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Learning Styles TRANSCRIPT
Maybe you can use some of these strategies in your own learning!
Apart from the quiz we did in class, you can learn a bit more about what type of learner you are by doing the quiz here. And here you have some ideas to help you studying depending on your type of intelligence (NOTE: Tactile refers to bodily-kinaesthetic). You can apply this to you, and also to your students if you are a teacher yourself!


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A typical package Makefile will contain a section like:
define Package/tcpdump/default SECTION:=net CATEGORY:=Network DEPENDS:=+libpcap TITLE:=Network monitoring and data acquisition tool URL:=http://www.tcpdump.org/ endef
This page talks about what the DEPENDS:= line should look like.
tcpdump above,
would mean that tcpdump would not be shown as possible to be selected unless
libpcap were already selected
+package that means if the current package is selected, it will cause
package to be selected. This is the case with
tcpdump above. It says that if
tcpdump is selected, then select
libpcap. e.g.
+PACKAGE_packageb:packagec, it means that
packagec will only get selected by the current package (e.g.
tcpdump) if
packageb is enabled. e.g.
would mean that if
tcpdump was selected, then if
arpd was also selected, select
Useful is the negation ! to only select a Package if it's not build into busybox
This means select net-tools-hostname only if hostname is not build into busybox. But don't try it the other way around, see the last case.
@SYMBOL that means that CONFIG_SYMBOL must be defined by OpenWrt in order for the
package to be available for selection. e.g
would mean that the package wouldn't even appear unless config symbol CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT was defined, for example by the package
+@SYMBOL that means if the current package is selected, it will cause CONFIG_SYMBOL to be selected.
would mean that the if you select the package, it would automatically set the config symbol CONFIG_KERNEL_DEBUG_FS. Beware: This works while compiling your own image. If you install this package on a running box with opkg, this dependency is not checked!
Here we select the Symbol BUSYBOX_CONFIG_HOSTNAME if the package net-tools-hostname is not selected. The @ belongs to BUSYBOX_CONFIG_HOSTNAME. This works while compiling your own image, but the resulting ipkg depends on the unresolvable BUSYBOX_CONFIG_HOSTNAME, so your package cannot be installed later on a box with opkg.
As busybox can never be extended on a working box, always select an installable package when a busybox applet is not selected.
It is possible to do select and depend on packages outside the usual
DEPENDS definition. If, in the package
Makefile, you have a definition:
define Package/package-name/config ...config stuff endef
then you can include the following directives.
|select package
|Selects a package if this package is selected
|select package if packageb
|Selects a package if packageb is selected as well as this package
|select package if SYMBOL
|Selects a package if CONFIG_SYMBOL is defined
|depends packageb
|This package depends on packageb (i.e. won't even show up, unless packageb is selected)
|depends packageb if packagec
|This package depends on packageb if packagec is selected
|select SYMBOL
|Sets a symbol to y if this package is selected (.e.g. select BUSYBOX_FEATURE_MKSWAP_UUID)
|select SYMBOL if packageb
|Like select SYMBOL but only if packageb is selected
|select SYMBOL if SYMBOL2
|Like select SYMBOL but only if SYMBOL2 is defined
The author is not aware of the ability to do
depends SYMBOL.
Note that the
if directives may also include &&, ||, !, and uses parentheses () to use logical expression for AND (&&), OR (||) and NOT (!), and for order of operations ('()').
There is also a
default 'y' SYMBOL directive but the author is hazy on the details.
Dependencies MAY NOT be circular (i.e. Package A may not depend on Package B, which in turn depends on Package A). If a circular dependency is created (whether directly or through another package), strange
make menuconfig behaviour will be the result.
There may be bugs in the OpenWrt build system wrt to dependencies. If you can confirm that you have a dependency problem, please report a bug. The developers would appreciate the following information:
$ROOTDIR/tmp/.config-package.in (where $ROOTDIR is your OpenWrt source root dir)
NB Many apparent bugs are caused by circular dependencies. The OpenWrt build system doesn't like circular dependencies.

subset: commoncrawl


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Leave it to Tyra Banks to think we should give a crap about her 'real' hair. To kick off season five of her talk, talk, talk show, Tyra has self-proclaimed the day, "National Real Hair Day" to let Tyra show off just how dang naturally beautiful she is.
The build-up is tense. Just what is Ms. Banks sporting under all those waves and weaves? So Tyra wets it down and lets loose for the big reveal. Whoop-dee-frickin' do! She has hair! Real, beautiful, hair. Now I kind of dig crazy-ass Tyra, but her never-ending stunts to show how beautiful she is all in the name of helping women is soooooo tiring.
But if she's got false teeth or webbed feet or something, that's what I really want to see.


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(Wheeling, WV – July 8, 2011) – Live entertainment is back! Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack presents America "40th Anniversary Tour" in the showroom on Friday, July 8, 2011 at 8pm for a live performance.
America became a global household name and paved the way with an impressive string of hits following the success of their signature song "A Horse With No Name".
The year 2010 marks the 40th Anniversary of the perennial classic-rock favorite.
America, best known for tunes like "I Need You," "Ventura Highway," "Don't Cross The River," "Tin Man," "Lonely People," and "Sister Golden Hair" were the cornerstones of 1970's Top 40 and FM rock radio.
America's albums earned six certified gold and/or platinum, with their first greatest hits collection, History, hitting four+ million in sales.
Wheeling Island's concert series will continue with a full line up of national headliners including Blue Oyster Cult on August 4 at 8pm, Tony Orlando on September 25 at 4pm and Vicki Lawrence on October 22 at 9pm.
Tickets are on sale at www.ticketmaster.com, by calling 1-800-745-3000 or at the Wheeling Island Players Club box office. Reserved seating ticket prices vary by show.
Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack offers 37 table games, 12-table Jim Beam® poker room, over 1,800 slot machines, 151-room luxury hotel, the #1 Greyhound Track in the USA (based on purses paid), five restaurants, 1,000-seat showroom, meeting and banquet services and gift shop.
Wheeling Island recently won 16 first place "Best of Gaming" Awards by Casino Player Magazine's July 2010 readers poll including Best Casino, Best Reel Slots, Best Video Poker, Best Promotions and Best Service.
Wheeling Island welcomes more than 2.5 million visitors through its doors annually. Visitors enjoy the fast paced action 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
For information on Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack, call 877-WIN-HERE (877-946-4373), for hotel reservations call 877-WHEELING (877-943-3546) or log on to www.wheelingisland.com.
Wheeling Island Gaming, Inc. owns and operates Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack, a premier gaming and entertainment complex located in Wheeling, West Virginia. It is the largest operation of Delaware North Companies Gaming & Entertainment, a wholly owned subsidiary of Delaware North Companies, Inc.
Delaware North Companies is one of the world's leading hospitality and food service providers. Its family of companies includes Delaware North Companies Parks & Resorts, Delaware North Companies Gaming & Entertainment, Delaware North Companies Travel Hospitality Services, Delaware North Companies Sportservice, Delaware North Companies International and Delaware North Companies Boston, owner of TD Garden. Delaware North Companies is one of the largest privately held companies in the United States with revenues exceeding $2 billion annually and 50,000 associates serving half a billion customers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. For more information, visit www.DelawareNorth.com.
Kimberly FlorenceDirector of Marketing
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 304-231-1839


text:
2626 E Katella Ave., Anaheim CA 92806
Get Directions
Get Directions
Station Lines
- Orange County
Bike racks/lockers
Waiting room
Phone charging stations
- Complimentary parking is available at the ARTIC station.
- Please visit http://articinfo.com/ride-plan-your-trip/auto-parking or call 714-385-5100 for details about parking.
- Station Building Hours:
- 6:00am - 12:00am, Monday - Friday
- 6:00am - 12:00am, Weekends/Holidays
- Platforms are open for all train arrivals and departures
Boarding Info
- Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) & Station Link
- ART Anaheim Resort Transportation Route 15 operates to Anaheim and Disneyland® Resort every 30 minutes. ART provides a free service to Disneyland® Resort, The Anaheim Convention Center and all surrounding Anaheim Resort Hotels. A valid Metrolink and/or Amtrak ticket must be presented upon boarding.
- Megabus.com (separate fare required)
- Greyhound (separate fare required)
- Tres Estrellas de Oro long-distance buses (separate fare required)
Rail 2 Rail
- Rail 2 Rail offers Metrolink Monthly Pass Holders additional travel options on Amtrak Pacific Surfliner trains. Click on Rail 2 Rail for more details.
More Info
Station Owner
City of Anaheim / Lincoln Property Company
Address:2626 E. Katella Avenue Suite 200
Anaheim CA 92806


text: Engaged in Designing and Printing Since 1996Shenzhen Caimei Printing Co. Ltd was established in 1996 and is one of the top ten biggest printing enterprises in Shenzhen. We are a manufacturer in the printing and packaging area for more than 20 years. We are the AAA grade enterprise in China. Right now, we have more than 500 workers in our factory in Shenzhen. Our products comply with ISO 9001:2008 and BV.With our rapid growth, our company now covers an area of more than 20,000 square meters. There are nearly 700 employees including 150 technologists. We ... [Details]


text:
InterContinental Hotels Group has announced an agreement to team with Yahoo! to develop a co-branded Yahoo! toolbar developed for Priority Club Rewards members.
Members who download the co-branded Yahoo! toolbar before Jan. 31 will receive an additional 250 points.
Users get shortcut access to hotels in the InterContinental system, and a specialized link to member information such as account activity, current reservations and special offers. Members also have access to a series of other Yahoo! services, including Anti-Spy and Pop-Up Blocker.
The toolbar is available for download at http://www.priorityclub.com/toolbar.


text: Coil Cover (cap) Plug in style for Wico Type C MagnetoThis is a Coil Cover (cap) Plug in style for Wico Type C Magneto. Rebuild Services and other parts are available for this and other Magnetos on this site and in our Catalog. All new and used parts are Warranted for 90 days, Rebuilt Magnetos Are Warranted for 2 Years. If You get the wrong part or are not 100% completely satisfied with it, Send it Back for a Complete Refund. Shipping price is for this item only, If additional items are ordered we will adjust rates to match weight. Please Call for prices on C.O.D. and Foreign Shipping.


text:
This post from Jeff Atwood has triggered an outraged on the internet, with responses from here, and here. It seems that he's the lone guy going against this general opinion that everyone should learn to program, as in full-fledged program. However, it seems that from a surface, both are arguing with opposing thesis, and that one cannot exist with the other.
However, I've noticed that if you let it sink in, you'll notice that the post is rather not a rant about anyone learning to code, but rather a rant against the idea that anyone can program (as a software developer) and get a job with it. This makes the opposing argument moot, since he didn't argue against anyone wanting to code. And that, I support. You see, programming as a professional doesn't make much sense at all. If everyone did that, it'll just distract from their job.
Personally, I think that it's a fine idea to have kids learn to program, and get their feet wet. Like anything else, like learning a new language, or learning to picture a frame. All of them will help make a "well-rounded student", and everyone will benefit from a bit. I support an expanded courses of programming (4 years of it) in high school, and have it be a math program (for reference, it's based in Ontario's curriculum). However, giving them an advantage over other things, such as woodworking, the sciences, etc. and putting them with the 3 Rs, probably isn't a good idea. Since first, you'll need to know math and programming is just an extension of that. And second, you won't know less about critical thinking, as these thing can be taught in other subjects, like philosophy, and math. And no, not learning to program will not prevent you from getting a job. It's the other things that will, communication, working, attitude, etc.
In the end, it doesn't hurt to program, and it'll probably help you a bit on your job, but don't expect to get left behind on life if you don't learn to program. Nor should you expect to be a super-employee, and be more valued, simply because you know how to program.


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1) Maida or all-purpose flour: 1 cup
2) Grated coconut: 1/2 cup
3) Sugar : 1& 1/2 cup
4) Oil for frying
5) Kaju-kismis: 1 tbspn
6) Labongo/ Cloves to seal
7) Milk: 1/4 cup
Method of Preparation
1) Add the grated coconut to a warm pan. Roast it slightly till aromatic.
2) Add sugar, kaju-kismis and milk to it. Cook it till the mixture thickens into a dough for filling.
3) Take the all-purpose flour. Add 1 tbspn oil and knead it with warm water to prepare a tough dough.
4) Roll out thin rotis 4-5 inch in diameter out of it.
5) Take each roti, place a heaped spoonful of the coconut filling at the centre and fold from all 4 sides and seal it with a clove (as seen in picture above).
6) Warm oil in a deep fry pan. To it add the prepared labongo latikas and fry on low heat till a golden brown colour. Remove from oil onto a kitchen towel.
7) Prepare sugar syrup of 1 thread thick consistency. Dip the labongo lakitas for a while and remove onto a plate. Put them in the fridge to cool.
Serve chilled....Enjoy !!!


text:
Bedroom Design Paint
Bedroom Design Paint has a variety pictures that related to bedroom. Find out the most recent pictures of Bedroom Design Paint here, and also you can get the pictures through our best bedroom collection. Bedroom Design Paint pictures in here are posted and uploaded by on March 25th, 2017 for your bedroom images collection. The images that existed in Bedroom Design Paint are consisting of best images and high quality pictures. These many pictures of Bedroom Design Paint list may become your inspiration and informational purpose. We hope you enjoy and satisfied with our best picture of Bedroom Design Paint from our bedroom collection that posted here and also you can use it for suitable needs for personal use only. The mister-bills.com team also provides the other pictures of bedroom in High Definition and Best Quality that can be downloaded by click on the gallery below the Bedroom Design Paint picture.
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text:
Charley Vanportfliet
13 DemonsHD
IMDb: 3.0
80 min
Gary, and his friends who are into gaming, renaissance fairs and various unsavory vices, stumble across a rare, medieval board game called "13 Demons." They ...
Country: USA
Genre: Thriller
Actor: Michael Cunningham, Jackson Ezinga, Daniel Falicki, Stephen Grey, Patrick Hendren, Shelly Irwin, Steve Kelley, Jason Roth, Heath Scarbrough, Steven Taber, Charley Vanportfliet
3:33 a.m.SD
IMDb: 3.3
139 min
After two years in prison, John Spinelli is a free man. But as he grapples with his mad mix of macabre neighbors, John realizes something ...
Country: USA
Actor: Matthew J. Dennis, Scott Baisden, Chris Kotcher, Sheri Beth Dusek, Jason Roth, Mary McGuire-Howing, Liz Nolan, Charley Vanportfliet, James Mason, Marly Green, Spencer Tomlin, James Harris, Tommy Allen, Richard Raphael, Craig Bouwens


text:
Browse by Region
> Delivering on the promise of a fair, effective and independent Court > Election of ICC and ASP Officials > Judges > Third Election - 2007
First Election - 2003 Second Election - 2006 Third Election - 2007 Fourth Election - 2009 Fifth Election 2009 Sixth Election 2011 Seventh Election 2013 Eighth Election 2014 Ninth Election - 2015
Third Election - 2007Results of Election of ICC Judges
On Friday, 30 December 2007, during the first round of elections for ICC judges at the Sixth Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the ICC at UN headquarters in New York, two new ICC judges were elected. They are Fumiko Saiga of Japan and Bruno Cotte of France.
On Monday, 3 December 2007, during the fourth round of elections for ICC
judges at the 6th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome
Statute of the ICC at the UN headquarters in New York, Judge Daniel David Nsereko of Uganda was elected and thereby completed the ICC bench.
These judges will fill three vacancies arising from the resignations of Judges Maureen Harding Clark (Ireland), Karl T. Hudson-Phillips (Trinidad and Tobago), and Claude Jorda (France). For this election, at least two judges were required to be "list A" candidates (those wtih criminal law experience).
After the election of all three judges, Judge Saiga was selected by lot to
serve the remaining 1-2 years of Judge Jordas term (2009) and will be
eligible for re-election for an additional 9-year term. The two other judges, Judge Cotte and Judge Nsereko will serve only the remaining 3-4 years of Judges Clarks and Hudson-Phillips terms, both who were serving nine-year terms expiring in
Below are detailed results from the four rounds.
Results of first round
Results of second round
69 votes were required to elect the third judge and no candidate reached this target. A third round was therefore held on Monday 3 December 2007.
Results of third round
Hence, no ICC judge was elected in the third round as no candidate received a two-third majority of the 102 States Parties present and voting: 68 votes.
Following the third round, Trinidad and Tobago announced the withdrawal of
Justice Permanand's candidacy.
Results of fouth round
The nomination period closed on 24 August 2007. By the closing date, the ASP Secretariat had received 6 nominations. The nomination of Mr. Sunday Akinola Akintan of Nigeria was subsequently withdrawn on 20 September 2007.
The following five candidates were nominated for the third election of judges:
Media Digests
20 July 2007


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No Reason For Shame In Olympic Performance Of Team USA Men's Hockey
By Gene Collier, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Just a week ago, he was the toast of the hockey world, Dan Bylsma, commanding Team USA through four consecutive victories at the Sochi Olympics by a combined score of 20-6, escaping from the medal-mad Russians on their home stage, sitting for an appreciative profile by veteran Sports Illustrated hockey ace Michael Farber.
Then, within 72 stunning hours, he was just toast. Chewed up ravenously by ever-demanding, never-satisfied angry Americans, his charred crusts cast into the waiting maw of hockey cyber mutts the world over.
The only guy on that curve of the planet who had a worse Olympics was probably Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, routed from his opulent palace after weeks of unspeakable violence in Kiev's public square and still on the lam.
At least nobody died on the ice at Sochi, but you wouldn't know it from the scorching disappointment within too big a segment of the Team USA fan base.
Back inside the Consol Energy Center after two weeks by the Black Sea, Bylsma on Tuesday recalled the hurt from disappointment's ground zero.
"We had played four games and we end up with the Canadians in the semifinal game, and maybe the biggest disappointment of the tournament was that that wasn't the gold-medal game," Bylsma said. "You play the Canadians in a semifinal game, you play a 1-0 game, and what you came there for really, to win a gold medal, is gone.
"And we had to deal with that disappointment going into the next game, and I don't think you get rid of the disappointment. I don't think you can say, 'Hey, you can put this game behind you, and let's move on.'?"
That was pretty obvious in the 5-0 belly-flop before the Finns with the bronze medal still within reach, but the critics who'll point to America's 137 consecutive scoreless minutes to end the tournament as damningly analogous to the Penguins' feeble exit from the Eastern Conference Final in June against Boston aren't much for cause on effect on this one.
They'd rather have those 137 minutes as the final proof that Bylsma can't adjust, runs a flawed system, should likely have his name rubbed off the Stanley Cup and doesn't always match the right tie to the right suit.
This ignores the near-suffocating intensity of the semifinal, an ice war that flowed end-to-end for 60 minutes in which but one puck crossed a goal line that just happened to be the one behind Jonathan Quick. It could as easily been the one behind Carey Price; it just wasn't.
There's no shame in that.
The shame is in thinking there is.


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NVC has a rich history in telecommunications in and around the Aberdeen area.
Established in 1997, NVC began by providing dial-up Internet access to residents of northeast South Dakota. The company was established through a joint partnership by James Valley Telecommunications (JVT) of Groton, SD and Northern Electric Cooperative of Bath, SD.
In April of 1998, the company was granted a Certificate of Authority by the South Dakota Public Utilities Commission to become a competitive local exchange carrier, and a marketing survey conducted that same year showed a need for and an interest in advanced telecommunications services in the Aberdeen area.
In October of 1998, NVC officially began construction of a new telecommunications network for the city of Aberdeen. Fiber optic and copper lines were constructed strategically throughout the city to provide advanced telecommunications services to many homes and businesses. Construction continued each year thereafter spreading NVC service to additional areas of the city.
The company moved its office from Northern Electric Cooperative of Bath to Aberdeen in May of 1999 to provide improved customer service and easy walk-in access.
In May of 2001, NVC became a soley-owned subsidiary of JVT. JVT is a cooperative that has served the area for over 60 years.
NVC launched digital cable television service in 2003 giving customers the ability to take phone, high-speed Internet and cable TV services all from one company. Cable TV service now includes an interactive guide, digital music, VOD, Cloud DVR, HD, TV Everywhere, and Restart TV.
In 2005, NVC began constructing fiber optic lines in Redfield, SD in order to offer high speed digital services in the Redfield market.
In 2007, NVC began offering cellular communications services after building its own network. The service later expanded to include 4G and other advanced technologies. Wireless high speed internet access is now available throughout Brown and Spink counties as well as portions of Day, Faulk, and Edmunds counties. Wireless internet access now spreads NVC's service to all corners of the Aberdeen trade area and makes NVC offerings available to every single home and business.
In September 2012, NVC moved their retail services to 6th Ave SE to create room for more products and customer interaction.
NVC was one of only forty companies nationwide to receive a Rural Broadband Experiment (RBE) grant in 2015. The company based its application on providing high speed wireless internet access to over 400 locations not then served with broadband internet access.
NVC expanded its business further in 2017 when it purchased the wireless internet operations of Northern Wireless. The purchase led to greater economies of scale for NVC.
Starting with Dial-Up internet service in the beginning, NVC now offers broadband speeds up to 250 Mbps to residential customers and business speeds up to 1Gb. Anticipating the needs of customers and meeting those needs has led the company through a cycle of innovation and growth.
NVC has been recognized twice by the Aberdeen Chamber of Commerce ABBY Awards. In 2002, they received the Customer Service Award and in 2016 the company received the Community Involvement – Business award.
NVC has a long history of growth and innovation and continues to push for the best service at the best rates for their customers.


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Giants Glen Postal Codes
Giants Glen city is located in New Brunswick, Canada
You can search for the Giants Glen NB postal codes by its streets and block numbers
Giants Glen Area Code is 506 and Time Zone is Atlantic (GMT -04:00).
Giants Glen Postal Code - New Brunswick
Giants Glen Postal Code is a six-character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada. Like British and Dutch postcodes, Giants Glen - NB postal codes are alphanumeric.
The first three characters (alpha-numeric-alpha) of the postal code which represent a geographic area in Giants Glen.
The last three characters denote a Giants Glen local delivery unit (LDU). An LDU denotes a specific single Giants Glen address or range of addresses, which can correspond to an entire small town, a significant part of a medium-sized town, a single side of a city block in larger cities, a single large building or a portion of a very large one, a single (large) institution in Giants Glen, New Brunswick, such as a university or a hospital, or a business that receives large volumes of mail on a regular basis
If you want to send a mail to Giants Glen City, you should use the corresponding Postal Code.


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Mozes Keyword
My Mozes keyword is stevegio. Seems like a cool service. I'll be playing with it for a few weeks. I've been using txt messages between members of my family to keep in touch. My 13 year-old daughter is probably the most prolific txt'er I know but that's to be expected. Ever since I started playing with UPOC a long time ago, I've been interested in the intersection of the web with txt messaging. I just hope this isn't some scheme to have people pay for additional Mozes keywords in a mobile version of the domain name parking/extortion game
Technorati Tags: mozes, mobile, txtmessaging


text: All PING projects focus on some combination of youth, health and technology. On our website PING has chosen to divide our projects and programs in two main areas, youth and technology (with most health projects falling under the technology side). Currently the technology projects are all mobile (cell-phone based) health and education projects that are locally designed, created and implemented in collaboration with local government. Although the areas of youth and technology may seem random they actually come together nicely for the organization's sustainability and long term goals, which include having local youth from our programs maintaining and supporting many of PING's mobile health and education projects when they get rolled out at a national level. Our hope is that some of the youth in our programs will also be able to start their own mobile projects, businesses and non-profits after their time with us.


text:
Catamaran charter Greece is quite just chartering a luxurious yacht. It would certainly be a luxurious motor yacht charter or perhaps a luxury sailing yacht charter, but In any event it can be chartering what is taken into account a luxurious boat. Luxurious by its definition has to be a yacht in the leading stop of the marketplace.
Luxurious yacht is known as a typical time period covering a whole selection of boats without any actual common as to what's luxurious and what's not. If luxurious is relative to sizing, value and building expenses then essentially the most deluxe yachts on this planet would be the most important kinds owned by a lot of the richest people today in the world. In contrast the owner of a top from the variety sixty feet sailing yacht may also contemplate his boat deluxe if it includes almost everything that you might potentially Create into this type of yacht.
Luxurious yachts have their roots soon after the primary entire world war when rich men and women recognized the advantages and esteem of possessing huge personal yachts. An early instance was the Savarona, launched in 1931 and later acquired from the Turkish Government. Following the second world war, a famous luxurious motor yacht appeared in the event the Christina O was transformed from the Canadian frigate.
Early luxurious sailing yachts have been People classed as J class and utilized for competing inside the Americas Cup sailing Opposition. Probably the most well-known was the Shamrock owned from the tea magnate Sir Thomas Lipton, and only a few were at any time produced. They ended up owned by rich those who lived an expensive existence fashion on or away from the yacht.
Over the last 30 yrs There was a huge rise in huge luxury yachts which are owned by oil sheiks and rich new technological know-how entrepreneurs for example Invoice Gates. Getting said that luxurious doesn't have to get about huge, a wealthy stock broker could well be equally as pleased with his eighty foot sailing yacht as Roman Abramovich is of his 557 foot, $450 million mega yacht.
Should you are considering a luxury yacht constitution then Consider funds, as This can be what you will need, and many it. These boats are merely similar to accommodations or cars, you pay Anything you can find the money for and you will get Everything you pay for. You might have just as much entertaining chartering a cheaper yacht with no fittings of the luxury one but you won't be pampered just as much.
Some luxury yachts are used completely by their house owners and friends, Other people are operated all calendar year spherical as charter companies by boat proudly owning corporations, also a big quantity are privately owned but obtainable for constitution once the owner will not be employing it. Charter fees range enormously from a an eighty foot boat with two crew to the mega yacht with 20 crew. Have a peek at this website Nevertheless another thing is widespread across all ranges of yachts, the daily constitution charge is only the beginning of the expenses. Extras of close to twenty five-30%, which include gas, drinks, food stuff and berthing costs are extra into the working day price in addition to a customary 15-20% crew gratuity forever support.
The luxury yacht constitution market works proficiently since private yacht house owners and charter yacht entrepreneurs offset their charges with charter profits along with well as preserving their yachts in great get and properly manned from this income. Conversely, yacht charterers constitution their boats as and when necessary as it is actually less costly than owning and retaining a yacht and equally vital it provides them the choice to pick various yachts in various elements of the whole world.
Details, Fiction and used boats for sale
It all starts with a dream. However, the reality is that finding choosing from different motor yachts for sale is a little bit like finding the right home. What yacht will most suit your needs? The following are some questions you might need to ask yourself:
Which hull type? What is your pricing budget? What material should your boat be made of? These are some things you should keep in mind when researching motor yachts for sale. Let's take a closer look now.
Hull type: Do you want to find mono-hull (i.e. 'normal') or a multihull (catamaran type) motor yachts for sale? Catamarans are becoming increasingly popular, usually offer more living space (down to a minimum - less than 8 metres has little or no living space), are faster and are harder to capsize, although if they do it is almost impossible to get them up again by yourself. They are also more expensive to berth and are not catered for in all marinas. A monohull is usually the most common option.
If you wish to pick a monohull from the variety of motor yachts for sale that you find, then you have to think about whether you want to find a new or used motor yacht for sale. New vessels are probably more likely to provide you with full satisfaction, if you are ready to wait a while. If you want more value for your money, and maybe you are not ready to wait, among other reasons, then maybe you should look for used motor yachts for sale. You can find great deals, but you also have to keep your eyes open.
Regarding pricing - stick to your budget when checking motor yachts for sale. Remember to include extra equipment - anything from 20% on new motor yachts for sale, to 50% on used ones (though remember that's 50% of the used price!). Remember that you also have to get insurance, moor/berth your boat, store it in winter (depends on location) and also set a budget for regular maintenance.
There are Click here for info several different materials from which motor yachts can be made - GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic), Steel, Aluminium, Wood, or Ferro-Cement. Whatever motor yachts for sale you come across, it's worth noting what they are made of.
GRP is the most common material in Click here to find out more motor yachts for sale, being light, durable and cheap to maintain. However, make sure that there are no blisters in the material, since it may lead to problems later on.
Steel is very strong, but rust is an issue, especially in used motor yachts for sale. Also, steel vessels beneath 30ft long may be slow. Steel must be kept painted at all times, and it is advisable to do a complete survey on such a motor boat for sale.
Aluminium is usually reserved for high-end custom builds, so be extra careful if you encounter lower class yachts. Wood can last long if properly cared for. However, when evaluating wooden motor yachts for sale, remember that maintenance costs are also high. Concrete motor yachts for sale can be of great quality, but here more than anywhere else, the boat has to be researched properly.
You should get as much advice as possible from different sources when looking at different motor yachts for sale. There are many different opinions, and yachts and yachting are a very deep subject!


text: Missouri Executed This Man Minutes Before Court Ruled Herman Smulls died at 10:20pm; the high court denied his stay request at 10:24pm By Kate Seamons, Newser Staff Posted Feb 3, 2014 11:55 AM CST 113 comments Comments This Dec. 13, 2011 file photo released by the Missouri Department of Corrections shows death-row inmate Herbert Smulls. (AP Photo/Missouri Department of Corrections, File) (Newser) – Lately, the lion's share of death-penalty controversy has surrounded the drugs now used in executions. But writing for the Atlantic, Andrew Cohen airs a new issue, specific to Missouri: Men have been put to death while their appeals were still pending. Herbert Smulls, who was executed last Wednesday, was pronounced dead at 10:20pm, four minutes before the US Supreme Court rejected his request for a stay. And his lawyers say the same was essentially true for the state's two prior executions. The lawyers say that on the day of the execution they urged state officials, repeatedly and via email, not to go forth with it until the legal activity was settled; they say they didn't even get a response to their emails (which you can see here). Cohen asked state attorneys to comment on the emails and the course of events; via a rep, they said in part, "The law is clear: the pendency of litigation is insufficient to stop an execution." Cohen notes that some legal experts are in agreement, believing, "any other approach would give defense attorneys the power to pile appeal upon appeal in an effort to postpone the implementation of a death warrant." And Cohen gets that the state attorneys would have felt a "legal obligation to enforce the death warrant before it expired"—but he believes those attorneys also had an obligation "to ensure it was done fairly and justly." Cohen's theory: That they pushed ahead in part because they didn't want to field any more questions about the controversial drug being used. Writes Cohen, "Just imagine what we'd be talking about today if the justices had granted Smulls' stay request four minutes after he was pronounced dead." Click for his full piece. (Read more Missouri stories.) My Take on This Story Report a story error Show results without voting | 9% Hilarious 8% Intriguing 17% Depressing 41% Brilliant 16% Scary 10% Ridiculous


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Paro Tshechu (festival) is the most popular religious dance festival in Bhutan. It has been held annually since the 17th century when Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (the founder of the state of Bhutan) and Ponpo Rigzin Nyingpo initiated Paro Tshechu festival together with the consecration of Paro Dzong (fortress) in 1644.
Paro Tsechu is held for 5 days beginning on the 10th Day of 2nd Bhutanese lunar month every year and in 2018 it is from March 27-31. The Paro festival offers a best opportunity to witness the Bhutanese's rich culture and history. The Tshechu is a religious festival and by attending it, it is believed one gains merits.
It is also a yearly social gathering where the people come together to rejoice dressed in all their finery.
On the last day of Paro Tsechu there will be a display of a gigantic thangkha (embroidered painting), the Guru Throngdrol.Thongdrols are especially impressive examples of Buddhist art and never fail to amaze viewers. They are considered so sacred that simply seeing a Thongdrol is said to cleanse the viewer off sin.
Paro Festival Schedule: March 27-31, 2018
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Vacation Style Holiday Type
Activity Level Short Day Tour
Group Size Large Group
Paor Tshechus is one of the most popular spring festival, which falls on April 7 – April 11, 2017. During the festival the monks perform sacred mask dances or chhams, to the accompaniment of religious music, and district dancers perform traditional dances. It takes place within the cobbled stone courtyard of the magnificent Paro Rinpung Dzong (fortress).The festival concludes with the display of a giant Thangka or Thongdroel (tapestry) at 3 in the morning and is brought down just before sunrise.
Tshechus are grand events where entire communities come together to witness religious mask dances, receive blessings and socialize. . In addition to the mask dances tshechus also include colorful Bhutanese dances and other forms of entertainment.
It is believed that everyone must attend a Tshechu and witness the mask dances at least once to in order to receive blessings and wash away their sins. Every mask dance performed during a Tshechu has a special meaning or a story behind it and many are based on stories and incidents from as long ago as the 8th century, during the life of Guru Padmasambhava. In monasteries the mask dances are performed by monks and in remote villages they are performed jointly by monks and village men.
Two of the most popular Tshechus in the country are the Paro and Thimphu Tshechus in terms of participation and audience. Besides the locals many tourists from across the world are attracted to these unique, colorful and exciting displays of traditional culture.
are included in the cost of tour price.
- Transfer to and from the airport
- Twin sharing accommodation in 3 star hotels
- Up-gradation to 5 star luxury hotel available on request
- Camping equipment & haulage for trekking tour
- All meals(Breakfast, lunch and dinner)
- Baggage handling at all hotels and camps
- Licensed Bhutanese English speaking guided tours
- All entrance, museum & other attraction fees
- Luxurious private transportation throughout the tour
- All applicable internal taxes & service fees(only royalty)
- Mineral water per person per night
- Visa Fee
- International airfare(Round trip from home town departure gateway to destination )
- Travel Insurance
- Discretionary gratuities to guide and driver
- Single supplement room
- Other Personal expenses such drinks, laundry, telephone bills, water in hotels, internet bills, etc
DAY 1: Arrive at Paro
The flight to Paro is one of the most spectacular mountain flights in the world, with a constantly changing panorama of some of the highest mountains on earth. Our representative will meet you at Paro airport exit doors following customs formalities. After lunch enjoy afternoon sightseeing around Paro, including a visit to the National Museum housing many religious relics, works of art and handicrafts offering a great orientation into Bhutan's historical, cultural, and religious past. We will visit Paro Kitchu Lhangkhang. Check in hotel and prepare for tomorrow's Festival. Overnight at Paro.
DAY 2: Paro Festival
Morning we will drive to Paro Rimpung Dzong, fortress of victory, built in 1644 by the Zhabdrung Ngawang namgyel to witness the festival of Paro, one of the most and popular festival in western Region. Afternooon we will drive to Thimphu, enjoy the sightseeings including a visit to the One of the biggest Buddha statue (160 feet) and National Memorial Chorten, completed by the Royal Queen Mother as a memorial stupa for the Third King who passed away in 1972.
DAY 3: Thimphu
once a rustic village sitting in a broad, fertile river valley, Thimphu is today the nation's bustling capital. Enjoy a full day of sightseeing, including a visit to the National Memorial Chorten, completed by the Royal Queen Mother as a memorial stupa for the Third King who passed away in 1972. Continue on to 12th century Changangkha Temple and the Zilukha Nunnery. Continue sightseeing in Thimphu. Visit the School for Arts and Crafts, The National Library housing the collection of Bhutanese scriptures dating back to the 8th century, the Traditional Paper Factory and a fascinating replica of a medieval farmhouse at the Folk Heritage Museum. If there is time, you may visit the nursing pen for the Takin, the national animal of Bhutan, and Tashichhodzong, 'the fortress of the glorious religion' housing some ministries, His Majesty's secretariat, and the central monk body. If your visit to Thimphu coincides with the weekend, you can walk through the Thimphu Market (Open only from Friday until mid Sunday). Overnight at your hotel in Thimphu. Other options for the day include a hike to Tango and Cheri Monasteries (45 mins), two of the most ancient monasteries in the Thimphu region or a hike to Phajoding Monastery providing a splendid view of the valley. Overnight at your hotel in Thimphu.
DAY 4: Thimphu-Punakha
Drive over the Dochu-La pass (3,100 meters), which on a clear day offers an incredible view of Himalayan peaks before descending into balmy Punakha valley (about 3 hrs total driving time). The drive through the countryside affords a glimpse of everyday life in this most remote of Himalayan kingdoms. In the Dochu-La area there are vast Rhododendron forests that grow to tree size and bloom in late April/early May covering the mountains in a riot of glorious spring colour. After lunch, enjoy a walk to Chimi Lhakhang, temple of Drukpa Kuenly. He inherited the Divine Madman title since he revolted against the orthodox Buddhism in his time. He taught the people that religion is an inner feeling and it's not necessary that one should be an ordained monk. He is also considered a symbol of fertility. Later if time permit, we will visit to Sumthang vocational school and Punakha high schools. Overnight at your hotel in Punakha/ Wangduephodrang.
DAY 5: Punakha
Punakha was the ancient capital of Bhutan. On arrival, visit Punakha Dzong, the "Palace of Great Happiness" built in 1637 by the Shabdrung, the 'Unifier of Bhutan'. It is the winter headquarters of the Je Khenpo and hundreds of monks who move en masse from Thimphu to this warmer location. The three story main temple of the Punakha Dzong is a breathtaking example of traditional architecture with four intricately embossed entrance pillars crafted from cypress and decorated in gold and silver. It was here in 1907 that Bhutan's first king was crowned. Afternoon drive to sangchen Dorji Lhendrup monastery and nunnery and mingle with nuns and later, visit the villages of Talo to know about the culture and living style of Bhutanese. Overnight at Punakha/wangdi
DAY 6: Punakha-Paro
Today full day drive to Paro// on the way visit Simotokha Dzong, one of the oldest temple in Bhutan, after lunch drive towards Paro// Overnight Paro.
DADAY 7: Hike to Tiger Nest
After breakfast hike to Taktsang Monastery. The walk of approximately 1.5 to 2 hours uphill takes you almost a kilometre above the Paro valley floor (for those who cannot hike we will arrange a horse for transfer up to cafeteria). The view of Taktsang Monastery built on a sheer cliff face 900 metres above the valley floor is a spectacular sight. The Monastery is also an important pilgrim site for the Buddhists. The great Guru Rimpoche is said to have flown here on the back of a tigress when he brought the teachings of the Buddhist Dharma to Bhutan in the 8th Century. Nearby there is a teahouse where you can stop for refreshments before returning to Paro for lunch. In the afternoon drive to the ruins of the 17th Century Drukgyel Dzong, built to commemorate a victory against invading Tibetans in 1644. In fine weather the towering peak of the sacred Mount Jomolhari (7314m) appears as a stunning backdrop. On the return drive to Paro, visit 7th Century Kyichu Lhakhang, one of the 108 temples constructed by the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo.Alternatively, day 10 could be spent on a day trip to the Haa Valley, one of the most picturesque districts in Bhutan. Reached via the beautiful Chelila Pass, Haa Valley is characterised by its surrounding rugged and mountainous terrain. Overnight at your hotel in Paro.
DAY 8: Departure
Breakfast in the hotel, then drive to the airport for flight to your onward destination. Tashi Delek!
Hotels in Bhutan
A wide variety of accommodation is available ranging from luxurious 5-star hotels to cozy little hotels and homestays in traditional Bhutanese homes and settings. Visitors can be assured of their warmth and comfort of the hotels. Similarly, the ambience and hospitality offered by the hotels are incredible.
The types of accommodations can be divided into:
- Hotels
- Resorts
- Farm-stays
- Home-stays
Additionally visitors embarking on long treks will be provided with tents and whatever other camping equipment is deemed necessary. Regardless of where they stay, visitors can be assured of their comfort and traditional Bhutanese hospitality
Bhutan has hundreds of hotels located all across the country. They range from small, simple and clean local hotels to luxurious resorts for affluent travelers seeking the ultimate getaway.
Hotels in Bhutan are rated according to a National 5 Star rating System. All Tour Operators are required to provide their guests with a minimum of 3 Star accommodations so you can be assured of your comfort.
Visitors also have the option of spending a night in a traditional Bhutanese Farm House. Agriculture is still one of the major sources of livelihood amongst the Bhutanese people and a Farm-Stay will give you an excellent glimpse into the day-to-day life of a typical Bhutanese family.
You'll be able to observe age old Bhutanese farming traditions as the family goes about its daily tasks. You'll enjoy delicious home-cooked meals and the unparalleled hospitality of a Bhutanese host.
All officially sanctioned and listed Farm-stays are located in the gorgeous Bhutanese countryside amidst lush farmland far from the noise and crowds of population centers. In order to experience a traditional life, electricity and running water are not available at Farm-Stays. Hot water can be provided by the family but will be served in a wash basin/bowl.
Conference facilities
Event management
Foreign currency exchange
Front desk service
Luggage storage
Safe deposit boxes
Spa and fitness facilities
Taxi service
Free wifi
See more on Bhutan travel information
When is the best time to visit Bhutan?
The most favorable seasons to visit Bhutan is from March-May in spring and august to Nov in fall.In these seasons you will enjoy the scenery of Bhutan and will be more rewarding experience in your life time.See more detail about when to visit Bhutan and what you can able to see.
How is weather through out the year?
The weather may change depending on season and it depends on when you want to travel.Bhutan in summer(June-mid-September) are warm, humid and wetter and Winters (Dec-early March) cooler and dry. Winter nights are cold however the days are often clear, sunny and surprisingly mild in the valleys. The western valleys only average 2 snow falls per annum. The wettest period is August/early September.
What do i need to carry to wear?
Some of your casual cloths are fine while you visit Bhutan, but you would do well to have some set of dress up cloths such as jacket and appropriate smart pair of pants for women.Remeber Bhutan is a country with national dress code and will not be permitted to enter with inappropriate dress while visiting government offices, some of the monasteries and festivals. Even in summer it can be cool in Paro and Thimphu and the day be quite warm, especially in lower region like punakha and phuntsoling and the night time and morning will be cool. Use a layering system, starting with thermal underwear and adding a shirt, pile jacket and wind breaker or parka as necessary.If you are going for trekking you much always thrown some warm cloths and extra gears as you have to walk more than 3000 m.
Is internet available in Bhutan's hotels?
Most of the standard tourist class hotels now have WiFi and plus have a business center where you can use the hotel PCs . WiFi is free for at least a 24 hr use. All of the luxury resorts & lodges offer a wireless internet facility however not necessarily in guest rooms.Some more remote valleys, like Phobjikha, have limited power and internet supply so please you may face some inconsistency as you travel.Purchasing a local SIM card for your smart phone or iPad will give you wifi most of the way through the Kingdom for those who need more connectivity.
Is traveller's cheque accepted in Bhutan?
You can cash traveller's cheque in any Bank, hotels and foreign-exchange counter in airport but there is bank charges of 1% for cheque.You should carry only well know brand such as American Express,Visa, Thomas Cook, Citibank or Barclays..
How can i prevent altitude sickness?
Bhutan is a mountain country, most tourists will travel from 2280 meters,when landing in Paro, until 3500 meters (the passes on the lateral road) or higher when trekking. Bumthang is 3000 meters high. Consult with your doctor before you visit to Bhutan and get a prescription for Diamox.
How much does the visa cost?
International tourist visas a cost of USD $40 applies. This can be paid in advance to you tour operator or travel agent. For Indian passport (or VIC) holders, Bangladeshi nationals and persons from the Maldives there is no cost incurred.


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Lightweight USB Framework for AVRs (LUFA)
December 8, 2009
Lately I've been killing off course requirements by taking project based courses. Happily, Bart Massey offered a Linux device driver course that gave me an opportunity to get my hands dirty in the embedded world again. The project was to make an AVR based USB gadget do something… anything. Most prior experience with µCs was with Rabbits – a fitting name seeing as the useful and higher level libraries seemed to multiply like rabbits. Unfortunately, the AVRs didn't have any apparent high level library for USB; many of the examples used commented byte arrays as USB descriptors. While understandable, this feels harder to debug, ugly, and just generally wrong. Enter LUFA.
LUFA is a high-level USB library for AVRs generously released under MIT. It has considerable documentation, but no real guide stating what the bare-minimum functions are for any new/custom gadget – this is my attempt at providing such a guide. After you verify your AVR is supported by LUFA go ahead and download LUFA to an includes directory for your project. All code here is made possible by LUFA and its included examples – I'll only claim to being the original author of any and all bugs.
My Device
Before going any further you should have an understanding of what your device will do, how many and what type of USB endpoints it will use (BULK, INTERRUPT, CONTROL, ISOCRONOUS), and what driver will support it. If you are making something that will use a generic driver, such as a HID, then you probably can stop here as there is plenty of code for you to use – this post is aimed at people making custom devices.
I'm using a Teensy 2.0 with three bulk interfaces (two OUT one IN). One OUT provides commands to the gadget, which will change its state. Another OUT will send jobs to the gadget and the final IN will read the results of those jobs. This requires a custom driver which I and several other folks developed for course work.
The Makefile
Its probably safe for you to rip-off one of the makefiles from an example in LUFA/Demo/Devices/LowLevel/. Noitice several of the defines change the API, defines I used for this post/project include:
-DUSB_DEVICE_ONLY # Saves space if you only need gadget-side code -DNO_STREAM_CALLBACKS # Changes the API to exclude any callbacks on streams -DINTERRUPT_CONTROL_ENDPOINT # So you don't have to call USB_USBTask() manually on a regular basis -DUSE_FLASH_DESCRIPTORS # Save RAM, leave these in the Flash -DUSE_STATIC_OPTIONS="(USB_DEVICE_OPT_FULLSPEED | USB_OPT_AUTO_PLL)"
EDIT: All the makefiles I've seen are broken, they don't properly track dependencies, so either fix that or be sure to 'make clean' prior to each build.
When your gadget is plugged in its going to have to enumerate its interfaces by sending descriptors to the host. Start by declaring a global USB_Descriptor_Device_t along with Language, Manufacturer and Product structures:
USB_Descriptor_Device_t PROGMEM DeviceDescriptor = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Device_t), .Type = DTYPE_Device}, .USBSpecification = VERSION_BCD(01.10), .Class = 0xff, .SubClass = 0xaa, .Protocol = 0x00, .Endpoint0Size = FIXED_CONTROL_ENDPOINT_SIZE, .VendorID = 0x16c0, .ProductID = 0x0478, .ReleaseNumber = 0x0000, .ManufacturerStrIndex = 0x01, .ProductStrIndex = 0x02, .SerialNumStrIndex = USE_INTERNAL_SERIAL, .NumberOfConfigurations = FIXED_NUM_CONFIGURATIONS }; USB_Descriptor_String_t PROGMEM LanguageString = { .Header = {.Size = USB_STRING_LEN(1), .Type = DTYPE_String}, .UnicodeString = {LANGUAGE_ID_ENG} }; USB_Descriptor_String_t PROGMEM ManufacturerString = { .Header = {.Size = USB_STRING_LEN(3), .Type = DTYPE_String}, .UnicodeString = L"JRT" }; USB_Descriptor_String_t PROGMEM ProductString = { .Header = {.Size = USB_STRING_LEN(13), .Type = DTYPE_String}, .UnicodeString = L"Micro Storage" };
You'll also need a descriptor that enumerates your interfaces and endpoints. Seeing as this is specific to your project, and C is a significantly limited language, you'll need to make a quick structure declaration then fill that structure:
typedef struct { USB_Descriptor_Configuration_Header_t Config; USB_Descriptor_Interface_t Interface; USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t DataInEndpoint; USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t DataOutEndpoint; USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t CommandEndpoint; } USB_Descriptor_Configuration_t; USB_Descriptor_Configuration_t PROGMEM ConfigurationDescriptor = { .Config = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Configuration_Header_t), .Type = DTYPE_Configuration}, .TotalConfigurationSize = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Configuration_t), .TotalInterfaces = 1, .ConfigurationNumber = 1, .ConfigurationStrIndex = NO_DESCRIPTOR, .ConfigAttributes = USB_CONFIG_ATTR_BUSPOWERED, .MaxPowerConsumption = USB_CONFIG_POWER_MA(100) }, .Interface = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Interface_t), .Type = DTYPE_Interface}, .InterfaceNumber = 0, .AlternateSetting = 0, .TotalEndpoints = 3, .Class = 0xff, .SubClass = 0xaa, .Protocol = 0x0, .InterfaceStrIndex = NO_DESCRIPTOR }, .DataInEndpoint = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t), .Type = DTYPE_Endpoint}, .EndpointAddress = (ENDPOINT_DESCRIPTOR_DIR_IN | BULK_IN_EPNUM), .Attributes = (EP_TYPE_BULK | ENDPOINT_ATTR_NO_SYNC | ENDPOINT_USAGE_DATA), .EndpointSize = BULK_IN_EPSIZE, .PollingIntervalMS = 0x00 }, .DataOutEndpoint = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t), .Type = DTYPE_Endpoint}, .EndpointAddress = (ENDPOINT_DESCRIPTOR_DIR_OUT | BULK_OUT_EPNUM), .Attributes = (EP_TYPE_BULK | ENDPOINT_ATTR_NO_SYNC | ENDPOINT_USAGE_DATA), .EndpointSize = BULK_OUT_EPSIZE, .PollingIntervalMS = 0x00 }, .CommandEndpoint = { .Header = {.Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Endpoint_t), .Type = DTYPE_Endpoint}, .EndpointAddress = (ENDPOINT_DESCRIPTOR_DIR_OUT | COMMAND_EPNUM), .Attributes = (EP_TYPE_BULK | ENDPOINT_ATTR_NO_SYNC | ENDPOINT_USAGE_DATA), .EndpointSize = COMMAND_EPSIZE, .PollingIntervalMS = 0x00 } };
So now you see I have a device with a single interface and three bulk endpoints (two OUT and one IN). Remember, in USB terminology OUT means from the HOST to the GADGET while IN means from the GADGET to the HOST. While there is a direction to these channels, USB 1.0 and 2.0 BULK communications start with the host sending a message to the device (i.e. IN endpoints are polled) and the device should always respond. Now that we have descriptors lets be sure to send them when the host tries to enumerate the device.
uint16_t CALLBACK_USB_GetDescriptor (const uint16_t wValue, const uint8_t wIndex, void **const DescriptorAddress) { const uint8_t DescriptorType = (wValue >> 8); const uint8_t DescriptorNumber = (wValue & 0xFF); void* Address = NULL; uint16_t Size = NO_DESCRIPTOR; switch (DescriptorType) { case DTYPE_Device: Address = (void*)&DeviceDescriptor; Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Device_t); break; case DTYPE_Configuration: Address = (void*)&ConfigurationDescriptor; Size = sizeof(USB_Descriptor_Configuration_t); break; case DTYPE_String: switch (DescriptorNumber) { case 0x00: Address = (void*)&LanguageString; Size = pgm_read_byte(&LanguageString.Header.Size); break; case 0x01: Address = (void*)&ManufacturerString; Size = pgm_read_byte(&ManufacturerString.Header.Size); break; case 0x02: Address = (void*)&ProductString; Size = pgm_read_byte(&ProductString.Header.Size); break; } break; } *DescriptorAddress = Address; return Size; }
With this, and calling USB_Init() when your device starts up, you should have a gadget that is properly enumerated by the matching driver. Once a configuration is selected we need to configure the endpoints, but after that we can finally send and receive data!
void EVENT_USB_Device_ConfigurationChanged(void) { int i,succ=1; succ &= Endpoint_ConfigureEndpoint(BULK_IN_EPNUM, EP_TYPE_BULK, ENDPOINT_DIR_IN, BULK_IN_EPSIZE, ENDPOINT_BANK_SINGLE); succ &= Endpoint_ConfigureEndpoint(BULK_OUT_EPNUM, EP_TYPE_BULK, ENDPOINT_DIR_OUT, BULK_OUT_EPSIZE, ENDPOINT_BANK_SINGLE); succ &= Endpoint_ConfigureEndpoint(COMMAND_EPNUM, EP_TYPE_BULK, ENDPOINT_DIR_OUT, COMMAND_EPSIZE, ENDPOINT_BANK_SINGLE); LED_CONFIG; while(!succ) { LED_ON; _delay_ms(1000); LED_OFF; _delay_ms(1000); } for(i = 0; i < 5; i ++) { LED_ON; _delay_ms(50); LED_OFF; _delay_ms(50); } }
Now to handle any data on the endpoints, you'll probably want to tight loop around code that checks each endpoint, reads data, and performs some action:
if (USB_DeviceState != DEVICE_STATE_Configured) return; Endpoint_SelectEndpoint(BULK_IN_EPNUM); if (Endpoint_IsConfigured() && Endpoint_IsINReady() && Endpoint_IsReadWriteAllowed()) { do_something(state, data, &len); err = Endpoint_Write_Stream_LE((void *)data, len); // FIXME handle err Endpoint_ClearIN(); } Endpoint_SelectEndpoint(BULK_OUT_EPNUM); if (Endpoint_IsConfigured() && Endpoint_IsOUTReceived() && Endpoint_IsReadWriteAllowed()) { err = Endpoint_Read_Stream_LE(data, len); do_other_thing(data, len); Endpoint_ClearOUT(); } Endpoint_SelectEndpoint(COMMAND_EPNUM); if (Endpoint_IsConfigured() && Endpoint_IsOUTReceived() && Endpoint_IsReadWriteAllowed()) { usb_cmd_t cmd; err = Endpoint_Read_Stream_LE(&cmd, sizeof(usb_cmd_t)); update_state(cmd); Endpoint_ResetFIFO(BULK_IN_EPNUM); Endpoint_ResetFIFO(BULK_OUT_EPNUM); Endpoint_ClearOUT(); }
And that's the whole deal. Some things to take note of:
1) I don't know why I needed Endpoint_ResetFIFO() – my results lagged by one message without them but I feel certain this is not the correct way to fix the issue. Perhaps I need to reset the endpoints some time after configuration and before use, but I'm not sure which callback to use for that, if that's the case.
2) C needs phantom types. Many of these functions aren't intended for use with CONTROL endpoints. See the LUFA documentation for which functions to use if you have non-BULK endpoints.
3) Be sure to number your ENDPOINTS starting at 1 (the *_EPNUM values). I've seen unusual behavior when numbering started higher – not sure if that was against standards or not.
At a minimum, you must declare a "USB_Descriptor_Device_t" variable, three "USB_Descriptor_String_t" variables (Language, Manufacturer, Product), a custom "USB_Descriptor_Configuration_t" structure and variable. Also declare a function named "CALLBACK_USB_GetDescriptor" and one called "EVENT_USB_Device_ConfigurationChanged(void)" which calls
"Endpoint_ConfigureEndpoint(*_EPNUM, EP_TYPE_{BULK, INT, CONTROL, ISOC}, ENDPOINT_DIR_{IN,OUT}, *_EPSIZE, ENDPOINT_BANK_{DOUBLE,SINGLE});" for each endpoint in the configuration. Finally use "Endpoint_SelectEndpoint(*_EPNUM)" followed by "Endpoint_Is{INReady,OutReceived}() && Endpoint_IsReadWriteAllowed()" to select an endpoint and check for data. Finish all this by reading your stream "Endpoint_Read_Stream_LE(buf, len)" and issue a call to "Endpoint_Clear{IN,OUT}()" when done.
Kernel Modules in Haskell
September 13, 2009
If you love Haskell and Linux then today is your day – today we reconcile the two and allow you to write Linux Kernel modules in Haskell. By making GHC and the Linux build system meet in the middle we can have modules that are type safe and garbage collected. Using the copy of GHC modified for the House operating system as a base, it turns out to be relatively simple to make the modifications necessary to generate object files for the Kernel environment. Additionally, a new calling convention (regparm3) was added to make it easier to import (and export) functions from the Kernel.
EDIT: I'm getting tired of updating this page with extremely minor changes and having it jump to the top of planet.haskell.org, so for the latest take a look at the haskell wiki entry. It includes discussion of the starting environment – a pretty large omission from the original post.
Starting Environment
You need a Linux x86 (not AMD64) based distribution with GCC 4.4 or higher and recent versions of gnu make and patch along with many other common developer tools usually found in a binutils package (e.g. ar, ld). You also should have the necessary tools to build GHC 6.8.2 – this includes a copy of ghc-6.8.x, alex, and happy.
Building GHC to Make Object files for Linux Modules
Start by downloading the House 0.8.93 [1]. Use the build system to acquire ghc-6.8.2 and apply the House patches. The House patches allow GHC to compile Haskell binaries that will run on bare metal (x86) without an underlying operating system, so this makes a good starting point.
> wget http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~kennyg/house/House-0.8.93.tar.bz2 > tar xjf House-0.8.93.tar.bz2 > cd House-0.8.93 > make boot > make stamp-patch
Now acquire the extra patch which changes the RTS to use the proper Kernel calls, instead of allocating its own memory, and to respect the current interrupt level. This patch also changes the build options to avoid common area blocks for uninitilized data (-fno-common) and use frame pointers (-fno-omit-frame-pointers).
> wget https://projects.cecs.pdx.edu/~dubuisst/hghc.patch > patch -d ghc-6.8.2 -p1 < hghc.patch > make stamp-configure > make stamp-ghc # makes ghc stage 1
Next, build a custom libgmp with the -fno-common flag set. This library is needed for the Integer support in Haskell.
> wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-4.3.1.tar.bz2 > tar xjf gmp-4.3.1.tar.bz2 > cd gmp-4.3.1 > ./configure # edit 'Makefile' and add '-fno-common' to the end of the 'CFLAGS = ' line. > make > cp .libs/libgmp.a $HOUSE_DIR/support
Apply 'support.patch' to alter the build systems of the libtiny_{c,gcc,gmp}.a and build the libraries.
> wget https://projects.cecs.pdx.edu/~dubuisst/support.patch > patch -p0 -d $HOUSE_DIR < support.patch > make -C $HOUSE_DIR/support
Build the cbits object files:
> make -C $HOUSE_DIR/kernel cobjs
In preparation for the final linking, which is done manually, pick a working directory ($WDIR) that will serve to hold the needed libraries. Make some last minute modifications to the archives and copy libHSrts.a, libcbits.a, libtiny_gmp.a, libtiny_c.a, and libtiny_gcc.a
> mkdir $WDIR > ar d support/libtiny_c.a dlmalloc.o # dlmalloc assumes it manages all memory > ar q $WDIR/libcbits.a kernel/cbits/*.o > cp ghc-6.8.2/rts/libHSrts.a support/libtiny_{c,gcc,gmp}.a $WDIR
Build a Kernel Module
First, write the C shim that will be read by the Linux build system. While it might be possible to avoid C entirely its easier to use the build system, and its plethora of macros, than fight it. The basic components of the shim are a license declaration, function prototypes for the imported (Haskell) functions, initialization, and exit functions. All these can be seen in the example hello.c [2].
Notice that many of the standard C functions in the GHC RTS were not changed by our patches. To allow the RTS to perform key actions, such as malloc and free, the hello.c file includes shim functions such as 'malloc' which simply calls 'kmalloc'. Any derivative module you make should include these functions either in the main C file or a supporting one.
Second, write a Haskell module and export the initialization and exit function so the C module may call them. Feel free to import kernel functions, just be sure to use the 'regparm3' key word in place of 'ccall' or 'stdcall'. For example:
foreign import regparm3 unsafe foo :: CString -> IO CInt foreign export regparm3 hello :: IO CInt
Continuing the example started by hello.c, 'hsHello.hs' is online [3].
Now start building the object files. Starting with building hsHello.o, you must execute:
> $HOUSE_DIR/ghc-6.8.2/compiler/stage1/ghc-inplace -B$HOUSE_DIR/ghc-6.8.2 hsHello.hs -c
* note that this step will generate or overwrite any hsHello_stub.c file.
When GHC generates C code for exported functions there is an implicit assumption that the program will be compiled by GHC. As a result the nursery and most the RTS systems are not initialized so the proper function calls must be added to hsHello_stub.c.
Add the funcion call "startupHaskell(0, NULL, NULL);" before rts_lock() in the initializing Haskell function. Similarly, add a call to "hs_exit_nowait()" after rts_unlock().
The stub may now be compiled, producing hsHello_stub.o. This is done below via hghc, which is an alias for our version of ghc with many flags [4].
> hghc hsHello_stub.c -c
The remaining object files, hello.o and module_name.mod.o, can be created by the Linux build system. The necessary make file should contain the following:
obj-m := module.o # Obviously you should name the module as you see fit module-objs := hello.o
And the make command (assuming the kernel source is in /usr/src/kernels/):
> make -C /usr/src/kernels/126.96.36.199-217.2.16.fc11.i586 M=`pwd` modules
This should make "hello.o" and "module.mod.o". Everything can now be linked together with a single ld command.
> ld -r -m elf_i386 -o module.ko hsHello_stub.o hsHello.o module.mod.o hello.o *.a libcbits.a
A successful build should not have any common block variables and the only undefined symbols should be provided by the kernel, meaning you should recognize said functions. As a result, the first command below should not result in output while the second should be minimal.
> nm module.ko | egrep "^ +C " > nm module.ko | egrep "^ +U " U __kmalloc U kfree U krealloc U mcount U printk
Known Issue
The House-GHC 6.8.2 run-time system (RTS) does not clean up the allocated memory on shutdown, so adding and removing kernel modules results in large memory leaks which can eventually crash the system. This should be relatively easy to fix, but little investigation was done.
A good estimate of the memory leak is the number of megabytes in the heap (probably 1MB, unless your module needs lots of memory) plus 14 bytes of randomly leaked memory from two unidentified (6 and 8 byte) allocations.
[1] http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~kennyg/house/
[2] https://projects.cecs.pdx.edu/~dubuisst/hello.c
[3] https://projects.cecs.pdx.edu/~dubuisst/hsHello.hs
[4] $HOUSE_DIR/ghc-6.8.2/compiler/stage1/ghc-inplace -B$HOUSE_DIR/ghc-6.8.2 -optc-fno-common -optc-Wa,symbolic -optc-static-libgcc -optc-nostdlib -optc-I/usr/src/kernels/126.96.36.199-213.fc11.i586/arch/x86/include/ -optc-MD -optc-mno-sse -optc-mno-mmx -optc-mno-sse2 -optc-mno-3dnow -optc-Wframe-larger-than=1024 -optc-fno-stack-protector -optc-fno-optimize-sibling-calls -optc-g -optc-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm -optc-Wno-pointer-sign -optc-fwrapv -optc-fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/src/kernels/22.214.171.124-213.fc11.i586/include/ -optc-mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -optc-march=i586 -optc-Wa,-mtune=generic32 -optc-ffreestanding -optc-mtune=generic -optc-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -optc-pg -optc-fno-omit-frame-pointer -fvia-c


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Return to Jeruslan Home Page Wiesenmuller Gnadenthau
Treise, Jekel and Jeckel Letters from Germany
|Marvin L. YAKEL reported success with his advertisements in the German newspapers. He received letters from Vladimir TREISE, Amelia JEKEL SCHLEINLING and Alexander JECKEL which are below..
Letter from Alexander JEKEL:
"I was born on the Volga, Wiesenmuller, on August 4, 1933. My father was Georg Heinrich JEKEL born January 14, 1903. His parents were Friedrich JEKEL born @1875 in Wiesenrnuller & died August 31,1948 in the Altai region of Siberia. Grandfather had 7 children:
my father, uncle Friedrich born @1900 or 1901 - he was taken away in 1937, Katherina, Emilia, Amalia, Lida, and Maria. Aunt Katya (Katherina) showed me photos of all the family with uncle Heinrich (Heinjar) and Georg, grandfather's brother who left the Volga region for the US during the terrible famine. I don't know if they are alive. 1 did hear that they sent parcels during the famine and Yezhov purges in 1937. 194145 we were all sent to Siberia. We were not able to attend the funeral for grandfather. Grandmothers name was Katharina BUSCH. She died 1954 at age 82. From the US, Uncle Heinrich sent us a photo with his wife and his 4 children, George and his wife.
[ Marvin comments: Alexander JECKEL is an interesting case. Three of my Grandfather's brother, John, Fred, and George, remained in Russia. George is believed to have gone to Romania. Fred could be Alexander JECKEL's grandfather. The great uncle of Alexander's who. came to America was supposed to be named Heinrich or Henjar? This part doesn't fit in except could John have been also called Heinrich or Henjar and came to the US and we are not aware of it. The photo of Alexander's great uncle and family is interesting and on the copy I have it is difficult to make out anything. The 4 children, if they are of one family, rules out my grandfather Henry YAKEL as being the one in the photo and being Alexander's great uncle. The 3 youngest members of my grandfather's family, shown in the photo were born in 1904, 1910, and 1911. Kathryn JEKEL CLAUS (my second cousin) was born @1905. Lf the children of the 2 families (Henry YAKEL and his brother George Henry JEKEL) were together they probably would not appear as close together in age as what the children do in the photo of Alexander's great uncle's family. I do think Alexander's grandfather's photo and my grandfather look alike!]
Letter from Amalia JEKEL SCHLEINING:
"I was born 1933 in Wiesenmuller, Volga. My father's name was Heinrich JEKEL. My mother was Amalia JEKEL. Birthdates unknown. I have a sister Maria who is now living in Russia. When my mother got married she already had a son from a previous marriage whose name was Samuel. The oldest brother's name was Heinrich. I visited him, as the War began he brought me back to my mother. That was the last time that I saw him. In our village lived several families by the name of EKEL. Those are my half-brothers. Georg EKEL and Friedrich EKEL were both born in Wiesenmuller. In 1991 we came to Germany. I live in Karlsruhe. Kalesche Allee 13. George lives in Tuebingen.
[Marvin comments: Amelia JEKEL SCHLEINLING would appear not to be related to me unless she would be a 3rd or 4th cousin.]
Letter from Vladimir TREISE:
"My great grandparents were emigrants from the Volga. My grandfather on my father's side, Alexander TREISE, was in the village Gnadenthau, born 1899. My great grandfather, his name was Gotfried TREISE, but where or when he was born I do not know. He died about 1935. My great grandmother was Maria TREISE, more I do not know.
"My grandparents & parents lived until 1941 on the Volga in the village Gnadenthau. When the war started they went to Siberia where I was born in 1949. In 1956 after we heard about a list. which oUf name was marked thru we went with the family to Kasakhstan. area Kustanai and in 1975 my parent and my grandmother went to Kirgisien. Grandmother died 1976. mother in 1986. father in 1992. I and my family came on 3rd of September 1994 to Germany. To this time I live in Sachen close to the St Chemnitz.
"We answered after we saw your writing. since the name TREISE in Russia is very rare. My mother said we have relatives in America. but who and where they lived she did not know. During the second war all our paperwork of the family was all lost. that's why I have written everything here. Also I do not know if my great grandparents lived in Wiesenmuller. "
[Marvin comments: I don't have any idea if Vladimir is related to my TREISE family. I don't have any information on my Grandmother. Anna TREISE YAKEL. her parents. or where she was born or lived before marrying my grandfather. We could be related.]


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Gray Dodson
My work is about place and mood. I work on site with oils and French easel, at first painting shorthand notes on canvas in an attempt to rapidly capture the character of a place and the moment that called me there. As the work develops, weather and light conditions may alter, yet I hold in my mind's eye that first impression and work toward capturing that image. Color and light are extremely important. I adjust them as they relate to each other and the entire composition, often emphasizing the contrasts of lights and darks while relying on my emotional response to the landscape. My intent is to finish a painting while on site, yet when that is not possible, I find taking the work back to the studio for a rest allows me to look at it later with a fresh eye, holding the memory of the event in mind and letting the painting tell me what it needs for completion. I hold a deep reverence for nature and strive to connect with its spiritual aspect.
Gray Dodson
Gray S. Dodson is Tidewater born and bred, and received her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. Since moving to Nelson County in 1995, she has been a full time painter, working onsite throughout the United States, Canada, Curacao, France, Italy and Mexico. Her work is represented in numerous corporate and private collections across the country including the U. S. State Department. Dodson's paintings have hung in the United States Embassies in Panama and Guyana. She has been awarded fellowships at the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts and the Vermont Studio Center in addition to a painting fellowship from the Virginia Commission for the Arts. Her affiliations include The Washington Society of Landscape Painters,, and The McGuffey Art Center in Charlottesville, VA. Her work is featured in "Sunday Drives, Cruising the Back Roads of Amherst & Nelson Counties" and "100 Plein Air Painters of the Mid-Atlantic". She served as the artist member of the Virginia Art & Architecture Review Board from 2010-2014.


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Manna from Devon run cooking classes, which inspire and educate while building skills and confidence. The small number of students attending their cooking courses (typically 4 to 8 people) means they can create a relaxed environment and allow everyone maximum hands-on time. It also means they can be flexible on the day depending on the experience of those attending the classes.
David and Holly Jones love the idea that their cooking school allows people to come together and share ideas and learn almost as much from each other as from them and the informal classes deliberately encourage the sharing of ideas, knowledge and experience.


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A protective bubble around the Earth
The Sun is not only a source of light, it also sends out a continuous stream of electrically charged particles into space. These particles constitute the solar wind. They reach out into the farthest corners of our Solar System. The Earth is protected against this corpuscular radiation by its intrinsic magnetic field.
The geomagnetic field creates a protective bubble around the Earth, which we call the magnetosphere. The BIRA-IASB studies this magnetosphere in detail.
The solar wind – magnetosphere interaction leads to various phenomena, including auroral displays, deviations of the compass, and radiation risks for air traffic and for space travel.
All of this is accompanied by effects in different regions of the magnetosphere, but also with an impact on the upper atmosphere.
Related articles


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How do you feel about public speaking? Are you comfortable standing up and giving a speech or a presentation? In my youth I was the definition of a shrinking violet. A serious, don't-even-look-in-my-direction, sits-at-the-back-hoping-no-one-will-notice-her, terrified person.
In my late teens I found myself on a community programme run by the BBC which was such fun but which I very stupidly quit. I gave up my place because I discovered the next part of the programme required me to write a review of a radio show and then give a presentation to our group. I absolutely froze, felt utterly sick, spent two whole days with my stomach churning, torturing myself with worst case scenarios and then, just like that, I quit.
Instead of seeing this amazing opportunity I'd been given as a chance to grow and develop I allowed my (severe) lack of self confidence to rob me of it.
Fast forward a few years and I'm at College, working my way through an NC in order to be able to gain entry to an HND in Law. Towards the end of my one year National Certificate course in Office Technology (what does that have to do with law Rosie? well it was actually a Secretarial/Admin course and when teamed with an HND in Law it qualified me as a Paralegal... but I digress)
So, towards the end of my NC course I discovered that one of the units, Communications 4, required me to write a paper and to then give a presentation to the whole class on my paper! Still a shrinking violet but guess what? I did it. I not only did it but I went over my allotted speaking time! You can do it too honeys and I'll tell you how...
How To Speak publicly With Confidence
The clue is in the heading... confidence. So, how does a person with, as I had (really acutely) social anxiety get up, walk to the front of a room, turn around to see lots of faces staring back and then find herself able to speak? As it turns out, it's only as difficult as we make it ourselves. Pretty obvious really, not a secret at all...
As with everything else we do in life, just a little work, and a whole lot of preparation makes the fear go away. Knowledge is power dear ones. Don't believe me? I passed both the written and oral parts of my class and the following year, during the first year of my Higher National Diploma class, while studying Media Law, I wrote a paper and gave a presentation on Copyright Law.
By the time I went to University I was taking part in debates and, get this honeys, looking forward to them! So, where did the little terrified Rosie go then? As I said, I might have needed a (huge) push to find a little self confidence but once found, that self confidence is yours forever. Once you know you can do something, you'll always be able to do it. Knowledge really is power.
How To Speak Publicly With Confidence:
1. Know your subject.
There it is, there's the first step towards being a confident speaker. Knowing as much as you can about the topic of your presentation will give your self confidence a huge boost. Knowing that you own the topic you're speaking about, enough to answer questions, enough to speak intelligently, enough to make the topic engaging, is the starting point of any presentation.
This is where the work starts. Don't just read up on your topic, read around the subject too.
2. Use Your Preparation Time Wisely:
Don't waste a minute! Planning is everything. What is the expected outcome of your presentation? How do you best achieve that result? What information are you required to pass on? Is this information easier to illustrate with the help of visuals?
You'll have to know what you want to say, the order in which you want to say it and how long you'll spend saying it. Factor in time for questions at the end. List everything you have to do and divide the time you have to prepare accordingly. It really does sound so much more complicated than it is I promise.
3. Know your audience:
Knowing who you're going to be speaking to, and what their expectations are, helps enormously. If your presentation is at a workplace, will your setting be a formal one, such as in a boardroom with Heads of Departments present? Or more casual, possibly in a break room over coffee? Casual or more formal delivery? This sets the tone.
4. Make Use Of Props.
Presentations which must include facts and figures can be difficult to inject life, enthusiasm and dare I say fun into, but not impossible. This is where you allow your personality to shine through. Never just stand reciting numbers, your audience will tune out. Keep things interesting by illustrating your topic with visual aids such as a power point presentation or slides.
If there are a large number of figures or a great deal of information to be covered through your presentation why not prepare a handout which can be taken away and used as a memory prompt later. This will also allow your audience to pay attention to what you're saying without feeling as though they have to scribble down every single thing you're saying.
Provide a space on the handout for notes. This will allow audience members to write any questions they may wish to ask at the end.
5. Practice!
You've written your presentation. You've done the research, you've read around your topic so that you know enough to answer any questions that might be asked. Now you're looking at the final draft of your talk. Now is where the building bricks of your confidence start to come together.
Practice reading the speech aloud. How many times? As many as you feel is necessary for you to feel secure in your knowledge of the subject. Secure enough to eventually be able to give the presentation without your prepared draft... whoa! don't panic! You can do it!
If you're able to, it helps to be able to have a run through in the setting you'll be giving your talk. It will give you a "feel" for the location and you'll be far more comfortable on the day.
6. Use Prompt cards
Can you imagine anything worse that being invited to a presentation only to find the speaker stands and reads from a script? It can seem very unprofessional, prevents any chance of building a rapport with your audience and has to be the quickest way to bore people silly. Again, you have to know what you want to say, the order in which you want to say it and make what you're saying engaging.
By the time you give your presentation you will have practiced your speech so many times you will have learned it inside and out (see number 5) trust me honeys, you won't need a full print out of your prepared speech all you will need are a small number of clearly printed cards with headings, bullet points, to remind you and to keep you on track.
7. Think Positively:
Always! You are your own best cheerleader. There must be absolutely no room left for self doubt. You've done the work, you're the most prepared you've ever been, you own your topic and your audience wants to learn what you're going to tell them.
Even if you still feel as if you're two steps from having a panic attack inside, on the outside you must be calm, professional, assured. If you don't feel this way, behave as if you do. Remember that old "fake it til you make it" saying 😊
Trust me, in no time you will forget any idea that you're wearing a mask because... you've done the work. You are the articulate, well informed, professional speaker they were expecting.
8. Speak in your own voice:
It can truly be said that familiarity brings confidence. The more you engage in public speaking the easier it will become. Honestly!
It can be tempting to allow yourself to speak quickly in order to get through your presentation more rapidly. For it to be over with. This should be avoided at all costs. Back we go to point 5 dear ones, practice, practice, practice. While reading your final draft aloud to yourself, pay careful attention to your tone, your breathing.
Before the big day, why not ask someone you trust to be your audience for a trial run through? A friend, partner, family members. It's so important to be yourself. You've been asked to speak, given this responsibility, so clearly whoever asked you to do it believes you can do it and you absolutely can.
Speak in your own voice, don't hurry to reach the end. You've done the work now shine! If you still feel a little nervous, adopt a persona, wear an invisible mask, hide inside it if you must, but if you behave professionally (even if you're shaking inside) eventually you'll forget to be nervous.
9. Try To Make Eye Contact:
No, don't just make eye contact and then stare at a single person in the audience. It will make them terribly uncomfortable and make you seem a little creepy! Instead, try to glance around the room as you speak. Allow yourself to make brief eye contact randomly with members of the audience, without concentrating for too long on any one person.
Never look down at the floor while you speak. Remember you're projecting confidence. You have to be present, engaged with your audience. Likewise, don't stare at your notes. This will make you look unprepared. While speaking lay your cards (with bullet points or headings) in clear sight nearby. It should be enough (remember the practicing you've done) to merely drop your eyes occasionally to stay on track and on topic.
10. Appearance:
How much easier is it to feel confident when you know you're looking your best? Remember that mask I said you could wear until you become the fearless, inspiring orator you were meant to be? Consider your appearance to be part of your costume while you act the part of an inspiring, thought provoking presenter of reports. That person is in there you know, you just haven't found him/her yet... but you will.
Dress appropriately for the setting you'll find yourself in. For a formal business setting a suit and tie for gentlemen. For us ladies a suit too or if you prefer a dress.
For a slightly less formal environment, follow your instincts but always appear professional and dress smartly. In all circumstances ladies, keep jewellery and accessories to a minimum. Too much can be distracting. You want them to notice your work not your bling.
11. Smile!
Still on the subject of accessories. The best accessory ever is a simple smile! When was the last time you met someone for the first time? Was that person smiling? How much better did it make you feel if they were? A smile can entirely change how someone reacts to you, to what you're saying.
A smile immediately makes you more approachable, it can make your audience more responsive to your presentation, they will be more engaged in what you're saying.
While we're talking about being friendly, don't be afraid to add a little humour to your talk. Be careful to limit it though, a few well placed jokes can break the ice, too many can make you appear unprofessional. This is as true of a workplace presentation as it is of a Best Man's speech. Remember you were given this task because someone believes you can do it well.
12. Mind Your Time!
Remember those prompt cards with the bullet points? Those cards will keep you on track, they'll keep your presentation moving along and will hopefully prevent you from becoming caught up in any one part of your speech for too long. Keep it snappy, get your message across and leave them wanting more!
There we have it honeys. Sounds easy because it genuinely is. It took me a long time to learn that it was only me holding me back! You are worth listening to. You have a powerful voice. Don't let fear stop the world from hearing it. Find your voice dear ones. It's there.
Over to you honeys, how do you feel when asked to speak? Whatever you're doing this weekend, have fun, smile lots and don't miss a chance to hug, till next time dear ones, huggles always xx


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When it comes to dating, relationships, marriage, or even friends, it's important to give, yet also be able to receive. I've already written about "The Power of Being Able to Receive," so I'm not going to concentrate on that in this article. But more so, I wanted to write about people that give in relationships, how much they should give, how early on they should give, when they're going overboard, and when they should stop or ease up on the giving a bit.
When it comes to first dates, many times people go overboard, and simply put, it's not necessary. However, usually people tend to go overboard these days with things like putting on too much makeup, or dressing so sexy, and leaving little to the imagination. It seems that women are either dressing overly sexy and seductive or lacking to dress up at all during early dating. Ladies, effort is so important, and that includes in the way that you present yourself.
A woman should dress classy, elegant, and appear feminine, graceful, and with poise. If a woman shows too much skin before a man falls in love with her, he's going to have one thing on his mind, and not let his heart open up as quickly as his hormones might. When you're looking for something with long term potential, it's important to tone down the sexy-mexy clothes, and let a man see your radiating confidence, and feed off of your natural sex appeal. There's nothing wrong with dressing a little sexy during early dating, as long as you don't go overboard. I truly believe that a woman's fashion should be classy, and just as if she's put enough effort into caring how her date perceives her. As well, she should respect herself enough to care how she presents herself.
How you dress says a lot about your self-worth, your effort, and how you're hoping to be perceived. I think that Dave Chapelle said it the best. He made a joke during one of his comedy acts saying how women say that they don't want to be judged for how they dress, even if they dress over-the-top cheaply, and sexy, etc., leaving very little to the imagination. Chapelle said that it's true that men shouldn't judge women that dress that way, but it sure does make it confusing, and I totally agree.
As far as men go, nowadays you see less of the old-fashioned type where it's rare that men bring flowers to your door, or pick you up at your door at all. Many men simply prefer to meet for coffee dates, which if you read my previous article, "How to Act on The First Three Dates," you'll know exactly how I feel about that! You should always put effort into how you look, or how you act on a first date, during early dating, or in any type of long-term committed relationship. It's important to put effort into things, and it's definitely okay to go all out if you really like the person, even if it's during the early dating period.
When it comes to giving, I think that being a giving person is beautiful, and everyone should concentrate on giving more than receiving. We should embrace the beauty and goodness that we get within ourselves when we give to others. When it comes to how much we should give to a person that we just started dating, I feel that giving should naturally progress at a slow and steady pace. Being that you don't really know a person, you never want to get taken advantage of. I always talk about going into dating with caution, as opposed to being scared. It's important that when you give, you should do so in a cautious manner so to speak.
I think it's awesome and beautiful when a man brings flowers to a woman on the first date, during early dating, or anytime really! A good woman will always appreciate any sweet gesture that a man does in order to impress her, and to attain her love. I'm not saying that a man should ever buy a woman's affections with gifts, but that whatever gifts he buys or things that he does, should be out of a genuine place, and from the heart. You shouldn't have a goal or any type of ulterior motive when it comes to showering the person that you're dating with gifts. Like I said, it should be genuine, and out of a pure place of simply wanting to bring a smile, and a glow to her face. Obviously, it's never essential that a man showers a woman with gifts or vice versa, but it's always nice to be giving to someone that you're dating.
When someone shows signs of lack of appreciation, it's important to ease up on all of the giving. It's imperative that people show appreciation for kind gestures, even if they have excuses why they feel it was unnecessary for for the person to give. Sometimes people aren't used to getting gifts from others, but that usually stems from their past experiences, and that's plain and simply previous baggage. That's their issue, not yours. If a person isn't appreciating you, or the things that you do, ease up on the giving. Don't get me wrong, people shouldn't give in the hopes of getting a particular type of response of appreciation, but it's important that they get appreciated either way.


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It's a telling moment in this compassionate novel. His mother's depression means that he has to worry about her, when his own life is hard enough. Apart from the uncertainty over whether his mother will keep on being his mother, he is also being bullied at school, because he wears odd clothes and he sings to himself. He has no friends, and not surprisingly, he is unhappy and unconfident.
The other main protagonist in this novel is thirty-six year old Will. It's harder to empathize with Will, because he is wealthy due to his father's financial success and has no need of a job. He has no responsibilities at all, with no family, no girlfriend, and apparently not much of a life. He normally sits at home and watches TV in the afternoons. It soon becomes clear that there is no substance to his life, and the way people become interesting and likable is through their projects and triumphs over adversity. Will starts to realize this himself, and so he pretends to be a single father with a two-year old child, but he feels very embarrassed when he is found out. But it's through his pretense that his path crosses with Marcus', and Marcus latches on to him. The two of them have much to learn from each other.
Hornby's style is simple and appealing. As in his previous novel High Fidelity, he makes use of the backdrop of London and a strong interest in popular music. It's one of the few novels that makes use of Kurt Cobain's suicide as an event that affects the characters, and Hornby does this in a sensitive way.
Strangely, as with the description of the video Marcus rented, the description of this book on its cover is somewhat deceptive. It looks like it's a mild romantic comedy, and depression and suicide aren't mentioned at all. What raises Hornby above his British peers who also write about relationship worries of young white Londoners is his lightness of touch about the seriousness of life. He deals with the meaning of life and the nature of love without pretension or fanfare, which makes his work especially rewarding.