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"The e-content market was re-born thanks to the Internet and has shown a positive trend all over the world"
How would you define e-content in your country?
From the practical point of view e-content in Italy should be subdivided in five main categories:
1) Entertainment, the most consistent one, it includes: mobile entertainment services such as logos, backgrounds, screensavers, ring tones, and other customization services for mobile phones.
2) News that means only prime news and financial news (i.e. delivered on 3G phones)
3) Culture & Cultural Heritage, that includes investments related to online/digital museums and libraries.
4) Education that includes educational publishing in digital format (CD ROMs & Internet) and educational software (follow up of CBT)
5) Tourism that is limited to web sites providing information for tourists, maps, basic info on accommodation and food.
|"The good news is: thanks to media convergence and "enabling" technologies a number of "potential" content creators are now on the scene."
Apart from the five main categories there are, as usual, "underworld" content and services such as adults, audio visual piracy and peer to peer sharing and a relevant sector that feeds off the "ground": communities, blogs and wikis.
In addition, major part of the true market is related to new devices (audio/video players, smart phones, 3G phones, etc). Following the success story of iPod, audio/video players are going to became best sellers. Convergence is having a positive effect both on the development of hardware and software
What's the status of e-content in Italy?
The Italian e-content scenario still includes both traditional content producers and owners, –newspaper, paper music & video publishers, radio and television, and more — newcomers like telecom operators, on line services providers, software houses – and creative people like industrial and web designers.
One of the key aspects in the digital domain relates to ontology. Digital objects are a completely new category of objects. Of course there are some "oasis" like e-Books and e-Objects that will never make real books obsolete. In such "turbulence", property and intellectual property is a relevant issue and sometimes one of the bottlenecks in the harmonious development of the market.
We are still not clear how the e-content added value chain will shape up. The main difficulties will deal with accessing quality content and agreements on one side and effective distribution on the other.
The e-content market, from the technical point of view, means all the content we can interact with through new appliances such as cell-phones, pc, palm-devices, smart-phones, game consoles, digital television sets and more. In terms of connectivity, apart from the Internet and broad band, wireless connections are playing a relevant role even stimulating the creation of new applications ad hoc designed for WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth (info services, infotainment, games, etc).
The good news is: thanks to media convergence and "enabling" technologies a number of "potential" content creators are now on the scene. We are still in an evolving phase of the so called "digital revolution". It has taken more than sixty years to move from manuscripts to books to "print revolution". Last but not least some sectors have not found effective market models such as e-culture)
The e-content market was re-born thanks to the Internet and has actually shown a positive trend almost all over the world. In Italy, it is delayed not because of the lack of infrastructure or technological development but because of the shortage of national content creators.
The value of the production of national content includes the acquisition of content and rights from abroad (300 million euro per year) in order to be integrated and merged with national content (270 millions euro per year). This means 1.140 million euro per year thanks to the synergetic factor.
Thanks to soft-technologies like "Macromedia Flash" a huge amount of content has been created in many sectors including games, delivered on different platform such as PCs, palm and phones.
To conclude, we can say that there is a delay, there is a strong need for national content, there are potential content creators but they must be supported to enter the commercial added value chain to opening up a real market that is now difficult to enter.
Which area of e-content (e-health, e-biz, e-culture, e-government, e-entertainment, e-learning, e-science, and e-inclusion) is best developed in your country?
E-Government: The impulse provided by the creation of the Ministry for Innovation this sector is now very active. Major part of the public administration is now offering valuable on line services. Regional and local administrations are strongly committed to the same goal. Smart cards and digital identities are key players in enabling value added services.
E-Inclusion: This sector is probably the best developed in terms of accessibility and national law, defining guidelines and promoting best practice in order to turn all the institutional/public administration sites into fully accessible web sites. Over 3 million people in Italy, 5% of the population are disabled. An additional focus point of the law is Education / Learning, with special regard to the visually impaired population.
E-Business: Apart from usual e-Mall and on-line shops there are some high impact applications and services such as the digital post service (www.poste.it) now available in the English version, on line wired/wireless home banking, and a significant number of on line payments (taxes, excises, subscriptions, more).
E-Culture: Significant efforts and resources were addressed to this sector in consideration of the incredible richness of artifacts and monuments. The lack of adequate exposition locations, the low cost/benefits ratio in the management of spaces open to the public, the lack of infrastructure, costs linked to restoration and maintenance of works and other aspects linked to the main issues related to the management of the cultural assets, such as their preservation, exposure to the public, and didactics, are some of the problems that could be solved through the use of advanced technologies. Significant initiatives to address this are being carried out by universities, research centers and private organizations (i.e. banks – www.popsoarte.it).
E-Learning: In the main stream of innovation and accessibility the e-Learning sector is a huge emerging market. A number of government initiatives address this market providing financial resources, regulatory frameworks and guidelines. The trend is positive. The number of learners increased from 3.8% in 2002 to 8.2% in 2004.
|"The impulse provided by the creation of the Ministry for Innovation this sector is now very active"
Which sector (business, private sector, government or civil society) in Italy is advanced in developing e-content?
Value of the e-content Market is Euro 1.140 million subdivided in:
• Public Content – value 116.8 millions euro (10.2%)
• Advertisement – value 123.3 millions euro (10.8%)
• Entertainment – value 899.6 millions euro (79%)
How would you describe the gradual progress of development of e-content in Italy?
|Mobile entertainment
|Public contents
Values millions euro – Source: Federcomin/DIT: Rapporto e-Content 2005 – Elaborazione NetConsulting
What major initiatives have influenced the development of e-content in Italy?
The major initiatives could well be positive as well as not so positive:
Positive Influence
• Free access to the Internet ('90)
• Mobile and smart phones platforms
• Main initiatives from the Ministry of Innovation
• Expectation from Wi fi WiMax Constraints
• IPR management (i.e. audio in MM)
• Access to the market
• Lack of appropriated value chain
What are the major bottlenecks in the path of e-content development in your country?
According to the Ministry of Innovation e-Content Report 2005 major bottlenecks in the path of e-content development in Italy are:
• Availability of adequate infrastructure: mainly concerning online video/movie and soccer matches market. Broadband connections are essential to ensure proper quality. Digital terrestrial television infrastructure has to be enhanced, from test phase to full operation. This will develop the full potential of DTT content market;
• Political guidelines from the government: they represent an element of fundamental importance for the full deployment of digital content in libraries and museums, definition of a standard of digitization, so as to avoid isolated initiatives from single agencies bringing in consequent problems of compatibility.
• Problems related to invoicing and systems of payment: they regard mainly the market of music, news and infotainment, where the heavy cost of invoicement of micro-transactions by law is the main bottleneck.
• constraints related to traditional players: a factor that regards mainly the market of the news, in which the strategies of newspapers publishers with regard to the development of the digital market still they are influenced them from an attitude strongly precaution dictated from the fear that the new markets can cannibalize the business traditional;
• Dominant position of foreign producers: an obstacle to the development of national players.
• Dominant position of telecom operators: affects some specific segments of the market (news, infotainment, gaming, and mobile entertainment).
• Intellectual property right management: is one of the bottlenecks in market development especially in music and video segments. Piracy has, surely, a negative impact on business volume.
• Lack of homogeneity of VAT: this is a bottleneck specifically in online news and music market.
• Some potential bottlenecks, amongst the others are: added value due to ICT sometimes is not clearly identifiable, there is no evidence of potential benefits; e-content "objects" are not yet well defined and structured, we are still looking for proper formats; some times the "pipeline" of IPRs is hard to manage; sharing of revenues in the value chain is not favorable for typical e-content products (mobile, video, entertainment, infotainment); in addition to already mentioned payment problems, there is a clear need of better market models supporting creativity and "digital born" content production.
In most countries, especially developing, e-content development is significantly dependent on ICT infrastructure and ICT facilities. But, in some, ICT has become pervasive and e-content development is primarily subjected to the initiatives of an individual/organization/government, etc. What is the situation in Italy?
The available infrastructure ranges between internet connections (ISDN, fiber optic), mobile phones networks (2G, 3G), digital television and radio (terrestrial, satellite, fiber optic). Pricing policies are generally adequate (internet access: via modem for free – ADSL 15 €/month – fiber optic €35/month – UMTS €o.4 cent /KB)
There is a need to promote high quality content production, even finding an appropriate format and market model. 3G phones opened the mass market for online news and videos. Skype and similar applications are re-shaping the world of telecoms.
How would you describe the ICT scenario in your country in terms of infrastructure, penetration, and policies?
The available infrastructure ranges between internet connections (ISDN, fiber optic), mobile phones networks (2G, 3G), digital television and radio (terrestrial, satellite, fiber optic). Penetration of ICT is good.
Taking into account broad band connections:
One of the most relevant processes activated both by Law (anti-crime and misuse of the Internet) and by real necessity is the global protection of public and later on private servers and access points.
What's the future of e-content in Italy?
The technology adoption trend represents one of the main pre-requisites for the e-content market development. This will hopefully lead to a significant overall growth of this market in the future, with the increment differing from segment to segment.
Within 2005, a 30% growth is possible, in 2006 the figure should be 26% that means 1900 millions euro more than 2005 (Data source) Federcomin / DIT: Rapporto e-Content 2005 – Elaborazione NetConsulting).
Some segments that have already experienced great successes like mobile entertainment and infotainment will slow down a bit News are in stand by with +4% per year but an interesting opportunity comes from 3G phone and their own online live news. Markets characterized by dynamic growths are: music that is going to reach +50% in 2005 and + 90% in 2006.
Public content growth was 26.8% in 2005 and will probably reach 31.5 % in 2006, thanks to the educational market and tourism services.
A major part of the revenues related to online content still comes from advertisement (banners, logos etc). It is expected to increase by 19.4% in 2005 and 14.3% in 2006.
Which is the most preferred medium for e-content production in your country?
It is difficult to say, since we are in the thick of it. It changes from time to time and from sector to sector and this is apparent even when we consider revenues and market. It will be a mixture of them.
In the last ten years, it was the Internet and the Web that started it all. A major portion of e-content on the Internet is suffering problems related to market models, because in early days, the message was "Internet is for free". Digital content creation, websites and portals are now being consolidated after the tremendous spurt of growth since the 90s. Blogs, Wikies and forums are the actual cradle of content.
Digital television finally broke the long monopoly of Analogue TV, again no major problems in
|"Digital television finally broke the long monopoly of Analogue TV"
updating the national set of home devices, plasma and tft are ruling the consumer market but both terrestrial and satellite channels did not yet provide true enhanced added value services reaching the critical mass of audience.
Special mention for smart cards and pre-paid services, the first ones, after more than fifteen years from their development, are now leading the market of services, the second one opened the mass market of cell phones and still is a joker in bridging security and accounting gaps.
>How do you recognise the best e-content practices in Italy?
The national pre-selection process was started as a follow up of the experience of WSA in Geneva. On June 2004 the project was launched. Some of the key points in order to be successful are:
• promotion of the initiative at national level,
• high visibility on the state of the art of e-content made in Italy,
• setting up of a consistent evaluation procedure,
• setting up of a national jury ensuring both vertical and transversal expertise,
• … And last but not least due to the time frame – prompt action.
Thanks to the long term activity in the field and an already existent network of experts and partners eContent Award Italy 2004/2005 was announced on October 2004. Jointly organized and promoted by MEDICI Framework and Fondazione Politecnico di Milano inspired to WSA in order to select quality e-content and promote creativity and innovation in the development of new media applications in Italy.
eContent Award Italy has received the "Silver Plate" from the Presidenza della Repubblica and is patronized by the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Ministry of Foreigner Affairs, Ministry for Education, Universities and Scientific Research, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Ministry for Community Policies, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Productive Activities, Regione Lombardia, Camera di Commercio di Milano, Occam.
Updated information about the second phase of the project are available on the website www.econtentaward.it


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After a successful trial run in autumn, transport authorities in London are going to offer special subway badges to people with invisible disabilities starting in spring 2017.
RELATED: Child With Invisible Disability Creates Bathroom Sign With Go-Ahead from Government
Until the badges are successfully released, disabled passengers can use the Transport For London's Travel Support Card to request special seating from fellow riders or subway personnel.
According to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), an individual with a disability is a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; has a record of such an impairment; or is regarded as having such an impairment. Invisible disabilities can include anything from joint pain, chronic dizziness, migraines, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, fibromyalgia, or Lupus.
This is not the first affirmative action UK lawmakers have taken for people suffering from unseen afflictions either – earlier in 2016, Scottish Parliament allowed a 10-year-old girl with Crohn's Disease to hang her specially designed invisible disability signs on three of their handicap accessible restrooms.
Stand Up For Positivity: Click To Share (Photo by Transport For London)


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Dueling shows in New York
HBO vs. Showtime. Madison Square Garden vs. Barclays Center. New York vs….New York? How's this all going to work out? Steve Kim reports.
Tags: Alvarez-Golovkin, Barclays Center, Bivol-Barrera, Bob Arum, boxing, Brooklyn, Canelo-Golovkin, Deontay Wilder, Dmitry Bivol, Eric Gomez, ESPN, Golden Boy Promotions, Golovkin-Alvarez, Golovkin-Canelo, HBO, Igor Mikhalkin, Jim Boone, Jorge Linares, Kathy Duva, KO Tickets, Kovalev-Mikhalkin, Linares-Lomachenko, Luis Ortiz, Madison Square Garden, Madison Square Garden Theater, Main Events, PBC, Premier Boxing Champions, preview, Sergey Kovalev, steve kim, Sullivan Barrera, The Theater, Top Rank, Vasyl Lomachenko, WBA lightweight title, WBC heavyweight title, Wilder-Ortiz


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King's Academy Ringmer is proud to be part of King's Group Academies.
The school joined King's Group Academies (KGA) in December 2016 who have over forty years of experience in enhancing the education of young people both in the UK and abroad. We absolutely believe that student learning and progress is our core purpose. However, we are equally determined that Ringmer students will have the skills and attributes to live and work in the global society of tomorrow, and will be confident in their morals and values in order to lead good lives.


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#WIP Her gaze had never left his eyes, like she could see right into his mind. The screen cracked again, a fissure from the top to the bottom. She was actually going to break through the impenetrable glass.
Finally the chair dropped from her grasp. She walked to the mural and
put one hand on it. He mimicked her motion despite his bodyguard's
Hand-to-hand they stood and he could feel her hot hate. This close to her face he could see into her cloudy, gray eyes. They held so much pain.
He almost felt sympathy.
Her perfect lips, rose-colored from her exertion, began moving. He
hoped the camera was still functioning so he could replay her words
again and again later. Her voice was reverent, a promise wrapped in a
"Know this, I will kill you. Take these words and carve
them on your horrible soul." She looked from his lips to his eyes and
smiled before adding, "I will be the one that kills you."
The Revenger (unedited teaser)
Promise wrapped in a prayer.. The Revenger
Labels: Promise in Prayer, Teaser, The Revenger, WIP
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Selfie Raja Movie First Look Motion Poster - Allari Naresh
Watch the first look motion poster of the film Selfie Raja.It is an upcoming Telugu film of 2016. This movie is reportedly 51st movie of Allari Naresh, which is being directed by G Nageswar Reddy and produced by BVSN Prasad on SVCC banner. The other cast and crew details are yet to be finalised . Allari Naresh's latest movie 'Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu' could not run successfully at the box office.


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High-tech pregnancy used to mean hooking a pair of monstrously huge headphones into your phonograph and placing them over your belly, exposing your child to the likes of John Denver and Cat Stevens (thanks, Mom).
These days, it's sooooo much more than that. Between online calculators, in-utero learning, and even ovulation microscopes (what's next, Fetus' First Chemistry Set?), your kid will pop out, laptop in hand, completing her admissions essay for Duke.
I scoured the world Internet for the coolest gadgets out there. And, oh, if you think these are something -- just wait until you start looking into all the new products available to you once the baby actually gets here. (Cry-analyzing baby monitor, anyone?)
Here are just a few of the uber-cool techie products I found for those TTC or moms-to-be:
Maybe Mom Mini Ovulation Microscope -- Now you can start with the gizmos before you're even pregnant! Most ovulation calculators depend on your basal body temp, cervical mucous measurements, or just plain old calendar keeping. The ovulation microscope looks at salt crystals in your saliva. Yep. Your spit can tell you that it's time to get busy getting busy. As you move through your cycle, your saliva changes. The microscope looks at the salt crystals formed when your saliva dries -- as the crystals become more fern shaped, you're closer to ovulating. (Note: The website states that it's not currently taking orders for the product, so check with your doctor or email them for more information.)
MicroSort -- This one borders on creepy-eugenics craziness, but some couples who are trying to conceive are a little more interested in "balancing" their family than just conceiving -- meaning, they want to pick the sex of their baby. This definitely isn't an at-home technology -- you would travel to the Genetics & IVF Institute in Virginia, where they can sort sperm into those carrying XX or XY chromosomes, and then inseminate.
The Visual MD -- There's pregnancy calendars and then there's pregnancy calendars. Visual MD falls into the latter category. Like other week-by-week calendars, VisualMD provides you with basic information about how your baby is developing each week. But it also provides absolutely stunning graphics and animations, showing not only the developing fetus, but its position in your body and incredible details of the organs, skeleton, and body as it changes each week.
KickTrak -- One thing every new mom is taught is to count kicks. Tracking your baby's kicking is vital for not only learning her patterns, but knowing when something is going wrong. Any significant change in her activity level could indicate that something is amiss, and that early warning sign could save her life. KickTrak is a tool for not just counting kicks, but for recording patterns in kicking over a period of up to 10 days. No more hash marks on paper!
BabyPlus Prenatal Education System -- Want to give birth to the next Thomas Edison? BabyPlus thinks it can help you do just that. Using simple rhythmic sounds, BabyPlus teaches developing babies to start recognizing patterns and sounds differing from your heartbeat. This is the beginning of learning. BabyPlus states that babies who begin learning in the womb are better self-soothers, experience earlier developmental milestones, and even demonstrate greater curiosity and independence.
iPregnancy -- Of course. You didn't think we could make it through a list of tech products without an iPhone app, did you? This application -- available for iPhone or iPod touch -- allows you to do some fun things, like picking your own background color and keep track of potential baby names. But it also tracks your pregnancy, like many of the online pregnancy calculators. As you progress, you can add information, photos, charts, and even journal entries. There are tons of other features as well, which is probably why this was named the Best Pregnancy Planner back in 2009.
Do you or would you use any of these gadgets?
Images (top to bottom): WhyCry.com; MaybeMom.com; MicroSort.com; TheVisualMD.com; BabyKick.com; BabyPlus.com; iPregnancyApp.com


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Category: Stone Slabs - Marble Slabs Medium Price
Country: Iran 236 Views
Stone Type: Marble 25 Likes
Stone Color: Multicolor
Surface Finish: Natural
Reference Price: US$ /
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This stone mining has recently been discovered and extracted.
It is of marble type and has good internal strength.
It is used for luxury buildings and modern hotels.
Spider Marble is Marble Slabs from Iran, welcome to buy Spider Marble with good quality and price from Iran suppliers and manufacturers directly.


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Interiors. Design and rendering.
nga juliadesign9
Design, rendering. Autodesk 3DSMax, Autodesk AutoCAD, Adobe Photoshop.
juliadesign9 LYTKARINO, Russian Federation
Rreth Meje
Hello! I am glad to see you in my profile page. I am a professional 3D artist with experiences for 10 years. I am very motivated and passionate about my work. My major skills: 1. Virtual staging for real estates 2. Exterior & Interior Design 3. 3d floor plans 4. 3D Modeling & 3D Rendering in 3ds Studio Max & Vray 5. AutoCAD Drawing 6. 3D modeling Product and Furniture 7. Image Retouching I am always glad to cooperate, perform tasks quickly and efficiently. Best regards, Julia.


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FAQs *
Q: Why is culture important?
Culture is the lens through which we view our world, every moment of every day. Culture influences our life in a variety of ways; including values, norms, customs, status, relationships, fears, and worries. In addition, belonging to a culture (cultural group) provides people with a sense of identity, purpose and belonging.
Q: Can intercultural competency be learned?
Yes. Cultural competence can be learned just like any other skills (language, sports etc…) can be learned. As with all skills, it is important for cultural competencies to be practiced, updated, and evaluated. Many intercultural skills will serve you well in any global environment, while others will need to be specifically learned and adapted based on target cultures.
Cultural competence is a lifelong project. Competence with one group doesn't mean you're competent with another. So, you have to keep finding ways to expand your learning.
Q: What is the best way to start building intercultural competencies?
The first step would be to begin thingking about your own culture. Examine your national, organisational, or personal preferences before beginning the process of looking at the other cultures with which you are interacting so that you can effectively pinpoint any relevant gaps in knowledge or skills. It's also useful to familiarise yourself with what cultural competency looks like and the aspects that tend to differentiate cultures. This can be accomplished on your own through observation, reading, and cultural self-assessment tools.
Q: When is the best time for intercultural training - prior to departure or on arrival?
The ideal answer is both as there are advantages to be gained from training at each stage. Training in home country prior to departure prepares the relocatee for the demands of the first stages of adaptation. It calms initial fears, provides confidence and reassurance as well as evaluating and reviewing unrealistic expectations.
Training which uses research on value differences can discuss differences before the emotional context that may be attached when those differences have been experienced. Use of a cultural mentor who is experienced in the host country is important to add validity to the pre-departure training.
Training in the host country can ideally be in the form of follow up to the earlier training and provide on-the-spot explanations of aspects or situations the relocates have found confusing. While the relocate is immersed in the culture the trainer can provide support and encouragement in the behaviour and attitude changes needed to adapt well to working in the new location.
Q: What is the difference between cross-cultural training, intercultural training and diversity training?
Cross-cultural usually refers to training that involves increasing awareness about two or more cultures, perhaps where the trainee is moving from one culture to another and the training will focus on home and host cultures.
Intercultural training often refers to training which increases awareness between a number of different cultures, perhaps where the trainee will be managing a culturally varied group.
Diversity training is more often used where the different cultures are present working together in the same workplace or represented among the client base and focuses on increasing awareness and value of the other cultures.
Q: Why provide training for family members?
The most common reason for early return from overseas assignment is partner or family dissatisfaction. In asking your employee to relocate overseas they are committing to a major change for the whole family whether they choose to relocate or commute. Making the adaptation easier for the whole family means your employee is more able to focus on the new work environment and more likely to perform to the level of productivity you are seeking.
Q: What are the issues facing children moving to another country?
In many countries expat children live in compounds or apartments with similar housing conditions to home and attend international schools rather than local schools. Their need to adapt to the local culture is often comparatively low. However, they do need to adapt to the sub-culture that exists within international schools and expatriate communities and may be very different from the environment they are accustomed to.
The issues of making new friends, dealing with restricted freedoms, new peer groups with different standards of what is 'cool', tougher study and homework regimes, being a constant source of interest or curiosity to the locals around them, and adapting to servants can be issues the family and children need to manage.
Q: Is training really necessary for moving from one English speaking country to another?
Moving to an area of low cultural distance, where the amount of perceived similarity between the cultures (including language) is high is undoubtedly easier than a move that involves high cultural distance. Some relocates make these moves successfully without training. Many report a period of depression or anxiety as they go through the change adjustment cycle. Many also hold on to stereotypes, prejudices or values that impact on their ability to relate well to workmates or employees.
Training can ease the change process, speed the adaptation and mark the employer who is aware of the needs and acts to anticipate and prevent problems rather than responding later when damage has been done.
Q: What is coaching and why it works?
The International Coach Federation defines coaching as partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximise their personal and professional potential. (ICF website)
Expatriate Executive Coaching can be very effective for two main reasons: (1) It helps to better integrate and balance the business and personal aspects: the expatriate may be coached on behaviors, emotions, family issues while keeping the focus on the strategic and business objectives of the assignment. (2) It assists the company and the expatriate executive before, during and after the assignment, as shown in the picture below.
Culture Books
The Culture Map by Erin Meyer
The Cultural Intelligence Difference by David Livermore
Global Dexterity by Andrew Molinsky
The Handbook of Cultural Intelligence edited by Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne
Cultures and Organisations - Software of the Mind by Geert Hofstede
Fish Can't See Water by Lewis & Hammerich
Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonable Cheap Book About Cross-Cultural Management by Jasmin Mahadevan
Third Culture Kids - Growing Up Amongst Worlds by Davi C. Pollock and Ruth E. van Reken
The Culture Code by Clotaire Rapaille
The Shadow of the Sun - My African Lifeby Ryszard Kapuscinski
Good Morning Mr Mandela by Zelda la Grange
The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe
The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga
Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee
July's People by Nadine Gordimer
Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela
and many more novels from across the globe


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My son Brandon & his wife Laura, came in for 2 days while moving to Edmonton for new jobs.
The girls got introduced to snow.
Carys cot a big kick out of throwing snowballs at Poppy.
Even Zoe like playing in the snow.
They also brought Twiggs, the cat.
Broccoli spent the whole time hiding in the bedroom.
A black bear showed up to say hello.
We really had a good time with the kids.


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Appendix a for the course paper "Australia"
Australian history: first europeans and researchers, commonwealth, Olympic games and war. Australian geographic as the driest inhabited continent on earth: location, states, people, flora and fauna. Aboriginal settlers and reservations in Australia.
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Chapter 1 AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
1.1 First Europeans
1.2 Commonwealth
1.3 War. Games. War
Chapter 2 AUSTRALIAN GEOGRAPHIC
2.1 Location
2.2 States of Australia
2.3 People
2.4 Flora and Fauna
Author has chosen for the course paper the theme УAustraliaФ.
The aim of given course paper УAustraliaФ is learning this amazing continent and country.
Author has taken this topic, because Australia is very beautiful and interesting country. This exotic country astonishing one's own fauna and flora. It is rich by the natural resources. Also it is computing as a one from most developed, English languages country.
The course paper consists of 2 Chapters and 2 Appendixes.
The first Chapter devotes the history of Australia, which is very interesting. Because Australian history is very unique and also engaging. Australia is very old continent. Australia broke away from Asia 65 million years ago and hasn't looked back.
Today Australia is one of the most cosmopolitan and dynamic societies in the world. Over 200 languages are spoken, with English the common language. The nation has thriving ethnic media, an international business reputation, an innovative artistic community, diverse religious and cultural activities and variety in foods, restaurants, fashion and architecture.
The second Chapter devotes the facts about the geography of Australia. Also author's purpose given course paper УAustraliaФ is learning of map of Australia and Australian geographic.
It has 6 states and 2 territories. It is Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
And of course flora and fauna of Australia.
The Australian landscape has a bit of everything - mountain ranges, rainforests, deserts and coastal dunes.
Australia is known for its unique animals. We've got it all. Dangerous spiders, giant birds, egg-laying mammals, beautiful frogs and of course dangerous dogs Dingo...
Appendix A devotes the Australian National Flag.
Appendix B devotes the map of given country
Chapter 1. AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
Australia is really, really old. The continent broke away from Asia 65 million years ago and hasn't looked back. Beasts such as Megalania, a 6 meter flesh-eating goanna called it home for a period before Aborigines turned up about 60,000 years ago or so. None of the science types are exactly sure when these first humans arrived but nonetheless it was a pretty fair effort when you consider they had to travel a thousand miles in a small outrigger fishing canoe. Clearly distance didn't daunt them as they quickly inhabited all corners of a continent as big as Europe.
The Aboriginal history was passed on by word-of-mouth and is known as `Dreaming', a complex intertwining of land, culture, language, family relations and spiritualism. There are 500 known tribes who speak 250 separate languages. The Aborigines were hunters and gatherers moving with the seasons, taking with them only those possessions that were necessary for the hunting and preparation of food. In areas of plentiful food sources they confined their movements to a relatively small area, something the size of Ireland, perhaps. In the arid desert regions they were forced to travel over vast tracts of land to obtain food and water. There is evidence they traded with Indonesian sailors circa 1451 BC. Aboriginal society was a complex network of intricate kinship relationships. All members of the family unit had their own role and responsibilities. No formal government or authority existed, but social control was maintained by a sophisticated system of beliefs. These beliefs found expression in song, art, and dance. A rich oral tradition existed in which stories of the Dreamtime, the time of creation, or recent history were passed down the generations.
1.1 First Europeans
Europeans first bumped off the coast of Terra Incognito as early as the 1500s when Dutch and Portuguese explorers made vario1us explorations from the East Indies and Asia. It was Englishman Lieutenant James Cook who first planted a flag on the great mystery south land and forever changed it. The year was 1770.
Meanwhile, the gap between rich and poor in Britain was widening and those in charge didn't have enough room to put all the people who had become criminals. The Americans had won the war of independence so that place was out, so in their wisdom the aristocracy decided to use the Great South Land as a penal colony. Steal some bread? You're going to Aussie, Geezer. Penal servitude was seen as the worst of punishments, a banishment from everything one knew.
Captain Arthur Phillip turned up with the first fleet in 1788. Eleven ships containing 1350 passengers, none of whom had much of an idea what to expect. They knew nothing about the climate, the vegetation, the animals, or the native Indigenous people and culture.
Australia was a strategic place to own for Britain. Her Majesty's navy had ruled the seas for years and still wanted to. It's hard to imagine the hauteur of a people who believed they could come over and decide they could put down a flag and henceforth `own' a continent the size of Australia.
The fleet consisted mainly of convicts and their guards. Men outnumbered women four to one. They first arrived at Botany Bay, the area Cook had planted the flag on, but deciding it was too marshy. Phillip upped the whole fleet and sailed a few miles up the coast to Port Jackson, now known as Sydney Harbour. They put down at Circular Quay (the area just in between the Harbour Bridge and Opera House) and that's how Sydney began.
In 1802, after various rebellions and plagues, a fellow called Matthew Flinders took his ship and circumnavigated the whole continent. Free settlers began turning up in the hope of making their fortunes. After the establishment of Port Jackson, from 1803 to 1836 settlements began in Hobart, Brisbane, Perth, Melbourne and Adelaide, each now a state capital city.
Getting right into the guts of the place proved a harder ask. Most of Australia is harsh, arid desert. But men like Gregory
Blaxland, William Wentworth, and William Lawson found a way over the Blue Mountains (part of the Great Dividing Range of mountains that stretch for much of the east coast) trying to find the fabled inland sea. Many died, the most famous of whom are Robert Burke and William Wills who explored the desert for months trying to get from Adelaide in the south to Darwin in the north.
One of the most important things to happen to Australia in the early colonial days, at least as far as financial prosperity is concerned, was the introduction of sheep by Captain John Macarthur. After several experiments with various breeds Macarthur introduced a Spanish sheep called a Merino, which proved to be perfectly suited to the dry, arid conditions of Australia. Their wool made Australia rich. In 30 years the sheep population grew from 34,000 to half a million, the demand for this high quality fabric high in the factories of the Northern England. And it still is. There used to be a saying that 'Australia rides on the sheep's back' and while that may prompt uncharitable innuendo, the country became a viable member of the world on the strength of its woolly exports.
Another important moment in the population of Australia was the discovery of gold in Bathurst, Ballarat and Bendigo. At first the authorities tried to keep it a secret, for fear that the agricultural industry would be short of workers when everyone ran off to find nuggets. But after a succession of lean years and with the news of the wealth that California had experienced in their gold rush, the government decided to reveal to people that Ballarat was the richest alluvial goldfield in the world.
Of course, everyone went mad. Prospectors from all over the world rushed to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria in the hope of making their fortune. Tent cities dotted the Australian countryside, some as large as 40,000 people. Most prospectors were from Britain or China.
Ballarat went from a farming community of a few thousand European settlers to a thriving, buzzing global community of peoples from everywhere. Hence the authorities couldn't cope with the influx and there were outbreaks of violence, the most famous of which was known as the Eureka Stockade. By 1854, miners held many grievances against what they believed to be a corrupt and unjust goldfields administration. The brutal policing of an unfair license system, blatant corruption among Government officials and the lack of representation in the Victorian Parliament were the chief causes of their resentment. Their calls for "true British justice" fell on deaf ears.
Many of the most vocal critics were Irishmen who worked on the Eureka Lead. After a series of minor skirmishes tensions were so great that armed miners swore allegiance to a new flag -- the Flag of the Southern Cross-- and built a stockade. The authorities obviously couldn't have the Union Jack undermined like this and early one Sunday morning launched a surprise attack and squashed the miners stand.
However, everything the miners fought for was later instated, such as the abolition of the gold license system, the right to vote and representation in parliament. Many believe the Eureka Rebellion was the birthplace of Australian democracy.
1.2 Commonwealth
Forty-seven years after the democratic action known as the Eureka Stockade, one nation, Australia, was forged from the colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Until 1901 they were separate entities, governed by different laws, with different taxes and different lots of other stuff. Then, after years of gesticulation from the important men of the time, the joining of the colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed and there was a period of rejoicing, including a visit from the Royal Family. Sydney and Melbourne were in disagreement over who should be capital so an area of NSW was annexed and called the Australian Capital Territory, modeled on Washington DC. In 1902, with the population almost 2 million, women were allowed to vote. After much campaigning, the fight for a new political identity for women was won. That same year three of their number stood for election.
In 1911 Australian explorer, scientist and hero Douglas Mawson decided to map and explore the coastal area of Antarctica closest to Australia. His epic trek was described as the greatest story of lone survival in polar exploration.
In 1914 thousands of young Australian and New Zealand men joined up the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) for World War I. Showing unbelievable courage they stormed the trenches at Gallipoli, Turkey. By the time war ended 60,000 Australians were dead on the battlefields of Europe, but their courage is remembered each year on Anzac Day and many Australians believe the young nations character was forged on April 25, 1915. Australians were praised for the sacrifice but it was the first time many felt that the British Empire's best interests weren't necessarily their own.
In 1923 Vegemite was invented. This international Australian icon
breakfast spread was first made in Melbourne and loved Australia-wide in a prosperous post-war era. However 1929 brought the Great Depression left one-third of people out of work. Times were difficult but the deeds of a horse called Phar Lap kept people's spirits up. This incredible creature won just about everything Australian racing had to offer and earned deity status. Indeed the jockey Jim Pike said УThere's only one chance they've got of beating him. If they can breed them with wings on and get Charles Kingsford-Smith to ride them. And then I doubt whether they'll beat him then." Pharlap however was eventually beaten when they took it to America and he was poisoned. The spirit of Pharlap lives on with his hide in Melbourne Museum, his bones in Sydney and his great heart on display in Canberra.
Charles Kingsford Smith (1897-1935) was Australia's most famous aviator and in 1931 became the first man to fly solo from London to Australia. Then he flew back. Smith was a superstar of his day for his epic, solo adventures, and he also his creation of the first Australian airline. Another great Australian hero of the era honored at this day by Australians, was the champion cricketer Sir Donald Bradman, the greatest batsman of all time. Bradman once batted for so long that when the English finally got him out the headlines in the papers cried simply `He's Out!' Bradman finished with the unbelievable average of 99.94 and died in late 2001.
The Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, a momentous occasion that drew remarkable crowds estimated at close to one million people (the nation's entire population was 6.6 million).One Francis Edward de Groot, a member of the New Guard disrupted the opening ceremony when, disguised as a military horseman, he slashed the ceremonial ribbon before the Premier was able to officially open the bridge. The incident caused amusement in the crowd (it was arguably the nation's first `streak') and indignation among the authorities. It remains a part of Australian folklore and a symbol of the perceived national character that of rebellion against authority.
1.3 War, Games, War
A few years later, in 1939, World War II broke out causing once again Australians to take up the 'call of duty' to fight overseas again. This time though they faced threats closer to home. The Japanese bombed Darwin, invaded Papua New Guinea and submarines turned up in Sydney Harbor. The nation worried it could not rely on its remoteness as a defense anymore and many urged the boys to be sent home from the fronts of Europe and the Pacific. But ultimately the immense size of Australia would mean that it would never be invaded during the course of the war.
The Baby Boomer era began in 1946. Unlike their forefathers who battled through the world wars and depressions, the 'Baby Boomer' generation faced a changed Australia - liberation in the government and popular culture led the way for a new era in politics, music, fashion and food. Australia and its newest batch of youngsters faced the changing times and embraced a more modern world. In 1956 Melbourne hosted the International Olympic Games for the first time in Australian history. Australia's golden girl of the Games was 18-year-old Betty Cuthbert who won gold in the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay. The event was perceived as pivotal in the coming of age of Australia. For a few weeks Australia was in front of the world and proved that it could successfully host such a major event as the Olympic Games. The Games were televised in Australia and proved to be a huge success in increasing the popularity of television which was introduced to Australia during this year also.
The 1960s was a period of change for Australia. The ethnic diversity produced by post-war immigration, the decline of the United Kingdom and the Vietnam War (to which Australia sent troops) all contributed to an atmosphere of political, economic and social change.
In 1967 the Australian people voted overwhelmingly in a national referendum to give the federal government the power to pass legislation on behalf of Indigenous Australians and to include Indigenous Australians in future censuses. The referendum result was the culmination of a strong campaign by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. It was widely seen as a strong affirmation of the Australian people's wish to see its government take direct action to improve the living conditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
The long post-war domination of national politics by the coalition of the Liberal and Country (now National) parties ended in 1972, when the Australian Labor Party was elected. The next three years saw major changes in Australia's social and economic policy agenda and a heavy legislative program of reforms in health, education, foreign affairs, social security and industrial relations. However, a constitutional crisis resulted in Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam being dismissed by the then Governor-General. In the subsequent general election the Labor Party suffered a major defeat and the Liberal-National Coalition ruled until 1983, when Labor again won office. In 1996 a Coalition Government led by John Howard won the general election and was re-elected in 1998, 2001 and 2004.
In 1966 Australia went to decimal currency with the dollar replacing pounds and shillings. The previous year Australia responded to the call of help from the people of South Vietnam. A National Service Scheme was drawn up in 1964 that called up conscripts to be sent off in 1965 to fight. Many people thought this wrong and the Scheme was strongly opposed. There were protests and riots and in 1971 the last Australian troops left Vietnam for home. This war was the cause of the greatest social and political dissent in Australia since the conscription referendums of the First World War. Many draft resisters, conscientious objectors and protesters had been fined or goaled, while soldiers sometimes met a hostile reception on their return home.
The Sydney Opera House, a world famous Australian icon, was officially opened in 1973 by Queen Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction. Design credit goes to the Danish architect Jon Utzon who won the honors to design it in 1957. Now a foremost tourist attraction, it is home to some of the world's most celebrated performing arts companies and is a performance centre for most performance art forms.
Darwin, Christmas Day 1974, was the site of horrific disaster when a cyclone roared through the town and ravaged the city killing 49. For six hours the terrifying winds of tropical cyclone Tracy ripped through the city, reaching up to 250km an hour. There was a lull at about 2.30am, and many people came outside, thinking it was all over. They were in the `eye' of the massive storm and within 30 minutes the wind had built up again and changed direction. Roofs were torn from houses; buildings collapsed; and cars, trucks and even railway carriages were sent flying. More than two-thirds of the town's population of 47,000 people were airlifted to emergency accommodation by the defense forces. So much of the city was damaged (about 90%) that most of the town had to be rebuilt during the following few years.
1975 saw the most incredible piece of Australian politics when the Govern-General Sir John Kerr (the Queen of England's representative in Australia) dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, claiming that his plans for the Australian society were too radical, and required too great a budget. There was a massive public uproar when opposition leader Malcolm Fraser was commissioned to form a "caretaker government". So an election was called between Fraser and Whitlam. Fraser won in a landslide - the Australian public were perhaps not quite ready to embrace the change.. Especially since there had been such drama created by Whitlam.
The Ash Wednesday bush fires came along in 1983, the worst fires in living memory. A combination of high temperatures, strong winds and dry bush land burned thousands of acres of Victoria and killed 71 people. Bushfires are a common threat for people living in areas with high concentrations of oil-rich eucalypt trees.
1983 was also the year Australia won the America's Cup, a boat race for 12-metre yachts that the New York Yacht Club had won for 142 years. That boat was Alan Bond's Australia II representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club who upset the longest winning streak in modern sports history. Australia celebrated the 200th year since Captain Arthur Phillip's first fleet arrived in Sydney in 1988. In 1993 Sydney won the right to host the Summer Olympic Games for the year 2000. The Games were universally applauded by Juan Antonio Samaranch as the best ever. It was simply a fantastic time to be in Sydney.
Today Australia is one of the most cosmopolitan and dynamic societies in the world. Over 200 languages are spoken, with English the common language. The nation has thriving ethnic media, an international business reputation, an innovative artistic community, diverse religious and cultural activities and variety in foods, restaurants, fashion and architecture.
Chapter 2. AUSTRALIAN GEOGRAPHY
2.1 Location
Australia sits between New Zealand in the south-east, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia to the north and a host of South Pacific islands and atolls to the nor-nor-nor-west. Africa lies the length of the Atlantic away west while Antarctica is directly south. Europe and the Americas are datelines away. It's a remote place. Indeed Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, is officially the world's most remote city.
In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It has, however, a relatively small population. Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10░ and 39░ South latitude.
The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent.
Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought.
The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe. Australia is huge. There are sheep-stations bigger than European principalities. Australia is the world's sixth-largest country and smallest continent. It's area is 7,686,850 sq km which in the imperial scale translates to 4,776,385 miles. You could fit 30-odd Great Britain in Australia. The island-continent's coastline is 25,760 km around and if you drove around it you could proudly tell people you had driven a very long way indeed - 16,006 miles, to be precise.
95% of Australia is sea-level flat. There's a few mountains in the south-east that snow falls on for a few months and some tropical rainforest in the north. If you get right into the very guts of the place, the absolute red centre, you'll see the breathtaking beauty of the Uluru sitting majestically upon five million square miles of flatness.
Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 27 00 S, 133 00 E Map references: Oceania Area: total: 7,686,850 sq km land: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island Area - comparative: slightly smaller than the US Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 25,760 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm.
Country name: Conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia Conventional short form: Australia Data code: AS Government type: democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.
Most of Australia is arid to semi-arid which in non-weather-spotters terms means desert and almost desert. The climate is temperate in the south and south-east, while the further north you head the more tropical it becomes. Tropical in this case means it's hot and dry for six months, and hot and wet for the other six months. The locals have long replaced traditional seasons like `summer', `spring' and `autumn' with just two season known as `wet' and `dry'.
Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north. The continent's lowest point is Lake Eyre at -15m (-49 feet) below sea-level. The lake hasn't had water in it for eons - it's flat, salty and baked hard by the sun.
The highest point is Mount Kosciuszko at 2,229 m (a touch over 7,000 feet). The first European to set foot on it was Polish-born explorer Paul Edmund de Strzelecki who named it after Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Aborigines used to travel hundreds of kilometers to eat the Bogong Moths that migrate to the mountain every year. Bogongs are considered a delicacy and apparently taste like nuts when roasted over coals.
Australia has an abundance of natural resources that miners have been digging up since they learnt how. There's bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum and uranium.
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Land use:
arable land: 6.88% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 93.09% (1998 est.) Irrigated land: 24,000 sq km (1998 est.) Enter a new paragraph Cyclones threaten the north coast of Australia roughly every year. However not since 1974 when Cyclone Tracey flattened Darwin has there been loss of life. In the middle of the country there can be severe droughts. Floods can also bring great damage, especially to farm lands.
Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
Environment - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources.
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification Geography - note: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; regular, tropical, invigorating, sea breeze is known.
2.2 States of Australia
The capital of Australia is very famous city - Canberra. Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
Queensland. Queensland is Australia's second largest state, covering 1 722 000 km2 and the third most populous with more than 3.6 million inhabitants. It occupies 22.5 per cent of the continent in the north-east and has boundaries with New South Wales, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It is bounded by the Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait and the Coral Sea in the north, and the South Pacific Ocean in the east. The total coastline is 7400 km with the corals of the Great Barrier Reef fringing the eastern coastline for more than 2000 kilometres. Brisbane, the capital, is located in the south-eastern corner of the State. The people of Queensland enjoy an outdoor lifestyle with world class beaches and waterways, national parks, rainforests and tropical reefs. Our pleasant climate (average summer temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius, average winter temperatures of 15 degrees Celsius) means that Queenslanders enjoy more winter sunshine and warmth than most other Australian states. With up-to-date technology and services, the lowest taxes in Australia and plenty of space to develop and expand, Queensland is the preferred location for many new businesses each year.
Queensland's enviable lifestyle ensures that its current population of over 3.6 million continues to grow and prosper.
The State flag dates from the time when Queensland was a self-governing British colony with its own navy. In 1865, the Governor of Queensland was told by the Admiralty in London that the colony's vessels of war should fly the Blue Ensign, imposed with the colony's badge, on the stern, and a blue pennant at the masthead
New South Wales. New South Wales is in the south-east part of the Australian continent and is the most populous and heavily industrialized State in Australia, with a highly urbanized population.
The capital of New South Wales is Sydney, the site of the country's oldest European settlement and its largest and most cosmopolitan city, with ethnic communities from more than 100 countries. The city's icons include The Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney Harbour Bridge and The Sydney Opera House. Sydney hosted the 2000 Olympic Games, an important international finance centre and home to one of the world's great seaports.
The total area of the State is 802 000 km2 or 10.4 per cent of Australia's total area and includes Lord Howe, a small island in the Pacific Ocean. We have included information on the people of each region to show some simple statistics on the local demographics. When learning about a new place it's helpful to see how many people live there. The histories of each region are unique and have mounded communities to what they are today. Knowing a place's past can help you know the people just a little better. In a similar way, the government and local councils are helping to mould the future of each region and its people.
An appreciation for the landscape gives insight into the environment and its inhabitants. Both inland and offshore geography has had an impact on how the country has developed.
Australian Capital Territory. For more than 20,000 years the region has been home to the Ngunnawal people. Rock paintings in Namadgi National Park and archeological evidence found at Birrigai Rock Shelter at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve are evidence of their long occupation the region.
The first European settler in the district was a Joshua John Moore who took up the first land grant and established a stock station called 'Canberry' in 1824. It has been suggested that the name Cranberry is based on an Aboriginal name for the area Canberra. Moore's property is approximately where Canberra's city centre is currently sited.
In 1901 the New South Wales Government commissioned a report suggesting possible locations for the seat of Government for the new Commonwealth of Australia. The report short-listed three places, Bondable, Yass-Canberra, and Orange. The decision for the Yass-Canberra option was made in 1908 by the Commonwealth Parliament and shortly afterwards the Commonwealth surveyor, Charles Scrivener, was dispatched to choose a site.
In 1911 an international competition for a city plan was held. It was awarded to an American landscape architect named Walter Burley Griffin and his wife and partner, Marion Mahoney Griffin. In the same year, The Australian Government took possession of 2 357km2 of land from New South Wales (NSW) to form the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) as the site for the Australian national capital. Canberra lies between Sydney, 307km north-east, and Melbourne 655km south-west.
In 1913 Canberra became the official name for the area at the laying of a foundation stone on Capital Hill. Today the majority of the population of the ACT lives and work in Canberra.
Canberra is nearly 300km from Sydney and some 650km from Melbourne. A planned city, it is laid out around an artificial lake. The Territory became self-governing in 1989. National government remains its main industry, but private sector employment has expanded and includes production of sophisticated scientific and communications equipment, and computer software. With Canberra being a relatively new and carefully planned city in Australia, some people think it's a bit on the boring and conservative side. Being the nation's seat of government and politics probably doesn't help that image. But to the contrary, Canberra is a graceful and industrious city surrounded by an awesome and mostly untouched natural environment. And its residents have a nearly utopian approach towards conserving the city's quality of life.
Victoria. Hugging the tip of the Australian east coast, Victoria is Australia's second-smallest state, covering 227,600 square kilometers - roughly the size of the British Isles.
Victoria's capital, Melbourne is located around the shores of Port Phillip Bay. The city itself sits beside the Yarra River, about five kilometers from the bay.
Victoria occupies the south east corner of the continent between latitudes 34 and 39 south and longitudes 141 and 150 east. It covers 227 600 km2 - about the same area as England, Wales and Scotland; three-fifths of Japan and slightly larger than the US State of Utah. About 36 per cent of Victoria is covered by forest with the major forest belt in the east. The highest peaks are Mt Bogong (1986 m) and Mt Feathertop (1922 m). Victoria's 1800 km coastline borders on Bass Strait, which separates the mainland from Tasmania, and in the west on the Southern Ocean. It's a generally rugged coastline but includes many wide sandy beaches and three large, almost fully enclosed harbors. Melbourne and Geelong are on the shores of the most important of these harbors, Port Phillip Bay.
Temperatures vary widely but most of the State falls within the warm, temperate belt of the south-east corner of Australia, characterized by warm and dry summers and cool to mild, wet, winters. Daily summer temperatures range from 14 to 23 C in the coastal areas, 11 to 20 C in the mountains and 16 to 31 C inland. In winter, temperatures range from 7 C to 14 C in coastal areas, 0 C to 5 C in the mountains and 5 C to 16 C inland. Snow settles on the Australian Alps in the north-east of Victoria from June to September. Rainfall is heaviest in the eastern highlands, in Gippsland in the east of the State and in the Otway Ranges in western Victoria. Some areas receive annual rainfalls of more than 1000 mm. Lowest falls are in the Mallee region, where the average is 327 mm. Melbourne's average rainfall is about 660 mm a year.
Tasmania. Separated from mainland Australia by the 240 km stretch of Bass Strait, Tasmania is a land apart a place of wild and beautiful landscapes; friendly, welcoming people; a pleasant, temperate climate; wonderful wine and food; a rich history; and a relaxed island lifestyle. Tasmania is an island roughly the size of West Virginia, located 240 km off the south-east corner of mainland Australia. Next stop south is Antarctica, 2000 km away.
Tasmania is a natural island a land of dramatic coastlines, rugged mountains, tall forests and sparkling highland lakes. Over a third of the state is reserved in a network of National Parks and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, a refuge and habitat for rare plants and animals, including survivors of the ancient southern super continent, Gondwana.
The population of Tasmania is 485,000. Main centres are Hobart (the capital city with 200,000 people) Launceston (98,500) Burnie (18,000) and Devonport (25,000).
Tasmania has more than 2000 km of walking tracks and 18 national parks. The Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area covers 1.38 million hectares. Hobart has the nation's second-lowest rainfall (626 mm or 24 inches) of all Australian capital cities.
The average summer temperature is a comfortable 21░C (70░F). Winter's average is 12░C (52░ F).
South Australia. South Australia has a healthy Mediterranean climate with cool wet winters and hot dry summers. The average summer temperature is 29 degrees Celsius, although each year brings one or two hot periods (generally with low humidity).
Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia, jealously guards its reputation as Australia's arts capital, boasting a multitude of festivals, a vibrant live music scene, galleries, design and fashion, theatre, architecture The average winter temperature is a mild 15 degrees Celsius. 2,500 hours of sunshine a year means South Australians enjoy outdoor living almost year round. Outdoor sports, eating and events are easy to enjoy because of the weather, excellent facilities and easy accessibility.
South Australia has many contrasts with rugged outback wilderness, scenic mountain ranges, an extensive coastline, offshore islands and a large, meandering river. Surprisingly, the driest State in the driest continent has more than 3,700 kilometers of varied coastline and the Murray River weaves its magic through 650 kilometers of South Australia.
There are also national parks and world heritage listed areas to explore and an outdoor adventure to suit everyone. South Australia is known as a wine and food centre with 13 wine regions and a higher ratio of cafes and restaurants to residents than any other city in Australia. The wine industry in South Australia benefits from a variety of terrain, character and climate. Few other regions of the world can match our range of warm and cool-ripening conditions.
Western Australia. The state of Western Australia, is Australia's face on the Indian Ocean. Its capital Perth is closer to Singapore and Jakarta than it is to Canberra. The majority of people live in and around Perth.
Western Australia is the largest Australian State. With an area of more than 2 500 000 sq km, a 12 500 km coastline and spanning 2 400km from north to south, it occupies a third of the continent.
Only the narrow Timor Sea separates its northern coastline from equatorial islands of the Indonesian Archipelago and to the south is the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.
From its tropical north, to temperate areas in its south-west corner, Western Australia experiences a variety of climatic conditions. With distance from the coast, rainfall decreases and temperature variations are more pronounced. Perth averages eight hours sunshine per day and 118 clear days per year. Mean monthly maximum temperatures range from 17║C in July to 30║C in February. Even in the coldest months, minimum temperatures rarely fall below 5║C. Most of its 802mm annual rainfall occurs in the winter months.
Northern Territory. The Northern Territory covers about one sixth of the Australian continent with an area of 1.35 million km2 which is equal to the combined areas of France, Spain and Italy. About four- fifths of the Territory (1.09 million km2) lies within the tropics and the 6200 km coastline is generally flat and backed by swamps, mangroves and mudflats, rising to a plateau no higher than 450 m.
In central Australia, the Territory is crossed by the east-west ridges of the MacDonnell Ranges, which reach heights of more than 600 m. The well-known monolith, Uluru (Ayers Rock), 348 m high, is near the south-west corner of the Territory.
The northern quarter, known colloquially as the "Top End", is a distinct region of savannah woodlands and pockets of rainforest. In the north-east, the Arnhem Land plateau rises abruptly from the plain and continues to the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Much of the southern three-quarters of the Territory consists of desert or semi-arid plain. Darwin, the capital is situated in the north-western corner of the Territory.
2.3 People
Australia is an independent Western democracy with a population of more than 20 million. It is one of the world's most urbanized countries, with about 70 per cent of the population living in the 10 largest cities. Most of the population is concentrated along the eastern seaboard and the south-eastern corner of the continent. Australia's lifestyle reflects its mainly Western origins.
Total population: 20,543,000 (May, 2006)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 20.2% (male 2,045,783; female 1,949,864) 15-64 years: 67.1% (male 6,680,531; female 6,553,141) 65 years and over: 12.7% (male 1,099,275; female 1,403,390) (2003 est.) Population growth rate: 0.93% (2003 est.) Birth rate: 12.55 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) Death rate: 7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) Net migration rate: 4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.13 years male: 77.27 years female: 83.13 years (2003 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.76 children born/woman (2003 est.) Nationality: noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian Ethnic groups: Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%.
Religions: Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%, non-Christian 11% Languages: English, native languages Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (1980 est.)
Australia's culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world.
Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population. The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria.
Economy - overview: Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP at the level of the four dominant West European economies. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. While Australia has suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD countries in the early 1990s and during the recent financial problems in East Asia, the economy has expanded at a solid 4% annual growth pace in the last five years. Canberra's emphasis on reforms is a key factor behind the economy's resilience to the regional crisis and its stronger than expected growth rate. Growth in 2000 will depend on key international commodity prices, the extent of recovery in nearby Asian economies, and the strength of US and European markets.
Australia has had one of the most outstanding economies of the world in recent years. As a high-growth, low-inflation, low interest rate economy, it is more vibrant than ever before. There is an efficient government sector, a flexible labor market and a very competitive business sector.
With its abundant physical resources, Australia has enjoyed a high standard of living since the nineteenth century. It has made a comparatively large investment in social infrastructure, including education, training, health and transport.
The Australian workforce has seen many improvements over the last decade, leading to the surge in productivity in the 1990s. The complex and centralized award based industrial relations system has given way to a more decentralized one with many employees working under workplace agreements tailored to meet enterprise needs.
Executive branch: Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor General. Head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since July 2005) Cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Legislative branch: Bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two territories; one-half of the members elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (148 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve three-year terms; no state can have fewer than five representatives)
Judicial branch: High Court, the Chief Justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general
Political parties: Australian Democratic Party; Australian Labor Party; Green Party; Liberal Party; National Party; One Nation Party.
Political pressure groups: Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group) International organization participation: ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, PCA, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNTAET, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC.
2.4 Flora & Fauna
About 55 million years ago, Australia belonged to Gondwanaland, which was made up of a number of continents. It was almost completely covered in rainforest, the majority of which has dried up as it has separated and drifted into a warmer climate. Because of its age and isolation, Australia has developed an incredibly unique host of flora and fauna - from monotremes to eucalypts, deserts to wetlands, the Aussie land is like no other in the world.
Flora.The Australian landscape has a bit of everything - mountain ranges, rainforests, deserts and coastal dunes. The main types of flora within these varied environments are:
╖ Tropical rainforest
╖ Temperate rainforest
╖ Sclerophyllous forest (leathery and spiky)
╖ Woodlands (both wet and dry)
╖ Mulga scrubs (dry desert vegetation)
╖ Savanna and Steppe (grasslands in tropical / sub tropical and semi arid climates)
╖ Alpine grasslands (vegetation in the higher altitude Australian Alps)
╖ Desert
The most common tree in Australia is the Eucalypt, of which there are about 500 different species. Eucalyptus trees are found in almost all regions of Australia, and have become known as the iconic 'Aussie tree'. Another family well known are the Acacia and Wattle species - the Golden Wattle is Australia's national floral emblem.
The desert regions feature beautiful, hardy flowering plants like the Kangaroo Paw and the Sturt's Desert Pea. Because of the unique bird and insect species who assist in pollination, flowers have developed unique appearances designed to attract particular creatures - such as the Grevillea and Hakea.
Species such as the Banksia, with hard, woody flower pods, are designed especially to germinate after bush fires - the flames burn the pod and release the seeds into the nutrient rich, post-fire soil where they successfully grow in the new generation bush-land.
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It's that time of year again! No, not that time when we get another chapter out! Haha! It's our Birthday again (on the 4th)! We're somehow 12 years old! Sure 2016 may have been a slow year for us... but hey, we're getting old. Got to save up that energy for next year when Shaman King becomes 20 years old!
But yes, we have another Jumbor chapter out! Hope you enjoy it. It's our present from us to you for checking in from time to time!
If you need some more Hiroyuki Takei... be sure to check out Hiroyuki Takei's "Nekogahara: Stray Cat Samuarai" manga! Instead of contruction equipments it's samurai! Instead of Jumbors it's cats! Volume 2 came out last month in English (Print and digital!), so we're caught up with the Japanese volume releases! So be sure to go out an buy a copy of that manga. It's important to show your support, and the best way to do that is buy the manga! And then maybe share it with a friend!
(Seriously. Go buy it now! Not enough people know about how great it is yet. It's your job to spread the love!)


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Philosophy & Ethics
Examination Board:
A Philosophy & Ethics
Qualification: GCSE
Head of Departement:
Mr Peter Kernaghan
Philosophy & Ethics
Students will be prepared for three exam papers, taken in year 11 for full course. Students will be able to continue their study of this subject at AS level in Y12 of sixth form in addition to their other AS level choices.
Course content:
Students will study four Philosophy and Ethics topics and study the beliefs teachings and practices of two religions - Islam and Christianity. The emphasis of the course is very much upon evaluation and analysis of arguments and theories enabling students to explore and arrive at their own, well supported conclusions as follows:
How is the course structured?
- Issues of Life and Death- including debates about science and religion. Environmental ethics and Animalrights. The problem of existence of the mind or soul, and the afterlife. Differences of quality of life; religious and sanctity of life arguments about medical ethics.
- Issues of Good and Evil- including debates about evil, the good, the existence of free will and conscience. Problem of natural and moral evil and suffering; responses to evil and charity. Crime and punishment; justice; the death penalty, prison, and forgiveness.
- Issues of Relationships – including debates about families, sex, same sex relationships; chastity; celibacy; cohabitation; sex outside marriage; adultery; family planning, the purpose of sex and contraception, marriage, divorce, annulment, separation and remarriage; gender equality and discrimination.
- Issues of Human Rights- including debates about United Nations Charter of Human Rights; racial prejudice and discrimination. Poverty; wealth; charity and voluntary groups, freedom of religion and speech;extremism. Diversity of religious faith; secularisation; inter-faith dialogue or activity.
- Islam- Beliefs and teachings including Allah: Oneness, fairness and justice. Prophethood - Adam, Isa, and Muhammad. Angels - Gabriel, Michael, and Israfil, Predestination, Life after death, the Day of Judgement; heaven and hell, Foundations of faith - six articles of faith (Sunni Islam), the five roots (Shia), books, Scrolls, Gospel, Torah, Psalms. Practices The Five Pillars of Sunni Islam and the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi'a Islam. The Festivals of Islam.
- Christianity – Beliefs and teachings - including Gods nature, Trinity, problem of evil. Creation, Jesus Christ, Jesus' incarnation, crucifixion, resurrection and ascension. Salvation- law, sin, grace and the Spirit The Afterlife judgement, resurrection, heaven and hell. Practices Forms of Worship, liturgical, informal and individual prayer. Sacraments- Baptism and Eucharist. Pilgrimage the Holy Land, The Church local and global.
Why should I study Philosophy, Ethics and Belief?
The subject lends itself to robust debate and students appreciate the opportunity to have their views recognised. Students who opt to take Philosophy Ethics and Belief in years 10 and 11 gain a second full course GCSE in addition to their separate short course GCSE, and a have a foundational curriculum in A level Philosophy, Ethics and Belief.
What could I do next with GCSE Philosophy, Ethics and Belief?
Academic institutions and employers alike recognise the relevance of Philosophy, Ethics and Belief for our 21st century multicultural world and welcome the skills acquired in this discipline prepare students for a wider range of careers.
Parent Information
Click here for useful information for parents.
2020 Entry


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Reliable Solar Solutions provides solar panel system installations for residential customers in the Southcoast MA area.
Reliable Solar Solutions was started by Artie Leonard who has years of experience working for large national corporate solar companies. Artie was inspired by sustainable solar technology and wanted to help fill the need for clean energy sourcing.
Reliable Solar Solutions is a local company that is capable of handling any size project. With a local company you will get personalized attention, good and honest advice with no high-pressure sales tactics. Best of all, we can offer the same programs the big guys offer at lower costs, with the same warranties and quicker turn around.
The comment we most often hear after reviewing a solar proposal with someone is, "Wow, everyone should do this!" We agree!
Is going solar right for you?>>
Learn more about MA incentives and rebates>>


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American soap star Nathaniel Marston has died following a serious car crash that left him with a broken back, neck and other injuries. He was 40 years old.
The One Life to Live actor was rushed to hospital on 30 October after being involved in a single car collision near Reno, Nevada. His family said that he passed away in his mother Elizabeth's arms on 11 November after almost two weeks on life support.
"My beloved and cherished son, Nathaniel Marston, who was putting up the good fight until last night, was not able to continue due to the traumatic and devastating nature of his injuries," his mother wrote in a Facebook post.
"Nathaniel passed away peacefully as I held him in my arms... God ended Nathaniel's pain and suffering at 3:15 today PST in Reno, NV."
She added that had he survived, he would have been paralysed due to the severity of his injuries. "He would have required a ventilator and would never have been able to utter one more word and would have been sentenced to life as a quadriplegic, a condition that Nate would have never have been able to tolerate."
Nathaniel Marston facts
- He graduated from Beverly Hills High School.
- When he wasn't on the small screen, Marston busied himself with sports. He was an amateur boxer.
- He was involved in charity work with The Gabriel Project and Lower Eastside Service Center.
- Despite moving to Los Angeles to further his career, he remained close to his mother Elizabeth, an aspiring actress.
- In 2006, he married Rita Bias but the pair aren't thought to have had children together
- In 2007, Marston was arrested in October 2007 following an altercation with three people in New York. In March 2010 he pleaded guilty to one charge of misdemeanor, resisting arrest, and completed a three-month course in anger management as part of a no-jail-time sentencing deal.
- His film credits include Love Is All There Is, The Craft, Ordinary Sinner and The Paw.
- He appeared alongside Angelina Jolie in the 1996 comedy, Love is All There Is, and a string of other films and commercials.
For more entertainment news follow A-List on Twitter @Alistinsider


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This is a simple and satisfying recipe to make for a weeknight meal. I use both curry powder and red curry paste in this one, which makes me think of Burmese food. Enjoy!
1 cup coconut milk
1 tbsp curry powder
1 tsp red curry paste
1-2 tsp soy sauce
1 tsp cumin powder
1 bunch broccoli
2/3 package Soba noodles, about 6 ounces
1. Put first 5 ingredients in sauce pan. Cook for 10 minutes until combine, Adjust seasoning as needed.
2. Blanch broccoli for 1-2 minutes.
3. Cook noodles per package directions
4. Arrange dish by placing noodles, then broth, then broccoli.


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Find Our Latest Video Reviews on YouTube!
If you want to stay on top of all of our video reviews of the latest tech, be sure to check out and subscribe to the Gear Live YouTube channel, hosted by Andru Edwards! It's free!
Wednesday March 16, 2005 1:24 pm
Time Machine Sells On eBay
Posted by Andru Edwards - Categories: Misc. Tech
It just goes to show how badly people want to be like Michael J. Fox, eBay user goldenpalacecasino is the winner of a time machine which was auctioned off on eBay. Apparently the time machine was made about 200 years from now by a doctor that used it to travel back in time to the 1900's. Want proof? Well, the time machine comes with stuff from the 1900's! Wow!
Read More | eBay
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With a new year ahead businesses are busy re-evaluating their growth plans, marketing strategies and industry trends. The same goes for your social media marketing efforts. Although a total revamp isn't necessary there are some things business owners and marketers alike can evaluate to see what needs changing to keep online marketing and social media activity effective.
- Check yearly reports for different social media platforms
- There are numerous reports that tell you about the changing demographics and uses for the different social media platforms out there. It's important to keep an eye on this because social media users can change. While the majority of the users of one platform can stay the same, the age group can increase and start including an older age group or a social network could decrease in use revealing that it may be losing an audience.
This type of analysis will help you know if your business wants to continue marketing on that social media platform or if your time is better spent on another one and reducing activity on the one you've evaluated.
- Take a look at some of the newest social media networks around
- If you haven't spotted any new social networks that could be ideal for your online presence and branding, the beginning of a new year is a great time to do this because you can allocate a specific amount of time to do so. Also, there may be more information gathered on the new social media channel thanks to the time that has gone by since it's been up and running. One of the most recent platforms that I've come across and that caught my attention (but is still in beta) is Blab. Blab allows anyone to have their own show, it's a bit like Google Hangouts; the difference being you can have up to four speakers or allow others to join as speakers without having to invite them and there is a chat box on the side for viewers to type in their question, engage with you.
Obviously, if having a live show isn't something your target audience could benefit from this may not be a platform you're interested in; but it is definitely a way for brands to share their knowledge in an interactive way. Any new social network you spot that has the potential to present your products and/or services in a more interesting way to the end user is something you want to consider (since it can improve your user's experience).
- Evaluate your social media and digital content management/distribution tools
- Due to a limited amount of time, you are most likely using some type of online content management and distribution tool(s). If you feel there's a better way, a tool that can save you even more time, now would be when you make the switch. There could also be tools that you want to drop altogether because you're not really gaining any value from them; maybe they're not even saving you the time you thought they would and instead they are using up more of it.
By reconsidering where you are on social media based on the channel's users and based on new networks around, plus dropping or taking on tools to organize and get your content out there; your overall social media marketing strategy for the new year will definitely get the re-evaluation needed and slight tweak that will keep you on track for the year ahead.
Also, don't forget to analyze the data gathered from the previous 12 months of social media activity and to create an outline of your tweaked marketing plan for the next 12 months. Both of these can save you time in the long run and help you maintain focus on what's most important.
What do you typically do to prepare your social media marketing for a new year?