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rasiRNAs have been identified in plants, Trypanosoma brucei, fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish Danio rerio. In mammals, rasiRNAs have not been specifically described, but RNAs that are 22-24 nt in length have been reported in the mouse male germline and they associate with murine homolog of piwi which is part of the Piwi Argonaute subfamily. These RNAs have been more generically termed as piRNAs, because even though they share common features with rasiRNAs, they lack sequences sequences matching repetitive elements. (Watanabe, 2006 and Grivna, 2006)
Like miRNAs and siRNAs, rasiRNAs have a strong preference for pyrimidine residues, especially uridine, at their 5'-most position. However, this is only restricted to the antisense rasiRNA strands. Sense rasiRNAs show no bias at the 5' ends, though they have a strong preference for adenine at nucleotide 10. Also, rasiRNAs have a monophosphate group at the 5' end, similar to miRNAs and siRNAs. However, unlike miRNAs and siRNAs which have 2' and 3' hydroxyl termini, rasiRNAs have a modification at one of the 2 hydroxyl termini.
In yeast, Dicer is involved in the production of mature rasiRNAs, and the RNAs then associate with Ago1, Chp1 and Tas3 that make up the RITS complex.
In plants, the biogenesis of rasiRNA requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases RDR2 and SDE4, the plant homologs dicer-like DCL2 and DCL3 and AGO4.
In flies, rasiRNAs associate with members of the Piwi subfamily of Argonaute proteins. Antisense rasiRNAs associate with Piwi and Aubergine, while sense rasiRNAs associate with Ago3. methyltransferase Pimet binds to the 3' ends of rasiRNAs to mediate the 2'-O-methylation at the ends. Putative nucleases phospholipase D nuclease Zucchini (zuc) and the RNase HII-related protein Squash (squ) have been shown to physically interact with Aub and is speculated to mediate the 3' end cleavage of rasiRNAs to produce the mature RNA strands during biogenesis. Putative helicases Spindle-E (Spn-E) and Armitage (Armi) have been implicated in the mechanism of rasiRNA-dependent silencing of chromatin, genomic repeats and retrotransposons, hence they likely bind to the rasiRNA and target RNA sequences (Farazi, 2008)
In yeast, Dcr (yeast Dicer) cleaves long dsRNA derived from repetitive sequences transcribed in both sense and antisense directions to produce rasiRNAs. These rasiRNAs then serve as the guide transcripts in RNA-induced initiation of the transcriptional silencing complex (RITS). The complex is comprised of proteins Ago1, Chp1 (a chromatin binding and histone methylase) and Tas3 (a histone methylase). This complex never leaves the nucleus and binds to DNA where it induces histone and DNA methylation. This leads to the process of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), and establishes the heterochromatin (Farazi, 2008).
In plants, rasiRNA gene silencing is similar to that in yeast. However, in plants, rasiRNA association with RITS complex is also able to repress repetitive transposable elements. rasiRNAs function through Ago4-dependent mechanisms to direct chromatin modifications, including inducing systemic silencing, mediating histone H3 lysine-9 methylation and using non-CpG asymmetric DNA methylation (Farazi, 2008).
In Drosophila melanogaster, it is speculated that rasiRNAs associate with RNAi silencing components of the piwi Argonaute family and RNA helicases spindle-E and Armitage and induces histone H3 Lys9 methylation and HP1 (a chromatin binding protein) associations in heterochromatin regions, as mutations in the protein complex components result in defects in methylation and HP1 heterochromatin associations (Farazi, 2008).
rasiRNAs have been described in fission yeast, plants, fly and zebrafish, and they generally serve to regulate these processes to ensure genomic stability: (i) guide transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing of repetitive sequence elements, (ii) silence and suppress mobilization of retrotransposons and other selfish genetic transposable elements and (iii) guide chromatin silencing to establish and maintain heterochromatin.
In the fly and zebrafish, rasiRNAs mainly functions in the germline and early embryo development. In the rasiRNA profile of Drosophila melanogaster development, Aravin et al. reported that rasiRNA content was high in the testes and the early embryo, and significantly decreases during development in the transition to adults, in which rasiRNAs only represent about 10% of all small RNAs present. This lends evidence that the downregulation of transposable elements and the establishment of chromatin structure are initiated well early in the germline and during early embryonic development.
In particular, rasiRNAs are important in the Drosophila germline in additional processes, including: (i) maintaining germ cell self-renewal, (ii) establishing axis polarity of the embryo, (iii) regulating pole cell formation and oocyte maturation and (iv) maintaining telomeres.
- Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD. Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Feb;10(2):94-108. Pubmed.
- Kim VN, Han J, Siomi MC. Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Feb;10(2):126-39. Pubmed.
- Malone CD, Hannon GJ. Small RNAs as guardians of the genome. Cell. 2009 Feb 20;136(4):656-68. Pubmed.
Most of the current information about the biogenesis of rasiRNAs is based on studies conducted in Drosophila melanogaster. In the fly, there are 5 distinct members of the Argonaute family. These can be classified into 2 different subfamilies, the Ago and Piwi subfamily. The Ago subfamily consists of Ago1 and Ago2 which associate with miRNA and siRNA respectively. Aub, Piwi and Ago3 belong to the Piwi subfamily and are enriched in germline cells and the early embryo. This corresponds to the developmental stage and location exhibiting a rich abundance of rasiRNAs.
It was initially believed that rasiRNAs were derived from double-stranded precursors and processed by ribonuclease type III Dicer, similar to miRNA and siRNAs. This was due to the strong preference for uridine residues at their 5'-most position, as well as the presence of rasiRNAs sequences of both sense and antisense polarity (Aravin, 2003).
However, it was later discovered by Vagin et al. and Saito et al. that rasiRNAs have a distinct and separate mechanism of biogenesis from miRNAs and siRNAs. The authors showed that rasiRNAs likely arise from the antisense strand as a single-stranded precursor, are produced in a Dicer-independent manner and are bound by the Piwi subfamily of Argonaute proteins. Mutations in Piwi subfamily proteins and proteins associated with the rasiRNA mechanism resulted in loss of antisense, but not sense rasiRNA species and disrupted relevant gene silencing, while mutations in Ago subfamily protein/Dicer family proteins did not affect the process. This is in contrast to the production of miRNAs and siRNAs which operate through Dicer via a double-stranded precursor stage and associate with the Ago Argonaute subfamily proteins (Vagin, 2006). The evidence from Vagin et al. also demonstrated that rasiRNAs physically associate with both Piwi and Aub, and hence this suggests that piwi and aub could partially redundant and function in the same pathway to silence selfish genetic elements. They also noted that rasiRNA biogenesis required putative helicases Spindle-E (Spn-E) and Armitage (Armi).
Gunawardane et al. and Brennecke et al in 2007 both reported that Ago3 also associates with rasiRNAs but these RNAs are derived from the sense strand and showed a strong preference for adenine at nucleotide 10. Comparisons of Ago3-associated sense rasiRNAs and Aub-associated antisense rasiRNAs showed complementarities in their first 10 nucleotides. However, it was surprising that similar complementarities were not found between ago3- and piwi-associated rasiRNAs. It may be partially because Piwi has been described to localize to the nucleus, while Ago3 and Aub are cytoplasmic. The authors speculated that piwi-associated rasiRNAs may be functional only at an earlier time during germline development and involved in nuclear RNA silencing. The timepoint tested by the authors in the ovary reflected only rasiRNA biogenesis that operated in the cytoplasm.
Figure 2. Sense and antisense rasiRNA transcripts. Antisense rasiRNAs have a strong preference for uridine residues at their 5'-most position, while sense rasiRNAs have a strong preference for adenine at nucleotide 10.
The authors proposed a model of rasiRNA 5' processing called the ping-pong model. In the model, an existing rasiRNA associates with a target RNA of the opposite polarity and the Piwi proteins Piwi/Aubergine or Ago3 depending on the polarity of the RNA strand. The primary rasiRNA template helps to guide the Piwi protein to cleave the RNA transcript and produce the 5' end of the new rasiRNA and lead to the production of a 2nd rasiRNA. Some Argonaute proteins have been reported to exhibit Slicer activity that cleaves its cognate mRNA target across from nucleotides 10 and 11 as measured from the 5' end of the small RNA guide strand. Thus, it is likely that Ago3-associated sense rasiRNA can target the antisense RNA molecule via Watson-Crick base pairing and cleaves the Aub- and Piwi-associated rasiRNAs with U at the 5' ends. Likewise, Aub- or Piwi-associated rasiRNAs slice its cognate RNA target to result in A at nucleotide 10 on the cleaved RNA. This results in an amplification loop to continuously produce additional rasiRNAs in the ovary and testis as well as the early embryo that target transposons. (Gunawardane, 2007 and Chen, 2007)
Figure 3. Current 'ping pong' model of rasiRNA biogenesis.
To date, an unresolved piece of the rasiRNA biogenesis pathway is how the 5'-sliced rasiRNA precursors are defined at their 3' ends and cleaved to result in the mature rasiRNA. This can be acted by an unidentified endonuclease or nibbled by exonuclease and can occur either before or after loading of the resulting cleavage products onto another member of the Piwi subfamily in the rasiRNA production cycle.
However, we do know is that the terminal ribose at the 3' ends of rasiRNAs is modified. This 3' terminal modification was inferred by Vagin and Gunawardane when they observed that Drosophila rasiRNAs are resistant to sodium periodate oxidation treatment followed by ß-elimination that would usually result in an RNA shortening by one nucleotide. Saito et al. followed up and demonstrated that the rasiRNAs are 2'-O-methylated at their 3' ends and this process is mediated by a methyltransferase Pimet, the Drosophila homolog of Arabidopsis HEN1 methyltransferase for microRNAs. A potential function of the 3' terminal methylation may be to mark the 3' ends of rasiRNA and protect it from degradation by enzymes (Chen, 2007).
Recently, two proteins containing domains with homologies to nucleases have been implicated in the biogenesis of the rasiRNA 3' end: the Phospholipase D nuclease Zucchini (zuc) and the RNase HII-related protein Squash (squ) (Pane, 2007). Pane et al showed that Zuc and squ physically interacts with Aub piwi protein that is required for the the rasiRNA mechanism in silencing selfish genetic elements. Mutations in these genes abolish the production of rasiRNAs and upregulated the expression of transposable elements and tandem repeats in the Drosophila ovaries and testes and early during oogenesis. Also, telomeres in Drosophila are maintained by the transposition of retrotransposons such as HeT-A and Tart to the chromosome ends and the authors found that zuc and squ mutants also had upregulated levels of these elements leading to telomere elongation and chromosomal abnormalities. The role of rasiRNAs in gene silencing was demonstrated as the zuc and squ mutant failed to suppress Oskar (osk) expression which is one of the genes essential for establishing the axis polarity in the germline. Mutant females are sterile and show dorsoventral patterning defects during oogenesis.
It also remains unclear how the ping-pong biogenesis mechanism is initiated. In the fly, aub and possibly piwi are accumulated at the posterior pole in the oocytes and remains in the polar granules in the early embryos. It is then deposited in the pole cells which are the progenitor germ cells. Hence, this suggests that rasiRNAs which are associated with Piwi proteins can be transmitted via the germline for the next generation, acting as 'primary seeds' to launch the rasiRNA biogenesis cycle in the embryos. The maternal loading of Piwi proteins into embryos was also observed in fish. A recent study by Brennecke et al. demonstrated the importance of maternal germline transmission of rasiRNAs in providing transposon resistance. The authors showed that rasiRNAs that are maternally inherited to embryos have an epigenetic regulatory role in transposon silencing and maintains fertility of the embryos. However, if the particular transposon is paternally inherited, this leads to loss of rasiRNA inheritance and sterile progeny in a phenomenon called hybrid dysgenesis (Brennecke, 2008).
In plants, the biogenesis of rasiRNA requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases RDR2 and SDE4, the plant DCL3 (Dicer-like) and the plant AGO4.
- Aravin AA, Lagos-Quintana M, Yalcin A, Zavolan M, Marks D, Snyder B, Gaasterland T, Meyer J, Tuschl T. The small RNA profile during Drosophila melanogaster development. Dev Cell. 2003 Aug;5(2):337-50. Pubmed.
- Brennecke J, Aravin AA, Stark A, Dus M, Kellis M, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ. Discrete small RNA-generating loci as master regulators of transposon activity in Drosophila. Cell. 2007 Mar 23;128(6):1089-103. Pubmed.
- Brennecke J, Malone CD, Aravin AA, Sachidanandam R, Stark A, Hannon GJ. An epigenetic role for maternally inherited piRNAs in transposon silencing. Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1387-92. Pubmed.
- Chen X. A marked end. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Apr;14(4):259-60. Pubmed.
- Djikeng A, Shi H, Tschudi C, Ullu E. RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei: cloning of small interfering RNAs provides evidence for retroposon-derived 24-26-nucleotide RNAs. RNA. 2001 Nov;7(11):1522-30. Pubmed.
- Farazi TA, Juranek SA, Tuschl T. The growing catalog of small RNAs and their association with distinct Argonaute/Piwi family members. Development. 2008 Apr;135(7):1201-14. Pubmed.
- Grivna ST, Beyret E, Wang Z, Lin H. A novel class of small RNAs in mouse spermatogenic cells. Genes Dev. 2006 Jul 1;20(13):1709-14. Pubmed.
- Gunawardane LS, Saito K, Nishida KM, Miyoshi K, Kawamura Y, Nagami T, Siomi H, Siomi MC. A slicer-mediated mechanism for repeat-associated siRNA 5' end formation in Drosophila. Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1587-90. Pubmed.
- Hartig JV, Tomari Y, Förstemann K. piRNAs--the ancient hunters of genome invaders. Genes Dev. 2007 Jul 15;21(14):1707-13. Pubmed.
- Hamilton A, Voinnet O, Chappell L, Baulcombe D. Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J. 2002 Sep 2;21(17):4671-9. Pubmed.
- Houwing S, Kamminga LM, Berezikov E, Cronembold D, Girard A, van den Elst H, Filippov DV, Blaser H, Raz E, Moens CB, Plasterk RH, Hannon GJ, Draper BW, Ketting RF. A role for Piwi and piRNAs in germ cell maintenance and transposon silencing in Zebrafish. Cell. 2007 Apr 6;129(1):69-82. Pubmed.
- Saito K, Nishida KM, Mori T, Kawamura Y, Miyoshi K, Nagami T, Siomi H, Siomi MC. Specific association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions in the Drosophila genome. Genes Dev. 2006 Aug 15;20(16):2214-22. Pubmed.
- Saito K, Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Siomi H, Siomi MC. Pimet, the Drosophila homolog of HEN1, mediates 2'-O-methylation of Piwi- interacting RNAs at their 3' ends. Genes Dev. 2007 Jul 1;21(13):1603-8. Pubmed.
- Shpiz S, Kwon D, Rozovsky Y, Kalmykova A. rasiRNA pathway controls antisense expression of Drosophila telomeric retrotransposons in the nucleus. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(1):268-78. Pubmed.
- Okamoto H, Hirochika H. Silencing of transposable elements in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2001 Nov;6(11):527-34. Pubmed.
- Pane A, Wehr K, Schüpbach T. zucchini and squash encode two putative nucleases required for rasiRNA production in the Drosophila germline. Dev Cell. 2007 Jun;12(6):851-62. Pubmed.
- Vagin VV, Sigova A, Li C, Seitz H, Gvozdev V, Zamore PD. A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):320-4. Pubmed.
- Watanabe T, Takeda A, Tsukiyama T, Mise K, Okuno T, Sasaki H, Minami N, Imai H. Identification and characterization of two novel classes of small RNAs in the mouse germline: retrotransposon-derived siRNAs in oocytes and germline small RNAs in testes. Genes Dev. 2006 Jul 1;20(13):1732-43. Pubmed.
rasiRNAs are present in both the sense and antisense orientation of all known repetitive sequence elements, such as long terminal repeat (LTR) and non-LTR retrotransposons, DNA transposons, satellite and microsatellite DNA sequences, complex repeats like the Su(Ste) locus, as well as vaguely characterized repetitive sequence motifs (Aravin, 2003). These have been described by several reports which generated libraries of short/small RNAs or conducted northern analyzes.
To date, several RNA profiling studies have been conducted particularly in the fly to search for rasiRNAs that associate with Piwi subfamily proteins – ago3, aub and piwi. For each separate protein, at least a few hundred rasiRNAs have been identified to associate with it.
Table 1. Identified rasiRNAs that associate with each of the piwi subfamily proteins in the fly ovary. The rasiRNAs identified are classified into sense or antisense orientation.
Below are a few representative examples of the repetitive sequence elements:
- LTR retrotransposons – roo, mdg1, gypsy
- Non-LTR retrotransposons – I-element, HeT-A and Tart telomere components
- Complex repeats – Su (Ste) repeats
- Repetitive locus – mst40
- Other heterochromatic repeats – satellite and microsatellite DNA sequences
An example of the rasiRNA cluster locus is the flamenco/COM locus. It is located on the X chromosome and has been shown to regulate the activity of retrotransposons gypsy, Idefix and ZAM. rasiRNAs originating from the flamenco cluster locus are proposed to control the activities of gypsy, Idefix and ZAM in the Drosophila germline.
Some interesting examples:
1. Complex repeats acting in trans: Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)] repeats are located on the Y chromosome and its deletion will derepress Stellate which is located on the X chromosome and result in meiotic abnormalities and male infertility due to crystallization of overexpressed Stellate protein in sperm cells. 25-27nt siRNAs (rasiRNAs) are derived from the strands of Su(Ste) and they are associated with Stellate silencing. Mutants involved in the silencing mechanism results in defects in the female germline and accumulation of transcripts from retrotransposons in the germline (Aravin, 2003).
2. Retrotransposons in telomere elongation: Drosophila does not have telomerases that add short RNA repeats to chromosome ends like eukaryotes. Instead, telomeres are maintained by transpositions of specialized telomeric retrotransposons, namely HeT-A, TART and TAHRE. rasiRNAs derived from the transcription of these elements regulate the silencing of the retrotransposons (Shpiz, 2009).
rasiRNAs are also known as repeat-associated small interfering RNAs. They are one of the classes of small noncoding regulatory RNAs that are involved in sequence-specific gene silencing. Other types of small RNAs described to date include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). rasiRNAs are 24-27 nucleotides in length and are longer than miRNAs and siRNAs which are typically 20-25 nucleotides long.
rasiRNAs are classified as a subspecies of piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which form RNA-protein complexes through interactions with Piwi subfamily proteins. rasiRNAs were termed as such because the sequences of these RNAs corresponded to genomic repeats and transposons when they were first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. Later, RNAs which shared similar features as rasiRNAs were identified in mammalian testes. However, they included RNAs that are not enriched for sequences from transposons and repeats. Hence, this class of RNAs were termed piRNAs and rasiRNAs are considered a specific subtype of piRNAs. (Hartig, 2007)
Figure 1. Classification of different classes of small RNAs. rasiRNAs are considered a specific subspecies of piRNAs.
rasiRNAs are important in regulating gene silencing of repetitive sequence elements and to silence and suppress mobilization of transposable elements. In the genomes of many eukaryotes, including humans, the course of evolution has resulted in a lot of 'junk DNA' involving duplications and repeats. rasiRNAs can potentially be engineered to act on transcriptionally active repeated elements to control their expression levels, especially those implicated in diseases. Engineered rasiRNAs can similarly be targeted to retrotransposon elements or to act on heterochromatin DNA in a temporal and spatially regulated manner to aid in the maintenance of heterochromatin and ensure proper silencing and activation of genes. For example, the use of rasiRNA and RNA interference pathway could be used to silence and prevent the mobilization of HIV retroviruses to curb its spread.
rasiRNAs can be used in the laboratory in similar ways as siRNAs to specifically target genomic repeat elements, and used to better study the biology of repeated elements like retrotransposons.
RNA interference regulates heterochromatin and activity of transposable elements
RNAi-like mechanisms were first described in 2000, where scientists noted that transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants operated via these mechanisms to keep heterochromatic regions condensed and transcriptionally suppressed. It was also believed that one of the natural functions of RNA silencing was to restrict transposon transcription and mobilization, due to evidence that mutations in C.elegans, Drosophila and Chlamydomonas that impair RNA silencing of transgenes or host regulatory genes resulted in elevated activity of transposable elements (Okamoto, 2001)
First hints of rasiRNAs
rasiRNAs were first described in 2001-2002. In Trypanosoma brucei, Djikeng et al. discovered abundant siRNA-like molecules which share sequence homology with 2 retrotransposons that are present in the trypanosome genome INGI and SLACS, both elements having the hallmarks of non-LTR retrotransposons. These siRNA-like small RNAs were about 24-26 nucleotide (nt) long and were present in both sense and antisense polarity. The authors found that these molecules are constitutively expressed and thus speculated that they serve as a housekeeping mechanism to silence retrotransposon transcription and mobilization via the RNAi pathway (Djikeng, 2001).
In Nicotiana and Arabidopsis thaliana plants, Hamilton et al. detected endogenous plant siRNA species corresponding to 3 different retroelements, namely Tnt1 and tobacco TS SINE elements (Nicotiana) and AtSN1 (Arabidopsis). In each case, both the sense and antisense polarities were present and the RNAs were of the larger 24-26 nt class of siRNA, not the smaller 21-23 nt siRNA class. The authors also demonstrate the association of these long siRNA species with DNA methylation and systemic silencing. This provides initial evidence that these siRNAs could serve as systemic signals of RNA silencing and/or mediate DNA methylation. This is consistent with the idea that retrotransposon RNA in plants can be present in a double-stranded siRNA form and processed to lead to the methylation of the corresponding DNA, thereby transcriptionally silencing the retroelement. (Hamilton, 2002)
Coining of the term 'rasiRNA' in Drosophila melanogaster
In 2003, Aravin et al conducted small RNA profiling of the different Drosophila melanogaster developmental stages and reported that similar to plants, 2 distinct classes of small RNAs were produced from dsRNA precursors, the shorter 21-23 nt RNAs and the longer 24-26nt RNAs. As the majority of these long RNAs corresponded to the Drosophila genomic repeats or transposons, the term repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) was officially coined for this class of RNAs (Aravin, 2003). rasiRNAs were later described in the zebrafish in 2005, where they were reported to associate with Piwi protein homolog Ziwi. (Houwing, 2007)
Distinct biogenesis pathway from other small noncoding RNAs
It was initially believed that rasiRNAs are derived from double-stranded precursors and processed by ribonuclease type III Dicer, similar to miRNA and siRNAs. However, it was later discovered in 2006 that rasiRNAs have a distinct and separate mechanism of biogenesis from miRNAs and siRNAs, in which rasiRNAs likely arise from the antisense strand of repeat elements as a single-stranded precursor, are produced in a Dicer-independent manner and are bound by the Piwi subfamily of Argonaute proteins. Further, scientists proposed a 'ping-pong' model for rasiRNA 5' processing where existing rasiRNA serve to guide the piwi protein complex to define and cleave the 5' end of the target RNA to form the new rasiRNA. The mechanism for defining the 3' end is still unknown, but Drosophila studies have suggested that 2 nucleases zucchini and squash are implicated in the process. It was also discovered in 2006 that the 3' end of rasiRNAs are 2'-O-methylated and this may be possibly a mark defining the 3' end for Slicer cleavage (see below).
To date, the biogenesis and mechanism of rasiRNAs are still not clearly understood, and this class of RNAs have not been implicated in human diseases. However, it is known that they influence epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones to lead to gene silencing and heterochromatin maintenance. It is very possible that development of some cancers, clinical disorders and developmental failure is due to the dysregulation of the rasiRNA mechanism, leading to abnormal gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms.
Also, retrotransposons move around our genomes and can sometimes result human diseases. It could be that a fraction of diseases may be cause by the deregulation of the rasiRNA pathway.


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The clerk who read the verdict in the Casey Anthony murder case was rendered SPEECHLESS when she saw the words NOT GUILTY on the document ... or so it seemed.
Check out the video ... the clerk chokes up when the judge hands her the documents ... and has to regain her composure before delivering the news to the courtroom.
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Domaine Serene – Willamette Valley
Written By: Andrew on July 31, 2009 2 Comments
Domaine Serene
is a beautiful vineyard and the majestic name is supported by a very regal facility and tasting room. An emphasis on Pinot Noir, but also have Burgundian style chardonnay and a Syrah. I hope this video is an enjoyable as their wine.


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taf coffee is a place designed in such a way to exhibit the cozy, friendly and warm concept that we have created, a unique coffee experience that communicates taf direct relationship program.
Through the communication with the educated and award-winning baristas, consumers can select the taste profile that they prefer and learn more about the beverage they are about to drink. Information such as where the coffee came from, its producer, its processing, the farm where it was cultivated, the altitude, the region, the growing practices are all available through open conversation. The experience that the consumer receives is not only a taste experience, but it can also create images.
The last stage before the perfect cup is the preparation. During this stage the role of the barista is the most important. Our barista team, by participating and winning in national and world championships has achieved not only to offer the perfect cup but also to play a major role in the total experience that the consumer receives.
At taf coffee we often organize open cuppings and coffee seminars and we present our new coffee arrivals.


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Engelsk udsagnsord: lie with
|Eksempler med tilsvarende betydning
|This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm.
Adam knew Eve.
Were you ever intimate with this man?.
|Termer med samme betydning (synonymer)
|bang, be intimate, bed, bonk, do it, eff, fuck, get it on, get laid, have a go at it, have intercourse, have it away, have it off, have sex, hump, jazz, know, love, make love, make out, roll in the hay, screw, sleep together, sleep with
|Somebody ----s.
Somebody ----s somebody
|Mindre specifikke termer
|copulate, couple, mate, pair
|Mere specifikke termer
|fornicate, have, take
|Udsagnsord med lignende betydning
|make out, neck


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Disillusionment Plot
Today's topic is the Disillusionment Plot.
This type of plot occurs when your protagonist starts off with a set of ideals, but by the end of the story has abandoned these ideals.
My main female character, Ailith, experiences this type of plot. At the beginning of her story she is chosen by her god to be the high queen of a magical race of people. She sets out, sure of her success, to find her king and enlist his aide against the forces of dark. Along the way, however, her decisions cost the lives of innocents and those she loves. She ends her part in the story being rescued by the king she betrayed rather than helping him, convinced that the god chose wrong in making her high queen, and wallowing in self-pity for herself and her losses.
Though my disillusionment was different than Ailith's, we both shared the disappointment of shattered naivete. How about you? Have you believed the best of someone or a situation only to be disappointed? Or like Ailith, did you set out sure you'd be successful in an endeavor only to end completely disappointed in the outcome because of your own actions or decisions? Do you have a character that has also experienced this journey in one of your stories? Are you or your character like the penguin above, surprised to find that you're not as special as you thought?


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Assistive domotics is an application of home automation that focuses on making it possible for senior or physically challenged individuals to live at their home instead of a health care center. These items use Bluetooth sensing units to track movements in the home, or lack thereof, of elderly moms and dads. Sensing units affixed to any item, including pillboxes, doors, and keychains. GPS technology documents exact place details of the individual, logs activity, and reports it to a family member living somewhere else.
As Baby Boomers age, the requirement for adult care and assisted living continues to grow. As of February 2015, 8.4 million individuals in the United States are supported each year from 5 primary long-term care service alternatives: Home health agencies, nursing homes, hospices, private care communities, and adult day service centers. Outside these centers, 43.5 million household and casual caregivers presently supply take care of somebody aged 50+.
The demand for these resources will grow greatly in the coming years due to increased life span and an aging population. By 2050, the number of individuals aged 85 and older is expected to increase to 19.4 million, with people utilizing paid long-lasting care services predicted to reach 27 million individuals.
Even among the most severely physically challenged older people residing in our nation, about two-thirds rely exclusively on relative for assisted care, typically leading to high emotional stress for household caretakers.
We require a more practical and scalable option to fulfill this demand. Go into a new age of smart home innovation known as assistive domotics.
There are numerous benefits of smart homes for the elderly
Empowering the senior to live separately instead of in an adult care center not just provides monetary savings, it likewise has an excellent opportunity perspective to improve the quality of life, lower the stress on aged care centers, and supply relief for household caretakers.
As Diane Cook, lead researcher at Washington State University's "Smart Home Task" explains, "People do not wish to leave their home if they reside in a rural area and don't have easy access to health care or family members. They still will not abandon their household home. Research studies show that when they do– especially against their will– relocation is typically followed by a cognitive and physical decrease and death."
Numerous ways assistive domotics assist with independent living for the elderly:
Emergency Action: Already commonplace, this innovation offers a panic button that immediately informs loved ones or authorities of an emergency, consisting of a fall.
Vision and Hearing: Boosted alarms on doors, doorbells, smoke alarm, and home appliances are more efficient at notifying somebody with visual or hearing impairments about home-related incidents.
Memory: As mental sharpness fades with age, forgetfulness can lead to significant security concerns. Smart home capabilities supply tips to switch off a coffee pot, automatically lock doors, as well as provide tips to take daily medication.
Video Monitoring: For security and safety, the inside and beyond the house can be monitored, including remote viewing for caretakers living outside of the house.
Medication Help: Systems can dispense particular medications and doses at the exact time they must be taken, even providing locks on other medicine. This ability is particularly useful for Alzheimer's patients.
Beyond the immediate benefits to the elderly, this type of technology offers extra comfort to those in the "sandwich generation," a term created for those all at once supporting aging moms and dads and their children.
Assistive domotics items start to permeate the marketplace
With all of these advantages in mind, brands are beginning to provide smart home items to fulfill the potential of assistive domotics. Some of these products such as:
Lively: This "smartwatch" piece offers immediate communications to contacts and emergency service providers simply by touching a button worn on the wrist. Lively is also capable of providing medication reminders, step counting, and everyday activity sharing.
Evermind: This is a sensing unit innovation that supplies caretakers and those living the capability independently to keep track of the use of home appliances and medical equipment. For example, the sensors can track if powered medical devices like breathing devices or injury care pumps are in use. It also monitors when typical household home appliances are turned on and off.
Daily Routines: Created by SmartThings, the Daily Routine app helps caregivers remain linked to senior or disabled loved ones by sending out instant informs if they deviate from essential everyday routines. An example can include opening their medication cabinet at a designated time or if a caretaker hasn't shown up for their frequently scheduled consultation.
Slip & Falls: Slip & Fall apps monitors movement and sends alerts to caregivers when an aging relative slips and falls. The app uses motion sensors, which can be put throughout the house, to find movement and send a notice if there is no action for a fixed period. With over 2.5 million older people treated in emergency situation departments for injuries triggered by falls.
While this innovation works for both seniors and their loved ones, one must ask: "What about the Big Brother effect?" Older customers are understood to be sluggish to embrace emerging innovations, specifically ones that might attack their privacy.
Despite these notions, a research study from the Journal of Aging Science reveals that older adults indeed readily accept smart-home innovations, especially if they benefit in exercise, self-reliance, and function.
Or, as the study poignantly examined, "While the results and cost-effectiveness of these kinds of innovation are still under evaluation, they appear to reveal some potential for helping older grownups to live longer, safely, and individually in their homes."


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Puerto Madryn is an excellent destination for those who wish to visit a unique and exciting part of the world and want to escape the hustle and bustle of city life. This region of Argentina maintains an average temperature of 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer months and offers a number of rare treats for nature enthusiasts. Purchasing travel insurance for Canadians is recommended for trips of this length to avoid any unforeseen calamities that may occur.
One of the most interesting excursions in Puerto Madryn is a trip to the Punta Tombo Nature Preserve, an area that is home to the largest population of Magellinic Penguins in the world. Travellers partaking in a tour of this park will be able to view the coastline which swarms with hundreds of thousand of these flightless birds. Toward the end of the summer, the chicks will have hatched and these adorable critters can be viewed taking their first steps.
Another fascinating area of Puerto Madryn is the World Heritage Site, the Valdes Peninsula. Whale watching is a popular activity off the coast of this land mass, as large populations of right whales call this their home. For those who love exploring nature, visiting Puerto Madryn is truly a unique destination which merits attention.


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Published Jun 18, 2015
Where do you go for some local brew?
"This establishment sets a standard for Lincoln Park and has for over 3 years. The best beer in SE Michigan. The Best..."
via RockDog08
"…This establishment sets a standard for Lincoln Park and has for over 3 years. The best beer in SE Michigan. The Best Staff, Owners, and Patrons anyone…"
"…Simply outstanding beer, in a mind-boggling assortment of varieties. The pub itself is nothing fancy -- the snacks are all prepackaged and the stools …"
"…What luck that one of Ann Arbor's best restaurants also serves the best beer in the county. All of their beers, from Stouts to IPAs to Belgians are t…"
"…I don't know what happened but some time in the last few years, beer at the Mills has gone from below-average/average to continuously excellent... eve…"
"…I never went to bars/clubs/pubs until this place. It's got a great Cheers-like atmosphere with the servers being incredibly friendly and awesome. The …"
"…I wish more people knew about Atwater to keep them open more often! The beer is excellent but the hours suck! Everyone, go get a Michigan Lager at A…"
"…Selections of unique beers that you can only enjoy from microbrewery centers. Their knowledge of the products they offer as well as knowledge of the i…"
"…beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer beer …"
Great Baraboo Is more than a Brew Pub its a family restaurant, an after work hang out, a great place for parties or a FUN friday night!
it has a…"
"…favorite restaurant in Ann Arbor!!! Great food, great beer, great atmosphere…"
"…OMG. This is the best beer in town, hands down. HELLO!! The pizza is AWESOME. Ghettoblaster is one of the best beers if not the best I have ever had. …"
"…Great beer from an imaginative brewer! Love this place!…"
"…The Dagwood Burger is the best burger anywhere. The RO Brewery has great food, great atmosphere, great service.…"
"…Husband loves the beer and we both enjoy the laid back atmosphere. Very tasty sandwhiches and great staff.…"
"…Great happy hour and prices. Friendliest waitstaff and atmosphere. Other brewpubs don't compare with their phony happy hour menu. And least not for…"
"…Take a break, meet up with friends, have your wedding/reception there. They have a great patio, huge indoor area with booths, table, and cozy sofa ar…"
"…wrong category for them - but they deserve a nod. great beer selection…"
"…Sports is a great place to take your boys for a great burger and beer! You will not leave hungry or dissatisfied!…"
"… brewery, bakery and creamery!! what else is there to say!! it's a great place with an extensive menu. the thing i miss most about detroit!…"
"…They have great selection of house taps and always have great taps on rotation. I fell in love with delirium because of the WAB. The wait staff is alw…"
"…There is nothing to recommend it other than that it has the best selection of steaks offered across the spectrum of preparation i.e."done-ness", the b…"
"…The Black Lotus is Clawson's best Smoke Free pub, with Fresh Beer and Wine on tap. If your hungrey, you can order from their menue of of assorted sa…"
"…Their Steelhead Red is my absolute favorite beer. And not only is their beer amazing, the food is superb! They use the freshest ingredients and make e…"
The 2015 Detroit A-List awards are based on more than 18,000 votes from local Detroit-area experts.
See the full results →
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Home » Support Us
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The Museum of disABILITY History is a not-for-profit entity operated by its parent company, People Inc. As you might expect, offering a rich array of programming and exhibits comes at a price. If you or your organization can make a contribution to the Museum, it's greatly appreciated. Speaking for millions of individuals with disabilities, "Thank you."
People Inc.


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ECA and Considerate Constructors Scheme survey findings show business benefits of corporate social responsibility
27 June 2017
Over 1 in 2 electrotechnical businesses (51 per cent) say that engagement with corporate social responsibility helps to 'improve staff retention and recruitment', according to new survey findings from the ECA and the Considerate Constructors Scheme.
Some two-thirds of respondents (67 per cent) highlighted 'improved customer or client relationships' as another business benefit of CSR work. While 'positive media coverage' (41 per cent), 'cost savings' (30 per cent) and the 'ability to manage risk in the supply chain' (28 per cent), were also listed as significant benefits of CSR engagement.
Of those businesses currently engaging with CSR, almost half (45 per cent) said that they measured health and safety outcomes, while 1 in 3 respondents (39 per cent) monitored environmental impacts, to help assess their success.
ECA Director of Business Paul Reeve commented:
"These new findings highlight the key role of CSR in helping a business to retain and recruit staff, improve relationships with clients, and achieve process changes and cost savings.
"Increasingly, companies that are communicating effectively with their key stakeholders, and delivering social and environmental value, are seeing direct - in addition to indirect - business benefits".
Considerate Constructors Scheme Chief Executive Edward Hardy added:
"It is very encouraging to see that over half of survey respondents are realising the benefits of CSR across their organisation. There is, however, much more to be done in achieving greater engagement throughout construction and its related industries.
"We must continue to work together to raise standards to ensure that every organisation is fully engaged with CSR. This can be achieved through registration with the Considerate Constructors Scheme, which clearly demonstrates how an organisation is proving commitment to CSR for the benefit of the workforce, the local community and the environment."
Although many respondents cited business benefits, CSR requires knowledge and resources. 1 in 2 businesses (50 per cent) claimed that, for them, developing CSR initiatives was 'too time consuming'. Respondents also cited 'lack of knowledge' (43 per cent), 'financial constraints' (20 per cent) and a 'lack of guidance' (32 per cent) as barriers to engaging with CSR.
Paul Reeve added:
"We see the responses above as an open invitation for the ECA to help members - and the wider sector - to understand CSR, and the routes to effective prioritisation and cost-effective CSR management."
The survey described CSR as "a voluntary, ethical and strategic approach to action and stakeholder engagement, in support of improved environmental and societal impacts. The aim is to produce value for both the organisation and the wider society in which it operates".
The CSR survey was completed by almost 150 ECA member businesses during April and May this year. To see further survey findings, please click here.


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UFC 153 Results: Jon Fitch's Win over Erick Silva Makes Him a Contender AgainOctober 14, 2012
Jon Fitch gained a huge victory with his unanimous-decision win at UFC 153 over rising star Erick Silva. The win could have very well saved Fitch's UFC career.
Once a major contender in the welterweight division, Fitch had run into hard times as of late after a draw with BJ Penn and an unexpected loss to Johny Hendricks.
Fitch's run of tough luck was a far cry from the fighter who once challenged Georges St. Pierre for his title back in 2008.
Fast forward to 2012 and now Fitch has life in the sport once again.
Not only did he beat Silva, but Fitch did it in impressive fashion. Fitch even came close to stopping the fight before the final horn sounded as he had Silva flattened out while the former No. 1 contender rained down vicious blows.
Silva was thought to be a top contender in the division before this fight, but that will certainly change after this loss. In turn, Fitch has now proven he can beat some of the best fighters on the planet. That's the first step back to greatness for Fitch.
So just how far is Fitch from getting another title shot?
There's no doubt it will take time.
This victory was the first Fitch has experienced since 2010, when he beat Thiago Alves in UFC 117. After the two disappointing finishes in 2011, Fitch didn't get back into the Octagon for nearly 10 months.
While a title shot might be in his future, it will take more than one good fight to prove he deserves it. On top of that, Fitch would be better served to get some more fights under his belt before taking on GSP; otherwise, Fitch might find that he simply isn't ready to compete at such a high level.
But no matter what, Fitch looked motivated against Silva, and that motivation is exactly what Fitch needed to begin climbing the ranks in order to staple himself as a worthy challenger for the welterweight crown.


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Enquire to book
- Identify areas of weakness and identify strengths
- Highlight the path your organisation needs to take to miximise performance
- Assisting you tackle a range of challenges
Organisational Development
"If everyone is moving forward together, then success takes care of itself." – Henry Ford
Your organisation needs to evolve…
The world of business is constantly changing and in order to succeed, organisations need to evolve to reflect the latest developments in their industries. Organisational Development can help identify any areas of weakness and highlight the path your organisation needs to take in order to maximise outcomes. At BlueSky Experiences, your success is our success and we have a team of experts who can guide you and your organisation in the right direction.
Identify the need for change…
We don't need to tell you that organisations are complex and require a large amount of work to continually drive growth. With the correct knowledge, training and commitment to developing, your organisation will operate to its most efficient. If you need a little help, we're here to help bridge the gap in the organisation, helping you identify the opportunities to take you in the right direction.
Let our experts guide you…
Here at BlueSky Experiences, we offer fully interactive courses designed to take your organisation to the next level, optimising the performance of your staff and maximising results. Our team can help you tackle a range of challenges, whether that be a complete external analysis of your organisation or dedicated sessions in engaging your colleagues with the Total Quality Model. Our experts understand the challenging that communicating change present and we offer training courses to help you effectively initiate the organisational changes that your business requires.
Our training covers the following key areas to help you develop:
- Train the Trainer
- Quality Management
- Organisational Analysis
- Interview Skills
- Communicating Change


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|weightloss clinic
|8:00 AM to 11:00 AM
|weightloss clinic provided by a qualified dietician with a review by a GP. helping and educating people with lifestyle and dietry changes.
|WIAWERA STATION/POONCARIE (RFDS) - DERMATOLOGIST Dr Chris Riordan
|9:00 AM to 3:30 PM
|RFDS visiting specialist. Waiwera Station 9am to 12.30, Pooncarie 1pm to 3.30pm
|Clive Bishop Medical Centre
|9:00 AM to 4:45 PM
|CBMC open for appointments with GP's from 9.00am to 4.45pm Monday to Friday. Bulk Billed. Closed on Public Holidays.
|Early Pregnancy Assessment Service (EPAS)
|9:00 AM to 12:00 PM
|The early pregnancy assessment service (EPAS) is an outpatient clinic offering medical care and emotional support for women experience symptoms of early pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease.
Women are able to self refer to this clinic which is offered on all weekday mornings by a midwife. The midwife will arrange ultrasounds, pathology, a management plan in consultation with the visiting obstetrician, counselling, follow up, referrals to other services if required, contraception and pre-conception counselling.
Women who are bleeding heavily, have severe pain, feel dizzy or have collapsed require emergency treatment through the Emergency Department. These women can still have follow up care once they are stable through EPAS.
|Gynaecology Clinic
|9:00 AM to 12:00 PM
|Gynaecology Clinics are held twice weekly Monday & Thursday, A Referral is required and appointments are necessary.
|Hip Class
|9:00 AM to 10:00 AM
Hip class held every Monday and Thursday from 9am to 10am for patients who have had a hip operation or replacement. Drs Referral is required for physio assessment prior to entering the class.
|Physiotherapy - Hydro
|9:00 AM to 12:30 PM
Physio – Hydro
Class held Tuesday and Thursday mornings for patients who may benefit from physio in the aquatic environment.
|GP Super Clinic Exercise Group
|11:00 AM to 12:00 PM
|Exercise Group with Exercise Physiologist with Doctor advice provided.
|FIT & STRONG Strength Training Program @ Coomealla Memorial Club, Dareton
|11:15 AM to 12:15 PM
|FIT & STRONG Strength Training Program supports the Chronic Disease Strategy, and was commenced with support provided by a Veterans Community Grant from the Coomealla Memorial Sporting Club, Dareton. Strength training can help reduce the signs and symptoms of many chronic diseases. Exercise has been shown to increase the strength of your muscles, maintain the integrity of your bones, and improve your balance, coordination and moiblity. It is open to all community members with the initial target group being men and women aged 50 plus.
WHEN: Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:15am-12:15pm
WHERE: Coomealla Memorial Sporting Club, Matong Street, Dareton
All participants are required to attend a pre-exericse health screening and appraisal. You may also be required to obtain clearance from your General Practitioner. Contact Dareton Primary Health on 03 5021 7200 to arrange an appointment for your assessment.
|Psychiatry Clinics
|1:00 PM to 4:00 PM
|Psychiatry clinics 1.00pm to 4.00pm. Full assessment required by the Mental Health Team before an appointment can be made with the Psychiatrist. For further information please call 0880801554 or call into Primary Health at the Broken Hill Health Service.
|IMMUNISATION CLINIC, Dareton Primary Health, 44-46 Tapio Street, Dareton
|4:30 PM to 5:30 PM
The NSW Immunisation Schedule recommends that children are immunised at the following ages:
• Birth
• 6 weeks
• 4 months
• 6 months
• 12 months
• 18 months
• 4 years
The Save the Date to Vaccinate app
Why you should download the handy 'Save the Date to Vaccinate' app:
• It's free and easy to use
• To create a personalised schedule for each child
• It sends you reminders to set appointments
• It provides immunisation information at your fingertips
• It offers free lullabies/soothing sounds.
To download the app, visit


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Just past the turnstile (no charge!) the adventure begins:
We were expecting to sit through a 20 minute presentation or ceremony of some kind, but there was mainly a display of photographs detailing the construction of each new line in the history of the Seoul Metro. You can see some of the photos on easels surrounding us this photo taken in the new concourse. There is also a model of the station, which lights up to indicate train arrivals.
The platform signage is essentially the same as on the other lines, but includes a satellite image of the neighborhood:
Finally, we get on the train, and our journey starts:
Here I am sitting in the section reserved for the elderly, pretending (?) to be an ornery old ajosshi. Next to me is "Ryan", a student at the University of Foreign Studies, who stuck to us like a sandspur.
Here is footage of the improved door sign which provides information about location, next stop, etc.:
Lastly, a view of the entire car, followed by a photo looking out the front window of the train. Unlike other lines, this one has a window into the operator's cabin. Cool!
What better way to follow up being a subway guinea pig than going to a baseball game in Jamshil? None, at least if you are Nick, Andy and me!
The Doosan Bears have been struggling lately, so Andy was anxious to give them some support. The game began at 5:00, vs Hanhwa Eagles. Hanhwa, of course, is a Korean chaebol, and one of the largest. Its main business is in chemicals and explosives. I got a shot as the teams took the field at the opening of the game. You can see the weather was awesome:
Here I am posing on the smoking deck, with Seoul Olympic Stadium in the background.
I also got footage of a Doosan 2 run homer in the fifth that put the game out of reach of the Eagles. After the game, we went to Bongcheon for ... you guessed it, lamb kebabs!


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Unlike many publications that prescribe the A-Z of success in business or relationship, The Mind's Game by Tokunbo Alabi is a book meant to encourage those who are bold enough to act out their dreams. The 134-page book is offering its readers some of the author's practical knowledge and lessons learnt in the course of building his Superflux Group.
Considering the busy nature of most Nigerians these days, especially those in cities, Alabi presents the seven chapters of the book in a short format accompanied with quotes and bullet points of lessons, which serve as nuggets for those who cannot read the book line by line.
Chapters One and Two deal with how the state of mind of every individual determines how we relate with one another, how the minds have been molded, and how flexible the minds are to the extent of learning new things. They also threat examples of transformational experience that became the turning point in peoples' life. The author demonstrates the reality of such experience with is personal experience he described as accidental. He recalls how he got interested in the MBA degree programme after his graduation from the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) as a physiotherapist. He says he was able to complete the programme because he went into it with faith, as he was unsure of source of fund for the programme. His lessons from the MBA programme were endurance, prudency, simplicity, humble and perseverance. However, the author shows that vision, drive and discipline are essential for succeeding in business and life generally.
Understanding the power of relationships is the thrust of Chapter Three and is considered as critical in every business. According to the author, every entrepreneur must understand human nature and deploys such understanding to build relationships and partnerships that will help him and his business succeed.
"Understanding people, is about understanding what makes them tick and how emotions play out in different types of people. For instance, some people are high on emotions while some others are not. Not understanding the dynamics of relationships well enough has put me in trouble a few times, and those experiences have helped me in no small way to become wiser in relating with people," the author recalls. He also considers expectation in a relationship as very key be it business or social.
Chapters Four and Five dwell on how people prepare their minds for the challenges ahead. They also provide that like in sports, entrepreneurship requires having a winning mindset or mentality. Readiness to sacrifice, dissatisfaction with the status quo, passion for action, and thirst for knowledge are among ingredients for a successful entrepreneur who also must be inquisitive. Other traits include knack for planning, credibility, respect for mentors and competitors, commitment to principles, focused, knack for risk taking, simplicity, and costing intelligence.
As a follow-up to earlier chapter, the author in Chapter Six presents many lessons from both small and big business outfits, which include exposure, learning and experience garnering.
Talabi dedicates Chapter Seven to the relevance of collegiate arrangement in the success of any business. He says that in such arrangement, everyone must bring something to the table. This system, according to him is not new in business. Specifically, he considers home front support as the most ideal. "Your spouse is potentially the one able to provide you with the most powerful partnership or master mind support you can ever get as an entrepreneur," the author reveals adding that 'one thing can turn out to be a big advantage for you as an entrepreneur is when your spouse is not only supportive but also entrepreneurial.'
The Mind's Game, an inspiring guide for entrepreneurial success, is written in a simple and direct style readable by all especially the young entrepreneurs in search of nuggets for fulfilling their dreams. It is almost error-free in terms of typos and grammar. The layout and design of the book make it attractive and pleasant to the eyes as well as for easy read.
But one common character in the book is that the summary and quotation pages of the book are without paginations. Also, there is a typo in second paragraph (Line 6) of first page of Chapter Two, which uses capital letter to start (If) in a statement that commences with 'However'.


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'Expat Sports' in Finland
- Jump Down to:
- Sports & Sports Facilities
- Sports for Kids in Helsinki
- Rugby
- Australian Rules Football
- American Football
- Cricket
- Baseball & Softball
- Cycle Touring in Finland
- Fishing in Finland
- Rowing
- Yoga in English
- Thai Boxing
- Jolly Dragon
- Porvo: Akilles Sports Club
- Bicycle Repairs & Sales
Cricket, rugby and American football in Finland?? It's true! You're bound to run into a bunch of expats if you join, or go and watch, any of the teams mentioned on this page.
See also: Finnish sports which lots of expats want to try, or at least watch!
Sports & Sports Facilities
Among other events and activities, Finterest helps you find sports and outdoor facilities Finland-wide in its Sports, Outdoors, and Nature sections. As listings appear, zoom in on the map of Finland for further details in the location of your choice, and links to the relevant websites.
www.finterest.fi - in 16 languages!
Municipal Sites
Wherever you are in Finland, finding your local sports facilities is easy. Each municipal website has a Sports section listing local sports facilities, as well as activities and events for adults and children. To find your local website see Expat Finland's page
City by City - Regional Sites by Local Authorities
Sports for Kids in Helsinki
The City of Helsinki Youth Department organises sports, outdoor activities, and a lot of other options for young people between 13 and 25 years old
www.hel.fi > City administration > Services and administration > Resident groups > Youth
MoovKids offers a variety of sports classes, camps, parties, and programs in Espoo (near Iso Omena) for kids of any nationality aged from 6 months to teens, as well as karate for adults. All classes have instruction in English and Finnish. Welcome!
Kung Fu Panda Karate, Cheerleading, Gym classes, Kids' Fitness Karate, Jungle Junction Playgroup as well as sports, karate, and cheerleading camps plus more!
Web: www.moovkids.fi Check the videos!
Address: Piispanportti 5, 02240 Espoo. EKE Building, Rak 1, 4th Floor Map
Tel: 050 576 3492
Rugby in Finland
Naturally we start with the best sport first! There are about 16 active clubs in the Finnish Rugby Federation, a big leap from 2001 when there were only two registered teams. At that point the game was played mainly by expats, but time has seen a lot of Finnish blokes getting involved in the sport; these days about two-thirds of players are Finns. The ladies have also joined in and recently gained prominence for themselves, and Finland, by comprehensively winning the FIRA European Championship Women's 7s, Group B, which earnt them a promotion to the European A Division. Legends!
If you join a rugby team, or just go and watch a game, you're likely to meet Aussies, Kiwis, Poms and other expat rugby players and followers from around the planet - some friendly rivalries! Apart from playing the game, rugby has a strong social tradition and you will undoubtedly find lots of social events on the calendar. Come one come all!
Finnish Rugby Federation
The head organisation's website has a calendar of fixtures throughout Finland, a guide to rugby, contacts and links to clubs, news and more.
www.rugby.fi - En, Fi
Finnish Rugby Clubs (many with Ladies' teams too!)
- Espoo Espoo Rugby Club
- Hämeenlinna Linna Rugby Club
- Helsinki
- Joensu Karjalan Rugby Club
- Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Rugby Club
- Kuopio Kuopio Rugby Club
- Pori Pori Rugby Club
- Porvoo Old Town Shamrocks Rugby Club
- Oulu OYUS Rugby
- Tampere Tampere Rugby Club
- Turku Eagles Rugby Football Club
- Vaasa
Rugby Refereeing
Refereeing can be a great way to give back to the sport and help to promote its development at grass-roots level. For those with personal ambitions, refereeing in a 'small rugby country' like Finland can also quickly mean officiating at Championship level, being sent on exchange to foreign countries, and even involvement in international matches. If you would like to get involved in refereeing in Finland or would simply like more information, please get in touch.
www.rugby.fi/referees Finland Rugby Referees Association (FRRA) - En, Fi
Australian Rules Football
'Aussie rules' in Finland kicked off in 2007 with two official teams in domestic competition, the Helsinki Heatseekers and the Salo Juggernauts. The sport is growing in popularity, with four active teams in November 2015. The controlling body is the Finland AFL. New members always welcome!
- Finland AFL: Facebook
- Helsinki: Helsinki Heatseekers
- Turku: Turku Dockers & Facebook
- Vaasa: Waasa Wombats & Facebook
American Football in Finland
Ironically there is not much information available in English about American Football in Finland! The Wikipedia page about the official sites is much more informative (in English) than the sites themselves: American Football Association of Finland
American Football Association of
Finland (SAJL)
Founded in 1979, the SAJL has 37 member clubs in 2015 and over 2800 players in men's and women's leagues, as well as in six different youth categories.
Suomen Amerikkalaisen Jalkapallon Liitto ry (SAJL): www.sajl.fi
Helsinki Wolverines Football Team
The Helsinki Wolverines have been going since 1995; they have men's, women's and junior teams. Online information in Finnish only.
Facebook page
Cricket in Finland
The Finnish Cricket Association
The FCA was set up in 1999 to develop and organize the game of cricket in Finland. Cricket is a fast-growing sport here; from 4 clubs in 2001 there are now 20+ clubs in various parts of the country, so odds are you have a local club in your region! Finland is now proud to have its first dedicated grass cricket ground and pavilion at Kerava. The Kerava National Cricket Ground is home to the Finnish National Cricket Team.
The FCA's online presence is
Cricket Finland: www.cricketfinland.com
From this large site you can see information about the history and development of cricket in Finland, news, events, rules of the game and much more. If you are interested in playing the game, Cricket Finland also includes the List of FCA Cricket Clubs, which links to the individual clubs. If you'd like to get involved in some other way, there is also a Development section with pages about cricket umpiring, junior cricket, women's cricket and more.
Baseball & Softball
The central organisations are
Finnish Baseball and Softball Federation:
www.baseball.fi - Finnish + limited English
fi-fi.facebook.com/BaseballSuomi - Facebook
Finnish Baseball Association: www.pesis.fi - Finnish only
Espoo Expos: espooexpos.kotisivukone.com
Helsinki Mets: facebook.com/HelsinkiMets
Helsinki Puumat: fi-fi.facebook.com/puumatbaseball
Helsinki Boars: facebook.com/HelsinkiBoars
Lahti Pirates: lahtipirates.com
Malmi Bullets: malmibullets.wix.com/malmi-bullets
Tampere Tigers: tamperetigers.sporttisaitti.com/
Turku Black Sox: blacksox.fi - No experience or skills necessary!
Cycle Touring in Finland
Finland is a great place for mountain biking and bicycle touring. It provides varying landscapes for culture and nature-lovers alike. The Cycling in Finland site is available in Finnish, Russian, English and German, and contains loads of information. Content includes
- Information on what Finland has to offer for bicycle tourists
- Mountain biking
- National, regional, and local cycle routes
- Maps & guides
- A guide to services for bicycle tourists
- Tips about preparation, travel gear, travelling with your bike & more
Cycling in Finland: voxometre.com/en/cycling Fi, En, Ru, Ge
Nationalparks.fi: Nationalparks.fi is a great resource for outdoor activities. Choose your activity, and you can search for 'destinations' in Finland to do it!
Finlandnaturally.com: Finland, Naturally is another great resource for outdoor activities, including cycling and mountain biking.
Bicycle repairs & sales
Fishing in Finland
Fishing is popular in Finland - about 10% of the country is covered in water, after all - and fish dishes are an integral part of Finnish cuisine. Finnish fishing culture has always been based on the idea that the catch will be prepared for a meal. The Fishing in Finland site is available in English, Chinese, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. It includes information on Finnish fishing destinations, species, methods, and services. Information about fishing licences, events and more is in the Fishing Facts section, including instructions for smoking fish!
Fishing in Finland: www.fishinginfinland.fi/en
SMARK Rowing Club: Merikannontie 4, 00260. Ph: 050 5722 318 (Mon-Fri 9:00-16:00)
Not far from the Olympic Stadium, SMARK dates back to the 1930's.They welcome anybody with the slightest experience and interest in rowing, and also have an ice swimming season.
Club information: www.smark.fi/english/
Other Rowing Clubs in Finland
- Hämeenlinna: Hämeenlinnan Soutajat
- Naantali & Porvoo: nesteensoutajat.net
- Parainen: pargasroddklubb.fi
- Tampere: takonsoutajat.fi
- Turku: Turun Soutajat
- Lappeenranta: Lappeenrannan Soutajat
- Raahe: raahenpurjehdusseura.com
Shakta Joogakoulu, Helsinki
The first yoga school of the Shakta tradition in Northern Europe. Yoga course in English, including asana practise, breathing exercises (pranayama), Sun Salutations and more. No previous yoga experience required.
Shakta Joogakoulu: www.shakta.fi En, Ru, Fi
Thai Boxing
Thai boxing has a robust following, and Finland has en extensive network of Thai boxing clubs. Individual clubs usually don't have websites in English, but you can find a list of clubs Finland-wide at
www.muaythai.fi > Jäsenseurat
Look through the list for a local club or search your locality using the Suodata kaupungin mukaan text box at the top of the list.
The search results will show all contact details as well as links to individual clubs' sites. You can try opening Finnish-only sites in Google Translate; go to www.translate.google.com, paste the site's address in the left-hand box and click the Translate button.
Jolly Dragon
Jolly Dragon is a Helsinki-based
group which arranges a wide variety of sports and social
events for internationals and professionals - about 50 sports
in all! Some of the most popular are squash, floorball / salibandy, badminton, pool, chess, volleyball and table tennis, all of which feature regularly on the calendar. Membership to Jolly Dragon is free.
Jolly Dragon: www.facebook.com/jollydragonfun
Borgå Akilles - Porvoon Akilles Sports Club
Akilles, a sports club in Porvoo - about 50km east of Helsinki - was founded in 1902 and is firmly established as Porvoo's leading sports club. The club has both Swedish- and Finnish-speaking supporters, and is divided into 8 sections: cycling, bandy, football, handball, orienteering, country skiing, track & field and outdoor sports.
Cycling has been Akilles' most successful
sport; 7 of their cyclists have taken part in the Olympic
Games and 12 cyclists have participated in World Championships.
This is not really an 'expat sports' club (unless you count
Swedish speakers!) but for many people it will be of interest if only for its proud history.
Akilles: www.akilles.fi
Bicycle Repairs & Sales
Go to www.fonecta.fi - Enter polkupyörät (bicycles) or pyöräkorjaamo (bicycle repairs) and your location in the Henkilöt, yritykset, palvelut ja puhelinnumerot box
Click HAE
In the results, look for nearby addresses and visit the websites. Most of the listed companies will sell bikes. Any mention of huolto or korjaamo at the sites means they also do servicing / repairs. Open Finnish-only sites in Google Translate.


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A Tulsa family was finally able to adopt a 5-year-old hearing impaired girl from China with whom they fell in love last June.
On Tuesday, thanks to a cochlear implant, their daughter was able to hear for the first time. When the device was activated, she heard her mother's voice and the little girl's face lit up as she toward the sound.
(WATCH the video below or READ the story from KJRH)


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YMCA Plas: A vision for a better Roath
How do organisations develop a strategy for a community asset? Dyfrig Williams visited YMCA Plas (formerly Plasnewydd Community Centre) in Roath to find out.
Throughout my recent posts on asset transfer, I've visited organisations that have gone through the asset transfer process and are now on the other side. My final visit was a bit different, as it took me to an organisation who are developing their business plan for the site. I went to see the YMCA, who have taken on the old Plasnewydd Community Centre building on a leasehold basis for a hundred years from Cardiff Council. They are looking to redevelop the site, and originally wanted the building on a freehold basis to make the most of it.
Like all the other asset transfers in this series, it wouldn't have been able to take place without working closely with the council. The transfer comes with an agreement for 25 years rent-free, without which the YMCA would not have been in a position to take the asset transfer forward. This has given them breathing space, and enabled them to put the right building blocks in place to encourage growth.
The price of property in Cardiff made it difficult to find suitable premises, especially with the huge increase in the area's student market. But now the deal has been done, the move will enable the YMCA's Youth and Community arm to get out from under the homeless remit that YMCA are widely connected to in the area.
The council didn't want to restrict how the YMCA makes use of the site, but it has stipulated that it must maintain community usage. The Local Authority deliberately didn't tie the YMCA into a restrictive agreement, and the only other condition is that they can only sub-let 33% of the site. The YMCA maintained throughout the negotiation process that they would be unable to take on the staff through TUPE, as they didn't have the capacity to do so.
What is the strategy for YMCA Plas?
As the lease for the building is so long, YMCA Plas needs to be multi-use, so that if circumstance change the building can still be functional. Fewer and fewer people have been coming to the building as it's been earmarked for closure for quite some time, so the YMCA are currently running events to re-engage the community, and are looking to consult on its future.
The aim is for YMCA Plas to be a community hub for local groups and people in the area. They want to develop a sport facility with space for a gym to generate income, which will give the centre a health and wellbeing focus.
The organisation are also developing a childcare strategy and a nursery. There is a lack of affordable childcare in the area, which they've identified through working with Communities First. Not many people know that the YMCA is the biggest childcare provider in UK, which the organisation can draw on to take this part of the plan forward. They are also looking to rent out rooms where possible and to rent spaces to organisations whose purpose aligns with their aims and objectives.
The entrance to the building is on the side of the street, so the organisation is looking to move the entrance so that it focuses on footfall from the street. This will clearly show that it's open and accessible to the public, instead of relying on people to go down the side street.
Lessons learnt
Throughout the process the organisation focussed on the council's timelines, which meant that the focus wasn't always as intense on their own requirements. As staff were not transferred over to the organisation, embedding new staff whilst taking over a new facility was a big challenge. This meant that they couldn't hit the ground running in the way that they would have liked, and the transfer involved so much work it was difficult to focus on what was going to happen afterwards. However the core message in the short term has been to maintain the current business, which doesn't pay the bills but does contribute to it. Because of effective planning they are able to soak up the immediate losses whilst the business plan is being developed. The challenge now is for the organisation to continue to run the business whilst developing a path forward.
A vision for the future
I've lived in Roath for the past few years, and it's a vibrant and diverse place to live. I've given blood at the centre a few times, but I must admit that I haven't made the most of the facility that's been on my doorstep.
The area has lots of people living side by side, but who aren't always integrated. I'm all for anything that brings people together in the area, and I'm excited to see how the YMCA make their vision for the community centre into a reality by involving community groups and the people of Roath.


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We now have a large inventory of professionally-spun, 4-ply and 8-ply, alpaca yarn. It is available as 100% alpaca or a blend containing 80% alpaca fibre and 20% superfine Polworth wool.
This yarn is all sourced from New Zealand and has not been dyed. We are able to supply yarn as balls, skeins or on cones. The balls and skeins weigh 50 or 100 grams and cones contains about one kilogram of yarn.
The fibre used to create this lovely yarn ranged between 18 and 26 micron to eliminate "prickle". The consistency of staple length eliminates pilling and the lack of lanolin reduces skin sensitivity.
Buy as much or as little as you require for your project. If you find that you need more to finish something, we have a fairly large supply of each batch.
The price depends on which type of yarn you wish to order:
100% alpaca, balls or skeins - $7.00 per 50 grams (plus GST)
80% alpaca, balls or skeins - $6.50 per 50 grams (plus GST)
80% alpaca, cones - $110 per kg (plus GST)
Postage and handling, anywhere in New Zealand, is $5.00 regardless of how much yarn you order.
Here is what we have in stock:
Colour / ply
100% alpaca
80% alpaca
50g balls
50g skeins
1kg cones
Black 4-ply
We have sold a fair bit of this yarn on TradeMe and you can read the feedback from our customers by going to TradeMe, change the search box to say "Members", and do a search for chucknz2002. Then, click on "Feedback"
We also have a lot of beautiful carded alpaca fibre in various colours. The price is $10 to $12 per 100 grams plus another $5 to cover packaging and postage (regardless of how much you buy).
Click here to send us an email regarding our yarn or carded fibre.


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Vehicle Control Services Tickets
** 3 Reasons to Never Pay Vehicle Control Services **
See Some of Our Recent Successes..
About this company – Vehicle Control Services normally issue private parking tickets or private Vehicle Control Services notices to drivers who have breached their terms and conditions or overstayed their time in a retail car park, supermarket or on any other private land or car park. They will either put a parking ticket on your vehicle or post a notice to keeper to the vehicle owner. You then have 28 day to appeal your private Vehicle Control Services notice or parking ticket. If you miss this timeline the private parking company may start debt recovery proceeding to recover the outstanding Vehicle Control Services using another debt recovery company such as Debt Recovery Plus, DRP, Zenith, Vehicle Control Services, DCBL, Trace, UCS, Wright Hassall or Gladstones. We can dispute private parking tickets to get them cancelled or reduced if they have past the formal appeal stage. Contact us now to find out how.
Need to know more? Check out our FAQs
- FAQs


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So I did it myself. Just like I wanted. When I published it, I called it "Stocktile", but internally "Longhorn" was its name.
So now I'm not going to use Longhorn anymore. The application is already in Google Play and the Amazon Marketplace, but I felt like I wasn't done with it. I really like it and I'd like a better life for it.
So that's why I decided to open source it. Click below to go to my GitHub account and grab it:
Download Stocktile (Longhorn) source code here.
Yup, you can download the code, re-compile it, change it, and do whatever you want with it (well, at least whatever the Apache License version 2 let's you do with it).
To give you a preview of what cool stuff you'll find:
- Drag and drop (for Android 4.0+)
- Search autocomplete
- Talk to search
- Automatic market updates
- Battery optimization techniques (Read more about this here)
- Support all the way up from Android 2.2
- A very nice UI layout
- Gracefully handling device orientations
- And way more stuff...


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XBL Wall Mount Panel Type Exhaust Fan 48 inch 3 Phase 21500 CFM Belt Drive XBL48T30100M
Build Time
The product Build Time you see represented on this site is only a typical number of days the manufacturer states it needs to build the product(s) when ordered. Build times are based on business days (excludes weekends & holidays).
The build time does not include the time it will take to ship the order to you (the customer). If an order has multiple items and comes from multiple warehouses, you may receive part of your order on one day, and then receive the remaining part(s) of your order at a later date.
*Please be aware that seasonal demand of certain equipment may cause build times to run longer than what is typical.
|Unit Price
|You Save
Economy commercial and light duty industrial exhaust fans. Ideal for Factories, Warehouses, Gymnasiums, Greenhouses, etc. XBL series fans are typically used for low pressure applications with little or no duct work. The XBL series is constructed for efficient, economical operation and are designed to be used primarily as exhaust fans. These feature heavy gauge steel on the fan panel and post. ODP motors and durable baked on polyethylene powder coat finish are standard.
- Heavy gauge steel fan panel with deep spun orifice and flared venturi to maximize efficiency.
- Heavy steel post Motor mount with "U" clamp motor mount/belt tensioner.
- ODP motors are standard.
- Durable baked on textured polyethylene powder coat finish.
- Model No.:
- Voltage:
- 230 / 460
- Warehouse:
- New York
- Type:
- Exhaust Fans
- Amps:
- 3.4
- Blade Size (Inches):
- 48
- No. of Blades:
- 4
- CFM High:
- 21500
- Construction:
- Welded Heavy Gauge Steel
- Dimension Inches:
- Width: 53-5/8" Depth: 17-1/2" Height: 53-5/8"
- Hertz:
- 60
- Drive Type:
- Belt
- Horsepower:
- 1
- Limited Warranty:
- 1 Year Limited
- Motor Type:
- RPM High:
- 336
- Phase:
- 3
- Speed(s):
- 1
- Weight lbs.:
- 98
Notice: Manufacturer's products features and specifications are subject to change without notice.
California Residents: WARNING- This product may contain chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, please visit www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Have a Question?
Be the first to ask a question about this.


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Events in the Seattle, Washington area
Members can download presentation documents for past meetings by accessing the past event below, scrolling to the bottom, and downloading available files.
No events available.
VCOMA | www.vcoma.com | 650.575.1160
5050 Laguna Blvd., Suite 112-563, Elk Grove, CA 95758
© Copyright 2005 - 2015


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Category: Hypnotists
Local Hypnotists available for Performing at Corporate Shows, Schools, Parties, and Association Events
Hypnotists Featured Speakers
Dr. Jon Taylor
Traveling From: Oklahoma
Gary Owen
Traveling From: Oklahoma
Mike Breeze
Traveling From: Oklahoma
Can't find the exact speaker or entertainer you are looking for? We can help. Not every speaker we have access to is listed on our website. Contact us so we can offer you more options and help you find the perfect speaker - fast.


text: A cupcake in itself is always a safe go-to when deciding on a dessert for any occasion. It is literally a mini-cake well, the size of a cup. These giant cupcakes, however, are an exception to that rule! These cupcakes are larger than life and are packed with baked goodness, and some are even filled with other sweets such as jelly babies, smarties, wine gums and so much more. More cupcake means more happiness. Select your poison and have us deliver it to the lucky giftee. NetFlorist delivers nationwide to areas such as Paarl, Vereeniging, Port Elizabeth and more.


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Tertio Nonas Maji
Sanctus Pius V, Confessor (Duplex)
Ex II Nocturno.
May 5
Saint Pius V, Confessor (Double)
From the 2nd Nocturn.
Pius in oppido Insubriæ, quod Boschum vocant, natus, sed e Bonónia oriundus ex nobili Ghisleriórum família, cum quatuordecim esset annórum, ordinem Prædicatórum ingréssus est. Erat in eo admirábilis patiéntia, profúnda humilitas, summa vitæ austeritas, continuum oratiónis studium, et regularis observántiæ ac divini honoris ardentíssimus zelus. Philosophíæ vero ac theologíæ incumbens, adeo in iis excelluit, ut illas docéndi munus magna cum laude per multos annos exercúerit. Sacras conciónes plúribus in locis cum ingénti auditórum fructu hábuit. Inquisitoris offícium ínviolábili animi fortitúdine diu sustínuit ; multasque civitátes, non sine vitæ discrimine, ab hæresi tunc grassante immunes servávit.
Pius was born in a town called Bosco in Lombardy, but was descended from the Ghisleri, a noble family of Bologna. At the age of fourteen years he entered the order of Friars Preachers. He was a man marked by a wonderful long-suffering, a deep lowliness, a great hardness of living, an unwavering earnestness in prayer, and a most strong zeal for the perfect observance of the Rule of his Order, and for the greater glory of God. He gave himself to the study of Philosophy and Theology, and was so learned in both, that he discharged for many years with great reputation the duties of a Professor of those sciences. He preached publicly in many places, to the great profit of his hearers. He long did the work of Inquisitor with unflinching spirit, and preserved many cities, not without risk to his own life, from the heresy which was then creeping in everywhere.
A Paulo quarto, cui ob exímias virtútes caríssimus erat, ad Nepesínum et Sutrinum episcopátum promotus, et post biennium inter Romanæ Ecclésiæ presbyteros cardinales adscriptus fuit. Tum ad ecclésiam Montis Regalis in Subalpinis a Pio quarto translatus, cum plures in eam abusus irrepsisse cognovísset, totam diœcesim lustrávit ; rebusque compositis Romam revérsus, gravíssimis expediéndis negotiis applicatus, quod justum erat, apostolica libertáte et constántia decernebat. Mortuo autem Pio, præter ómnium exspectatiónem electus Póntifex, nihil in vitæ ratióne, excepto exteriori habitu, immutávit. Fuit in eo religiónis propagandæ perpétuum studium, in ecclesiástica disciplína restítuenda indeféssus labor, in exstirpandis erróribus assidua vigilantia, in sublevandis egéntium necessitátibus indeficiens beneficéntia, in Sedis apostolicæ júribus víndicandis robur invictum.
Paul IV, to whom his virtues had greatly endeared him, raised him to the united Bishopricks of Nepi and Sutri, and after two years he was enrolled among the Cardinal Priests of the Roman Church. Pius IV translated him to the Church of Mondóvi in Piedmont, wherein, on his coming, he found that many corruptions had crept in. He reformed the whole of his diocese, and, after settling his affairs, returned to Rome, where his attention was called to matters of the gravest business, in detérmining which he used Apostolic boldness and firmness. After the death of Pius IV, the fifth Pius, to the astonishment of all men, was elected to succeed him. On becoming Pope he changed his way of life in no respect except as regarded his raiment. The Propagation of Religion was to him the object of unceasing care ; the restoration of the Discipline of the Church, of unwearied toil ; the uprooting of error, of sleepless watchfulness ; the relieving the needs of the poor, of unfailing charity ; the maintenance of the rights of the Apostolic See, of adamantine firmness.
Selímum Turcárum tyrannum multis elátum victoriis, ingénti comparáta classe, ad Echínadas ínsulas non tam armis quam fusis ad Deum precibus devicit. Quam victóriam ea ipsa hora, qua obténta fuit, Deo revelante, cognóvit suisque famíliaribus indicávit. Dum vero novam in ipsos Turcas expeditiónem molirétur, in gravem morbum incidit ; et, acerbíssimis dolóribus patientíssime tolerátis, ad extrema deveniens, cum sacraménta de more suscepísset, ánimam Deo placidíssime réddidit, anno millésimo quingentésimo septuagésimo secundo, ætátis suæ sexagésimo octavo, cum sedísset annos sex, menses tres, dies viginti quatuor. Corpus ejus in basilica sanctæ Maríæ ad Præsépe summa fidélium veneratióne colitur, multis a Deo ejus intercessióne patrátis miraculis. Quibus rite probátis, a Cleménte undecimo, Pontifice máximo, Sanctórum número adscriptus est.
The Turkish Sultan Selim was bloated with many victories, and had got together a huge fleet in the Gulf of Lepanto, but Pius V crushed him, not so much by force of arms as by dint of the prayers wherein he pleaded with God. At the hour that the victory was won, Pius knew it by the inward revelation of God, and stated the fact to his servants. He was busied with the preparations for a new expedition against the Turks, when he was laid down by grievous sickness. He bore most sharp sufferings with the gentlest patience, and when the end came, he received the Sacraments as is usual, and with great peace yielded his spirit to God in the year of salvation 1572, and of his own age the 68th, having sat as Pope six years, three months, and twenty-four days. His body is buried in the Church of St. Mary, where the Manger from Bethlehem is, and is there held in great respect by the faithful, who have obtained from God by his prayers, many evident miracles. The said miracles having been proved by a júdicial investigation Pope Clement XI enrolled his name among those of the Saints.
Sancte Pie, ora pro nobis!
Saint Pius, pray for us!