text:
ST. Paul Church Historical
Revitalization and Maintenance, Inc.
ST. Paul United United Methodist Church
ST. Paul Church Historical Revitalization and Maintenance Inc.
was formed to preserve church and maintained the grounds. The church building is over 150 years old and was purchased from the white Concord United Methodist on Dion Rd, Denton, MD.
Why? ST. Paul United Methodist Church
represents the disappearing part of Afro-Americans history;
"Religious Freedom".
This small church located on Beauchamp Road was born in 1884. The church supplied need for local Afro -American to have their own place of worship. These small churches like St. Paul are slowly disappearing. We feel the strong need to save this one.
To discover more, click on the "About" tab below....
Our Purpose!
Blessed By God
ST. Paul Church Historical Revitalization and Maintenance Inc, was formed to preserve the church and maintain the grounds. Our organization was established on December 16, 2000.


text:
We are specialist growers of Acer Palmatum with over 85 different sorts in
We grow specifically to supply to garden centres, good sized well established plants in 3Ltr pots.
Our plants are grown in peat free EM Potting soil which we mix and pre-ferment here at Ebear Farm, with Effective micro-organisms , to give our plants fantastic root systems and an added immune boost against disease.
Our Plant Nursery has it's own website with information on all the different sorts of Acers.
Click on the website link above
We are not open to the public but are happy to have trade customers visit. Give us a ring if you are coming
Tel: 01823 673344

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Namaste Anywher
Mobile peace of mind.
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Paris Yoga Weekend Spring 2018
Bali Retreat Fall 2019
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Yoga Under the Eiffel Tower
Paris, France
JUNE 9th - 10th, 2018
This June we're grabbing our trendiest yoga pants (kidding!) and traveling to the city of lights for a spectacular weekend filled with yoga, laughter, wellness, & fun. Paris is arguably the most beautiful city in the world: the architecture, the people, the history, the cuisine & the nighttime wonderment. The city quite literally sparkles when the sun sets, and we intend to take advantage of every waking moment of this phenomenal 2 day event! We will be holding yoga classes Saturday and Sunday mornings at 9am & 11am on the grass lawn right in front of the Eiffel Tower! Only 30 spots available per class - email us to reserve yours now.
Register by Tuesday, May 14th.
Classes will be taught in English.
Saturday, June 9th at 9am & 11am
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1 class= 20 Euro
2 classes= 35 Euro
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4 classes= 65 Euro
Rain or Shine. Bring your own yoga mat & water.
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text: Digital Museum of Arts and Design to Host 'Fashion in Film' Festival By Stephanie Murg|August 29, 2011 Share By Stephanie Murg|August 29, 2011 Share Stills from Qui Êtes-Vous, Polly Magoo? and The Eyes of Laura Mars, two of the films that will be screened during "Fashion in Film." (Images courtesy Museum of Arts and Design) On the glitter-encrusted platform heels of the Museum of Arts and Design's David Bowie retrospective comes Fashion in Film, a three-day celebration of fashion, design, and style on the silver screen. The New York institution has partnered with Vanity Fair and the Film Society of Lincoln Center on a long weekend (Setember 9-11) of screenings, panel discussions, and receptions that will keep the Fashion's Night Out momentum going through next Sunday. The singular Simon Doonan has co-curated the screening program, which includes iconic favorites (William Klein's Qui Êtes-Vous, Polly Magoo?, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg) as well as new releases, including the world premiere of Jan Sharp's new Rick Owens [claps gleefully] documentary, Rick, Michele, and Scarlett, and a look inside the elite ateliers of Hermès. On Sunday afternoon, Doonan will chat with the likes of designers Jeffrey Costello and Robert Tagliapietra, Matt "Valentino: The Last Emperor" Tyrnauer, and the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology's Valerie Steele about how film inspires fashion. Tickets for the chic film series are going fast. Purchase yours here. Share http://adweek.it/2kFJuqU copy Adweek Adweek


text:
- Research
- Open Access
Expression of P2 nucleotide receptors varies with age and sex in murine brain microglia
© Crain et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
- Received: 30 March 2009
- Accepted: 25 August 2009
- Published: 25 August 2009
Microglia are implicated in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, many of which display sexual dimorphisms and have symptom onsets at different ages. P2 purinergic receptors are critical for regulating various microglial functions, but little is known about how their expression varies with age or sex. Therefore, comprehensive information about purinergic receptor expression in normal microglia, in both sexes, over age is necessary if we are to better understand their roles in the healthy and diseased CNS. We analyzed the expression of all fourteen rodent P2X and P2Y receptors in CD11b+ cells freshly-isolated from the brains of C57Bl/6 mice at five different ages ranging from postnatal day 3 to 12 months, in males and females, using quantitative RT-PCR. We also compared purinergic receptor expression in microglia freshly-isolated from 3 day-old pups to that in primary neonatal microglial cultures created from mice of the same age. We observed patterns in P2 receptor expression with age, most notably increased expression with age and age-restricted expression. There were also several receptors that showed sexually dimorphic expression. Lastly, we noted that in vitro culturing of neonatal microglia greatly changed their P2 receptor expression profiles. These data represent the first complete and systematic report of changes in purinergic receptor expression of microglia with age and sex, and provide important information necessary for accurate in vitro modeling of healthy animals.
- Sexual Dimorphism
- Primary Microglia
- Microglial Culture
- Primary Microglial Culture
- P2X3 mRNA
Microglia are the primary resident immune cell population in the central nervous system (CNS). They phagocytose debris following neuronal remodeling processes, help maintain CNS integrity, and perform neuronal support functions through the production of neurotrophins and growth factors [1]. Microglia also react to invading pathogens and CNS damage such as that resulting from physical injury, ischemia, and disease [2, 3]. However, uncontrolled microglial activation and their resulting production of neurotoxic cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrite species is thought to contribute to the pathology of many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, agents that function to reduce microglial inflammatory activities are currently being sought.
Work from our laboratory and others' has pointed to a role for P2 purinergic receptors (P2Rs) in reducing microglial production of inflammatory mediators [4–6]. Purines are the endogenous ligands for most P2Rs, but pyrimidines and some nucleotide sugars can activate certain subtypes as well. The two major P2 receptor families are subdivided based on agonist specificities and proposed membrane topologies: the P2X receptors are ligand-gated cation channels composed of homo- or heterotrimeric P2X subunits, and the P2Y receptors are seven transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptors [7]. To date, there are seven known P2X receptor subtypes (P2X1–7) and eight P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, P2Y14) however the P2Y11 receptor gene is absent from the rodent genome [8]. In microglia, nucleotides are important regulators of diverse cellular functions such as release of neuroprotective factors like BDNF [9–12], production of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [13–15], as well as phagocytic, chemotactic, and motility effects [16, 17].
Previous studies have evaluated the microglial expression of specific P2Rs in multiple CNS disease models [18–22], but few have addressed P2 receptor profiles in microglia from healthy animals. Moreover, systematic studies of all fourteen rodent P2Rs in microglia have not been reported. P2 receptors have an important role in modulating microglial inflammatory activity, and this inflammation coincides with the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases. The diseases described in the studies above (e.g. ALS, Alzheimer's disease) have different incidence rates at different ages; therefore it is essential to know how P2 receptor expression changes with age in the normal CNS as this may have implications for their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In addition, because many CNS diseases are sexually dimorphic (that is, males and females are differentially affected), and microglia are responsive to sex hormones (reviewed in [23]), we were interested in ascertaining if there are differences in microglial P2R expression profiles between males and females.
In the present report, we analyzed P2 receptor expression in brain microglia freshly-isolated from C57Bl/6 mice ranging in age from 3 days to 12 months, and identified several sexual dimorphisms. We also assessed how accurately P2R mRNA levels in mixed sex primary neonatal microglial cultures, commonly used for in vitro studies, model expression in vivo.
Materials and methods
C57Bl/6 mice were maintained in an AAALAC-accredited animal facility according to protocols approved by the University of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All animals were housed under standard conditions, with a 12 hour light/dark cycle and ad libitum food and water. Experiments were performed using animals aged postnatal day 3 (3d), 21 days-old (21d, weaning age), 7 weeks-old (7 wk, adolescent/young adult), 4 months-old (4 mo, adult), and 12 months-old (12 mo, becoming reproductively senescent). Adult male mice were housed in separate cages, while the mature females were housed together for one week prior to use in experiments. The 4 mo females were virgins and the 12 mo mice were retired breeders, with females not having born a litter for at least two months prior to their sacrifice. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used yet allow the formation of statistically reliable conclusions.
CD11b+ cell isolation
Mice were euthanized and then perfused with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to remove the majority of circulating immune cells from the CNS vasculature. The brains (excluding the brain stem but including the cerebellum) were removed, cleaned of meninges, then dissociated into a single cell suspension by both physical disruption and enzymatic digestion using the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit protocol (this and all associated reagents were from Miltenyi Biotec, Germany unless otherwise stated). Myelin was removed by high-speed centrifugation at 850 g in a 0.9 M solution of sucrose in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS; Cellgro, Herndon, VA). Cells were then rinsed in HBSS, resuspended in buffer (PBS, 0.5% BSA, and 2 mM EDTA), and stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD11b antibodies followed by a magnetic bead-conjugated secondary antibody against PE. Magnetically-tagged CD11b+ cells were then isolated using MS columns according to the Miltenyi MACS protocol. Reagents are used at 4° and the cells are kept on ice during the isolation process to slow metabolic rate and reduce the opportunity for microglial cell activation.
The sex of the 3d mice was visually determined and later verified by genotyping for the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene, which is located on the Y chromosome. Genomic DNA was isolated from each mouse by digestion of a small section of tail in a Tris buffer with 0.4 mg/mL proteinase K (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) at 56°, and then used in PCR for SRY using GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega, Madison, WI). SRY was amplified using the following primers: forward – TCTTAAACTCTGAAGAAGAGAA, reverse – GTCTTGCCTGTATGTGATGG. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was used as a positive control for DNA quality and successful PCR, and was amplified with the following primers: forward – CCATCACCATCTTCCAGGAG, reverse – GATGGCATGGACTGTGGTC. The PCR cycling program was as follows: 35 cycles of 95° for 2 min; 51° or 60° (for SRY and GAPDH, respectively) for 1 min; and 72° for 40 s, followed by a final extension at 72° for 10 min. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide and visualized using the Autochemi Imaging System (UVP, Upland, CA). Visualization of the resulting gels [see Additional file 1] showed that all of the pools were sexed correctly. The consistent detection of GAPDH product demonstrated that DNA was isolated from each pup and could be successfully amplified by PCR even though an SRY amplicon was absent in females.
Primary microglial cultures
Primary neonatal microglial cultures were prepared as previously described [25]. Litters were approximately 50% female and 50% male. Briefly, 3 day-old C57Bl/6 mice were euthanized, and their brains removed and cleaned of meninges and visible blood vessels. The tissue was dissociated by incubation in 0.25% trypsin (Cellgro) and DNase (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) followed by trituration. Cells were then pelleted, resuspended in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin (all from Cellgro), and plated in T75 flasks (Nunc, Rochester, NY) at a density of approximately one brain per flask. The medium was changed the next day, and the cultures were maintained in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. After 10 days, the microglia were lifted from the astrocyte layer by shaking for one hour at 75 rpm on an orbital shaker. The microglia were then plated at 250,000 cells/well in a 12-well plate, cultured for two days, and then harvested. The purity of microglial cultures was greater than 96% as assessed by CD11b+ staining, as described previously [25].
RNA extraction/reverse transcription
RNA was extracted from all cultured or freshly-isolated microglia according to the TriReagent protocol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), with the addition of Glycoblue (Ambion, Austin, TX) during the isopropanol incubation. cDNA was synthesized using 1 μg of total RNA and MMLV Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) as previously described [26].
Quantitative PCR
cDNA was used in real-time quantitative PCR with Power SYBR Green (Applied Biosystems) using the ABI 7300 system. The PCR cycling program was as follows: 95° for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95° for 15 s and 60° for 1 min, and finally a dissociation stage. The primer sequences are as follows, and were designed to span introns whenever possible to discount any product from genomic DNA. Primer specificity was assessed through NCBI BLAST analysis prior to use and, for each sample following PCR, verification that the dissociation curve had a single peak with an observed Tm consistent with the amplicon length. Primer efficiency was tested through the use of serial dilutions.
Primer sequence table
Forward primer
Reverse primer
Average Ct (vs. β-actin) for 3d samples
Statistical analysis
In the present study, we evaluated the expression of all rodent P2Rs in freshly-isolated mouse microglia, and we display them here in groups according to their overall expression patterns. We found four major expression patterns: expression that varies over age (Figure 2); expression that increases with age (Figures 3 and 4); expression that does not change with age (Figure 5); and age-restricted expression (Figure 6).
P2X1 and P2X4 expression varies over age
We found that mRNA expression of both P2X1 (Figure 2A) and P2X4 (Figure 2B) vary with age. In males (Figure 2A, upper panel), P2X1 levels are significantly lower at 4 mo than they are at 3d, but no statistically significant differences were found in females (Figure 2A, lower panel). In contrast, P2X4 expression is lower at 21d than at the other ages (Figure 2B). Surprisingly, levels of both receptors in primary cultures are very different compared to those in freshly-isolated microglia from mice at any age examined, with P2X1 being significantly lower and P2X4 expression being approximately three times more abundant.
Expression of P2X7 and P2Y6 is steady after 21d
P2X7 (Figure 3A) and P2Y6 (Figure 3B) mRNA levels are lowest at 3d in both males and females, and were approximately three-fold higher at all other ages. Thus, maximum expression of both of these receptors appears to be on or before 21 days of age, a time coinciding with weaning. In addition, mRNA levels of both receptors in primary cultures are similar to those in microglia isolated from 3d pups.
Expression of P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y1 increases with age
P2Y12 (Figure 4A), P2Y13 (Figure 4B), and P2Y1 (Figure 4C) mRNA levels in freshly-isolated microglia were also lowest at 3d, but they continued to increase significantly with age. In both males and females, P2Y12 expression was lower at 3d than at any other age. Its expression also appeared to peak in both sexes by 4 mo (by ~five-fold), but in males it decreased significantly thereafter (Figure 4A, upper panel). In addition, P2Y12 expression was significantly lower (by ~100-fold) in primary microglial cultures than in any of the freshly-isolated cells.
Like P2Y12 mRNA levels, P2Y13 expression is also much lower (~100-fold) in primary cultures than in the freshly-isolated microglia (Figure 4B). Expression is increased in microglia from 7 wk, 4 mo, and 12 mo animals compared to 3d animals, in both sexes, though to varying levels of significance. In males, P2Y13 levels were also significantly higher than in the 21d samples, but in females only, the 7 wk time point was also higher than 21d.
P2Y1 expression in 21 d, 7 wk, and 4 mo animals also trended towards increased expression (by 50- to 100-fold) compared to 3 d old animals (Figure 4C); but unlike like P2Y12 and P2Y13, its expression in 3d microglia and primary microglial cultures was similar. Unexpectedly, we found that P2Y1 receptor expression was not detectable in 12 mo microglia samples.
Increases in P2X6, P2Y2, and P2Y14 with age are not significant
In contrast to the receptors described above, the levels of P2X6 (Figure 5A), P2Y2 (Figure 5B), and P2Y14 (Figure 5C) did not significantly change with age, although they all showed a trend toward increased levels of expression at adult ages (4 mo and 12 mo). The trend would likely become significant if a larger number of animals was used, though this sample size produced highly significant results for other, less variable P2 receptors.
Expression of P2X3, P2X5, and P2Y4 is age-restricted
We found an unusual pattern of expression for P2X3 (Figure 6A), P2X5 (Figure 6B), and P2Y4 (Figure 6C) receptors: their expression in microglia appeared to be restricted to mice of specific ages. For example, P2X5 is present in microglia from 3d mice, but is absent in microglia from males and females of all the other examined ages (Figure 6B). P2X5 expression in primary neonatal microglial cultures is significantly lower (by ~800-fold) than in the freshly-isolated 3d microglial samples. P2Y4 mRNA is expressed in microglia from 3d and 4 mo mice, but it was not detected in samples from other mouse ages (Figure 6C). Its expression in 4 mo male samples is significantly higher than in 3d or primary microglia, but in 4 mo females this difference did not reach statistical significance. Lastly, in females, P2X3 mRNA was low but detectable at 3d, and it increased with age from 21d to 12 mo (by ~75-fold to 125-fold). However, while P2X3 mRNA is also increased in males at 21d (~50-fold) and 4 mo (~60-fold) compared to 3d, it was undetectable in microglia from 7 wk or 12 mo animals (Figure 6A). P2X3 mRNA levels in primary microglia were similar to microglia isolated from 3d mice of both sexes.
P2X2 mRNA was not detected in freshly-isolated microglia from male or female mice at any age examined, nor was it detected in our neonatal primary microglial cultures. These observations were confirmed using at least two P2X2 primer sets which did amplify P2X2 from whole brain cDNA samples.
Expression of some P2 receptors is sexually dimorphic
No statistically significant sexual dimorphisms were found in the other six P2 receptors.
In vitro culturing of microglia alters their P2 receptor expression
In vitro culturing of microglia alters their P2 receptor expression profiles.
Fold 1° vs. 3d
Ave. of ♂ and ♀ (+/- SEM)
↓167 (+/- 83) ***
↑ 5.39 (+/- 2.07)
↑ 2.95 (+/- 0.43) *
↓ 833 (+/- 347) ***
↑ 1.52 (+/- 0.32)
↓ 2.65 (+/- 0.38) ***
↑ 12.3 (+/- 4.61) #
↑ 11.1 (+/- 4.41) #
↑ 4.54 (+/- 2.41)
↓ 1.47 (+/- 0.14) **
↓ 90.9 (+/- 16.5) ***
↓ 100 (+/- 20.0) ***
↑ 2.22 (+/- 0.20) ***
In the present studies, we comprehensively analyzed P2X and P2Y purinergic receptor expression levels in freshly-isolated brain microglia from male and female mice ranging in age from 3 days to 12 months. No studies to date have reported changes in the basal expression of all P2 receptors in microglia with animal age. Moreover, sexual dimorphisms in P2R expression in microglia have not been studied before, despite strong gender differences in multiple neurodegenerative diseases in which microglial inflammatory activities are implicated. Lastly, we assessed how P2R expression is altered by culturing in vitro, a significant issue given that primary mixed-sex neonatal microglia are widely used for microglial studies.
The cells used in this study were CD11b+ cells isolated from PBS-perfused C57Bl/6 mouse brain. The C57Bl/6 strain was chosen because it is a common research strain and it is the genetic background upon which many knockout mice are made. Of the isolated CD11b+ cells used in this study, an average of 97% were also CD45+. Because the majority of circulating CD11b+ cells were removed by PBS perfusion prior to brain harvesting, the contribution of non-microglial cells was negligible, consistent with previous reports [24]. The magnetic bead isolation system we employed for isolating CD11b+ cells provided enough cells to allow for quantitative analysis by RT-PCR without the need for culturing. Moreover, this system enabled the rapid isolation of microglial cells from multiple samples simultaneously and minimized sample degradation, compared to cell sorting by standard flow cytometry.
The majority of genes examined in this study showed relatively minimal variability for ex vivo samples. A few of the more lowly-expressed genes (P2X3, P2X6, P2Y2, P2Y14) displayed higher variation. This probably reflects a wider range of expression levels for these genes within the population, but it may also be due to the influence of gonadal hormones as discussed further below, or the result of short-term effects of mouse activity (e.g. differences between when each mouse last ate, exercised, etc.) prior to harvest. The absence of detection of P2X3 in males at 7 wk and 12 mo, and P2Y4 in both sexes at all ages examined except 3d and 4 mo is likely to be specific to the expression of those particular genes. For example, the expression of many receptors is indeed at their maximum at the 7 wk time point and several internal controls for the integrity of each sample were used in this study (including the assessment of housekeeping genes measured using multiple primer sets), suggesting that sample quality is not the reason for the absence of expression of one or two particular genes out of fifteen.
Age-dependent changes in P2X receptors
Whereas there have been descriptions of P2R expression in a number of organ systems (reviewed in [27]), to our knowledge this is the first study examining both P2X and P2Y expression in immune cells at different ages. Several studies have evaluated changes in specific P2X subtypes in various CNS disease models [18–22] and found their expression to be increased. Given that nucleotides can modulate cytokine levels [13–15] and inflammation is often present in these diseases, P2Rs may have a role in the development or initiation of these conditions. Here we report that microglial P2X receptor expression varies with mouse age, although with differing time courses.
While little is known concerning the specific inflammatory roles of most P2X receptors in microglia, P2X4 and P2X7 receptor function is better understood. P2X4 up-regulation has an identified role in neuropathic pain [28], and P2X7 receptors are critical for controlling inflammasome assembly that leads to cytokine release [29–31]. We found that P2X4 expression was decreased in microglia from 21d mice compared to that from the other ages, while P2X7 levels were lowest at 3d and approximately three-fold higher in microglia from mice at the other ages examined. It is interesting to note that a recent report indicates that increased P2X7 levels drive microglial activation and proliferation in vitro [32], an effect that may predispose to Neuroinflammation in adults. A previous study of P2X receptor expression in late embryonic and early postnatal rat brain [33] found that P2X1 immunoreactivity declined to undetectable levels at postnatal days 30 and 60 (males and females were not distinguished). Although those time points do not match our own, we found relatively steady expression of P2X1 mRNA in microglia from mice even to 12 months of age in both sexes. This discrepancy may be due to differences in assay sensitivity between qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining methods, or simple species differences. Differences between microglial markers used may also account for this divergence. For example, Xiang and Burnstock saw dissimilar results for certain P2X receptors when ED-1 or isolectin B4 was used as the microglial co-stain; we used CD11b as the microglial marker in our studies. It is also possible that there are disparities between P2X1 mRNA and translated protein levels, however, post-transcriptional regulation of P2X1 receptors has not been documented.
P2X2 mRNA was not detected in any of the samples examined, and P2X5 receptor mRNA was only detectable in microglia from 3d-old animals. Similar to our results, Xiang and Burnstock did not detect P2X2 immunoreactivity in microglia from animals examined up to 60 days of age. However, they did observe transient P2X5 receptor immunoreactivity in cerebellar microglia in 7 day-old rats [34], a time point we did not examine.
Lastly, this is the first study demonstrating expression of P2X3 and P2X6 mRNA in freshly-isolated mouse brain microglia, even though these receptors have been reported in the murine N9 microglial cell line [35]. This pattern of P2X6 receptor expression steadily increasing with age until it plateaus at about 7 wk of age is consistent with P2X6 expression in rat Kupffer cells where it also increases with age [36].
Age-dependent changes in P2Y receptors
Although much less is known about the function of P2Y receptors in microglia compared to P2X receptors, the importance of P2Y receptors in regulating various microglial activities is becoming clear [37]. Recently, critical roles for P2Y6 receptors in microglial phagocytosis [38] and P2Y12 receptors in microglial migration, chemotaxis and process extension have been revealed [16, 17, 39, 40]. In addition, a role for P2Y12 receptors in neuropathic pain has also recently been described [41].
In the present study, we found that the expression of most P2Y receptors tended to increase between postnatal days 3 and 21, except for that of P2Y13 and P2Y4. The expression of P2Y1, P2Y6 and P2Y12 receptors seemed to be most strongly up-regulated during this time. There is significant synaptic re-modeling and pruning that occurs during this period in mouse brain development [42, 43], and microglial activities are essential for these processes [44–46]. While the specific roles of these receptors in microglia early in postnatal life is not yet known, we speculate given the central role of P2Y6 receptors in microglial phagocytosis [39] and P2Y12 receptors in chemotaxis and migration, that their up-regulation may facilitate these activities during brain development.
Also important, P2Y12 receptor expression levels declined between 4 months and 12 months of age. Similarly, P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptor levels are completely undetectable in microglia from 12 mo animals. A decline in P2 receptors whose expression is requisite for microglial migration and phagocytosis may contribute to microglial senescence, a hypothesis proposing that microglia lose their normal capacity to perform neuron-protective and -supportive functions as they age [45, 46]. Another interesting point is that the phylogenetically and structurally related P2Y receptors (i.e. P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6) which are postulated to inhibit inflammatory mediator release from microglia [4–6], have either decreasing expression with age or are completely undetectable in 12 mo animals. If the endogenous role of these P2Y receptors in microglia is indeed to act as a natural "brake" for pro-inflammatory mediator production, perhaps their decline, as in Alzheimer's disease [18–22], underlies the exaggerated microglial inflammatory responses of the aged brain, and may contribute to the onset of inflammatory processes involved in neurodegenerative disease pathology [45, 46]. Studies are in progress using RNAi methods similar to those used in [47] to investigate the effect of receptor knockdown on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in aged brains.
Sexual dimorphisms
Seven P2 receptors were found to be sexually dimorphic in freshly-isolated microglia, though the ages at which these differences occurred varied depending on the receptor. Sexual dimorphisms were found in P2X1, P2X4, P2Y12, and P2Y13 expression which was lower in females than males, whereas P2X3, P2X5, and P2Y4 mRNA levels were higher in microglia from females compared to age-matched males.
At both ages when P2Y4 was expressed (3 d and 4 mo), microglia from females had higher expression than those from males. Although this difference was only statistically significant at 3d, the high variability in P2Y4 expression in females at 4 mo may result from hormonal regulation of this gene. While breeding-age female mice in this study were housed together, we did not identify estrous stage prior to their sacrifice. Gonadal steroid hormone regulation of the P2Y4 gene has not been described, but we have identified several putative estrogen response elements in its 5' flanking region (JMC and JJW unpublished observations). Future studies will investigate the effect of estrous cycle stage on P2Y4 expression in microglia. It should also be noted here that the P2Y4 gene is located on the X chromosome in the mouse, human and rat, and it is the only known P2R encoded on this chromosome.
In males, we find P2X3 mRNA levels in microglia to be undetectable in 7 wk and 12 mo animals, whereas its expression in females gradually increased between 21d and 12 months. In addition, because we find that P2X3 mRNA levels decline dramatically between day 21 and 7 wks in males, there may be a role for maternal hormones in regulating its expression in early postnatal male pups. There is some evidence supporting P2X3 receptor regulation by gonadal hormones in peripheral tissues: ovariectomy has been shown to alter P2X3 expression in mouse bladder [48], and its expression is increased in the cervix during pregnancy [49]. We also observed that P2X1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in microglia from 12 mo females. While the expression of all P2X receptor subtypes has been evaluated in the adult female rat reproductive tract, only a single estrous stage was examined [50], and therefore possible changes in P2X receptor expression patterns due to alterations in circulating steroid hormone levels could not be addressed. We are currently completing studies that more specifically evaluate the role of female sex hormones in regulating P2R expression in microglia.
Differences between freshly-isolated microglia and primary cultures
This study demonstrates that culturing neonatal microglia greatly alters their P2R expression when compared to microglia freshly-isolated from 3d mice, the age used for making the primary cultures. P2 mRNA levels in averaged 3d male and female freshly-isolated microglia were found to differ from that in primary mixed-sex microglial cultures by three- to over 800-fold. Culturing conditions can alter microglial gene expression in a number of ways, including their exposure to soluble factors in serum at concentrations different from those in the CNS, the absence of neurons and synaptic connections in a dish, as well as altered microglia:astrocyte ratios from which they are exposed in vivo. Thus, it is not unexpected that microglia, a cell type whose primary function is to monitor their surroundings, change in response to alterations in their environment. However, to our knowledge this is the first report that begins to address how well primary neonatal microglial cultures model expression in mice of different ages and demonstrates that culturing significantly alters P2R levels in microglia.
We also compared P2 receptor profiles in primary microglia to each of the other ages of freshly-isolated microglia. While there were instances where expression in primary microglia was similar to that in freshly-isolated cells, overall there was not one particular age that was most accurately represented by the P2R expression in primary cultures. As with most in vitro experiments, extrapolation of results obtained using primary microglia as a model (and microglial cell lines as well), should therefore be interpreted cautiously. However primary cultures do, at a minimum, provide a good model for studying P2X6, P2X7, and P2Y6 signaling in 3d mice, or P2Y2 signaling in adult mice. Additionally P2Y1, P2Y14, and P2X3 expression in primary cultures is in between the expression levels of microglia from 3d and 21 day-old mice.
Conclusions and future directions
The data presented here provide new, sensitive and quantitative information on the impact of age and sex on P2R mRNA expression in microglia. Although evaluating P2R protein levels is desirable, P2X receptor mRNA levels closely correlate with protein levels [51–53], and additional information provided by such studies would be limited. Accurate quantitative analysis is difficult with immunohistochemical staining, and immunoblot analysis would not allow discrimination between cell surface receptors and intracellular pools. Several P2X immunohistochemical studies have been performed in rats by Burnstock and colleagues (some using custom-made antibodies), however, the commercially-available antibodies for mouse P2Rs (including many we have evaluated for P2YRs) often show non-specific bands in immunoblots which would be indistinguishable in immunohistochemistry ([54]; JJW unpublished observations). Therefore, future development of antibodies having greater target specificity is needed to provide more reliable information on regulation of P2X and P2Y receptors at the protein level. Additionally, as P2X channel activity is dependent on subunit composition, FRET labeling studies using highly-specific antibodies to identify individual P2X subunit constituents of native channels in microglia would be very informative.
In conclusion, the present studies provide the most comprehensive information to date on the changes in P2 receptor expression in freshly-isolated microglia with age and represent the first such study of P2YRs. These data contribute to a better understanding of these receptors, which have important effects on a host of microglial activities, in the normal aging CNS. Microglial inflammatory activities in particular are implicated in the pathology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases which emerge at different ages. Many of these conditions are strongly sexually dimorphic, and we identified several sexual dimorphisms in P2 receptor expression. In addition, we found many differences in P2R levels between primary neonatal microglia and freshly-isolated microglia, which begins to address the usefulness and accuracy of this current gold standard for modeling purinergic signaling in vitro. Together, these data provide important new information necessary for future mechanistic studies on the contribution of P2Rs to the aging process and their role in CNS inflammatory disease.
This work was supported by the NIH/NINDS R01NS049033 and the NIH Training Grants R25GM083252 (JMC) and K12AG019247 (MN).
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Phone: 561-689-1830
Business Hours Lunch Dinner
Mon-Thu 11am-2:45pm 4:30pm-9:30pm
Fri 11am-2:45pm 4:30pm-10:00pm
Sat 12pm - 10pm
Sundays 4pm - 9pm.
Thai Haru Restaurant is a family own. Our objective is to move forward and continue to grow in the local area which Haru is a Japanese word that means "spring"
Some of the best adventures start with a great meal. Thai Haru Restaurant, we wanted to showcase the food which is a distinctive cuisine dominated with fresh Thai herbs and spices. All of the meals are crafted from our heart. Our professional cooks and sushi chefs prepare delicious mouthwatering meals for your memorable dining experience with care.
Customer service and satisfaction is our top priority.
Thai Haru provided a cozy ambience and relaxed casual environment where you can dine with friends and family and enjoy the pleasures of gourmet Thai food and sushi with a reasonable prices.
Jirawat Chaijirawat
Executive Chef / Owner


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With the tragedy of Robin Williams still fresh in my mind, I want to share something with you.
Suicide saved my life.
I mean no disrespect to the surviving family with this statement, nor do I seek to make light of another's suffering. I'm simply recounting my experience.
In 1995, at the age of 45, and in the ascendancy of my life professionally, socially and spiritually, I was diagnosed with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease.
Today, nearly 20 years later, I look back in astonishment at the last two decades and wonder how I managed to not only survive, but to actually grow emotionally and creatively. Make no mistake: Parkinson's is as ruthless as it is cunning – always searching for weakened neurological conduits and components; taking every opportunity to enslave me psychologically; making it more difficult to live with dignity and purpose.
How have I survived? I decided to fight. I made a covenant with myself, vowing to never let Parkinson's get the upper hand.
And what is that upper hand? It's attitude. It's a focused resolve to live my life fully and joyfully, in service to my fellow man, regardless of how I might feel at any given moment. Does it always work? No. I fall down, literally and figuratively nearly every day. Yet, I don't compound the falls with self-punishment. I simply get up and continue the journey.
And what do I say about Mr. Williams? I say I can't possibly imagine what life would be like with this disease AND a difficult marriage, a substance abuse struggle, the stress of fame, and the battalion of demons that often follow genius.
Have I ever contemplated suicide?
I never needed to.
Just knowing I could "opt-out" of the dark abyss of depression that is so often a component of Parkinson's, was enough to prevent the act of suicide itself. Yet, don't for a minute think I was able to side-step the abyss – 18 ECT or "shock treatments," 6 years of cognitive therapy, and 233,000 pills later, I'm still struggling with PD and my loss of the activities of daily living. (I've always said the true test of humility is having to ask a perfect stranger to wipe your behind.)
The circle now complete, we find ourselves back where we started: suicide.
My vision of the Creator, as insignificant as it is, does not include a punitive and vindictive father.
I choose to believe that at this very moment, Mr. Williams is enjoying a " Peace that passeth all understanding."
The same Peace I wish for you. Martin Bayne


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EDGEhomes Helps Three-Year-Old Mack's Wish Come True
(Orem, Utah) July 23, 2015 – EDGEhomes, along with the Salt Lake Home Builders Association and other builders will be showcasing beautifully built and decorated homes, some of which include Make-A-Wish wish rooms for children with life-threatening conditions. EDGEhomes' wish room this year was designed for Mack who loves Thomas the Tank Engine (aka Thomas the Train.) Mack has end stage renal disease and wished for a Thomas the Tank Engine playhouse.
"Supporting the efforts of Make-A-Wish is an incredible opportunity to share with amazing kids," Gordy Jones, EDGEhomes Managing Partner CEO said. "When you see the joy in the eyes of the wish kid, it is more rewarding than I can explain. These kids are awesome with huge hearts and they're so grateful. It is truly a joy to give."
"We are thankful for our supportive community," said Jones. "We are rallying our network of friends, family, employees and subcontractors to make financial contributions to support Make-A-Wish."
"Designing this room for Mack has been my favorite part of this house," said Stephanie Holdaway, Gatehouse No. 1 designer. "Some of the fun highlights include a train track around the room's perimeter, a giant Thomas mural, and brick walls that look like the inside of a train station. We also added a ring pull to the roller shades on the windows to imitate a train station ticket window, an oversized striped headboard that looks like conductor hat print, plus everything Thomas— from match games and dominoes to books and of course a lot of trains and tracks. It will be like Christmas morning when he sees this room for the first time!"
EDGEhomes, the expanding builder and community-oriented business, is building numerous communities in Salt Lake, Wasatch and Utah Counties, with dozens more completed in past years
To learn more about the Parade of Homes and to register for tickets, visit: http://saltlakeparade.com/.


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- This event has passed.
Last Day to Give Notice in Person
December 31, 2016
Today is the last day of the month, which means it's your last chance to give written notice to end your month-to-month tenancy for the last day of next month. The Residential Tenancy Act has rules about when communication is considered received by another party:
|Form of Delivery
|Delivering it in person
|same day
|Leaving it in a mail slot or mail box
|3 days later
|Faxing it
|3 days later
|Posting it on a door or other obvious place
|3 days later
|Sending it registered or regular mail
|5 days later
This means that you should give your landlord written notice in person. If that's not possible and you have to deliver your notice in another manner, try to gather evidence that your landlord received your notice today. For example, if you post your notice on their door and then receive email verification that they received your notice today, the "3-days-later" rule may not apply. Always try to have evidence of how you gave your notice.
If you have a fixed-term tenancy agreement rather than a month-to-month tenancy agreement, moving out can be a little more complicated. See TRAC's webpage on Moving Out for more information.


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Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, killing over half a million people every year. While heredity often plays a role in the disease, many of the risk factors can be prevented or controlled.
National Wear Red Day, held annually on the first Friday of February, is a campaign to "remind women and those who love them to take action against heart disease" and urge them to eat healthier, be more physically active, and consult their doctors about their personal risk for the disease.


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By Valerie Twombly
"Why do you hesitate?" Narissa asked, tugging on his hand.
Why? Because he was crazy and imagined some beautiful woman wanted to drag him into the sea. The worst thing about it? This was the first time he'd felt anything since that fateful night. At least something other than sorrow and guilt. For the first time, he experienced desire, and a deep-seated need his gut told him that only this woman could quench.
"I'm not a dream," she whispered as she pressed into him and nuzzled his jaw. "I'm real. Do you feel me?"
Oh, he felt her. His senses suddenly awakened. His entire body zinged with an energy he hadn't felt in…
He cupped her face and pulled her close. When he claimed her mouth, the taste of cherries burst across his tongue. She settled her soft curves against him and every thing about her was real. Familiar. He had to have her. The need to plant himself deep inside her was so overwhelming, it was as if she had somehow mesmerized him. He was operating on pure male instinct rather than common sense.
Her hand drifted to his thickening cock and squeezed, reassuring him she wanted the same thing he did. To press her point home, she backed away and pulled off his sweatshirt. Now only the moonlight bathed her skin in a seductive glow. The world stopped as he tore at his clothes, anxious to finally feel something besides his own self-pity.
Naked. The cool air brushing across his skin made him feel alive. In two strides, he was to the enchantress in front of him, and his body pressed against hers once more.
"Hurry!" She took his hand and led him over the rough terrain he had crossed to get to her. "I want to make love on the sand."
He'd not argue with that as long as she hurried. When they reached the other side, she whirled to face him then pulled him down on top of her. He wrapped his lips around a rosy bud as she lifted her hips and ground against his shaft.
"I can't wait any longer." She reached between them and guided his erection inside her.
"Oh shit." Her heat wrapped around him like a velvet glove, and if he died tonight, he would go a happy man. Narissa was an angel sent to save him.
She dug her heels into his back. "Simon, faster. Please, I need you."
Already he fought to keep composure. He wanted to enjoy every second with her, but she was insatiable, so he thrust harder. Tangling his fingers into her thick dark hair, he stared into her eyes. He wanted to watch her come.
"So close," she whispered. Then she detonated, crying out his name so it carried on the wind to those nearby.
He didn't care. Her hot sheath convulsed around him, squeezing until his own orgasm pulled his balls tight and let loose. He closed his eyes and allowed it take him away. Moments later, when his breathing returned to normal, he risked a look toward her, fearful this had all been a dream.
Visions. Hundreds of visions flashed in his head and played at supersonic speed. So fast he thought his brain would explode. He rolled off Narissa and landed on his back, clutching his head as he howled in pain. Somewhere he thought he heard a female whimper, but he couldn't help. Time no longer had meaning. He may have lain there for seconds or days, before the pain stopped and the visions passed. When he dared open his eyes, Narissa lay still next to him. His heart raced, fearful she was dead.
"Narissa?" He hovered over her. "No! Ana." She didn't look like his Ana, but he knew she was. Just as he realized he wasn't Simon.
Rylan. The name rung in his ears and felt true.
Narissa opened her eyes then smiled at him. "You're back. We're together again."
"Yes. Elnora will be furious." The mermaid had wanted to rule and cut a deal to oust Rylan, who had been their king. He and Narissa––his true mate––had been stripped of their memories and banished to the human realm. Elnor had thought she had separated them forever, but they had found each other as Simon and Ana. Something had happened when Ana fell from the boat. By some miracle, she had changed back to her previous identity.
"I remember you now." Tears streamed down her cheeks. "I remember everything. I fell into the water that night and somehow morphed back. I had no memory of Rylan or Simon though."
"We could not be kept apart in human form, nor can we be kept apart now. It is time I come back to rule."
She cupped his cheek. "Yes, let's go back home. Together."


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Camera Man
ISO: 400, Shutter speed: 1/25, Aperture: f/1.4,
Camera: Canon EOS 20D, Flash: None, Cropping: None,
Lens: Canon EF 35mm f/1.4L, Focal length: 35mm,
Captured: 27th August 2006, 8:20pm,
This is the first of my shots from the Notting Hill Carnival, last weekend. I've only got four that I think are worth posting and I'll put the next three up over the coming days.
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The global lithium compounds market is driven by increasing usage of portable devices. The global lithium compounds market is projected to reach USD 5.87 billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 13.22% between 2015 and 2020. The lithium compounds market is driven by various end user industries such as li-ion batteries, glass & ceramics and others. Also, factors such as increase in use of portable devices using li-ion batteries, switch from fuel-burning cars to electric vehicles & increasing focus of consumer & government agencies towards environmental concerns are driving the growth of the market. Complete report on global lithium compounds market spread across 337 pages, profiling 08 companies and supported with 537 tables and 56 figures is now available at http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/lithium-compounds-market-by-application-li-ion-batteries-glass-ceramics-medical-lubricants-metallurgy-polymers-by-derivatives-lithium-carbonate-lithium-hydroxide-lithium-metal-butyl-lithium-by-regio-ts-to-2020-market-report.html .
Asia-Pacific is the global leader in the consumption of lithium compounds, and is expected to dominate in the coming years. China, Japan, and South Korea are the key countries in this region. The Asia-Pacific market is expected to grow at the highest CAGR from 2015 to 2020.
Break-up of profile of primary participants for the report:
> By Company - Tier 1 – 35 %, Tier 2 – 30% and Tier 3 – 35%
> By Designation – C-level – 25%, Director-Level – 30%, others – 45%
> By Region – North America - 11%, Europe – 33%, Asia-Pacific – 45%, RoW – 11%
Order a copy of this report at http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/purchase?rname=483101 .
This study estimates the market value for lithium compounds during the forecast period (2015 to 2020). Major countries covered in this report include China, Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, the U.K., Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Similarly, the report is further is classifies on basis of derivatives & end use.
Further, the report provides a comprehensive review of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. It also discusses competitive strategies adopted by different market players, such as SQM (Chile), Albemarle Corporation (U.S.), FMC (U.S.), Sichuan Tianqui lithium (China) & Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd (China) are the key players actively present in the lithium compounds market. Priced at $4650 for a single user PDF, a discount on "Lithium Compounds Market by Application (LI-ION Batteries, Glass & Ceramics, Medical, Lubricants, Metallurgy, Polymers), by Derivatives (Lithium Carbonate, Lithium Hydroxide, Lithium Metal, Butyl-Lithium) & by Region - Global Forecasts to 2020" research report can be requested at http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/discount?rname=483101 .
The use of lithium compounds is increasing across applications such as li-ion batteries, glass & ceramics, medical, and others. With the growing demand for lithium compounds in end user industries, its consumption is also expected to rise between 2015 and 2020.
On a related note, another research titled Process Oil Market Global Forecast to 2020 says, the global process oil market is projected to reach USD 4.98 billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 2.5% between 2015 and 2020. Tire & rubber segment is the leading application segment of the global process oil market during the forecast period between 2015 and 2020. Companies like Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Chevron Corporation, Nynas AB, Repsol, Lukoil Oil Company, Avista Oil AG, Phillips 66 Company, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. have been profiled in this 231 pages research report available at http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/process-oil-market-by-type-aromatic-paraffinic-naphthenic-others-by-application-tire-rubber-polymer-personal-care-textile-others-by-region-global-forecast-to-2020-market-report.html .
Explore more reports on Chemicals market at http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/reports/materials-chemicals/chemicals .
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text: Marine insurance covers a wide array of watercraft and include: Boats, Personal Water Craft, Yachts, Sailboats, Dinghies etc. It not only provides cover whilst on the water, but while being stored or towed to your home. Watercraft insurance covers you against loss or damage to your own vessel and other parties property or personal injury; all of which could result in a large and costly repair bill.


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Powerbrake Big Brake Upgrade Kits from Vorshlag
Vorshlag sells Powerbrake big brake kits, and to keep the shopping cart pages from getting too cluttered we have written this post and will link to it from individual product entries. Read more below to learn about Powerbrake and why we recommend, sell, and use their products.
About Powerbrake
Powerbrake designs and manufactures high-performance and race brake components that offer exceptional performance and durability at surprisingly competitive prices. This is made possible through state of the art CAD, FEA and CAM software as well as cutting edge 5-axis CNC production equipment that results in design and production efficiency that gets passed on to customers and ultimately translates into competitive product pricing.
Powerbrake's base of operations is South Africa, where all components are machined. A big part of the cost savings with Powerbrake comes from currency difference between SA and the USA. This is one of those rare times where you DO get more than you pay for. They also have an office in North Carolina and Vorshlag has worked with this company since they first came to America. We tested their brake kits on our own cars before we felt confident to sell them - now we use Powerbrake on all of our street and race car, so we trust and vouch for the brand.
Powerbrake X-Line X6EL big brake kit with 6-piston calipers and 350mm rotors
When you invest in a Powerbrake race brake system, you are investing in engineering that has won GT Challenge Championships, A-Class Production Car Championships, National Rally Championships and finished on the podium at the infamous Dakar Rally many times.
Powerbrake components are not intended as a cosmetic enhancement. They are designed from the ground up to improve the braking performance of your vehicle. The Powerbrake brand is fast earning a reputation around the world for offering unbeatable performance and durability for the money invested.
Brake Technology Born On The Race Track
Powerbrake is a brake technology company that was started in South Africa in 2004 by a small team of engineers with extensive prior experience in the braking industry.
South Africa has a strong motorsport heritage with competitive national championships in circuit, rally and off-road racing. Powerbrake was formed to develop a range of high-performance and race brake products that offer race teams and enthusiasts a line of high-end brake components that deliver exceptional brake performance at a competitive price. From the outset, the focus was on racing. Powerbrake's very first brake system design (the X-Line PB44L 330x32mm big brake kit) was supplied to the factory-backed BMW team
competing in the National Production Car Championship. Significant gains were achieved in brake performance and durability with this system and the BMW team continues to use Powerbrake to this day. They have over the years achieved countless race wins running Powerbrake big brake kits and won the 2014 National Championship.
In 2008 Powerbrake designed a complete front and rear brake system to replace the factory-fitted (CCM) discs and OEM calipers on a number of Ferrari F430 Challenge race cars competing in the GT Challenge Championship. The system included our then new X-Line PB62E 6-piston race calipers and 356x35mm 2-piece cast-iron disc assemblies. Significant improvements in brake performance and durability were achieved as well as reduced running costs. Based on the performance of this brake system, many other teams racing Porsches, Nobles and other cars in the series moved to Powerbrake. Over time the PB62E caliper became one of the most successful race calipers in our range. Our new S-Line caliper shares much of the PB62E caliper's DNA.
In 2009 Nissan Motorsport, after running Powerbrake on their factory Nissan 350Z Super Production race cars, approached Powerbrake to develop a 6-piston off-road race caliper for their Dakar Rally program. This project resulted in the development of our now top-selling off-road race caliper, the PB62I. This caliper was an instant success, performing extremely well in the infamous Dakar Rally which is widely regarded as one of the toughest motorsport events on the planet.
Shortly thereafter, the factory Toyota Motorsport team also moved to Powerbrake PB62I calipers for their Rally Raid / FIA Cross-Country program world-wide. Our calipers have achieved numerous FIA Cross Country World Cup race wins as well as four podium finishes at the Dakar in the last 5 years. A liquid cooled version of the PB62I 6-piston race caliper was also developed, which achieved podium finishes at the 2015 and 2016 Dakar Rallies and won the 2016 FIA Cross-Country World Championship.
Powerbrake Water Cooled PB62IW 6-piston off-road race calipers
From freezing snow covered forest stages in Russia, to rough gravel stages in Morocco, to big desert dune stages in South America, Powerbrake PB62I and PB62IW 6-piston off-road race calipers are being used by many of the leading off-road race teams around the world.
continued below
Last edited by Fair!; 01-25-2017 at 12:12 PM.
Re: Powerbrake Big Brake Upgrade Kits from Vorshlag
Powerbrake X-Line calipers are true race calipers that can also be used in long-term street and track day applications as a result of a number of additional design features that have been incorporated into the caliper designs. The X-Line big brake kit concept is to supply customers with a crossover product line that (when fitted with the appropriate pad compound for the intended application) can be used over a wide range of enthusiast and race applications including fast-road, track day and full race.
Powerbrake X-Line Calipers
To be clear - Powerbrake X-Line calipers are true race products. Machined from solid billet aerospace grade aluminum, these calipers feature ultra-rigid FEA enhanced designs, scalloped stainless steel pistons and type-3 mil-spec hard anodized finish typically only found in high-level works race calipers.
The addition of internal wiper seals and all stainless steel hardware (bleed screws, tube nuts, pad retaining pins, abutment plates etc) further enhances the long term durability and service life of our X-Line calipers under every day street driving conditions.
The result is one of the most versatile big brake kit ranges on the world market. Powerbrake X-Line = Works-level race calipers that can also be used for long-term street and track day applications (when fitted with appropriate pads).
Staggered diameter stainless steel pistons - which ensure maximum durability and significantly reduce heat transfer to seals and brake fluid - are scalloped to allow super-heated air to escape resulting in reduced operating temps and hand polished to a mirror finish on the outside diameter to assist in achieving maximum seal life. Ultra-high temperature pressure seals and internal wiper seals ensure maximum durability and service life.
High-tensile steel caliper cross-bolts provide significantly more caliper rigidity at high temperatures than cast calipers. All other caliper hardware (bleed screws, tube nuts, pad retaining pins and pad abutment plates) are stainless steel for maximum corrosion resistance. All logos and serial numbers are laser-etched onto the calipers which makes them impervious to damage from brake cleaners and solvents.
Powerbrake X-Line Rotors
The disc friction rings used in Powerbrake X-Line assemblies are cast from a proprietary high-carbon iron alloy, cast in Europe, that provides excellent durability and stability under the high thermal loads experienced during race, track day & fast road driving.
The discs feature curved, directional, staggered cooling vane design that increases cooling vane surface area for optimal cooling. The included 5 color Maximum Temperature Recording (MTR) rotor paint provides a permanent record of the peak operating temperatures reached by the rotors during use.
The rotor paint colors equate to:
continued below
Last edited by Fair!; 01-25-2017 at 12:22 PM.
Re: Powerbrake Big Brake Upgrade Kits from Vorshlag
Different Options Within Powerbrake X-Line
There are three families of Powerbrake calipers used in the X-Line sports car brake upgrade kits. These share the same design philosophies but are sized to fit the weight and capabilities of a given car model. Some cars have multiple X-line caliper/rotor options depending on power and capability, or classing rules that might restrict a car to a 4 piston caliper.
The smallest X-Line "Big Brake" kits offered by Powerbrake uses the X4ES 4-piston caliper. This kit is made to work as a front brake upgrade for compact and lightweight cars and includes rotor discs ranging from 325 to 332mm diameter and 28-32mm thickness. These are also packaged in some kits as the rear caliper.
This is the kit we used on our 2013 Scion FR-S to fit within the factory 17" wheels (with a 5mm spacer), as shown above. You can read more about the install on our shop FR-S starting here. This prevents the customer from having to change to 18" wheels when they are doing their brake upgrade - and when you have multiple wheel and tire sets that you race on, this is important. Over-sizing the rotor and even caliper is a common mistake made when doing brake upgrades, so talk to Vorshlag about your car's needs if there are multiple Powerbrake BBK options for your given car model.
The smaller (but still much larger than the OEM calipers) X-Line "Big Brake" kits offered by Powerbrake use the X4ES 4-piston caliper. These kits are made to work as a front brake upgrade for "compact" sized vehicles like Miatas, BRZ, and the like. These kits include include rotor discs ranging from 325-332mm diameter and 28-32mm thickness. These X4ES calipers are also packaged as the rear caliper in some kits.
This 4-piston caliper uses the FMSI D592 pad profile, which is shown in the image above at right. Powerbrake offers a number of pad options or you can use a brake pad brand you already know and trust by using this FMSI number or looking at the list of brake pad part numbers in the drawing.
continued below
Last edited by Fair!; 01-25-2017 at 04:08 PM.
Re: Powerbrake Big Brake Upgrade Kits from Vorshlag
The mid-sized X-Line "Big Brake" kits offered by Powerbrake use the larger X4EM 4-piston caliper. These kits are made to work as a front brake upgrade for "medium" sized vehicles like BMW 3 series, 350Z, and other sporty/sports cars that are bigger than the "Miata classes" cars.
These kits include rotor discs ranging from 330 - 356mm diameter and 32-34mm thickness. These X4EM calipers are also packaged as the rear caliper to go along with the Powerbrake 6-piston front upgrade kits.
This X4EM caliper is very similar to the Powerbrake front brake kit we used on our 2001 BMW 330Ci race car, which still fit under a Forgestar 17x10" race wheel, as shown above. You can read more about the install on our shop E46 330 starting here. Not all 17" wheels will fit over the X4EM caliper and associated rotors, but it is possible - we have the wheel fitment template for the X4EM caliper/rotor for many cars. Once again, Powerbrake recommends caliper and rotor sizes that fit the car's weight, speed, and classing needs.
These more larger X4EM 4-piston calipers are have even more thermal mass to deal with significant track abuse on heavier cars. We have beaten the absolute piss our of our E46 330 at NASA race weekends, often with dual drivers taking the car out back-to-back for nearly endurance racing levels of abuse. Driving this car at 10/10ths qualifying pace on every lap, using Powerbrake's track oriented pads, we have never been able to fade them.
The images above show the X4EM Powerbrake caliper and X-Line rotors next to the OEM front discs and calipers from the E46 330. The larger 4-piston X4EM caliper is a massive upgrade over the stock bits yet were still lighter than the original parts.
This 4-piston X4EM caliper uses the FMSI D810/D968 pad profile, which is shown in the image above at right. Powerbrake offers a number of pad options or you can use a brake pad brand you already know and trust by using this FMSI number or looking at the list of brake pad part numbers in the drawing.
Last edited by Fair!; 02-01-2017 at 03:41 PM.
Re: Powerbrake Big Brake Upgrade Kits from Vorshlag
The largest X-Line "Big Brake" kits offered by Powerbrake use the biggest X6EL 6-piston caliper. These kits are made to work as a front brake upgrade for "larger" and/or faster vehicles like BMW M3s, Corvettes, Mustang/Camaro, and the AWD turbo rally cars.
These kits include rotor discs ranging from 350 - 380mm diameter and 34mm thickness. The X6EL is Powerbrake's top X-Line caliper suited for street, road racing, and even endurance racing applications.
We first used the Powerbrake X6EL caliper and rotor upgrade on this 2013 Mustang GT built for NASA ST2 road racing. Due to the size, weight, and speed potential of this car, Powerbrake recommended the X6EL for front braking needs.
This 350 x 34mm front rotor fit inside these 18x11" Forgestar wheels easily and their largest 380mm diameter rotors will fit under most 18" wheels - check with Vorshlag to get the wheel fit templates for the X6EL kit for your car.
These massive X6EL 6-piston calipers are have the most thermal mass to deal with road racing abuse on heavier cars. We have have track tested the X6EL brakes on this ST2 classed Mustang at NASA race weekends with excellent results.
This 6-piston X6EL caliper uses the FMSI D1116 pad profile, which is shown in the image above at right. Powerbrake offers a number of pad options or you can use a brake pad brand you already know and trust by using this FMSI number or looking at the list of brake pad part numbers in the drawing.
Last edited by Fair!; 01-25-2017 at 02:58 PM.
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When Instagram announced it was going to change it's feed from a chronological order to one powered by an algorithm, the internet went into meltdown.
Don't kill Instagram – you shouted. Leave my feed alone, you whined.
And this.
The Instagram algorithm is killing my cats' modelling careers before (let's face it ) they really even begun— Alwyn Payne (@AlwynPayne) March 22, 2016
But love 'em or hate 'em they are here to stay, and I love 'em. And I'll tell you why.
First of all, what the hell is an algorithm? An algorithm is a mathematical formula designed to solve a problem. That's right, solve a problem.
But what's the problem with my feed I hear you ask? The problem is that you only see 30% of what's going through it now anyway, and 70% of the content you've signed up to follow is missed. And you have absolutely no control over what 30% you do see – it's just a random act of whoever happens to have posted recently when you log in.
Wouldn't it be better if the 30% of the Instagram you did actually see was the stuff you liked the most, the things you are most passionate about and the things you wanted to see more of?
Let's take a look at Facebook's algorithm. If Facebook didn't filter our newsfeed, then the average person could see about 1,500 pieces of content in a day and up to 10,000. Nobody can handle reading 1500 posts a day, let alone 10k. So Facebook filters the newsfeed to show you around 300 posts that are most relevant to you. This is based on
1) How engaged you are – do you click on this content? Do you message this person, do you like their posts etc.
2) How good the content is – did someone get engaged? Are lots of people commenting or sharing this?
This way the FB newsfeed is the best experience it can possibly be for each individual based on the signals it gets. And this is all rigorously tested by data – Facebook looks at whether people log in more or less based on showing them more or less content and that data decides the algorithm.
Let's look at Twitter – I must admit Twitters lack of algorithm put me off Twitter. I followed a whole lot of people when I started out but found when I logged in none of it was actually that interesting to me. And I stopped using Twitter. This may have contributed to twitters plateauing user numbers and their recent introduction of their own algorithm.
So rather than complaining about the algorithm on Instagram, think about how it will make your experience better, and for gods sake start clicking and hearting and commenting on those 30% of Instagrammers whose posts you can't possibly do without.


text: Blog Home Recent Posts in October, 2016 How to Deal with Grief from Losing a Loved One Oct 24, 2016 "Grief is in two parts. The first is loss. The second is the remaking of life." – Anne Roiphe Losing a loved one is never easy. Losing a loved one ... Posted By Hare Wynn Newell & Newton Continue Reading One Crucial Way Nursing Homes Fight You in Court Oct 13, 2016 At Hare Wynn, it is our honor to represent families of loved ones that have suffered from nursing home abuse or neglect in Kentucky. With decades of ... Posted By Continue Reading Keeping Your Family Safe with Product Recalls Oct 7, 2016 In 2015, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recalled 304 products, ranging from crib mattresses from IKEA that posed an entrapment hazard ... Posted By Continue Reading Automobile Recalls: How to Keep Your Family Safe Oct 4, 2016 Automobile recalls serve a vital purpose: they help us keep our families safe by alerting us to problems with our vehicles – problems that if not ... Posted By Hare Wynn Newell & Newton Continue Reading Page of 1


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Deputy Accompanist
Rachel was educated at Ysgol Gyfun Ystalyfera, during which time she studied piano with Brenda Llewellyn and violin with Morgan Lloyd regularly performing with the West Glamorgan Youth orchestra and choir.
Rachel continued her music studies at University College Cardiff under Professor Alun Hoddinott. After graduating from Cardiff, she completed a Postgraduate Certificate in Education at University College Aberystwyth and was invited to become a member of Gorsedd y Beirdd during the National Eisteddfod in Swansea.
Her teaching career began immediately including the post of Director of Music at Llandovery College and Head of Music at Birchgrove, Morriston and Glan y Mor comprehensive schools. During this time, Rachel began working for the Welsh Joint Education Committee gaining extensive experience as a visiting examiner.
She has performed, accompanied and adjudicated in various concerts, Eisteddfodau and examinations and continues to accompany numerous vocal and instrumental soloists as well as choirs.
The Secretary, Pontarddulais Male Choir,
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It was earlier revealed at Gamescom 2014 that Rise of the Tomb Raider will be an Xbox exclusive. Usually, these exclusivity deals have a time duration, but unfortunately, Microsoft didn't mention anything about the deal at the event. This has created a spark and criticism among all the Tomb Raider fans who want to play the upcoming title on their PCs or other consoles.
Recently, Xbox's Phil Spencer confirmed to the folks at Eurogamer that this exclusivity has a duration as well. Unfortunately, Spencer didn't mention when will the exclusivity end, but this should come as a good news for Tomb Raider fans that it could hit other platforms in the long run as well. When they asked Spencer if there's a limit, Spencer said, "Yes, the deal has a duration. I didn't buy it. I don't own the franchise."
During the interview, he also revealed some other aspects of the gaming title. When asked about what the deal is and when will the exclusivity period will end, he didn't reveal much information but told Eurogamer that there's a duration, but he can't talk much about it since its a deal between the two companies. His comments also confirmed that Square Enix, owner of Tomb Raider developer Crystal Dynamics, can do whatever they want with the gaming title in the long run.
"No. It's not because I'm trying to be a headfake on anybody. It's a deal between us and the partner. People ask me how much did we pay. There are certain things I'm just not going to talk about because it's a business deal between us and them. Obviously the deal does have a duration. I didn't buy the IP in perpetuity."
It's confirmed that The Rise of the Tomb Raider will hit Xbox 360 and Xbox One in the holiday season of 2015. Rejoice!Further reading: Microsoft, Xbox One


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Lighthouse Chalkboard for Nautical Decor
Our Lighthouse Nautical Decor Chalkboard is a perfect accent for any nautical theme kitchen or restaurant. Created from an original wood carving by artist Al Pisano, each chalkboard is hand painted and stained to capture all the detail of Al's original wood carving which features a charming array of different detailed lighthouses across the bottom of the frame. The chalkboard measures 22 in x 22 in. This is a very durable, professional grade blackboard so can be used in home or restaurant. Made in the USA; includes 1 stick of chalk and hanger.
These are beautiful handcrafted reproductions of Al Pisano's original carvings and sculptures.Created in the artist's studio, each piece is meticulously hand cast and then hand painted and stained to capture all the incredible detail. We also personalize many of our wall plaques free of charge and these make great gifts. All of our products are Made in the USA by skilled artisans under the supervision of Al Pisano. We offer a money back guarantee. We believe you will enjoy Al's artwork for many years. Call us if you have any questions!


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Pictured here are snapshots from the Great Mabul ("Flood") of Nachlaot, which began for the general public several weeks ago when temperatures plummeted below zero every night. Suddenly, in Nachlaot, which can easily be described as "funky / cool" (read: old and rickety but filled with really cool people) neighborhood, the Mabul was upon us. Not a street was spared. Pipes broke, "Dude Shemesh" (solar / electric rooftop water heaters) explosions were commonplace, and it hit home for me personally on 16 Shevat 5768 (last Wednesday) when water began oozing from where the floor meets the wall in the bathroom.
Over the next week every towel was used, over and over, hung out to dry in the not-too-far-above-freezing temperatures to mop up the water while my French realtors smoked and exchanged sarcastic barbs with plumbers, but nothing much got done.
Friday, Erev Shabbas, while cooking meals for Friday night and Saturday lunch for 16 people, the building's water supply was shut down, and only restored to partial capacity for Shabbat. During Shabbat no towels could be wrung out, and now not only are a dozen wet towels hanging on my clothesline but ... it's raining. In fact, it's been raining since Friday night. Every towel that hung out to dry is far wetter than it was before, and the skies are stormy today too.
*****Point of order: I do have a washing machine (Israeli style - 1 small load / 2 hours to wash) but don't have a dryer.
Right now, as the dry towel supply is exhausted, we're managing with these diaper-like shmatas (rags) and wringing them out by hand every 90 minutes.
* * * NOTE TO WORLD: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A SPONGE MOP HERE IN ISRAEL. Some smart marketing person should be thinking about importing them and teaching Israelis about the concept of mops which automatically wring themselves out for you with just the flip of a switch....like we have in America.
We can even engrave on the handle: do not use on Shabbat.
Meanwhile, insurance people, lawyers, the building committee, my realtors and seemingly everyone else including the Jerusalem Municipality who controls water supplies are arguing with each other, in Hebrew. Chances are someone may put us in a hotel for the duration of the flood. I'm taking my cues from Noah on this one.