text:
From Parameters, Summer 1996, pp. 79-91.
The increased frequency and variety of military interventions since the end of the Cold War have brought changes in the causes, management, and operational significance of psychological stress on soldiers. Research has found that all of the types of operations--combat, peacekeeping, humanitarian, and governmental support--conducted since 1989 have imposed stress.[1] In the past, conscripted soldiers fought their war and then were discharged to the civil sector--along with any stress disorders they may have developed. In the future, it is likely that soldiers will participate in more than one operation in a single enlistment. Commanders depend on them to be psychologically ready to carry out the next deployment. Responsibility for the management of soldiers' stress lies with command--with the support of the chaplaincy and military medical mental health professionals. This is not a trivial responsibility; management of stress and protection against post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are critical to maintaining the operational readiness of the force.[2] In this article we will discuss the stress imposed by various types of post-Cold War operations, and the measures that have proved to be successful in managing soldiers' reactions to them.
Stresses Imposed by Military Operations
Commanders and physicians have been wrestling with the psychological effects of combat since the Civil War.[3] Dr. Jonathan Shay and Lieutenant Colonel David Grossman, working from data on Vietnam veterans, have recently updated the factors that cause combat stress disorders (CSD) and PTSD. Shay contends that a soldier's principal source of stress in Vietnam was betrayal by his own leaders of values he understood to be the moral foundation of the war.[4] Grossman found taking the life of an enemy soldier to be the most stressful event a soldier encounters.[5] Both agree that the death or maiming of comrades and continuous fear, fatigue, filth, and hunger are stressors. Post-Cold War campaigns have not entailed prolonged combat, but they have imposed new kinds of stress. Sudden transitions from peace to war, and interventions with ambiguous objectives, can make it difficult for soldiers to develop clear attitudes about the values underlying a campaign. Furthermore, little is known about how soldiers and their families will cope in an era of frequent deployments. One set of evidence, from the Persian Gulf War, indicates that unresolved reactions to trauma in previous campaigns makes soldiers more vulnerable to stress in subsequent operations.[6] But research on soldiers in Haiti indicates that multiple deployments do not affect soldiers' psychological well-being.[7] Many such questions remain open, and they demonstrate the complexity of the origins of CSD and PTSD. It is essential that command and the medical community remain active in studying the psychological effects of combat and noncombat operations.
Panama (1989-1990)
In 1989 a force of about 20,000 US combat troops defeated and dismantled the entire Panamanian Defense Force (PDF) in 48 hours of hard infantry fighting (Operation Just Cause). Rules of engagement were strict to minimize civilian casualties and collateral damage, but they increased the risk to US servicemen.[8] The soldiers understood the purpose of the rules, often conceded the first shot to the PDF, and took pride in their fire discipline. Though the period of combat was brief, several soldiers reported psychological distress and turbulent postdeployment relations with their families.[9]
The most severe stress reactions were among soldiers who had killed PDF personnel. Some were agitated: "That night he was punching the wall and crying." Others withdrew: "He was dazed after shooting a PDF soldier--a perfect shot. But he didn't want to talk about it." The emotional pressure on the few US soldiers who killed was exacerbated by their isolation and by their compassion for the PDF.
Irrespective of whether friendly casualties were caused by enemy fire, friendly fire, or accident, soldiers and leaders expressed their helplessness and grief through rage toward the PDF. A comment typical of those whose comrades had been killed by any cause was: "If we hadn't been able to shoot at the PDF we'd have fallen apart." Leaders and medical aidmen--those who saw keeping others alive as their responsibility--experienced guilt and worried about whether they could have done more to prevent death. Open expression of grief was possible in some companies. Soldiers in one unit reported that during their memorial service, "There wasn't a dry eye in the place. The company commander spoke, and he broke down. That helped." But in other units different cultural values limited expression: "I'm sure people were sad, but we all felt it would be a sign of weakness to cry." Post-traumatic stress reactions followed familiar patterns: insomnia, nightmares, irritability, hyperalertness. Some soldiers kept a weapon within reach after returning to the United States. They dealt with their emotions not by expressing them but by vigorous activity--to distract their thoughts and to help them sleep. Some NCOs said they thought that many soldiers had problems with what they had seen and done in Panama; they worried that the "quiet ones" were likely to be the most distressed.
Management of post-traumatic stress reactions was complicated by a pervasive belief that admitting to having psychological problems would be damaging to one's military career. Most of the soldiers who described stress symptoms to debriefing teams said they would never go to a mental health clinic. Though most soldiers trusted chaplains, psychiatrists were suspect.
For the spouses and children who remained at home, the absence of soldiers imposed severe strains. When the soldiers returned, roles within the families had to be renegotiated. These negotiations were complicated by the irritability and tension the soldiers brought back with them. Chaplains in some brigades reported increases in the incidence of divorce, abuse of spouses, and spouses returning to their parents' homes.
Persian Gulf (1990-1991)
During the six months of Operation Desert Shield the Army Medical Department strove to bring divisional and corps mental health teams up to strength. Mental health professionals made a serious, and often successful, effort to establish their usefulness in the eyes of commanders. In addition to preparing to return stress casualties to duty, they worked with units to strengthen soldiers' resistance to stress and thereby prevented many such casualties from occurring.[10]
The principal stressors were similar but not identical to those encountered in Panama. Desert Shield exposed soldiers to a harsh environment in which fatigue and discomfort were exacerbated by fear of Iraqi chemical weapons.[11] During Desert Storm the most severe trauma came from experiencing the death or maiming of comrades.[12] Stress from killing enemy soldiers was mitigated because much of the killing was done indirectly in engagements between combat vehicles rather than face-to-face. Further, most of the soldiers in units that fought participated in killing, so the killers were not isolated. Finally, units had trained together for months to fight a specific adversary. In spite of these mitigating factors, many soldiers were distressed by seeing Iraqi soldiers mutilated on the battlefield.[13]
Following the ground war in Iraq, mental health personnel were proactive in facilitating and conducting post-battle and post-trauma debriefings. They taught leaders how to recognize and deal with "cease-fire letdown," a reaction to the decrease in tension after combat in which some soldiers engage in daredevil behavior. This behavior, which led to death and injuries, was identified for the first time following the Gulf War.[14]
Experience in the Persian Gulf War confirmed previous findings in Israel and Vietnam that reservists and members of rear-area service units are more vulnerable to post-battle stress reactions than are Active Army and combat soldiers.[15] Many of the reserve units mobilized for the Persian Gulf received a large number of fillers just before deploying, which weakened unit cohesion.[16] Though members of reserve component units were at higher risk for PTSD, most reserve units were demobilized rapidly upon return to the United States. They were given no time to experience recognition as members of the unit, to celebrate as a group, or to work through their experiences in debriefings.[17]
A survey of 4264 veterans of the Persian Gulf War found that 69 percent had experienced intrusive memories and dreams, 37 percent reported avoidance of memories or emotional detachment, 46 percent were troubled by irritability, insomnia, or hypervigilance, and 26 percent reported they had experienced all of these symptoms of PTSD.[18] Soldiers with unresolved stress reactions from an earlier conflict and those wounded during Desert Storm were in particular need of post-battle debriefing to reduce the likelihood of PTSD.[19]
Somalia (1992-1993)
Operation Restore Hope in Somalia is often perceived as a humanitarian relief effort. It was indeed so for the non-governmental organizations that distributed food and treated the sick. But for the US Army, it was a combat operation to assure the security of the relief workers and to quell fighting between the indigenous factions. More US soldiers were killed in Somalia than in Panama, and per capita, the casualty rate in Somalia was higher than in the Persian Gulf War. Even when they were not in actual combat, soldiers often faced hostile words and gestures from mobs of Somalis at close quarters.
Research conducted with soldiers in Somalia indicates that they were well prepared to witness privation, starvation, and despair on a catastrophic scale, and the few who were exposed handled these tragedies without psychological damage.[20] Most soldiers took pride in coping with the harsh climate, pervasive danger, and persistent casualties. The principal stressors reported were relative deprivation, an ambiguous mission, belief that their superiors did not trust them, uncertainty about how long they would be there, lack of resources to do their jobs, separation from family and friends, and a sense of having failed to do anything significant for the Somalis.[21]
Complaints about lack of mission-relevant resources specified poor maps and other intelligence materials, inadequate information about aspects of the mission being executed by other units, and insufficient numbers of interpreters and troops to carry out the numerous missions assigned.[22] Lack of information about the progress of the expedition as a whole was one facet of the troops' perception that their commanders did not trust them. An order that male and female soldiers were to sleep in separate tents was also perceived by many as lack of trust and, in addition, it impugned their professionalism. They knew that soldiers of both sexes had shared tents in Desert Storm.
The cumulative effect of deficiencies in trust, resources, and information was a sense of failure and disillusionment. This did not reflect well on command in two ways. First, the soldiers had not failed. They had maintained their poise and discipline, provided a measure of order, and assured that in most of the country the mission of alleviating the famine was accomplished. Because a sense of failure can sap morale, erode cohesion, and possibly compromise the future psychological readiness of the units, it is essential that soldiers have accurate feedback on their performance. Second, failure is certainly possible, but when it occurs it should be handled constructively, as an opportunity to learn.
Disillusionment was not the inevitable consequence of service in Somalia. Members of a Greek medical company that deployed to Somalia, and that suffered a fatality, were uniformly positive about their experience.[23] The Greeks' experience differed from the Americans' in many respects. The Greeks had a clearly defined and achievable mission, a mission for which the members of the unit were specifically trained, and a mission that provided the Greek soldiers opportunities to help Somalis. The Greeks believed they had been successful, and this belief was confirmed by the Somalis' expressions of appreciation. To the extent that US commanders can structure missions to embody characteristics such as these, they will reduce stress and strengthen morale and satisfaction among their soldiers.
Croatia (1992-1993)
Most of the deployments since the end of the Cold War have been for peacekeeping (Sinai, Macedonia, Bosnia), support of United Nations or national civilian governments, (Croatia, Haiti), or humanitarian relief (Rwanda). Combat was not part of these interventions, so the participants did not have to cope with the psychological effects of killing enemy soldiers or the death or injury of comrades. Nonetheless there was often an undercurrent of danger, and some soldiers experienced fatigue, filth, and hunger--but never on the scale encountered in combat. At the end of 1992 the 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) deployed to Zagreb, Croatia, to provide medical services for the 20,000 members of the United Nations Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia.[24] The 212th MASH was the core unit of a medical task force with a full range of medical capabilities. Though there was often gunfire nearby, and any unpaved ground had to be treated as infested with mines, the unit was on an airport protected by UN combat units. No members of the 212th MASH Task Force engaged in combat or became casualties.
The principal source of stress was a Byzantine command structure. Above the 212th MASH there was a proliferation of headquarters and three separate chains of command. The Army chain of command was through 68th Medical Group to III Corps Support Command to V Corps. The hospital with its attachments comprised Joint Task Force Provide Promise (Forward), which had its own command staff. The Task Force reported to US European Command. The Task Force was also under the operational control of the Force Medical Officer of the UN Protection Force.
A few vignettes illustrate how the command structure affected the troops: (1) The mission proved to require only 20 percent of the capabilities of the task force, but command vetoed suggestions to offer humanitarian treatment to injured Yugoslavs or to send medical teams into the field to treat UN personnel. (2) Junior enlisted personnel were subject to a unit chain of command and a hospital chain of command that often spoke with different voices, and the information from each passed through so many levels that it was often garbled. (3) The hospital commander authorized seven-day leaves to Germany. After the policy had been in effect three months, someone at a higher headquarters learned of it and complained that he had not been consulted. There was a threat that leaves already approved would be canceled, but ultimately the leave policy was approved provided that the manning level of the hospital was maintained at a higher level. (4) The Task Force staff, though it had only one unit to supervise, took for itself comfortable offices in pre-fab structures or permanent buildings. The hospital staff, which had a real mission, had to do its work in crowded tents. (5) The numerous commanders invited generals, politicians, and reporters to inspect 212th MASH. The troops saw these visits as self-promoting, not as aimed at recognizing the work of junior personnel or assisting in the accomplishment of the mission.
Among the attachments to 212th MASH was a mental health specialist from the US Army Medical Research Unit-Europe. He reported that he observed no apparent symptoms of stress among the soldiers who deployed to Croatia. But the soldiers had witnessed a major medical resource standing idle while sick and injured people suffered. They knew their own time and abilities were being wasted, and they saw their unit used as a backdrop for photo opportunities for senior officials. Their contributions, passive though they were through no fault of their own, went unrecognized. The effects of the top-heavy command structure have not been measured empirically, but the anecdotal evidence indicates that they could have compromised morale, cohesion, and psychological readiness.
Haiti (1994-1996)
Though the deployment to Haiti (Operation Uphold Democracy) was planned as a forced entry using helicopters launched from an aircraft carrier, the reality was a minimally dangerous operation in support of the civilian government.[25] The principal sources of stress reported were living conditions, separation from family, the ambiguity of the mission, and the command climate in certain units.
Eighty-four percent of soldiers surveyed two months into the mission complained about poor sanitation: insufficient numbers of portable toilets, toilets that were rarely emptied, foul water, and no showers. Seventy-four percent of the soldiers worried about contracting life-threatening diseases.[26] There were numerous comments about inadequate and monotonous food. Relative deprivation was an issue. Some enlisted soldiers thought that officers lived in air-conditioned quarters, and that enlisted members of other services lived in greater comfort than they themselves did.[27] Poor living conditions characterized the early stages of the deployment, but were improved as the theater matured.
Many combat soldiers perceived the mission to be pointless, to be unrelated to their military qualifications, and to be prolonged excessively. Several expressed disillusionment because they did not think the activities of the Army did anything to improve the lives or prospects of the Haitians.[28] Some leaders were unable to provide their subordinates with information that could have convinced them that their contributions were important or that their discomforts served a purpose. Some junior soldiers believed that the emphasis on force protection, which included a requirement to wear complete body armor in hot weather, was unnecessary. A relatively large number of soldiers and junior leaders complained of being micromanaged and the lack of trust that it implied. A theme in many soldiers' comments was that they were treated like children.[29]
Some complained that senior commanders inappropriately treated the operation as a maximum effort that transcended any personal needs of their subordinates. Specifically, soldiers were forced to deploy when they had only joined their units a few days before and had not had time to settle their families, and soldiers who had children born during the deployment were not permitted to return to be with their wives for the birth process.
In spite of their complaints, a majority of the soldiers supported the mission in Haiti, and almost all performed their duties in a professional manner.[30] Standardized and well-respected measures of psychological well- being indicated that soldiers showed less evidence of stress in Haiti, where there was no danger, than in Somalia, where there was danger, and much less than in Operation Desert Shield, where serious danger lay in the immediate future. This finding is anything but surprising, but there is a lesson in the deployments that did not involve combat: most stress is avoidable if commanders implement basic precepts of leadership--taking care of the troops, making sure that troops' time, energy, and abilities are used productively, and telling troops the whole truth early and often. When the whole truth is that the leader does not know, he or she should say so.
Managing Stress
An Army Medical System Program Review conducted in 1984-85 developed doctrine and organization for the control of combat stress in high-intensity, fast-moving operations on the lethal battlefields expected in a war with the Soviet Union.[31] However, by 1989 when the current pattern of frequent intervention began, little training had taken place, few mental health positions were staffed, and the single Active Army mental health detachment existed only on paper. During Operations Just Cause and Desert Storm, commanders, chaplains, and mental health professionals responded to the need for combat stress control on an ad hoc basis. They found that in managing combat stress the key process was debriefing, with validation and decompression playing supporting roles. The fragmentary evidence from the deployments to Somalia, Croatia, and Haiti suggests that validation is most important, with debriefing and decompression in support.
Validation is the set of efforts to reassure soldiers that their actions and feelings in performance of their duties were acceptable. Validation is an essential prerequisite to enable combat veterans to put their horror, fear, doubt, guilt, and shame behind them; it is also the most important factor in preserving vertical cohesion during and after peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. We have identified three categories of validation that appear to be effective in mitigating combat stress: substantive, institutional, and commemorative.
Substantive validation comes from the comrades and immediate leaders with whom the soldier participated in the operation: "We sat around with Sergeant P and went over what we did. He'd say things like `That must have scared you,' and I'd think, `Yeah,' and somebody else would say he felt scared and then it would seem like, okay, I wasn't any more yellow than anyone else." This type of validation is similar to debriefing, but it can continue for a prolonged period after the event: "We had a secret place for the platoon and we fixed it up. We'd go there at night and talk it through. The lieutenant always came. Little by little I got less uptight."
Institutional validation is the process of conferring the approval of the Army, the government, and the public on the soldier. It is a responsibility of command to see that soldiers and units who endured great stress and made significant contributions receive awards. It is equally important that senior commanders assure that all of their units receive attention in the news media. Several soldiers who participated in combat deployments voiced the opinion that since their units had received no television coverage, "We might as well not have been here." Soldiers who carry out the noncombat interventions that attract less attention have more pressing needs for institutional validation, and commanders will have to exert more effort to arrange that they get it.
Commemorative validation is for soldiers who have died. Its importance lies in the affection that the survivors have for the departed, and in soldiers' awareness that they are in a rough business, that they might be next, and that they do not want to be forgotten. Commemorative validation consists of memorial services and shrines in the unit. Memorials must be handled with regard for the feelings of those who were closest to the deceased. Memorials can strengthen cohesion, but it is easy to make mistakes that alienate the troops: "The company service in Panama was healing. But the colonel had another back home. All the senior brass came, and the press. It looked like a photo opportunity for the Old Man. Bunch of PR bullcrap."
Validation proved to be elusive in Somalia, Croatia, and Haiti. The most likely reason is that interventions that do not include fighting will leave many combat soldiers feeling insecure. Their competence in mission-related activities is the foundation of their confidence and their source of positive feedback. Dependent as always on their leaders, they look to them to validate the deployment, their discomfort, and their separation from their families.
The leaders' task in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations is to minimize their troops' discomforts while validating those that they must endure and trying to engage in activities whose validity is evident. It is a confusing task, because there may be little apparent validity inherent in the operation, and what valid action is possible may be foreign to the expertise of the unit. Soldiers have shown that they can adapt to unfamiliar missions, and that they will do jobs even when they think they are not appropriate for them. They will take the stress. But vertical cohesion, which is the strongest buffer against stress, starts to unravel when leaders are not candid or make demands that are manifestly unreasonable without acknowledging their unreasonableness.
Successful validation lies in honesty from the top down, discretion for subordinate leaders to make decisions about the welfare of their troops, and a command climate that supports treating troops with the respect due professional colleagues. Commanders must distinguish between a war in which the success of the mission and the survival of personnel are dependent on every team being complete, and an operation in which the military presence is more symbolic. For example, when commanders decree that an arbitrary percentage of soldiers must deploy, they limit their subordinate commanders' ability to take care of their troops. They also demonstrate disdain for the welfare of newly arrived junior soldiers whose families are not yet settled.
Empowering subordinate leaders with discretion in personnel matters is a more powerful leadership tool than is policy. Policy provides a basis for equitable treatment, and it takes the monkey off the commander's back. Basing personnel actions on impersonal policies works in a mass army that discharges its soldiers after a war. But soldiers in a professional army stay, and they depend on each other. Trust, respect, and personal consideration across ranks are the bases of vertical cohesion. It is less important that soldiers know they are entitled to 30 days to get their families settled before deploying than that they know they can trust their commanders to respect their individual situations. The monkey belongs on the commander's back. A commander who has the authority to care for each soldier in the way that he or she needs can reconcile the urgency of the mission with the soldier's situation. The tyranny of policy can render commanders powerless to protect cohesion in their units.
Debriefing has facilitated recovery from combat stress for centuries. In the 1900s soldiers went off to war, fought, and returned with their regiments. During long sea voyages and overland marches they could talk through their experiences, detoxify traumatic events, and receive reassurance about their fears and behavior from the most credible of authorities--the men who had been with them in combat. But in 1917 the US Army introduced individual replacement, in 1944 individual rotation home, and in 1951 fixed-length tours in combat zones. These policies progressively isolated soldiers from their social supports, weakened cohesion in units, and complicated the management of post-operational stress. In the most developed form of these policies, during the war in Vietnam, most soldiers went home by air. There was no time to detoxify their experiences even if, by chance, a comrade or two went with them. Combined with the moral ambiguities and cultural confusion in the Army that existed during the War in Vietnam, these policies led to an unprecedented number of veterans with PTSD.[32]
Since 1989 most units have gone into action together, come home together, and for the most part stayed together after the operation. In addition, most units routinely employ after-action reviews (AARs)--comprehensive debriefings in which everyone participates, regardless of rank. Intended to enhance performance by immediate analyses of training and operational events and to strengthen cohesion by honest acknowledgment and acceptance of errors, AARs also get the sources of guilt and shame out in the open. One soldier said: "I thought I had really blown it when Smitty got hit, but we went over it in the AAR and everybody said they would have done the same thing I did."[33] During and after Desert Storm, mental health professionals conducted supplementary debriefings for groups that had experienced particularly stressful events.[34] Debriefings are useful in managing stress in noncombat operations when soldiers are exposed to traumatic events, and when commanders need feedback about their troops' perceptions of complex or ambiguous missions.
There is general agreement that decompression leave following combat is essential. In the words of one particularly distinguished young officer, "Soldiers need time to dream away the emotional storms they experienced."[35] But few commanders recognize the need for decompression time when there has been no combat. One of the primary purposes of decompression leave is the reintegration of families. Whether the soldier deploys for a combat or a noncombat mission, the family experiences anxiety and has to reorganize to function without him or her. Uninterrupted time together, predictable duty schedules, and the help of family support groups can facilitate reintegration. The sensitivity of leaders to their subordinates' needs for decompression leave can solidify or fragment vertical cohesion.
Research conducted on the human dimensions of the Army indicates that it is beginning to handle the stresses of post-Cold War operations fairly well. Many leaders have experienced the power of cohesion to protect soldiers against stress and are making efforts to keep their units intact before, during, and after operations. Some first sergeants may even think twice before breaking up squads to cross-level their platoons. After-Action Reviews are in general use. They improve efficiency, cement cohesion, reduce stress, and alleviate guilt. Leaders have seen, or perhaps experienced, the problems soldiers and their families have putting their lives back together after a deployment. The same processes--debriefings, validation, and decompression--that alleviate soldiers' combat stress also work to alleviate family members' anxieties and strain. And as the stresses are lifted, both soldiers' and families' emotional resources are liberated to support each other.[36]
The Army Medical Department has a sound doctrine for assisting units that have faced severe stress. It has trained some people to work with line units, and some psychiatrists are getting out of their offices and into the field.[37] During the Persian Gulf War there was cooperation rather than avoidance among commanders, chaplains, and mental health professionals. The bottom line is that the Army is getting better at handling the stress arising from killing, taking casualties, and living in fear and misery.
It is noteworthy that during the post-Cold War era, there have been almost no instances of stress arising from soldiers feeling betrayed by their own leaders. This is important because that is the kind of stress that was the primary source of PTSD and moral disintegration in the Vietnam-era Army.[38] Though we have a lot to learn about stress experienced by soldiers in noncombat interventions, it does appear that some of it is self-inflicted, and that prevention is the key. Prevention will require the same kind of leadership behavior that fosters the development of cohesion--honesty and trust across ranks, respect down as well as up the line, empowerment of subordinates, technical competence, sharing of hardships, and attention to the personal, professional, and familial welfare of one's troops.
It is hard for leaders to keep their bearings when they have missions that have nothing to do with the expertise of the unit, when there is evidence all around of misery, helplessness, and corruption, and when no one in the unit knows what to do about it. If the purpose of the mission is not clear, it becomes almost impossible for leaders to validate their soldiers' sacrifices and exertions. In the closely knit web of interdependence that is a military unit, if leaders lose their bearings and are less than honest with the troops, trust will wither and vertical cohesion will start to fray. This is a real problem, because the Army will continue to be charged with executing missions that arise from complex political negotiations. Guidelines will often be inconsistent or even contradictory. The solution is for everyone, from the senior commander down, to describe the situation accurately. Then all soldiers can respond on the basis of a common view of reality rather than wondering anxiously whether they are in synch with the current set of euphemisms. Validation is possible only in terms of the soldiers' actual experience; to be less than candid is to be disrespectful of the soldiers' intelligence and risk compromising the vital bond of trust that unites leaders and subordinates.
Authors' note: The research which forms the basis for this article was conducted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research between 1990 and 1995. The authors wish to express their appreciation to the former Chief of the Department of Military Psychiatry, Dr. David H. Marlowe, for his support and guidance of the research effort. The authors also wish to express their thanks to Colonel Robert K. Gifford, the present Chief of the Department, for his substantive contributions to the data, for his observations based on personal experience in the operations discussed in the article, and for his assistance in refining the text.
1. The Department of Military Psychiatry of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has conducted comprehensive survey research, interviews, and participant observation with US Army troops following Operation Just Cause in Panama, during and after Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, during Operations Restore Hope and Continue Hope in Somalia, and during Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti as well as smaller scale research with troops on almost every deployment since 1989.
2. Robert N. Scales, Jr., Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War (Washington: Brassey's, 1994), pp. 33, 35-36, 380.
3. Franklin D. Jones, "Traditional Warfare Combat Stress Casualties" in F. D. Jones, L. R. Sparacino, V. L. Wilcox, and J. M. Rothberg, War Psychiatry. Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I, Vol. 6 (Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, US Army, 1995), pp. 36-61.
4. Jonathan Shay, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character (New York: Scribner, 1994), pp. 5-22, 69-76.
5. David A. Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Little, Brown, 1995), pp. 66-76, 87-95.
6. Amy B. Adler, Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in U.S. Veterans of the Gulf War (Heidelberg, Germany: US Army Medical Research Unit-Europe Research Report # 20, 15 February 1994).
7. Leonard Wong, Paul D. Bliese, and Ronald R. Halverson, "Multiple Deployments: Do They Make a Difference?" paper presented at the Biannual Conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Baltimore, October 1995.
8. Thomas Donnelly, Margaret Roth, and Caleb Baker, Operation Just Cause: The Storming of Panama (New York: Lexington Books, 1991), pp. 390, 406; Malcolm McConnell, Just Cause (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), pp. 31, 25, 94, 166, 295; Lorenzo Crowell, "The Anatomy of Just Cause: The Forces Involved, the Adequacy of Intelligence, and Its Success as a Joint Operation," in Bruce W. Watson and Peter G. Tsouras, Operation Just Cause: The U.S. Intervention in Panama (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 81-82.
9. The discussion of stress reactions in Operation Just Cause is based on research by the Department of Military Psychiatry of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). WRAIR teams interviewed more than 800 soldiers of all ranks from ten infantry battalions and two military police companies that had participated in Just Cause. The research caught the units in the midst of reentry just after they returned to their home stations. Basic data are summarized in Faris R. Kirkland and Morten G. Ender, "Analysis of Interview Data from Operation Just Cause" (Washington: working paper available from the Department of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, June 1991); a summary is in Faris R. Kirkland, Morton G. Ender, Robert K. Gifford, Kathleen M. Wright, and David H. Marlowe, "Human Dimensions of Rapid Force Projection: Operation Just Cause, December 1989," Military Review, 76 (March-April 1996), 57-64.
10. L. S. Holsenbeck, "PSYCH-FORCE 90: The OM (Combat Stress) Team in the Gulf," The Journal of the U.S. Army Medical Department (March-April 1992), pp. 32-36; James A. Martin and Gregory Belenky, "After-Action Critical Incident Stress Debriefings and Battle Reconstructions Following Combat," and Loree Sutton and Daniel W. Clark, "Combat Psychiatry in the 1st Armored Division," in James A. Martin, Linette R. Sparacino, and Gregory Belenky, A Shield in the Storm: Mental Health in the Gulf War (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, in press).
11. Scales, pp. 119-21.
12. James A. Martin, Mark A. Vaitkus, David H. Marlowe, Paul T. Bartone, Robert K. Gifford, and Kathleen M. Wright, "Psychological Well-Being Among U.S. Soldiers Deployed from Germany to the Gulf War," The Journal of the U.S. Army Medical Department (September-October 1992), pp. 29-34.
13. Thomas Taylor, Lightning in the Storm: The 101st Air Assault Division in the Gulf War (New York: Hippocrene, 1994), pp. 346, 351-55; Scales, p. 353; Kirkland and Ender, p. 19.
14. Sutton and Clark.
15. Holsenbeck; Martin and Belenky.
16. Ian Robbins, "Factors Affecting Psychological Health in the Gulf War Combat Zone," and James Pecanno and Deborah Hickey, "Stress Debriefings Following Death from Unexploded Ordnance" in Martin, Sparacino, and Belenky.
17. Holsenbeck.
18. Adler.
19. Paul A. Newhouse and Paula Howie, "Psychiatric Consultation to Wounded Soldiers Evacuated to the U.S.," in Martin, Sparacino, and Belenky; Holsenbeck; Pecanno and Hickey.
20. Robert K. Gifford, James N. Jackson, and Kathleen B. DeShazo, "Field Research During Operations Restore Hope and Continue Hope," paper presented at the 35th Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association, Williamsburg, Va., 15-18 November 1993, p. 2.
21. Gifford, Jackson, and DeShazo, pp. 3-4.
22. Martin N. Stanton, "A Riot in Wanwaylen: Lessons Learned," Army, December 1994, pp. 24-30.
23. D. Smokovitis, "Greek Armed Forces in Somalia: Humanitarian Relief Operation," paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Baltimore, 22-24 October 1993.
24. Bradley M. Powers, Mark A. Vaitkus, and James A. Martin, "Observations from a U.S. Army Medical Unit Deployed to Support the U.N. Protection Force in Croatia," paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Baltimore, 22-24 October 1993.
25. Raoul Archambault, III, "Joint Operations in Haiti," Army, November 1995, pp. 22-29.
26. Ronald R. Halverson, Paul D. Bliese, Robert E. Moore, and Carl A. Castro, Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health Symptoms of Soldiers Deployed for Operation Uphold Democracy: A Summary of Human Dimensions Research in Haiti (Alexandria, Va.: Defense Technical Information Center, 17 May 1995) (ADA # 298125) pp. 15-16.
27. Ronald Halverson, Robert Moore, John Valentine, Glen Litman, Mark Duncan, and Lathan Newkirk, Verbatim Comments (N=2650) from Soldiers Deployed for Operation Uphold Democracy: Sorted by Content, Tone, and Unit Type (Washington: Dept. of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 5 June 1995), pp. 2-3, 9-10, 25, 30.
28. Halverson, Moore, et al., pp. 73-106.
29. Ibid., pp. 22-34.
30. Ronald R. Halverson and Paul D. Bliese, "Determinants of Soldier Support for Operation Uphold Democracy," Armed Forces and Society, forthcoming.
31. James M. Stokes, "U.S. Army Mental-Health System: Army Divisional and Corps-Level Mental-Health Units," in Martin, Sparacino, and Belenky.
32. R. A. Kulka et al., Executive Summary: Contractual Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (Research Triangle Park: Research Triangle Institute, 1988).
33. Interview with a private first class following Operation Just Cause.
34. Martin and Belenky, Pecanno and Hickey, Newhouse and Howie.
35. Interview with platoon leader whose platoon had suffered casualties in Operation Just Cause.
36. Faris R. Kirkland and Pearl Katz, "Combat Readiness and the Army Family," Military Review, 69 (April 1989), 65, 74.
37. David C. Ruck, "18th Airborne Corps OM Team," and Spencer J. Campbell and Charles C. Engel, Jr., "Combat Psychiatry the `First Team' Way: First Cavalry Division Mental Health Operations During the Persian Gulf War," in Martin, Sparacino, and Belenky; see also chapters by Stokes, and by Sutton and Clark, in the same volume.
38. US Department of the Army, Study on Military Professionalism (Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: US Army War College, 1970), pp. iii-iv.
Lieutenant Colonel Faris R. Kirkland is a retired artillery officer who served in the wars in Korea and Vietnam. His A.B. is from Princeton University and his Ph.D. is from the University of Pennsylvania.
Captain Ronald R. Halverson is a research psychologist at the Department of Military Psychiatry at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. He is a graduate of St. Norbert's College and earned his Ph.D. from De Paul University.
Captain Paul D. Bliese also is a research psychologist at the Department of Military Psychiatry at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. He holds a B.A. from Texas Lutheran College and a Ph.D. from Texas Tech University.
Reviewed 28 May 1996. Please send comments or corrections to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Individual pony rides take place every Saturday and Sunday. Beginning with a half-hour ride in the round yard and spend the remaining time in the barn caring for the ponies – a very fun learning experience.
Rides are led around the yard at a leisurely pace with complete adult supervision, our ponies are the perfect size for the children to feel comfortable and safe on their ride.
Second half of the session is close-up time with the miniatures in the barn after the rides. Individual rides can be arranged during the week and school holidays by appointment only.

subset: commoncrawl


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West Ham may BENCH Andy Carroll on his return from suspension
SAM ALLARDYCE has said West Ham's record signing Andy Carroll might not get back into the Hammers' starting 11 if Carlton Cole and Marco Borriello do well in his absence.
Carroll's importance to the East London club has been highlighted by their fight to have his recent red card for a clash with Swansea's Chico Flores overturned.
West Ham were unsuccessful in an appeal and then took their case to an independent tribunal as they battled to get the England forward back on the pitch.
The former Newcastle man's three game ban stands and they didn't miss him in their 2-0 win over Aston Villa last time out.
And Allardyce wants his stand-in strikers to keep performing well enough that the big striker can't get back in the team.
Allardyce said: "Carlton Cole and Marco Borriello played a dual role in Saturday's superb 2-0 win at Aston Villa.
"West Ham haven't lost a game and won most of them, and Andy Carroll has to sit on the bench"Sam Allardyce
"They had 45 minutes apiece, which is what I talked to them about before the game and told them to go out and give us your best 45 minutes and help the team try and win.
"Both made a contribution on Saturday and they have to continue to do that.
"For me, what about this? Andy Carroll gets over his suspension, West Ham haven't lost a game and won most of them, and Andy Carroll has to sit on the bench.
"That would be nice."


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Cytotec in Canada, Ordering cytotec online without a precription
Videos and Photos by Monique A. LeBleu ~ The Pacific Coast and Chincoteague Oysters, Hamachi Tartare, a Royal Hawaiian cocktail, Pan Fried Mary's Chicken Schnitzel with brassicas greens, kohlrabi, and whole grain mustard jus, Prime NY Steak with a deconstructed Sauce Ravigote, Avocado Samosas, Chocolate Pots de Crème, Apricot Soufflé, and the Rockefeller Cocktail at cytotec overnight without prescription on Thursday, May 25, 2017.
Mama Lion, which opened its doors May 2, 2017, combines the elegance and glamour of the return to the Supper Club, with a modern twist. Located in the heart of Korea town, it's situated in a prime spot just two blocks from the Wiltern Theater in the center of one of L.A.s most diverse neighborhoods near the heart of the Wilshire Corridor.
Owner Robert Kim, an 18 year hospitality veteran with The Beverly Hills Hotel where he oversaw all food and beverage purchasing for the hotel, and also as Chief Operations Officer at Park Plaza Hotel, as well as at the prestigious Eurochow, the sibling restaurant to Mr. Chow, has opened Mama Lion at the original property that once held the long-standing nightclub of the same name.
Kim, along with chef Chef/Partner Michael Hung, whose credentials include time spent with Traci Des Jardins' team at San Francisco's Jardiniere, overseeing the kitchen at Roland Passot's Michelin-starred La Folie, then leaving San Francisco to open Faith & Flower in Downtown Los Angeles–honored "Best New Restaurant" by Esquire Magazine during his time there–together worked to develop a "playfully decadent new Supper Club" and menu.
Most notable in the firsts was the bar bites such as the Crispy Avocado Samosa, with a smoked pimenton ranch dressing and the smoky smothered Tater Tots with braised short rib ragout and cheddar cheese, along with Mediterranean flavor of the Truffled White Bean Hummus with warm flatbread, rosemary and thyme.
A fresh, raw menu of Chincoteague oysters on the half shell with champagne mignonette and chili lime vinaigrette, and a personal favorite the Hamachi Tartare that swaps out tuna for yellowtail, topped with with an Asian pear, Korean chili, and roasted sesame vinaigrette. Best of all however was the Santa Barbara Uni Tostaditas topped with avocado, grapefruit salsa, and crème fraiche. According to a press release the dish is a "Japanese love letter to Mexicali flavors." Warning: it is positively addicting!
In the entrees, the Plancha Seared Gulf Shrimp, with anchovy butter, sourdough crouton, and herb salad is spectacular. The creamy tang of the butter seeps into the toasted crouton which melts into the mouth with the crunch of each bite. The Pan Fried Jidori Chicken Schnitzel, accompanied by a salad of brassicas and greens, and whole grain mustard jus is a delicious twist on a traditional German dish.
The 10oz Prime New York Steak, cast iron roasted with herbs and served more rare than medium with a deconstructed and Sauce Ravigote.
For dessert, a decadent Dark Chocolate Pots De Crème, with raspberries, bourbon caramel, and chocolate sable and a Classic Soufflé with smoked apricot and hazelnut anglaise.
Designer and visionary George Kelly of Kelly Architects, with an extraordinary portfolio that includes the Copa d'Oro, Clifton's Cafeteria, Public School 213, and The Continental Club, utilizes existing brick and incorporates visually the original L.A. Iron Works I-beams into the amber-lit bar that is the centerpiece of the restaurant, creating both a future-forward and vintage time-honoring ambiance reminiscent of Blade Runner.
Blue mirrored cocktail tables create the illusion that the elegant dishes appear to float on deep blue waters. The golden amber glow of the bar top made from "3Form resin and Crossville gold mirrored tile" is illumination from below giving a glow to cocktails and patrons alike.
"It is important to give authenticity to the building itself and leave elements from its previous life," says Kelly. "This is a design that transcends the eras."
Local Korea town artist Eddy Lee's work featured prominently and throughout the restaurant was specially commissioned to reflect the view of Los Angeles from the building's rooftop and reflect the return to glamour of the roaring 20's speakeasy and the "It" flapper girl.
The cocktail menu created by Head Barman Todd Eames, features thirteen unique and refreshing libations – "the Alpine Lift made with Rogue Spruce Gin, aperol, zirbenze, and white vermouth, or what Demarest refers to as a "super sexy California cocktail," the Golden Tonic, comprised of Beefeater gin, carrot juice, lemon juice, house made turmeric, ginger syrups, and soda. The Black Swan puts a dark spin on this creamy classic, with cardamom-infused vodka, vanilla, Kahlua, cold brew, and coconut foam, and the Harpoon latches [includes] vodka, St. George Raspberry Liqueur, cranberry liqueur, lime, and simple syrup. The quintessential spirit from South of the Border is front and center in the Sun God, made of tequila, Ancho Reyes, house-made tangerine cordial, habanero shrub, cucumber, and mint."
"[There is also the] Rusty Nail, made of Johnny Walker Black, and pecan bitters, the Rockefeller, featuring Rittenhouse rye, lemon, sugar, and Cabernet foam, and the Statesman, with Bulleit bourbon, Averna, aperol, walnut bitters, and Angostura.
My personal favorites were the Blue Hawaiian, which uses a house rum blend, blue curacao, fresh pineapple, and cinnamon, and the Doumi which features Belvedere vodka, elderflower, raspberries, lemon, and marquis super berry. Another is the Honey Pot, with Beefeater gin, honey, lemon, and lavender and the Baby Mama features Hennessy VSOP, pomegranate liqueur, lemon, and champagne.
The Mama Lion also offers "an opulent one of a kind experience with ½ oz. Osetra Caviar Service, served with buckwheat blinis and traditional accompaniments of hard cooked egg whites and yolk, parsley, lemon, and shallots" paired with premium champagnes.
Mama Lion is located at 601 South Western Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90005. For more information contact Mama Lion at 213.377.5277 or visit cytotec online sale without prescription


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Nota Bene: all'evento sarà disponibile il servizio di traduzione simultanea italiano-inglese, inglese-italiano.
3D printing is becoming increasingly implemented in medical professions, from surgeons to pharmacists and from dentists to Biomedical engineers. Several uses of the technology are already generating revenue as viable medical businesses, like dental applications, prosthetics and hearing devices. However, lack of skilled professionals, and problems related to material characterization and development are some of the factors restraining the growth. Also regulatory requirements for the approval are inhibiting the growth of the global 3D printing in medical / dental and medicine applications market. The role of tools to manipulate 3D Models and the role of Medical Imaging Computing is growing fiercely.
Why visit?
The 3D Medical Printing Conference is a platform and information interface enabling an exchange of information on market requirements, research interests and current results, skills and resources as well as facilitating the building of future partnerships. Academics, doctors, nurses, engineers, designers, and managers are invited to lecture on their state-of-the-art developments and future prospects or display their products and offers as exhibitor.
The audience, a mix of academics, medical professionals, business, technology, regulation and creatives, will get an excellent overview and insight in the medical tech developments from different perspectives.
Focus topics:
- 3D Bio Printing
- 3D Dental Printing
- 3D Dental Scanning / Software
- 3D (Bio)Materials
- Legal and Regulatory issues regarding 3D Medical printing applications
- Medical applications with Virtual Reality / Augmented Reality
- 3D Medtech Printing
- 3D Medicine & Pharmaceutics Printing
- 3D Food (Medical) Printing
- 3D Medical Scanning / Software
- 3D Medical Workflow & Planning Tools
- Medical Imaging Computing
Who attends?
Medical professionals | Dentists | Bioengineers | Dental Labs | Biomedical Engineers | Medical Scientists | Clinical Data Scientists | Medical VR Designer | Pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and Biotech professionals | Regulators | Compliance Officers | Pharmacists | Laboratory Personnel | Consultants | Contractors/Subcontractors | 3D Printing suppliers | anyone responsible for medicine/drug: Development | Manufacturing | Preclinical | Quality Assurance | Quality Control | Operations | Surgeons | Medical Engineers | Research Institutes | Doctors | Development etc.
Get social! Get informed about the conference and other 3D printing news by following @medtechupdate, signing up for our newsletter, joining the LinkedIn Group or Facebook Group.


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Rick Owens Cropped Pants from "MASTODON" F/W 2016 Collection. T wo side pockets, loose cut with a drop crotch. Also pants have long milk drawstring for adjusting the waistband and front codpiece with 4 buttons. 56% Cotton 42% Silk 2%dex. Waist Soft: 82 cm around (32 inch).Waist Stretched: 104 cm around. Message me for more information. The item "Rick Owens Mastodon FW 16 Cropped Pants sz 50" is in sale since Friday, June 1, 2018.
This item is in the category "Clothing, Shoes & Accessories\Men's Clothing\Pants". The seller is "avantgarde-dark" and is located in default. This item can be shipped worldwide.


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I've sort of slipped into this mildly annoying habit recently. Whatever I am watching, I'm not really fully watching because my internal dialogue is giving a little critique of the upholstery.
When I took a trip to my Mums house in France last week we watched High Society on the five and a half hour ferry crossing whilst Ding & Joo were driving their cars around the cabin. I always take a tonne of DVDs to watch in the evenings when the kids are in bed. I bought High Society from a charity shop but also, I'm so happy to have salvaged the original soundtrack from my Nans house last year.
The furniture is just marvellous. I was swooning my way through every scene. Unfortunately for you, you may have to hire the film to appreciate it's magnificence as taking a picture through a television does not always produce the best of images!
Beautiful garden furniture with stripes and roses chintz fabric.
Wow, I just adore this satin brocade covered wing chair in powder pink….
And look at this embossed velvet arm chair…
A totally over-the-top scroll winged chair in the study of the mansion, also in satin brocade.
Not only is it worth watching for the furniture, but the beautiful Grace Kelly is stunning…then there's the music by Louis Armstrong…I could go on. SUCH a lovely film.


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The New Facebook Search: Good Or Bad For Your Brand?
In a move that some have termed "a challenge to Google," Facebook announced last week that with its "Search FYI" updated functionality, users of the platform will now see expanded search results:
- Content others have posted and marked "Public"
- Content you've already seen
- Content that's already been shared with you
For individuals seeking to maximize their personal brand this raises a troubling concern: Will all of my old, embarrassing, inadvertently public posts now come back to haunt me? The answer to that question is not as simple as one might think.
- If you've been inadvertently marking "private" content as "public," then yes it's time to go back and change yourprivacy settings or even deactivate your account altogether, if you're very concerned. This is especially true if you are concerned about an employer (or potential employer) checking you out online.
- If you are comfortable with your social media presence, you may prefer to consider the benefits of authenticity, and "own" your content rather than try to filter out potentially embarrassing previous comments, photos, or shares. The self-censorship may be more trouble to you than it is worth.
- If you're not sure what to do, a middle-of-the-road solution could be to limit the viewability of past posts so that only your friends can see them, and they're excluded from the search function. (Here's Gizmodo's primer.)
For companies doing content market there are two key issues to consider.
- Will content created specifically to move product automatically reach more potential buyers? It's not clear. AsCyberAlert points out: "Brands will probably find that deciphering the network's algorithm and reaching consumers will be challenging. The network's opaque algorithms that determine what users see in their news feeds already frustrate many brands that do content marketing on Facebook."
- Will the creators of viral content be required to pay for search results to show up in users' news feeds? Although we don't know yet, the answer is "likely yes." Writing at the eConsultancy blog, Patricio Robles notes: "After all, Facebook needs to make money, and free lunches come to an end, even in social media….what Facebook giveth, Facebook can taketh away."
At the end of the day, the fundamental rules of social haven't changed at all: Number one, be yourself and number two, content is king. But at the same time, the rules of branding haven't changed either: Know your audience, make a clear, relevant and unique promise to them that you can keep, and deliver consistently across platforms.
All opinions are the author's own.


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Perfect pub garden
The Lord Nelson, Burton Joyce, Nottinghamshire
As well as serving cracking grub (say, fish pie or rare-breed pork belly from Whipling Vale Farm with seasonal greens and apple sauce), chef John Molnar's Moleface pubs are embedded in their communities. All four run weekly coffee 'n' cake mornings for new and expectant mums and the Lord Nelson, in leafy Burton Joyce, is a real boon for parents.
Its sunny, south-facing garden includes a huge sandpit and an Astro-turfed five-a-side pitch for kids and, in summer, it has its own outdoor pizza kitchen and a vintage bicycle ice-cream stall. On rainy days, children are given Etch-A-Sketches to keep them happy as they await their freshly-cooked Mini Moles dishes (mains, £6). Mains from £12.50; molefacepubcompany.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities | Food from 5:30pm | Dogs welcome (bar only)
Country house of fun
Calcot Manor, Tetbury, Gloucestershire
Set in 220 acres, historic Calcot is an imposing pile but the atmosphere is far from stuffy. There are two play-zones with entertainment for kids of all ages and outdoor activities from football to horse-riding, which those visiting to dine can tap-into like residents (rooms from £199). Most families eat in the Gumstool Inn, enjoying dishes such as local sausage 'n' mash with red onion jam and crispy shallots.
However, the Sunday lunch family feast served in the airy Conservatory restaurant (from £23pp) looks a winner, particularly for a special celebration. It might, for example, feature platters of langoustines and Iberico croquettes followed by roast organic beef from the Calcot estate. A separate children's menu is served in both dining spaces (mains from £6). Gumstool mains from £12; calcotmanor.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities
Ultimate ice-cream parlour
Science Cream, Cardiff
Like Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck, Science Cream uses liquid nitrogen to instantly freeze its gelato. That process produces an incredibly dense, smooth scoop that, thanks to Science Cream's use of all-natural ingredients, also has
a remarkable clarity of flavour.
Kids will love the science lab look of the place, all exhaust pipes and swirling nitrogen, while adults will adore the salted caramel with homemade honeycomb. Children can also play board games that Science Cream borrows from Cardiff shop, Rules Of Play, and visiting canines are treated to free doggucinnos (frothy milk). 12-6pm, daily. From £3.95; sciencecream.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Dogs welcome
Neighbourhood fave
Fat Loaf, Sale, Manchester
In a perfect world, every suburb would have a Fat Loaf, a casual modern restaurant which serves affordable food of surprising quality, where kids (look at the drawings that decorate the open-kitchen) are very much welcome. You regularly see the tables pushed together for big family parties here, at which the adults coo over dishes as diverse as sausage roll with pickled onion and quince chutney or an epic cheese and onion pie with buttered greens and mustard sauce. The children's menu (mains £5) is crowned with DIY sundaes that allow the nippers to add sprinkles and jellies to local Dunham Massey Farm ice cream. Mains from £11.50; thefatloaf.co.uk
WIFI | HIgh chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities | Food from 5:30pm | Dogs weclome
The mutt's nutz
Brandling Villa, Newcastle
Live gigs! Film nights! Video game tournaments! This South Gosforth pub is a hip place with a lot going on. Not least for dogs. Pampered pets can enjoy, not just water and Pedigree treats from the bar, but their own dog meals including a pig's ear taco (£4.95). Kids big and small will love the Brandling's NY-style deli 'sammidges' and its terrific burgers made using patties from Northumberland Sausage Company.
Board games such as Trivial Pursuit™ and Guess Who? provide further entertainment. If beaten by a 10-year-old, console yourself with one of the pub's 10 crafty cask ales (pint from £3.30)
Mains from £7.95; brandlingvilla.co.uk
Cloud WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activites | Food all day | Dogs welcome
Crowd-pleasing pizza
La Favorita, Edinburgh
All kids love pizza but not every pizza restaurant will satisfy picky, foodie parents. La Favorita on Leith Walk is a slick, buzzy, family-friendly pizzeria (waiting staff are all smiles with the little 'uns, and come armed with crayons, pencils and menus to colour-in), that uses 48-hour, air-proved dough, quality Italian ingredients and a wood-fired oven to produce a cracking slice.
Expect thin and pliable, nicely charred bases, whether you go for classic margherita – the tomato sauce vibrant, the mozzarella creamy – or Napoletana finished with fiery Calabrian 'nduja sausage. Sensibly, it is not used on
the children's menu (mains, £5). Pizza from £8.95; vittoriagroup.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities | Food all day
Grandad's 80th
The Delaunay, London WC2
This tribute to the grand cafés of early 20th-century Vienna is a fantastic venue for a landmark family occasion. 'Grandparents love its polished silverware and children like the huge schnitzels and elaborate ice-cream desserts,' says olive's Lulu.
If you want to go the whole celebration hog, order a bespoke cake from the Delaunay's whizz-bang pastry chefs (they have recently created dazzling confections shaped like handbags and radios), and book the private Kean room (14 people, set menu £45pp), where the kids can hook-up a laptop or games console to the flat-screen TV. Mains from £13; thedelaunay.com
WIFI | High chairs | At-table activities | Food all day
Riverside frolics
The Green Café, Ludlow, Shropshire
In theory, chef Clive Davis' seriously foodie daytime café (with rustic seasonal dishes such as tagliatelle, baby chard, lemon and parmesan cream; or a warm salt beef brisket bap with piccalilli), sounds like a hard-sell to kids. But Clive will happily serve his gnocchi with a simple tomato sauce for toddlers, bakes ace cakes (children love his brownies), and he keeps a collection of retro board games and old Beano comics on-site.
And did we mention the location? The Green Café sits on a grassy common by a weir. Kids can run around and paddle in the River Teme. Lunch 12-2.30pm. Mains around £9; @greencafeludlow
High chairs | At-table activities | Dogs welcome
Beach peach
Porthminster Café, St Ives, Cornwall
Not only is Australian chef-owner Michael Smith's pan-Asian fish cookery on-point (Nathan Outlaw is a fan), but the café's terrace allows parents to kick-back and relax while their kids play nearby on this beautiful Blue Flag beach (terrace open all-year, enclosed/heated on colder days).
The children's menu (mains around £5) generally features six dishes, which are often simplified, healthier versions of the adult mains, such as grilled or battered fish with chips, salad or potatoes. Discerning parents must try the crispy squid with citrus miso or Michael's signature monkfish curry with jasmine rice and sweet chilli tamarind. Mains from £16; porthminstercafe.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities
A capital pub
The Bull & Last, London NW5
Popular with families who have yomped across Hampstead Heath, the Bull & Last is so accommodating that it even serves pig's ears and marrow bones (£1.50) for any dogs that have tagged along.
Humans are well-catered for, too. Across two floors bedecked with intriguing antique-y pieces, including plenty of taxidermy, the Bull knocks-out everything from next-level pub snacks, such as buttermilk fried chicken with aïoli, to cheffy dishes such as roast Cornish hake with Roscoff onions, scallop and squid ink raviolo, cauliflower and sea vegetables. Little wonder that local Giles Coren is a fan. Mains from £15; thebullandlast.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities | Dogs welcome (downstairs)
Easter egg hunts
The Allanton Inn, Allanton, Berwickshire
As parents themselves, the Allanton's owners William and Katrina Reynolds know that, in order for mum and dad to enjoy their meal, the kids need entertaining. Chef Craig Rushton confidently deploys seasonal Borders produce, in everything from inventive scotch eggs to dishes such as hand-dived scallops and charred leeks in a bacon-onion broth, but one of the chief attractions at this spruce country inn is how well kitted-out it is for kids.
There are building games and craft kits in the dining room, outdoor toys in the enclosed beer garden and, at Easter, Katrina organises egg hunts for the children after they have tucked into homemade fish goujons or local sausages and mash (mains, £4.95). Mains from £12; allantoninn.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities
Rural hideaway
Nag's Head, Haughton, Cheshire
When not guiding his one-Michelin-starred kitchen at Northcote near Blackburn, Nigel Haworth runs several of Britain's best family-friendly pubs. This smartly renovated 17th-century inn is no exception. From local walking guides around Beeston Castle to games of croquet and swingball on the lawn, the Nag's Head is all set-up for a full day of fun.
Dogs are welcome, too. The children's menu promises real food ('Not a chicken nugget in sight,' as one employee puts it; two-courses £7.50), while grown-ups can feast on great steaks and burgers or Nigel's northern classics such as Lancashire hotpot or Leagram's organic curd with Ascroft's beetroot on a buttered crumpet. Friday's cut-price 'chippy tea' night (5pm-7pm) is a family favourite. Mains from £11; nagsheadhaughton.co.uk
WIFI | High chairs | Children's menu | At-table activities | Food from 5:30pm | Dogs welcome
Words: Tony Naylor
Photographs: Owen Mathias, Andrew Irwin, Chris Humphreys, Bacononthebeech.com, Kiss Photography
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Chris Wilder is keen to tie up a new deal this week to extend Lee Cox's stay at Oxford United.
Tomorrow's clash with Cheltenham Town at the Kassam Stadium is the last of the loan deals for Cox, Jake Forster-Caskey and Daniel Boateng.
It will definitely be the final games for Forster-Caskey and Boateng, who will return to Brighton and Arsenal respectively.
But the U's are very keen to keep Swindon Town midfielder Cox, who has been excellent in the wins over Exeter City and AFC Wimbledon in the past week.
A solution will need to be found this week to ensure he can play in Saturday's FA Cup third-round tie against Sheffield United and Wilder is hopeful of getting an answer before tomorrow's game.
The United boss said: "There are three parties involved – us, Lee Cox and Swindon – so it has to be right for everyone.
"Lee has done well and is in our thoughts about extending.
"It will definitely be sorted, possibly leading up to the Cheltenham game we'll know which direction we''re going in."
Cox has said in the past he was enjoying his spell at United after failing to get regular football with Swindon last season.
And the 22-year-old is clear about where he sees his future.
He said: "I'd love to stay at Oxford and hopefully Cheltenham isn't my last game for them and there's a lot more to come.
"I'm not part of the gaffer's plans at Swindon and I've been given a chance here to play football with a very good team.
"I've felt part of it since going to America in pre-season."
"There are some good games coming up and you can see there's a turnaround in the club.
"We want to get up that table, I'm determined to help the club get up there."


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This super fun beautiful unique piece is made of two chunks of Raw Blue Titanium Quartz Stone, Clear Quartz center, hanging from a 30" gorgeous Rhodium cable chain, and slides over the head for convenience. A true unique statement piece!
The vibrational energy, along with the color of this crystal has the ability to heal the human energy field. Together they merge with the aura to release any energy blocks and patch up holes in the aura with the appropriate color. It enhances ones physical vitality and brings more energy into the auric field. It is stimulating to the auric field and meridians, acting as a prism for soul-level energy.
Stone measures approximately: 25, 30, 35 mm tall depending on the end point of the crystal.
"NaZari" logo tag is attached for authenticity
*LOVINGLY HANDMADE AND DESIGNED BY NaZari Jewelry
*This item is made to order, each rock is raw and unique to its own. Each order will be similar to the pictures listed.
*Want this piece shorter? Just send me a message.


text: On Mindfulness and Eating 04/11/2017 When you think of mindfulness, what do you envision? The woman meditating on the cover of Time? Your own attempts at meditating (I speak from personal experience)? A TED Talk promising eternal happiness and inner peace? The term "mindfulness" seems to have invaded popular culture, though the concept is centuries old. Dating back to the teachings of the Buddha, mindfulness is the psychological process of bringing one's attention to the internal experiences, occurring at the present moment. Plenty


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Roshni & sid dancing in party! Jamai Raja 25th June 2016 Episode Written Updates :- The last night episode of the TV series Jamai Raja starts with Sid getting jealous and shattered to see Roshni is in Neil's room. He couldn't bear her to see with someone else, and he then eventually knocks the door.
Jamai Raja Episode Written Updates
Neil opens the door, and now Sid says that he is here as he wanted to take the prescription and Sid also broken down to sees that now both Neil and Roshni are being prepares for the wedding night. Now somehow Sid manages himself and leave from there to think about their both Roshni's and Neil's wedding night.
Now Sid is leave from the room and Neil close the door where in the room now Roshni is sting in the bridal get up and she is very anxious as she thinks that how she can spend her wedding night with Neil as still she is in love with Sid.
Now Neil goes near to Roshni where he kisses on her arms, passionately touches her lips and try to kiss but Roshni moves on and then he make her lying on the bed and tries to holds her tight but Roshni pushes him and denied him to touch her.
Neil is shocked and tries to explain her that we are couple and it is today our wedding night but Roshni says I know the same but I can't allow you to touch me now and I need some time to develop my relationship to you in this wedding.
She now moves to washroom and Neil feels bad and fumes on anger and Roshni cries there in the wash room and speak to herself that I can't be like you Sid and why you did so with me Sid! In the next morning it is shown that Neil is very angry on Roshni.
Now Roshni asked Neil to have breakfast but he refused. He is now on his room and Roshni offered him the suit but he did not take the same and asked to him that he is having ache on his head.
Roshni massages him and all of sudden Neil arrived there and feels sad to see the proximity of both Neil and Roshni. Now Sid says to Neil that he is here to discuss something about business to him and Neil gives nod.
Now when Neil said that he is fishy about his marriage to Roshni, Neil explains him that Roshni is your wife, you are her present and future, so just enjoy your new life with your new wife.
Neil gives nod. In tonight episode Neil will be angry on Roshni and when Roshni tries to explain him something he will be pushing her and Roshni will be hurt.


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Product Description
This kit includes everything you need to set up The Hydro Pet automatic water bowl. Install and you're done in less than 5 minutes!
- The Hydro Pet bowl
- Automatic timer w/ ¾" Hose to ¼" Tubing Adapter
- 5 feet of 1/4 inch drip line to tie the bowl into your system
- Hose Bib Adapter for outside spigot/faucet installation
- 3 stakes to stake the bowl to the ground
- Y Adapter
This watering bowl has a generous capacity of over one gallon, so it can be great for any size pet that spends time outdoors. The bowl is BPA free, Made in America and eco friendly. This kit is designed to quickly hook the bowl to your hose faucet outlet anywhere in the yard. Please watch the video by inventor Ed Vaccaro for instructions, and his recommendations to hook the Hydro Pet up to a hose faucet on an automatic timer (our site offers all the affordable parts for this).
One of the unique benefits of this pet watering bowl is that contaminated water is agitated and flushed out by powerful micro jets, then fills with clean, fresh water. The spill over of water from this process is repurposed out of the bowl, thus watering a nearby tree or shrub or grass. This is all done within your desired settings. The 3 powerful micro jet expel biofilm, insect and mosquito larvae.
Key Benefits
- Always Fresh clean water keeping your pet healthy and hydrated
- 135oz (1.05 gallons) capacity
- Includes everything to connect to your homes current watering system
- 3 Micro Jets strategically placed to refill water and expel light debris efficiently
- No electrical components
- Supplies convenience and peace of mind knowing you will never forget
- Repurposes old recycled water to near by tree, shrub, flowers or grass


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30" Samsung - RF220NCTAWW
Available Options:
|Product Height
|Product Width
|Product Depth
|Product Weight
Specifications are for planning purposes only and may change without notice. Please refer to manufacturer manuals for all details.
The most spacious 3-door fridge in its class
If you like to buy in bulk, the RF220 refrigerator easily accommodates your shopping list. Features such as LED lighting help increase storage space in both refrigerator and freezer compartments, giving you enough room to store an extra 15 gallons of milk. The additional space also helps you better organize your food items, so you can quickly find that jar of mayonnaise without keeping the door open for too long.
Greater flexibility meets greater capacity
Maximize your storage space, one shelf at a time. The RF220 features four split cantilever shelves that offer greater flexibility than the full-length shelves typically found in conventional refrigerators. Supported in the back for greater stability, each shelf is detachable adjust higher or lower as necessary. Now you can easily make room for that big pot of homemade spaghetti sauce or the seven-layer cake you made for tomorrow night's dinner party.
Brighter, gentler and more energy-efficient
LED lighting embedded in the ceiling illuminates the interior brightly yet gently. You'll not only see your groceries better, you'll also see more space, since there's no protruding light bulb. You'll also notice a difference in your electric bill. That's because LED lighting is more energy-efficient than conventional bulbs and emits less heat, helping your fridge stay consistently cool.
Just the right height for your kitchen
Get the stainless steel look you want and the ample storage space you need with a refrigerator that meets your kitchen-cabinet height requirements. Just 66.81" tall, including the hinge (and 65.39" cabinet), the RF220 leaves room for overhead cabinets, even in smaller kitchens where space is at a premium.
Quietly save energy
The Digital Inverter Compressor enables the new Samsung French Door refrigerator to maintain a more consistent temperature and use electricity more efficiently. The resulting Energy Star® rating qualification means you save 25% more energy than the minimum DOE standard for fridges in its class. The compressor also helps preserve your home environment, running more quietly than conventional compressors.
A smarter way to store foods
A smartly designed bin system makes it easier to put away and take out fruits, vegetables, cheeses and more. The wide-open pantry, which features a flip-open top, pulls all the way out, so you can quickly grab that round of Edam cheese. There are also two drawers that capably hold all your produce, from apples and blueberries to yams and zucchinis.
Store gallons of milk in your door
The RF220 French Door refrigerator features deep and wide door guards that can hold more items than conventional door guards. They can even handle bulky items such as a one-gallon container of orange juice or milk. This helps free up valuable shelf space while making your groceries more easily accessible.
33" Samsung Refrigerator RF26J7500SR$2499.99 $2899.99
36" Samsung French Door Refrigerator -RF26HFENDSR$1799.99 $2199.99
33" Samsung - RF18HFENBSR$1599.99 $1899.99


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Author: Konrad Werner
Bio Note: Konrad Werner is the assistant researcher in the Institute of Philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Department of Cognitive Science), where he obtained PhD in philosophy in 2013. He is interested first of all in so called "aspectual shape" or perspective-dependency of perception and knowledge. His articles concern epistemological, ontological as well as logical aspects of this issue. Still in connection with it, he has recently directed his attention toward evolutionary origins of cognition.
Affiliation: Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
Constructivist approaches covered: This is the list of constructivist approaches covered in Konrad Werner's publications in Constructivist Foundations. For a list of all approaches see http://approaches.cepa.info Constructivism · Enactivism
Scientific disciplines covered: This is the list of all disciplines referred to by Konrad Werner's publications in Constructivist Foundations. For a list of all disciplines see http://disciplines.cepa.info Philosophy
Publications in Constructivist Foundations
Reader Impact Factor: 2.23 The RIF of an author expresses how many times more often the texts of this author have been downloaded than the average text, i.e., RIF = dn/D, with d = number of downloads of all texts of this author, D = number of all downloads of all texts, n = number of all texts published.
Werner K. (2018) Is speaking of mind or matter a matter of choice? Constructivist Foundations 13(3): 355–356. http://constructivist.info/13/3/355
Werner K. (2017) Author's response: Enactivism, phenomenology, and ontology: A difficult partnership. Constructivist Foundations 12(3): 309–315. http://constructivist.info/12/3/309
Werner K. (2017) Coordination produces cognitive niches, not just experiences: A semi-formal constructivist ontology based on von foerster. Constructivist Foundations 12(3): 292–299. http://constructivist.info/12/3/292
Werner K. (2017) Certain questions regarding perception and boundaries. Constructivist Foundations 12(3): 280–282. http://constructivist.info/12/3/280
Werner K. (2016) Presentation of the world: Gibson and husserl on the interplay between the objective and the subjective. Constructivist Foundations 11(2): 317–319. http://constructivist.info/11/2/317
Werner K. (2015) Author's response: Subjects, worlds and (pl-) metaphysics - what is it all about? Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 172–181. http://constructivist.info/11/1/172
Werner K. (2015) Towards a pl-metaphysics of perception: In search of the metaphysical roots of constructivism. Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 148–157. http://constructivist.info/11/1/148
Werner K. (2015) Cognitive evolution and the idea of a global observer. Constructivist Foundations 10(2): 245–248. http://constructivist.info/10/2/245


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LGBT Jews show support for Muslims
House of Peace, Jewish-Muslim outreach initiative of LGBT congregation Beit Simchat Torah in New York, gathered to greet worshippers at the N.Y.U. Islamic Center.
On Friday afternoons, Muslims gather for Junnah, a big prayer service — the most heavily attended during the week — that includes the weekly sermon. This is why Beith Simchat Torah, an L.G.B.T. congregation, chose Fridays for these vigils of positivity.
Harold Levine, co-chairperson of House of Peace explained, "This is a response to the alarming rise of anti-Muslim sentiment seemingly provoked by statements during the campaigns."
The House of Peace action — welcoming worshippers as they arrive and staying to greet them they as they leave — has taken place several times starting the Friday after the election.
"Going forward, we will continue this weekly," Levin said. "The reaction has been overwhelming. We get hugs, handshakes and thank yous. The worshippers photograph us and want to be photographed with us."
Personal stories are shared between the congregants of the two religious institutions and it's been a chance for members of the Jewish congregants to learn more about the Muslim community in New York City.


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Speaking at the 28th Annual NAMIC Conference "It Pays to be Social" Panel
It has been a crazy week but I can't forget to recognize how much fun I had speaking at the 28th Annual NAMIC (National Association for Multi-ethnicity in Communication) Conference in Manhattan. The "It Pays to be Social" panel was filled with some great people from Revolt, YouTube, and MyLatinoVoice.com… and me!
Anyways, I enjoyed the chance to learn a few things from the great panelists and share a few things I learned while raising seed money via Kickstarter for "Life's Essentials with Ruby Dee". Check out NAMIC when you get a chance. Very cool things going on there!


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Who Said This...
It was the first day of school and a new student, the son of a Japanese businessman, entered the fourth grade.
The teacher greeted the class and said, "Let's begin by reviewing some American history. Who said "Give me liberty, or give me death?" She saw only a sea of blank faces, except for that of Toshiba, who had his hand up.
"Patrick Henry, 1775," said the boy.
"Now," said the teacher, "Who said 'Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth?"
Again, no response except from Toshiba, "Abraham Lincoln, 1863."
The teacher snapped at the class, "You should be ashamed. Toshiba, who is new to our country, knows more about it than you do." As she turned to write something on the blackboard, she heard a loud whisper, "Damned Japanese."
"Who said that?" she demanded.
Toshiba put his hand up. "Lee Iacocca, 1982," he said.
At that point, feeling completely disgusted by Toshiba's classroom superiority, a student in the back sighed, "I'm gonna throw up".
Teacher says, "Who said that?".
Again, Toshiba raises his hand and says, "George Bush to Japanese Prime Minister, 1991".
Now furious, another student yells, "Oh yeah? Well suck my ...."
Once again, it's Toshiba with the answer, "Bill Clinton, to Monica Lewinsky, 1997".
More Political Jokes
The following is the conversation between Laloo Prasad Yadav and Bill Gates.
Gates: Hi! You must have heard of Windows?
Laloo: Oh yes! Most of our government offices have single window clearance concept.
Gates: At home have you installed Windows?
Laloo: I have removed all windows due to increased burglaries in our house.
Gates (Confused): Then what is the system you operate on?
Laloo: Operation? Yes, I had a Hernia operation last month.
Gates (Sweating): Hope the Internet is being used a lot in India.
Lallo: Oh yes! Due to increased mosquito problems many people are sleeping under the net.
Laloo Yadav to a long distance telephone operator: "Could you please tell me the time difference between Patna and Las Vegas??"
Operator: "Just a minute Sir..." Laloo: "Thanks You!", and puts the phone down.
Laloo Yadav suspects Rabri Devi of cheating on him. He thinks : "I have been so busy in politics. I hardly get any time make love. How come we have so many children. Rabri must be making it out with others. "So he goes unexpectedly to his bungalow one afternoon and sure enough he opens the door to find Rabri Devi in the arms of his chowkidaar.
Well, Laloo sure is angry. He takes out the gun from the pocket in his kurta. But as he does so, he is overcome with grief. He takes the gun and points to his head, ready to pull the trigger. Rabri yells "Nahin! aisa gazab mat karo! (No don't do this) Laloo replies "Chup kar kal-muhi agli goli ka shikar tu hogee!" (shut-up you are taking the next bullet).


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Thank you for taking action to tell banks to back away from profiting off the Rio Grande Valley. If we're going to win this campaign, we need to amplify our digital message.
Will you take a moment and sign up to be a social media rapid responder for this campaign?
We'll ask you to share key messages and actions periodically. With the help of rapid responders like you, we can reach hundreds of thousands of people with our message of protecting our climate and our communities from dirty energy deals.
Please take a moment to sign up to be a social media rapid responder.
For our communities,
Salma Mirza
Digital Campaign Strategist, Climate and Energy
Rainforest Action Network


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CHILDREN'S SEMESTER AUGUST 20th – DECEMBER 22nd 2012
[one_third]The University Center for the Performing Arts is South Florida's premier independent per-forming arts school. This year marks our 33rd season of serving our community with the highest standard of performing arts education. Our faculty of Resident Artists offer students of all ages and backgrounds the opportunity to learn and develop technique in the areas of acting, dance, and music. Class time is fully dedicated to learning skill and technique, as the UCPA is not a recital school. All students are individually observed, evaluated and cor-rected in a nurturing and positive environment. Performance opportunities are available for students wishing to develop their performing abilities and stage presence. Students may become involved in performance workshops, student productions, and various concert events.
Call Now: 954-475-3000


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BBB Torch Award for Marketplace Ethics Awarded to Locally-Owned Auto Repair Company
TOLEDO, Ohio - (November 11 , 2013) – Tireman Auto Service Centers, located in Ohio and Michigan, received the prestigious 2013 Torch Award for Marketplace Ethics by the Better Business Bureau (BBB).
While accepting the award, Randy Jones, President of Tireman Auto Service Centers, said, "We are humbled to receive this award and we'll go ahead and celebrate for today, but our entire team knows that this kind of recognition is earned on each and every transaction. We must garner it every day, no matter how great today's snapshot appears to be."
As noted by the Better Business Bureau, "Tireman stays open late to accommodate customers' work schedules and is the only area auto repair company that pays repair technicians by the hour rather than on commission. The company has been providing tires and auto repair services for more than 50 years and prides itself on building long-lasting customer relationships that span generations. Each location hosts a 'Customer Bill of Rights', which includes the name and number of company President, Randy Jones, encouraging customers to call with comments, good or bad. The Tireman Safety Rewards Program rewards employees for safe work habits and for holding each other accountable for the safety of others. Tireman is also involved in community service, including ISOH/Impact and United Way of Greater Toledo, with whom it partners to offer car repairs at reduced prices for under-privileged families."
Established in 1948, Tireman Auto Service Centers is locally owned and provides complete automotive service for all makes and models, including alignments, brake service, suspension repairs, and other mechanical repairs. Tireman also carries a wide variety of replacement tires, including Michelin, Goodyear, BFGoodrich, Cooper, Uniroyal, and a host of value brands. To learn more about Tireman Auto Service Centers, please call Randy Jones, 419-724-8510 at 1549 Campbell Street in Toledo, or visit http://www.thetireman.com. ### Media Contact: Tireman Auto Service Centers Randy Jones 419-724-8510 email@example.com
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The third iteration of the COMprehensive Protein Allergen REsource (COMPARE), "COMPARE 2019", is now available. Please visit the "Database" tab for complete details. COMPARE is a new transparent resource for the identification of protein sequences that are known or putative allergens.
The COMPARE Allergen Database
What it is - the COMprehensive Protein Allergen REsource (COMPARE) Database
Exhaustive listing of clinically relevant and peer-reviewed protein allergens with citation support and species identification. Descriptions of the allergens and the amino acid sequences are made available.
Where it comes from:
Public sequence listings and peer-reviewed literature are informatically and programmatically combed for any indication of the discovery of new allergens. If science has discovered an allergen, COMPARE is designed to make the broader scientific community and the public aware of it.
The sponsors and supporters of COMPARE:
Academic experts in the field of allergology, agricultural industry, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), the U.S. FDA, the U.S. EPA, and the Joint Institute of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), a joint venture between the U.S. FDA and University of Maryland.
The rationale for building COMPARE:
Expectations from the industry, the public and global regulatory agencies interested in food and feed safety demand up-to-date identification of allergens. The rate and breadth of food and feed distribution demands that the best possible knowledge for allergy safety be taken into account.
Compare is available for all to use and review:
COMPARE is available for download. A systematic search and retrieve capability, as well as review of literature supporting the clinical relevance of allergens is made available.
COMPARE is different:
- A science-based and professional approach to using bioinformatics is employed to screen, identify and sort sequences from the tens of millions of non-allergens
- A truly tri-partite, broadly integrated partnership is utilized to take input from academic, food producer, and regulatory safety agency stakeholders
- Professionally managed by HESI, a world leader in scientific stakeholder management
- Rapid and efficient management of updates so that new discoveries of allergens are made available
- Designed for long-lived and transparent management of the processes that are used to build COMPARE
- Tightly integrated with experts in the fields of allergy and immunology to provide the best knowledge of allergen identification, naming conventions, and clear safety communications.
COMPARE moving forward:
The COMPARE database is available since February 2017 and has been updated annually since then. Our goal is to create an evolving public resource, while documenting the process leading to the identification and review of allergens.
In addition, the same internet site where COMPARE is available will become a resource for bioinformatics that will include method descriptions, publications and comparative search software use.