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West Ham have unveiled their 2014/15 home kit.
The Hammers' famous claret remains but the new vintage includes a new splash of white across the front with pin stripe horizontal lines.
However, the sky blue sleeves of recent years have been dispensed with. Instead, the sky blue has been used in minimalist fashion
Created by Adidas, the company's traditional three-stripes run down the arms of the shirt, and the sky blue is used there, while there is also a touch of that shade present on the collar.
The new shirt features the club's new sponsor - Alpari FX Trading - on the front.
The new style evokes memories of the East London's classic striped shirt of 1985-86, when the Hammers finished third in the English top division - their highest ever league position.
The club have already unveiled their new away kit, which is sky blue, featuring a dark blue trim and sash running diagonally across the chest.


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I had the opportunity of a lifetime to attend BUSH'S BBQ Bootcamp led by the master griller, Steven Raichlen. For those who aren't familiar with Steven, he's written 28 books on grilling, has been involved in many cooking shows, and currently teaches a course about grilling at Harvard University. He's a pretty big deal:) I was SO excited to go and learn from the best and now I can't wait to share with you the experience I had.
The trip began when I flew out to Santa Barbara and made my way over to Alisal Ranch, just outside of Solvang, CA. The ranch is extremely beautiful, quiet, and peaceful — the perfect setting to grill all day long. 🙂
Including me, there were four "grillers" ready to learn from the grilling master. On the first day of the bootcamp, Steven took us through a series of courses that focused on all kinds of grilling-related subjects beginning with the basics and eventually leading to pro techniques and some of his coveted grilling "secrets."
As we went through his courses, we each began to learn about our preferences towards grilling. Those preferences included our grilling behaviors and technique, taste preferences, grill preferences (gas vs. charcoal), and of course, our favorite BUSH'S beans flavors.
By understanding our preferences Steven derived our Grillin' Alter Egos which were: the aficionado, the rebel, the problem solver, and the adventurer.
Day two of the bootcamp started with the reveal of our Grillin' Alter Egos along with the characteristics of each. My Alter Ego? The problem solver.
Steven identified the problem solver as someone that is busy and frequently on-the-go, but also likes to get a nice meal on the table with minimum ingredients and a super quick prep time. (Doesn't that sound like *just* about every recipe on my site?!)
After learning more about our alter-egos, we were put to the test! We took all the knowledge we'd learned and prepared meals in our Grillin' Alter Ego Style. While the other grillers made some pretty impressive dishes, I have to say, the meal I prepared was hands-down my favorite. And the best part? It couldn't be more simple — Inside-Out Cheeseburgers paired with a Grilled Corn Salsa, and BUSH'S Original Baked Beans. Since coming home from this bootcamp, I've made this meal at least half a dozen times — the whole family is obsessed with it!
The Inside-Out Cheeseburgers are pure genius — the idea is to stuff cheese, bacon, and scallions INSIDE the burger which gives an incredible burst of flavor and makes it that much easier to assemble your final cheeseburger.
The scallions and bacon get grilled and then chopped up and tossed together with the ground chuck and shredded cheese. Handling the meat as little as possible, you then form thick patties with a slight indent in the center. The indent in the patties help to hold the shape and give you a nice and even burger.
Once those patties are formed, they are ready to go on the grill. They cook pretty quickly and the best way to know when they are done is to check them a few times with a meat thermometer. For a medium-done burger, they're ready to come off the grill at 160 degrees F internal temperature.
While the patties are cooking, you can quickly whip up the Grilled Corn Salsa which, honestly, is the absolute best corn salsa I've ever had!
To make the corn salsa, you'll start by grilling the corn and green pepper. Once those are nicely charred and tender, you'll pull them off the grill onto a cutting board to cool. Meanwhile, chop up the other ingredients — a jalapeno, scallions, a tomato, and cilantro. By that time, the grilled veggies are ready to be added to the salsa. Chop up the pepper and cut the kernels from the cob. The salsa is *just* about ready, but it needs what I consider the "secret ingredient" which is BUSH'S Original Baked Beans. The beans are so unique and delicious in this salsa! The sauce the beans are coated in works as the perfect "dressing" for the salsa and the actual beans add so much texture and flavor.
Be sure to check out the Inside-Out Cheeseburgers paired with a Grilled Corn Salsa
Special thanks to BUSH's for sponsoring my trip and the BBQ Bootcamp! I can't wait to share even more of the knowledge I gained with you all! 🙂

subset: commoncrawl


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Spoonbill (Royal) Platalea regia
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Threskiornithidae
Subfamily: Plataleinae
Genus: Platalea
Species: P. regia
Binominal name: Platalea regia
Common name: Royal Spoonbill, Kotuku ngutu papa, Kotuku-nutupapa.
Platalea regia is a native bird of Australia but has now settled in New Zealand in increasing numbers. It is found mainly in the South Island. The P. regia is now considered to be a native to New Zealand and is fully protected.
Platalea regia is a wading bird 77 cm tall and a weight of about 1700g. It is a pure white bird with a long black spoon-shaped bill and its legs are black. it develops drooping plumes at the back of its head. Its long legs are suitable for walking through water and its spoon-shaped bill allows it to feed by sweeping its bill from side to side. Its food is aquatic life such as on insects, shellfish, small fish and frogs. They feed day or night, whenever the tide is right. They nests in trees, marshes or reed-beds.
They were known to the Maori as kotuku ngutu papa, the board billed kotuku, and so must have been visitors to New Zealand before European recordings.
Platalea regia Is a rare visitor to New Plymouth. A single bird was reported in May 2009 at New Plymouth's port and during May 2013 at the mouth of the Waiwhakaiho River. It is thought that these birds were making their way to Mokau area where seven are known to winter over in the estuary there.
For more information visit: http://www.birdingwestcoast.co.nz/birding/Birdingdetail/index.cfm/species/57/
Previous page: Sparrow (House) Passer domesticus
Next page: Starling (Sturnus ulgaris)


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MDC Commencement Attracts Top Speakers
A buzz of excitement is in the air at Miami Dade College as its biggest celebration of the year draws near. Tassels are set to fly on April 28, with commencement ceremonies for the College's seven campuses taking place throughout Miami-Dade County. High-level speakers will address graduates and their families on the eventful day, marking bright beginnings for those who persevered to complete their studies at MDC.
Every year, the world's most important figures come to offer their words of wisdom and encouragement to MDC graduates at commencement, including all U.S. presidents who have been in office in the past 20 years. In 2011, the College had the honor of presenting President Barack Obama at its North and West Campus commencement, following in the footsteps of President Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush, who addressed the College's graduates in previous years.
In recent years, graduates have received parting advice from world-class leaders in government, business and education, including Honduran President Porfirio Lobo, Georgetown University President Dr. John J. DeGioia, Univision Network President César Conde, Brown University President Dr. Ruth Simmons, Lumina Foundation President Jamie Merisotis, U.S. Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis and former U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
Stay tuned for this year's announcement of commencement speakers at facebook.com/MDC.News.


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The Shian are a part of an underground, secretive world called "The Otherworld." The Otherworld consists of many mythological, powerful, and magical creatures, but most believe that the most dominant creatures of them all are the Shian. They're somewhat like shape-shifting sorcerers... They're powerful, and dangerous if you're on the opposing side of a fight.
Jack Shian is, of course, a Shian and as his book title suggests, he's on the hunt for the King's Chalice, an object that could possibly make the Destiny Stone return to the full power it once had when reunited with other magical objects.
Jack Shian and the King's Chalice, I would say, is a middle school/middle grade book, packed full of adventure and humor to keep the young mind entertained. I feel there is nothing inappropriate, nothing overly violent, and nothing that could possibly turn a young reader (and/or their parents) off.
As for my opinion of the book, I have to say that- in all honesty- I wasn't in love with it. It was enjoyable, I adored Jack, and I was entertained throughout, but it wasn't a genre I would typically pick up on my own. Come to think of it, I am not Andrew Symon's target audience, so I may not be the best person to review this series.
There are only a few books/series in the fantasy genre that truly captivate me, but I don't typically pick them up to read in my spare time.
Although, I will read on, because I care enough for the characters and the story to see where they go in the future. I'm rating this book three stars because I liked it. I will most likely recommend it to parents who are looking for books to get their middle-school aged children to read, and I can actually see this book getting popular, but it just wasn't for me.
Book ebook


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Hillbilly Elegy, A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis
By J. D. Vance
Hillbilly Elegy is a memoir by J. D. Vance, a thirty-one year old self-described "hillbilly" from Kentucky. After a stint in the Marines, Yale Law School, and Silicon Valley, Vance hardly qualifies as a hillbilly anymore, but how he shed the life makes compelling reading.
With a drug addict mother, multiple "fathers", and constant relocations, Vance's home life was grim, and his prospects for the future grimmer. But he had a few family supporters. When able, his much loved maternal grandmother was there with a meal, a bed, and some no nonsense (and usually foul-mouthed) advice. And his reliable older sister gamely and capably assumed the family's day-to-day responsibilities. (During one of his mom's absences, Vance and his sister lived for months by themselves, dodging Child Services and scrambling for meals. He was in seventh grade; she was in high school.)
Later other mentors emerge- a teacher, a college counselor, a drill sergeant. These supporters were key to Vance's success.
With its serviceable prose, Hillbilly Elegy is a more prosaic memoir than the poetic and poignant The Glass Castle, another tale of a dysfunctional childhood. Vance is clearly a lawyer first and a writer second.
The book would be worth reading at any time, but as a commentary on the plight of the white working-class, it suddenly became a "must read" post election. I anticipate a lively book club discussion!
Who Wrote It
J.D. Vance grew up in the Rust Belt city of Middletown, OH, and the Appalachian town of Jackson, KY. He enlisted in the Marine Corps after high school and served in Iraq. A graduate of the Ohio State University and Yale Law School, he has contributed to the National Review and is a principle at a leading Silicon Valley investment firm. Vance lives in San Francisco with his wife.
What Other Reviewers Say
(I encourage you to read all the reviews– some of which are more thought provoking than the book!)
Economist: "You will not read a more important book about America this year."
Wall Street Journal: "A beautiful memoir but it is equally a work of cultural criticism about white working-class America."


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Isn't it amazing what a little pitching can do for a team?
A week ago, Norfolk battered the Lehigh Valley pitching staff for 37 runs, batting .361 as a team and slugging .556 with nine home runs while taking three of four in Virginia.
Through the first two games of their return engagement this weekend at Coca-Cola Park, the Tides' bats have been quieted. And not so coincidently, the IronPigs have a pair of wins as well.
Raul Valdes and three relievers combined to hand Norfolk its first shutout loss since April 11 in a 4-0 IronPigs win before a frigid Friday night crowd of 8,424, Lehigh Valley's fourth straight win and sixth in seven games.
Over the first two games of the series the Tides (31-17) are hitting just .211 (15-for-71) with a pair of doubles and have scored only three runs.
Norfolk is also 2-for-21 with runners in scoring position, and relievers Cesar Jimenez, Phillippe Aumont and Jake Diekman combined to hold the Tides hitless in four at-bats with RISP and stranded all five inherited runners, three in scoring position.
"We've focused a lot on that, that when guys are on base you come in and try to do the best you can," said Jimenez, who got the last out of the fifth inning with runners on second and third.
"The main thing tonight was guys entering the ballgame and doing what they're supposed to do," IronPigs manager Dave Brundage said. "That's a big stat."
A two-out throwing error on a routine grounder by Cesar Hernandez cost Valdes a shot at picking up his first victory as a starter since May 2, 2011, when he pitched six innings of Memphis' 4-1 win over New Orleans.
The two-out misplay ended Valdes' night after 87 pitches, and put runners at second and third in the fifth. Brundage said there was no temptation to allow Valdes to go for the out to qualify for the win, explaining, "I had already said, 'Last hitter," and he struck out the guy on three straight pitches, so I said I had to give him an opportunity," a smiling Brundage said, referring to the Ryan Flaherty at-bat that resulted in the error. "He earned the right to get that win, but at the same time I don't want to put him in jeopardy."
Jimenez (1-1) stranded both runners when he got Russ Canzler on a pop-up to second that ended the inning and ended up getting the win, allowing three hits without a walk and throwing just 37 pitches (24 strikes)..
It was the third time this year Jimenez has worked three or more innings out of the bullpen to go with three spot starts where he's thrown at least four innings. His ERA as a reliever is 2.75 (six earned runs in 19 2/3 innings), and all of those runs have come in four innings over two outings.
"Right now I feel really good, and I'm just here to work," Jimenez said. "Whatever they want me to do, I do it."
Valdes scattered five hits and walked one, striking out five. The 4 2/3 shutout innings extended his scoreless streak to 8 2/3 innings since his return from the Phillies last week, and also stretched his overall Triple-A streak to 20 2/3 over his last eight outings with the IronPigs dating back to last May 3.
"He worked with good pace, threw strikes, pounded the zone," Brundage said. "There's a lot to like about his performance today."
Between the two left handers, they held the Tides, batting .290 against southpaws, to eight hits, seven of them singles, in 32 at-bats.
Jake Diekman got the save for the second straight night and his sixth overall, coming on after Phillippe Aumont, who struck out Luis Exposito on four pitches to end the eighth, walked the first two batters in the ninth. Afterward, Brundage was reluctant to talk about Aumont's ninth inning, instead focusing on the Exposito at-bat. "He came out throwing strikes," Brundage said.
Diekman got a fielder's choice grounder for the first out, then struck out L.J. Hoes and Flaherty in "arguably his best performance of the year."
The IronPigs (22-25) took advantage of an error to score a second-inning run, and later strung together three two-out hits with a walk to score three times in the third. Josh Fields singled home the first run, and Leandro Castro the last two after Cody Asche's two-out double lit the fuse.
The IronPigs also matched the franchise record with five steals, two by Castro.
"We played aggressive, and got to play our game tonight," Brundage said, adding those two-out hits "goes hand-in-hand with winning baseball.
"If you're getting big hits with two outs, that's a pretty good recipe for winning baseball," he said.
Left fielder Darin Ruf was scratched about 90 minutes before game time to rest what was described as a "hand stinger" he sustained the night before. Brundage said there's a good chance Ruf will be able to play Saturday.
Twitter: @jschulermc


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Following the recent screening of videos from the Balfron Tower/Rowlett Street Archives at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), part of The Brutalist Playground, James Lander/Those Who Wish To Remain Anonymous had their work selected for the STRUCTURE TEXTURE FUTURE exhibition at the Nunnery Gallery in London. The exhibition was selected and curated by Rosamond Murdoch, Nunnery Gallery Director and Dr. Shahidha Bari, writer, academic and critic, based in London. Bari is lecturer in Romanticism at Queen Mary University of London. James Lander/Those Who Wish To Remain Anonymous were selected alongside 14 others out of 500 Bow Artists.
The works selected gather around the interlocked themes of ruin and repair, as might be understood in the terms of the industrial and the natural. In many ways, this grounds the collection in its home in East London, a part of the city that is a heartland for creativity and making, but which is also constantly building and displacing.
The work included two copies of TimeOut magazine from the Balfron Tower/Rowlett Street Archives. The story written on Balfron Tower provoked responses on the TimeOut website forum and on the Balfron Tower Facebook group. These conversations are archived. A page from TimeOut was reproduced in the catalogue for the exhibition and two copies of the catalogue were reabsorbed into the Archives. The Balfron Tower/Rowlett Street Archives can be understood as a reciprocal conduit. One in which the materials gathered in the Archives which are up for debate and the materials these debates generate, such as the Time Out magazine and online comments, produce and are produced by the Archives, of which this announcement forms part. STRUCTURE TEXTURE FUTURE was on from 20 June to 5 July 2015, and the catalogue is available online.
Commissioned by the London County Council and known during development as Rowlett Street Phase 1, Balfron Tower was designed by Ernö Goldfinger as social housing. Built in 1968 and listed Grade II in 1996, Balfron Tower is described by English Heritage as having 'a distinctive profile that sets it apart from other tall blocks. More importantly, it proved that such blocks could be well planned and beautifully finished, revealing Goldfinger as a master in the production of finely textured and long-lasting concrete masses.' Ownership was subsequently transferred from Tower Hamlets Council to Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association (Poplar HARCA) who have managed the building since 2007. It was announced by ex-Mayor Lutfur Rahman on April Fools' Day (2015) that 'Poplar Harca were unable to afford the cost of refurbishing Balfron Tower without selling it on.'[1] Property developers Londonewcastle are lined up to sell all 146 flats on the private market in the near future.
In response to the planned refurbishment, which has been looming over Balfron Tower for the past five years, James Lander/Those Who Wish To Remain Anonymous established the BALFRON TOWER/Rowlett Street Archives in 2012. These Archives are made up of everything and nothing to do with their subject. From its historical beginnings as Rowlett Street, to the widely documented process of regeneration. From the artistic and cultural activities of recent years, to the overlooked traces and ephemera captured in common areas such as the north and south stairwells. The Archives include documentation, photographs, audio/video recordings and original features e.g. corridor tiles, fittings and fixtures. In amongst the Archives are private documents, for which permission to copy, reproduce or publish has been refused.
[1] Rahman, L. (2015) Statement on Balfron Tower. [Online] 1 April 2015. Available at: http://lutfurrahman.com/statement-balfron-tower/ [Accessed: 1 April 2015] Mayor at time of announcement subsequently removed from office due to electoral fraud.


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Please also see: http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;US;292569 Installation Instructions for Microsoft ISA 2000 Server
Category: Certificate Installation
Information about installing your certificate in a variety of environments.
HOWTO: Install a Certificate on SonicWALL SSL Offloader
Chained Certificates All SonicWALL SSL Offloaders support chained certificates. Once the certificates are unzipped into multiple certificates prior to importing into the SonicWALL SSL Offloader, the certificate will need to be imported using the chained certificate commands. The certificates will have a root certificate, and an intermediate certificate in addition to the CA server […]
HOWTO: Install a Certificate on F5 Big IP Controller 4.X
Installing certificates from the certificate authority After you obtain an x509 certificate from a certificate authority for the SSL Accelerator, you must copy it onto each BIG-IP Controller in the redundant configuration. You can configure the accelerator with certificates using the Configuration utility or from the command line.
HOWTO: Install a Certificate on Intel NetStructure 7110 e-Commerce Accelerator
When you receive the certificate, unzip it and import it into the 7110. Use the import cert command, with the KeyID. As with the import key, choose an import protocol for importing the key. Use p for paste. After the paste is finished, add three periods to display the command line.
HOWTO: Install a Certificate on Plesk 7
HOWTO: Installing an SSL Certificate on Microsoft IIS 4.x
*NEW* Try the SSLTools Manager for Windows, makes ssl on Windows a snap Step 1. Install the Server file certificate using Key Manager Go to Key Manager. Install the new IIS SSL Server certificate by clicking on the key in the www directory (usually a broken key icon with a line through it), and […]


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Unless you are a twin yourself or have had a pair of twins of your own, there are probably some interesting facts that you do not know about them. And even if you have had twins you may be surprised to learn some of these amazing oddities that make being two of a kind so very special. There are a lot more to twins than what meets the eye. Here are a few facts about identicals and fraternals that you probably didn't already know.
It is possible for twins to have different biological fathers
While it may seem like a plot to a Lifetime movie of the week or a storyline on an old soap opera, the truth is that it is very possible for twins to be half-siblings. Each month, a women will release one egg that can be fertilized by one sperm. However, there are rare occasions when two eggs are released, both of which could be fertilized by separate male donors.
Twins can be of different races
If the parents of the twins are both mixed races, there are actually millions of different possibilities as to what race each child may be and what they will look like. When the mom and dad are both from two or more races, their eggs and sperm will both contain the genetics that are capable of creating various skin types. While usually both babies end up being the same race, there have been some rare cases where both twins end up a unique race such as one baby being white and their brother or sister being black.
Separated at Birth but Still the Same
Even twins who do not grow up together can still have the same interests and similar personalities. There are multiple stories circulating online of where twins who, for whatever reason, were separated at birth. And even though they never met they still lived lives that eerily mirrored one another's. Sometimes their similarities went far beyond coincidental occurrences such as marrying a woman with the same name, naming their children the same or taking the same type of career. There have even been some tales of separated twins becoming sick at the same time.
Cousins are Really Siblings
What? Okay, if a pair of identical male twins have children with a pair of identical female twins, their children will legally be classified as cousins, but genetically they will be full siblings. Since the genetic pool of identical twins is well, identical, if two sets of identical twins have children, those children have the same genetic makeup as their cousins.
Having a set of Twins Could Mean a Longer Life for Mom
Good news! All that hard work has paid off. By dealing with two infants instead of one at a time you have managed to extend your life. It is believed that women who give birth to twins are essentially healthier than those who do not. And it is also believed that twins are an evolutionary adaptation that passes on the genes of those mothers twice in one pregnancy.
Taller Women Have a Greater Chance of Having Twins
While there has not been too much research done on the subject in order to make it official, in some countries where there are taller-than-average women, those areas also have higher rates of twin births. Taller females are also known for having higher levels of growth hormones and this will make their ovaries more susceptible to spontaneous twinning.
Women Who Consume More Dairy Products Are More Likely to Have Twins
On average, women who eat and drink more dairy products such as milk, cheese and butter are five times more likely to give birth to twins that those who do not.
Twins will Show Signs of their Bondi in the Womb
According to an Italian study on the fetal development of twins in the womb, it has been shown that twins begin reaching for each other as early as 14 weeks of gestational age. By the time they have reached their 18th week, they are able to touch the other twin more than they touch themselves. Images from ultrasounds have also shown that twin are able to gesture with each other and were very delicate when they touched.
Twins can be an Exact Reflection of Each Other
Known as Mirror Twins, about ¼ of all identical twins end up facing each other in the womb and that causes them to become reflections of each other. One may be right-handed while the other is left-handed. And if there are any birthmarks, they will appear on the opposite sides of the body.


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OtherWe have more accessory options available.
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FreeWheel Views
Over-the-Top Devices: Where We Are and Where We're Headed
In the FreeWheel Video Monetization Report: Q4 2016 (VMR) we observed first-hand the tremendous growth of over-the-top (OTT) devices over the past two years. These connected devices have evolved from just 8% share of premium video ad views two years ago in Q4 2014 to a solid 27% in Q4 2016. The message from consumers to publishers aiming to increase viewership and buyers hoping to reach an engaged audience is clear: video will always have a home on the big screen.
Women's History Month: Continuing the Conversation
On International Women's Day, I highlighted meaningful conversations with several fabulous women from FreeWheel. The heartwarming response to the candor and wisdom these ladies shared was amazing! Building on that momentum we continue celebrating Women's History Month by expanding the conversation to include five amazing leaders across other functions within Comcast's advanced advertising business. Below, we showcase their responses behind the sources of inspiration in their career journey, their definitions of success and the importance of women supporting each other across our expanding global organization.
Five Themes of the FreeWheel VMR: Q4 and Year-End Insights: 2016
The FreeWheel Video Monetization Report: Q4 2016 (VMR) launched on March 21st. The VMR takes a full-year look at 2016 as a whole, as well as quarter-specific trends, through the lens of general trends and themes that speak to the value of premium content and environments. For the 24th consecutive quarter, the upward trends in video continue, with no sign of slowing down. While our data highlights the opportunity in premium video, it also shines a light on just how complex managing a digital video business is today.
True Yield: The FreeWheel Perspective
In early March, I was fortunate to attend AdMonsters' Publisher Forum in Palm Springs, CA—an event tailored to senior leaders in ad operations and technology featuring in-depth peer-to-peer discussions that drive actionable results and industry best practices. In addition to being able to escape the frigid New York weather for a couple of days, I had the opportunity to speak to these industry leaders about something that we think about a lot at FreeWheel: True Yield.
Le Petit Web: How the Video and TV Advertising Industry Can Flourish
On Tuesday, February 28th, Le Petit Web, French online media – specialized in digital economy news – held their conference "Open Gardens, Walled Gardens: the New TV & Video Alliances" in Paris. This intense half-day conference, of which FreeWheel was a sponsor, brought together top media and entertainment executives to discuss how French and European media groups can build a balanced, transparent, and sustainable video economy with the support of the entire advertising value chain.
Women's History Month: Conversations with the Women of FreeWheel
In the days leading up to International Women's Day, I had the good fortune of interviewing several fabulous women on FreeWheel's leadership team. These dynamic engineers, product experts, sales leaders, services pros, and marketers are part of a global community of strong, smart women that empower our clients with the technology at the center of the New TV Ecosystem. In our first installment, several colleagues candidly share their story of origins – the inspirations behind their chosen career path, what drew them to FreeWheel, and their unique perspectives on what it means to be a woman in the technology industry. Read on to hear how they're encouraging all of us to be stronger, together.


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On the base of a request of more information from a well prepared Cultrix, I have decided to write some additional insights about Fauna-Bona Dea. It is not a simple task for me, for many reasons.
Bona Dea is part of those invisible forces that, through their worship, can become visible thus appearing in the form of plants, animals or humans as the deepest sense of existence, of the immanent Being. The capability to recognize these "magic" forces of the Being is at the base of the respect any real Cultor or Cultrix has of Nature, World, Universe.
The following reflections therefore mustn't be read in a literal sense. They require the capability to read between the lines and between the words (qui habet aures audiendi audiat). Othewise it is better to renounce to continue reading.
Fauna-Bona Dea
In my previous post on Fauna-Bona Dea, I connected this Goddess with the healer-women (in the popular sense: the witches). Well, actually, it is not completely true because the healer-women and witches are traditionally more linked to divine forces like Minerua (the owl is her symbol).
Even Fauna shows this link but with a particular aspect: Fauna-Bona Dea is a Goddess-Shaman. Her symbol is the drum (characteristic of all female forces linked to the Earth). The Fauna's drum is a circle made of wood with over a stretched animal skin. It primarily represents Bona Dea in the plant and animal kingdom. It is composed of parts of "killed" trees and animals but the Goddess "pours" in it giving life to the drum.
This sacred drum describes some peculiar elements in the rituals of the worship of Fauna (again: exclusively reserved for women): invocation around and through the fire, magic function of the word (storytelling and divination), possession (dance) to access other worlds. In the rite of fire there is a contact with Vesta, in the magical function of the word all the Ancient Oracular Forces are involved (Picus, Faunus, ect ...), in the sacred dance, there is the link with Diana (ridda).
The drum of Bona Dea implies further links with Vesta (in its traditional Roman declination). The drum has a circular shape: it means that it is not "oriented". The drum of Bona Dea thus corresponds to the fire of Vesta (see this dedicated post ) which is also circular. Both are symbols of the Earth and express the forces of cohesion. The fire of Vesta is alive, the Fauna drum is alive.
Bona Dea is a Shaman Goddess healing only women and children. She does not heal through medicines: she heals because she enables the shamanic vision of the World-inside-the World. She opens the viewing of what others can not see. This vision doesn't involve the physical and chemical properties of plants and herbs, but the ability to know herbs and plants as they really are, as Beings of another world, with the ability to see the invisibles as the inner souls of plants, herbs, animals, minerals, metals. Bona Dea enters the shaman and provides her the metamorphic knowledge (transforming the one who knows). The spectrum of this kind of knowledge thus appears much more extended, beyond the measurable.
The sacred space of Fauna-Bona-Dea is the forest (not only as a physical space, but also as inner personal space) and the forest is the sacred dimension of the ancient energies and primal forces. Fauna and shaman are hunters in the forest. They are always accompanied by a guide animal (eg. woodpeacker, She-Bear, She-Wolf, Eagle), where the Goddess "enters". This synbolism can be found also in the ancient banners (in particular the eagle) of the Roman legions, which are legions of hunters following an animal guide held up by a man dressed in a wolf skin: all this has great magical value.
The symbolism of the snake in the worship of Fauna, as beneficial influence of the Goddess, implies more specific values and meanings.
Bona Dea, in her traditional roman expression, shows two main (apparently) opposite aspects: she is immobile without defined shapes or while running. These aspects describe two interrelated forces also characterizing nature: stability but in continuos, generating movement and transformation.
Camouflage is a fundamental element of the Goddess: in particular, the shamans and Hyrpae (like Luperci and Hyrpi) are covered with wolf skins. The metamorphic knowledge connected to this Goddess implies a form of empathy: in this case the prey is dressed up with the skin of the predator, the prey becomes the predator.
Fauna-Bona Dea sings her oracles. Please note that the oracle in Delphi was not originally dedicated to Apollo (but rather to a Great Ancient Goddess) and the Pythia was a shaman (she had the power to see the "three Worlds") ...
The "myth" of Romulus and Remus is highly related to this symbolism: sacred trees, guide animals, the Hyrpa, the Vestal, the twins, the basket of wicker, the river (flowing waters), etc ... Those having a knowledge of this symbolism can easily understand its real meaning.
Now I stop my words here ...


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Well, I suppose I shall join the crowd.
I'm Vandalin, or just Van if you like. I'm 33 and married to a wonderful man, (as most have heard and affirmed) whom I refer to as Cajun, and we have a beautiful 3.5 year old daughter, she is my Jewel and a 2 month old son who is my little Prince. We are new to poly as we have only been exploring it since June of 2009. I happen to be the one with poly drives. Up until recently I had never thought that I could want a poly relationship myself but after falling in love with another man (only a friend now), I discovered that maybe this is the right path for me. My husband is very GGG with the idea and we will take things at his pace.
I am out looking to date, but currently not looking to rush into anything. I want to explore relationships and try to find out what it is that I really want.
These forums have been a blessing to me and my husband by proxy.
We live in Minneapolis, MN.
Cast of Characters:
Vandalin: Me -- Cajun: My wonderful husband -- my Jewel: Our daughter -- my little Prince: Our son
Elric: My first poly love, now my dear friend and confidant -- Bucky: a dear friend with whom there is mutual feelings and desires for intimacy -- Carl: my new friend and my "first date" who is also new to the poly world with his wife.
Life is about the journey and not the destination,
so what better way to know life
than to wander all the roads and paths set before you.
Last edited by vandalin; 08-22-2010 at 05:46 AM. Reason: Year 2 updates
My name is Rachel. I am 5'8''ish, with brown eyes and curly brown hair. I just turned 30 in July and am thrilled to leave my twenties behind me.
I am a writer and full-time student studying English. I have the luxury of spending most of my time on my education, my relationships, my artwork, and my writing. My last 9-5 was at a metalworking school and gallery, where I directed the gallery, did administrative work for the school, and assisted in education and special projects. I hope to never work a 9-5 again, unless it is for myself. I will stay in school as long as it remains possible.
I am wife to Damncatfish these past four years. I love him immensely, and it's getting better all the time as I find more to love about myself. Our foray into polyamory thus far has included exhaustive conversations, a couple of crushes that haven't panned out, lots of reading this forum and other sources of information, and much self-reflection.
D and I have realized that we both have at least one friend with whom we want to explore a deeper relationship, and we can sometimes laugh at all of the guarded, encrypted bullshit that happened before we got up the balls to talk to each other about polyamory, which we've been skirting around for a few years now.
Sometimes it hurts because it was really hard and tested our love almost to the point of breaking it, but I refuse to look at these experiences as wasted time or unnecessary pain because I believe we needed all of it to get where we are today. There is still much to discuss and lots of fear on both of our parts about being hurt or hurting each other, but through all of this, we have become closer than we ever were and are crazy in love again. We are growing together again.
We live in and love Michigan, and our community, Kalamazoo, which is a special place unlike anywhere I've lived where the people believe in arts and education. In Kalamazoo, every public school student that goes k-12 receives a full scholarship to any college or university in Michigan by way of a group of anonymous investors. ( Kalamazoo Promise) This is just one example of the unbelievable community that we are a part of.
I will let D tell you about his band and banjo- we have lots of friends who play and gig and tour and we have music all around us.
I love to travel, love to talk, love to learn. I am a decent gardener and cook when I try. I am a bit of an extreme personality- lots of opposites that fit together to make my life- very social when I choose to be-hermit when I need to be. Focused at times, complete mess at others, etc.
I love my life.
"Rocks will open and make a way for the lover."
~Hazrat Inayat Khan
I love Catfish and Charlie.
Last edited by Rarechild; 10-26-2010 at 01:24 PM.
I'm a mother of a 15yo and a 10yo. I've been married to one man, who doesn't belong to this forum at all, for 19 years. We became involved in a committed relationship with our closest friends, another married couple, earlier this year--I'm thinking March? They have two more children, 8yo and 4yo. My husband and I had heard of polyamory through friends of ours, but I felt it wasn't for me. However, things evolved with our other partners until I slowly realized I was in love with them, too. (It's hard for me to speak for my husband, but he says he's all for this polyamory thing, but only if I am.)
We tried to go too far too fast, so things were rough for a long time. I think they're smoothing out now. Right now our other male partner doesn't seem to be able to decide if he wants to be polyamorous, and he withdraws sometimes, so we seem at times more like a triangle with a leg than a quad. We've all been to various types of therapy, and my female partner and I have health problems that we're working on solving. Our children seem to be adjusting to the additional siblings--something that was hard for my children, as the eldest of the four. We live in seperate houses, and while we would like to live together, we're practical enough to accept that it would strain our relationship, at least until at least some of the kids are grown.
You can call me by XYZ123 (my son made up the name if anyone ever wondered) or by C, as I am not yet willing to totally expose myself. I am 30 years old, about 5'4", blond and hazel eyed.
I live in NYC with my husband N, our amazingly intelligent and emotional 5-year-old son (We have no idea what we "did right") and a daughter on the way in Oct. My child(ren) are my life. We are also animal lovers who have a dog, cat, and chinchilla and would have more animals if our apartment weren't so small. Living in NYC is nice if you want something to do all the time, but as I was born and raised here, I'm over it. Now that we have a growing family we hope to buy a house outside the city within a few years. I'd move to the West Coast, but Ns job requires him here, so that is the compromise. Suburban life.
I am bisexual and have known this since about high school, but repressed it until only about 9 years ago. I started a FWB relationship with a woman because it was "safer" than trying to form a true loving relationship. I found it to be very unsatisfying in regards to what I was really searching for.
I've also been poly for as long as I can remember, though I never had the word for it until N gave it to me. Any relationship with a male I had took on the expectation of monogamy even if monogamy was never discussed or agreed upon. So I thought there was something wrong with me when I would feel deep emotional connections with others. Often, this led to cheating and the break-up of my original relationships. Over the years I found myself in abusive relationships with men, emotionally, physically, verbally, sexually. Looking back now I wonder if I chose these men and chose to stay with them as long as I did due to a feeling of being bad and dirty about my poly nature and because cheating on them wouldn't be so terrible if they "deserved it". Luckily, that is my past and I am dealing with it and my present is so much brighter.
N and I have been together about 7 years. We have been married for 3. Unlike any other relationship I had been in, we started as open. It was somewhere between FWB and an open poly relationship as we were more than just buddies and had known eachother nearly 10 years, but each were dating someone else. I began as his secondary and he chose to leave his other gf and ask a mono relationship with me due to some of the abusive things she had been doing to him over the years. He had always been poly but said he wanted to try mono and wanted to try with me because he had never fallen so hard for anyone. For my part, I had never had anyone accept me for who I was and still love me enough to want a long-term relationship.
We stayed mono for years but our relationship struggled. Most had to do with being terrible at communication (we had both been through abusive relationships), and being thrust into parenting very soon (I was pregnant within the first year as a mono couple) and too young. We both had alot to learn. Very little problems were related to our poly natures, but they were there underneath.
About a year after marrying we nearly divorced. With nothing left to lose, we finally began to talk honestly about everything. And we are so glad we did. Everything came out on the table, years of misunderstanding and dishonesty and hurt...but that is a different story. One thing that came out was my bisexuality and our original poly natures that had been repressed for so long.
Six months later, and with our relationship happier than it had ever been, I began dating P. She was his long-time friend and he had been trying to set us up for years thinking we'd be perfect for eachother. For awhile, we were. We formed a V (or an N since she had a male partner, but one who was only a FB and refused to meet us) physically, but a triad emotionally. My two loves fell into a beautiful loving friendship as I fell in love with her and realized I loved N all the more for it. This was all in the winter/spring of last year. Without getting into detail, that relationship crashed and burned leaving me scarred and P out of our lives by her choice.
I am still tending to wounds, working on keeping the wonderful relationship with N that I have, and open to another woman coming into my life. I am not, however, looking. I am also not interested in other men.
I have had more jobs than I can remember, though most had to do with working with children. Right now I am a SAHM. If I had any spare time I like writing, painting, sculpting, traveling, reading, and being a student of humanity (which I have a love/hate relationship with). I have a degree in Developmental psych and hope to finish my Masters in the near future, though I am undecided on what to do with it.
I'm outgoing, friendly, energetic, and intelligent most of the time. I do have bipolar disorder though, which contributes to times where I am the complete opposite and a misery to be near. But I work on that constantly and am always trying to open my world to new friendships and ways of thinking.
I'd rather be hated for who I am than loved for who I am not.
You can call me Catfish, but my name is Dan. I live in a midwestern college town with my beautiful wife, Rarechild, two dogs, one cat and my brother. I play rawkus music in an old time string band, but my day job is working with developmentally disabled adults. I've had this job for well over a decade and have sort of a love/hate relationship with it. I love helping people who can't help themselves, but it''s an emotional drain at times and working for a non-profit will ensure a meager existence.
We own our home, but wish we didn't, we have a great community of friends and family, and our lives are rich with music and art. Life is pretty good these days.
Back story...
R and I met at a poetry reading in 2004. She lived an hour away and I had a gf at the time. It didn't take long for me to break up with the gf and start dating R. She is breathtakingly beautiful and smart as a whip, it was an easy choice to make. Three months later we were engaged. A year after that, we were married in a small ceremony on a beach in Cape Cod. Our first year as a married couple was naively blissful. Soon after those golden months ended, we began to get restless and communication slowly broke down. Our whirlwind romance was ending and the real work was beginning, though we were pretty unprepared to give ourselves fully to one another. Two years of withdrawing and misunderstanding followed. We were always good to each other and treated each other with love, but we were both holding back mountains of resentment for the other not being what we thought they were. There's a lot more to it, but I'll leave it at that. Then last fall we had a melt down. R moved out for the winter and we both began the slow and steady process of rebuilding our lives as individuals. R went back to school and I dove headlong into a string band. We talked daily and continued to care for each other even though we needed to be apart. In March, she moved back in, fully expecting to prove to herself that she was never meant to be the marrying type and it would be best to get a divorce. That's when we started actually speaking our minds. With the nuclear option on the table, and being seriously considered, there was nothing to lose. We finally opened our hearts about being attracted to other people. That one conversation changed the entire dynamic of our relationship. We no longer had to hide from one another. We actually found it a turn on talking about it.
That pretty much brings us to today. We are in love, happy and for the first time starting to see the repercussions of spreading love and light among the world we live in. The future looks amazing.
Concern yourself less with love and more with loving.
I am a 42 year old woman living in Northern B.C. I am single, have 2 adult children and one grandchild.
I like to think I'm easy going. I try not to sweat the small stuff in life. I'm opinionated and state my opinion often. I love a good debate, even if it turns into an argument. I believe in telling the truth and accept no less from the people in my life. I will admit when I'm wrong, but am not always graceful about it.
I have been in a poly relationship for 3 years. I have known my partners for 15 years, and they have been married for amost 30 years. I love my best g/f, but we are not intimate. I guess we have a V. We share emotions, feelings, thoughts and the same man.
We don't live together, except on weekends. We have been known to be under the same roof for as long as 2 weeks, but that's about as long as we can make it before "M" (my g/f) and I start going head to head, and "D" starts shaking his head.
Everyday is a struggle for us. Our issues can be very overwhelming, and I'm thankful I found people who are open and likeminded to talk to.
Im Sunshinegrl Or M..Again not ready for sharing that here.Its just too open.
Im 27, Bi, Married to my sweetheart, Aussiebloke for almost 5 yrs, together for 11yrs. We have 3 Kids. AussieLover is our third.
Im generally the housewench , I Am a bit of gym junkie and Like to meet new people. I enjoy photography, I dabble in some pspX, I love to read and be crafty. Im a coffee addict and Love to talk. Im easily distracted and tend to babble on and on.
We are new to the poly lifestyle. We were not looking for it..It kinda found us. Didnt even know it had a name till a few months ago. I met AL online about 4 yrs ago and long story short... here we all are. She moved over here recently and we are now living the dream.
I dont get many things right the first time
In fact, I am told that a lot
Now I know all the wrong turns, the stumbles and falls
Brought me here...
And where was I before the day
That I first saw your lovely face?
Now I see it everyday
And I know that I am
I am, I am
The luckiest..
~ Ben Folds five ~
Last edited by Sunshinegrl; 09-11-2009 at 10:14 PM. Reason: cause Im crap at this stuff. lol
I am a 49 year old mom of 4 adult children and been married for almost 30 years. Like many couples that find a stale mate creeping into their lives we searched for something not sure just what is was. We have delved into the swinging lifestyle and found that just wasn't what we were looking for. I guess we started into this new relationship with a 'swinger' attitude but soon found out it was so much more. 3 years in, we are striving to make things work. Being in a 'poly' relationship has been difficult at times but more often a joy beyond description. Many times we have wished for someone to talk to with an understanding of where we are but until now have never had this. I now have the pleasure of having two best friends which I can confide in and share all of lifes ups and downs with. From where I sit....I can see a future full of love and happiness....isn't that what everyone is hoping for!
I'll stick to my name on here in sharing (feel free to shorten the 'nickname' I'm not bothered!) as I'm not really out to public (coworkers/friends) - I haven't found many people I could be friends with that would accept this level of different-ness. I'll try to be brief in this "summary"... I tend to be verbose in most things. Feel free to message me if you have questions about anything!
I'm female, 27 and I live in Texas, with one of my sweeties, "C". My other, "F" lives overseas in a lovely european country. I've known the latter for a little bit longer, both of us having met the former together. All told, I think the triad relationship has been going on solid for about 8 years now.
I think of myself as bi, although I've not had any relationships with another female yet. C is mostly straight, but takes exception for F, mostly on an emotional level and loves him to pieces, though will go into physical now and again (when F is here!). F is mostly gay, and takes exception for me, and our relationship is strong and has lasted long distance with brief visits for years now, which is amazing even to me.
Currently F is living with his best friend, who he has a crush on, and is sorting out a friends with benefits type deal, slowly. It's rough going, and I've had to play mediator some, but it works. His friend understands the relationship and even really likes me in a semi-romantic way, but is unsure about guys in "that way". It's a work in progress, and C and I are rooting for him!
C is talking with another girl currently, and they really like each other. I'll go into more detail on that in an actual thread I plan on starting, but they're enjoying each others' company online and are seeing where things are going.
I feel like I'm caught in the center of a slow-moving vortex of activity!
Oh yes, summary... that's it I guess then! I'll update as things evolve!
I'm Alex. I'm a rapper. My Rap Name is Alex.
I've been polyamorous for 5+ years.
After 31+ years of devotion to the world of monogamy and 4+ years of self imposed celibacy I met a woman who shook the very foundation of my life. She was a polyamorous, Unitarian Universalist, activist. I was a very monogamous, Atheist writer (writing about what seemed wrong in the world but never doing much about it beyond writing).
We fell in love. After a very intense year of a mono/poly hybrid relationship I decided I would try to "be polyamorous". After two very frustrating years of being polyamorous in theory, with one girlfriend that I absolutely adored, and many, many female friends who seemed to be of the attitude "You're AWESOME!... but... THAT'S WEIRD!" I experienced my own little polyamory success stories.
A woman that I had had a crush on since the day I "became poly" decided to give it a go with me. And we tried turning my house into an intentional community at the same time. There were to be four of us living happily every after. And then it imploded fantastically in a cataclysmic supernova of cosmic proportions that we were lucky to get out of with no one getting killed.
Single now.
I have been out pretty much the whole time I've been Poly. I have blogged about it. Written books about it. I'm in a band and have mentioned it in various songs. And am still constantly surprised by how many of my close friends will come up to me and say "You're poly? I never knew that."
But I am. Feel like I've learned it the hard way, but I can't really imagine being otherwise anymore.
A polyamorous, Unitarian Universalist/Atheist, activist writer/rapper playin in a rock n roll band.
the beginning
me n the band, singin our song
|polandry mfm, polyandry family
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[Richard Boyle, in continuation]
It was in 1980 at a London library that I first accessed Horace Walpole's Correspondence in order to delve into the history and derivation of the word serendipity. The Index gave two references. Number one was to the letter in which Walpole made first written usage of the word, for Walpole infers that he coined it beforehand. It is necessary to quote this letter almost in its entirely to provide the precise context of the word's usage.
[What follows is Boyle quoting Walpole.]
"The head," Walpole writes of the portrait, "is painted equal to Titian, and though done, I suppose, after the clock had struck five and thirty, yet she retains a great share of beauty. I have bespoken a frame for her, with the grand ducal coronet on top, her story on a label at the bottom, which Gray is to compose in Latin as short and expressive as Tacitus (one is lucky when one can bespeak and have executed such an inscription!) the Medici arms on one side, and the Capello's on the other. I must tell you a critical discovery of mine a propos: in an old book of Venetian arms, there are two coats of Capello, who from their name bear a hat, on one of them is added a flower-de-luce on a blue ball, which I am persuaded was given to the family by the Great Duke, in consideration of this alliance; the Medicis you know bore a badge at the top of their arms; this discovery I made by a talisman, which Mr Chute calls the sortes Walpolianae, by which I find everything I want a point nomme wherever I dip for it.
This discovery indeed is almost of that kind which I call serendipity, a very expressive word, which as I have nothing better to tell you, I shall endeavour to explain to you: you will understand it better by the derivation than by the definition. I once read a silly fairy tale called The Three Princes of Serendip: as their highnesses travelled, they were always making discoveries, by accident and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of: for instance, one of them discovered that a mule blind of the right eye had travelled the same road lately, because the grass was eaten only on the left side, where it was worse than on the right – now do you understand serendipity? One of the most remarkable instances of this accidental sagacity (for you must observe that no discovery of a thing you are looking for comes under this description) was of my Lord Shaftsbury, who happening to dine at Lord Chancellor Clarendon's, found out the marriage of the Duke of York and Mrs Hyde, by the respect with which her mother treated her at table.
Having cited the account in Walpoles's Correspondences, Boyle abruptly takes his precursor to task:
On reading Walpole's description of the process of serendipity – "They were always making discoveries, by accident and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of" – it becomes evident that the example cited is not suited to the coiner's definition. The ineptness of this example, and the further one that Walpole cites with reference to Lord Shaftsbury, fail to illustrate the grand concept of serendipity.
Not to mention the fact that he substitutes a donkey for a camel in the silly fairy tale in question. Boyle is, to my mind, absolutely right about inept examples: they are hard to forgive (if easy to forget).
Up next: Boyle finds a second reference to 'serendipity' in Walpole – you'll never guess where.


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Monkstown's Michael Smith says the chance to play at next month's Euros would be huge for his career.
The Peterborough United defender is hoping he'll get the nod for Michael O'Neill's squad for the tournament.
Smith, 27, made his international debut in the 1-0 win over Slovenia in March at Windsor Park, and is now targeting a seat on the plane to France.
Speaking about his recent call-up, the former Ballyclare Comrades right-back told the Irish FA: "I got a text from the chairman (at Peterborough) saying congratulations before I had heard. That's when it all became real to me. I was so excited to join up with the squad and get involved.
"It's up to me to put in the performances and hopefully get selected (for the Euros). It would be a dream come true. It would be absolutely fantastic for my career."


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Providing foundation solutions for transmission towers
Transmission towers are a vital part of the power supply infrastructure within the UK and when existing pylons are ungraded, there is the requirement to renew or install new foundations to support the existing superstructure.
We carry out site surveys to determine the size and depth of the existing foundation and take the findings in order to design a suitable solution. If we are able to retain the existing foundations these will be reinforced, otherwise we will develop a bespoke design.
Due to the location of the transmission towers, it is difficult to transport material to site, so we use all-steel solutions to reduce the requirement for wet works, which can cause great disruption to the local environment.
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Specific services include:
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Past Honours Student
Estimating fur seal pup abundance and survival using a UAV for use as an index of ecosystem dynamics
Karina began her Honours degree at Monash University in July 2017. Her project was supervised by Dr. Rohan Clarke (Monash University) and Dr. Rebecca McIntosh (Phillip Island Nature Parks). Estimating the abundance of individuals provides critical information for wildlife management and conservation. Seal pup abundance is used as an index to manage ecosystem resources (commercial fisheries and aquaculture) and helps to plan for emergency action. Pup abundance will be estimated using at least five sites across Victoria, including Seal Rocks and Lady Julia Percy Island. Karina aims to determine the usefulness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveys of pup abundance and whether or not they can replace traditional methods such as capture-mark-resight.
Previously, Karina completed a Bachelor of Science at Monash University in 2016. She majored in zoology, and ecology and conservation biology. During this time, she completed an undergraduate research project focussing on how pinnipeds (seals) evolved to become specifically adapted to life in the oceans. The project involved comparing morphological structures of the forelimbs of pinnipeds from different phylogenetic groups and how these flipper structures related to their locomotion and feeding behaviours. She has also completed an internship in South Australia, having assisted in developing a data collection program for the monitoring of the Australian Sea Lions. She also collected data relating to Great White Shark behaviour.
In her spare time, Karina enjoys surfing, snowboarding, snorkelling and hiking – more or less anything to do with the outdoors!


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- Review
- Open Access
Feed- and feed additives-related aspects of gut health and development in weanling pigs
- John R Pluske1Email author
© Pluske; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 22 October 2012
- Accepted: 31 December 2012
- Published: 7 January 2013
The development of new/different management and feeding strategies to stimulate gut development and health in newly-weaned pigs, in order to improve growth performance while minimizing the use of antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotic growth promotants (AGP) and heavy mineral compounds, is essential for the long-term sustainability of the pig industry. Factors including the sub-optimal intake of nutrients and energy, inappropriate microbiota biomass and (or) balance, immature and compromised immune function, and psychosomatic factors caused by weaning can compromise both the efficiency of digestion and absorption and intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity. As a consequence, pigs at weaning are highly susceptible to pathogenic enteric conditions such as post-weaning diarrhea that may be caused by serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Many dietary components, e.g., protein, fiber, feed additives and minerals, are known to influence microbial growth in the gastrointestinal tract that in turn can impact upon pig growth and health, although the relationships between these are sometimes not necessarily apparent or obvious. In a world climate of increased scrutiny over the use of antibiotics per se in pig production, certain feed additives are seen as alternatives/replacements to antibiotics, and have evolved in some cases to have important roles in everyday commercial pig nutrition. Nevertheless and in general, there remains inconsistency and variability in the efficacy of some feed additives and in cases of severe disease outbreaks, for example, therapeutic antibiotics and/or heavy minerals such as zinc oxide (ZnO) are generally relied upon. If feed ingredients and (or) feed additives are to be used with greater regularity and reliability, then it is necessary to better understand the mechanisms whereby antibiotics and minerals such as ZnO influence animal physiology, in conjunction with the use of appropriate challenge models and in vitro and in vivo techniques.
- Antibiotics
- Antimicrobials
- Nutrition
- Pigs
- Post-weaning diarrhoea
- Weaning
Weaning under modern-day commercial conditions inflicts stress (environmental, nutritional, psychological/social) on pigs and is associated with marked changes in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) physiology, microbiology and immunology [1, 2]. Consequently the period following weaning is generally characterized by sub-optimal growth (e.g., low feed intake, body weight loss); [1, 3], deteriorated feed efficiency, and a high incidence of intestinal disturbances with diarrhea (of bacterial and (or) dietary origin) often occurring that, in turn, can cause morbidity and/or mortality [4–6]. Indeed, under practical commercial conditions and both before and after weaning, young pigs probably achieve less than 50% of their growth performance potential [1].
To assist in overcoming the post-weaning growth check, antibiotics and (or) some mineral compounds such as ZnO have traditionally been included in diets for weanling pigs [7]. However and owing to the possible contribution of in-feed antibiotics to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria [8–10], the European Union implemented a full ban on in-feed antibiotics usage in livestock diets in January 2006. There is also pressure in other pig-producing regions of the world to minimize or completely eliminate the inclusion of in-feed antibiotic in livestock diets, for a number of different reasons [11, 12]. There are also concerns about environmental accumulation of minerals.
Consequences for the removal of AGPs include a reduction of livability, a decrease in body weight, a decrease in feed conversion efficiency, less uniformity (i.e., more variation within a pen of pigs) and increased use of therapeutic antibiotics. To improve the productivity, health and welfare of pigs in the post-weaning period, it is necessary to find combinations of feed ingredients, either alone or in combination with feed additives acceptable for use, that are effective in ameliorating the post-weaning growth check and reducing the incidence and severity of digestive problems frequently encountered. In this regard, a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby antibiotics influence animal physiology, as well as appropriate use of disease models and in vitro techniques, will lead to the development of alternatives to current antimicrobial compounds. Given the considerable advances already made in the understanding of intestinal nutrient utilization and metabolism, de Lange et al. [13] commented that a complimentary goal in nutrition might be to formulate young pig diets with the specific task of optimizing the growth, function and health of the GIT, for example addressing the protein/amino acid content of diets, minimal buffering capacity, minimal content of anti-nutritional factors, and supply of beneficial compounds, for example, growth factors and immunoglobulins. The optimum dietary level and type of fiber will also vary according to the nature of enteric disease challenges, ingredient supply and cost, and the production objectives [13].
A large and continuously growing body of research exists evaluating the impact of a wide range of feed ingredients and feed additives on various aspects of GIT health and development in pigs. This cannot be reiterated to any great detail in this paper, but rather, the aim of this paper is to briefly summarize the main issues interrelating the GIT after weaning to health and development, a brief description of feed additives, and then a specific exploration of post-weaning diarrhea in relation to feedstuffs and feed additives.
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) after weaning and its relationship to health and development
As stated by de Lange et al. [13], it is naïve to suggest that given these complexities and rapid changes after weaning, a limited number of feed additives can be effective in stimulating gut development and health in different groups of pigs that are managed under wide ranging conditions of housing, management, feeding and health status. This emphasizes the need to explore underlying mechanisms when evaluating the functional properties of feed ingredients and feed additives, so that we may better understand under what conditions we can achieve the optimal response to dietary interventions. Key aspects of gut functionality that should be considered include digestive capacity (activity of pancreatic and brush-border enzymes), absorptive capacity, chemical and physical barriers, microbiota load and diversity, and immune function [13], and within this context, it is surprising how limited our understanding is of how antibiotics interact with gut tissue, either directly or indirectly via microbiota and fermentation products [18]. In contrast, ZnO is purported to have a wide variety of modes of action [19] making it difficult to interpret what the precise mechanism is (or precise mechanisms are) for its efficacy; this makes the search/development of products to replace ZnO, if indeed that needs to occur, more problematic. Regardless, such understanding is critical for finding effective, sustainable and consumer-acceptable replacements for these products.
With the objective being to improve productivity of pigs managed under commercial conditions, it is generally a challenge for researchers to obtain reliable experimental data from commercial pig units that will allow for a detailed exploration of the underlying mechanisms or to evaluate a wide range of feed additives. Alternatively, it can be a challenge to properly represent commercial conditions in research units [13]. In this sense, the use of in vitro techniques and infectious disease models may be considered as well. For example, apparatus such as Ussing chambers may be used to evaluate various aspects of mucosal functionality - such as permeability, absorptive capacity and secretary function - allowing a rapid screening of feed additives and feed ingredients [20].
Alternatively, the antimicrobial properties of a wide range of feed additives may be explored in relatively simple in vitro systems although care should be taken with the interpretation of such findings. For example, the in vitro determined anti-microbial properties of various essential oils are diminished substantially when these are determined with the presence of feed in the in vitro system [21], most probably because essential oils are adsorbed quickly to feed particles. Observations made in vitro therefore need to be substantiated with key measurements made in vivo.
Feed additives and antibiotics
The Official Journal of the European Union [22] defines feed additives as substances, micro-organisms or preparations, other than feed material and premixtures, which are intentionally added to feed or water in order to perform, in particular, one or more of the following functions:
favorably affect the characteristics of feed,
favorably affect the characteristics of animal products,
favorably affect the colour of ornamental fish and birds,
satisfy the nutritional needs of animals,
favorably affect the environmental consequences of animal production,
favorably affect animal production, performance or welfare, particularly by affecting the gastro-intestinal flora or digestibility of feedingstuffs, or
have a coccidiostatic or histomonostatic effect.
In this regard, the feed additive shall not:
have an adverse effect on animal health, human health or the environment,
be presented in a manner which may mislead the user,
harm the consumer by impairing the distinctive features of animal products or mislead the consumer with regard to the distinctive features of animal products [22].
Antibiotics, other than coccidiostats or histomonostats, shall not be authorized as feed additives [22].
- 1.
Therapy, to treat an identified illness
- 2.
Prophylaxis, to prevent illness in advance
- 3.
Performance enhancement, to increase feed conversion, growth rate or yield [23].
As can be seen, these authors have included husbandry and management techniques in their evaluation, and interestingly rated some of the factors (e.g., education for the owner and stockpersons) as having the greatest potential for development in the absence of antibiotics. It is imperative, therefore, that a holistic standpoint be considered in this topic.
Post-weaning diarrhea, feed, and feed additives: a specific example
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a condition in weaned pigs characterized by frequent discharge of watery feces during the first 2 weeks after weaning and continues to represent one of the major economic problems for the pig industry worldwide, causing widespread morbidity and/or mortality in the most serious of affected cases. Post-weaning diarrhea is a multi-factorial disease, and its precise pathogenesis is still unclear, however it is typically associated with fecal shedding of large numbers of β-hemolytic enterotoxigenic E. coli serotypes that particularly proliferate in the small intestine after weaning, and for this reason, PWD is sometimes also called post-weaning colibacillosis [23]. Other pathogenic types of E. coli that are not enterotoxigenic occasionally may be involved in PWD, and there are many different types of bacterial pilus (fimbrial) adhesins that may be involved in attachment to the intestinal mucosa [24].
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have long been used not only for elimination or reduction in pathogenic bacteria but also for promotion of growth, with an obvious and key target for AGP being enterotoxigenic E. coli in the post-weaning period. However and as described previously, restrictions/concerns on their use have seen many of the alternatives, such as feed additives and dietary interventions, been proposed for use in alleviating the problems encountered with PWD. In this regard, PWD represents an interesting case-in-point because it is a condition, in the absence of AGP, which can be approached using feed (e.g., diet composition, protein/amino acid levels) and/or feed additives (e.g., ZnO, where permitted, organic acids) as possible solutions.
Recently, Heo et al. [6] provided a very good overview of the various options available for producers concerning PWD, with Halas et al. [5], de Lange et al. [13] and Kim et al. [25] also contributing to understanding and knowledge in this area. It is recognized, for example, that both the source and level of dietary protein are known to influence enteric health in piglets, and a considerable body of research dating back to the 1950s and 1960s has implicated an association between protein level in the diet and diarrhea after weaning. A key component of this association to PWD is the amount and type of fiber present in the diet, and numerous studies have investigated relationships between the amount and type of both dietary carbohydrate and protein on GIT characteristics and PWD [26, 27]. Kim et al. [28] showed that clinical expression of PWD could be dependent on the balance of fermentable carbohydrates and proteins available in the GIT rather than absolute amount of protein or non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the digesta. In this study, the authors fed diets containing 190–200 g protein/kg diet that were based on extruded rice or raw wheat without and with 20 g/kg oat hulls. The protein sources were all animal proteins to limit other sources of NSP in the diet. The basal diets without oat hulls contained 3 g and 11 g soluble NSP and 9 g and 66 g insoluble NSP/kg diet, respectively for extruded rice and raw wheat-based diets. Interestingly, expression of PWD was higher only in pigs fed an extruded rice-based diet without oat hull supplementation while the pigs fed a wheat-based diet without oat hulls did not develop PWD. This interaction may possibly indicate that the ratio between fermentable protein and carbohydrates in the GIT could affect the development of PWD.
Performance and fecal consistency (FC) score of early-weaned pigs fed different diets[29]
Initial BW, kg
Final BW, kg
ADG, g
Pre-infection, d 0 to 6
Post-infection, d 7 to 12
ADFI, g
Pre-infection, d 0 to 6
Post-infection, d 7 to 12
G:F, g/g
Pre-infection, d 0 to 6
Post-infection, d 7 to 12
FC scored
6 h
24 h
48 h
72 h
96 h
120 h
In this particular study, the low protein diet reduced E. coli K88 counts on the mucosa surface with a concomitant reduction in E. coli K88 counts in the digesta. The improved performance observed with probiotic supplementation was probably mediated via a reduction of E. coli K88 colonization of the mucosal surface and subsequently the reduction of PWD, as indicated by the fecal score (FC) results (Table 1). These authors explained that the synergistic effect between the low protein diet and the probiotic used in the current study on post-weaning performance of piglets was probably a result of different mechanisms by which they control E. coli K88 populations, with the low protein diet reducing the amount of substrate available for E. coli K88 proliferation [31] and the probiotic strains of non-pathogenic E. coli inhibiting the pathogenic E. coli K88 via production of colicin [32].
The post-weaning growth check and enteric diseases including PWD are of paramount importance in the post-weaning period and continue to represent a major source of economic loss in some parts of the world's swine industry. Allied with continuing concerns over the link between antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in man and the use of sub-therapeutic usage of antibiotics in livestock diets, as well as heavy metal environmental pollution, a considerable body of research and investigation into the specialized use of feed ingredients and (or) feed additives has occurred to reduce the industry's reliance on current antimicrobial compounds. Fundamental to this research must be inquiry into the GIT of the young pig around weaning. To minimize production and economic consequences associated with the removal of in-feed antibiotics from swine diets, a search for effective alternatives/replacements to antibiotics is imperative. A number of nutritional strategies have been suggested as alternative means of enhancing post-weaning growth performance and controlling PWD in piglets.
Authors' Affiliations
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