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A Review of the Robot's Rebellion and its implications for eugenics
The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin, 2004, written by Keith E. Stanovich, is another groundbreaking book that delves deep into the evolutionary meaning of life, and humanity's failure to come to grips with the meaning of a world that is now what he calls universal Darwinism—our existence makes no sense outside of evolution influencing politics, economics, sexuality, warfare, race relations, and why we get up in the morning. Unfortunately, after having presented a case for our dilemma[s], he never really proposes a meaningful solution—that is what I intend to do.
Deep inside academia in several different fields, there is a raging debate regarding human rationality—are humans at all rational in the way they behave? The answer seems to be clearly no, and much of this book looks at the research that explains why. More on that later, because this book mixes scientific research with the author's desire for a rebellion against our genes and memes that control us.
Stanovich states that, "This book was written because of an image that haunts me. It is the image of a future dystopia in which an intellectual elite is privy to the implications of modern science, but implicitly or explicitly deems the rest of the populace incapable of assimilating these implications. Instead, the general populace is left with stories from our pre-scientific history—soothing narratives that require little conceptual reorientation. In short, it is the image of a future scientific materialism that successfully eliminates a socioeconomic proletariat only to replace it with an intellectual proletariat."
This is a strange remark, and I must assume that like many intellectuals, Stanovich is bothered by inequality. Yet he fully understands that humans are programmed to dominate, and they will do so both economically and intellectually, so what exactly does he find haunting about humans again diverging between those who succeed and those who fail? It seems his implications are clear with regards to evolution, but his angst seems odd. As a eugenicist, I simply accept that many will never be capable of understanding our increasingly complex world, and the only solution is to advance the human genome to genetically increase our abilities to understand—or slide back into a more primitive state.
Stanovich: "Over two decades ago, Dawkins called for a rebellion against the selfish replicators. This rebellion is needed because humans, as coherent organisms, can have interests antithetical to those of either replicator. In this book I use the term 'robot's rebellion' to refer to the package of evolutionary insights and cognitive reforms that are necessary if we want to transcend the limited interests of the replicators [genes and memes] and define our own autonomous goals."
Of course, this is what eugenics is all about. Eugenicists recognize that we need to increase general intelligence or we will not be able to deal with an increasingly complex world. However, I have argued in previous articles that eugenics should not mess with personality traits, leaving variations intact, until we are no longer in danger of other population groups [races] using altered personality types against us. That is, we should not filter out just yet, by breeding, personality types that we may need in the future. This book does a good job of noting that we may be able to teach intelligent people to not only be intelligent, but to be aware of their intelligence and to begin to question their belief systems.
Stanovich: "The robot's rebellion becomes possible when humans begin to use knowledge of their own brain functioning and knowledge of the goals served by various brain mechanisms to structure their behavior to serve their own ends."
He complicates I think how the mind works, so I will simplify it as best I can. Humans, like all organisms, have complex mental modules that evolved to keep the genes from extinction. Lately there has been an increased appreciation for how complex all organisms are, and that humans are only unique in one area—accumulating knowledge by passing it on culturally from generation to generation. All other organisms (for the most part) lack this ability, so we appear to be masters of the world we inhabit. What we fail to understand, is that lying beneath all of our collective knowledge, lays a brain that functions independently of what we know consciously. It has evolved to react naturally or instinctively to events without our knowledge or understanding.
Over the last million plus years or so, plus or minus a million, humans evolved larger executive brains that made it possible to think serially, like computers, to solve more complicated problems than the massively parallel processing primitive brain. Now we have two systems in place—the consciousness of being and being able to think in terms or our past, present and future; and the primitive brain that continues to blindly supply the newer brain with information about the world outside. But this primitive information system is not open to the executive brain; it is permanently hidden because to understand its operation would cause a recursive overload of the system; a computer that not only computes, but understands why and how it is computing.
All one has to do to understand the conflict between the autonomous brain and the primitive brain, is to watch politics. When it comes to science where science does not tread on the primitive brains turf, all is fine. We can cure disease, go to the moon, calculate weather patterns, and use a GPS system to tell us where we are within a few feet of an exact position anywhere on earth. Then get into abortion, race, equality, warfare, crime, and human cloning and all hell breaks lose. The primitive brain wakes up and reacts, as the autonomous brain tries to make sense of the whole situation to no avail—science is pushed aside.
For a very small fraction of humans however, we are (collectively) starting to understand these two systems and "Once this insight is appreciated, it immediately becomes apparent why humans must aspire to so-called broad rationality—one that critiques the beliefs and desires that go into instrumental calculations. Otherwise, the meme goals are no better than the preinstalled gene goals. Principles of rational self-evaluation drawn from cognitive science and decision science provide tools for rooting out parasite memes that may be in our goal hierarchies—that is, memes serving their own ends rather than those of the person who hosts them. People in possession of evaluative memeplexes such as science, logic, and decision theory have the potential to create a unique type of human self-reflection."
Right or wrong then, Stanovich uses three levels of cognition:
1) The primitive brain, evolved to bring in information, decipher it, and keep the organism alive to pass on the genes to the next generation.
2) The autonomous brain sitting on top of the primitive brain most developed in humans, which can reflect on past, present, and future states of affairs and may not fully comply with the primitive brains goals and desires.
3) The broadly rational brain, one that uses not only one's own knowledge, but the collective knowledge of science to understand the internal conflicts taking place between the primitive brain and the autonomous brain. This level requires not only intelligence, but also a desire to understand and question belief systems that inhabit and mediate between the primitive brain and the autonomous brain.
Stanovich is worried that most people will never reach level three. He doesn't state it directly, but he does insinuate that to reach this level one has to be intelligent, and that intelligence is in fact genetic.[1] So intelligence is necessary but not sufficient, a person also has to desire to question their belief systems. Now watching the Democratic and Republican conventions, and realizing that the participants seem to fall well short of a desire to understand belief systems, we do seem to be in a dilemma, one that I have predicted since 9/11 will lead us into another world war.
Stanovich: "Hiding from these implications will risk creating a two-tiered society composed of cognoscenti who are privileged to view the world as it really is and a deluded general public—an intellectual proletariat—deemed not emotionally strong enough to deal with the truth. To avoid such a two-tiered society we must openly acknowledge an intellectual cataclysm—the collapse of a worldview that has sustained human energies for centuries. I intend to show how an alternative conception of the human condition can be built on the foundation of neuroscience, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and the central insights of modern neo-Darwinism."
Stanovich is fully aware that both intelligence and personality styles are highly genetic, and that even the most intelligent person may desire to ignore his Darwinian insights, and will prefer faith over science—the anti-racists are a good example of this new breed of anti-science (see excerpts from Critical Race Theory). I agree with him that if our educational system taught universal Darwinism, we may be able to collectively reach level three, and question our belief systems, but I see little desire in most people to do so. In fact, it seems to take a rather rare personality profile to rebel against memes and take a broad rational stance. But we could use eugenics to breed a highly intelligent human with a desire to openly question our belief systems. Stanovich makes a good case why breeding will in the end bring about broad rationality—he makes no case for bringing it about politically or socially.
As he states, humans are the "supreme hypothesis testers," but he fails to mention that only a very small fraction of people understand the scientific methods to do so. Few people, even many people like doctors, lawyers, engineers, chemists, or computer scientists, can explain what the scientific method entails. They may intuitively understand it, but they have never been taught it formerly. While educators, journalists, politicians, bureaucrats, corporate executives, social activists, and homemakers alike are generally unable to comprehend even the most mundane scientific discoveries, much less understand the difference between observations made by our President and those made by behavioral scientists as to why terrorists do what they do.
Stanovich wants humans to practice rational behavior that will fulfill the goals for us, and not for our genes. We must take over, using our autonomous rational selves to overcome impulses from our primitive brains, and in the end stop being robots and begin to fully question all possible decision making. To do this, we must come to appreciate and understand how powerful these primitive impulses are, and how they can override rational choice. It seems paramount that we understand that to do this on any large scale means that it must be done collectively, not on an individual basis, and this is why.
My wife, and most of her friends that I meet, prefer narrow rationality to broad rationality—they delight in talking endlessly about people and social situations, but have no interest at all in the underlying causes of belief structure and no interest in questioning them. Quite literally, they seem to get board and glazed over if these more primitive emotions are looked at and connected with observed behavior. They simply prefer the simpler, hedonistic aspects of life like shopping, gossiping, being entertained, and doing a good job at work without question. In contrast, when I come across someone who is interested in questioning beliefs and desires in terms of universal Darwinism, they are able to lock in to the conversation with interest, even if they are not well versed in the subject. This indicates that in the future, people will form associations according to their intelligence and their ability to question belief systems—people who desire to be broadly rational. And as the few break new ground in universal Darwinism, the many will entrench themselves against increasing threats to their systems of belief.
It is easy to see how some people who are uneducated, low in intelligence, or highly biased towards religion might prefer to run from anything scientific that threatens their belief systems. But it is also just as prevalent among conservatives who hold fast to trying to preserve family values while embracing free markets. Stanovich notes that, "Uncle Ralph says he's for traditional values, stable families, cohesive communities, and free-market capitalism. But the last of these does not cohere with the previous three. There is no more continuously disruptive force in the world than unrestricted capitalism."
On the left, the religious faithful includes: environmentalists, anti-globalists, anti-racists, multiculturalists, diversity advocates, anti-growth and anti- Wal-Mart traditionalists, historic preservationists, feminists, pro-choice advocates, animal rights activists, socialists, etc. Not that one can't be a broad rationalist and hold certain opinions about any of these issues, but most certainly, the advocates of these positions are more like religious fundamentalists than they are broad rationalists or scientific empiricists.
So whether someone is of low intelligence, has mental problems (highly schizoid personality), a religious fundamentalist, a hedonist (obsessive materialist), or a social/political activist, that leaves very few people aspiring to live their life by not only evaluating their beliefs and desires, but evaluating any forces that attempt to control them against what is best for them. That is, it seems that to be a broad rationalist, one also must be inegalitarian (one who loves but without universal compassion), immune from being easily indoctrinated or conforming to marketing trends, and living a life with goals and desires that are under constant review and questioning. The only people who seem to come close to these ideals as advocated by Stanovich are eugenicists and some others on the empirical right such as race realists (Jensenists), a few scientists who also embrace libertarian or free-market doctrines, and those with a natural personality and intelligence towards scientific empiricism. I don't think Stanovich would appreciate how few people there are who are capable of embracing his universal Darwinism.
On the other hand, a broad rationality could be practiced in a collective. Scientific communities are sort of like this, as they keep each other at least somewhat honest in pursuit of truth over dogma. Stanovich provides numerous examples in this book on how even intelligent people can error in decision-making because we are all as individuals highly biased emotionally towards heuristic behaviors. For example, "This is why people are often risk averse even for gambles with positive expected values. Would you flip a coin with me—heads you give me $500, tails I give you $505? Most people refuse such favorable bets because the potential loss, although nominally smaller than the potential gain, looms larger psychologically."
However, as part of a collective or community, acting together, these biases to act instrumentally irrational can be overridden. Someone in the group will bring forth our primitive inductive bias to be discussed, and as a group, come to the conclusion that the bet should be taken. That is, groups, like scientific communities, can build their knowledge based on distributed knowledge that can override our primitive irrational tendencies. As a group, one member can point out to another that "the reckless way you drive is because you enjoy being dominant, not because you are a better driver than someone else. You may want to consider being as courteous on the highway as you are when not driving your BMW." The group can help each individual with their own biases that are potentially harmful.
Stanovich would seem to prefer legislation to protect people from themselves. "There is the unsettling idea latent here that people's preferences come from the outside (from whoever has the power to shape the environment and determine how questions are phrased) rather than internal preferences based in their unique psychologies. Since most situations can be reframed either way, this means that rather than having stable preferences that are just elicited in different ways, the elicitation process itself can totally determine what the preference will be! Such a conception brings the foundational concepts behind the idea of 'rational man' from economics crashing down. It also has potent social implications. As Kahneman has pointed out, the assumption of stable, rational, well-ordered preferences has been used to 'support the position that it is unnecessary to protect people against the consequences of their choices.'"
Stanovich is asserting that politicians, the media, consumer marketing, advocates, and various other freely spreading memeplexes can override what is good for us, and that we may need an elite to protect the masses from themselves. Of course, this just continues the divide he is worrying about between those who are moving forward in understanding the world versus those stuck in the past. I see no safe way of protecting people from themselves without also destroying the very autonomy that Stanovich thinks we need to embrace by better understanding human behavior and our false belief systems.
Stanovich: "So far in this chapter I have focused on the strictures of instrumental rationality, but people violate the principles that define epistemic rationality as well. They improperly coordinate theory to evidence, they display confirmation bias, they test hypotheses inefficiently, they do not properly calibrate degrees of belief, they over-project their own opinions onto others, they allow prior knowledge to become implicated in deductive reasoning, and they display numerous other information processing biases in the epistemic domain. Several reviews of this literature describe these errors of reasoning in considerable detail…."
"The four interrelated biases I have discussed in detail elsewhere are:
1) The tendency to contextualize a problem with as much prior knowledge as is easily accessible, even when the problem is formal and the only solution is a content-free rule,
2) The tendency to 'socialize' problems even in situations where interpersonal cues are few,
3) The tendency to see deliberative design and pattern in situations that lack intentional design and pattern, and,
4) The tendency toward a narrative mode of thought."
As stated earlier, the above four are dominant among neo-Marxist academics. Increasingly, scientific approaches are being replaced with narratives from some "minority's way of knowing." Patterns of income or neighborhoods are attributed to some "deliberative design" by racists or capitalists rather than to open markets. Problems are "socialized:" Whites are out to oppress immigrants. Inequality falls within the "context" of unfair practices by the rich, rather than the failures of individuals under varying circumstances.
Stanovich explains, "Each of the fundamental computational biases discussed previously is a functional aspect of human cognition. Indeed, they are fundamental precisely because they are orientations in our basic systems (TASS [or primitive brains]) that arose in our evolutionary history—probably long before the more abstract features of analytic intelligence. Many investigators have painted compelling theoretically and empirically based explanations of why these computational biases developed in the course of human evolution. The socialization of problems and the tendency to see deliberate design in the environment follow from the evolutionary assumptions behind the social intelligence hypothesis—that attributing intentionality in order to predict the behavior of [others] and to coordinate behavior with them was a major evolutionary hurdle facing the social primates, in many cases more computationally complex than mastering the physical environment."
Again, the social scientists, most of them deliberately ignorant of universal Darwinism and still embracing naïve environmentalism, see all social problems from the perspective of tribal interactions, where any activity has an impact on other members. Therefore, inequality is always "by design." They fail to understand that where society has grown to millions of people, individuals carry on without thinking much about the downtrodden. The middle class does not "collectively" act in a way to oppress others. Market forces, political structures, economic patterns, natural resources; these and other cultural artifacts of complex societies are the causes of both perceived and imagined inequalities.
Modern life can be defined by the necessity to increasingly use the analytical system, and to suppress the social, narrative, and contextualizing styles that characterize the operation of the primitive brain. Throughout much of the heated debate with regards to racial differences in intelligence, there have been assertions that many people with low tested intelligence have exceptional "street smarts" while many intelligent people fail simple basic tasks.
Stanovich notes that, "Critics of the abstract content of most laboratory tasks and standardized tests have been misguided on this very point. Evolutionary psychologists have singularly failed to understand the implications of Einhorn and Hogarth's warning. They regularly bemoan the 'abstract' problems and tasks in the heuristics and biases literature and imply that since these tasks are not like 'real life' we need not worry that people do poorly on them. The issue is that, ironically, the argument that the laboratory tasks and tests are not like 'real life' is becoming less and less true. 'Life,' in fact, is becoming more like the tests! Try using an international ATM machine with which you are unfamiliar; or try arguing with your HMO about a disallowed medical procedure. In such circumstances, we invariably find out that our personal experience, our emotional responses, our TASS-triggered intuitions about social fairness—all are worthless. All are for naught when talking over the phone to the representative looking at a computer screen displaying a spreadsheet with a hierarchy of branching choices and conditions to be fulfilled. The social context, the idiosyncrasies of individual experience, the personal narrative—all are abstracted away as the representatives of modernist technological-based services attempt to 'apply the rules.'"
Stanovich takes the evolutionary psychologists to task for not appreciating that while humans have many heuristics and biases that are very similar from our evolutionary past, humans also vary a great deal between individuals and between different races:
"Well, for starters, some of that 'genetic variability that geneticists have found' is in general intelligence (g)—which consensus scientific estimates agree is at least 40 to 50 percent heritable. Is g a 'functionally superficial' individual difference property of human cognition? No responsible psychologist thinks so. It is, indeed, the single most potent psychological predictor of human behavior in both laboratory and real-life contexts that has ever been identified. It is a predictor of real-world outcomes that are critically important to the maximization of personal utility (instrumental rationality) in a modern technological society. This is why measures of the ability to deal with abstraction such as g remain the best employment predictor and the best earnings predictor in postindustrial societies. The psychometric literature contains numerous indications that cognitive ability is correlated with the avoidance of harmful behaviors and with success in employment settings, as well as social status attainment, independent of level of education…. For example, heritable personality traits such as conscientiousness and impulsivity have been related to important life goals such as work, status attainment, mortality, and faithfulness in partnerships."
Over the last few decades evolutionary psychologists have been attacked by the left for their "genes eye view" of human behavior. Now, it is the evolutionary psychologists that are attacking any "genes eye view" of genetic difference in human behavior. Many if not a large majority of these researchers take a liberal or egalitarian stance with regards to policy, and no doubt slant their research towards the Left. It is interesting how the evolutionary psychologists—originally called sociobiology—were attacked as racist or fascists in the 70's and 80s. Now, it is this discipline that is trying to build up a wall to deny the validity of research into human genetic differences, rather than human genetic similarities. Strange how science just keeps pushing the envelope and how different disciplines move in to try and slow down the progress.
Stanovich continues, "Thus Tooby and Cosmides write: 'Human genetic variation... is overwhelmingly sequestered into functionally superficial biochemical differences, leaving our complex functional design universal and species typical.' And continue: 'Humans share a complex, species typical and species-specific architecture of adaptations, however much variation there might be in minor, superficial, nonfunctional traits.' One boggles at general intelligence—one of the most potent psychological predictors of life outcomes—being termed 'nonfunctional.' But then one realizes what is motivating these statements—a focus on the gene. Even if one buys the massive-modularity-of-adaptations line of the evolutionary psychologist and views general intelligence as some kind of spandrel or byproduct, from the standpoint of the vehicle's interests, it is certainly not nonfunctional."
Stanovich also discusses the "smart but dumb" phrase, which is the other side of "street smarts." That is, not only do people who are not intelligent seem to do well in some areas like making change (monetary transactions) even when they are illiterate, but smart people act in ways that often seem just plain dumb. (See my article on Robert Sternberg, who attributes this dichotomy to failures in the Jensenist understanding of general intelligence.) He explains this observation at length, yet it can be reduced quite simply to this: Smart people who do dumb things have the analytical ability not to, but fall back on their primitive brain biases in many circumstances. On the other side, dumb people (low levels of analytical ability) who seem smart are relying on either rote learning or primitive brain biases that work well on "the street," like face recognition, reacting to danger, or even a primitive system of weighing value using an "intuitive number module." Sternberg, like Howard Gardner and Jared Diamond, fail to understand what general intelligence means in terms of different systems operating in conflict.
Again, "Variability in intentional-level thinking dispositions means that there is at least the potential for cognitively competent people to do irrational things. Such an analysis implies that it should be no surprise that a lot of smart people act dumb sometimes." I have found out that the more I understand my primitive brain and urges, the more I am able to override my emotional tendencies to react in ways that are not instrumental to my benefit. Sexual desire for me at least is much less obsessive now that I understand the battle between the sexes, and the baser motives lying beneath. I am able to tolerate reckless drivers, not getting mad myself, and become more reckless in return. I analyze whether I am doing or saying something to just impress others that will just lead to resentment or jealousy. Nonetheless, overriding the primitive emotions is very difficult, and it would be a lot easier if a person could get input, confirmation, or warnings from committed others (like a eugenic community).
Stanovich has some hope that humans generally could become more rational: "In a testing-obsessed Western society with all kinds of assessment instruments now being used in schools and industry, there is very little emphasis on assessing rational thinking skills. This is not because the components of rational thought cannot be assessed or taught. A massive literature in decision science and cognitive psychology contains a variety of methodologies that can be used to measure a host of rational thinking skills including the ability to: form conclusions commensurate with the evidence, assess covariation, deal with probabilistic information, calibrate degrees of belief, recognize logical implications, have coherent assessment of degrees of uncertainty, have consistent preferences that maximize utility, consider alternative explanations, and make coherent judgments. Teaching and training programs for many of these components of rational thought also exist." Well, at least there is hope for a more universally rational human without breeding a new genotype—but as a minimum rationality will require innate or genetic intelligence. And that can't be taught, it must be bred for.
Stanovich has come up with what I think is a very creative insight into how the Left has inadvertently sided with the genes:
"[The primitive brain] in humans may contain many such subsystems with just these propensities. Institutions, of course, have very direct systems for controlling the subentities within them, and they view such monitoring as a critical component of institutional success. As humans, we must do the same. The analytic system needs to constantly monitor the outputs of the short-leashed subsystems in [the primitive brain] to make sure they are not sacrificing the overall goals of the vehicle. Humans, as large structural entities, lag behind corporations in the recognition of this function. We remain quite confused about the purpose, origin, and meaning of our [primitive brain] subsystems. Many modern-day irrationalists and opponents of the scientific world view actually champion the interests of the genes over those of the analytic system. In many contexts of life, we are urged to follow our 'gut instincts'—the equivalent, in our analogy, of a corporation telling its employees to set their own wages."
Eugenicists then are really trying to bring our genes (and memes) under control, saying flatly that we will not yield to the interests of the genes any more than we have to. To take control of our own beings then means increasing our intelligence, our ability to act autonomously, so we can begin a long journey of decoupling our primitive brain designed for the interest of the genes in favor of an analytical brain that serves our best interests. The genes will still come along for the ride, but they will be controlling us less and less.
Likewise, Stanovich makes an interesting and convincing case that memes, like genes, are just as dangerous to our interests. When we embrace religion for no other reason than that we were indoctrinated into the faith at an early age, that religion was chosen for us, not by us. When we side with one nation in warfare because we have been indoctrinated to do so, we are not being rational—especially when it leads to our own death. Stanovich states, "A brain aware of the replicator/vehicle distinction and in the possession of evaluative memeplexes such as science, logic, and decision theory might begin a process of pruning vehicle-thwarting goals from intentional-level psychology and reinstalling memetic structures that serve the vehicle's interests more efficiently. This is exactly what the canons of instrumental rationality—largely a product of the twentieth century—were designed to accomplish."
Stanovich goes on to explain that science "delivers the goods," and in so doing, the scientific world encroaches into every part of our lives. Neo-Marxists may reject all science as merely "A Western male's way of knowing." Nevertheless, they still fly in the planes, are cured by the medicines, and get their books published electronically, by that (largely) Western way of knowing called science. It will be impossible to push back progress without also imposing a totalitarian wall within science that separates the purely utilitarian from the more belief disrupting discoveries, like the genes that program us for intelligence.
This book is in fact a good example of the forward movement of science and society's failure to stop particularly explosive developments like research into the differences in average intelligence between races. Stanovich was much more forthcoming than I have come to expect, and it shows the continuing failure of any alternative hypotheses other than Jensenism.
The crux of this book is that "The full robot's rebellion is achieved by
pursuing instrumental rationality in the context of a continuing critique of
those desires being pursued." It also has a lot of data on consciousness,
it is refreshingly insightful and free of bias, it is critical where it needs
to be, and informative, especially in the area of memetics and what it means to
be a species that is easily indoctrinated, and seems to have such a difficult
time inoculating itself from destructive memes. Still, I have to conclude that
to reach our goals of freedom from genes and memes that are detrimental to our
interests, the best hope is to breed for higher intelligence and then practice
rational discourse between committed empiricists.
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Love Charm: Kaede
Description: You sneak into the school after hours to retrieve your forgotten homework. What starts as a matter of pass or fail becomes an adventure beyond life and death! Well, not really.
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Date first appeared on Gaia: 2010-01-24
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text: I also agree with NovaSilosko. I will still enter but I will know that I have a 99.9% chance of not winning, my map becoming pointless along with everyone elses bar one, and would cause demotivation They should've made it on a slightly smaller scale such as splitting the contset up into several 'groups'. One for each cap and spawn areas. At least that way less 'wasted' material and effort. Also, can we use the swamp pack?


text:
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text:
See also Noah3, Priests of
are more wicked than Lamanites, Alma 21:3.
after order of Nehors, Alma 21:4.
none converted, Alma 23:14 (24:29).
stir up Lamanites, Alma 24:1.
rebel against king, take up arms against Ammonites, Alma 24:2.
slay believers, Alma 24:28 (25:7).
slain by Nephites, Alma 25:4.
usurp leadership and persecute Lamanites, Alma 25:5.
hunted, slain by Lamanites, Alma 25:8.
Abinadi's prophecy fulfilled, Alma 25:9.


text:
Helios acts as a credible business-oriented conduit for applying funding to carefully selected projects that supply affordable energy to poor communities on a sustainable basis.
Grant funds may come from a variety of sources, including traditional sources (multi-laterals, bi-laterals, and trust funds) and companies (as corporate social responsibility capital). These funds are applied – in the form of equity and/or shareholder debt – after a careful selection process, including the application of robust investment criteria, so as to maximise developmental and environmental impacts.
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Helios therefore acts both as a channel for financing and as a means of "de-risking" projects for financiers, who will gain comfort that a project is well-structured and well-governed.


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Our collections span the globe, with current strengths highlighting California basketry, the U.S. Southwest, and the Pacific Islands.
The Department of Anthropology at the California Academy of Sciences was established in 1900, and, in keeping with the tenet of the early Academy, focused on Native California. Today, the research collection encompasses ethnographic and archaeological materials from around the globe, documenting the diversity of human cultures and the ways in which our species has adapted to Earth's varying environments.
The Department also undertakes field research, such as that of Research Associate Dr. Zeresenay Alemseged into human evolution. Dr. Alemseged's 2000 discovery "Selam"—the skeletal remains of a 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis child—continues to significantly advance our understanding of the evolution of our species.
Cast Collection
The Department of Anthropology houses a collection of hominin fossil and comparative casts that are available for reference by visiting researchers and students.
Learn more about our areas of focus—active, ongoing research that seeks to answer some of the biggest questions in the field.
See where our research takes us and learn about some of the exciting discoveries we've made thus far.
Members of the Department of Anthropology cover a range of academic foci and expertise.
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Anthropology RR: History
Learn more about our department and its history at the Academy.
Anthropology RR: FAQs
How to access our collections, donate objects, apply for an internship, and more.
Anthropology RR: Publications
Our department publishes articles in scientific journals, contributes chapters to books, and produces select collection catalogs.
Anthropology RR: Contact
General inquiries:
Collections inquiries:
Laura Eklund
(415) 379-5383


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If you have eyes that do not seem to do what you want them to do, you may have that nagging question in the back of your mind; "Do I need an Eye Exam ?". Read on to find out some facts about that important part of your body, your eyes.
The eyes are the windows of the soul. You are the soul they are behind. Keeping those "windows" in good shape so you can enjoy the beauty of the world should a be a top priority for you. Do you feel like your eyes are weaker than they use to be ? When you try to focus on far away objects, do you find it harder than usual ? Take note of these events as they are indicators that a problem, albeit temporary could be taking place.
Pain is the normal event that takes place when there are problems in the body, except for the eyes. They do not always have that tell-tale signal of pain when a negative situation is happening. For this reason, you need to be more sensitive to what is going on with your eyes. They change gradually as you get older. Glaucoma, cataracts, and other problems happen gradually. They are nevertheless dangerous diseases that do not announce they have arrived with any amount of pain.
This makes an eye exam a necessary part of life. An optometrist is an highly qualified individual who can help you know what is going on with your eyes. But you can do some of what the optometrist does. You know those eye charts that you do not like ? You can get one for yourself. The correct space to put between yourself and the eye chart is twenty feet or 6.1 meters. When you are doing the exam you will need sufficient light for the eye chart. If you use another person to help you while you are reading the chart it will cut down on the time you need to finish your exam. If you can find a snellen eye chart, it is the format used for most eye exams. The second line from the bottom is the correct line to try and read from 6.1 meters. If you can read it, great ! You have normal vision.
If your family has had a history of eye problems or disease, then that question; "Do I Need An Eye Exam ?", may have a deeper significance for you than for the average person. In your case, a simple eye exam with the eye chart may not be enough. For you, a trip to the optometrist to examine the inside of your eyes will be a good idea. For children, it is important to discover eye problems before they develop into bigger ones. The optometrist can check for binocular problems, myopia ( can only see well up close ), hyperopia ( can only see well for distant objects ), and other abnormalities. For the older crowd, he or she will check for cataracts, degenerated retina and glaucoma.
If you consider the value of your eyes, and how you use them practically every waking moment of your life, you are probably already getting regular eye exams. If not, losing another day with a problem in your eyes should be giving you strong thoughts of this question.
Check out other medical tests at women tests


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Designed for working professionals in search of a broad business education to develop the knowledge and leadership skills necessary to manage people and processes.
Students will engage in a modern business curriculum with particular focus placed on innovation, project management, marketing strategy, accounting, and finance, while developing the skills necessary to compete in today's competitive job market.
The best business move a nonbusiness major can make.
The master of science in management program prepares you for highly rewarding management roles through an advanced understanding of how to manage interpersonal dynamics, effectively design organizations, and implement meaningful change.


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The USI (Ungerboeck) Year 1 Student Bursary Award
The USI (Ungerboeck) Year 1 Student Bursary was introduced for the first time in 2005. The Bursary covers fees and travel costs for completion of VMS Year 2 up to the value of AUD$4,000
The VMS USI (Ungerboeck) Bursary provides for the full student fees covering Year 2 of the VMS course. It is awarded to the student who achieves the highest academic score for the test at the conclusion of Year 1. The Bursary award can only be used for a consecutive Year 2 attendance. It cannot be used if the student chooses to defer.
The Bursary, sponsored by the Software Company USI (Ungerboeck) has been developed in association between USI (Ungerboeck) and the VMS Management Committee.
The winner of the USI (Ungerboeck) YEAR 1 Student Bursary for 2017, to be taken in 2018, is:
Annaleise McGhee
Ticketing Manager
AEG Ogden – Qudos Bank Arena
Sydney, Australia
The AEG Ogden Scholarship Award
This highly sought after industry scholarship is awarded each year to one student who successfully completes the two years of study at the VMS, and further demonstrates achievement in a range of assessment criteria. The Scholarship has been awarded to the leading graduate from the VMS each year since its inception and valued at approximately AUD$10,000 per annum.
The Scholarship winner receives enrolment in the IAVM-VMS Graduate Institute at Oglebay, USA, and will also be entitled to make at least one venue visit in another city during the trip. All travel and Graduate Institute fees will be covered by the Scholarship. AEG Ogden assists in the arrangements for the venue visit.
The successful student is selected on a range of criteria including outstanding academic achievement and application at the VMS, continuing a commitment to the venue management industry, communication, teamwork and professional leadership skill. The VMA Board would like to particularly thank AEG Ogden for sponsoring the VMS Scholarship for the past 22 years
The 2017 AEG Ogden Scholarship winner is:
Georgia Hendy
Executive Producer, Commercial Programming and Venue Hire
Queensland Performing Arts Centre
Brisbane, Australia
PAST SCHOLARSHIP WINNERSSee More
Each year we are thrilled to have the opportunity to award an outstanding Year 1 and Year 2 student. Meet some of the previous winners.


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Soap Commander Aftershave Balm - Confidence
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Size: 4 oz (118 ml)
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Reviews by Alamama
From Blah to Awe
On 2/20 Alamama wrote: While this book was written for teenage girls, I found it to be inspiring and convicting. In a nutshell, From Blah to Awe by Jenna Lucado Bishop is about why we as christian (mainly girls) are/get bored with God and our relationship with Him and how to waken up that joy and excitement. I have to admit ... From Blah to Awe
Healing Is a Choice
On 1/6 Alamama wrote: Have you ever heard the saying, "Eat the meat and spit out the bones"? This applies to this book. Fortunately, there was more meat than bones. I was pleasantly delighted and helped reading Healing is a Choice. While I skipped through some of the "bones", many of the chapters had down to earth and ... Healing is a Choice
Fresh-Brewed Life
On 10/25 Alamama wrote: Man oh, man...am I late on reviewing this book. Coffee, it tastes good, smells good and makes you feel good, right. Just walking into a coffee shop can make your day better. Books can do the same, make you feel good, take you to other places, awaken your senses. So, when I agreed ... Fresh Brewed Life-Review
Billy Graham in Quotes
On 8/3 Alamama wrote: Billy Graham in QuotesBy Franklin Graham Published by Thomas Nelson Billy Graham in quotes you say? I will read almost anything by/about Billy Graham or his wife. To have him in quotes is very handy. The book is formatted in a very organized fashion. These quotes are nicely ... Billy Graham in Quotes
Money Secrets of the Amish
On 6/6 Alamama wrote: Money Secrets of the Amish Finding True Abundance in Simplicity, Sharing, and SavingBy Lorilee Craker Published by Thomas Nelson Honestly, I am still reading this book. (I couldn't wait to write the review.) Though I will probably finish it tonight, for sure by the time this post is out. ... Money Secrets of the Amish by Lorilee Craker
Max On Life
On 5/14 Alamama wrote: Max On Life Answers and Inspiration for Today's QuestionsBy Max Lucado Published by Thomas Nelson I have to admit I have never read any of Max Lucado's books before, and he sure has a lot. So, it was out of curiousity that I agreed to review his newest book Max on Life. It was a very fast ... Max on Life by Max Lucado
In Front of God and Everybody
On 5/10 Alamama wrote: "Boy, oh boy", this book was a fun, light-hearted read. While this story about April Grace and the life around her started off on the wrong foot with me, it wound up to be a good, feel-good book. What I didn't like was the back and forth bickering between April and her older sister Myra. As a mom ... In Front of God and Everyone by KD McCrite
On 3/1 Alamama wrote: I have to admit up front, I was so excited to receive my first book to review. After opening the package what was the first thing I did? Look for photos. I am nosey and love to "see" people. However, I didn't let the lack of photos hinder me. I dove right into the book. The forward grabbed me. ... Pujols, More Than the Game


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pictures of her family:
husband, child, grandchild, mother, sisters and brother,
they are all present and give her a daily smile around her mouth.
The warmth, the solidarity with each other and love makes her a rich person.
She knows this and she cherish this.
A matching bracelet, carelessly lay down at the base of the bust.
The earrings, hidden behind her diary, makes this set complete.
They have little sapphires and are her birth stones.
She attaches great importance to the meaning of these stones as sapphire means hope.
In the ring box is a precious jewel. It was from her mother's side of the family and is an antique ring with a peridot.
This time from the family of her husband's side: a bracelet of amethyst with matching ring and earrings.
All true showpieces that would have to be stored in a safe
if the sparkle, given by the daily sunlight, wouldn't give so much pleasure.
If you look closely you can see on the left
a delicate antique French lace shawl almost slip off the table.
Ofcourse the perfume bottles are a must on this beautiful table.
The roses, next to the dresser, are beautiful but on their return.
Occasionally there's a petal swirling onto the ground.
Ms. loves roses. They smell delicious.
The soft petals are carefully picked up and stored to dry.
Some of them are laying down on special spots,
so that they can spread the last perfume that they still carry, throughout the room.
On the diary, which she carefully kept, is also a petal laying down.
Above the dresser there are three portraits of her children, all smiling at their mother.
She has her children given a safe and warm nest and the opportunity to really be a child.
This has greatly strengthened their self-esteem and the three become great adults.
The love she always gave, she gets back from them daily.


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Limbo CMS SSD Cloud
Having your Limbo CMS website on SSD-only cloud hosting gives you up to 300% better performance.
Most hosting providers use traditional Hard Drives that can be too slow for Limbo CMS. Solid State Drives gives you up to 300% faster Limbo CMS performance by reducing the random access time to just 0.1 millisecond for both your Limbo CMS files and database. This means optimized Limbo CMS performance and faster page load for your visitors.


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Blanton Construction has earned Lead-Safe Certification through the Environmental Protection Agency.
What does this mean for you? It means you can rest easy knowing we are fully trained in how to safely renovate your home or mobile home, reducing the dangers associated with lead paint - and its dust - poisoning.
Estimates say more than one million children are affected by lead paint poisoning every day.
Lead paint has the potential to cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems and speech delays.
Employees at Blanton Construction are trained to make home repairs using lead-safe techniques, which means working in a low-dust environment and disturbing the lead-based products as little as possible.
The EPA requires certified renovators to take eight hours and training, including two hours of hands-on work. And every five years, renovators must become recertified.


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Open Road Films is offering moviegoers a two-for-one deal this Saturday for tickets to Machete Kills. You'll be able to buy one Machete Kills movie ticket and get one free at participating theaters nationwide. The offer is only available at theater box offices, it's not for online sales.
Written and directed by Robert Rodriguez, Machete Kills stars Danny Trejo, Michelle Rodriguez, Sofia Vergara, Amber Heard, Carlos Estevez, Lady Gaga, Antonio Banderas, Jessica Alba, Demián Bichir, Alexa Vega, Vanessa Hudgens, Cuba Gooding, Jr., William Sadler, Marko Zaror and Mel Gibson.
Trejo returns as ex-Federale agent Machete, who is recruited by the President of the United States for a mission which would be impossible for any mortal man – he must take down a madman revolutionary and an eccentric billionaire arms dealer who has hatched a plan to spread war and anarchy across the planet.


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www.scribd.com -- The numbers in Table 1 suggest that to a large extent the recent rise in the profitability of the TBTF banks may be attributable to the fact that they enjoy the protection of the government's backing at a time when the banking system as a whole continues to experience substantial strains. This should concern policymakers, since it would imply that a substantial portion of the profits of the largest banks is essentially a redistribution from taxpayers to the banks, rather than the outcome of market transactions.
Click here to read full article...
Read more:, , What You Should Know
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Twitter twerps can follow us at twitter.com/exiledonline
5 CommentsAdd your own
1. TK | October 30th, 2009 at 5:39 pm
To be fair, this is the exact opposite of the invisible hand. It is the government's hand literally reaching into your pocket and taking money and giving it to the rich. That's even worse than the invisible hand. Libertarianism might be reprehensible but we can all agree it's at least marginally better than the government outright HELPING the super-rich steal your money.
2. m | October 30th, 2009 at 7:13 pm
"Libertarianism might be reprehensible but we can all agree it's at least marginally better than the government outright HELPING the super-rich steal your money."
that's not quite correct. libertarianism is the bullshit-ideology that the reality of capitalism is covered up and – indirectly – legitimated with. that's its sole function.
the capitalist state has always been and always will be a state of the capitalist class, it cannot be otherwise.
3. horhey | October 31st, 2009 at 1:15 am
Capitalism, socialism, it all comes down to who has a gun pointed at my head. I'd rather it be nobody, regardless of the system.
4. badnewswade | October 31st, 2009 at 6:16 am
We're definitely in a new StaMoKap era now, aren't we?
5. Plamen Petkov | October 31st, 2009 at 8:48 am
Yeah. One time several years ago I tried to have a conversation with a USA guy calling himself "libertarian" about Ayn Rand and Libertarianism in general. We were talking about competition and I mentioned that yes competition is a great thing as agreed by libertarians. But he shocked me when he quickly replied "too much competition was a bad thing". Right then and there I knew he was a total bullshitter. I ended the conversation and left. There is NO such thing as 'free market" in USA. Anyone who believes such fairy tales probably believes USA is in Iraq/Afghanistan to spread "freedom and democracy" and USA was attacked by Ali Queda and Bin Alladin because they hated their freedoms.
P.S. FBI has NEVER indicted Bin Alladin on official charges of attacking USA on 9-11. Wonder why?


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ISO International Standards ensure that products and services are safe, reliable and of good quality. For business, they are strategic tools that reduce costs by minimizing waste and errors and increasing productivity. They help companies to access new markets, level the playing field for developing countries and facilitate free and fair global trade.
Holding the above accreditations can demonstrate your business compliance with Health & Safety Law (as mentioned in the CDM Regulations). Some clients wish to only select a list of prefered contractors. Usually holding one or all of the above will assist in shortlisting during the tendering process. Holding the above accreditations can improve your Health & Safety Management System. All these accreditations are members of the Safety Schemes in Procurement (SSIP) network.
By law, as an employer, you must assess and identify measures to eliminate or reduce risks from exposure to noise so that you can protect the hearing of your employees.
Where the risks are low, the actions you take may be simple and inexpensive, but where the risks are high, you should manage them using a prioritised noise-control action plan.
By law, as an employer, you must assess and identify measures to eliminate or reduce risks from exposure to hand-arm vibration so that you can protect your employees from risks to their health.
Where the risks are low, the actions you take may be simple and inexpensive, but where the risks are high, you should manage them using a prioritised action plan to control exposure to hand-arm vibration.
Health and safety legislation exists to prevent ill health arising from the workplace. It is about putting in place systematic, regular and appropriate procedures to detect early signs of work-related ill health among employees exposed to certain health risks; and acting on the results.
The following are some examples of how we can help you to comply with legislation:
|Health Surveillance Provided
|The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR)
|Medical assessment of employees following an accident or injury at work
|Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)
|Lung function tests (spirometry) for employees who work with harmful chemicals / fumes / substances
|The Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998
|Blood test
|The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005
|Hearing test (audiometry)
|Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
|Health screening/health interview
|Working Time Regulations 1998
|Health screening/health interview
The duty to manage asbestos is a legal requirement under the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 (Regulation 4). It applies to the owners and occupiers of commercial premises (such as shops, offices, industrial units etc) who have responsibility for maintenance and repair activities. In addition to these responsibilities, they also have a duty to assess the presence and condition of any asbestos-containing materials. If asbestos is present or is presumed to be present, then it must be managed appropriately. The duty also applies to the shared parts of some domestic premises.
For any of the above please contact us for more information
Excellent course. Delivered with confidence and understanding of different learning abilities - CITB SMSTSIan Bowker, A L Coombs
Great knowledge, good teaching skills, kept a great deal of interest. Excellent. Good Explanations and great class participation - SMSTS RefresherGraham Wooton, BAM Construction
Best course delivery EVER seen! - Brilliant! - CITB, SMSTSJonathan Cottrell, Skanska
Excellent, very informative and delivered by an excellent lecturer - IOSH Managing SafelyRobert Evans-Meese, Anochrome


text: New writing project Posted on 16 December 2014 by Lise I'd just like to announce that I've set up a blog for the writing project we've been developing for some time. This project aims to study literacy acquisition and competence by developing student engagement in digitally produced writing and by examining the role of keyboard skills and certain grammar constructions in literacy development. The research team isRead more


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General functions and characteristics
Like the cell membrane, membranes of some organelles contain transport proteins, or permeases, that allow chemical communication between organelles. Permeases in the lysosomal membrane, for example, allow amino acids generated inside the lysosome to cross into the cytoplasm, where they can be used for the synthesis of new proteins. Communication between organelles is also achieved by the membrane budding processes of endocytosis and exocytosis, which are essentially the same as in the cell membrane (see above Transport across the membrane). On the other hand, the biosynthetic and degradative processes taking place in different organelles may require conditions greatly different from those of other organelles or of the cytosol (the fluid part of the cell surrounding the organelles). Internal membranes maintain these different conditions by isolating them from one another. For example, the internal space of lysosomes is much more acidic than that of the cytosol—pH 5 as opposed to pH 7—and is maintained by specific proton-pumping transport proteins in the lysosome membrane.
Another function of organelles is to prevent competing enzymatic reactions from interfering with one another. For instance, essential proteins are synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytosol, while unwanted proteins are broken down in the lysosomes and also, to some extent, in the cytosol. Similarly, fatty acids are made in the cytosol and then either broken down in the mitochondria for the synthesis of ATP or degraded in the peroxisomes with concomitant generation of heat. These processes must be kept isolated. Organelle membranes also prevent potentially lethal by-products or enzymes from attacking sensitive molecules in other regions of the cell by sequestering such degradative activities in their respective membrane-bounded compartments.
The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells differ both structurally and chemically from the outer cell membrane. Like the outer membrane, they are constructed of a phospholipid bilayer into which are embedded, or bound, specific membrane proteins (see above Chemical composition and structure of the membrane). The three major lipids forming the outer membrane—phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids—are also found in the internal membranes, but in different concentrations. Phospholipid is the primary lipid forming all cellular membranes. Cholesterol, which contributes to the fluidity and stability of all membranes, is found in internal membranes at about 25 percent of the concentration in the outer membrane. Glycolipids are found only as trace components of internal membranes, whereas they constitute approximately 5 percent of the outer membrane lipid.
Cellular organelles and their membranes
The vacuole
Most plant cells contain one or more membrane-bound vesicles called vacuoles. Within the vacuole is the cell sap, a water solution of salts and sugars kept at high concentration by the active transport of ions through permeases in the vacuole membrane. Proton pumps also maintain high concentrations of protons in the vacuole interior. These high concentrations cause the entry, via osmosis, of water into the vacuole, which in turn expands the vacuole and generates a hydrostatic pressure, called turgor, that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. Turgor is the cause of rigidity in living plant tissue.
In the mature plant cell, as much as 90 percent of cell volume may be taken up by a single vacuole; immature cells typically contain several smaller vacuoles.
The lysosome
Potentially dangerous hydrolytic enzymes functioning in acidic conditions (pH 5) are segregated in the lysosomes to protect the other components of the cell from random destruction. Lysosomes are bound by a single phospholipid bilayer membrane. They vary in size and are formed by the fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles with endosomes derived from the cell surface. Enzymes known to be present in the lysosomes include hydrolases that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. Hydrolases are most active in the acidity maintained in the lysosomes. After the material is broken down, lipids and amino acids are transported across the lysosomal membrane by permeases for use in biosynthesis. The remaining debris generally stays within the lysosome and is called a residual body.
Microbodies are roughly spherical in shape, bound by a single membrane, and are usually 0.5 to 1 micrometre in diameter. There are several types, by far the most common of which is the peroxisome. Peroxisomes derive their name from hydrogen peroxide, a reactive intermediate in the process of molecular breakdown that occurs in the microbody. Peroxisomes contain type II oxidases, which are enzymes that use molecular oxygen in reactions to oxidize organic molecules. A product of these reactions is hydrogen peroxide, which is further metabolized into water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase, a predominant constituent of peroxisomes. In addition, peroxisomes contain other enzyme systems that degrade various lipids.
The plant glyoxysome is a peroxisome that also contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, which is crucial to the conversion of fat into carbohydrate.
The endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of membranous cisternae (flattened sacs) extending throughout the cytoplasm. Often it constitutes more than half of the total membrane in the cell. This structure was first noted in the late 19th century, when studies of stained cells indicated the presence of some type of extensive cytoplasmic structure, then termed the gastroplasm. The electron microscope made possible the study of the morphology of this organelle in the 1940s, when it was given its present name.
The endoplasmic reticulum can be classified in two functionally distinct forms, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The morphological distinction between the two is the presence of protein-synthesizing particles, called ribosomes, attached to the outer surface of the RER.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The functions of the SER, a meshwork of fine tubular membrane vesicles, vary considerably from cell to cell. One important role is the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol, which are major components of the plasma and internal membranes. Phospholipids are formed from fatty acids, glycerol phosphate, and other small water-soluble molecules by enzymes bound to the ER membrane with their active sites facing the cytosol. Some phospholipids remain in the ER membrane, where, catalyzed by specific enzymes within the membranes, they can "flip" from the cytoplasmic side of the bilayer, where they were formed, to the exoplasmic, or inner, side. This process ensures the symmetrical growth of the ER membrane. Other phospholipids are transferred through the cytoplasm to other membranous structures, such as the cell membrane and the mitochondrion, by special phospholipid transfer proteins.
In liver cells, the SER is specialized for the detoxification of a wide variety of compounds produced by metabolic processes. Liver SER contains a number of enzymes called cytochrome P450, which catalyze the breakdown of carcinogens and other organic molecules. In cells of the adrenal glands and gonads, cholesterol is modified in the SER at one stage of its conversion to steroid hormones. Finally, the SER in muscle cells, known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters calcium ions from the cytoplasm. When the muscle is triggered by nerve stimuli, the calcium ions are released, causing muscle contraction.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum
The RER is generally a series of connected flattened sacs. It plays a central role in the synthesis and export of proteins and glycoproteins and is best studied in the secretory cells specialized in these functions. The many secretory cells in the human body include liver cells secreting serum proteins such as albumin, endocrine cells secreting peptide hormones such as insulin, salivary gland and pancreatic acinar cells secreting digestive enzymes, mammary gland cells secreting milk proteins, and cartilage cells secreting collagen and proteoglycans.
Ribosomes are particles that synthesize proteins from amino acids. They are composed of four RNA molecules and between 40 and 80 proteins assembled into a large and a small subunit. Ribosomes are either free (i.e., not bound to membranes) in the cytoplasm of the cell or bound to the RER. Lysosomal enzymes, proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, and cell membranes, and proteins to be secreted from the cell are among those synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes. Fabricated on free ribosomes are proteins remaining in the cytosol and those bound to the internal surface of the outer membrane, as well as those to be incorporated into the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and other organelles. Special features of proteins label them for transport to specific destinations inside or outside of the cell. In 1971 German-born cellular and molecular biologist Günter Blobel and Argentinian-born cellular biologist David Sabatini suggested that the amino-terminal portion of the protein (the first part of the molecule to be made) could act as a "signal sequence." They proposed that such a signal sequence would facilitate the attachment of the growing protein to the ER membrane and lead the protein either into the membrane or through the membrane into the ER lumen (interior).
The signal hypothesis has been substantiated by a large body of experimental evidence. Translation of the blueprint for a specific protein encoded in a messenger RNA molecule begins on a free ribosome. As the growing protein, with the signal sequence at its amino-terminal end, emerges from the ribosome, the sequence binds to a complex of six proteins and one RNA molecule known as the signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP also binds to the ribosome to halt further formation of the protein. The membrane of the ER contains receptor sites that bind the SRP-ribosome complex to the RER membrane. Upon binding, translation resumes, with the SRP dissociating from the complex and the signal sequence and remainder of the nascent protein threading through the membrane, via a channel called a translocon, into the ER lumen. At that point, the protein is permanently segregated from the cytosol. In most cases, the signal sequence is cleaved from the protein by an enzyme called signal peptidase as it emerges on the luminal surface of the ER membrane. In addition, in a process known as glycosylation, oligosaccharide (complex sugar) chains are often added to the protein to form a glycoprotein. Inside the ER lumen, the protein folds into its characteristic three-dimensional conformation.
Within the lumen, proteins that will be secreted from the cell diffuse into the transitional portion of the ER, a region that is largely free of ribosomes. There the molecules are packaged into small membrane-bounded transport vesicles, which separate from the ER membrane and move through the cytoplasm to a target membrane, usually the Golgi complex. There the transport vesicle membrane fuses with the Golgi membrane, and the contents of the vesicle are delivered into the lumen of the Golgi. This, like all processes of vesicle budding and fusion, preserves the sidedness of the membranes; that is, the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane always faces outward, and the luminal contents are always sequestered from the cytoplasm.
Certain nonsecretory proteins made on the RER remain part of the membrane system of the cell. These membrane proteins have, in addition to the signal sequence, one or more anchor regions composed of lipid-soluble amino acids. The amino acids prevent passage of the protein completely into the ER lumen by anchoring it into the phospholipid bilayer of the ER membrane.
The Golgi apparatus
The Golgi complex is the site of the modification, completion, and export of secretory proteins and glycoproteins. This organelle, first described by the Italian cytologist Camillo Golgi in 1898, has a characteristic structure composed of five to eight flattened, disk-shaped, membrane-defined cisternae arranged in a stack. Secretory proteins and glycoproteins, cell membrane proteins and glycoproteins, lysosomal proteins, and some glycolipids all pass through the Golgi structure at some point in their maturation. In plant cells, much of the cell wall material passes through the Golgi as well.
The Golgi apparatus itself is structurally polarized, consisting of a "cis" face near the transitional region of the RER, a medial segment, and a "trans" face near the cell membrane. These faces are biochemically distinct, and the enzymatic content of each segment is markedly different. The cis face membranes are generally thinner than the others.
As the secretory proteins move through the Golgi, a number of chemical modifications may transpire. Important among these is the modification of carbohydrate groups. As described above, many secretory proteins are glycosylated in the ER. In the Golgi, specific enzymes modify the oligosaccharide chains of the glycoproteins by removing certain mannose residues and adding other sugars, such as galactose and sialic acid. These enzymes are known collectively as glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Some secretory proteins will cease to be transported if their carbohydrate groups are modified incorrectly or not permitted to form. In some cases the carbohydrate groups are necessary for the stability or activity of the protein or for targeting the molecule for a specific destination.
Also within the Golgi or secretory vesicles are proteases that cut many secretory proteins at specific amino acid positions. This often results in activation of the secretory protein, an example being the conversion of inactive proinsulin to active insulin by removing a series of amino acids.


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When I posted the "Q&A" last week I didn't expect to get more than 10-15 questions, tops! But over the past week I've received more than 70, so please bear with me. I'll work my way through most one of them, (with the exception of the ones that were clearly not serious) just give me some time 😉
The amount of questions some of you managed to compile into one single comment impresses me, by the way.
I'll split my responses into a couple separate posts. Read part 1 HERE.
Well, let's get to part 2!
Q: What's something that amazes you?
A: People. Nothing amazes me like people do. That's probably why I like filmmaking, documentaries and journalism. It allows me to get to know people and tell their stories.
Q: How high are you?
A: Not very high. Or do you mean how tall I am? According to my US driver's license I'm 1.72m (5'8″ inches)
Q: What does ur diet look like?
A: I don't really have a specific diet anymore. I eat everything. But I don't drink soda/pop, juice or alcohol. I was vegan for a week though. Read about it HERE
Q: Can you tell us more about your future plans? What happens after college?!
A: Good question, Karen! I honestly don't know. I'm probably going to apply to different graduate film programs in the US: University of Texas, Tisch NUY School fo the Arts and a couple on the west coast. It's expensive, and less than 4% of the applicants get in to some programs, but I'll give it a shot. If I don't get in I may want to start working in the US while also making films until I can make some money on that. We'll see where God leads me.
Q: Favorite food?
A: Pizza. No doubt.
Q: Do you wear glasses?
A: Yes, when I'm not sleeping or wearing contacts.
Q: What do you think about more than anything else?
A: My faith.
Q: What's one thing you'd rather pay someone to do than do yourself? Why?
A: Cooking. I'm just not good at it, and the food I make rarely tastes good. Read more about my kitchen skills HERE haha.
Q: What's your reaction towards people who are outspoken about their beliefs? What conditions cause you to dislike or, conversely, enjoy talking with them?
A: I love it. I wish everyone were confident enough to express their true beliefs — without judging or harassing other people with different sets of beliefs and opinions. I dislike talking with them if they're not interested in hearing another persons' view, or if they fail to see that a story often has two sides. Even if you disagree with someone, you can still listen to what they have to say.
Q: How and where do you prefer to study?
A: I prefer to get it over with as quickly as possible. Preferably before supper. I don't really enjoy homework, so the only way to make it go away is to do it, and the best place to do it is in the library or in the yearbook office at Augustana.
Click for video of the Yearbook office
Q: What position do you sleep in?
A: Like a body in a casket, or on the side. Never on the stomach, ever.
Q: What's your all-time favourite town or city? Why?
A: That's a tough one. Probably New York City or Austin, TX. But please take into consideration that I haven't been to Los Angeles yet.
Pheew, I still have a ton of questions left, but this was a start. Stay tuned for the rest.
Bless you,


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I really have no reason for that picture, other than the fact that it makes me happy like puppies and sunshine and finding $10 in my pocket.
Now, it's not that I'm not unhappy about the outcome of the game. Obviously, I would have preferred to win. I would also prefer to have J.D. Drew decide to pull his weight and not float around on that 0-fer-the-evening inner tube he's got going on there all too often. But, I mean, the way I figure it, the pressure's on the Yankees. They just got smacked around to the tune of 16-0 by the Tigers and find themselves in a now 7 game hole. It's not insurmountable, of course, but it's difficult.
I'm not taking anything for granted as there are always things to worry about. Like, you know, the fact that Manny's back has apparently decided to go fucko bazoo. Which is maybe contagious as Bobby Kielty had some back spasm issues of his own so maybe there's a new rule that no one is allowed in left field without an Outbreak Hazmat suit or maybe an iron lung?
Anyway, tomorrow is a new day and I find it hard to believe that Josh Beckett is going to take this whole series lying down. Especially since he'll be facing off against his idol, Mr. Ass the size of a Buick himself, Roger Clemens. And if there's anyone who will relish showing up his idol, it's Josh Beckett. Which doesn't mean that I don't wish that we could somehow timeshare Trot Nixon back for the day considering how he used to OWN Clemens but I'll take what I can get. Especially since I'm pretty sure Trotter is in Cleveland cheering on his old time bros against the Evil Empire.
Now, did anyone else notice Julian Tavarez and Eric Hinske chatting it up on the bench this evening? What can they have been discussing? Nothing good, I'm guessing. Best way to keep Manny from bringing Tinker Toys onto the field? Color schemes for home hunting blinds? Recipes for people stew? Considering Tavarez's, well, crazy, and Hinske's penchant for always vaguely looking like he's on happy drugs, this is a sitcom in the making. I'm fairly certain people would rather watch that than the next episode of Sox Appeal, NESN. Now get on it.
Back at it tomorrow. Here's hoping Beckett's in a take no prisoners kind of mood.


text: One of the many joys of reading is that we get to live many lives. Sometimes the most immersive of books will make us feel like we have lived another life. Within the pages of each book, therein lies a whole other universe and a perspective separate to our own. In today's Let's Talk About, and the first Let's Talk of 2016, I want to talk about how reading has given me the opportunity to see new perspectives and lives, and, in extension, has helped me become a more empathetic person.


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Tag Archives: xbox
Out of Continues Ep 65: Next Gen Consoles
This week Ali and newcomer Trevor are on the show with me. After the interview questions for Trevor, we talk about Plants vs Zombies, Final Fantasy 9, and DmC Devil May Cry. After that, our main discussion is on the … Continue reading
Posted in Out of Continues, Podcasts Tagged 720, code.org, devil may cry, dmc, ectogemia, ff9, gaiki, game violence, Microsoft, ms, Nintendo, out of continues, plants vs zombies, podcast, ps+, ps4, Sayed Stafa, skullgirls, Sony, Stafa, the war z, thq, video games, videogames, Wii U, xbox Comments Off on Out of Continues Ep 65: Next Gen Consoles
Out of Continues Ep 53: Year 2012 pt 1
This episode, Ali joins me again. We talk about Gravity Rush and Dishonored. Ali then discusses his thoughts on this year in video games. After that, we have lots of news including: City of Heroes, Killer Instinct, Journey, and VGA … Continue reading
Posted in Out of Continues, Podcasts Tagged 2012, 360, alpha colony, city of heroes, dark souls 2, Dishonored, ectogemia, fugworld, game of the year, goty, grammy, gravity rush, hideo kojima, journy, kill instinct, mgs 5, mgs v, moby dick studios, Nintendo, out of continues, phantom pain, podcast, ps vita, ps3, Sayed Stafa, Sony, Stafa, vga, video games, videogames, walking dead, Wii U, wipeout, xbox Comments Off on Out of Continues Ep 53: Year 2012 pt 1


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you can email me if you would like to contact me with advertising or helping to write at: email@example.com (or fill out the form above)
i am very supportive of other people writing for this site, it would be a good experience. also you can submit one article if you don't want to write regularly.
i am also willing to write for more established sites if you are interested in my work.
Or you can follow me on twitter…i will follow back: @gunnersopinion


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Chairs as Art is showing at the Lois Lambert Gallery in Santa Monica, CA. It's a group exhibit of more than thirty artists showing one of a kind and limited edition chairs. I wish I could make it to the show as I love chairs almost as much as I love paintings! If I ever become ridiculously wealthy I would like to hire a team of craftsmen to create my chair designs as I just don't have the skills required. Here's a few beauties from the chair exhibition..
Seth Keller – Salvage Wingback – salvaged lumber, mild steel.
This chair is a thing of beauty! It's rustic, it has character, it almost begs you to touch it, and it looks comfortable!
Chance Coalter – Fobes Rocker – hard maple wood
Susan Levin – Spirit Guide – found chair and mixed media
Dominique Houriat – The Banshee Chair – blackened steel, leather, and hemp latigo lace.
Chairs as Art – Back to our Roots is showing now through to the 13th of July. For more details see the Lois Lambert Gallery website here.


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Welcome to the blog for the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issue's public meeting in San Francisco, which opens Thursday and ends on Friday, Feb. 2-3.
The meeting will focus on two issues: whole genome sequencing and neuroethics.
For a year, the Commission has been following issues surrounding the emergence of the whole genome sequencing as a part of clinical care and genetic research. Media reports say that the cost of whole genome sequencing will be reduced to around $1000 this year, which could lead to a significant increase in the use of the tests.
But many ethical issues remain around the testing, including data protection, privacy, consent, and counseling, and the potential use and abuse of data for nonmedical reasons. The Commission is expected to issue a report on the issue sometime in the fall of this year.
On neuroethics, the Commission will likely focus on advances in neuroimaging and the implications for moral philosophy and for moral and legal responsibility.
The meeting is scheduled to open at 9 a.m. PST on Thursday, and close at noon PST on Friday.
Please follow the proceedings of the Commission's meeting through this blog and through a live-stream Webcast on the Commission website at www.bioethics.gov. The Webcast will be archived on the website, and a transcript of the proceedings will be posted following the meeting.


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190 Wells St
South Melbourne, VIC 3205
South Melbourne, VIC 3205
Is there a giddier celebration than that of end of exams? After our final exam which lasted for three hours and went until 6pm, we were all hankering for a good feed. Luckily, we were booked in at Peko Peko, a popular Japanese-Taiwanese fusion restaurant for dinner at 7pm. Unluckily, due to public transport issues and me assuming that I could guess the right tram to take out of a potential 8 or so, we were a good twenty minutes late. It was very kind of the staff to hold the table for us for that long, even though it was a Friday night.
Located on a rather quiet street in South Melbourne, Peko Peko is extremely swanky for a place that's essentially a cheap eat. Thankfully, it avoids taking itself too seriously, with many cheeky knick knacks scattered around the room. We had lots of fun checking out the small canvas prints on the walls depicting gruesomely adorable cartoons.
|Specials Board
With a menu that is shorter than most Asian eats but by no means small, the food is divided up into entrees, noodles, light meals, peko boxes, and some sides. There is also a specials board hanging on the wall, and our eyes were all simultaneously drawn towards the soft centre chocolate pudding (which we unfortunately couldn't fit in by the end of the meal). After much deliberation, we each ordered a peko box – Peko Peko's take on the bento box. They were served with rice, a small triangle of crispy fried tofu doused in a sweet sauce, and some obligatory vegetables in the form of cauliflower florets, or lightly stir-fried green beans.
|Lemon, Lime and Bitters ($4.5)
Sarah and Jan also ordered a Lemon, Lime and Bitters ($4.5) each, which had a hand-clappingly delightful green to yellow colour gradient. It was light, refreshing, and perfect for the coming summer.
|Steamed Prawn Dumplings ($8 for 4)
But first! Entrees! We ordered two serves of dumplings to share, and the first one to arrive was the Steamed Prawn Dumplings ($8 for 4). The translucent parcels were bursting with prawns, though slightly small, but they were as good as any you'd find in yum cha.
|Steamed Juicy Pork Dumplings ($7 for 4)
The Steamed Juicy Pork Dumplings ($7 for 4) were served with sweet soy sauce and chilli sauce just like its predecessor. However these weren't as remarkable as the prawn dumplings; there wasn't enough soup inside, and the skin was leaning towards the doughy end of things. It's not that these dumplings are bad – they were actually fairly pleasant – but ever since the dumplings at HuTong, nothing else could compare.
|Teriyaki Chicken Peko Box ($12.5)
There was a half hour wait before our mains started coming out, but that's no surprise, given how packed the venue was. The first dish to arrive was Minh-An's Teriyaki Chicken ($12.5), which she requested with skin off (additional $2). The chicken was smoky and lean, and the sauce wasn't overly heavy, which allowed the sweetness of the chicken to shine.
|BBQ Satay Beef Peko Box ($12.5)
Bilge's BBQ Satay Beef ($12.5) consisted of sliced beef and vegetables tossed in an aromatic satay sauce. It tasted more like beef in black bean sauce, but it was very pleasant and Bilge enjoyed it.
|Chilli Chicken Peko Box ($12.5)
The Chilli Chicken ($12.5) belonged to Sophia. The bite-sized chunks of chicken were tender and well marinated in a slightly sweet chilli sauce. I thought it rather mild but it made Sophia's tongue numb. So don't order this if you have low-level spice tolerance!
|Salt and Chilli Chicken Peko Box ($12.5)
Jan was the only one out of us who ordered off the specials, and she got the Salt and Chilli Chicken ($12.5). It was rather light on the spices, and we both agreed that we've had better. Never less, following what seems to be the trend at Peko Peko, it was still quite tasty, and Jan polished it off.
|Honey Glazed Chicken Peko Box ($12.5)
Kathy's Honey Glazed Chicken ($12.5) was the surprise for the night. Normally being an avid honey chicken hater, I was almost blown out of my chair when I tasted this. Encased in a light crispy shell of batter and tossed in real honey, these golden nubbins were excessively good, and nothing like the stodgy lumps you get in food courts. Kathy wanted to drink the honey at the bottom with a spoon and frankly, I didn't blame her.
|Pop Chicken Peko Box ($12.5)
Having done my research, I ordered Peko Peko's signature dish, the Pop Chicken ($12.5). These will always inevitably get compared to KFC's popcorn chicken, but I don't think that's really fair – these blow all competition in a five mile radius out of the water. The mountain of chicken pieces were delightfully juicy, and coated in a fragrant spice mix that's good enough to make your taste buds do the conga. Kathy thought that it was one of the best things she's ever eaten, and she agreed with me that they were exceptionally tender and juicy. I believe her precise words were: 'you need to apply a bit of pressure, but it breaks very easily'. Not terrifying at all.
|Five-Spice Calamari Peko Box ($12.5)
The lucky last dish to land on our table was Sarah's Five-Spice Calamari ($12.5). There wasn't much five-spice taste, but the calamari was tender instead of cooked to rubberiness, and was coated in a light batter that made an audible crunch as you sank your teeth in.
Peko Peko is an excellent candidate for a meal with friends; the accessible menu, the helpful waiters, and the fun, laid-back atmosphere made for a great night out. And by the end, we were all delirious with laughter, good food, and excellent company.
Rating: 13.5/20 – bring your friends


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18 Powerful Reasons Why You Should Eat An Entire Avocado Every Day
Avocado is one really amazing fruit. It's bursting with nutrients and gives us a myriad of health benefits.
Below are all the benefits of avocado.
After reading this you won't miss an avocado a day.
Nutrient Rich
Avocados are a rich source of nutrients, and nearly 20 minerals and vitamins. One avocado actually contains:
26% Vitamin B6
33% Vitamin C
21% Vitamin E
53% Vitamin K
19% Copper
41% Folate
28% Potassium
28% Pantothenic Acid
A Source of Good Fats
Although the avocado is full of fat, those are "good fats" that can lower levels of bad cholesterol and that way lower the risk of heart attack or stroke.
Manage Your Weight
Maybe you didn't know, but eating avocado can help you lose weight.
The Nutritional Journal published a study, that shows eating a half an avocado with your lunch can make you feel full for longer.
Participants reported a 28% less desire for a snack 5 hours after the meal, and a 40% less desire to eat for a 3 hour period after the meal.
Prevent Diabetes
Avocado keeps blood sugar levels stable. Participants that ate an avocado with their lunch didn't show increase of sugar in their blood compared with those who didn't eat an avocado for lunch.
Fight Inflammation
Avocado can help you fight inflammation, thanks to the monounsaturated fat that is responsible for its healthful properties.
Eye Health
Lutein and zeaxanthin are nutrients responsible in fighting against macular degeneration, the disease which can lead to blindness.
Avocados are at the top of 20 fruits rich with lutein. Also they are good source of zeaxanthin.
Healthy Skin and Hair
One avocado contains 20 % of daily dose of Vitamin E. Vitamin E protects body tissue from free radicals.
And healthy fats will give you glossy hair and smooth skin.
Lower Cholesterol Levels
Avocados can lower blood triglycerides and reduce cholesterol levels, that way by lowering the bad LDL cholesterol while increasing the good cholesterol (HDL).
Improve Nutrient Absorption
Really important in taking vitamins and minerals is not how much we eat, but how much we absorb.
Certain nutrients are fat soluble, which means that they have to be taken together with fat so our body can assimilate them.
For example, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Vitamin K and Vitamin D along with some antioxidants.
By adding half an avocado to your spinach salad, carrots or lettuce you will absorb the alpha –carotene 8.3 times, lutein 4.3 times and beta-carotene 13.6 times better that people who didn't eat avocado.
Strong Bones
Avocados contain Vitamin K, folate and cooper, which are bone-healthy nutrients.
Pain Relief
Avocado extract can reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Due to its anti-inflammatory benefits, it may relieve other inflammatory related pains too.
Improve Digestion
One avocado contains 54 % of the daily recommended fiber intake. And we know that fiber is a really important component for our digestive system.
Important for Expecting Mothers
Avocados are loaded with Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, folate and potassium, all of them the fetus needs for healthy development.
Control Blood Pressure
One fruit of avocado contains 28 % of daily recommended potassium intake, and potassium is controlling the blood pressure.
An Energy Boost
Healthy fats give us a slow, steady flood of energy. Therefore, an avocado is the perfect source of energy for the body.
Enhance Your Mood
Thanks to its mineral and vitamin content – especially folate and potassium, an avocado a day can really cheer you up.
Some studies have associated depression and a lack of potassium. In one research it is found that depressed women and men had low levels of potassium.
Improve Immunity
Avocado is a great source of the Vitamin C and Vitamin E, which are immune boosters, and B Vitamins, which can help fight off infections and illnesses.
Brain Food
Avocados contain 20 % of daily copper needs. And copper, is known as a brain stimulant. This mineral is linked with creative thinking.


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Lately, I noticed that there are some changes made to the Compiz Fusion code base that made the code I published earlier not compile correctly. I re-added the 'helix' effect, as IMHO, its my favorite one I wrote, and will add the other few effects in good time. I modified everything to work again, and here are the results:
- Git diffs: Here is the git diff from the 018fc93adcd54e58af62caccee9c8a0656361533 branch from compiz fusion master branch of plugins-main. You need to check out this version of plugins-main, and then apply the diff file that I've generated to get the helix effect working. If I know git as well as I think I do, running the commands:
git clone git://anongit.opencompositing.org/fusion/plugins-main
cd plugins-main
git checkout 018fc93adcd54e58af62caccee9c8a0656361533
patch -p1 < helix_effect.diff
./autogen.sh --prefix=/usr/local && make && sudo make install
will work and get you the effect.
- Replacing the files: If you don't want to deal with git, then I've published the source files that were modified in this tarbell. Simply replace the 5 files, compile, and it should get the effect working. From a source code management standpoint, the git method is much better but I know how annoying it can be to adapt to an unknown source code management system…
Both of these methods require you to compile compiz fusion from source, but if you're gonna live on the bleeding edge, its got to be done! 😀 Here's the official guide on how to get this done. I really hope I can get this committed into the main code branch soon, so you won't have to go through the headache of compiling to get my effect running. I'll let you know when and if this happens, I've beet told there are a few changes to the animation effect that have to be made before any new effects get committed, so my fingers are crossed! If you need help with getting this running, feel free to ping 'kdubois' on #email@example.com, and I'll see what I can do to help you. Enjoy! In case you've forgot what these look like, here's a video…