ-Prep) and analysis was performed on an Epics XL flow cytometer. All reagents and instrumentation were from Beckman Coulter (Fullerton, CA), with the exception of the monoclonal antibody to CCR7, from R&D systems (Minneapolis, MN). Relative numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were determined by a four-color assay using antibodies to CD3-PE, CD4-FITC, CD8-PC5, and CD45-PC7. Naive and memory subsets within CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations were determined by four colours staining with antibodies to CD4-PC7 and CD8-PC7, respectively, in combination with CD45RA-FITC, CCR7-PE, and CD28-PC5. Naive and memory T cell subsets were expressed as a percentage of the total number of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells respectively, by using the criteria published by Sallusto et al. [13]: naive (CD45RA+CCR7+), central memory (TCM, CD45RA-CCR7+), effector memory (TEM, CD45RA-CCR7-), and terminally-differentiated effector (TTD, CD45RA+CCR7-). Cells with potential regulatory function (Treg) were counted as CD4low+CD25bright+HLA-DRLow gating after staining with CD4-PC7, CD25-PE and HLA-DR-FITC antibodies. Natural killer (NK) cells were analyzed using four colours staining with antibodies to CD3-PC7, CD8-PC5, CD16-PE and CD56-FITC.
Statistical analysis
All data are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) with the exception of age. Comparisons between groups were performed using a Kruskall-Wallis test and a non parametric ANOVA after rank transformation, as suggested by Conover [24]. A Bonferoni correction was applied for multiple comparisons in post hoc tests. Unavailable data (due to non availability of the biological probe or low quality or technical problems in flow cytometry analyses) were coded as missing. Statistical calculations were performed with SPSS statistical package (version 12.0 F, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in paired blood and pleural fluid samples from healthy subjects
Percentages of lymphocyte populations and their subset composition in pleural fluid assessed in healthy subjects and in patients. Results given as median (interquartile range)
Healthy subjects
Lymphocyte populations a
Total CD3+ T-cells
80.5 (76–87.5)
85.2 (81–90.1)
77 (69–84)
85 (80–88)
CD4+ T-cells
63.2 (53.8-72)
63.5 (52.5-72)
54.2 (44–62.5)
30.0 (21–32)
CD8+ T-cells
19 (15–25)
22 (16.4-29)
25 (19.2-33.5)
53 (45–59)
CD4+/CD8+ ratio
3.8 (2.6-4.8)
3.2 (2.2-4.5)
2.2 (1.5-2.9)
0.59 (0.48-0.67)
Treg (CD4low+CD25bright+)b
4.4 (3–5.9)
4.4 (2.4-5.3)
2.2 (1.6-3.7)
NK cells (CD3─CD56+)
3.5 (2.2-7.5)
2.8 (2–4)
10 (3.4-12.5)
16.0 (12.4-24.1)
→ % of CD16 + NK cells
30 (20–59)
18 (1–35)
26 (14–54)
6% (3–8)
CD4 + T cell subsets b
22.7 (14.7-29)
25.7 (14.3-37)
11.2 (3.8-27)
1.6 (1–2.4)
47.4 (30–62)
53.5 (42.9-60)
40.5 (27.5-51)
13.1 (9.8-19.6)
21 (11.4-38.2)
18.6 (10.2-22)
19.2 (9.3-32)
85.1 (77.2-88.9)
0.6 (0.3-1.4)
1.3 (0.5-1.7)
0.8 (0.3-1.6)
0.7 (0.3-1)
CD8 + T cell subsets b
15.2 (7.1-37.3)
26 (22–43.4)
11.2 (3.9-29.6)
1.4 (0.9-2.1)
22.1 (12–34.7)
27.4 (17.8-44)
11.6 (7.2-28.3)
2.3 (1.6-4.7)
19.7 (4.3-45.3)
16.1 (10.7-36)
18.6 (5.6-49.2)
84.7 (83.1-87)
12.7 (5.6-22.3)
13.7 (8–22.9)
7.4 (2.4-20.7)
9.5 (8.5-12.2)
Compared to peripheral blood, the pleural fluid contained a very low proportion of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure 1B and G). The main subsets in the pleural fluid had an effector-memory phenotype (>80%) within both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells subsets (Figure 1D and I). The proportion of terminally-differentiated CD8+ T cells was lower in pleural fluid than in blood, and terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells were rare (less than 6%) in both sample sources. Regulatory T-cells, defined as the CD4low+CD25bright+ HLA-DRLow population [25], were scant and their percentages were not significantly different between blood and normal pleural fluid.
Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in pleural fluid from patients with pleural effusions
Natural killer (NK) cells
Total CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts
The contribution of T-cells to the total lymphocyte count was significantly higher in pleural fluid than in blood for all groups of patients (p = 0.007 or less). Healthy subjects also had mainly CD8+ T cells in their pleural fluids, while patients with benign or malignant pleural effusion had mainly CD4+ T cells: the median pleural CD4+/CD8+ ratio in healthy subjects was 0.59 while in patients it always exceeded 2.2 (Figure 2A-C). However, the relative proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in paired blood were very similar in healthy subjects and in METS, BPLAE, or MPM patients (data not shown). Furthermore, CD4+ T-cells in the pleural fluid of patients with either metastatic carcinomas or benign pleural lesions associated with asbestos exposure tended to be relatively more abundant than in MPM patients (Figure 2A).
Data for cells with a CD4+lowCD25bright+ phenotype were available only for 23 paired specimens (12 with METS, 6 with BPLAE, 5 with MPM). Percentages of this CD4low+CD25bright+ population were low in the blood and the pleural fluid in each group, accounting for less than 5% in virtually all specimens, without significant difference among the 4 groups studied (p = 0.17).
Naïve and memory T-cell subsets
It is widely admitted that T cells and NK cells are key players in anti-tumour immunity, although progressing tumours can ultimately escape immune control. The assessment of T cell subpopulations and NK cells in blood and pleural fluid could be useful for the understanding of the mechanisms involved in leukocyte recruitment in malignant pleural effusions and may help understanding their involvement in anti-tumor immunity. We report here the relative distribution of these populations in patients with MPM and compared it with values obtained from patients with pleural metastases of various carcinomas as done previously [23, 26], but also from patients with benign pleural involvement related to asbestos exposure and for the first time healthy subjects. This permitted us to more precisely analyze circulating and tumor environment-associated immune cells in patients with malignant pleural effusions. To our best knowledge few studies have specifically reported CD4+ et CD8+ T cell subpopulations in malignant pleural effusions [19, 27, 28].
Our results show for the first time that the pleural fluid from healthy subjects exhibits a significant different CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio not only compared to normal blood value but also with pleural fluid from all groups of patients, as suggested by other authors [20, 27, 29]. This distribution of the CD4+/CD8+ T cells in healthy subjects appeared also very similar to the one observed in peritoneal fluid from healthy women [30]. By contrast, we found that in all our patients there was a defect in recruiting CD8+ in the abnormal pleura, as previously reported by several authors [27, 28, 31, 32]. Interestingly this pleural recruiting defect was slightly less important (but statistically significant) in MPM cases than in patients with pleural metastases (METS) or with benign pleural lesions associated to asbestos exposure (BPLAE).
The first bias to eliminate in order to correctly understand these results is a potential contamination of the pleural samples with blood. This was unlikely because we excluded all hemorrhagic pleural effusions. Furthermore, the distribution of blood T cell subsets in our patients was similar to the one found in healthy subjects of the same age [26], except the lower percentages of naive CD8+ T cells in the METS and the MPM groups.
Immune response plays an important role in pleural tumours, and the development of a CD8+ mediated immune response have been associated with treatment success in animal models as well as in humans [33–36]. Here we show that this less abundant CD8+ T cells compartment is not of the effector-memory phenotype, as in healthy subjects. Prado-Gracia et al. previously reported that only a low percentage of this T CD8+ cell population expressed perforin, an important mediator of cell-mediated cytotoxicity [28]. In our study, the percentages of total CD8+ T cells or of CD8+ T cell subsets in blood or pleural effusion assessed before any treatment were not associated with survival in a Cox proportional hazard model (data not shown). However, it would be very interesting to study the kinetics of CD8+ T cell populations in patients with malignant pleural effusions of all types under different therapies, and its potential relation with patient outcome as previously reported in animal tumor models [29, 30].
In all groups of patients, the enrichment of pleural fluid with CD4+ T cells was due to an increase in the percentages of central memory and naive CD4+ T cell subsets. This was an unexpected finding since these cells should theoretically rather be found circulating from blood to the lymphoid organs. The same T cells subpopulations were predominant among the CD8+ T cells in the pleural fluid while one would normally expect an increase in effector memory and terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells as we found in healthy subjects. Compared to benign pleurisies associated with asbestos exposure, MPE were associated with a decrease in CD8+ naïve and central memory T cells. But this was not associated with an increase of effector memory and terminally differentiated CD8+ populations. These results are in accordance with the results published by Prado-Garcia et al. and by Atanackovic et al. [27, 28] who reported an increase of non effector CD4+ and CD8+ subsets as well as with the data of Aguiar et al. [19] who found a diminishing Naïve T cell population along with an increase of memory T cells in pleura of patients with MPE.
Possible explanations for these findings could relate to different mechanisms. First a defect in local recruitment of effector T cells in target organs or MPE may be due to changes of chemo-attractant signals by the tumor [37, 38]. A second hypothesis could be that effector cells rapidly undergo apoptosis which generate a higher T cell turnover with accumulation of central memory cells and a depletion in effector cells compartment [19, 39]. A third hypothesis would be a deficit in the expression of the ζ chain [40–43] which is important in the signal transduction via the T cell receptor. This could results in a defect in activating T cells and thus a generation of a lower number of effectors.
We also found in normal pleural fluid a lower proportion of natural regulatory T cells (Treg) than in the pathological pleural effusions. These results are consistent with previous reports [44–47]. However this accumulation of Treg seems to be extremely moderate and related more to the pleura itself than to the type of pleural disease. However, firm conclusions are difficult to extract due to the very limited number of patients in each subgroup. It has also to be taken into account that human malignant mesothelioma tissue contains not only regulatory T cells but also cytokines and chemokines suppressing an efficient anti-tumor immune response and promoting angiogenesis [38, 47–49].
Natural killer cells are also a very important component of the anti-tumor immune response. In accordance with previous reports [27, 50], we found that despite a higher percentage of circulating NK cells in patients with pleural malignancies (or even in BPLAE patients) than in healthy subjects, there was a defect in recruiting NK cells in the malignant pleural effusions. This defect seemed to be less important in MPM patients. In the literature, NK cells which express the low affinity Fc receptor, FcγRIII (with a CD56+(low)CD16+ phenotype) have mostly a cytotoxic function [51] while the CD56+(high)CD16- NK cells mostly produce various cytokines [52]. In our patients, the defect of pleural NK cells mainly concerned mainly the CD16neg cells.
There are two crucial and still unsolved questions. Are these findings in MPE correlated with local T cell populations in tumor tissue? Can these changes be therapeutically manipulated in order to obtain a better response to treatment by transforming local immunologic tolerance into anti-tumor immune response? Recently CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been associated with a better survival in resected MPM patients [53].
The goal of the present study was to describe tumor associated lymphocytes in MPE and compare them for the first time with pleural values from healthy subjects. We confirmed that there is a defect in recruiting CD8+ effector T cells in MPE. Several new treatments, including gene and cell therapies which target anti-tumor immune response, are now tested in patients with MPM or pleural metastases and should investigate this matter. These results suggest that current or future treatments for MPM or pleural metastases might be more effective if combined with immunotherapy to circumvent the local immunosuppression [54, 55].
Authors' information
AS is the national coordinator of "MESOCLIN", the French clinical expert network for the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma, and the elected secretary of the Thoracic Oncology Assembly (TOA) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Bogdan Dragos Grigoriu is the elected chair of the "pleural and mediastinal malignancies" group of the TOA of the ERS. Marc Noppen is an international well-known expert on pleural diseases. Marie-Christine Copin is the head of the Pathology Department in Lille, and a member of the international expert of the French pathology expert network "MESOPATH". Myriam Labalette is the head of the Immunology Lab of the University Hospital (CHRU) of Lille.
AS was supported for this study by grants from "La Ligue contre le Cancer", comite de l'Aisne (2005), from the "MESENDO" project of the Nord-Pas de Calais Region Council (2009–2012), and from the local "SERPA" and "RESPIR" research associations (Lille, 2006–2012). BDG was funded by Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice din Invatamantul Superior under the grant number 1191/2007 and received a research fellowship from the "Societe de Pathologie Thoracique du Nord" (Lille, France).
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- Lockhart DC, et al: Loss of T-cell receptor-CD3zeta and T-cell function in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes but not in tumor-associated lymphocytes in ovarian carcinoma. Surgery. 2001, 129 (6): 749-756. 10.1067/msy.2001.114554.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Sikora J, Zeromski J: Expression of TCR-zeta chain and apoptosis in subpopulations of tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs) from malignant pleural effusions. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002, 40 (4): 347-351.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Whiteside TL: Signaling defects in T lymphocytes of patients with malignancy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1999, 48 (7): 346-352. 10.1007/s002620050585.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Delong P, et al: Regulatory T cells and cytokines in malignant pleural effusions secondary to mesothelioma and carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005, 4 (3): 342-346. 10.4161/cbt.4.3.1644.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Qin XJ, et al: CCL22 recruits CD4-positive CD25-positive regulatory T cells into malignant pleural effusion. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15 (7): 2231-2237. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2641.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hegmans JP, et al: Mesothelioma environment comprises cytokines and T-regulatory cells that suppress immune responses. Eur Respir J. 2006, 27 (6): 1086-1095. 10.1183/09031936.06.00135305.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- Chen YM, et al: Elevation of interleukin-10 levels in malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 1996, 110 (2): 433-436. 10.1378/chest.110.2.433.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/13/324/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

subset: commoncrawl


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Treating and managing respiratory diseases require quality and effective treatment without letting the cost of healthcare spiral out of control. Philips Healthcare@home provides high-quality and affordable respiratory management solutions (including home visits by respiratory therapists) customized by expert physicians, to suit the specific needs of patients.
The range of tailor-made care plans is developed based on the recommended practices by leading doctors, which ensures the seamless transition of patients from hospital to home.
A pilot study was conducted by Philips and Banner Health in the USA, on using technology as a mean for providing remote care for patients. The findings from the study indicated a 27% reduction in the cost of care, 32% reduction in acute and long-term costs, and 45% reduction in hospitalizations.


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- Buhari seeks home-grown solutions to Africa's economic woes
Tobi Soniyi, James Emejo in Abuja and Crusoe Osagie in Lagos
Manufacturers yesterday decried the continued decline of capacity utilisation in the country, warning that the situation posed a major threat to the already ailing real sector of the economy, resulting in massive job losses.
The Chairman, Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), Apapa Branch, Mr. Babatunde Odunayo, explained that the manufacturing sector recorded a 20-per-cent drop in capacity utilisation at the end of the second quarter of 2016, stressing that the sector currently operates under 20 per cent of its capacity.
He blamed the decline primarily on the scarcity of foreign exchange for raw materials replenishment and the declining purchasing power of consumers in the country.
He said apart from the scarcity of forex and declining disposable income, the sector was also plagued by long-standing negative factors that are yet to be addressed, including inadequate municipal power supply and poor access road networks.
Odunayo, during the association's seventh business luncheon, said the theme of the forum: "Nigerian manufacturing sector in a time of economic crises-survival strategies" was apt, considering the current tsunami blowing across the country, adding that it was the most challenging economic storm the nation had ever experienced.
He added that the reason behind this economic downturn began with the mismanagement of the windfall that was gained from exceptionally high oil prices between 2010 and 2014, saying that the government at that time did not cultivate the culture of savings.
"As soon as oil prices came crashing down, the country became exposed. The challenge now remains how to manage the aftermath of the oil price drop and its resultant 70 per cent drop in revenue earnings for the country. The Buhari-led administration is faced with this challenge," he said.
He noted the efforts by the current administration aimed at revamping the economy, saying that the federal government's plan for a $1 billion Euro bond for capital projects was a welcome idea.
He said that the most critical of objectives of the present administration was premised on policy, governance and security, including ensuring a stable and predictable currency exchange rate.
He said the exchange rate must be supported from two sources such as flexibility and support from direct foreign investment and inflows into the country.
He also called for external borrowing to shore up the naira in order to support poorly funded government businesses through funds injection into the forex market.
According to him, this would stabilise employment, drive infrastructure development, develop, and prepare grounds for non-oil export development through appropriate investments.
He added that many companies now declare huge exchange rate losses, pointing out that these losses already run into hundreds of billions of naira with many manufacturing outfits closing down.
Odunayo said Nigeria's gross domestic product (GDP) had declined from a robust $568.5 billion in 2014 to $481.07 billion in 2015, stressing that for the first time since 2010, Nigeria has suffered a drop in its GDP with a year-on-year decline of -15.3 per cent in 2015.
"This decline may continue unless dollar funds can be injected to support private and public sector needs," he said.
He added: "The greatest challenge facing Nigeria at the moment is low productivity. According to a recent CBN report for the second quarter of 2016, industrial production stood at near zero. It reduced to as low as 6.4 per cent in the second quarter of 2016.
"Whereas revitalised industrial production seems to be the single most potent solution to the current economic recession in Nigeria."
Also speaking at the event, the Lagos State Commissioner for Environment, Dr. Babatunde Adejare, said the theme of the event could not have come at a better time than now that the nation is facing serious economic challenges occasioned by the country's over-reliance on oil, adding that all hands must be on deck to take Nigeria out of the present situation.
"To express it more succinctly, we must think out of the box and look for a more creative, cost effective and sustainable way of doing business," he said.
He said the Lagos State Government aims to make the state Africa's model megacity through a clear set of policies and strategies, stressing that it was against this backdrop that the state government decided to partner with the organised private sector (OPS) because of its role in achieving the global plan.
Meanwhile, President Muhammadu Buhari has called on central banks in Africa to develop home grown solutions to tackle the economic challenges on the continent.
Speaking at the opening of the annual meeting of the Association of African Central Banks holding in Abuja, Buhari advised central bank governors in Africa not to rely on prescriptions from abroad.
He said: "I urge you to continue to look for original home-grown solutions, not to rely on 'fit for all purposes' prescriptions handed down from abroad. The world is a dynamic place and with innovation, we can survive."
Buhari noted that Africa was confronted with several global and domestic economic challenges.
"Most worrisome is the slowdown in growth, weakening global demand, rising inflation, restrictions in capital flows, rising debt levels, increased exchange rate volatility, and depleting external reserves," he added.
He said monetary policy alone are not sufficient to bring about the desired economic growth, adding that there must be carefully balanced monetary and fiscal policy measures to achieve macroeconomic stability.
Buhari said Nigeria needs to surmount its present economic challenges through the diversification of the economy away from excessive reliance on oil and other primary products.
He added that government is implementing policies that would ensure that the country is self-sufficient, generates massive employment for millions of youths, and explores untapped human and natural resources.
Nonetheless, the president said alongside the current economic stimulus measures, efforts must be intensified on surveillance as well as providing guidance to the operations of financial institutions to reverse the trend of illicit flows of funds out of the continent.
He said: "We should all be serious about putting in place measures aimed at ensuring that the proceeds of these illicit flows are repatriated to their countries of origin with minimal bureaucratic hitches."
In his remarks, the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Mr. Godwin Emefiele, said the theme of the 2016 Governors' Symposium tagged: "Unwinding Unconventional Monetary Policies: Implications for Monetary Policy and Financial Stability in Africa" was timely given the prominent space it has occupied in the discourse among the central banks with the escalation of financial crisis in 2008.
He said with the evolving literature on the unwinding of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) and the overwhelming consensus among experts that the policy posed inherent challenges including financial instability, it had become necessary for central banks to evolve appropriate coping strategies as a safeguard against any negative impact on financial system stability.
Explaining the relevance of the discourse on UMPs, the CBN governor said: "You probably know that sometime in 2008 when the global financial crisis started, that was when unconventional monetary policies were adopted by central banks in the world to help to stimulate and stabilise their economies.
"And of course, we also know that the United States started the UMPs with the quantitative easing and followed by Japan, the Bank of England and by the European central banks.
"And of course, in Nigeria, we had also in our own little way adopted UMPs through the stimulation of the agriculture and manufacturing sectors.
"Some of those intervention funds we have injected in the area of agriculture as well as manufacturing were our own version of the UMPs which were meant to stabilise the economy and make cheap liquidity available to the agriculture and manufacturing sectors.
"But of course, you will find out that from last year, we've started seeing incidences of unwinding of the UMPs to the extent that for instance, during the third quarter of 2015, over $40 billion in foreign exchange flows moved out of emerging markets and of course, it also had its own impact on not just Africa but also in Nigeria.
"And that's why you've seen most African countries suffering from exchange rate pressure or inflationary pressure. So we are saying that what we should we be focusing on at this time, when we are seeing the unwinding of unconventional monetary policies, is the government itself insisting that we can no longer continue to depend on oil."
Emefiele stressed that on this basis, the CBN and the federal government would continue along the path of UPMs in order to stimulate the economy.
Also contributing to the debate, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ms. Christine Lagarde, cautioned on the possible dangers of unwinding UMPs, given that they provide space for development finance to thrive.
Represented by an IMF senior official, Mr. Atingi Ago, she said: "We must first determine why advanced economies pursued UMPs and determine whether the conditions in Africa warrant this policy and bear in mind the current risks faced by advanced economies as a result."
She said there should be policy coordination whereby monetary and fiscal policies focus on long-term growth.
She said whatever the objectives are for African countries to pursue UMPs, they should be conscious of their impact on African central banks.


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Many times, consumers often have similar questions at all different stages of their vehicle purchase. If you have a question that is not listed here, please do not hesitate to call one of our dedicated sales associates.
135 Belmont Street
Directions South Easton, MA 02375
Many times, consumers often have similar questions at all different stages of their vehicle purchase. If you have a question that is not listed here, please do not hesitate to call one of our dedicated sales associates.
Phone Deposits:
Bourne's Auto Center will take a $300 credit card deposit over the phone to hold a vehicle for 24 hours. If the customer cannot come within 24 hours, they are to call back within 24 hours of their expected arrival and leave a deposit. After 24 hours the vehicle will be placed back on the lot and for immediate sale. On Saturday's, if the customer cannot make it down during that business day, we cannot take a phone deposit. At the end of the business day, if the vehicle is not sold, we can take a phone deposit at that time.
Showroom Deposits:
Bourne's Auto Center will hold a vehicle for 48 hours with a $300 deposit. If the vehicle is not paid in full within 48 hours the $300 deposit will be refunded and the vehicle will be re-listed for sale.
Mechanic Checks:
**As of October 2015**
Beginning in 2014 we began providing an additional key for every vehicle we sold. The total expenditure of the 18 month period eclipsed over $300K. Due to the fact that we are not a franchised dealer and as our inventory increased it became more and more difficult to coordinate and monitor having the keys cut and programmed on every vehicle.
There were many instances that we were having keys cut for vehicles that already had additional keys. We also experienced customers who were returning to get third keys. Some customers were unhappy returning to receive their spare keys, some of whom posted negative online reviews. Selling over 300 vehicles a month we could not possibly monitor which customers and vehicles had a spare key at delivery and who did not.
After careful thought and consideration, as of today, we have decided that we are no longer able to offer an additional key to our customers. We will continue to price our vehicles competitively to market and we promise to continue to deliver vehicles that are of the highest quality from a mechanical and safety standpoint.
Please ask your sales representative if there is additional key for the vehicle that you are purchasing. If there is not a spare key we would be happy to get you our dealer cost on making an additional key. Please keep in mind that these are pre-owned vehicles and they are heavily discounted from a new vehicle.
Thank you for the opportunity to earn your business.
Bourne's Auto Center
135 Belmont Street
Directions South Easton, MA 02375


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Edited to Add 6/30: It's been brought to my attention that this is the second video done by this guy, which is funny, however, the first 'cooking' video is not so funny as he pokes fun at Michael based on malicious gossip. Thanks for informing me about this. I won't remove this post, I have just pushed it under the Friday post, and I am closing this thread from further commentary. Thanks.
Source: Mediabistro


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I haven't had the chance to write about Fox's mischaracterization of the CBO report on the effect of ObamaCare and jobs. But now The Daily Show has done it so we don't have to! Check out "Terror on Bulls#%it Mountain!"
While you're at it, stick around for the skewering of Fox's reverence for profits and capitalism above all. "On Bulls#$t Mountain, corporations aren't just people, they're better people than you!"
Almost as enjoyable as Stewart's commentary is how he nails some of our "favorite" Fox News talking heads: Elisabeth Hasselbeck, Stuart Varney, and Lou Dobbs, to name just a few.
Nothing combats Fox News' mountain of bulls#$t like making laughingstocks of them! Enjoy!
NewsHounds posted about Jon Stewart Exposes Fox News' 'Bulls#%t Mountain' On The CBO, Jobs And ObamaCare on NewsHounds' Facebook page 2014-02-07 15:52:44 -0500
Don't you just love it when Stewart dishes out Fox's comedic just desserts?


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How do you make the most of a lovely summer's evening when you don't want it to end but the night is getting chilly? Buy a chimenea of course! The beauty of a chimenea is that they not only provide warmth as the cold sets in but your guests can be mesmerised by the natural flames that flicker and crackle through the night.
Chimeneas have come a long way since their inception, they are much more affordable these days and some even incorporate pizza ovens and barbeques.
If you want to make the summer evenings last, here are ten of the best chimeneas recommended just for you:
George Home 89cm Cast Iron Chimenea – £39.00
This cast iron chimenea shows that you don't have to spend a fortune to get a stunning design that does the job. What we like the most about this one is the fire chamber which gives your guests a view of the fire from any angle. It's very versatile too as you can burn all types of fuel in it, from solid fuel, wood, and charcoal.
From: direct.asda.com
Steel Wood Chiminea – £49.99
If you don't fancy a clay chimenea then how about this one made with stainless steel that has a black powder coating? It stands three feet tall and has a hinged door that leads to a grill inside and also includes a steel wire log tray. Best for burning wood, don't try charcoal in this one.
From: wayfair.co.uk
La Hacienda El Sol Large Clay Chimenea Patio Heater – £84.99
This chimenea is the kind we all think of when we think about a classic design. The clay chimenea is handmade and also hand-painted by artisans and features a lovely sun design. This is a classic Mexican style chimenea that is super easy to use, just stack logs inside and sit back to watch the flames.
From: garden4less.co.uk
La Hacienda Sunset Chimenea with Grill: £84.99
This is one of those multi-tasking chimeneas that not only burns fuel to provide warmth on a chilly night, but the two-piece design allows you to remove the top and use it as a barbeque. Handmade to a traditional design, it includes a chrome-plated grill for cooking meats and fish and burns wood and solid fuel.
From: garden4less.co.uk
Gardeco Extra Large Toledo Cast Iron Chimenea: £139.99
This is an unusual chimenea in that it looks like a clay one but is made from cast iron. This means it will throw out a lot more heat than a clay design as the iron heats up quickly and also retains it for longer. You can burn both logs and charcoal and there is also a grill that swings out so you don't get your hands too hot when you place food on it. There is also a handy temperature control in the form of adjustable air vents.
From: worldstores.co.uk
Gota Mexican Art Clay Chimenea – Large – H100cm by Gardeco™ – £159.99
This is more like a work of art than a chimenea and would make a striking addition to any garden. It is handmade and hand painted by local artisans in Mexico so each one will be a little different, so you will get a unique piece that not only looks amazing but heats up beautifully.
From: primrose.co.uk
Gardeco Ellipse Mexican Chimenea: £172.99
A really simple design here that does what it says on the can. The open mouth is large and ideal for stacking wood and once it gets going it literally chucks out heat and warmth. Unlike some chimeneas this one does not require any assembly so you can get it going as soon as it is delivered. Just pop it on the metal tripod and fire it up. Also available in different colours.
From: wayfair.co.uk
La Hacienda Morse Steel Chimenea – £179.99
This is a really architectural design that would look stunning in a modern garden. A sophisticated style that is manufactured using durable steel and coated with a heat resistant black powder. It has a handy log store at the bottom of the chimenea which is perfect for relaxing as you don't have to keep getting up and walking to where you've stored your wood.
From: whitestores.com
Buschbeck Carmen Masonry BBQ – £475.00
This is actually advertised as a barbeque, but we think that it easily doubles up as a chimenea. Made from natural grey stone, the main body is complimented by the earthy tones of the terracotta base and mantelpiece. Has a handy wood store at the bottom and a grill for cooking food.
From: fireplaceproducts.co.uk
The MAXI Bushman Burner – £600.00
This is our most expensive chimenea but it is ideal for larger gardens that need heating. This is designed to radiate heat outwards to a large area as it starts throwing out warmth after only 20 minutes with a maximum temperature reached at about an hour and a half. It will continue to burn for three hours on just one load of fuel, radiating heat out to 15 feet.
From: dingley-dell.com


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InfoTech 2013 Report
Download The Report
The digital age has fundamentally changed the way commerce operates.
The digital age has fundamentally changed the way commerce operates. Due to the rapid proliferation of the World Wide Web, mobile telephones, tablets and large, connected databases, consumers have more power in the market than ever before. Throughout the world, the relationship between consumer and producer is more fluid and transactions are more transparent. "The crowd" is solving problems, funding companies, designing products and creating new channels of marketing. By piercing the constraints of the traditional market, furthermore, Big Data is facilitating the production of innovative products and creating a demand for new services.
All of these factors have significantly reduced friction in commerce by facilitating more direct contact between buyer and seller, removing geographical barriers, improving competition and lowering the cost of doing business. Commerce not only has the ability to be targeted and instantaneous, it has essentially become "weightless."
Among the more interesting developments adding to this weightlessness is the way people pay for their goods and services—increasingly by mobile devices, with the prospect of alternative currencies lurking in the foreground. These alternatives to traditional commerce offer businesses and consumers many opportunities for extending the reach of markets, offering greater credit and meeting other needs of the market.
At the same time the implications of these trends and developments hold many perils for businesses, consumers and governments. As is the nature of commerce, there will be winners and losers. How much anonymity can a consumer expect with mobile payments, on the one hand, and alternative currencies on the other? How does a business prepare quickly enough for the disruptions ahead? More difficult, how do governments, whose controls over currencies and trade within their borders are an essence of sovereignty, keep up with the rapid pace of innovation? How can a "weightless marketplace" provide new opportunities for communities in need?
These and other policy questions were addressed by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program during a three-day dialogue in Aspen, Colorado in August of 2013. A knowledgeable group of leaders, innovators and entrepreneurs assembled for the 22nd annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on Information Technology, with the task of developing a more sophisticated, timely understanding of the latest technology innovations affecting commerce, and particularly payments.
Rapporteur David Bollier details the results of that wide-ranging dialogue in the following report. In describing the changing nature of commerce, Bollier explores new trends in retail commerce and labor markets, both nationally and overseas. He offers a glimpse of the cutting-edge production methods that are changing the commerce paradigm, as described by Michael Chui of the McKinsey Global Institute. He describes the legacy, as well as innovative new payment systems emerging in the global market, as related to the group by Jack Stephenson of JPMorgan Chase and Eric Dunn of Intuit. As players transact in the new world of commerce, they will want to consider consumer data policies and alternative currencies, again related by participants in the Roundtable.
Bollier then examines ideal environments for innovation in payment systems. Incumbent payment systems are well established and have created an inhospitable environment for upstarts in the field. Due to these entrenched systems, John Clippinger of MIT's ID3 noted, innovations will come increasingly from underdeveloped countries that don't have legacy models. Along these lines, the report then turns to the impact that new, innovative technologies and services are having on low-wage work, particularly in emerging markets. As digital platforms bring the work to people, are they lifting them out of poverty, or exploiting cheap labor?
Bollier concludes the report by investigating the proper role for government in the regulation of commerce. Public policy needs to be rethought and updated so that it can address serious concerns on competition, privacy, consumer protection and social inclusion, without smothering important innovation. Governments always struggle to keep up with technological innovation. The new and exciting realities of the "weightless marketplace" are no exception, causing foreseeable tensions with existing regulatory schemes.
We would like to thank our senior sponsor McKinsey & Company for its leadership in developing this Roundtable, as well as our other attending sponsors of the 2013 Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program for making this and our other conferences possible: Deloitte Center for the Edge and Markle Foundation, Senior Corporate Partners; Cisco Systems, Inc., Corporate Partner;PCIA, Corporate Associate; and John Kunzweiler, Individual Associate.
I also want to acknowledge and thank David Bollier, our talented rapporteur, for his excellent synthesis of the discussions and debates that transpired during the Roundtable as well as our participants, listed in the Appendix, for their contributions to these important issues. Finally, I want to thank Ian Smalley, Project Manager, and Rachel Pohl, Program Associate, for their help in producing the Conference and this report, along with the Communications and Society Program's Assistant Director Patricia Kelly, who oversaw its editing and publication.
Foreword to the InfoTech 2013 Report
The Changing Nature of Commerce
The Weightless Marketplace: New Methods of Payment
The Environment for Innovation in Payment Systems
The Impact of New Technologies on Commerce and Low-Wage Work
What Role for Government?


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Project Opportunities
YHHAP is always open to new project ideas. Over our history, our projects have adapted to the changing needs of the hungry and homeless in New Haven and will continue to do so. If you become aware of an unmet and appropriate need in the New Haven community, please reach out. Connecticut recently reached "functional zero" for veteran homelessness. Now, YHHAP is especially interested in starting projects to help reach the same mark for women and children.
The Future: Y2Y Youth Shelter at yale
Y2Y New Haven is a project to create a student-run shelter for young adults experiencing homelessness. The project was born out of a partnership in spring 2017 between YHHAP and Y2Y Harvard Square, the nation's first shelter of this kind. Y2Y New Haven has also partnered with Youth Continuum, one of Connecticut's leading resource providers for youth in need. The Greater New Haven area has an acute need for this kind of shelter—769 youth experiencing homelessness were identified in the most recent youth count (CCEH, 2017). Together, Y2Y New Haven, Y2Y Harvard Square, and Youth Continuum are working to establish a shelter in New Haven to meet the needs of these young adults experiencing homelessness and housing instability. This undertaking, beyond providing a physical shelter, also seeks to improve resources and pathways provided to young adults to combat chronic homelessness.
For more information, see Y2Y Harvard Square's website here, or photos here. Y2Y New Haven website is coming soon. For additional information or to join the team, contact email@example.com


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WHEN Matthew Barzun was first appointed a US ambassador, President Barack Obama summed up his task in one word: "Listen."
That piece of advice – in a chat in the Oval Office – is one the 45-year-old diplomat has taken to heart.
Yesterday he was at Wester Hailes Education Centre on the latest stage of his mission to find out what people think about America.
Mr Barzun, the London-based US ambassador to the UK, held a session with around 60 senior pupils at the school, which involved asking them to say what frustrated, concerned or confused them about America and what they liked, hoped for or found inspiring.
"We had a great session," he said. It was his 108th school visit since he became Mr Obama's man in the UK two years ago.
"It's different each time, but lost of common themes emerge. It's a workshop not a lecture.
"I was at Wester Hailes because I received a tweet at the beginning of the year from Stuart Sinclair, head of modern studies at WHEC, inviting me to come because he heard I was doing these sorts of things.
"I've now met with 10,000-plus of this age group across the UK.
"Guns has always been the biggest topic, every single time."
It was a concern picked out by two-thirds of the group at WHEC. Other hot topics included police violence in African American communities, racism and income inequality.
In contrast to university talks, which Mr Barzun also gives, when the issues raised by the audience are almost invariably on foreign policy, he says more than half the concerns highlighted by school pupils are domestic issues.
He started the school visits because he thought he might get a better snapshot of people's views.
"My hunch was if you talk to people who are just a bit younger, you get a clearer picture of what is on the minds of the future leaders of the UK, which is why I'm here.
"I tell them that when I became an ambassador for the first time was in Sweden and I got to sit down with President Obama in the Oval Office before leaving and I asked him what advice he had for a first-time diplomat and he summed it up in one word: listen. I tell the students there is no group of people more important to listen to than you because – no pressure – you're the future leaders of Scotland and the UK."
Mr Barzun has also established a Young Leaders UK programme to keep in touch with 18 to 30-year-olds in this country, invite them to events and promote exchange opportunities with the US. He already has contacts with 500 young leaders and was using his visit to Edinburgh to launch the programme in Scotland.
He said: "We have this amazing friendship between Scotland and the United States – and the UK and the United States – and it's not there by accident.
"It's there through a lot of hard work, shared sacrifices, generations who went before. Next year we celebrate 70 years since Churchill coined the phrase 'special relationship' and I think it is special.
"What we are trying to do at the consulate and the embassy is make sure it is on a steady footing for the next 70 years and not to fall into the trap of being imprisoned by history or coasting off the nostalgia of great things of the past. Let's reinvigorate it and that doesn't mean papering over issues of confusion and frustration and concern. We've got to talk about them."
He does not believe Americans' attitudes to Scotland have been affected by the controversy over the release of the Lockerbie bomber or last year's independence referendum.
"The strength of the US-Scottish relationship is broad and deep enough to get over whatever issues there might be."
During his visit to Edinburgh, the ambassador also popped into sandwich shop Social Bite, which helps the homeless – though the West End branch, not the one visited by Hollywood star George Clooney – and was duly impressed. "Finding ways to grow social ventures like that in the United States and vice versa are a powerful field with lots of potential."
Mr Barzun is on record making clear his dislike of lamb and potatoes, which he claimed to have been served 180 times in his first year in the UK. But he is ready to try new tastes in Scotland – including haggis, which has famously been banned in the US since 1971. Does he like it? "I do, I'm learning. It's a journey."
He says there are lots of Americans who come to Scotland and acquire a taste for it. "They try it, they love it and they want to keep having it."
But he does not want to "over-promise" about a lifting of the ban, despite talk of tweaking the recipe to satisfy US requirements. "There are real obstacles, but they are obstacles we are working hard to overcome," he says.
He also tried Irn-Bru – "a jolt of joy" – though he admitted he had gone for the sugar-free option and a Tunnock's teacake. "I was trying to be good," he says. "Balance is an important diplomatic principle, so I had my Tunnock's teacake and my sugar-free Irn-Bru and on balance I was fine."


text:
Professional Services Manager - Midlands
Professional Services Manager and Optometrist jobs in West Midlands. Zest Medical are currently recruiting for an experienced optical professional for a Professional Service Manager role for a leading designer and manufacturer of ophthalmic spectacle lenses. You will be responsible for the successful management of a 'Centre of Excellence' delivering 'best in class' training for optical professionals.
The ideal candidate must possess a passion and drive for working within a dynamic team, in order to help grow the business. You will be an Optometrist with current GOC registration and be able to support the company's commercial activities with demonstrations of dispensing tools & diagnostic instruments within the company's Customer Engagement Centre
Key responsibilities;
- Develop & manage the area of Professional Training Services, for both employee & customer training requirements, as a separate business function within the company
- Develop new business models through collaborative research & partnership opportunities with Academia, in order to drive the business forward
- Deliver business results through the development, accreditation & delivery of CET Programmes.
You will have recent tenure as an Optometrist & current GOC registration with applied knowledge for the development & provision of CET / training programmes to large / small audiences and have a passion for working with the latest dispensing & diagnostic technologies
In return, you will be offered a competitive benefits package up to 40k: Which will include basic salary, performance related bonus scheme & excellent working conditions. Contributory Company Pension Scheme and full expenses / travel allowance. For further information please contact Steve McMurray on 0114 238 1723 firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact: Steve McMurray
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: 0114 238 1723


text:
Today I have been playing Pokemon Online. Pokemon Online is a fan-made Pokemon battle simulator. It's really good, I like to spend time battling random people. You can create your own teams and set up it how you want it, it's a good way to test teams to see if the team is worth getting in the real Pokemon games. You can set the generation to battle in, like Black or White, or HeartGold or SoulSilver.
I'm been playing it today because I just notice the Android app. You can now take your teams on the go. It doesn't have a team builder yet but you can import you teams from the computer, via file or QR code. I've been playing it on my phone, it's still is fun. If you have an android device I recommend it, it's free. You can download it on the Android Market place.
You can download the computer version here http://pokemon-online.eu/
Thanks for reading.


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1. Prepare the ingredients. I opted to use french bread, salt, garlic powder, black pepper and butter only, but you have other alternatives or you may add other ingredients like parsley and oregano. You may also choose to crush garlic cloves instead of using the garlic powder.
2. Mix all the ingredients. I used one stick of butter, 1/8 tbsp of garlic powder, 1/8 tbsp of black pepper and 2 pints of salt. You can taste the mixture and see if it satisfies your taste buds, and if not, you can add some more of what it asks for.
3. Slice the french bread. I chose to cut the bread sideways but diagonally. It makes each slice appear longer and gives each slice more of the crispy edges. Remember not to fully cut the slices because it makes the application of the mixture easier.
4. Apply the mixture in between each slice.
5. Heat. I wrapped the bread with foil and heated it in a microwave oven for 15 minutes.
I hope this simple step-by-step guide helped you make your very own garlic bread. Thank you. :)


text:
Winners and Losers
Daily Schedule
Upcoming Events
24 May
Roc City Rib Fest Barnard Firemen's Field
24 May
ZooBrew with TJ! Seneca Park Zoo
24 May
Chris Young at Darien Lake! Darien Lake Amphitheater
25 May
Join Billy at Dorschel! Dorschel
25 May
Chris Young at SPAC! Saratoga Performing Arts Center


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Our Team
Dr. Mark Landau
Associate Professor
Mark J. Landau is an Associate Professor at the University of Kansas. He received his doctorate from the University of Arizona in 2007. Dr. Landau has published many articles and chapters on metaphor's influence on social cognition and behavior as well as the role of existential motives in diverse aspects of social behavior. He has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Mental Health
CV: Download (Updated Jan., 2019)
Email: email@example.com
Trevor Swanson
Graduate Research Assistant
My research is currently focused on understanding human motivation through the lens of existential psychology, with a particular interest in how concerns about mortality influence self-regulation. Alongside this work, I am studying the role of conceptual metaphors within language, with an emphasis on how metaphors provide content and structure to our understanding of abstract concepts and thus influence how we perceive the world. Additionally, I am interested in how different strategies of evaluative organization within the self-concept can serve as temporary adaptive solutions to situations of high stress and limited mental resources.
CV: Download (Updated May, 2015)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cory Washington
Graduate Research Assistant
I study how and why people take interest in a goal and persist in the face of difficulty. I'm especially interested in how identity and culture play a role in developing personal relevance for a topic. These ideas can lead to intervention methods to help, for example, first-generation college students get interested in STEM careers; motivating a sub-population of people to get health screenings; helping individuals (with low perceived competence in STEM) be successful in their STEM-related goals by motivating them to take advantage of resources available to help them. Additionally, I use conceptual metaphor theory, expectancy-value model, and identity based motivation as conceptual lenses and tools for my work.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Brad Johnson
Lab Manager
I'm interested in our most abiding existential concerns, particularly death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness, and how our encounter with these realities influences the way we think, feel, communicate, and ultimately live our lives. In my current studies through University of Kent, I'm combining terror management theory and conceptual metaphor theory to study the effects of death personification on personal hope. I'm also investigating the potential role of embodied metaphor as a presymbolic defense in terror management. This reflects my general interest in how individuals and cultural groups employ metaphors to grapple with existential concerns.
Email: email@example.com
Ariel Mosley
Ariel is interested in issues of social power, group identity, and psychological consequences of subtle forms of discrimination. After graduating from California State University, she earned her Master's degree in Social Psychology with Mark. Her current research examines how experiences of contemporary subtle forms of discrimination influence the self-concept, and vice versa.
Email: email@example.com
Dr. Zach Rothschild
Zach graduated in 2013 and has taken a tenure-track position at Bowdoin College. He utilizes perspectives on existential psychology and social cognition to study people's efforts to maintain meaningful conceptions of the world and a confident sense of personal value.
Email: email@example.com
Dr. Daniel Sullivan
Daniel graduated in 2013 and has taken a tenure-track position at the University of Arizona. He applies his novel theoretical integration of existential psychology and cultural psychology to investigate how people make meaningful sense of suffering, among other important phenomena.
Email: email@example.com
Dr. Lucas Keefer
Lucas is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Southern Mississippi. His research focuses on how people manage uncertainty about their social environment. In one line of work, he has shown that people manage uncertainty about their close relationships by seeking support from more predictable targets (e.g., material objects) or by adopting reductionist perceptions of others (e.g., objectification). In a related line of work, He has shown that people reduce uncertainty about abstract ideas by conceptualizing them metaphorically, and that this has practically important consequences for attitudes, problem solving, and decision making.
Email: email@example.com


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Rainbow Tu-Tu
My little girl LOVES dressing up, and what is more fun than a brightly coloured tutu?! All you need to make this is non-roll elastic, tulle, and an hour and a half in front of the t.v! There are plenty of tutorials on You Tube explaining how to make them, but all it is, is tying knots around the elastic. The hard part was getting the tulle, which I ended up ordering through a Chinese company on Ebay. It took 3 weeks to get to me, but you can't buy it here so I had little choice. It is soft like bridal tulle and the rolls are already cut to around 20cm wide so you just have to cut the length...this saves ALOT of time! It is such a fun little skirt!
Leave a Reply.


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Dear Sir, I am a regular user of your css validator service. Thanks for the service. However, I was wondering why the validator didn't recommend / rearrange the css structure as it did in the previous version? With regards, Observer 666Received on Wednesday, 21 March 2001 03:05:22 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 7 January 2015 18:09:41 UTC


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why do we even bother watching?
It really bothers me when reality shows kick contestants off every week. In some cases, it's OK, like American Idol, for instance. If you suck as a singer, you shouldn't be there. And obviously, they have to get down to a winner, so they weed out the worst until they get to the best. I understand this. And on the Bachelor, it's OK because if he doesn't like you, he doesn't like you. And he kicks people off until he eventually gets to his favorite bachelorette (seriously, isn't this how everyone finds the love of their life?). Again, I can see the logic. But on shows where everyone starts off sucking at something and the point of the show is for them to improve, I feel like it's totally counterproductive to kick someone off. Especially after the first week. These people need help! If anything, they should kick the most improved person off. They at least have a better chance of surviving alone in the world. But the person who is still the worst? They need to be on the show the most.
I was thinking this tonight as I was watching Beauty and the Geek. The guy who got kicked off was clearly in need of some serious help. That's why he was on the show in the first place. So, what? They give him a couple days to be on the show and then they say "Time's up! You fail. Go home." Hardly seems fair to me. Will he go home and say "Wow, I am so geeky, I couldn't even stay on a show called Beauty and the Geek. I should just give up now"?? Because I'm pretty sure I would. Who makes these rules? I felt the same way when I was watching The Pick Up Artist (I swear, I only watched it once. Mystery freaked me out. And I have a life. Sort of). Why are they kicking off the poor little guy who still can't for the life of him pick up a girl? Weren't they supposed to help him? I'm sure that will raise his confidence level the next time he's out at a bar.
But the kicking off of contestants especially bothers me when it comes to the weight loss shows. The contestants are there to lose weight, but if you're a little slower at dropping pounds than the others, you're going to get kicked off. So, you'll probably go home, get depressed, and sit on your couch eating ice cream, cookies, and Hershey's bars for two weeks straight. I mean, you're too fat to even remain on a reality show specifically produced for fat people. How does that make you feel?? Hello, NBC (And CW, VH1, etc.); you act all like you want to help people but do you even give a crap about them? No. You just want ratings. So, the fat get fatter, the awkward get more awkward, and the geeky get geekier. Yet, I still watch…and what do I get? Probably just dumber.


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Congratulations to Saint Bernard Catholic School for their "A" rating from the Indiana Department of Education!
This rating is based on the growth of each individual student. It shows that our students are receiving the targeted instruction that they need from their teachers and that we are dedicated to the growth and development of each child. We are grateful to our teachers, staff and our families for helping our students to achieve excellence in the classroom. Thank you to all of our parishioners who help to support our mission of Catholic Education.


text:
2017, February 25th.
1. Put your current desktop background as media/featured image of this post.
2. Put your playlist on shuffle and list the songs played while answering question set.
– One Ok Rock "Heartache"
– Sleeping with Sirens ft. Pierce The Veil "King of Day"
– Eminem "Rap God"
– Tupac "California Love"
– Avril Lavigne "Sk8ter Boy"
– EXO "For Life"
– My First Story "君の唄"
– Phoebe Ryan "Homie"
– One Ok Rock "C.H.A.O.S.M.Y.T.H"
– Martin Garrix ft. Bebe Rexha "In The Name of Love"
– Kehlani "Personal"
– The Chainsmoker ft. Halsey "Closer"
– BTS "Not Today"
– My First Story "Missing You"
– Shawn Mendes "Imagination"
– Twenty One Pilots "Heathens"
– Red Velvet "Body Talk"
– BTS "Cypher Pt. 4"
– Mamamoo "Decalcomanie"
– Bruno Mars "Versace on The Floor"
– Charlie Puth ft. Selena Gomez "We Don't Talk Anymore"
3. If you could spend a week anywhere in the world, where would it be and why?
Hawaii. Because i need a BEACH.
4. Name first color you can think of that isn't in the rainbow.
5. Explain your inspiration behind your URL blog.
– raburabuhime is some lyrics line from my favorite anime song. The tittle is "Love Hime" which mean the sweety princess. Cheesy? Indeed.
– i put 'sweety' because i really knew who i am. Smoll and sweet. HAHA
6. If you were suddenly really hungry, what would you choose to eat?
Ramyun 😦 bcs it's very easy too cook, especially i am a very very lazy person even if just moving one step.
7. If you could study anything, what would it be?
Any languages. Because emm, i think it's cool can speak fluently in any languages. Especially at hard level like Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Rusian.
8. What things annoy you more than anything else?
Someone wake me up when i was dreaming something happily.
9. What is your least favorite color, and why?
Orange, i don't know why just err..
10. How many posted posts in your blog right now?
54 posts.
11. What is your preferred writing implement?
12. Language you are speaking?
Indonesian for daily, English, Japanese and Korean for practice, Sundanese sometimes.
13. If you had to move your birthday to another date, which one would you choose and why?
9 March. Because, um, search it who was born on 9 March.
14. If you could choose one color to wear for a whole year, what color would you choose?
Black, i swear to God i love black from the moon and back. Haha.
15. What was the last film you watched? Did you like it?
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter. Ofc, that was my favorite film series.
16. Is there a certain food you often crave for no reason?
17. Which country would you least like to live in and why?
– Africa. Idk. Wkwk.
18. If you could wake up tomorrow and be fluent in three additional languages, which would you choose?
– English.
– Japanese.
– Korean.
19. If you went to a desert island for just six months but could only take one album with you, what would you take?
Al-qur'an. Really:')
20. Put these in order of your favorite movie genre to least: horror, action, thriller, adventure, superhero, romance, drama, comedy, musical and dance?
Adventure, Action, Superhero, Comedy, Drama, Musical, Dance, Romance, Horror, Thriller.
21. If you could make just one change to this world, what would it be and why?
End the war. Palestine, Rohingya, Aleppo and other place being occupied must FREE!
22. Grab the book nearest to you, what is the first sentence of the third paragraph of the 6th page?
"Don't want to be offered help." ― The Black Angel, John Connolly.
23. How would you murder your victim?
Just kill him/her. With pistols, poison, knife, anything. Who cares he/she was dying.
24. What is a super power you wished you had?
Transparent, time traveler, and teleportation.
25. Name your favorite,
- place you have visited: Tasikmalaya.
- person: Rasulullah SAW.
- color: Black.
- food: Nasi goreng.
- smell: Jo Malone's perfume.
- movie: Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004). Staring by Mila Jovovich.
- day of the week: Friday.
- month: March.
- animal: Koala.
- flower: Hydrangea.
- font: BEBAS KAI.
- fruit: Mango.
- article of clothing: Hoodie.
- quote: "Why should I care what other people think of me? I am who I am. And who I wanna be." – Avril Lavigne.
- name: Hijr.
- potato chip flavor: Chicken black pepper.
- book: Harry Potter.
- time of day: Sunset.
- thing to do when bored: Reading.
- ice cream flavor: Chocolate.
- word: Imperfect.
- disney princess: Mulan.
- dessert: Ice cream.
- language: Japanese.
- fictional character: Davi from Fairish by Esti Kinasih.
- fictional universe: Luna Lovegood from Harry Potter by J.K Rowling.
- fictional villain: Bellatrix Lastrange from Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling.
- things to put in a sandwich: Cheese.
- country: Japan.
- sport/workout: Cycling.
- number: 6.
- pick-up line: "If you're going to crash, step harder, kid!"
Finally, was done! Thank you for Kak Putri for make me was tagged by Kak Anne, Kak Irish and Elsa. This challenge really make me feel so spirit hoho.
And i challenge you! MECHAN, KAK DELA, FELY, EUNIKE, NIDA, KAK HAMHAM, KAK PARAH, KAK IRENE, KAK TITIS, KAK WARDA, KAK ACU, DEAGOLDEA, TISSA, SHAREENA, KAK ZULAI, KAK ISAN, KAK TATA, GECE.


text:
PBC are always investigating and looking at the latest inspection methods.
Prime Building & Pest Inspectors are always investigating and looking at the latest inspection methods.
We have ensured that all our inspectors are fully trained in all aspects of:
* Thermal Imaging
* Termitrac Accoustic Investigations
* Microwave detections
* Latest baiting and treatment techniques
* Barrier implementation
Many people arrange to have building inspections prior to progress payments to ensure that what is being asked to be paid for has in fact been completed satisfactorily. Inspections at each of the stages below will help ensure you get the quality home you are after.
If your builder knows that you will be arranging ongoing Progress Inspections by PBC, in psychological and practical ways, he will be more inclined to build your home with more care.


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|301 Asbury, 2007
Over the years many of the Didiers lived at 301 Asbury. Here are the listings from the South Evanston, then the Evanston City Directory:
1883 - (Referred to as Asbury av. cor Mulford)
John N. Didier (Gardener)
H.N. Didier (Farmer)
John Didier,
J.N. Didier (Farmer)
Peter Didier (Farmer)
Henry N. Didier
J.N. Didier (Farmer)
John Didier (Farmer)
John Didier, Jr. (Farmer)
Peter Didier (Farmer)
Frank J. Didier (Student)
Henry N. Didier (Gardener)
John N. Didier (Farmer)
Nicholas Didier (Farmer)
Frank J. Didier (Student, Canisius College, Buffalo, N.Y.)
Henry N. Didier (Gardener)
John N. Didier [Elizabeth, wife], (Farmer)
The newlyweds took up permanent residence at 301 Asbury.
More entries from the Evanston Directories for the Didiers at 301 Asbury:
Alex Didier (Student, St. Nicholas Academy)
Frank J. Didier (Student, Chicago Medical College)
Henry N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Farmer)
Mrs. J.N. Didier
Miss Margaret Didier
Miss Susan Didier
1894 - Now referred to as 301 Asbury Avenue
Frank J., Didier, Student
H.N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Gardener)
Mrs. J.N. Didier, widow
Miss Margaret Didier
Miss Susan Didier
Mrs. Elizabeth Didier
Emil Didier (Laborer)
Frank J. Didier (Market Gardener)
Margaret Didier
Susan Didier
Henry N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Gardener)
Susie Didier
Henry N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Gardener)
Henry N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Gardener)
M.J. Faber [Susan, wife] (Buyer, Lyon & Healy, Chicago)
Henry N. Didier [Barbara, wife] (Gardener)
M.J. Faber [Susan, wife] (with Lyon & Healy, Chicago)
By 1901 the Fabers had moved to their own home and Henry Didier and his family were the only Didiers still living at 301.
In 1907 Henry Didier decided to build a frame barn out behind the house at a cost of $875.00:
It had stalls for horses on the ground floor and a hay loft above.
In this 1924 photo of the Asbury Station of the North Shore Line the barn can be seen in the background on the upper left:
By 1927 the area had become too built up for horses, and Henry Didier decided to convert the barn into a three car garage:
In 1931, Henry Didier decided to close in the rear stairway:
Henry N. Didier was buried next to his son Francis at St. Mary's Cemetery in Techny:
(A special thank-you to the angel who got the Didier death certificates for me)
Here's Barbara Didier's obituary from the Chicago Daily Tribune of October 31, 1945:
She was buried next to her husband and son at Techny:
Henry and Barbara Didier were the loving parents of fourteen (!!!) children. 301 Asbury was a house built to be filled with children.


text:
Fabio Capello´s side have overtaken Cameroon, who have dropped two places from 13th to 15th, despite not playing since their June 1 win over Trinidad and Tobago.
Spain remain top of the rankings after their Euro 2008 win while the team they beat in the final, Germany, have leapfrogged Italy to move into second.
Copyright (c) PA Sport 2008, All Rights Reserved.


text:
How do I get LDAP to work on my system. I have stock RedHat 6.2 +
updates + helixcode gnome + ldap installed. But when I ./configure it
says no ldap support.
Do I need to run an ldap server?
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