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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Violence in primary care: Prevalence and follow-up of victims
- Claire Morier-Genoud1,
- Patrick Bodenmann2Email author,
- Bernard Favrat2 and
- Marco Vannotti2
© Morier-Genoud et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006
- Received: 24 May 2005
- Accepted: 09 March 2006
- Published: 09 March 2006
Primary care physicians underestimate the prevalence of domestic violence and community violence. Victims are therefore at risk of further episodes of violence, with psychological and physical consequences. We used an interview to assess the prevalence of domestic and community violence among Swiss natives and foreigners. In a follow-up study, we evaluated the consequences of the interview for the positive patients.
We evaluated the prevalence of violence by use of a questionnaire in an interview, in an academic general internal medicine clinic in Switzerland. In a follow-up, we evaluated the consequences of the interview for positive patients. The participants were 38 residents and 446 consecutive patients. Questionnaires were presented in the principal language spoken by our patients. They addressed sociodemographics, present and past violence, the security or lack of security felt by victims of violence, and the patients' own violence. Between 3 and 6 months after the first interview, we did a follow-up of all patients who had reported domestic violence in the last year.
Of the 366 patients included in the study, 36 (9.8%) reported being victims of physical violence during the last year (physicians identified only 4 patients out of the 36), and 34/366 (9.3%) reported being victims of psychological violence. Domestic violence was responsible for 67.3% of the cases, and community violence for 21.8%. In 10.9% of the cases, both forms of violence were found.
Of 29 patients who reported being victims of domestic violence, 22 were found in the follow-up. The frequency of violence had diminished (4/22) or the violence had ceased (17/22).
The prevalence of violence is high; domestic violence is more frequent than community violence. There was no statistically significant difference between the Swiss and foreign patients' responses related to the rates of violence. Patients in a currently violent relationship stated that participating in the study helped them and that the violence decreased or ceased a few months later.
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Domestic Violence
- Physical Violence
- Community Violence
- Interpersonal Violence
Violence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation." Violence can be divided into three broad categories, which are self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence. Our focus is on interpersonal violence, which is divided into two subcategories: family and intimate partner violence, and community violence; that is, violence between unrelated individuals who may or may not know each other. The nature of violent acts can be physical, sexual, or psychological, or involve deprivation or neglect [1]. UNICEF applies the term "domestic violence," which we will use, for family and intimate partner violence. It includes violence that is perpetrated by intimate partners and other family members, and that is manifested through physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, economic abuse, and acts of omission [2].
According to the WHO, an estimated 1.6 million people from around the world died as a result of violence (homicide, suicide, and war-related violence), and 520,000 were killed as a result of interpersonal violence, in 2000. This is the "tip of the iceberg," as it is impossible to estimate non-fatal violence precisely [1]. Crime statistics from the Federal Police Office (OFP) of Switzerland show that bodily injuries have nearly doubled between 1982 and 2000, and that threats and constraints have increased fourfold. As for offenses against sexual integrity, their number has not clearly increased over the long term, and an important decrease was seen in 2000 [3]. The Law of Aid to Victims of Infractions (LAVI) consultation centers were established by the 1993 federal law on assistance for victims of offence to help them and their relatives. The centers registered 21,255 cases in 2001. Most consultations concerned violence against women (73%), and 52% of all assisted persons were aged under 30. Violence took place in the family setting in 48% of all cases and in an intimate relationship in 68% of them. Bodily injuries (34%) and sexual attacks (36%) were important types of violence encountered by these centers [4]. Moreover, in a survey of the health of the Swiss people, 10% of men and 8% of women reported that they had suffered at least one form of violence (verbal, physical or sexual, or crime against propriety) in the last 12 months [5].
As for domestic violence, which we know is frequent, especially towards women, 48 population-based surveys from around the world found that 10 to 69% of women reported being physically assaulted by an intimate male partner at some point in their lives [6]. A recent American survey showed that more than half of the surveyed women (51.9%) and men (66.4%) were physically assaulted as a child by an adult caretaker and/or as an adult by any type of attacker. This means that an estimated 1.9 million women and 3.2 million men are physically assaulted each year in the United States. As for intimate partner violence, 22.1% of women and 7.4% of men in this survey said they were physically assaulted by a current or former intimate partner at some time in their lives; the rates for the last 12 months were 1.3% for women and 0.9% for men [7]. In Switzerland, 6.1% of women were physically or sexually assaulted in the last 12 months; 12.6% of women suffered physical violence, and 11.6% suffered sexual violence at some time in their lives [8].
An estimate of the direct costs of violence concluded that 400 million Swiss francs are annually spent on violence against women by public authorities, through the health care system, police and judicial interventions, social services, shelters or specialized centers for battered women, and for research on the subject, most of it for intimate partner violence [9]. However, these estimates do not include indirect costs such as the loss of economic productivity from women [2].
Even though battered women seek more hospital care than other women [10, 11], physicians report having very little exposure to battered women and they lack awareness of the prevalence of domestic violence against women. They also tend to exclude the care of battered women with no physical injury from their professional duties [12].
The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of domestic and community violence among the patients (Swiss natives and foreigners) of an academic general internal medicine clinic. A follow-up was carried out to assess the consequences of the interview for patients who had reported domestic violence.
Our study limits itself to psychological and physical abuse experienced during the last 12 months and during the patient's lifetime.
• Design and setting
We conducted a study that allowed us to screen for violence among our patients, with a follow-up for patients who were screened as being victims or perpetrators of domestic violence. It took place in an academic general internal medicine clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland. The site is a primary care clinic where residents provide adult ambulatory care for approximately 22,000 outpatient visits per year, at walk-in and follow-up visits. We focused on walk-in patients, as they are not known beforehand by the residents. We included all physicians working at the clinic at the time of the study.
We based our sample-size calculation on a recent study using a similar design [13]. We based our calculation on an alpha of 5% and a power of 80%. We estimated the prevalence of violence among our patients at about 10%. This led to a required minimal sample size of 121 participants for the study. We did not consider a clustering effect in our sample-size calculation, because the correlation of patients within the physician's consultation would be too small, as shown previously in our institution [14].
• Participants
The physicians were 22 women and 16 men. The majority of the residents were at the end of postgraduate training in general internal medicine or family medicine (median duration of training, 6 years).
We tried to minimize a Hawthorne effect; that is, a change in attitude in response to attention from the investigators (15). To blind them to the purpose of the study, we only informed them that a study focusing on the principal health problems brought up during consultations would take place among the patients. The physicians received a questionnaire through which they were asked about the main problems they identified during the consultation.
Consecutive patients (men and women) consulting for an emergency visit at the clinic were approached during business hours (8 h-18 h) on weekdays. Eligible patients were over 18 years of age and spoke French, or were able to read French, English, Spanish, or Albanian, the languages into which the questionnaire was translated, and agreed to be questioned alone. Patients who were severely ill and needed to lie down were not included in the study, as they could not be interviewed in a private place. A research psychologist informed the recruited patients that the study was aimed at improving the medical follow-up of patients. For safety reasons recommended by the World Health Organization [16], we told them of the actual subject of the study only when we met them in an isolated place, and we had a diversion questionnaire ready in case someone entered the room during the interview. Of the 446 consecutive patients approached, 366 agreed to participate. The sex distribution and mean age of patients who did not participate was not significantly different from those who participated. Patients screened as victims or perpetrators of violence were offered a brochure containing guidelines (advice, legal information, and useful addresses) on intimate-partner violence, and the psychologist made sure that the situation was taken care of, after the consultation. We blinded the physicians for the purpose of the study, apart from telling a physician after the consultation if a patient had a violence problem. The ethics committee of the University of Lausanne approved the study protocol.
• Data collection
The psychologist interviewed patients before the medical visit. Patients were asked for demographic information, which included their age, sex, nationality, spoken language(s), level of education, profession, marital status, household composition, and family composition. The questionnaire itself comprised a modified version of the partner violence screen (PVS), a tool tested and validated in 1994 in two urban emergency departments in Denver, Colorado [17]. This questionnaire was piloted with 11 patients from the same clinical setting for organization, clarity and ease of completion. The questions were as follows: "Have you been hit, kicked, punched, or otherwise hurt by someone within the past year, including the last 24 hours? If so, by whom?"; "Do you feel safe with your partner or in your family circle?"; "Is there a partner or a member of your family circle, past or present, who is making you feel unsafe now?" Two questions addressing the problem of insecurity and the reason for the medical visit were included ("Has anybody threatened you or have you been forced to do anything during the last year, including the last 24 hours? If so, by whom?"; "Is your request for a consultation due to these circumstances?"). Also, as we were interested not only in victims but also in perpetrators of violence, we added three questions about a patient's own violence towards someone in their family circle ("Do you feel that, in a moment of nervous irritation or of illness, you have lost your temper towards someone in your family circle?"; "Have you at one time or another, in a moment of nervous irritation, hit or shouted at someone in your family circle?"; "Are you afraid of not being able to control yourself in a moment of nervous irritation?"). Finally, after the beginning of the study, because of frequent answers regarding violence at some other time in the patients' lives, we added one question to estimate the lifetime prevalence of violence.
Between 3 and 6 months after the intervention, we phoned the patients who had been screened as victims or perpetrators of violence to learn whether their situation had changed. The questionnaire assessed the frequency and form of violence suffered or perpetrated. We also asked them if they had talked about it with their partner or with someone else.
• Statistical analysis
We used the chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical data and a t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous data. We considered p values < 0.05 to be significant.
To look for confounding and interaction in a multivariable analysis (regression analysis), we introduced age, sex, nationality, spoken language, level of education, profession, composition of the patient's household circle, and composition of the patient's family circle into the model.
• Resident characteristics
The physicians were similar in their sociodemographic characteristics and professional achievements: they were 22 women and 16 men; their mean age was 32.9 years old. The majority of them were at the end of the postgraduate training in general internal medicine (median duration of training: 6 years). Among all residents, one of them came from Africa, another from Eastern- Europe, and all the others were Caucasian.
• Patient characteristics
Demographic characteristics
Age N = 446
Mean age 36.45 years; minimum age 16 (three 16-year-olds and two 17-year-olds); maximum age 91
Sex N = 446
217 men (48.7%) and 229 women (51.3%)
Nationality N = 446
67 nationalities: 153 (69%) Swiss patients (15 double nationals) and 293 (31%) foreign patients
Nationality by region N = 446
282 Europeans (10 double European nationals); 62 Africans; 33 Latin Americans; 32 from the Eastern Mediterranean; 11 South-East Asians; 10 double nationals (9 European + other and 1 non European); 9 from the Western Pacific; 7 North Americans
Marital Status N = 446
198 (45%) single; 178 (40%) married; 51 (11%) separated or divorced; 19 (4%) widowed
Household composition N = 367
124 (32%) persons were living alone; 104 (26%) with one other person; 62 (16%) with 2 persons; 48 (12%) with 3 persons; 21 (5%) with 4 persons; 8 (2%) with 5 to 7 persons; 15 (4%) in collocation with 2 or 3 persons and 10 (3%) were living in a shelter or mental hospital, or were homeless.
Level of education N = 388
0–4 years of school: 16 patients (4%); adapted training: 4 (1%); 5–8 years of schooling: 50 (13%); 9–14 years of schooling: 79 (20.5%); apprenticeship: 74 (19%); high school diploma: 46 (12%); professional school: 55 (14%); university or equivalent: 64 (16.5%)
Professional activity N = 445
Schooling/elementary training: 3 (1%); post-school training: 57 (13%); housewife: 36 (8%); unemployed: 94 (21%); retired: 28 (6%); unskilled worker: 121 (27%); skilled worker, junior executive: 72 (16%); middle or senior executive: 34 (8%)
• Prevalence of violence
We found that 9.8% (36/366) of the patients had suffered physical violence (only 4 patients of these 36 were identified by physicians) and that 9.3% (34/366) had suffered psychological violence in the last 12 months, with 15 patients declaring both forms. Domestic violence was responsible for 67.3% (37 patients), and community violence for 21.8% (12 patients). In 10.9% (6 cases), both domestic violence and community violence were reported. Patients said they had suffered violence at another time in their lives in 49% (126/257) of the cases; the forms were domestic violence in 50.8% of the patients, community violence in 38.1%, and both forms in 11.1%.
The patients who were victims of physical or psychological violence were asked more questions. Some of them (15.8%, 15/95; some of the patients with past violence were included) said they did not feel safe with their partner or in their family circle, and 28.4% (27/95) said they currently felt unsafe, because of a past or present partner/member of their family circle. The request for a consultation was due to these circumstances in 10.3% (9/87) of the cases. Three questions about the perpetrator's position were asked. To the first question, 30.3% (111/366) of the patients answered in the affirmative. To the second question, 55.7% (204/366) of the patients said "yes" for shouting and 36.9% (135/366) for hitting. To the last one, 17.2% (63/366) answered "yes."
Prevalence of violence
Patients who reported being victims of physical violence in the last year
9.8% (36/366)
Patients who reported being victims of psychological violence in the last year
9.3% (34/366)
Community violence
Domestic violence
Community and domestic violence
Lifetime violence (at least once)
49% (126/257)
Community violence
Domestic violence
Community and domestic violence
Not safe with partner or in family circle
15.8% (15/95)
Presently unsafe because of past/present partner/member of family circle
28.4% (27/95)
Request of consultation due to these circumstances
10.3% (9/87)
• Follow-up of patients identified as victims/perpetrators of domestic violence
Follow-up of patients having been identified as victims/perpetrators of domestic violence
Patients found at follow-up
Able to talk about problem of violence with perpetrator or victim
60% (9/15)
58.3% (7/12)
Able to talk about it with someone else
73.3% (11/15)
41.7% (5/12)
Violence totally ceased
73.3% (11/15)
75% (9/12)
Violence diminished
20% (3/15)
16.7% (2/12)
Change in form of violence
46.7 (7/15)
45.5% (5/11)
• Prevalence
The originality of this study lies in our decision to include consecutive patients consulting for an emergency visit, so that we had women and men, including Swiss and foreign patients, who took part in the study. We found rates of violence similar to those reported in other studies [6–8]. Our results show that men experience more community violence, and women more domestic violence, which is not very surprising. Doctors should have not only domestic but also community violence in mind when consulting with a patient.
We did not find a statistically significant difference between the Swiss and foreign patients' responses related to rates of violence. Not many studies have compared rates of violence among women and men, or among natives and foreigners. A United States national survey on intimate-partner violence [18] revealed that women experience more intimate-partner violence than men. The rates of intimate-partner violence vary significantly among women and men of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, but these differences diminish when other sociodemographic and relationship variables are controlled. A National Crime Victimization Survey in the United States found that women were more likely to be violently victimized by a friend/acquaintance (36.9%) or an intimate/other relative (28.8%), and men by a stranger (55.2%) [19]. A Swiss survey on the health of the population showed that 9% of the persons who were asked (8% of women and 10% of men) said that they had been a victim of at least one form of violence (verbal violence, physical violence, or offence against property) in the last 12 months [5]. More than half of them suffered verbal violence (5%), 1.5% suffered physical violence, and 3.7% reported an offence against property. In the case of physical violence, and more specifically sexual violence, women are more at risk of being victims than are men. We did not find reports on the proportion of foreign victims of violence in Switzerland, but police statistics document this number for criminal offences. Intentional homicides and bodily injuries are caused by foreigners in 53.3% of cases; they are also responsible for 2 out of 3 rape cases solved and 36% of other offenses against sexual integrity [3].
The detection of the domestic violence/community violence by physicians is low in our study (8%) as documented in the literature. One study found screening rates of only 13% for victims of acute intimate partner violence presenting to an emergency department [20]. Limited time, lack of education, ineffective intervention and the fact that healthcare workers often feel that they have nothing to offer are some of the common barriers to screen for domestic violence[21].
• Follow-up
At follow-up, we noted that domestic violence had diminished or ceased for the majority of the patients we contacted. Victims and perpetrators did not differ in their responses, except that perpetrators tended to have more difficulty in talking about their violent behavior to people than the victims had in talking about what happened to them. It seems that the interview by the psychologist made it possible for the patients to initiate changes in their family life, resulting in decreased violence.
• Limits
Patients were free to not participate, so we probably missed some who had a problem of violence. For example, one woman said she did not want to participate in the study because the subject concerned her and she was afraid that it would be too disturbing to talk about it. Also, as she was seeing a psychologist for this problem, she did not want to talk about it again.
We did not have a group control. This is a methodological limitation, but also an ethical necessity when working with people affected by violence. Victims of violence cannot be left without anyone to intervene.
The rate of detection of domestic violence by physicians is insufficient, as is generally documented in the literature. The low physician suspicion/detection rate can be related to the lack of awareness that their patients are exposed to violence and their impression that it is not a relevant issue for that particular unit. Another reason could be the barriers to disclosure by the victim's feelings of shame, loyalty to the partner or intimidation by the perpetrator and fear of being not believed [22].
The originality of this study is that this is one of the few papers to assess prevalence of violence experiences in a primary care population clinic in Switzerland, including both Swiss nationals and foreign patients, and the assessment of the provider's understanding and recognition of his or her patient's exposure to violence.
The prevalence of violence is high, and domestic violence is more frequent than community violence. There was no statistically significant difference between the Swiss and foreign patients' responses related to rates of violence.
Finally, we noted that domestic violence had diminished or ceased at follow-up for the majority of the patients we contacted. Study participation was considered to be helpful by victims because they felt that the provider recognized their real problem and that they were not alone in this situation; the victim could also feel that the violence perpetrated against him or her was not deserved [23].
The authors thank Dr. M.-Cl. Hofner from the Prevention Unit of the University Institute of Social Medicine (IUMSP, Lausanne) for providing the modified version of the partner violence screen (PVS) questionnaire. We also thank Dr. D. Halpérin for his advice, Dr. K. de Heller for his help in preparing this study, and Muriel Schoch for her help in collecting the data.
Authors' Affiliations
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/7/15/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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|Belle Brezing. UK Now Photo.
This Kentucky production tells the story of Belle Brezing, the Lexington madam with a nationwide reputation for running the Victorian era's most "Orderly of Dis-Orderly homes." With a head for business in the business of sex, Belle's story is woven into the age when the equine and bourbon industries grew to new heights. In her influential parlors, she and her ladies plied their trade from the end of the 19th century through the start of World War I. The film details Brezing's journey from hardscrabble youth to the "Baroness of the Brothel," while becoming the nearly undeniable inspiration for Belle Watley in Gone with the Wind. Produced and directed by Doug High.
Lead actress Laurie Genet Preston and expert Dr. Maryjean Wall will be in attendance to offer insight into the life of this notable Lexingtonian.
|The Mary Todd Lincoln House, where Belle began her 'trade.' Belle Brezing Photographic Collection (UK)

subset: commoncrawl


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When I was brainstorming theme-week ideas, I had to include a Messy Stuff Week once again. It was just too much fun. Most of these can be done outside to minimize the clean up. Trust me, the mess will be worth it for the smiles on your kids' faces!
By the way, in case you've missed them, be sure to check out Wacky Sports Week, Under the Sea Week, Outer Space Week, In Our Neighborhood Week, Dinosaur Week, and Game Week too. Have fun!
Messy Stuff Week
Active Play
· Color volcanoes (food coloring, vinegar, baking soda, plastic cups)
· Sock bubble-blower (cut off the bottom of an empty water bottle and secure a sock over the cut opening; dip the sock-end into bubble solution then blow through the other end)
· Make sponge balls; play sponge ball tag (cut three sponges into six strips each; pile the strips and tie in the middle with a piece of string; fluff pieces out into a ball)
· Jackson Pollock painting. Materials: drop cloth; poster board; washable tempera paint; old kitchen utensils, sticks, rulers, etc. for flinging paint. Instructions: Place poster board on the drop cloth and have kids dip the utensils/rulers/sticks into paint and then splatter to their hearts' content.
Quiet Play
· Make Jell-Doh Materials: 1 c. flour, 1/2 c. salt, 1 Tbsp. oil, 2 tsp. cream of tartar, 1 c. water, and 1 pkg. Jell-O mix. Instructions: Combine and cook all ingredients on medium heat, stirring until thickened. Cool, then knead until dry to touch.
· Make Lava Lamps. Materials: empty plastic bottles, oil, water, food coloring, glitter, and salt. Instructions: Fill bottle 3/4 with water; add food coloring and glitter. Fill almost to top with oil; let separate. Pour salt into jar and watch the lava-lamp-like bubbles!
· Make Lava Lamps. Materials: empty plastic bottles, oil, water, food coloring, glitter, and salt. Instructions: Fill bottle 3/4 with water; add food coloring and glitter. Fill almost to top with oil; let separate. Pour salt into jar and watch the lava-lamp-like bubbles!
· Bubble wrap print Materials: bubble wrap, paint, brushes, white paper. Instructions: Paint directly on the bubble wrap, then press clean paper on top to make a print.
· Microwave Ivory soap Materials: paper towel, Ivory bar soap (no substitutes, or it won't work). Instructions: place bar of Ivory soap on paper towel in microwave; heat for a couple of minutes, until it "grows." Remove your soap blob and play!
· Dissolving egg shells & bouncing eggs Materials: eggs, vinegar, water, clear jars. Instructions: Place eggs in vinegar and observe. Leave eggs in for 1 week, then observe; remove and bounce them. Bonus: put vinegar-eggs into corn syrup for a few days then observe.
· Milk Art Materials: dish, whole milk, food coloring, dish soap. Instructions: Pour milk into a dish; drop in food coloring. Then add dish soap a few drops at a time and watch the colors dance!
· Blow Up a Balloon with Yeast Materials: empty bottle, balloon, ½ cup warm water, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 packet active dry yeast. Instructions: In the bottle, mix warm water and yeast; swirl around to dissolve then add sugar and swirl again. Stretch out the balloon then place over the top. Let sit in a warm place for about 20 minutes; observe.
· Read science books
· Write a story together about a crazy science experiment. Let kids illustrate.
Field Trips
· Visit a science museum (Rochester Area: check out the Rochester Museum & Science Center)
· Go to the library for science books: Science Experiments: Shiny, Slimy, Stinky, Shocking by Steve Parker; 60 Super Simple Science Experiments by Q. L. Pearce; A Moldy Mystery by Michelle Knudsen; Crazy Concoctions: A Mad Scientist's Guide to Messy Mixtures by Jordan Brown.
Have fun getting messy! As always, thanks for reading.


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In partnership with The Shield-Ayres Foundation, IDVSA supervises four to seven Research Fellows every academic year. Research Fellows have opportunities to implement research, policy, or practice projects. They are trained on research design, policy analysis, ethical practice, and advocacy with vulnerable populations in the areas of human trafficking, domestic violence, and sexual assault.
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CLIMATE STABILIZATION is a positive, affirmative way
of saying NO! to global warming and its background.
Human activites and the greenhouse gases they create
are the causes of global warming.
Money, power, and ego are sought by and used to
protect the global corporate aristocracy. John
Perkins has called this the "corporatocracy."
Oil, other fossil fuels and nuclear energy are the
bases of much of the world's acivities. Corporatocracies
protect them literally to the death. The following
allecgarions are made: "Vested interests use spin
and propaganda to say global warming
either is not a problem or is not a result of
greenhouse gases. They use obstruction, intimidation,
and even murder aganst alternative sources of
energy. They influence national policies to use
debts, intimidation, assination, torture, and
military force as methodss of control.
New attitudes, ways of life, and spiritual paths can
lead us to a stable climate and abundance on earth.


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Thomasville, N.C. - The USCAA #7 Johnson & Wales volleyball team put in a dominating performance on the road Thursday, defeating Davidson County Community College in straight sets by the scores of 25-15, 25-8, 25-23.
The Wildcats (14-11) received 11 kills from Toniya Scott, sweeping Davidson County for the second time this season.
"Lots of things came together for us tonight, and I was pleased with our poise," said head coach Callie Phillips. "We were able to rotate some players and get some rest going into Homecoming Weekend while getting the win. This was some great work tonight from our team."
Moana Reid posted 22 assists on the night while Kendall Watson finished with 22 digs. The team combined for 10 total blocks on the evening.
Johnson & Wales will host Toccoa Falls on Friday at the Wildcat Center as part of Homecoming Weekend. Play is scheduled for 8:00 p.m.


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Islamabad, Imran Sadiq Khan said that the reference to rule against me in elections left no justification for the Speaker's post.
Speaker, together with Nawaz Sharif tried to blackmail me. If the government and the army, the government should not have a page but people tell you openly that they hypocrites said that democracy only in this country, he has my top four cases, my mistake was that I I was asking them. Speaker together with Nawaz Sharif tried to get me off my voice through blackmail and cases. Mr. Speaker, I ask that you have after today's decision has any ground to the speaker?
What you should not resign. Khan said the speaker should be neutral, the speaker gets the impression that the Parliament will not run if the court Sharif, if the speaker's recent visit to the Parliament, if the honorable Speaker soul they'd have had no reason to stay on the job, Khan when the reference filed against the EC said in a press conference for the reaction that I had already told came between my assets will quit politics.


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So, my best friend in the whole world/sister celebrated her 50th birthday. In our family, we are not embarrassed of our ages, and we will gladly tell you how we old are! We are grateful for every year we have lived, no matter if they were great or not so great.
I got the sketch from Pinterest, as usual. You can find the original blog post, here. As you can see, I made only a few changes. While I know I need that specific stamp, I substituted with another PI-Cause for Celebration. Which I picked up at the My Favorite Things Store in Eustis, Florida. They were having a holiday celebration last Christmas. There were snacks, free make and takes, and the shop was open with awesome sales. I got this little baby for only $2.25!! Of course, Laura (my bff/sister) and I went and had a blast and spent too much money! We could have spent more, but didn't.
Let's see, my birthday girl is colored with Copics and her dress/bow is paper pieced. Lots of dies were used: Nestabilities, Papertrey Ink Numbers, My Favorite Things Scalloped Oval and Fish Tail Pennants. Throw in a few paper punches, Diamond Glaze, ribbon, half pearls and some cat hair and it's done! The cat hair was not intentional, when you have Diamond Glaze out and a rather large cat rolling on your table it's inevitable.
Stamps: My Favorite Things-PI Cause for Celebration
Ink: Memento
Paper: Neenah, American Crafts, My Mind's Eye
Misc: Paper punches, Nestabilities, Copics, Diamond Glaze, Fish Tail Pennants and Oval Scallop Die-Namics, Numbers Papertrey Ink Dies, pop up dots, half pearls
I hope you have a nice afternoon. It's sunny and cool here in Central Florida. I have the windows open, fresh air blowing, good music playing, my kitties, and my craft stuff...how much better can it get. My internet was down for a few days this week, so my cable company gave me credit for two free movies on demand, so I will watch some thing this evening. I'm thinking Devil's Knot, I read the book, and I am interested to see how the movie portrays it.
Thanks for stopping by,


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Programs A-Z
American Routes is a weekly two-hour public radio program produced in New Orleans, presenting a broad range of American music — blues and jazz, gospel and soul, old-time country and rockabilly, Cajun and zydeco, Tejano and Latin, roots rock and...
Arkansongs is hosted by Stephen Koch, produced by Keith Merckx and syndicated on National Public Radio affiliates across Arkansas.
Each week, Arkansongs examines another facet of Arkansas music, exploring the people and events that have...
Audio Explorations is produced by students in the Advanced Radio Practicum at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro. Each half-hour of the program features music from a wide range of genres with all songs centered on a single topic such as time,...
Beale Street Caravan is a one hour non commercial radio series broadcasting live recordings of Memphis music and its derivative forms to an international audience of 2.4 million worldwide weekly listeners on over 400 stations around the globe....
I'm Dave Higgs, host of Bluegrass Breakdown on Nashville Public Radio. We've put together an emotionally-charged, heart-rending, paint-peeling, splinter-kicking one hour bluegrass show. Thematically, we're all over the bluegrassical map, boldly...
On Blues Where You Least Expect It, host Jim "The Generator Man" Drennen showcases how blues music has influenced many other styles of music. Jim features blues songs performed by musicians who typically perform a style other than traditional...
Celtic Connections offers radio listeners a wide variety of traditional and contemporary music associated with the western European lands occupied at one time or another by people of the Celtic tribes and their descendants,...
Down Home Harmonies features bluegrass music with host Marty Scarbrough. You'll hear music from the pioneers of bluegrass like Bill Monroe and the Stanley Brothers as well as today's top bluegrass musicians. The show begins with a half-hour...
Hand Crank Radio, in the words of host Mike Luster, is "Music from off the grid. Handmade music for hard-hit times. Out to prove that all music is acoustic or you couldn't hear it."
Host Marty Scarbrough showcases jazz music from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s each week on Jazz Tonight. The program is filled with classic tunes from legendary jazz musicians like Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Dave Brubeck, Dizzy Gillespie and the...
Millenium Of Music features music composed in the 17th century and earlier.
A wide variety of choral music is presented by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir each week on Music and the Spoken Word.
On Music From The Isles, host Mike Doyle presents traditional music from Scotland and Ireland.
Hosts Dee Alexander, John Hill, Dave Schwan and Neil Tesser bring you jazz music from the legendary greats to today's top young stars.
Ozark Highlands Radio features music recorded over the past 40+ years at the Ozark Folk Center in Mountain View, Arkansas.
Performance Today is a two hour weekday program which features classical music in concert from American Public Media studios and sites across the nation and around the world, as well as classical music news, interviews and features.
Hosted by Rosalie Howarth, the Putumayo World Music Hour is an internationally syndicated radio show that takes listeners on a weekly journey through the music of many different...
#6DegreesoftheDelta is the idea that all modern music can be connected back to the Delta through 6 people or less. Based on small world theory and 6...
Smokestack Lightnin' features new blues music and recently reissued classic blues, adult rhythm & blues, adult soul music, blues rock, zydeco and Gospel music.
On Something Blue, long-time KASU volunteer "Hairy" Larry presents recordings of live blues music performances from around our region as well as other noteworthy blues music recordings.
The Concert Hall features live concert programs from such acclaimed groups as the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic.
Each week on Tradition, host Bill Clements examines a different style of American folk music.
Women in Music with Laney Goodman is a weekly, one-hour radio series with an eclectic mix of the best music of female artists from around the world.
Each week, the WoodSongs Old Time Radio Hour celebrates grassroots, Americana music. Host and folksinger Michael Johnathon welcomes guests who perform folk music, bluegrass, the blues, and a wide variety of acoustic music.


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Hello Peeps,
Well, I thought I would share another project with you....this is something I made as a keepsake for my daughter in law. It's a handbag mini album.
The pattern is another creation from Kathy Orta. I used the paper mania capsule collection for the pages and to cover the chipboard. I decided to add chains and beads for the handles which I put together from my stash. The spine of the book and the flap of the bag are covered with a textured paper that gives a leather look. The photo mats inside the album are made from card stock and have added some sentiment stickers that I have collected over time...so not all from the same place...but think they all work together nicely on this project.
It's a nice keepsake and I love making these albums as they all turn out different.
I hope you like it!!
Happy crafting!


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CareerWise Recruitment team are market leaders in the Science & Pharmaceutical Recruitment Industry. We fill jobs across Cork & Ireland, from pharmaceutical jobs to medical device jobs. For more information on any of the jobs below please contact Mike Morrissey on 021 4297536 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
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We report, for the first time to our knowledge, fundamental-mode operation in polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped fiber with an effective area of and birefringence of . The measured critical bending radius, , defined as the radius at which the loss is equal to for of fiber, is . Lasing with slope efficiency exceeding 60% and of 1.2 has also been demonstrated.
© 2007 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
Liang Dong, Jun Li, and Xiang Peng
Opt. Express 14(24) 11512-11519 (2006)
Liang Dong, Xiang Peng, and Jun Li
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8) 1689-1697 (2007)
T. Schreiber, F. Röser, O. Schmidt, J. Limpert, R. Iliew, F. Lederer, A. Petersson, C. Jacobsen, K. P. Hansen, J. Broeng, and A. Tünnermann
Opt. Express 13(19) 7621-7630 (2005)


text: Oh finnaly I found a modded CFW for our original. Works really great even its a new one! -Ramblow added -FileBrowser added -4x5 menu grid -Theme effects added -Animated boot screen and startup sound added -Number of save sent messages is set to 999 -Faster Screen Rotation -Music player only reads music files from "E:/sounds/My Music" -Can now send .sis & .sisx on Default FileManager -UI Accelerated -Reduce application closing time delay -Forces to clear the RAM Cache once camera is closed -Rompatcher added -Disabled My Nokia Welcome Screen & Nokia text Message -Disabled Boot up apps (Contacts, Messaging & Logs) 58mb free ram on startup -File Caching on all drives for faster performance -Cam mod added for better Image capturing quality Languages: English, Polish, Philipines. You can easily add other without no erros. here's the link of the file: http://www.2shared.com/file/gldxf_vX..._prdrofs2.html


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August 2014
Featured Artist
Joan Cardoza
June 2014
Reynaldo Pizarro Varela
May 2014 Featured Artist Patti Ehlers
April 2014
Betty Woodward
March 2014
Libby Fife
February 2014
Margo Flanagan
January 2014
Kathie Peery
Joan is a mostly self taught artist, but has taken lessons and attended workshops with many well known artists from around the U.S.
She lives in Oakdale, CA and started painting later in her life. She is inspired by the people and different landscapes around her.
She has a special love for pastels and her attention to detail make her work come to life.
She continues to paint and travel and has won many awards for her works.
Her 2013 shows and awards for her pastels at juried shows are as follows:
Delicato Winery Best of Show
Tracy Art League First Place
Central California Art League Best of Show at Mistlin Gallery Modesto
San Joaquin County Fair Best of Show Open and Best of Show Professional
Oak Valley Art Show Best of Show(Fall show)
Valley Art Association Best of Show(Fall Show)
She is using 2014 as her time to paint new works for the 2015 season of shows.
Rey was born and raised in Los Angeles. As a young man, he was mentored by artist Roberto Pizarro. He moved to Northern California over 40 years ago. Although Rey has made his living doing several jobs outside the field of art, his love has always been creating things of beauty. He is a silversmith, does leather tooling, soapstone carvings, and creates wonders in wood.
When Miles Metzgar of Angels Camp put out a call for artists with a background in carving, Rey went to work for him sculpting soapstone. Rey's work was sold all over America and Europe, but, unfortunately, he was hired to duplicate Miles' carvings so he did not receive credit for his work. After a short time, he left this position to create sculptures from the magic of his own soul.
The beautiful creations displayed in Galerie Copper are a result of that free spirit and Rey's passion for creating remarkable works of art which can also be seen in Sausalito, San Francisco, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. He is also in many private collections in Tuolumne County.
Rey's new passion is drawing whimsical sea life from his imagination with Prismacolor pencils. He has produced over 150 of these drawings in the last three years. Several are available for purchase at Town Hall Arts, along with the stone and wood carvings pictured above.
Libby Fife is currently a self-representing fine arts painter living and working from her home studio in Valley Springs, CA. She holds a BA in Psychology from Cal State, Hayward. After many years working in the banking industry, Libby decided to pursue her creative interests full time. One of those goals included learning to paint. She is entirely self taught. Using the Internet, books, friends, and other art as a guide, she has managed to cobble together an education of sorts. Libby has been exhibiting her art at local venues and juried shows and sharing it online for the past five years. Awards include a third place ribbon at a juried art exhibit at the Stellar Gallery in Oakhurst, CA as well as two awards garnered at the Calaveras County fair. Business related skills include building and maintaining her own web site, blogging consistently about her art, writing a monthly newsletter, and deepening her understanding of online and in person marketing. Currently, she has developed the content for a series of classes, entitled Get Started Sketching in Nature. Teaching helps to further her understanding of her art, the world around her, and fills the drive for human interaction. Her current paintings in acrylic center on the landscape around her, the buildings and structures within that landscape, and some figurative work as well.
Margo started drawing early in her life. About 3rd or 4th grade she started drawing while listening to mysteries on the radio. She continued with her art and was awarded the Bank of America Award for Art in her Senior year of High School. Margo graduated from Louise Sallinger's Academy of Dress Design then attended U. C. Berkeley as a Clothing and Textile Major.
In June 1997 she brought her Bay Area painting background into the Sonora area and fell in love with the wonderful and colorful scenes of the foothills. She tries to capture this living palette of color in her watercolors. Margo has continued her art education with several of the local artists: Jill Figler, Doris Olsen, Carolyn McPherson & Dianne Stearns and other artists such as Patricia Akay & Tina Moore. Sometimes she "plays" with acrylics and other mediums but her first love is watercolor. She loves the flow and luminosity of watercolors. Now that she is living in Manteca, she is enjoying the pastoral scenes and the beautiful sunsets.
I was born in upstate New York, but have been in California since I was seven. I have two daughters and five grandchildren. My husband (of 45 years) has discovered his artistic abilities as a woodcarver and turner, and we have even collaborated on a few pieces.
I think I got my love of stained glass from the home we lived in when I was about four years old. It only had individual primary colored glass squares, but I remember them vividly.
I knew I wanted to do stained glass for many years, and I finally took classes twelve years ago in Sonora. I spent the first few years making whatever appealed to me for family and friends. I soon discovered I had a surplus of small scraps and needed a way to use them (because I certainly couldn't throw them away!). I started doing mosaic stepping stones and solved the problem. I have since started doing mosaics on glass blocks and other glass vessels. Since much of my passion for stained glass is sharing it with others, I started offering to teach friends and family and then expanded to public classes. This year I hope to take more time to do panels again.
My newest venture is a local 4H Stained Glass Project which has nine members in the group. Be sure to look for their work at the Calaveras County Fair in May.


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India : Migration
Republic of India
India : Migration :
The partitioning of the South Asian subcontinent to create India and Pakistan in 1947 produced one of the great mass migrations in human history, involving some 20 million people. Historically, major migratory movements have been to and from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. The influx of Muslim refugees (estimated at 280,000 in 1983) from Bangladesh to Assam state has sparked protests among Hindus since the late 1970s. Persons of Indian origin domiciled abroad (excluding Pakistan) reside mainly in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Nepal, Myanmar, South Africa, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Fiji, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Indian minority groups in foreign countries generally do not become assimilated with the local population but live as separate groups, intermarry, and retain their own distinctive culture even after a residence of several generations.
There has been a steady migration within India from rural to urban areas. Linguistic differences limit the degree of interstate migration, as do efforts by some states to limit job opportunities for migrants and to give preference in public employment to longtime local residents. In 1999 there were around 66,000 Sri Lankan refugees located in 133 camps in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. An estimated 40,000 Sri Lankans live outside the camps. They began arriving in the early 1990s. Since 1992, 54,000 repatriated voluntarily. However, repatriation stopped in 1995 due to violence in Sri Lanka. Some 3,800 people arrived in 1998, and the arrivals continue. Indian authorities have not requested international assistance for Sri Lankan refugees, and the repatriation of Sri Lankans to their country is voluntary.
In 2000 there were 6,271,000 migrants living in India, including 170,900 refugees. In 2000 the net immigration rate was -0.03 migrants per 1,000 population, which amounted to a net loss of approximately 280,000 people. The government views the migration levels as satisfactory.
India : Migration To HOME PAGE
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Eastbourne has been named as one of the 10 most unhealthy town centres in the UK– the only town or city in the south to make the list.
Based on a recent study by The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH), Eastbourne has the tenth most unhealthy high street in the country.
The league table, which ranks 70 of the UK's major towns and cities in order of how healthy they are, is based on the proportion of businesses found in their main retail area that either support or harm the public's health.
The league table forms part of RSPH's Health on the High Street campaign that aims to make high streets healthier by encouraging businesses to promote health while also giving further powers to local authorities in the areas of planning and licensing.
Based on public and expert opinion, the society has identified bookmakers, payday loan shops, fast food outlets and tanning salons as having the most negative impact on health, and pharmacies, leisure centres, and health services as having the most positive impact.
Businesses were scored by more than 2,000 members of the public and experts, on the extent to which they encourage healthy choices; promote social interaction; provide access to health advice; and promote positive mental wellbeing. Based on the scoring and the prevalence of these different businesses in each town or city, they were ranked.
Our research does find higher concentrations of unhealthy businesses exist in places which already experience high levels of deprivation
Places with the unhealthiest retail areas were, in order: Preston, Middlesbrough, Coventry, Blackpool, Northampton, Wolverhampton, Grimsby, Huddersfield, Stoke on Trent and Eastbourne.
Of those ten, Eastbourne is the only town or city that doesn't have a 'worst' or 'worse than national average' premature mortality rate.
Places with the healthiest retail areas include Shrewsbury, Salisbury, Cambridge, Bristol and York.
Christina Ewbank, chief executive of the Eastbourne Chamber of Commerce, has defended the town.
She said, "The shopping offer in Eastbourne is spread out over a wide area of independent retailers and national chains which include gyms, health food shops, pharmacies, art galleries, book shops and libraries, homeopathists and natural health specialists.
"To look at one small geographical area is misleading, particularly when you consider the many hundreds of people who exercise on Eastbourne seafront, on the Western Lawns and up on the South Downs on a daily basis.
"Add these walkers to the many wind surfers, kite surfers, hang-gliders, sailors, cyclists and roller skaters who enjoy the seaside and surrounding hills and Eastbourne is clearly one of the healthiest places to live and work in the UK."
Shirley Cramer CBE, chief executive of the Royal Society for Public Health, said, "While our ranking of towns and cities is by no means a reflection on whether these areas are generally healthy or unhealthy, our research does find higher concentrations of unhealthy businesses exist in places which already experience high levels of deprivation and premature mortality.
"We recognise that businesses investing in High Streets are important for local economies; but this shouldn't be at any price.
"The Five Year Forward View calls for us to move "further and faster" to improve the public's health.
"This could be achieved by granting Local Authorities enhanced powers to create a rich mix of health promoting businesses on our high streets and encouraging businesses to promote healthy choices."
The Health of the High Street campaign is now calling on the next Government to introduce a range of measures to make high streets more health promoting, including giving local authorities greater planning powers to prevent the proliferation of betting shops, payday lenders and fast food outlets, ensuring a public health criteria is a condition of licensing for all types of business and enforcing a limit of five per cent for each type of business on a high street in order to avoid oversaturation and provide affordable choice.
For more information, visit www.rsph.org.uk.


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I do interviews with Pat at his Fantasy Blog Spot on a fairly regular basis, usually one to each book that comes out. This one has a few questions about Dragon Keeper, but no spoilers.
So much to keep up with this time of year! Halls to deck, fruitcakes to douse with rum, lights to hang, shopping to do . . . Not to mention a collection of short stories to put the finishing touches on, and my story for the Warriors anthology to proofread.
Somehow it all gets done, and Christmas comes all the same.
Best wishes,


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Facing the prospects of a long distance relationship, I read articles upon articles about "surviving the distance" and "how to make it work". There're the obvious things like planning time to visit, having an end date for the distance, and Skype dates (and when I say dates, I mean time set aside like you would for a date). But, after a not so successful attempt and a recent successful month of long distance, the one thing that none of these articles tell you is that those cutesy apps and things won't hold your relationship together. You have to put in the effort and believe that it'll work.
No one is that secure that they have no doubts. But you should be able to look your SO in the eyes and see that love there. Maybe it's a romantic idea, but I'm a fantasy writer. If doubt is creeping into your mind daily and skewing your perceptions, you should be able to talk to your SO about it. Don't be accusatory. Just let your SO know your concerns. Basically, he/she will reassure you. Though it's ultimately your responsibility to remind yourself of this reassurance, communication is the most important thing in any relationship.
What it means when you don't make the effort
If you've stopped making the effort, you already know what I'm going to say; you're just reading this for confirmation. It's time to break-up. If you wanted to talk to your SO, you would. Maybe you thought you could handle long distance or maybe you knew this was coming. Either way, you and your SO deserve to be happy and if you're not putting in the effort, it means you'd be happier apart.
Final Thoughts
If your relationship is rotting when you're together, distance will kill it. Even if you put in every effort and buy every long distance app, it won't make a difference. Some things look good on paper, but that doesn't mean they're good in real life. If you're questioning whether you should do long distance, ask yourself if the relationship is worth it. What's holding you back? If you love that person, wouldn't you make the effort?
If any of this describes you or you're currently in a long distance relationship or you're in a relationship that went through a time of long distance, I'd love to hear from you in the comments.


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Renal capsule
Not to be confused with glomerular capsule.
|Noah's capsule
Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. (Labeled as "adipose capsule".)
|Urinary system
|Capsula fibrosa renis
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost):
- renal medulla
- renal cortex
- renal capsule
- perinephric fat (or "perirenal fat")
- renal fascia
- paranephric fat (or "pararenal fat")
- peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly).
Adipose capsule
The perinephric fat may be regarded as a part of the renal capsule, called the adipose capsule of kidney.
See also
External links
- Anatomy image: urogen/dissectkidney2 at Human Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University
- figures/chapter_29/29-5.HTM: Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 6/30/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.


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April 8, 2010
I've Got You Under My Skin
For a mere pittance - $7 - you can read a story by Keith Rawson in its rightful milieu: the john. You can be inspired by the bold Hilary Davidson when you're riding the bus to work and that weirdo next to you starts to engage in frottage. Let Dave Zeltserman's story encourage you to file for divorce before the blood starts to drip.
And there's still more. Sixteen stories in all, and by authors you've come to trust for good short crime fic: Paul D. Brazill, Sandra Seamans, Cormac Brown, Christopher Grant, Eric Beetner, Jedidiah Ayres, Kieran Shea, Steve Weddle, and still more.
Seven bucks. It won't kill you. NEEDLE will.
10 comments:
Nice post, Naomi. I think I'm going to have to order this. Thanks.ReplyDelete
Well, you know, Keith Rawson and Steve Weddle will just keep bombarding us all with PR until you do.ReplyDelete
Its a good day.ReplyDelete
All this talk about anthologies that's flying around the web, David -- can we look for one from BTAP?ReplyDelete
You know my stories so well, NaomiReplyDelete
And I've said it before and I'll say it again: Who's gonna pimp us unless we pimp ourselves?
I want Needle to succeed(and PWG, Thuglit,BTAP, ATON....and, of course, Crimefactory.)so everyone is going to get bombarded with Crimefactory and Needle PR until it's runing out of their eyes, noses, ears, and mouths!
Thanks for your great post, Naomi. It's a good day when a new pulp magazine appears on the scene. And with NEEDLE, you can actually roll it up and hit anyone who attempts frottage!ReplyDelete
Good thing I know you have a sense of humor, huh, Keith? And that I know that you know that I love your work. (Hm, I feel like I'm in a scene from The Princess Bride...)ReplyDelete
Hilary, that's what I thought: NEEDLE serves multiple purposes.ReplyDelete
I've ordered this magazine and am looking forward to reading it.
My wife and I have used Lulu to make family cookbooks, calendars with family pictures, and other such items. We've always found them to be high quality.
Really? Calendars? I'm thinking about a calendar of flowers for my mom. I handmade a cookbook one year for one of my sisters, but it would be very nice to have an actual printed cookbook of family recipes. Thanks for all the ideas, Joe!ReplyDelete


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As part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation Balthasar von Dernbach, the prince and abbot of the mystical town of Fulda in Germany, was a notorious witch hunter who embarked on the Fulda Witch Trials in order to cleanse the area, which lasted between 1603 and 1606. Dernbach was a fanatic who, upon re-election after a long exile launched his mission from god to purge the land of all things liberal and thus unnatural.
|Here's Balthasar von Dernbach--Witch-hunter and douchebag!
Merga Bien was a wealthy, thrice married German heiress of two husbands. She murdered her second husband and her children with him, and attended Sabbaths held by Satan. Or at least that's what she was forced to confess while being tortured in prison. She was pregnant, but that didn't save her from execution, as the court believed she was carrying a baby fathered by the Devil. You see, she'd been married to her third husband for 14 years without having a child by him and this added credibility to the claim that fornication with Satan was responsible.
|The place where all the suspected witches were kept prisoner awaiting their day on the fire.
The Fulda Witch Trials led to the execution of 250 suspects over three years. Merga Bien was the most famous of them all, and the first to be burned alive at the stake. The witch hunts in Fulda only ended after Dernbach died in 1605 and his government was dissolved.
|The memorial to the witches killed after history decided better of Fulda's trip down fanatic lane.
And now, two songs fit for an evening of witchfinding... first up is Rush with their tune
"Witch Hunt"
And here's Queens of the Stone Age with
"Burn the Witch"


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Articles about the 'Waist' Disposal Challenge
TV and Radio
- "Big Ben now not so big (Radio Interview)", ABC South West WA, 2 September 2011
- "From flab to fab: A South West man loses half his body weight (TV Interview)", GWN7 News, 2 September 2011
- "Testimonials After Champions Training" [PDF 55KB]
- "Testimonials 5 Months After Champions Training" [PDF 72KB]
- "Interview with Ben Andrew: Young Rotarian disposes 65kg of excess 'waste in the waist'" [PDF 285KB]
Journal Articles
- Aoun, S., Sainsbury, K., Mullan, B., & Shahid, S. (2015). "Champion" behaviour in a community obesity reduction program: Feedback from peers. Journal of Health Psychology. [PDF available online]
- Aoun, S., Shahid, S., Le, L., & Holloway, K. (2013). Champions in a lifestyle risk modification program: reflections on their training and experiences. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. [PDF available online]
- Aoun, S., Shahid, S., Le, L., & Packer, T. (2012). The role and influence of 'Champions' in a community-based lifestyle risk modification programme. Journal of Health Psychology 18(4), 528-541. [PDF available online]
- "Telephone Lifestyle Coaching: Is it feasible as a behavioural change intervention for men?", Journal of Health Psychology 2011. [PDF 459KB]
- Aoun, S., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Collins, F., Newton, R., & Newton, M. (2009). A self-management concept for men at the community level: The 'Waist' Disposal Challenge. Journal of Health Psychology 14(5), 663-674. [Available online]
- Aoun S, Le L, Osseiran-Moisson R, Packer T (July 2009). Report on evaluation of the 'waist' disposal challenge: Assessing the feasibility of the Rotary 'Waist' disposal challenge as a self-management community program to reduce obesity. Curtin University of Technology.
- Aoun S, Osseiran-Moisson, R, Collins F, Newton R (May 2008). The Rotary Waist Disposal Challenge: Annual Report. Curtin University of Technology.
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
- "Bunbury local wins the waist battle", Curtin News, 2 September 2011
- "Curtin Program Empowers Community to Fight Obesity", Curtin Health Highlights and Happenings 10 March 2010 page 6 [PDF 774 KB]
- "Losers are winners", The West Australian 6 January 2010 [PDF 169KB]
- "Reality check for men's health" [PDF ]
- "Healthy start for Rotarian's bulge battle" [PDF 87 KB]
- "Rotary's 'Waist Watch'", Rotary Down Under magazine April 2008 page 38 [PDF 88 KB]
- "'Waist' Disposal Win", Canning Times 15 April 2008 page 15 [PDF 110 KB]
- "Professor Aoun Receives Paul Harris Fellow", Curtin News March 2008 [PDF 105 KB]
- Rotary Down Under magazine February 2008 [PDF page 1 58KB | page 2 95KB]
- "Back from the brink of Type 2 Diabetes", ABC South West WA, 14 September 2007
- "Mayor takes on the Men's 'Waist' Disposal Challenge", North Tyneside, 13 June 2005
Rotary Newsletters
- "Long hard road back to good health", Bunbury Mail 7 September 2011 page 3 [PDF 116 KB]
- "Manjimup is the not-so-big winner", District 9465 DG Newsletter April 2011 page 8 [PDF 163 KB]
- Rotary Club of Western Endeavour Newsletter Issue 367, 13 December 2009
- Rotary Club of Fremantle Meeting Notes, 25 November 2009
- Rotary Club of Victoria Park bulletin 5 November 2009 [PDF 840KB]
- Rotary Club of Freshwater Bay bulletin Volume 2 Issue 17 , 26 October 2009
- Rotary Club of Willetton bulletin Issue 22, 29 Jan 2009
- Rotary Club of Heirisson bulletin Vol 19 Issue 29, 29 Jan 2009 [PDF 220KB]
- Rotary Club of Bunbury bulletin Issue 12, 19 Sep 2007
- Rotary District 9450 Newsletter


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It is a flavor that is universally despised—we use it to mean pain and things difficult to bear. Yet, it is also a flavor used the world over to strengthen digestion, cleanse the body and build vitality—an ingredient essential to good health.
It is unfortunate, then, that our modern diet seems to be completely lacking in the wild bitter tasting plants our ancestors considered so fundamental to their health. Many of the diseases riddling our modern culture—from indigestion and gastric reflux to metabolic disorders ranging from elevated cholesterol to type 2 diabetes—seem to all point back to the deficiency of bitterness in our diets, and the lack of the protection and tone it imparts to our digestion and metabolic functions.
When a bitter substance is recognized by bitter receptors on your tongue, a chain of neural and endocrine events begins, labeled as the "bitter reflex." Mediated by the release of the gastric hormone gastrin, this reflex results in an overall stimulation of digestive function, which over time strengthens the structure and function of all digestive organs (liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, etc.)
In a nutshell, bitter foods: help absorb nutrients, balances the taste buds and helps control a sweet tooth, cleanses the liver through fiber to sweep wastes through, stimulates metabolism, fight free radicals and stimulates immune function.
Try these 'weedy' salads:


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I currently have my ooma setup ahead of my router. Cable modem-ooma-router. I used to have packet8 setup behind the router. I have an hava player (aka sling box) and when i view my dvr remotely my video is choppy. I didn't have much of a problem before. Would I be better off putting ooma behind the router or will that not make a difference. Is there a setting on the ooma I could change.
Try the optimal setup: viewtopic.php?t=9536#p66155
And see if that helps.


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GarageBand: Chasing the Train
If you like remixing or manipulating songs, or if you just like to play around in GarageBand, we've broken out the tracks for our song Chasing the Train and made it available as a GarageBand project.
Since we recorded and produced the record in ProTools there are lots of settings and plugins that we aren't able to share. But the tracks are isolated, so if you'd like to hear what it would sound like with your awesome jazz flute solo instead of my guitar, please go nuts.
If you come up with something cool, we'd love to hear it.
Note: Please don't steal our song, claim it as your own, or charge money for any remixes or other derivations without our permission. Credit to Trent Reznor for having this idea all the way back in 2005.


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The New Yorker Radio Hour
Zadie Smith and Conservatives Strike Back
David Frum is a card-carrying conservative who won't jump on the G.O.P.'s Trump bandwagon—he believes that America's fundamental rights will be at risk under the President-elect. The novelist Zadie Smith explains why she thought writing in the first person was an indulgence. And the much-derided can of cranberry sauce finally speaks up for itself—and, boy, is it pissed.


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The third edition of our monthly EXTENDED PLAY series will be happening March the 8th at the Central as always. Come check it out and don't forget to RSVP on Facebook.
Chronicle of Chronic Pain (Diana Galimzyanova/Russia)
A Wizard Stole My Baby! (Adam Schafer/Canada)
Haze (Carolina Cortella/USA)
No Returns (Gabrielle Lenhard/USA)
Boots (Magill Foote/Canada)
The Heat (Bartosz Kruhlik/Poland)
S.I.D.S. (Turner Stewart/Canada)
Wendigo on the Sun (Dario Ortega/USA)


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Begin Obligatory About Me Portion..
So, I really stumble at these about me blurbs but apparently I'm supposed to fill this in, so here goes.
I'm boring. Like, really boring. Somewhere on the scale between watching paint dry and counting sheep. But, I like it that way.
I grew up somewhere between Indiana and Alabama, two house fires in a family with numerous civil and criminal legal adventures. Given that history, boring is fine by me.
I briefly worked as a newspaper photographer intern-type person with aspirations in Journalism. It didn't work out. ;)
Computers, Yeah I'll Do That
I worked, instead as a desk driver technician, network engineer and eventually programmer for a lucky 18 years and counting. Palm Pilots, PocketPCs, PCs, Set Top Boxes, Websites, Macs, iPhones & Androids; I write code for all of them.
I've worked in high pressure management positions: managing projects and pitching to clients. I've worked as the awkward head-down coder that seems to be somewhat antisocial and have their own way of seeing the world. I've worked as the crotchety NetAdmin who grumbles at people on the way to the coffee pot at 4 am after an all-nighter.
Usually, I'm somewhere between a gameshow host and tech-nerd. I like to meet people, I like a challenge and I love technology.
Why, Hello There, Camera - How Fair Thee?
A few years ago, I re-engaged my passion for Photography. Olin Mills and Herf Jones photography training I received came back to me quickly. So did the recollection of just how miserable the typical "Studio" experience is for families. Everyone piles in the car in uncomfortable clothes and bad moods to head to a stuffy photo studio to stand in front of a crappy background and eventually get ambushed to buy prints, on the spot. No digital copy OR low-res useless digital copy. Uncool, man.
I started slow, shooting a few friends' weddings and starting to contribute online. But, I still focused primarily on making shots of my kids. Eventually, we just stopped going to photo studios altogether.
For us, the photo experience entails putting on some decent - but - not - quite - Sunday - best, natural looking clothes and heading to some fun location here on the Gulf Coast. We have a good time and usually grab lunch or dinner afterwards. The smiles are genuine, as are the memories associated with them.
In 2009, I had become pretty active at posting my photography on various Social Networks. Not really looking for business but just in the spirit of learning from others' work and gathering constructive criticism.
Around the time of the Gulf Oil Spill I started getting really active in Landscape photography, experimenting with HDR and various techniques.
What an interesting time.
Seeing the unspoiled beaches of the Gulf Coast get seemingly ruined and eventually returned to their awesome form. Whatching legitimate local, landmark businesses struggle & die was hard. The Gulf Coast made it through but it was a tough road. I know the ecosystems were changed forever. That got me thinking -- regretting really -- that I haven't been capturing more of the gulf coast in photos over the years -- to reference how it changes over time, from disaster to recovery from boom times to crashes and so, fourth. So, I started one of those photo-a-day challenges, posting a photo of something neat or interesting, every day for a year.
Doing a photo-a-day was a challenge, alot of work and a tremendously rewarding growing experience. It forced interaction with strangers (and many of them were even stranger than I) and helped me to develop a new appreciation for the awe-some nature of the Gulf Coast. It also has helped to hone my skills in the arts of photography and photo processing. From darkroom to Lightroom, as they say.
I'm still a programmer, still a photographer. I still have a real job that I don't advertise b/c I don't want to attract head-hunters. I'm still doing work in education/software, mobile development and I've been involved with startups related to medical software. Over the last year, I've been working on some massive-multi-touch projects that I'll be posting more about in the coming months. Experimenting with new UI experiences and hand-built multiple touch prototypes, such as the graffitiDesk prototype, shown here:
Technology & Software Development feeds the bank, Photography feeds creativity that can be applied to the former. This is the cycle that I've developed to keep my wandering mind in check. It works and no prescription is necessary.
In photography, I've had some modest successes in commercial licensing & collector's proof sales to private collectors as well as some commissioned travel photography gigs trying out new gear.
While, I haven't sent a camera into space (yet), I'm no stranger to making them fly, hover or float.
Maybe I'll get to the space thing this year..
I've remained active in Landscape photography and I'm hopeful for the coming year(s) on the Gulf Coast as it continues to rebound. I'm looking forward to more photo-walks, more events, more travel and meeting more cool people. Thanks to social networks, word of mouth and luck, my photography has begun to get some national recognition and a global audience which has been pretty awesome. Reading peoples' comments and viewing their works really makes my day. Connections to like-minded people half a world away. To paraphrase Flynn from Tron Legacy, "It's digital jazz, man..."
Portraits & Commissioning
As my schedule allows, I am available for commercial or advertising projects.
Portraits, not so much.. I can recommend some great folks in our area that are much better at that than I for Portraiture & Strobist needs.


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Staff caring for people with stroke need nationally recognised learning programmes, so a stroke-specific education framework for staff at all levels was established
The National Stroke Strategy identified that staff caring for people with stroke needed knowledge and skills, and nationally recognised learning programmes were required. This article describes the development of an education framework for stroke.
Citation: Leathley MJ et al (2012) Developing an education framework for stroke. Nursing Times [online]; 108: 47, 20-21.
Authors: Michael John Leathley is research fellow, and Jane Fitzgerald is research assistant, both at University of Central Lancashire; Monica Fletcher is chief executive at Education for Health; Ian Golton, is director (stroke), and Damian Jenkinson, national clinical director (stroke), both at NHS Improvement; Chris Price is consultant physician at Northumbria Healthcare Foundation Trust; Tom Quinn is associate dean at University of Surrey; Christine Roffe is consultant (stroke medicine) at University Hospital of North Staffordshire; Jane Williams is consultant nurse (stroke care) at Portsmouth Hospital Trust; Caroline Watkins is professor of stroke and older people's care at the University of Central Lancashire.
- Scroll down to read the article or download a print-friendly PDF including any tables and figures (if the PDF fails to fully download please try again using a different browser)
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the main cause of adult disability in England (National Audit Office, 2010), with an estimated annual cost to the NHS and the economy of £8.3bn (Scarborough et al, 2010).
It can have a devastating and lasting impact on the lives of patients and their families; one third of those who have a stroke are left with a long-term disability.
In 2007, the National Stroke Strategy described the features of a good-quality stroke service within the content of 20 quality markers (Department of Health, 2007).
The strategy recognised that high-quality care and services needed to be delivered by staff with appropriate knowledge and skills, and that nationally recognised, quality-assured and transferable learning programmes in stroke were needed.
As part of the strategy, funding was provided to establish the UK Forum for Stroke Training (UKFST) to draw up an education framework for stroke to ensure such programmes could be developed.
Key stakeholders of the UK Stroke Forum agreed that the UKFST should consist of a steering group and four task groups. At its first meeting, the steering group said the task and steering groups should have:
- Explicit representation from relevant professional bodies (stroke-specific and stroke relevant), health and social care, and voluntary organisations;
- Involvement of people who have had a stroke;
- Clear consultation with representatives from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Each task group was to develop key aspects of the framework based around quality markers from the National Stroke Strategy. These were renamed elements of care, and reflect the quality markers, standards and recommendations in the stroke strategies of the four UK countries.
The task groups were responsible for elements of care in four broad areas: awareness and information (AI); time is brain (TiB); life after stroke (LAS); and implementation (WTI) (Box 1).
The purpose of the education framework was to define stroke-specific knowledge and skills as distinct from the generic skills that health, social, voluntary and independent care staff already have.
This purpose was relevant to the AI, TiB, and LAS task groups because they covered the elements of care that had a direct impact on patient care and reflected the stroke patient pathway. The WTI group would support the development, sustainability, accreditation methods and embedding of the education framework in the development and delivery of a stroke-skilled workforce.
The task groups agreed a structure for the framework, which meant each element of care would have three sections:
- Essential requirements: a list of services and inputs, such as assessment, investigation and treatment;
- Knowledge and understanding: a list of stroke-specific knowledge and understanding that professionals working in stroke should possess, at relevant levels, and based on those from Skills for Health (www.skillsforhealth.org.uk) (Box 1);
- Skills and ability: this is about putting knowledge and understanding into practice. Below are summaries of the focus of the skills; "it" could be any investigation, intervention, or referral:
- What it is that needs to be done;
- When it needs doing;
- Where it is done;
- How it should be done;
- Who it is done to.
Developing the strategy
At the first three meetings, approximately two months apart, each task group discussed each of the three sections.
Comments were reviewed and summarised into bullet points to be discussed and refined at the next meeting. These points were in the form of competency-like items. After discussions at the end of the third meeting, a preliminary stroke-specific education framework (SSEF) was developed.
Stakeholder engagement
The framework was sent out for targeted stakeholder review and put on the DH website; task group members were asked to encourage colleagues in their professions/services to review it. In addition, a one-day stakeholder event was held, which reviewed the SSEF in terms of:
- Relevance to health and social care;
- Relevance across the UK;
- How it could be used to promote service delivery and career pathways.
The responses to the document and one-day event were discussed at a fourth and final meeting of each task group, at which members agreed modifications to the SSEF based on the feedback. A draft final version was circulated to task groups for approval, then to the steering group for ratification. The final version was put on the UKSFET website.
Box 1. Elements given to task groups
Awareness and information (AI)
Elements: awareness raising; managing risk; information; user involvement
Time is brain (TiB)
Elements: assessment (transient ischaemic attack); treatment (tia); urgent response; assessment (stroke); treatment (stroke)
Life after stroke (LAS)
Elements: specialist rehabilitation; seamless transfer of care; long-term care; review; participation in community; return to work; end-of-life care
Implementation (WTI)
Elements: networks; leadership and skills; workforce review; research and audit
Using the framework
The UKFST is now part of the UK Stroke Forum and renamed the UK Stroke Forum Education and Training (UKSFET). It uses the SSEF to underpin its endorsement of stroke-specific training and provides access to information about stroke-specific education opportunities (https://stroke-education.org.uk/courses/).
Endorsement involves course providers submitting course information, which is reviewed by three reviewers (one is a lay reviewer) to ensure the content is SSEF compliant, relates to at least one element of care and addresses one or more of the competency-like items.
The process is not prescriptive about course content and delivery, but does require that content is consistent with the SSEF. Courses are endorsed for three years and the provider can use a UKSFET quality mark on its course literature. Endorsed courses are listed on the UKSFET website.
This ensures that stroke-specific training is up to date and at an appropriate level, enabling organisations to see the level and type of training that should be provided for staff who care at different points on the stroke pathway. Anyone working along the pathway can be assured that training will meet their needs.
A toolkit, based on the SSEF, is available for staff to map their knowledge and skills (Watkins et al, 2011), giving them a "role profile". Health workers can compare their role profile with other role profiles, which have been agreed by specialists in each role (the list of role profiles will be updated). This mapping process will show people their training needs, and inform their search for relevant UKSFET-endorsed courses.
Box 2. Levels of understanding and knowledge
● Basic: criteria demand limited and generalised understanding that something exists but an individual would not need to know any details
● Factual: criteria call for factual knowledge, but no more than a superficial understanding of principles or theories
● Working: criteria call for the application of factual knowledge in a manner that takes account of widely understood technical principles and implications within the field of practice
● In-depth: criteria demand a broad, detailed understanding of the theoretical underpinning of an area of practice, including conflicting theories and constructs
● Critical: criteria call for the ability to evaluate and devise approaches to situations that depend on the critical application of theories and conceptual constructs within the area of practice
The SSEF was developed through collaboration between health, social and voluntary care services, with input from representatives across the UK. Most importantly, those affected by stroke took part.
The framework is being used in the endorsement of stroke-specific training by the UKSFET. Any professional can search the UKSFET website for nationally recognised, transferable and quality-assured stroke-specific training at an appropriate level.
Key points
- The National Stroke Strategy identified the need for nationally recognised training for stroke
- The UK Forum for Stroke Training developed a stroke-specific education framework
- The framework defines stroke-specific knowledge and skills, as distinct from generic skills
- The UK Stroke Forum Education and Training uses the framework when endorsing training, and provides information on stroke education
- The framework defines levels of knowledge and understanding to clarify courses that are appropriate for different staff
Department of Health (2007) National Stroke Strategy. London: DH.
National Audit Office (2010) Progress in Improving Stroke Care. London: NAO.
Scarborough P et al (2010) Coronary Heart Disease Statistics. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Watkins CL et al (2011) The UK forum for stroke training and the stroke-specific education framework. Journal of Paramedic Practice; 3: 9, 481-482.
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Go: A New Concurrent Systems Programming Language from Google
Google launched Go, a new systems programming language born with concurrency, simplicity and performance in mind. Do you have time to learn another programming language this year?It is really difficult being a developer. There are a lot of new programming languages trying to bring a silver bullet. They try to simplify concurrency whilst keeping the learning curve as smooth as possible by borrowing syntax from popular existing languages. However, is there a promising future for so many new languages?
Go is open source and its syntax is similar to C, C++ and Python. It uses an expressive language with pointer but no pointer arithmetic. It is type safe and memory safe. However, one of its main goals is to offer the speed and safety of a static language but with the advantages offered by modern dynamic languages. Go also offers methods for any type, closures and run-time reflection. The syntax is pretty clean and it is garbage collected. It is intended to compete with C and C++ as a systems programming language.
What about multicore programming with Go? It promotes lightweight concurrency allowing developers to create sets of lightweight communicating processes. Go calls them goroutines. This way, you can run many concurrent goroutines and you don't need to worry about stack overflows. Go promotes sharing memory by communicating. Goroutines aren't threads, they are functions running in parallel with other goroutines in the same address space. It is very easy to launch parallel functions using the goroutines. This is one of the most interesting features offered by the language. It really simplifies concurrency for systems programming.
Go's key features related to concurrency are:
* Channels.
* Channels of channels.
* Goroutines.
* Leaky buffers.
* Share by communicating approach.
These features deserve new posts explaining them with more detail. Stay tuned because I'll be adding new posts about Go soon.
The idea behind Go is to offer a fast compiler to produce fast code. So far, it offers two compilers:
* Gccgo (GCC is in the back).
* 8g (x86-32) and 6g (x86-64).
Today, Go went open source and it is a promising systems programming language. The support offered by modern IDEs will be crucial to its early adoption. Its concurrency features are really interesting for systems programming.
If you want to test this new programming language, your starting point is Go's main page
Besides, you can watch the video of a Google Tech Talk for The Go Programming Language, by Rob Pike. Nonetheless, I must warn you that it's a long video


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Sale Date Ended
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How can you create a Second Stream of Income - Rs 60 K p.m?
Without disturbing current job or profession?
Learn more by attending the Social E-Commerce business opportunity presentation
Limited seats!! Entry by invite only
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Prosumer Partners Team


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Managing HSCAntispam (Barracuda)
USF Health provides secure email access using Barracuda Spam Quarantine. Should you receive an email that may be recognized as spam, the email will be sent to this system where you can View, Deliver, Whitelist or Delete. A notice from HSCAntispam will be sent to your Inbox to inform you of any emails that have been sent to the Barracuda system.
The following topics are covered:
- Accessing HSCAntispam
- Setting Preferences
Accessing HSCAntispam
If you have received an email notification from HSCAntispam, you can access the Barracuda Spam Quarantine system by clicking the links within the notification. See figure 1 below. If have not received a notification and you wish to access the system follow the steps below.
Figure 1: HSCAntispam notification sent via email.
- Open a web browser.
- Copy paste the following URL into the the address field.
- Type your USF Health email address in the Username field
- Type your USF Health password in the Password field.
This will open your HSCAntispam Quarantine Inbox.
Figure 2: Your Quarantine Inbox.
Setting Preferences
- Click the Preferences tab to edit.
- Type the email address in the corresponding areas:
Allowed Email Addresses:
- The Allowed Email Address list, also known as the Whitelist, allows emails from senders you have identified as safe to be sent directly to your email inbox.
Blocked Email Addresses:
- The Blocked Email Address list, also known as the Blacklist, blocks emails from senders you have identified as spam, junk or harmful. Emails from these senders will be sent to HSCAntispam Quarantine.
- Click Add
- When complete click Logoff in the upper right corner of the screen.


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The Gulf Shores Church of Christ has partnered with Heritage Christian University to offer classes in Gulf Shores, AL! If you would be interested in getting more information about the HCU Gulf Shores Extension, please contact our church office at (251) 968-7769 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Fall Classes 2018:
MORE INFO @ https://www.facebook.com/HCUGulfShoresExtension/


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Times Pakistan - World Leading News Website
Fawad asks media to project economic growth,as its interests linked with economy
Chinese model to be followed in special economic zones construction: Pak Ambassador
Car's front bumper squashed after head-on collision with bike
President urges media's active role on social, health issues
A regulated road traffic reflects a nation's self-discipline
Corrupt politicians resorting to attacks against PM: Chohan
Chinese investment jumps 45.26% in first half of FY19
Govt will extend cooperation to Balochistan govt in promoting industry
KSE-100 Index closed at 38063.15 points
Poet, writer,Sufi intellectual Wasif Ali Wasif remembered
Sudan restricts social media access to reign in protests
The Legend of Maula Jutt' trailer leaves in Social media
Cigarette butts polluting the ocean may be causing arsenic, lead, and nicotine to…
Experts say not enough people are getting vaccinated.
Interesting facts about human being
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