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Reusable launch system
A reusable launch system (RLS, or reusable launch vehicle, RLV) is a space launch system intended to allow for recovery of all or part of the system for later reuse. To date, several fully reusable sub-orbital systems and partially reusable orbital systems have been flown. However the design issues are extremely challenging and no fully reusable orbital launch system has yet been demonstrated. A wide variety of system concepts have been proposed, and several are represented in those which have actually flown.
The first aircraft to attain sub-orbital flight was the North American X-15. The first reusable vehicle to reach orbit was NASA's Space Shuttle. It was intended to reduce launch costs below those of expendable launch systems, but instead ended up being more expensive. The last Shuttle was retired in 2011.
Following the announcement of the Ansari X Prize, commercial interest in reusable launchers has grown. The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket has a reusable first stage and expendable second stage, and is currently in use for the NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program and commercial satellite launches. Scaled Composites have flown two prototype sub-orbital spaceplanes for Virgin Galactic, while the Blue Origin New Shepard rocket has recoverable first and second stages but is still in development and is only capable of suborbital flights. Several other reusable vehicles or whole systems are in development.
Vehicle configurations
Single stage
There are two approaches to Single stage to orbit or SSTO. The rocket equation says that an SSTO vehicle needs a high mass ratio. "Mass ratio" is defined as the mass of the fully fueled vehicle divided by the mass of the vehicle when empty (zero fuel weight, ZFW).
One way to increase the mass ratio is to reduce the mass of the empty vehicle by using very lightweight structures and high-efficiency engines. This tends to push up maintenance costs as component reliability can be impaired, and makes reuse more expensive to achieve.
Another is to reduce the weight of oxidant carried, by burning the fuel in air during the atmospheric stage of flight. A dual-cycle powerplant such as a liquid air cycle engine or the proposed SABRE engine is used.
The margins are so small with the SSTO approach that there is uncertainty whether such a vehicle could carry any payload into orbit.
Another way that SSTO can be made to work is to reduce the amount of velocity the launch vehicle needs to achieve to reach orbit. This can be done by using a ground accelerator to accelerate the launch vehicle to Mach 1 or higher, air launching from a carrier aircraft such as Stratolaunch, or using a combination launch system.
Multiple stages
Two stage to orbit uses two vehicles, joined together at launch. Usually the second-stage orbiter is 5-10 times smaller than the first-stage launcher, although in biamese and triamese[1] configurations both vehicles are the same size.
Besides the cost of developing two independent vehicles, the complexity of the interactions between them both as a unit and when separating must also be evaluated.
In addition, the first stage needs to be returned to the launch site for it to be reused. This is usually proposed to be done by flying a compromise trajectory that keeps the first stage above or close to the launch site at all times, or by using small air-breathing engines to fly the vehicle back, or by recovering the first stage down range and returning it some other way (often landing in the sea, and returning it by ship.) Most techniques involve some performance penalty; these can require the first stage to be several times larger for the same payload, although for recovery from downrange these penalties may be small.
The second stage is normally returned after flying one or more orbits and reentering.
This is also called a combination launch system.[2]
In a cluster system, multiple stages are stacked side by side and typically burn in parallel, but only one is the orbiter. As the orbiter burns fuel, crossfeeds from the tanks of the booster stages may be used to keep it topped up. Once a booster runs dry it separates and (typically) glides back to a safe landing for re-use.
Although not fully re-usable, the Space Shuttle used a similar crossfeed between the main external tank and the Shuttle orbiter.
The fully reusable BAC Mustard project included an engine in each of its near-identical modules, allowing its shut-down engines to be discarded along with the empty tankage, where the Shuttle had the penalty of carrying its shut-down engines into orbit. A criticism of this approach is that designing separate orbiter and boosters, or a single vehicle that could do both, would compromise performance, safety, and possible cost savings. Compromising maximum performance to reduce cargo cost, however, is the point of the clustering approach. Stacking two or three winged vehicles can also be challenging.
All orbital vehicles to date have been launched vertically. Rockets are good for this regime because they have a very high thrust/weight ratio (~100).
Non-rocket spacelaunch systems provide a theoretical increase in efficiency. Since rocket delta-v has a non linear relationship to mass fraction due to the rocket equation, any small reduction in delta-v gives a relatively large reduction in the required mass fraction; and starting a mission at higher altitude also helps.
A vehicle which takes off, or separates from the previous stage horizontally, needs wings. A 'wet wing' might be used, where the wing contains propellant. Wings may be about 9-12% of the vehicle takeoff weight.
Rockets air launched from aircraft may be considered to be at least partially reusable, because the launch aircraft is reusable. An example of this configuration is the Orbital Sciences Pegasus system.
The Scaled Composites Tier One combination of SpaceShipOne and White Knight One used wings on both the launch aircraft and the sub-orbital second stage.
Other proposed launch assists include high-altitude balloons such as the zero2infinity bloostar.[3] More speculative technologies include ground-based sleds, maglev systems, high-altitude (80 km) maglev systems such as launch loops, and more exotic systems such as tether propulsion systems to catch the vehicle at high altitude, or even Space Elevators.
Every component vehicle of a reusable system must be able to land safely.
Horizontal landers require wings and undercarriage (unless landing at sea). This typically requires about 9-12% of the landing vehicle to be wings; which in turn implies that the takeoff weight is higher and/or the payload smaller. Concepts such as lifting bodies attempt to deal with the somewhat conflicting issues of reentry, hypersonic and subsonic flight; as does the delta wing shape of the Space Shuttle.
A variety of systems are propsed for vertical landers. Parachutes may be augmented with small landing rockets (as with Soyuz). McDonnell Douglas DC-X ascended to an altitude of about 3.1 kilometers before returning safely.[4] Alternatively, rockets could be used to fully decelerate and soft land the vehicle on the ground, after the subsonic speeds had been reached at low altitude (see DC-X). This typically requires about 10% of the vehicle's landing weight to be propellant. SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket became the first orbital rocket to vertically land its first stage on the ground, after propelling its second stage and payload to a suborbital trajectory, where it would continue on to orbit.[5] A different approach to vertical landing is to use an autogyro or helicopter rotor. This requires perhaps 2-3% of the landing weight for the rotor.
Airbreathing engines
Airbreathing approaches use the air during ascent for propulsion. The most commonly proposed approach is the scramjet, but turborocket, Liquid Air Cycle Engine (LACE) and precooled jet engines have also been proposed such as the SABRE engine.
In all cases, the highest speed that an air-breathing engine can reach is far short of orbital speed (about Mach 15 for Scramjets and Mach 5-6 for the other engine designs), and rockets would be used for the remaining 10-20 Mach required for orbit.
The thermal situation for airbreathers (particularly scramjets) can be awkward; normal rockets fly steep initial trajectories to avoid drag, whereas scramjets would deliberately fly through the relatively thick atmosphere at high speed generating enormous heating of the airframe. The thermal situation for the other airbreathing approaches is much more benign, although is not without its challenges.
Design issues
Any RLV is degrading the launcher's performance compared to ELV due to additional stage inert mass. This additional mass is almost unavoidable due to either supplementary mechanical or propulsion systems or surplus propellant needed for the safe return of RLV stages. The actual amount of the mass penalty and its dispersal between structure and propellant is depending on the chosen RLV stage return modes and staging velocity. [6]
Reentry heat shielding
Robert Zubrin has said that as a rough rule of thumb, 15% of the landed weight of a vehicle needs to be aerobraking reentry shielding.[7]
Reentry heat shields on these vehicles are often proposed to be some sort of ceramic and/or carbon-carbon heat shields, or occasionally metallic heat shields (possibly using water cooling or some sort of relatively exotic rare earth metal.) [8] Ablative heat shields offer light weight, but are not reusable.
A newer Thermal Protection System (TPS) technology was first developed for use in steering fins on ICBM MIRVs. Given the need for such warheads to reenter the atmosphere swiftly and retain hypersonic velocities to sea level, researchers developed what are known as SHARP materials, typically hafnium diboride and zirconium diboride, whose thermal tolerance exceeds 3600 C. SHARP equipped vehicles can fly at Mach 11 at 30 km altitude and Mach 7 at sea level. The sharp-edged geometries permitted with these materials also eliminates plasma shock wave interference in radio communications during reentry. SHARP materials are very robust and would not require constant maintenance as did the silica tiles used on the Space Shuttle, which accounted for over half of that vehicle's maintenance costs and turnaround time. The maintenance savings are thus a major factor in favor of using these materials for a reusable launch vehicle.
Development cost
The research & development costs of reusable vehicle are expected to be higher, because making a vehicle reusable implies making it robust enough to survive more than one use, which adds to the testing required. Increasing robustness is most easily done by adding weight; but this reduces performance and puts further pressure on the R&D to recoup this in some other way.
These extra costs must be recouped; and this pushes up the average cost of the vehicle.
Reusable launch systems require maintenance, which is often substantial. The Space Shuttle system required extensive refurbishing between flights, primarily dealing with the silica tile TPS and the high performance LH2/LOX burning main engines. Both systems require a significant amount of detailed inspection, rebuilding and parts replacement between flights, and account for over 75% of the maintenance costs of the Shuttle system. These costs, far in excess of what had been anticipated when the system was constructed, have cut the maximum flight rate of Shuttle to 1/4 of that planned. This has also quadrupled the cost per pound of payload to orbit, making Shuttle economically infeasible in today's launch market for any but the largest payloads, for which there is no competition.
For any RLV technology to be successful, it must learn from the failings of Shuttle and overcome those failings with new technologies in the TPS and propulsion areas.
Manpower and logistics
The Space Shuttle program required a standing army of over 9,000 employees to maintain, refurbish, and relaunch the shuttle fleet, irrespective of flight rates. That manpower budget must be divided by the total number of flights per year. The fewer flights means the cost per flight goes up significantly. Streamlining the manpower requirements of any launch system is an essential part of making an RLV economical. Projects that have attempted to develop this ethic include the DC-X Delta Clipper project, as well as SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon 1 programs.
One issue mitigating against this drive for labor savings is government regulation. Given that NASA and USAF (as well as government programs in other countries) are the primary customers and sources of development capital, government regulatory requirements for oversight, parwork, quality, safety, and other documentation tend to inflate the operational costs of any such system.
With the invention of rocket propulsion in the first half of the twentieth century, space travel in the void beyond the atmosphere became a technical possibility.
Early ideas of a single-stage reusable spaceplane proved unrealistic and although the first practical rocket vehicles such as the V-2 weapon of WWII could reach the fringes of space, re-usable technology was too heavy and the rockets were expendable. The problem of mass efficiency could be overcome using multiple stages and both vertical-launch multistage rockets and horizontal-launch composite spaceplanes were proposed. However the first re-usable stages did not appear until the advent of the US Space Shuttle in 1981.
Early studies
During WWII the German Eugen Sänger proposed the Silbervogel ("Silverbird") suborbital skip bomber. HTOL vehicles which can reach orbital velocity are harder to design than VTOL due to their higher vehicle structural weight. This led to several multi-stage prototypes such as a suborbital X-15. Aerospaceplane being one of the first HTOL SSTO concepts. Proposals have been made to make such a vehicle more viable including:
- Rail boost (e.g. 270 m/s at 3000 m on a mountain allowing 35% less SSTO takeoff mass for a given payload in one NASA study)[9]
- Use of lifting body designs to reduce vehicle structural mass.
- Use of in-flight refueling.
During the 1960s the partially reusable multi-stage NEXUS launcher was studied by Krafft Arnold Ehricke. Philip Bono, worked at Douglas, proposed several VTOL SSTO launch vehicles including: ROOST, ROMBUS, Ithacus, Pegasus and SASSTO. Most of his vehicles combined similar innovations to achieve SSTO capability. Bono proposed:
- Plug nozzle engines to retain high specific impulse at all altitudes.
- Base first re-entry which allowed the reuse of the engine as a heat shield, lowering required heat shield mass.
- Use of spherical tanks and stubby shape to reduce vehicle structural mass further.
- Use of drop tanks to increase range.
- Use of in-orbit refueling to increase range.
Bono also proposed the use of his vehicles for space launch, rapid intercontinental military transport (Ithacus), rapid intercontinental civilian transport (Pegasus), even Moon and Mars missions (Project Selena, Project Deimos).
In Europe, Dietrich Koelle, inspired by Bono's SASSTO design, proposed his own VTVL vehicle named BETA.
Other launch system configuration designs are possible such as horizontal launch with vertical landing (HTVL) and vertical launch with horizontal landing (VTHL). One of the few HTVL vehicles is the 1960s concept spacecraft Hyperion SSTO, designed by Philip Bono.[10] X-20 Dyna-Soar is an early example of a VTHL design, while the HL-20 and X-34 are examples from the 1990s. As of February 2010, the VTHL X-37 has completed initial development and flown an initial classified orbital mission of over seven months duration. Currently proposed VTHL manned spaceplanes include the Dream Chaser and Prometheus, both circa 2010 concept spaceplanes proposed to NASA under the CCDev program.
The Space Shuttle era
The late 1960s saw the start of the Space Shuttle design process. From an initial multitude of ideas, a two-stage reusable VTHL design was pushed forward that eventually resulted in a reusable orbiter payload spacecraft and reusable solid rocket boosters. The external tank and its load frame were discarded, and the parts that were reusable took a 10,000-person group nine months to refurbish for flight. Early studies from 1980 and 1982 proposed in-space uses for the tank[11][12] but NASA never pursued those options beyond the proposal stage.
During the 1970s, further VTOL and HTOL SSTO designs were proposed for solar power satellite and military applications. There was a VTOL SSTO study by Boeing. HTHL SSTO designs included the Rockwell Star-Raker and the Boeing HTHL SSTO study. However, the focus of all space launch funding in the United States on the Shuttle killed off these prospects. The Soviet Union followed suit with Buran. Others preferred expendables for their lower design risk and lower design cost.
Eventually, the Shuttle was found to be even more expensive to operate than an expendable launch system.
The cancellation of a Shuttle-Centaur rocket after the loss of Challenger also caused a hiatus, and the United States military scrambled back towards expendables to launch their payloads. Many commercial satellite customers had already switched to expendables, due to the lack of response to customer concerns by the Shuttle launch system.
In 1986 President Ronald Reagan called for an air-breathing scramjet plane to be built by the year 2000, called NASP/X-30 that would be capable of SSTO. Based on the research from Project Copper Canyon,[13] the project failed due to severe technical issues and was canceled in 1993.
This research may have inspired the British HOTOL program, which rather than air breathing up to high hypersonic speeds as with NASP, proposed to use a pre-cooler up to Mach 5.5. The program's funding was canceled by the British government when the research identified some technical risks and indicated the proposed vehicle architecture would only be able to deliver a relatively small payload to orbit.
When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early nineties, the cost of Buran became untenable. Russia has only used pure expendables for space launch since.
Interest in developing new reusable vehicles arose during the 1990s The military Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars") program "Brilliant Pebbles" required low cost, rapid turnaround launches. From this requirement came the McDonnell Douglas Delta Clipper VTOL SSTO proposal. The DC-X prototype for Delta Clipper demonstrated rapid turnaround time, and that automatic computer control of such a vehicle was possible. It also demonstrated that a reusable space launch vehicle need not require a large standing army to maintain like the Shuttle.
In mid-1990, further British research and major re-engineering to avoid deficiencies of the HOTOL design led to the far more promising Skylon design, with a much greater payload.
From the commercial side, large satellite constellations such as Iridium satellite constellation were proposed which also demanded low-cost launches. This fueled a private launch industry, including partially reusable vehicle players, such as Rocketplane Kistler, and reusable vehicle players such as Rotary Rocket.
The end of that decade saw the implosion of the satellite constellation market with the bankruptcy of Iridium. In turn, the nascent private launch industry collapsed. The fall of the Soviet Union eventually had political ripples which led to a scaling down of ballistic missile defense, including the demise of the "Brilliant Pebbles" program. The military decided to replace their aging expendable launcher workhorses, evolved from ballistic missile technology, with the EELV program. NASA proposed riskier reusable concepts to replace the Shuttle technology, to be demonstrated under the X-33 and X-34 programs.
In the early 2000s, rising costs and teething problems led to the cancellation of both X-33 and X-34, and the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster caused another grounding of the fleet. The Shuttle design was now over 20 years old, and in need of replacement. Meanwhile, the military EELV program churned out a new generation of better expendables. The commercial satellite market was depressed due to a glut of cheap expendable rockets and a dearth of satellite payloads. The Space Shuttle retired in 2011.
21st century
Against this backdrop came the Ansari X Prize contest, inspired by the aviation contests made in the early 20th century. Many private companies competed, the winner being Scaled Composites with their reusable HTHL SpaceShipOne. It won the ten million dollars, by reaching the Kármán line twice in a two-week period. While SpaceShipOne is suborbital like the X-15, some hope the private sector can eventually develop reusable orbital vehicles given enough incentive. SpaceX is a recent player in the private launch market succeeding in converting its Falcon 9 expendable launch vehicle into a partially reusable vehicle by returning the first stage for reuse.
On 23 November 2015 the Blue Origin New Shepard rocket became the first Vertical Take-Off/Landing (VTOL) rocket to reach space by passing the Kármán line (100 kilometres), reaching 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before returning to a parachute landing.[14][4]
Three years earlier, in 2012, SpaceX had started a flight test program with experimental vehicles Grasshopper and F9R Dev1. These subsequently led to the development of the Falcon 9 re-usable rocket launcher.[15] SpaceX achieved the first vertical soft landing of a re-usable rocket stage on December 21, 2015, after helping send 11 Orbcomm OG-2 commercial satellites into low Earth orbit.[16] A refurbished booster was successfully re-used on March 30, 2017 and recovered by landing on an Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship (ASDS).[17] SpaceX now routinely recovers and reuses their first stages both on land and, using the ASDS, at sea.
As of October 2017, the only operational orbital reusable module is the SpaceX Falcon 9 core booster, which forms the first stage of the Falcon 9 and also propels the Falcon Heavy three-core version.
SpaceX is also developing a fully and more rapidly reusable launch system, the BFR. The 9-meter (30 ft) core diameter system is intended to replace both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, as well as the Dragon spacecraft, initially aiming at the Earth-orbit launch market, but explicitly adding substantial capability to support long-duration spaceflight in the cislunar and Mars mission environments.[18]
List of reusable launch systems
|Partially reusable.[19]
|Black Armadillo
|Blue Origin
|New Shepard
|Blue Origin
|New Glenn
|First stage reusable.[20][4]
|Canadian Arrow
|Canadian Arrow
|HTVL spacecraft.[10]
|partly reusable orbiter.
|Liquid Fly-back Booster
|reusable boosters for Ariane 5 with additional derivatives
|Lockheed Martin
|Lockheed Martin
|Buran-like smaller winged reusable orbiter on heavy aircraft carrier.
|Launch stage
|France, Russia
|North American
|Air launched. Retired.
|Space Shuttle
|Vertical launch. Retired.
|Silver Dart
|partially reusable.
|Reaction Engines
|SABRE air-breathing rocket engines.
|Vertical launch. Retired.
|Rotary Rocket
|Roton ATV
|Vertical launch
|Sea Dragon
|Scaled Composites
|Flew to space twice in 2004
|The Spaceship Company
|Scale model flown
|Falcon 9
|First stage reusable.
|Falcon Heavy
|Core and side boosters reusable.
|Fully reusable, capable of interplanetary transfers.
|Small winged reusable orbiter on winged hypersonic air-carrier.
|reusable launch vehicle, proposed by Ukraine[23]
|Swiss Space Systems
|Air-launched from an Airbus 300.[24][25]
|Launch stage
In 2006, the US Federal Aviation Administration issued a new regulation regarding commercial reusable launch vehicles, both suborbital and orbital, as Part 431. The text can be found under the US Federal Code at 14 CFR Part 431. The new regulation was made in anticipation of planned commercial reusable launch operations including the American companies listed above. FAA regulations only have jurisdiction within the United States and its territories, and to aircraft and spacecraft registered in the United States.
See also
- ↑ "Triamese". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ↑ "How a Combination Launch System Works - Opening the High Frontier". Opening the High Frontier. 2017-09-04. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
- ↑ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- 1 2 3 Berger, Eric. "Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk spar over gravity of Blue Origin rocket landing". Ars Technica. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ "SpaceX on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
- ↑ Sippel, M; Stappert, S; Bussler, L; Dumont, E (September 2017), "Systematic Assessment of Reusable First-Stage Return Options" (PDF), IAC-17-D2.4.4, 68th International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide, Australia.
- ↑ Chung, Winchell D. Jr. (2011-05-30). "Basic Design". Atomic Rockets. Projectrho.com. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ↑ Johnson, Sylvia (September 2012). "Thermal Protection Materials: Development, Characterization, and Evaluation" (PDF). NASA Ames Research Center.
- ↑ "The Maglifter: An Advanced Concept Using Electromagnetic Propulsion in Reducing the Cost of Space Launch". NASA. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- 1 2
Wade, Mark. "Hyperion SSTO". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
The 'Hyperion' vehicle was truly remarkable since it would have been launched horizontally and landed vertically (HTVL) — an extremely rare combination. The payload capability was 110 passengers or 18t of cargo.
- ↑ NASA-CR-195281, "Utilization of the external tanks of the space transportation system"
- ↑ "STS External Tank Station". Ntrs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ↑ "Copper Canyon". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ↑ "Blue Origin Makes Historic Reusable Rocket Landing in Epic Test Flight". Calla Cofield. Space.Com. 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ↑ Lindsey, Clark (2013-03-28). "SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2013-03-29. (Subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "SpaceX on Twitter". Twitter.
- ↑ "SpaceX successfuly launches first recycled rocket – video". Reuters. The Guardian. 31 March 2017.
- ↑ Elon Musk (29 September 2017). Becoming a Multiplanet Species (video). 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia: SpaceX. Retrieved 2017-12-31 – via YouTube.
- ↑ Airbus unveils 'Adeline' re-usable rocket concept, BBC, June 2015. Note: includes an overview of RLV systems with comparison of SpaceX, ULA and Airbus/Arianespace.
- ↑ "Commercial Crew Program Overview" (PDF). NASA. 2011-04-22. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (5 January 2015). "With Eye on SpaceX, CNES Begins Work on Reusable Rocket Stage". SpaceNews. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ History of the Phoenix VTOL SSTO and Recent Developments in Single-Stage Launch Systems, AAS 91-643, included in Proceedings of 5th ISCOPS, AAS Vol. 77, pp 329-351, November 1991, accessed 2011-01-05.
- ↑ Unmanned Transport Reusable Airborne Space Vehicle (Powerpoint)
- ↑ "Mission - Goals". S-3.ch. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ↑ www.20min.ch, www.20minuten.ch, 20 Minuten, 20 Min,. "Swiss Space in Konkurs geschickt". 20 Minuten. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
- ↑ "XCOR Lynx Suborbital Spacecraft / spaceplane". xcor.com. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ↑ Henry, Caleb (October 16, 2014). "Zero2infiniti Announces Bloostar Launch Vehicle, More than $200 Million Pre-Booked Sales". Satellite Today. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- Heribert Kuczera, et al.: Reusable space transportation systems. Springer, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-540-89180-2.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reusable manned spacecraft.
- Skyhooks and Space Elevators
- Illustration of a Space shuttle at takeoff and Orbiter (Visual Dictionary - QAInternational)


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Donald Trump has put this country in imminent jeopardy. It looks like something's coming, but what are they not telling us? Check this out.
TEXAS, UNITED STATES — In what's being called a "major training exercise," just a small fragment of this collective convoy was captured on video.
REAMS of tanks seen travelling through Texas https://t.co/kBz0vdHf2m
— towz (@Towsley88) April 20, 2017
You Normally Wouldn't See This…
According to KUSA-9 News, approximately 1,500 vehicles and 5,750 soldiers made transit to an area called Piñon Canyon, Colorado for "training," which started on April 11 and is continuing until April 22.
However, Colorado Springs Independent says the exercises will continue until May 6.
You can watch the video for yourself, below.
Here's another video, if you're interested. It's basically another vehicle showing the same thing.
Why Everyone Else Drove There…
According to these sources, not all vehicles could travel by roadway — obviously. However, those which could travel paved roads didn't take the railways.
"Equipment and vehicles that cannot be driven on roadways will be transported via railway to and from PCMS," mentions Colorado Springs Independent.
The source notes that these vehicles and soldiers are taking part in a two-week exercise called Operation Raider Focus.
Although, these aren't just soldiers and forces from Texas. The source also mentions the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 4th Combat Aviation Brigade, 4th Sustainment Brigade, Fort Carson units — as well as units from Fort Sill, Oklahoma; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; and Fort Hood, Texas.
Long train loaded with tanks and military vehicles spotted near Colorado-Wyoming border next to US Route 85 ? https://t.co/zGS1lLBdTy pic.twitter.com/G4IpuWnYRU
— Already Happened (@M3t4_tr0n) April 15, 2017
The Independent elaborates on the objective as follows.
"The training at PCMS is to prepare Soldiers for any possible mission should the unit be called to support contingencies around the globe. During the exercise, crews will train against each other using different scenarios to build team cohesion and ensure task proficiency. Approximately 1,500 military vehicles, to include 300 Stryker fighting vehicles, and 30 helicopters, to include UH-60 Black Hawks, AH-64 Apaches and CH-47 Chinooks, will be used in the exercise."
'Contingencies Around the Globe,' They Say…
With all that's going on under the ridiculous command of Donald Trump, it's really no wonder why this epic "training exercise" is happening right now.
If you don't know, Trump recently chose a new national security advisor for his staff. And, it just so happens that he — Army Lt. Gen. H.R. McMaster — has ties to Fort Carson, according to Colorado Springs Independent.
So, this guy is the national security advisor; Trump has fleets in the Korean Peninsula; America is bombing the hell out of Syria and threatening all whom are in allegiance; and we're running domestic- and foreign-related "training exercises."
USS Carl Vinson off the Korean Peninsula – #fakenews (or Robert Gates's maxim of keeping carriers beyond 2nd range of Pacific Isles)? pic.twitter.com/Az88XEZCwC
— Russian Embassy, UK (@RussianEmbassy) April 20, 2017
Yep, Folks. Something serious is coming.
But, we'd love to know your thoughts regarding the United States' (heck…the world's) future. Feel free to share your comments via our Facebook page.
[Featured Photo via Facebook]

subset: commoncrawl


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Professional Sports
Aired 5/15/1999
American cities are spending billions of dollars to lure or keep their professional sports teams, and many people are beginning to ask, is it worth it?
Read the full transcript
Mark Rosentraub
author of Major League Losers
Donnie Walsh
president of the Pacers
Jim Irsay
owner of the Indianapolis Colts
Stephen Goldsmith
Mayor of Indianapolis
Originally Aired: 5/15/1999
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I get asked from time to time — how are the kitchen cabinets holding up? It has been nearly a year since I completed my epic kitchen cabinet painting project — and for the most part — they look like they were just painted yesterday.
However if you look closely, you may be able to see some slight wear around the handles on the sink cabinet doors…
…upon closer inspection you can see that some of the paint has completely peeled away around both handles — though it is worse on the right hand side (the side where the trash can is).
Leo's facial expression pretty much says it all — ugg.
What is happening here may be a humidity/water problem. Here's how it went down: I finished painting the cabinets in late February — waiting for the appropriate amount of "cure" time before reinstalling the doors and using them. All was well until July — when we had extremely hot and humid weather for about a week. Even though we have A/C, the humidity must have affected the paint around these door handles.
The only other spot that saw any damage was the drawer next to the dishwasher where we keep the silverware. I am thinking that high heat and humid air + us touching these three knobs with sopping wet hands (when putting away still-damp dishes from the dishwasher, having wet hands from washing pots and pans or cleaning and then opening the under cabinet sink to throw wet paper towels away, get out cleaning spray, dishwasher detergent, etc) was too much for the paint job (I used water based paint). In all other areas — where we don't open the cabinets or drawers with wet hands — the cabinets look like they have been freshly painted.
So what's the solution? To repair these three spots (sand, prime, paint, let cure) and then top coat at least the area around the knob — if not the whole door — with a few coats of oil based varnish in the same sheen as the paint. Hopefully this will essentially water proof these three areas and prevent further paint damage without having a different sheen than the rest of the kitchen cabinet paint job.
Has anyone else painted kitchen cabinets and had this issue? Perhaps this is why many people recommend using oil based paint on cabinets. Regardless of the situation, I believe these three spots can be remedied and sealed to prevent further damage. While I don't much enjoy the thought of working on the cabinets again, it is only three small spots that need attention this time — much better than what I was up to at this time last year.
A homeowner's work is never done!


text: James Corden is back yet again with another guest, and this time his bought Bruno Mars with him. James famous carpool karaoke starts off with Bruno Mars and James singing "24K Magic" and does it sound amazing or what. The excitement is not just held only within the car but also with the passing fans on the streets of Los Angeles. Even the chart hit song of "uptown funk" is in this video, sing along because you are in for a treat.


text:
Spicy Taco flavored coffee is a unique and surprisingly pleasant mix of taco spices and a hearty meaty flavor. It might not be one of your traditional flavored coffees, but once you get a taste you'll wonder why other roasters haven't tried this exceptionally delightful brew! Whether you're a die-hard Mexican food lover, or you're just craving that spicy taco taste, Spicy Taco flavored coffee is a great alternative to all of that fast food.
Each batch is roasted to order and shipped on the same day, so you can be sure that your Spicy Taco coffee arrives at peak freshness and flavor.
FOR MORE INFO go to


text:
Ark Shell (aka Red Clam or Bloody Clam)
THE FACTS: The name Akagai (translated in Japanese literally as Red Shell) stems from the beautiful reddish-orange colored meat found inside. In English, Akagai is more commonly known as the "Ark Shell", because the round brown shell somewhat resembles the hull of a boat.
Akagai is really considered to be a staple Sushi ingredient, as references to its use in the cuisine date back to the times when Edomaezushi (the old world term for Sushi as eaten today) first came into existence. Fresh Akagai is notably quite tough when chewing, but this toughness combined with the unique aroma and astringent sweetness is probably the major reason for its sustaining popularity over the years.
From Winter to early Spring, Akagai is found to be at its peak for Sushi flavor fanatics, as the outer shell will be visually much darker and it's inner meat is much redder. However, as summertime approaches, the Akagai shell lightens and its meat starts to become whitish in color; as this occurs the meat becomes less tough, much thinner and quite watery, thus losing much of its fine taste.
Nutritionally, Akagai is very high in Vitamin B, Taurine and Calcium. It has also been said to be particularly beneficial in decreasing cholesterol and is considered good for aiding the recovery of fatigue.
In addition to the tasty meat of Akagai, Sushi connoisseurs take great pleasure in the adductor muscle and mantle lobes, both of which are touted as Akagai's delicacies. In fact, there are some who will claim that the crunchy mantle (also called the 'himo') is tastier than Akagai itself.
Fonte: Sushipedia https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/sushipedia/id326316017?mt=8


text:
The points for this season's time trial events have been collated and are as follows:
2014 TT points
2014 TT points (PDF)
Congratulations to George Rowntree for topping the list, and to all those who competed. Thanks also to the event organisers, and Tony Thorne for looking for providing the results.
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text:
Last week, I was in beautiful Vancouver Island, British Columbia, facilitating workshops on "Motivation" and "Trauma and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." The workshops were sponsored by Community Health Associates of British Columbia. This organization does a terrific job of bringing together, and training, skilled community health and addiction workers in First Nations communities within the province.
The first workshop I delivered was on the topic of Motivational Interviewing. Motivational Interviewing evolved from the observation that if we want to help people change their behaviour, we need to change the way we communicate with them. Also, if we want to change anything ourselves, we need to be aware of the reasons for change.
Principles of Motivation:
In researching and preparing for this workshop, here are some of the points that stood out for me on the principles of change and motivation.
- Motivation is a key to change. Throughout our lives, we discover things about ourselves (and our life) that we would like to change. However, before we start changing anything, we need to feel motivated. Without motivation, change is difficult.
- Motivation is dynamic, NOT static. An important point to remember about motivation is that it is never the same at any one time. Motivation is always evolving, just as we are always changing and evolving. People think that you either have motivation or you don't. This is not true. The truth is, a person's motivation, and the intensity of their motivation, changes for a variety of reasons.
- Motivation is influenced by internal and external factors. Our thoughts and emotions represent the internal factors that influence motivation. Our family, culture, society, and friends represent the external factors. Even though we may have the internal factors that lead us to be motivated, there may be external factors that work against us. We need to be aware of these and figure out how to listen and honour the factors that are most important to us.
- Motivation is influenced by social interactions. When I was attending graduate school, there were many times when I thought about giving up. But, I knew I would regret it if I did. So, when I felt my motivation dropping, I would surround myself with other people who knew what I was going through. My interactions with them helped strengthen my motivation to continue with my PhD and achieve my dream.
- Motivation can be modified. People can feel different levels of motivation for different behaviours, and at different times in their life. When I started blogging in 2011, I was highly motivated to write. Then, it's almost as though the motivation to write just disappeared. A few months ago, the desire to write came back. Just as I became motivated to take my business to a higher level, I also became motivated to write again. My motivation was modified based on the circumstances of my situation.
Sometimes, we feel disheartened and discouraged because we no longer feel motivated to do the things we once were highly motivated to do. When this happens, the best thing to do is to take a step back and reflect on the different reasons for why your motivation changed. Remind yourself that your motivation will return, but you need to figure out the reasons why it went away in the first place. Then, start being proactive in building it back up.
Hoping this bit of psychology helps in building your motivation for change….
Links In This Post
- Sponsors of the event: Community Health Associates of BC
- What is Motivational Interviewing?
- This site provides clinicians, trainers, supervisors with handouts and valuable information on MI.
- Here's the beautiful resort that hosted the workshops – Tigh-Na-Mara, and where I had the privilege of staying.


text:
Franchise Registry SignupGetting a log in to the Franchise Registry is easy and free of charge. Simply complete the form below including uploading your Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD).
Having a login allows you to complete your franchise profile so that your brand will appear when searched for by lenders and prospective franchisees alike. More than 50,000 prospective franchisees, lenders, suppliers and industry executives visit the site each month. The Franchise Registry is used to validate that you have a viable and thriving franchise.
In addition, once you have a login, you may signup for additional tools that will asist your franchisees in getting the financing they need. You may have your franchisee agreement reviewed to ensure that franchisees can take advantage of SBA financing; you may choose to have FRANdata complete a Bank Credit Report on your brand, thereby providing lenders the information they need to even consider a loan to your franchisees; finally you may subscribe to the Find-A-Lender service where you are able to connect with and build relationships with lenders who will make loans to your franchisees.
If you have problems or questions completing this form please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800.485.9570.
Lenders/Franchisors Login
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text:
Hillary Clinton takes every opportunity to tell the American people that Donald Trump is racist and Islamaphobic because he wants to stop Muslim refugees from Syria coming into the Unites States until a better vetting process is in place.
She refuses to use the term 'radical Islamic terrorist', but, according to a recently released Wikileaks email, she has no problem privately referring to them as "sand niggers" in her emails.
RETRACTION: Earlier today we posted this article and said that Hillary Clinton used the words "Sand Nigger" in an email. After careful review, we have determined that Hillary did not say that, it was said by David Grossman, one of Israel's foremost novelists in an article he wrote for Haaretz, a leading Israeli and Middle East news publication. Upon closer review of the actual Wikileaks email (below), we were able to ascertain that the article was translated for Hillary Clinton, and she requested it be printed for her.
Please accept our sincere apology for the error in misreporting the facts.
According to Miniplanet ,It is keep getting worse for the Democratic nominee.
Hillary Clinton, who prides herself on her love of Muslims and Islam and being against "racism" while accusing Donald Trump (and most other people she does not like) of being a "racist" was just caught in the latest Wikileaks data dump calling Muslims "sand niggers" in her private emails:
"And what happened when the van reached the Maccabim checkpoint [not far from Jerusalem -tr]? I read in the newspaper that an argument ensued with the Israeli checkpoint commander, and that he refused to accept the patient.
Did Omar hear the argument about him from within the van, or did they drag him out of the van and plonked him in front of the commander, replete with catheter, nappy and hospital gown for a rapid overall assessment by the latter? And the commander said no. And yalla! We are on our way again. So they returned to van, and they kept on going.
And now the guys in the van are perhaps not quite as nice before, because it is getting late and they want to get back and wonder what have they done to have deserved copping this sand nigger and what are they going to do with him now. If the Maccabim checkpoint rejected him, there was no way in which the Atarot checkpoint will take him.
It is now pitch black outside and by the by, while traveling on Route 45, between the Ofer military base to the Atarot checkpoint, a thought or a suggestion pops up. Perhaps someone said something and nobody argued against, or perhaps someone did argue back but the one who came up with the original suggestion carried more weight.
Or perhaps there was no argument, someone said something and someone else felt that this is precisely what needs to be done, and one of them says to the driver, pull over for a moment, not here, it's too well lit, stop there. You, yes you, move it, get your arse into gear you piece of shit – thanks to you our van stinks; you ruined our evening, get going! What do you mean to where? Go there."
Read the full email HERE.
Photo: Bing


text:
Attorney Que Hirschi has practiced immigration law for over 16 years. Mr. Hirschi handles all types of U.S. immigration matters including temporary and short-term work visas, business visas, permanent residence (employment-based and family-based) and naturalization. He regularly represents clients in matters before the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Embassies and consular posts abroad.
His practice compromises all aspects of business immigration law including policy drafting, employee trainings, corporate restructurings, workforce enforcement and compliance issues. He has advised and worked on numerous corporate Mergers & Acquisitions and other corporate restructurings. Mr. Hirschi provides guidance on the immigration consequences and how to retain foreign national employees with the newly acquired companies including a focus on critical employees in Merger and Acquisition transactions. He has developed comprehensive immigration policies specifically for large, medium and small companies with a focus on goals for improving recruiting and retention of foreign nationals while reducing the costs of immigration sponsorship overall.
Client Reviews
A Very Intelligent, Trustworthy and Knowledgeable Immigration Attorney
"As a client, it was a wonderful experience having my immigration case represented by Mr. Que Hirschi, (a senior attorney with extensive experience and knowledge) as all my immigration cases were approved without any hassle. My H1B case- Approved without any issue/RFE and my green card under EB2 category- Approved without any issue/RFE. Thus, I recommend Mr. Que Hirschi as the best attorney without any reservations."
- Robinson Sharma, Cleveland, Ohio
Read More Reviews
Skype Consultations Available!
Mr. Hirschi has advised clients regarding layoffs and reductions in force and developed a Corporate Immigration Global Mobility Policy on behalf of a large Information Technology Company. Mr. Hirschi has a unique perspective which very few immigration attorneys have. He was In-house Senior Immigration Counsel at a large global corporation for several years. This experience provided him with the perspective and understanding of employment based immigration from the employers and employee's point of view.
While he was In-house Counsel he worked directly with the Legal Department, HR, Recruiting and Global offices and was responsible for all U.S. related immigration matters and the movement of personnel around the globe. He is a member of the State Bar of California and admitted to practice in the United States District Courts for the Central District of California. Que's professional memberships include the American Immigration Lawyers Association and the Immigration Section of the Los Angeles County Bar Association.


text:
Most applications need to know the identity of a user. Knowing a user's identity allows an app to provide a customized experience and grant them permissions to access their data. The process of proving a user's identity is called authentication. Firebase provides a full set of authentication options out-of-the-box.
When a user authenticates to a Firebase app, three things happen:
- Information about the user is returned in callbacks on the client device. This allows you to customize your app's user experience for that specific user.
The user information returned contains a
uid(a unique ID), which is guaranteed to be distinct across all providers, and to never change for a specific authenticated user.
The value of the
authvariable in your app's Security and Firebase Rules becomes defined. This variable is
nullfor unauthenticated users, but for authenticated users it is an object containing the user's unique (
auth.uid) and potentially other data about the user. This allows you to securely control data access on a per-user basis.
Once a user authenticates to your app, Firebase manages their session, ensuring that the user is remembered across browser or application restarts.
Firebase apps have built-in support for logging in with email & password, social login providers such as Facebook, Google, Twitter, and GitHub, and single-session anonymous login. Apps that use Firebase's built-in auth services can handle user login entirely with client-side code, saving you time and the headache of operating your own backend.
If you have existing server-side authentication or single sign-on, you can also easily integrate it with Firebase. Download one of our helper libraries to generate authentication tokens on your own servers.
Login is now a core feature of Firebase clients. Simple Login has been deprecated and documentation for this client is now available on Github.
Setup an Authentication Provider
Here is a list of the providers that Firebase applications support. Select the one that fits your needs, and follow the provider-specific steps to set it up.
|Generate your own login tokens. Use this to integrate with existing authentication systems. You can also use this to authenticate server-side workers.
|Email & Password
|Let Firebase manage passwords for you. Register and authenticate users by email & password.
|Build user-centric functionality without requiring users to share their personal information. Anonymous authentication generates a unique identifier for each user that lasts as long as their session.
|Authenticate users with Facebook by writing only client-side code.
|Authenticate users with Twitter by writing only client-side code.
|Authenticate users with GitHub by writing only client-side code.
|Authenticate users with Google by writing only client-side code.
Configuring Login
For security reasons, if you're using a web-based OAuth flow (Facebook, Twitter, Github, or Google), only domains that you whitelist are allowed to initiate authentication for your app. This does not apply to Email & Password, Anonymous, or Custom authentication methods.
All Firebase applications have
localhost and
127.0.0.1 enabled by default for local development and testing. They also include
https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseapp.com as an authorized origin in case
you want to utilize Firebase Hosting.
Add more authorized origins to enable authentication from domains where you host your app.
- Navigate to the App Dashboard for your application.
- Open the Login & Auth tab.
- Add all of the domains that host your app to the Authorized Domains field.
Enabling Providers
Next, you need to enable the provider for your Firebase app.
- Go to the Account Dashboard.
- Select your Firebase app.
- Choose the Login & Auth tab.
- Find the Authentication Providers section.
- Select a tab for a provider and enable authentication.
- If you're using a social login provider, like Facebook, copy your client ID and secret into the form.
The Firebase app is all set up for your provider. It's time to code.
Monitoring User Authentication State
Use the
onAuth() method to listen for changes in user authentication state.
// Create a callback which logs the current auth state
function authDataCallback(authData) {
if (authData) {
console.log("User " + authData.uid + " is logged in with " + authData.provider);
} else {
console.log("User is logged out");
// Register the callback to be fired every time auth state changes
var ref = new Firebase("https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com");
To stop listening for changes, you can use
Additionally, you can use the
getAuth() method to synchronously check authentication state.
var ref = new Firebase("https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com");
var authData = ref.getAuth();
if (authData) {
console.log("User " + authData.uid + " is logged in with " + authData.provider);
} else {
console.log("User is logged out");
Persisting User Auth State
When a user authenticates, the default session length is 24 hours from initial authentication. This means that the user's authentication state will automatically be persisted between page loads. You can configure the session length by navigating to the Login & Auth section of your Firebase App Dashboard and configuring the Session Length dropdown on the top right. Every auth provider has an optional
remember parameter.
remember is set to
default, the session will last for the time you've configured in your App Dashboard. You can set
remember to
sessionOnly to limit persistence to the lifetime of the current window. The session length will be the same across all authentication providers you're using. If you're using an
onAuth() callback, it will be triggered when a user reloads a page as long as their session has not expired.
Logging Users In
The code to authenticate a user varies by provider and transport method, but they all have similar signatures and accept a callback function. Use it to handle errors and process the results of a successful login.
// Create a callback to handle the result of the authentication
function authHandler(error, authData) {
if (error) {
console.log("Login Failed!", error);
} else {
console.log("Authenticated successfully with payload:", authData);
// Authenticate users with a custom authentication token
ref.authWithCustomToken("<token>", authHandler);
// Alternatively, authenticate users anonymously
// Or with an email/password combination
email : 'email@example.com',
password : 'correcthorsebatterystaple'
}, authHandler);
// Or via popular OAuth providers ("facebook", "github", "google", or "twitter")
ref.authWithOAuthPopup("<provider>", authHandler);
ref.authWithOAuthRedirect("<provider>", authHandler);
Tokens issued to the authenticated users are valid for 24 hours by default. You can change this from the Login & Auth tab on the App Dashboard.
Logging Users Out
unauth() invalidates the user's token and logs them out of your application:
If you had previously used the
onAuth() method to listen for authentication state,
your callback would now be invoked with
null for
Storing User Data
Internally, Firebase apps generate JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) and create authenticated sessions by
Firebase.loginWithCustomToken() with those tokens. Each user is assigned
uid (unique ID), a
String which is guaranteed to be distinct across all providers, and to never change for
a specific authenticated user.
Applications do not automatically store profile or user state. To persist user data you must save it to your database. The callback function will return an object containing the data for the authenticated user, which you can then write to your database.
In the code sample below, we authenticate the user, and then store user data in the path
https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com/users/<uid>, where
users/ is any arbitrary path to store user data, and
<uid> represents the unique id obtained from the authentication data.
This code saves a user's information after they authenticate, using the
uid as
the key for the user's profile.
// we would probably save a profile when we register new users on our site
// we could also read the profile to see if it's null
// here we will just simulate this with an isNewUser boolean
var isNewUser = true;
var ref = new Firebase("https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com");
ref.onAuth(function(authData) {
if (authData && isNewUser) {
// save the user's profile into the database so we can list users,
// use them in Security and Firebase Rules, and show profiles
provider: authData.provider,
name: getName(authData)
// find a suitable name based on the meta info given by each provider
function getName(authData) {
switch(authData.provider) {
case 'password':
return authData.password.email.replace(/@.*/, '');
case 'twitter':
return authData.twitter.displayName;
case 'facebook':
return authData.facebook.displayName;
When a user is saved using the above code, the
/users/ node looks something like this:
"users": {
"c20f3bea-906f-4cd6-b38a-175bb4506287": {
"provider": "password",
"name": "bobtony"
"1376ecee-fc04-4809-9de9-ff41747e12a7": {
"provider": "twitter",
"name": "Andrew Lee"
"9550be91-ab5d-41c1-8cd0-24c883586071": {
"provider": "facebook",
"name": "James Tamplin"
Since the user's
uid property is unique, it is the recommended key for storing users.
Dealing with Popups and Redirects
Firebase apps support three different ways to authenticate with OAuth providers - via pop-up, browser redirect, or credential login.
Third-party authentication methods use a browser pop-up window, or browser redirect, to prompt the user to sign-in, approve the application, and return the user's data to the requesting application.
Most modern browsers block pop-up windows unless they are invoked by direct user action.
Therefore, we should only invoke the
authWithOAuthPopup() method for third-party authentication upon the
user's click.
Note: Browser popups and redirects are not available on all platforms or browser environments.
Popups are not available in Chrome for iOS, iOS Preview Panes, or local,
file:// URLs.
Redirects are not available in PhoneGap / Cordova, or local,
file:// URLs. Therefore, it
is recommended that you use a combination of both authentication methods to cover all environments:
var ref = new Firebase("https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com");
// prefer pop-ups, so we don't navigate away from the page
ref.authWithOAuthPopup("google", function(error, authData) {
if (error) {
if (error.code === "TRANSPORT_UNAVAILABLE") {
// fall-back to browser redirects, and pick up the session
// automatically when we come back to the origin page
ref.authWithOAuthRedirect("google", function(error) { /* ... */ });
} else if (authData) {
// user authenticated with Firebase
Handling Errors
When your app calls an authentication method, you pass it a callback. This function
is invoked with the result of the authentication attempt, either an
error or
authData object.
All errors are
Error objects containing at least
code and
message attributes.
In some cases, additional information will be provided via the
details attribute. For example:
code: "TRANSPORT_UNAVAILABLE",
message: "There are no login transports available for the requested method.",
details: "More details about the specific error here."
In some cases you may want to explicitly check for specific errors to notify your user, or prompt them to login again. For example, if you're using email & password authentication, you would want to check for an invalid email or password:
var ref = new Firebase("https://<YOUR-FIREBASE-APP>.firebaseio.com");
email : "firstname.lastname@example.com",
password : "invalid-password"
}, function(error, authData) {
if (error) {
switch (error.code) {
case "INVALID_EMAIL":
console.log("The specified user account email is invalid.");
case "INVALID_PASSWORD":
console.log("The specified user account password is incorrect.");
case "INVALID_USER":
console.log("The specified user account does not exist.");
console.log("Error logging user in:", error);
} else {
console.log("Authenticated successfully with payload:", authData);
Authentication Sample App
This interactive demo demonstrates registration and login. Once the user is logged in, we save that user information to a users location in our database and take them to a screen showing all the registered users in the system.
Full Error Listing
|Error Code
|The requested authentication provider is disabled for this Firebase application.
|The new user account cannot be created because the specified email address is already in use.
|The specified credentials are malformed or incomplete. Please refer to the error message, error details, and Firebase documentation for the required arguments for authenticating with this provider.
|The requested authentication provider is misconfigured, and the request cannot complete. Please confirm that the provider's client ID and secret are correct in your App Dashboard and the app is properly set up on the provider's website.
|The specified authentication credentials are invalid. This may occur when credentials are malformed or expired.
|The specified email is not a valid email.
|A security error occurred while processing the authentication request. The web origin for the request is not in your list of approved request origins. To approve this origin, visit the Login & Auth tab in your App Dashboard.
|The specified user account password is incorrect.
|The requested authentication provider does not exist. Please consult the Firebase Authentication documentation for a list of supported providers.
|The specified authentication token is invalid. This can occur when the token is malformed, expired, or the Firebase app secret that was used to generate it has been revoked.
|The specified user account does not exist.
|An error occurred while attempting to contact the authentication server.
|A third-party provider error occurred. Please refer to the error message and error details for more information.
|The requested login method is not available in the user's browser environment. Popups are not available in Chrome for iOS, iOS Preview Panes, or local,
file:// URLs. Redirects are not available in PhoneGap / Cordova, or local,
file:// URLs.
|An unknown error occurred. Please refer to the error message and error details for more information.
|The current authentication request was cancelled by the user.
|The user did not authorize the application. This error can occur when the user has cancelled an OAuth authentication request.


text:
Hi there
Today started out as a good one, everything seemed to be working the usual way...'till DS came back crying from school.
How I hate school....
It's just so wrong the way they try to stuff notions and more notions in kids' heads. Little or no attention to who the kid is, what inclination he or she has. They just want them made into little soldiers, acting in the very same way and conforming to the old and wrong (most of them) standards of society. It's all about rules and tests and "vomiting out" on request all they learned by heart . You fail in that, you're out.
Ds is at school every morning and comes home for lunch. At around 13.30 he starts studying and doing his school homework. 13 subjects to be learned, 2 foreign languages among them. Believe me when I say, it takes him 4-5 hours each afternoon to have it all done. Not to mention that with the end of the first 4 months term , oral and written tests take place two or three times a week and these need some extra study-time.
And since life for a 11 years boy should not be only school lets add a Taekwon do training twice a week.
I feel so sad..... almost depressed.
I'd love to spend some time with my son doing something fun, something that bonds us together, not only school stuff and not only me getting mad at him to have it all done on time.
I feel like I'm losing his childhood, losing him... gosh ... I'm on the verge of tears....
When he's finally done with school, it's seven or eight in the evening and he rightfully just wants to relax playing with his construction bricks or with his game console, watching cartoons or reading a comic.
To add a new stone to my basket today he was beaten at school too.
The nightmare starts again, when will it be over? When? I just want this all to come to an end.
He lent a pencil to a boy in the class and at the end of the lesson he asked to have it back. I do not know what happened in between but he was punched in the eye by this boy and all the reaction he had when he got this reported to the teacher was the request to both to keep their hands in their pockets.
I was infuriated when he told me so, teachers know his past, how he already suffered at primary school because of bullism, nevertheless here we are again.
I was infuriated with him too, 5 years martial arts, black belt examination next May, and he got punched by another 11 year old boy in the classroom? What was all that training for? He said :" I did not want to be in the wrong so I opted not to punch him back but choose to go to the teacher"
Yeah, good boy..... but she did nothing....
This is what I learned: to be fair and act good , is correct but in the real world you have to be the one who punch first and harder if you want to survive otherwise they'll just step over you.
Sad, wrong, unfair but true.
Shall I teach him this lesson too? I don't want to...my child is wiser than I am, he and, I hope, more children like him are going to build a better world, a safer and right one...despite all this.
On to scrapbooking, the new kit by Scrap'Angie is called Purple Poison and it's sold in two parts at Digital Crea in the collection "les Essentiels":
available at:
My pages:
Photo from Pixabay
Photo from Pixabay, template: SS21-16jan16lunes by AMarieT found on the blog Les Petits cadeaux de Badadou
The freebie:
As usual all my creations are for free and for personal use only.
All I'm asking is a little bit of patience in reading this post's few lines to find the download link which is hidden in the post.
Once you reach the linked word and you move your mouse over it, it gets highlighted or changes color (it depends on how you browser setting regarding links are configured). Click it and you will be taken to 4shared.
You will be prompted for a password. The password is: speranza
PS: if you don't find the link (it's there I grant this) drop me a note or a comment but give me a way to contact you back... , I will be more than happy to help you out as this is not a treasure hunt, it's just a way to let you read my post.
Please leave a comment, a little love is always appreciated!


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Since the last MPS beta we have collected feedback and added a number of improvement. Today, we release MPS beta 3.
Major changes in Beta 3:
- New editor layout. Now we have indent layout which allows to present text in more text-like way. This is especially noticeable in closures' and anaonymous classes' editors.
You are welcome to download MPS Beta 3, try it and let us know your feedback.


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Due to the need for urgent surgery, I managed to miss out on seeing Circus Flora this year. I'm disappointed, but know that as sick as I was the last few weeks, I'd have missed more than I'd have enjoyed.
There's always next year. I'm bummed, but I'll live.
Monday, June 23, 2008
Missed Flora
Due to the need for urgent surgery, I managed to miss out on seeing Circus Flora this year. I'm disappointed, but know that as sick as I was the last few weeks, I'd have missed more than I'd have enjoyed.
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
Celebrity Circus - NBC
Well, what a joke this show is. Within the first three weeks it's devolved into a contest to see who can be the snarkiest performer. The judges are pretty brutal, which they should be. Circus arts is not an easy thing, even for skilled and experienced performers.
These are celebrities trying to pretend they are circus stars, and it looks just about as ridiculous as you'd expect. Not a one of them has the fluid, relaxed look of circus performers; to say they look like wooden dolls is an understatement.
But honestly, the show would be great to watch if they'd all just shut their mouths and stop smarting off to the judges, and acting like big-headed wrestling stars when they talk about their competition.
As my daughter would say, "It's redonculous."
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
Contact Juggling
We are all impressed by different tricks. For me, it's anything done with the hands, especially closeup magic and more recently, contact juggling. I gave my husband a training contact ball and video for Christmas in hopes that he would want to learn it. It is absolutely amazing to watch.
I'm embedding a video of a street (park) performer doing some of the most amazing tricks with a contact juggling ball that I've ever seen. He is really, really good.
Monday, June 09, 2008
Time for Flora!!
I can't believe Circus Flora has been open for a week and I have yet to see a show. I didn't even get to watch the tent raising or interview the performers. The timing was just off this year, as I was getting ready for another major event and also dealing with some health issues of my own while dealing with some of my older parents' issues as well.
But, my hubby and I will get down to see Flora before it leaves. I hope I'll get to go twice, but I'll just have to see how things go. Tater, of course, will have to come with us, I can't go see Flora without her!
The show's theme this year is Sherwood Forest. I am looking forward to seeing it!
Out with C&M, in with KM
I've been following the adventures of Ben Trumble, sometime Patch and circus worker, who I discovered last year was keeping a great online diary about mudshows. Last year he was traveling with Carson and Barnes, one of the classier of the mud shows, and I very much enjoyed his "inside information" as he went along.
This year, he joined Culpepper Merriweather, a bit of a rag-tag operation that somehow manages to tour every year. My husband toured with them several years ago and left that circus under less-than-ideal circumstances. I've seen CM's shows, and all I can really say without being too insulting about it is that the show is seedy. Their tents, trucks, and some of their workers just show so much wear and dis-repair that it is difficult to let the magic take over. It is sad to see a circus traveling that way, not only because the audience deserves better, but because the performers and workers to, too.
But Ben must be brave, he went out with C&M, and made a good try of it. He was driving the truck that hauled the seat wagon, as well as pitching in elsewhere as needed. A third of the way through the season, he left C&M and went home. He has not shared a lot of details publicly, but reading between the lines gives one the assumption that things were not all roses and butterflies on C&M, and there were creative differences that made it impossible for Ben to remain with the show.
A few weeks later, and Ben has found his way to another circus, one of my personal favorites. He is now traveling with Kelly Miller, a show owned by John Ringling North. KM is one of my personal favorite mudshows; their equipment looks pristine, their tent is immaculate, and they have some of the prettiest Asian elephants I've seen. I'm looking forward to hearing more from Ben in the future. You can read Ben's travels at A Mudshow Season.
Quick, The Elephants Escaped!!
Last week in the news was a short blurb about elephants escaping from a traveling circus in Kansas. My hubby and I looked at the pictures of the two elephants and said, "Hey, we know those elephants!"
Turns out it was Congo and Kamba, owned by Doug Terranova and on tour with the Culpepper and Merriweather Great Combine Circus. There was no film footage, as this was a tiny little town. It barely got a mention in the paper, and the only pictures were from a homeowner who went outside to find them in her yard.
According to the report, one elephant was coaxed back onto the truck, the other had to be tranquilized before she would cooperate. And I know which is which...Kamba is a sweetheart and would follow anyone with a bag of apples to share. Congo is a mean old girl and does nothing she doesn't want to do.
Hubby and I had a great laugh over the incident. I'm sure for the residents of the tiny little town, finding elephants in the back yard grazing on your begonias would be quite shocking. It reminds me of some of the stories I heard when doing research for Without A Net, and how the circus patch often had to pay out to a homeowner or farmer when a bull got loose and trashed a field or flower garden.
The truth is, they are relatively harmless. As long as there is something to eat, they can be easily distracted and taken back to where they belong.


text: The official language of Skiathos is Greek, and it's been spoken continuously for over 3,500 years across Greece's islands and mainland. Due to the island's tourism basic English is spoken by locals across the island, particularly in the most heavily populated areas. But click on the green icons above to hear how the most useful Greek phrases are said and use them on your next Skiathos holiday.


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If you prefer to grow on straw, this the mushroom for you. These firm, fleshy brown mushrooms are cultivated throughout the world and fruit in slightly warmer conditions than the JD strain of Pleurotus ostreatus.
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text: Don't get scammed by a real estate scammer, they are prowling around on Craigslist and have been stealing lots of potential property buyers and property renters out of their hard earned cash. How do they do it? Well there are several different versions of the scam going around but they tend to have a common strategy and that is to get you to wire them money for either a deposit or earnest money. Gloria Frazier, a well respected real estate broker in Destin Florida said "it is best to deal with a legitimate company, especially when renting a home because you never know who you are dealing with. Using a property management company can make sure both the lessor and the lessee are protected, it is not worth the risk not to use one." Gloria is the broker for ERA American in Florida.


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I don't know when I started enjoying awards shows, but for one reason or another, I do. And while watching the Emmy's last night, I was in awe of actress Olivia Wilde's [House] Marchesa gown. Not only was it innovative (that is a sheen fabric wherever you see skin around her chest, abdomen, and back), but it was also stunning - a tricky combination. And she looked stunning in it, standing out among the waves of beautiful celebrities walking the red carpet.
The detailed leaf-like pieces of fabric give the gown its ethereal look.
While I love exposed zippers, it does not work here making this is my least favorite part of the dress. I think a zipper up the side would have been better with just a sheer back.
The Marchesa gown was unveiled on runways just last week as part of the designer's spring 2010 line. I think Olivia looks a million times better. This lady just needs a cheeseburger. But that's my two cents.
Other sparkly gems Olivia's rocked
My other favorite. Very old Hollywood glam. 2008 Emmys.
2008 Golden Globes. Love the color.


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So I wasn't even sure if it was worth doing this, seeing as how I'm a lazy bum who only had one thing published last year. But according to Sources it was a Big Thing, and worth remarking on, and I am nothing if not susceptible to peer pressure.
The one thing was my pulp novelette, And You Shall Know Her By The Trail Of Dead, published in Lightspeed Magazine last February, now nearly a year (good god) gone. Over at Tor.com, Amal El-Mohtar called it an "amazing … no-holds-barred pulp action cuss-fest." Max Gladstone's extremely generous review at Goodreads (first time I've ever had something up for review at Goodreads, natch) says, "it's the kind of action you only find in prose, beautiful with sharp edges." Rich Horton of Locus, who picked it up for the Year's Best Science Fiction and Fantasy 2016, writes that the lead's voice is, "profane, vulnerable, and very darkly funny … well-executed, with a perfect, twisty ending." Bubbajoe123456 of the io9 comments section says that "all the characters sound like they have tourettes."
It's big and violent and sort of silly and it took me three years to finish writing the damn thing, but there is a lot of me in this story, and a lot of my heart, and that probably says more about who I am than I initially wanted to admit in public. 'And You Shall Know Her By The Trail Of Dead' is eligible for Best Novelette on both the Nebula and Hugo ballots, so if you enjoyed it or were moved by it or just really like f-bombs and think fun stories can also have big dumb hearts inside their gunpowder-stained chests, go ahead and give it one of your slots, with much thanks for your consideration.


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Grace Cavalieri Presents Five Books of Poetry
Book World is pleased to present a special poetry month Short Stack by poet and playwright Grace Cavalieri, founder of the public radio series "The Poet and the Poem" -- celebrating its 32nd year on the air -- which she hosts and produces from the Library of Congress. The Annapolis resident's most recent book of poems is Anna Nicole: Poems, and her latest play, also about the late Anna Nicole Smith, is "Beverly Hills, Texas," now in development in New York City.
If, as we often hear, few people read poetry, then why do I have 50 new volumes sitting on my desk? Is it because poets don't read the stats? Don't care if there is no stall in the marketplace? Maybe poetry would like to be noticed but doesn't depend on it. I could be over stating, but one fact is true: the record of human sensibilities is found in poetry. From early times, it is not the land deal or the cattle sale we look to but how people felt and what they thought.
Whatever the reason, poetry continues to flourish. It's a marvelous way to live and that's why most of us do it. Imagine noticing things for a living. Imagine taking language and standing it on end, turning it around, making it new. Imagine taking words and rinsing them off. Here are five recent books that rinse language beautifully for me. Two of these books, by Spicer and Guest, are posthumous collections.
1. My Vocabulary Did This To Me: The Collected Poetry of Jack Spicer, edited by Peter Gizzi and Kevin Killian.
Here is a book where the blurb on the back actually tells the truth: "The essential collection of a highly original American poet." I'd read single poems of Spicer but had no idea of the scope of his work. He died in 1965 and did pioneer work writing about gay life before it was welcome reading. There is a femme phobic poem or two, and a few addressing homosexuality, but that's not his choice of emphasis. It is a book about love, and said in every language the human mind can fathom. Spicer talks to himself, he talks to us, he talks to the dead. Spicer was an intellectual with a hefty knowledge of the classics so there is plenty to satisfy a reader who likes the last layer in a poem. What I cannot get over is Spicer's ability to write every which way without restraint. I don't know where I read that H.L. Humes' dead father appeared to him in a dream and described life hereafter as finally "getting out of a white suit." This book gets out of a white suit.
2. All That Lies Between Us, by Maria Mazziotti Gillan.
This book just won an American Book Award. Maria Mazziotti Gillan is a straight ahead narrative poet. She's an autobiographical poet. There is forthright beauty in the declarative poem, but it's never an actual picture, because poetry transforms. The reportage of "a life" -- growing up, getting married, raising children -- is nothing we'd care about unless the reality turns into a dream by the writer's hand. I like the way ancestry, family, and ritual rearrange themselves from anecdote, without apology. The poems are colloquial and conversational with an abundance of feeling. This poetry is like eating in an old familiar restaurant instead of one with neon lights and hard chairs.
3. Voices, by Lucille Clifton.
Lucille Clifton talks of race and history. We love her for her humor, parody, and her remembering mind. This new book, just out in paperback, is characteristic of the work we've known -- spare slender poems; a long one is 20 lines. There is a nice feature, a section of Zen-like meditations on ox herding from a series of Asian silk screen illustrations. How, early on, an African American woman in Baltimore raised six children and stayed faithful to the word and to the poem, makes you glad. She won the National Book Award for her previous book, Blessing the Boats, and is a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. Clifton remains steadfast to her literature, writing without ambivalence, saying exactly what she wants, the way she wants.
4. The Collected Poems of Barbara Guest, edited by Hadley Haden Guest.
A lifetime of work cannot be over praised. In a way, language is given to the care of poets so we take this seriously, and read it as one long proposition of human consequence. Most poets write because they have something they want you to hear; others write to play with language. Guest moves away from linear poetry to a more discursive truth. She's not afraid of invisible bridges. She's not afraid the reader will fall off. Her power comes from taking things apart and making something new, arranging words so illumination comes from dismantling, not from sequence. She was an experimental writer breaking new ground with the New York School of poets and painters. I like her because in the 1950's when women were wearing gloves, she took hers off and slugged it out with the literary world and those who owned it.
5. What Goes On: Selected and New Poems 1995-2009, by Stephen Dunn.
Stephen Dunn won the Pulitzer Prize, and has fourteen collections of poetry. Now we have some of the best of these poems along with new creations. He is elegant in thought, word and deed. If this sounds too much like poetry orthodoxy, no, I'd say there's nothing predictable in Dunn's work. The most rewarding characteristic is narrative suspense; the most attractive, his authenticity; the most enviable, his gentle control. There's something reassuring about a poet who is in complete charge of the form. Never a lump under the mattress, never a wrinkle in his shirt. Dunn's subjects and poetics entice us. It's the same voice we've always known. And in a turbulent world, the truth of him quiets me down.
-- Grace Cavalieri
By Mary Ishimoto Morris |
April 23, 2009; 12:15 PM ET
Mary Morris
Previous: An Interview with Pulitzer-Prize Winner W.S. Merwin | Next: The Speed Read
Please email us to report offensive comments.
How refreshing to read reviews of poetry written in the sparkling clean, well-rinsed language of poetry praised so eloquently by Grace Cavalieri. As our civilization sheds what is loathsome and reclaims some of our simpler lost treasures, it's heartening to think that poetry might once more belong to everyone--that its power to enlighten and redeem, enchant and inform, can become part of our human birthright again. Let us teach our children to learn poetry by heart again. Let more poets learn to recite their own verses by heart. Let us remember that poetry and song have always been interwoven, and that poetry--as much as music--belongs to every man, woman, and child.
Posted by: bqwriter | April 24, 2009 1:06 PM
Thank you for your comment, BQWriter.
Hear! Hear!
Posted by: marymorris | April 28, 2009 5:35 PM
"Grace Cavalieri has devoted her career to promoting other poets. She gives selflessly of herself and works tirelessly in a world where most people only care about self-promotion. I wonder where poetry and poets would be today, if it were not for Grace's generous spirit—she is the guardian angel of poets and poetry.
lovely e-mail message from Avideh Shashaani, posted with permission
Posted by: marymorris | April 29, 2009 3:58 PM
The comments to this entry are closed.


text: DigitalRose Art Museum Surprises All By Closing Doors, Planning to Sell Off Its Entire CollectionBy Steve Delahoyde|January 29, 2009 ShareBy Steve Delahoyde|January 29, 2009 ShareAs the museum world continues to struggle to keep afloat with lower attendance and much fewer endowments, we've seen the idea of selling pieces from collections become a more appealing idea within museum administrations, much to the disdain of many. But sometimes the whole thing happens much more quickly than just flirting with the idea or selling off a piece here and there for a little extra working capital. Such is the case at Brandeis University's Rose Art Museum who surprised nearly everyone by suddenly deciding to close their doors and sell off their entire collection immediately. The university's president and its trustees were the only ones who knew about the closure and sale, which shocked the museum's board, its director, and the staff, who are all now furious about the decision. And now, due to outcry and the unprecedented action taken by the university's leadership, the Massachusetts attorney general's office has decided to investigate:Emily LaGrassa, director of communications for the state attorney general, Martha Coakley, said that Brandeis had informed the office on Monday of its decision, but had not consulted with the attorney general in advance. The attorney general has approval powers over certain actions of nonprofit institutions in the state.Ms. LaGrassa said that in the case of Brandeis, the attorney general would review wills and agreements made between the museum and the estates of donors to determine if selling artworks violated the terms of donations. "We have not yet offered any opinion on any aspect of the proposed sales," she said, adding, "We do expect this to be a lengthy process." Sharehttp://adweek.it/2kO6Okw copy Adweek Adweek


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Narrator: Bianca Amato, Jill Tanner
Published by Simon & Schuster Audio on 9/11/06
Genres: Literary Fiction
Book: B+
Narration: A-
The Thirteenth Tale is a compelling and atmospheric story-within-a-story with Gothic elements that both repulse and draw the reader in. The core mystery is served up in bits and pieces, the writing is excellent, and the story is skillfully delivered by dual narrators. This audiobook was an engaging listen and has placed Bianca Amato on my list of favorite narrators.
Margaret Lea's life has been steeped in books. In addition to being a devout reader, she is an amateur biographer and a bookseller's daughter who assists her father with antique book acquisitions. When she is contacted by Vida Winter and invited to write the famous author's biography, she is intrigued but reluctant. Vida Winter is best known for the sheer variety of life-stories she has given interviewers and for her collection of short stories that was supposed to contain thirteen tales but was published with twelve. When Margaret journeys to the Yorkshire moors to meet with Ms. Winter, she is promised the truth of the writer's past. As her tale of privileged but disturbed siblings, twin baby girls, and the haunted estate of Angelfield House where ghosts can be glimpsed in mirrors begins to unwind, the listener smoothly navigates between Vida Winter's life both past and present as well as Margaret's life and her troubled past as a woman whose twin died at birth.
The Thirteenth Tale is both an homage to the books that become touchstones for us as well as a Gothic-flavored ghost story. There's a sense throughout the book that it's the stories we don't tell that haunt us and this theme runs through the life of all the characters. Vida Winter has been making up stories her entire adult life. Some stories were created for entertainment and profit and some as method of holding the world at one remove but her past is also full of stories too horrible to be told. Margaret is comforted by the books she's been reading since she was a young girl (most notably Jane Eyre) and tormented by the story that was never told to her. She uncovered evidence of her dead twin on her own at an early age and her sense of herself as incomplete is often mentioned. I found her focus on this and on the seeming betrayal by her parents to be an irritating lament throughout the book although it was so convincingly portrayed by the narrator that it was a minor irritation rather than the major one it might have been in print.
This audiobook was an interesting experience. As I started listening, I was immediately captivated by the writing. There is a lovely texture given to many scenes by the word choices employed. It isn't singular adjectives or similes that build the mental image for the reader but a string of carefully chosen words that act as much subconsciously as on the surface to provide depth and atmosphere. When describing Margaret's love of books, the language is tactile and sensuous and culminates in an analogy of ravishment. A scene of intense grief is written with words evoking the inevitability of a shipwreck in a storm as the vessel meets a rocky shore and is torn apart, piece by piece, until it is wrack and ruin. The words themselves, though, were rapidly overtaken by the narration. Bianca Amato gives voice to Margaret Lea in a smooth and realistic manner and her presentation of Vida Winter is a carefully controlled work of art. The emotions expressed by these characters are portrayed with a vocal subtlety that belies the intensity that is transmitted to the listener.
As the story shifts to Vida Winter's recollections of the past, Jill Tanner takes over the narration. I'll admit to struggling with the contrast in the two narrations. Both were excellent but I had become accustomed to Amato's characterization and found the almost grande dame delivery style for Tanner's version of Vida to be discordant, especially for the disturbing events at Angelfield House. The recollections from the past that encompass the middle of the story were at times disconcerting and I had a hard time reconciling the narrative pattern – not just the narration shift but particularly the pronoun shifts. My logical mind understood the that the tale of the twins, their bond, and their sense of themselves as an inseparable single unit that was drastically affected by the events at Angelfield was ideally portrayed by that language shift but the part of me that just wanted a story felt irritated. Vida Winter is a storyteller and as an observer to her tale, I was unsure where the truth of the tale would fall and whether she could be considered a reliable narrator. That was my perspective at the time, however. Having finished the book, I have a better understanding of why it was set up as a dual narration and why events unfolded the way they did. Clearly there is a core mystery to this tale and I am the type of reader who patiently waits for the author to reveal all in his or her own time but those of you who are more aggressive plot untanglers may very well put the pieces together early on. Even so, there is enough of a story outside of the mystery to keep any reader engaged.


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Market data provided by ICE Data Services. ICE Limitations. Powered and implemented by FactSet. Legal Statement.
Educate yourself on a variety of financial topics.
A host of financial tools to assist you.
Timely Newsletters to help you stay current.
A dynamic library of videos.
These magazine-style flipbooks provide helpful information.
Financial terms from A to Z.
Manage your taxes and prepare for the upcoming tax season.
*Richard L. Yontz, ChFC, CLU
Registered Principal offering investments and advisory services through Lincoln Financial Securities
Securities Corporation, Member SIPC. Branch Office: 45 Darby Road, Suite D, Paoli, PA 19301. Investments offered to residents of CA, CO, DC, DE, FL, GA, LA, MD, NC, NH, NJ, NY, PA, SC, TX, VA, VT & WA. Advisory services offered to residents of PA. Lincoln Financial Securities and its representatives do not offer tax or legal advice. Individuals should consult their tax or legal professionals regarding their specific circumstances. Lincoln Financial Securities and Partners Financial Services are not affiliated. LFS-1443499-031416


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The number of products affected by the recent Salmonella contamination of peanut butter and peanut paste from Peanut Corporation of America continues to grow. Fortunately, few chocolate manufacturers seem to have been impacted. Those that were include:
- Blanton's
- Hy-Vee
- Landies
- Rain Creek Baking
- Sinbad
- South Bend Chocolate Company
- Wegmans Swiss Recipe
For the latest information, see the FDA's Recall of Products Containing Peanut Butter. The FDA has also published an easy-to-search and easy-to-browse list at Search for Peanut Butter Product Recalls.


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CD Reviews
Name of CD: Devil Without A Cause Buy:
Lyrics!] || Amazon.com[Edited]
By: Kid Rock
I haven't heard all the
songs on this cd yet, because I have not
purchased it yet, but I do love two songs called: Bawitdaba and Cowboy.
I think that Kid Rock is a great singer and a little cute!