text:
- Research
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent basketball players in Nigeria
- Oluwatoyosi Babatunde Alex Owoeye1Email author,
- Ashiyat Kehinde Akodu1,
- Bayonle Matt Oladokun1 and
- Sunday Rufus Akinwumi Akinbo1
© Owoeye et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Received: 4 November 2011
- Accepted: 26 April 2012
- Published: 4 May 2012
Basketball is the second most popular sport in Nigeria after football and is commonly played by adolescents. Prospective studies on adolescent basketball players in Nigeria are lacking. Such studies will help to develop injury counter-measures. Hence, this study aimed at determining the incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent basketball players in Nigeria.
A prospective observational study involving 141 adolescent basketball players (75 boys and 66 girls; with age range 15 – 18 years) who participated in the 2010 National Finals of the Nigeria Nestlé Milo Basketball Competition. Basketball-related injury data were collected by an assessor during the competition using a standardized basketball injury report form. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
A total of 32 injuries were recorded with an incidence of 22.7 injuries per 100 participants same for boys and girls. This is equivalent to 1.1 injury per match for boys and 0.9 injuries per match for girls. Jumping/landing was the most common cause of injury (28.1%, N = 9). Most of the injuries were at the lower extremities (75%, N = 24); with majority at the knee joint (40.6%, N = 13). Ligament sprain was the most common types of injury. The pattern of injuries among boys did not significantly differ from that of girls (P > 0.05). Most injuries (N = 13, 41%) occurred in the offensive half of the court and cryotherapy was the most frequently used treatment modality.
The overall incidence of match injury among adolescent amateur basketball players during a national competition in Nigeria was 22.7 injuries per 100 participants; equivalence of 1.0 injury per match. The pattern of injuries was similar in both genders and consistent with what has been previously reported in literature for adolescent basketball players. Exercise-based injury prevention programmes aimed at improving core strength and neuromuscular control at the lower limbs may help reduce the incidence of injuries.
- Injury Prevention
- Cold Spray
- Basketball Player
- Injured Player
- Ligament Sprain
Youth sports injury is a public health concern, as it has detrimental effects on the health and well being of young athletes [1]. Increasingly, competitive youth sports around the world require adolescents to undertake more prolonged and intensive training programmes [2]. Increased playing is mirrored by an increased risk of traumatic injury or overuse musculoskeletal injury by young sports participants [1]. It has been established that specific injury pattern occur in different sports and at different levels [3, 4]. Basketball continues to increase in popularity at all levels of play, from recreational to professional and remains immensely popular, not just in the United States, but throughout the world [5].
Basketball appears to be the second most popular sport in Nigeria after football (soccer). Most public and private schools in Nigeria have standard basketball courts where students play during break time and after school. Epidemiological studies on basketball injuries in Nigeria are sparsely documented compared to the United States and Europe. Literature review showed that only one study has investigated the pattern of basketball injuries in Nigeria [6]. The study was limited to professional male basketball players only. It reported an injury incidence of 0.7 injury per match. It further revealed that the ankle followed by the knee were the most frequently injured body parts, while sprain and contusion were the most common types of injuries sustained. Most of the injuries occurred in the offensive zone of the court and collision was the most common causes of injuries [6]. In another study focused on several sports, basketball players among other athletes were reported to have the highest injury rate [7].
Overall incidence rate in basketball have been reported to be higher during competitive matches than training sessions [8, 9]. Results of the most commonly studied population of adolescent basketball players – American public high school players, revealed that injury incidence vary considerably, from 5.6 – 36.8 per 100 participants for boys and 7.8 – 49.0 per 100 participants for girls [9].
There appears to be a dearth of study on the incidence and pattern of basketball injuries among adolescent players in Nigeria. The study aimed at determining the incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent male and female basketball players in Nigeria. The study also investigated the types of first aid treatments rendered to the injured players.
Participants and setting
A cohort of 141 basketball players who were duly registered for the national finals of the Nigeria Nestlé Milo Secondary Schools Basketball Competition participated in the study. A total of 32 matches were played and all the matches were prospectively followed. The competition was held at the indoor sports hall of the National Stadium, Surulere, Lagos State, in October, 2010.
The Nestlé MILO Secondary School Basketball Competition is an annual event sponsored by MILO in partnership with the Nigerian School Sports Federation. The programme is targeted at students aged 13 – 18 years. The 12th edition of the competition had a total of 4,252 schools nationwide who participated from the state preliminary stage to the national finals. These secondary schools across the 6 geopolitical zones/conferences of the country were drawn into groups in the various conferences namely: the Savannah Conference, Central Conference, Atlantic Conference, Western Conference, Sahara Conference and Equatorial Conference. Male and female basketball teams competed in playoffs at the various conferences to produce finalists. Two schools emerged from each of the zones in the boys and girls categories which then made the 12 basketball teams (6 for each gender) that participated in the national finals of the competition.
A standardized basketball injury report form [6] specifically designed for basketball was used for the study. It contained information regarding demographic data, cause of the injury, type of injury, body part injured, first aid rendered, the zone of the court where injury occurred and whether the player returned to the court of play after treatment. Detailed injury reports describing all the aforementioned were completed by the attending physiotherapist who was also the assessor for each injury.
Procedure for data collection
The physiotherapist (a member of the study group) was present at all matches of the competition to attend to injured players and document injuries. An injury was documented when an injured player required at least minimum on-field (medical) care such as ice, tape, etc. regardless of whether the player was able to continue or not (that is both medical attention and time-loss injuries were recorded). All the participating schools gave their consent before the commencement of the competition and ethical approval to conduct the study was also sought for and obtained from the research and ethics committee of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage were used. Inferential statistics of chi-square was used to determine significant difference between certain variables. Incidence of injuries was calculated per 100 participants thus – total number of injuries divided by the total number of players that participated (separately calculated for boys, girls and overall). Incidence was also calculated per match. For all statistical tests, the level of significance was taken at P ≤ 0.05.
There were 141 players comprising 75 boys (53.2%) and 66 girls (46.8%) aged 16.3 ± 0.9 years (range of 15 – 18 years).
A total of 32 injuries (17 for boys and 15 for girls) were recorded during the competition. The overall incidence of injury was 22.7 injuries per 100 participants for both genders. An incidence of 1.1 injuries per match and 0.9 injuries per match were recorded for boys and girls respectively. The overall incidence was 1.0 injury per match.
Causes of injuries
Causes of injuries
Causes of injuries
Boys n (%)
Girls n (%)
Total n (%)
Collision/contact with obstacle
3 (60.0)
2 (40.0)
5 (15.6)
4 (45.0)
5 (55.0)
9 (28.1)
Hit by a projectile ball
1 (100.0)
- (0.0)
1 (3.1)
Previous injury
5 (71.4)
2 (28.6)
7 (21.9)
Sudden turn, twist or stop
4 (50.0)
4 (50.0)
8 (25.0)
- (0.0)
2 (100.0)
2 (6.3)
32 (100.0)
Types of injuries and body parts affected
Types of injuries sustained
Boys n (%)
Girls n (%)
Total n (%)
2 (66.7)
1 (33.3)
3 (9.4)
1 (100.0)
- (0.0)
1 (3.1)
1 (50.0)
1 (50.0)
2 (6.3)
11 (55.0)
9 (45.0)
20 (62.5)
2 (40.0)
3 (60.0)
5 (15.6)
- (0.0)
1 (100.0)
1 (3.1)
32 (100.0)
Body parts injured
Body part injured
Boys n (%)
Girls n (%)
Total n (%)
2 (100.0)
- (0.0)
2 (6.3)
- (0.0)
1 (100.0)
1 (3.1)
1 (100.0)
- (0.0)
1 (3.1)
Wrist & Finger
1 (100.0)
- (0.0)
1 (3.1)
1 (33.3)
2 (66.7)
3 (9.4)
Hip & Thigh
- (0.0)
1 (100.0)
1 (3.1)
- (0.0)
1 (100.0)
1 (3.1)
7 (53.8)
6 (46.2)
13 (40.6)
4 (57.1)
3 (42.9)
7 (21.9)
1 (50.0)
1 (50.0)
2 (6.3)
32 (100.0)
Zone of the court where injury occurred
Majority of the injuries occurred in the offensive half (N = 13, 41%). The defensive half and key area of the court accounted for 8 (25%) and 11 (34%) injuries respectively.
First aid rendered
First aid rendered to the injured players
Frequency (n)
Percentage (%)
Bleeding Control
The growth and popularity in secondary school (high school) basketball participation in Nigeria creates an urgent need for injury surveillance to identify potential avenues for injury prevention. The present study investigated the incidence and pattern of injuries in a representative sample of adolescent basketball players in Nigeria as a step towards injury prevention.
Injury in previous related studies range from any incident evaluated to incidents that result in at least a day absence and the metric of risk include percentage injured, injuries per match or injuries per 100 or 1,000 hours of exposure or per 1,000 athletes/participants [10–16]. It is important to note that no publication presently exist concerning a consensus statement for basketball injury surveillance. This has resulted in differences in injury definitions and methodologies by different authors. Our definition of injury included both medical attention and time loss injuries. Differences in methodology made it difficult to compare with some studies done in Europe. However, an incidence of 22.7 injuries per 100 participants recorded in this study for each gender falls within the range documented for American public high school which varies considerably from 5.6–36.8 per 100 participants for boys, and 7.8–49 per 100 participants for girls [9]. An incidence of 1.0 injury per match recorded in this study is comparable to 0.7 recorded by Akinbo et al. [6]. This suggests that there is a higher risk of injuries among adolescent amateur basketball players than among the professionals in Nigeria.
This study revealed that jumping/landing and sudden turn, twists or stop were the most common causes of injuries in young basketball players in Nigeria. This is in agreement with other studies on adolescent/youth basketball players [10, 14]. However, it contrasts with some other studies [6, 16] on professional male and female basketball players in which collision with an obstacle (fellow player or opponent) was documented as the major cause of injuries. This contrast may be due to the difference in the levels of play and skills.
Sprain was predominantly the most common type of injury documented for both genders which was more represented at the knee and ankle joints. This is consistent with other previous epidemiological studies on adolescent and professional basketball players [6, 10–14]. Jumping/landing caused majority of the knee and ankle ligament sprains documented in this study. Intervention programs that focus on jumping or balance training in these players could prove to be effective injury prevention strategy [17, 18].
The present study revealed that the offensive zone recorded the highest injuries of the three zones followed by the key area and then the defensive half. This agrees with other previous studies [6, 9, 14]. A high incidence of injuries in this zone is probably because it is a very active area where offensive players try to make shots against their opponents followed by the key area where they struggle to get rebounds in other to make a shot or save the ball from getting into their opponent possession.
Concerning body part affectation, the lower limbs, represented mostly by the knee joint accounted for 75% of all injuries. This is consistent with previous studies on basketball [9–16]. There are still some controversies on the most frequently injured anatomical site in basketball. While some authors [15, 16] reported the knee as most commonly injured body part, most other authors [9–14] reported the ankle to be the most commonly injured body site. Repetitive jumping in basketball imposes recurring consistent vertical ground reaction forces of up to four times body weight on the weight-bearing knee joint [19]. The maturing (adolescent) neuromuscular system may be unable to maintain knee stability and around-joint control, leading to forces above the physiological threshold, with inevitable injury to the knee joint structures.
The most frequently used treatment modalities were cryotherapy and bandaging. Cryotherapy in the form of cold compress or cold spray application remains the mainstay first aid treatment for most acute on-field injuries. Over 50% of treatments given during the competition involved Cryotherapy. This corroborates other studies [6, 7, 20, 21]. This is because many of the injuries were minor ligament sprains and muscle strains which did not require any form of special treatment modalities. However, some (25%) of the injuries were time loss injuries. This implies that 1 out of every 4 injuries resulted in a disposition of discontinuity of play during the competition. These time loss injuries were moderate and severe injuries that prevented players from returning to play immediately after a sideline treatment. It is imperative that injury countermeasures that would help prevent such injuries in future competitions are introduced.
The level and intensity of play in high risk sports such as basketball, is one area which may be addressed by sports medicine experts, parents, coaches, sports administrators and injury prevention policy makers. The focus of sports activity by young people should be directed at technique development in order to train their neuromuscular system to control the biomechanical strain imposed by the game of basketball.
The incidence of match injuries in adolescent amateur basketball players during a national competition in Nigeria was 22.7 injuries per 100 participants; equivalence of 1.0 injury per match. The pattern of injuries was similar in both genders and consistent with what has been previously reported in literature for adolescent basketball. Majority of the injuries were to the lower extremities and knee ligament sprains were the most reported injuries.
Continued surveillance of nationally representative samples of Nigeria's young basketball players is essential to fully understand the injuries in this population. The increased quantity of data will aid in the development of precise preventive methods and also help in measuring the impact of any interventions. Exercise-based injury prevention programmes aimed at improving core strength and neuromuscular control at the lower limbs may help reduce the incidence of injuries.
The authors appreciate the assistance rendered by Dr. Bukola Ajayi of the National Sports Medicine Centre, Lagos during the competition and the cooperation of all the participants and officials of the 2010 National Finals of the Nigeria Nestle Milo Basketball Competition.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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I'm sick of hearing from super confident rags in the last week (radio, tv, online). At least there are a few here who have their doubts. The funny thing is that they completely believe all negative press the media feed them on a daily basis about us. Apparently Jose is a born winner, so he will set the team up for a draw. These people are really smart. it's time for Pep to earn his money.
Referee: Martin Atkinson
Assistants: S Burt, A Nunn
Fourth official: N Swarbrick
Team Selection
De Gea
Valencia Bailly Blind Darmian
Pogba Herrera
Mkhitaryan Rashford Martial
And the rest…
Alright gentlemen, let's bend them over for this one.
Boy, imagine getting a win on Thursday?? Still can't believe the position we're in after everything this season…Gotta win this.
This is it, time to earn that top 4 spot
2-1 United.
Can't see us winning this at all. City's attack against our depleted defense is a worry. Only hope is to nick on the counter and we could do that since we have pace up top.
If we manage 3 shots on target, one is bound to go in.
Jose just said he's picking a side with one eye on Celta, Celta are the priority… I'd take a draw right now
Wahooo! City and Arsenal going to extra time! Anything to make them more tired and susceptible to injury. I don't really care who wins, probably prefer Arsenal, anything to keep Wenger on board!
Strangely confident of this. 1 – 0 win.
Another Jose masterclass might just be needed. Everybody will need to be on song.
Pace pace pace. Keep it tight at the back and give them hell going forward.
Great to see City going into extra time. Hopefully our pacey energy for 70 mins will be enough to put us in a good position to win.
Glad City's for extra time…Looking likely we'll miss Pogba, which means we might go even more defensive and counter attack…Hopefully 1-0 but would be ok with a draw given the state of our squad.
Fancy us in this one, Sane and Sterling are very good, but nothing special and can be dealt with. KDB is a danger, as is Silva if he plays… I hope Jose doesn't sit back too much because that defence is there to be got at.
How can Kompany and Yaya play on Thursday after 120 mins today?
THis FA cup game is doing us massive favours for the game on Thursday
Clearly not as elite athletes as I thought if an extra 30 minutes of effort makes a noticeable difference over 4 days rest.
Hopefully today's defeat to Arsenal (of all teams to lose a semi final to haha) will knock them a bit.
City played for 120 minutes and came away with no reward. Excellent!
Lets batter them 6-0
Now that's more than a crucial game and I'm still strangely confident about it…We need a 3 midfielder in this one to contain their midfield.
Holy crap. This game. This is the game…I'm nervous
This is where our streak ends….
Will this be a game to far? I wouldn't be surprised. Think pogba will be rested. Let's go with a midfield 3 of herrera, felliani and Carrick and front 3 of miki, martial and Rashford. A draw wouldn't be a bad result but let's go for the win. Thier defence is definitely vunerable but we need to keep close to aguero. He's by far thier greatest threat.
Will be tight. Probably a draw.
No question, an absolute must win. Win this and we put ourselves in the driver's seat for top four. GD cut to only 2 with Pool now. Hopefully Pogba is fit.
True, ironic that at the end our chance for getting of getting top 4 is absolutely in our hands now and we don't need to wait for other results. Win our games and we'll finish 4th or even 3rd…We should grasp it by our hands.
If we didn't have the defensive injuries I would actually be pretty confident but I think we'll lose. I'd take a draw.
Same team as we put out vs Chelsea, minus Rojo obviously. After our last few results I'm a bit more confident about this.
Please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please please don't name Michael Oliver as the referee for this. We need a strong referee who doesn't screw us over every single game
First choice back 4, a flat 3 man midfield with Carrick dropping back when not in posession so the fullbacks have less space to cover when facing Sane and Sterling. It would give us that back 3 shape so we can pressure further up with Miki playing behind a front two of Martial and Rashford…Let the fullbacks provide width and and kill them through their weak centre. Get them swarming around Yaya and Delph… The front two would also have more room to drift around Navas and the LB instead of being stationary targets and expose Navas lack of defensive awareness… I'm expecting big things from Jose, this is tailor made for him. They have more to exploit than Chelsea have.
Start Rashford for this one, and Marital v Swansea, let those two rotate the main striker role…Think it's important we get a result here, so strongest team possible is vital, if we can somehow win here the morale boost for the EL game and Swansea will be huge.
Jose is a born winner…There is absolutely no way in hell that he is going to put out a side which rolls over and loses. He'll put out a team designed from the outset to either get a draw or win…Just like Zlatan said that quitting is not an option. For Jose, losing is not an option…Is it 23 games unbeaten, now?
We have to be going into this game absolutely rabid. The momentum we have at the moment will be yuge. Absolutely yuge…Same formation, Rashford in for Rooney, straight swap. Easy peasy, 2-0 United on the counter half way through the first half and near the end of the second half.
I feel strangely confident before this one. Knowing our luck some ref feck up will put a win on a silver plate though.
Please don't lose!..A draw would be fine – considering that we would still have one game in hand against the Scousers. However, I hope the last results gave the guys some confidence and with Martial and Rooney both being on the score sheet today this might do wonders to them. An early goal and the same passion as against Chelsea and we may get a win from the Etihad…Good thing they had to go to extra time yesterday so their legs should be as tired as ours – or at least are supposed to be.
Whether we win or not depends in Aguero is playing IMO.
Gabriel Jesus might be fit though, he can cause us a lot of trouble, too.
I can see Liverpool dropping points in every one of those matches, bar 'boro at home. I doubt we'll edge City out of the top 4 regardless of this match, so Liverpool's results are the ones to watch imo.
We're not really favored to get top 4 after all the points we missed so why get nervous ? Let's try our best and see what'll happen. The 3 matches of the Europe League are those who we should be nervous at. The league, on other hand, don't have much hope from it from the start so anything will be good for me.
If they play Delph and Yaya as their deepest midfielders I'll be extremely disappointed if we don't dominate the midfield.
Anyone know who's reffing this?…I'd hate for it to be any of the card-happy twats: Mason, Oliver, Atkinson or Clattenburg.
Meh this can go either way. City seem to rise to the occasion against us in the league with Aguero or Kompany probably scoring
I thought Bobby Madley did really well in our game against Chelsea. Why not give him the game? Andre Marriner is another good referee… I don't understand why they keep giving these matches to Martin Atkinson. He is not that good of a referee!
The way we have been playing recently, I think we'll start the game with full of energy and aggression the same way we did against Chelsea. But after that, it will be a tight game and the team that scores first will win.
This would be a massive win, it means we can afford to draw one game in the run in and still have it in our hands, that's assuming Liverpool win all their games which I can't see happening…Season defining
I'm feeling good about this and reckon we can beat them but I'd take a draw at this stage and a win against Swansea as that would still keep the pressure on City and Liverpool having to win their games…I don't know what I'd do with myself if we won this game. The fallout and meltdown would be immense. Especially with how the City fans have been taking the piss out of our 6th place and playing on Thursdays in the Europa League all season. I would love it if we could get both, especially the 4th spot at their expense.
Go after Aguero with force and take him out of the game.. He's far from 100% after limping off on Saturday…Let our WBs take care of their wingers and put Herrera on de Bryune. Carrick there to open the play quickly and Rashford,Lingard and Rooney behind the two. 0-1,2
If Valencia doesn't play at RB, Sane is going to absolutely murder whoever is playing on our right. Biggest threat for me.
Just read that Atkison is the ref for this – the officiating has been poor all season but, this guy just seems to want to be at the center of attention and being a big game – can't help but, feel fearful. Definitely hope we keep our aggression on just the right side with this twat reffing.
Red for Fellaini with that cock in charge.
Not impressed with City against Arsenal, thought the whole game lacked quality from both sides. Sane looks their main threat so fingers crossed Valencia has a blinder and keeps him quiet…If Kompany plays, it's going to be difficult to win any headers/crosses. Need Rashford and Martial to make them pay by going at them directly. 2-1 United win.
Valencia was rested vs Burnley and he's fit for the derby, according to ESPN.
After the Chelsea game I was absolutely buzzing and confident we would do City, but I don't know, I just think the dread has creeped in. I feel like too many people are EXPECTING us to out-think City and Pep and expecting us to out perform them, and I am dreading them putting in their game of the season against us, like they did in the first half at Old Trafford, they were unbelievable and blew us off the park… I really hope our boys perform, I can see why Mourinho only plays players he trusts, we're all putting a lot of trust and faith into these lads for this game!

subset: commoncrawl


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Cornell University Ergonomics Web
6520: HUMAN FACTORS - Ambient Environment
Instructor: Alan Hedge,
2415 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall
Phone: 255-1957
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Office Hours: Tuesday and Thursday 10:00-11:00 am or by appointment
T.A.: Kati Peditto, 4110 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall,
Phone: 410-271-7485
Email: email@example.com
Office Hours: By appointment in DEA grad office 4110 MVR
Credit: 4 units4 units (1 unit for those who have taken DEA3500 or equivalent or are taking this)
Graduate Section Room: Comstock Hall-Academic II B104
Graduate Section Time: Monday 12:15-1:15pm
Additional DEA 3500 Class Time: DEA 3500 syllabus and course notes - Tuesdays
and Thursdays, 8:40am - 9:55am
Room: MVR G71
Graduate Section Required Texts:
Course readings for DEA6520 - each week these should be brought to class for critical discussion.
Course Description:
Students take the DEA 3500 lectures, and complete the DEA 3500 Homeworks and exams plus an additional graduate hour and a semester project. This course extends the breadth and depth of coverage of DEA 3500. Coverage includes review and discussion of published journal articles on human factors aspects of thermal conditions, ventilation and air quality issues, lighting, and acoustics.
Course Objectives:
This course aims to develop the student's ability to critically appraise knowledge of human factors aspects of indoor ambient environmental conditions. Upon completion of this course the student should:
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course:
Course Format:
The course meets for DEA 3500 classes and then once each week for an additional hour. This time will be used for a combination of discussions and review work.Two readings are assigned prior to each class for discussion. Assessment of course performance will be based on class participation in the discussions and a semester project.
Semester Project:
Unless otherwise instructed, for this project students will prepare a literature review (max. 5000 words) on the human factors and ergonomics research pertaining to an indoor environment issue.
DEA 6520 Semester Project Guidelines and submission deadline - Monday December 10 before 5pm
Grading Scheme:
The following grading scheme will be used. Your performance will be assessed relative to the course objectives and to your peers.
Academic Integrity
View the Cornell Code of Academic Integrity


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Let's meet at SPS IPC Drives Italia Hall 7 – booth A002 Among the innovations we are bringing to this edition, you will find CodeMeter Cloud, the secure architecture for managing licenses entirely on the cloud, CodeMeter Keyring, the tool for managing passwords and user privileges designed for the world of automation, and CodeMeter Certificate Vault, the token provider that simplifies the management of PKCS#11 certificates.
The jury of the iF International Forum Design has completed its careful selection of 6,400 entries and bestowed the coveted award in the Computer category of the Product discipline on CmStick/B for its unique innovation, functionality, and aesthetics traits.
Discover more about Software Protection, the art of protecting your program code, your legal interests and in turn your business success from counterfeiting and reverse-engineering.
Discover more about Software Licensing, the art of creating, managing and delivering software licenses in a wide array of schemes and modalities to enable new business revenues.
Discover more about Security, the art of securing your software, your machine and your devices from cyber-attacks, sabotage and tampering through integrity protection and secure boot.
In this issue, we offer an in-depth coverage of strong authentication, license transfer, IP protection in the field, license re-booking, hosting services, Trusted Platform Modules, security incident protocol, milestones that have contributed to our legacy, and initiatives that will shape the future.
1989-2019: Three decades of uninterrupted commitment to deliver security Made in Germany throughout the entire product development process, leverage technology and team continuity, and safeguard business interests, the workforce, the environment, and the economy.


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Congressman Ruben Gallego - AZ07
"The fluid and open relationship between the Federal Government and Arizona is the very reason why the Central Arizona Project has delivered a reliable water supply to Arizona since the 1980's. This is why I endorse Ben Graff for the Water Conservation Board. As an Arizona Native and proven leader, Ben Graff is my choice to ensure Arizona's Water Future." - Congressman Ruben Gallego


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Today, while sifting through the piles of unread articles in my news reader I stumbled upon a couple of gems:
Imedia is calling mobile marketing the next "Killer App". They believe that the iPhone will change the landscape when its launched because advertisers will be able to leverage the power of the Apple brand and its early adopter clientele. Because of this mobile advertising may gain quicker acceptance by the general public.
Also, I received an IDC study called
"U.S. Mobile Marketing and Advertising 2007-2011 Forecast: The Potential Actually Exceeds the Hype"
Here's and except from the article:
"Mobile marketing represents one of the most promising and challenging opportunities for both the advertising and mobile industries. With more than two billion mobile users in the world today, IDC believes that mobile prevails as the first medium through which advertisers can reach such a large audience on an individual basis in the developing world. According to IDC, the brand spend of the U.S. mobile marketing market in 2006 should more than double the spend in 2005.
In order for mobile marketing messages to be effective, they must capture the attention of and engage users. How mobile users will react to mobile marketing is the billion-dollar question. An IDC survey shows that mobile users show limited tolerance for prerolls lasting more than 8 to 10 seconds. This means that successful mobile marketing campaigns must quickly engage users in the first few seconds, not just treat them as a captive audience. If done right, mobile marketing provides an unparalleled window into the lives of mobile users such as their search, discovery and sharing of content. In addition, there are more than a dozen different mobile marketing formats that offer ways to create entirely new marketing experiences."
Man! the news just keeps getting better for TXT Circle!


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FAS Detection
Service quality is a key to successful business nowadays and in growing competition it has become increasingly important for a system to sort out unreliable suppliers with FAS. Integrated FAS Detection utility will help increase the quality of service by indentifying providers who mix traffic with FAS.
The main feature for FAS Detection is IXC Autotester tool. It will help you to test you carrier's destinations quality and check them for FAS. You will receive detailed report for each tested destination on your email.
To find out more about IXC Autotester usage, please see Products --> IXC Route Autotester , Hosting Softswitch Billing.


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* with Eddie Prévost tam-tam
Long overdue recording of some of Cardew's pre-political period music. February Pieces, Volo Solo, Unintended Piano Music are just some of the works which reflect Cardew's then aesthetic preoccupation with sonorities and touch. The piano is exhaustively and lovingly explored. Tilbury, who was one of Cardew's closest musical associates, collaborates in Cardew's search for a creative relationship with musician and materials and succeeds magnificently.
New edition: remixed and redesigned.
Recorded at Royal College of Music during the early months of 1996.
Front cover: Keith Rowe - featuring a detail from 'Octet '61 for Jasper Johns'.


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Published by Cambria Hebert on November 3rd 2017
Pages: 377
Buy on Amazon
Drunken brawls. One-night stands.No-show interviews. Toilet-papering my hoity-toity neighbor's house.Insulting my fans. Trashing hotel rooms.What's it take to become public enemy number one?I just told you.I've done all that and more.My poor conduct got me on the Celebs Behaving Badly listand ultimately ruined my career.From the world's number-one popstar to world's most hated.That's me. Ten Stark.Go underground, they said. Stay out of the spotlight.Most importantly, stay out of trouble.Everyone loves a good comeback story.For once, I listened.I met someone who didn't know my name,my face, or the bad behavior that defined me.She taught me I wasn't who everyone thought I was—everyone including me.Then someone whispered my name and things got messy, as they always do.Now I want her back.I'm not a caterpillar, but a butterfly.My wings are in full color, not just black and white.But first, I have to shed my cocoon and fly.
Have you ever liked a book because of its heroine more than its hero?
'Butterfly' is one such read for me, with a female protagonist who couldn't be more real in my eyes – suffering the afflictions us mere mortals do while going through life the best she can, with the (literal) scars to show for it. 'Butterfly' was more Violet Meier for me more than the spoiled, self-absorbed and disgraced pop star who really should have known better but didn't. And I loved her for it – for being far from the indestructible characters that we tend to associate with larger-than-life protagonists because she stays comfortable in her own skin.
Ten Stark made me a little too sceptical of the change he finally wanted to effect in his life and didn't get too much of my sympathy – the shenanigans of celebrities these days don't interest me at all – though Cambria Hebert does a good job in humbling the awful man who'd hit rock-bottom.
Despite my not being a big fan of deception that's continued throughout most of the story because a protagonist couldn't be bothered or is too scared to own his/her mistakes, 'Butterfly' is surprisingly still a low-angst, easy read, with the somewhat muted inevitable blow-up followed by the requisite grovelling and HEA.


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Brooklyn Art Library is the permanent home of The Sketchbook Project in Brooklyn, NY. In the heart of Williamsburg, our exhibition space has the entire collection of over 31,000 sketchbooks on view submitted by people from all over the world. This t-shirt features Brooklyn Art Library's familiar logo in white on a super-soft, grey-black American Apparel shirt.
Come for a visit the next time you're in New York!
About the shirt:
American Apparel unisex, tri-blend t-shirt, made in the USA
"Heather Black" with Brooklyn Art Library logo in cream
Screen printed in Brooklyn, NY


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By Sumeet Singh, CEO, AppFormix
Anyone who runs clouds for a living knows that the tools we've used for a generation to optimize infrastructure performance are insufficient when applied to the architectures of modern clouds. In this new world of agile infrastructure and DevOps, applications make demands on infrastructure, and the infrastructure makes promises to deliver the needed resources. What we've built at AppFormix is the software that makes this interaction work in demanding production environments.
From a business standpoint, the challenge is how to create a set of tools that application developers and infrastructure operators can share in an automated and collaborative environment that detects and resolves infrastructure performance problems before end users realize something is wrong.
Working with Intel, we've taken a big step in that direction, integrating AppFormix software with Intel Resource Director Technology (Intel RDT) in the Intel Xeon processor E5 v4 family.
Understanding the Problem
Applications are being rewritten and new ones developed, not for legacy environments where relatively static workloads are the norm, but for dynamic, scalable cloud environments. Motivating this shift is an implicit expectation that cloud and container infrastructure environments will deliver enhanced agility and improved ROI. This shift demands infrastructure transparency and real-time monitoring and analytics. Without these key pieces, neither applications nor their underlying plumbing can deliver the low-latency user experience end users have come to expect.
Simultaneously, the shift to DevOps means that enterprises are moving away from IT silos and forming collaborative teams to speed time to market of enterprise software applications. This cultural transition has emphasized that application performance is a shared responsibility across both infrastructure operations and software development, and it demands a new set of tools that promote collaboration, offer real-time data analysis, and enable self-service infrastructure management.
Enterprises are embracing this new environment of DevOps. They're realizing that the competitive advantage gained from software innovation demand infrastructure efficiency, agility, and ROI. Enterprises are looking for ways to operate large multi-cloud or hybrid cloud environments in the most cost-effective way, while delivering optimum performance. Modern cloud management tools must deliver enterprises a "sweet spot" where monitoring, platform management, orchestration, security and compliance intersect.
At this intersection, a new category of management capabilities for the DevOps era is emerging, called service optimization. That's what AppFormix software delivers, and this integration work with Intel take the category farther than previously possible.
The Realities of Cloud Infrastructure Management
In shared cloud infrastructure, resource contention is inevitable. Whether an environment is built on a cloud platform such as OpenStack or a container runtime such as Docker, the physical infrastructure is divided across multiple applications and often across multiple tenants.
AppFormix provides better isolation between workloads, better visibility into performance, and a collaboration space that keeps everyone on the same team. The result is a cloud environment that is predictable, reliable and responsive to the needs of applications.
What DevOps Hath Wrought
The launch of Intel RDT and the integration of the technology into AppFormix software answers a direct and all-too-real challenge for cloud management problems in the DevOps era. Intel's RDT is game-changing technology, and AppFormix software makes it easily consumable, giving operators and developers unprecedented visibility into and control over how applications run at the processor level.
In short, we're solving thorny, real-world problems—like noisy neighbors—in real time. Working together, we're making possible a world where performance issues are proactively resolved so quickly that end users might never even realize when a problem happens.
If you're interested in more depth about the solution we've developed together, check out the AppFormix + Intel Solution Demonstration.


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Two cakes in a row…. but cake is a good thing particularly when paired with a nice hot coffee and a good book. Continue reading
Tag Archives: white chocolate
Easy & super popular: Apricot & Almond Slice
This Apricot & Almond Slice seems benign in appearance and the simple ingredients don't shout. However it is a huge hit and will disappear lightning fast from the baking tin. It can be made with wholemeal flour, but in this instance plain white flour is good. Try the Chocolate & Date variation for something different.


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'a' conversation with Makers & Brothers
It's Saint Patrick's Day and Jonathan Legge is remembering his grandmother's house and summers in the west of Ireland.
He tells me how his grandparents designed and built their home in the early 1940s, inspired by the conditions created from the surrounding woodlands. "It's cedar clad", he says, "the interior is lined in oak with copper and brass details – a slightly unusual, very special place."
"Our grandfather in particular was very much a collector of the slightly odd. He had a wonderful thing for gold-leafed picture frames. It looked good against the oak interior."
It takes a certain kind of creative mind to preserve childhood memories in so much detail; an appreciation for real objects, processes and simple beauty. Listening to his stories, it becomes clear where Makers & Brothers has its roots.
"We are the sum of all the many wonderful things we were exposed to as we were growing up", Jonathan says.
The 'we' is Jonathan and his brother Mark. Together they developed Makers & Brothers, an online retail venture founded on curiosity and aiming to move away from overproduced products without honest stories. Products are beautifully curated to showcase design and skill, always with an Irish foundation. You can find anything from small furniture to home accessories, from stools to spoons.
Jonathan portrays an idyllic Irish upbringing. One filled with exploration, queues of questions and long walks with his parents where he "would be encouraged to gather flotsam and jetsam, pick flowers, spot-birds." The product offering from Makers & Brothers reflects this level of care and detail, a kind of childhood fascination. It aims to design, create and present the very best of Irish and International craft and design.
A perfect example for Saint Patrick's Day is the Select Reserve Whiskey Tumbler. Designed and developed by Makers & Brothers, it was produced by the Irish Made Glass Company and overseen by Jameson Master Blender Billy Leighton. Designer, maker and blender combined.
For the ideal tasting, a tumbler needs to have a wide base to allow for swirling and to aerate the whiskey. A narrow opening focuses the aroma and a simple glass, with a small ridge around the middle, sits right in the hand.
Prototype moulds were made from local oak, before being refined by The Irish Handmade Glass Company and mouth blown using traditional techniques. Each glass is handmade in County Waterford, on the banks of the Three Sisters River, the home of Irish Crystal.
Makers & Brothers has come a long way from the summers with their grandparents, but a relaxed narrative approach, "connected to the land, the weather and the everyday", remains at the heart of everything.
Browsing the collection brings back that childhood feeling of unearthing an everyday object that suddenly becomes your greatest treasure. You can imagine holding the objects in your hands and inspecting every surface, coming up with countless questions about where they came from and how they do what they do. Everything has a story to be discovered.
"It can be hard to pin point where our thinking for Makers & Brothers emerged", says Jonathan, "there is no one moment". Instead, there are memories and there is Ireland.
Visit Makers & Brothers
Photography by Alan Higgins
Words by Amelia Ebdon


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News reports last week alleged that the US Federal Government paid $16 a muffin for a catered Justice Department event last year that took place at a Hilton hotel. The hotel chain immediately disputed those charges. Well, it appears that those numbers are imprecise and could include charges for beverages or other things. That means the $16 muffin may just be a myth.
Until now. The Associated Press took it upon themselves to create a true $16 muffin. The finished result in unbelievably extravagant.
They claim that raw ingredients for muffins usually maxed out at around $1 a piece. So they used organic flour, sugar and milk, cultured butter, sea salt and free-range eggs. Still not close. They then added a healthy number of macadamia nuts, a rare honey imported from Zambia and Tahitian vanilla beans. Still not there. So they glazed the muffins with a dark chocolate cut with rare Scotch whisky and added some edible gold flakes.
That put them at a $16 muffin. Seems unlikely the government went to all that effort though. For the recipe, see the story here.
Image Sources:


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Anthony Armour Sr. said his son moved to South Carolina from Chicago to escape violence.
The unfortunate irony is that, in just one year in Lancaster, his son has lost his life to a violent crime.
Anthony Armour Jr., 31, was fatally shot between 8 and 9 p.m. Saturday near the intersection of Ferguson and Dunlap streets, Lancaster police say.
Monterio Lamarcus Hood, 18, of 100 Jolly St., has been charged with murder and assault and battery with intent to kill in the shooting death.
Now that the election season is in full swing, you can expect more political events in the weeks ahead.
One of the first on the calendar is a forum set for 1 to 6 p.m. Sunday at 701 E. Arch St. Proceeds benefit breast cancer research. Free food will be served.
For details, call 283-8432 or 287-7364.
Candidates to speak include:
– City Council District 1 - Kenny Hood and Ricardo Blackmon
– City Council District 3 - Audrey Curry and Linda Blackmon-Brace
– City Council District 4 – Bill Sumner and Tamara Green
Another man has been robbed at gunpoint near Lancaster's North Main Street area.
A 60-year-old man told police he was robbed early Tuesday morning behind the Founders Federal Credit Union building on Covenant Place.
The man had finished cleaning the building and put trash on top of his vehicle to drive to the dumpster, according to an incident report.
While he was behind the building dumping the trash, a man armed with a gun approached him from behind, the report said.
No two heads are the same and that's something the 16 students in the senior cosmetology class at the Lancaster High School Career Center will start learning firsthand.
The class will start accepting clients at 12:30 p.m. today. Appointments aren't necessary, said instructor Jan Williamson.
The career center offers a variety of beauty services, including hair and nail care, make-up and waxing. Services are not available on non-school days.
INDIAN LAND – Indian Land's history as home to the Catawba Indian Nation became a part of its present when members of the tribe blessed the high school's stadium and dedicated the field at a ceremony before Friday's home football game.
Catawba Chief Donald Rodgers dedicated the stadium, now known as "The Reservation," as a "place of safety, a place of spirit."
TROY, Mich. – AkzoNobel, the world's largest supplier of paints and coatings, has significantly strengthened its position in the automotive plastics decorating market through the acquisition of Soliant LLC, a leading manufacturer of decorative paint and bright films.
Soliant's coatings alternatives are used primarily in the automotive market.
Sheriff's deputy.
Sunday school director.
School booster club president.
All those words describe Lancaster County Sheriff's Office Capt. Monty Craig and his desire to help people in any way he can.
Craig, 53, was recently named county Employee of the Quarter.
"It shocked me that I got it," Craig said. "They wouldn't even tell me who put me down for it."
Craig's anonymous nominator praised his work ethic – "never uses his allotted vacation days." The nomination form also says that Craig always goes the extra mile when helping the public.
In just a little more than six weeks, residents will have an opportunity to exercise the greatest privilege in a democratic society – the right to vote.
Registered voters will have a chance to mark the ballot for their candidates of choice in the Nov. 4 general election.
Voters will have a chance to learn more about local candidates at a political forum set for 7 p.m. Oct. 21 at Bundy Auditorium at the University of South Carolina at Lancaster. USCL, the Lancaster County Chamber of Commerce, Duke Energy and The Lancaster News are sponsoring the forum.
County Council approved a plan Monday on how building permit revenue and taxes from homes appraised and sold in 2007 would be used for other county expenses.
Assessable transfer of interest, or ATI, money comes from homes sold in 2007 that were appraised at a higher value. The county was able to factor in the higher property taxes from new appraisals on those homes, totaling $768,264.
County officials crunched the numbers over the weekend, and came up with a smaller tax increase to pay for costs related to the Lancaster County Courthouse fire.
County Council approved final reading of an ordinance Monday to raise taxes to cover security costs, including hiring 18 sheriff's deputies, in the wake of the Aug. 4 courthouse fire.
Instead of an 8.9-mill tax increase proposed last week, the tax increase will be 3.5 mills. That will add about $14 to the tax bill of a resident with a $100,000 home.
Copyright © 2019
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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|Photo by Chris Waite aka Cee Dubbs Katie's designer.
Katie finally got wet on Saturday in the River Severn near Tewkesbury
I took the opportunity of an HBBR rally to bring Designer, Builder and Katie together. The idea was principally to see how and where she floated before adding all the other paraphernalia required of a sailing canoe.
The answer is she floats exactly on her lines, is really very stable and quite quick.
Designer and Builder very happy.


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Earlier this week, Fatima Bhutto wrote an article for the American magazine Foreign Policy that accused Zardari in the KP flood disaster saying that it will be his 'Katrina'. While this article has created some buzz among foreigners, it has not impressed many Pakistanis. One, Dr Usman Siddiqui, wrote the following rebuttal to Fatima's article.
This is an interesting yet disturbing article. Having read her work before I thought she would have at least been able to filter between credible and incredible sources. She may be right but one can also argue that her views toward Mr. Zardari's trip can be somewhat unfair, I say this without diminishing the importance she shed on the unfortunate floods. These visits are planned months in advance and topics ranging from A to Z are to be well studied by members representing both sides. It's like 'final exam day' for the people who studied the material, they plan for months on ways to argue Pakistan's national interests in these meetings. It's easy to call off 'exams' at the University but to call off a planned visit from a Head of State is a decision based solely on a country's national interests and one that is not made by Mr. Zardari alone.
Pakistan's president needs to be making these trips as often as possible. Its sad but sometimes I think people forget that almost every major news outlet in the world refers to Pakistan as 'the most dangerous place on earth'. Hence building foreign bridges that have unfortunately deteriorated is more important than ever.
Of course one can argue that this wasn't a good time but really is there ever a good time with Mr. Zardari ? I mean really, no one is ever going to say anything positive about him regardless – whatever he does. These 'credible' pundits and 'sources' she refers to are going to take this opportunity to really go at him just because he ignored their selfish calls to cancel his trip, which they rallied for days before the unfortunate escalation of the floods, because of the 'statements' made in India last week by David Cameron. It's like a selective group of these absurd 'anchormen' and their hand picked 'senior political analysts' have such ill feelings towards Mr. Zardari that they forget what the meaning of 'National Interests' is. What ever happen to 'Aman ki Asha', is that a front too or do they really want to make peace. I thought our generation was sick and tired of people not trying to resolve issues. If something was said and we had a problem with it, then what was better than a meeting between the two so things can be clarified. They come up with baseless rumors like the Intelligence Director canceling his trip, which Dawn News yesterday reported to be false, and then build a conspiracy that the 21 year old Bilawal is going to announce his 'grand' return to Pakistan. I was amused how an experience writer like Ms. Bhutto helped the argument, which is quite funny yet sad, that Pakistan is a country full of Fox News wannabes; "Zardari takes a lot of overseas trips — so many that one local TV pundit estimated somewhat anecdotally last year that Richard Holbrooke, U.S. President Barack Obama's special envoy to the "AfPak" region, had spent more time in Pakistan than Zardari had recently.".. …unfortunately the individual who made this statement is referred to as a 'local TV pundit' rather than a comedian.
Our intellects and media personnel should have payed attention to what Cameron was trying to imply and then come up with a conclusion on how to actually solve that problem, yet they twisted it around and tried to hide from it. Come up with a legal way to 'try, convict and sentence' the immoral animals known as the extremist/terrorist s that are running around in Pakistan. Their ideology is fighting the State, killing thousands of innocent people while our pundits don't have the audacity to point fingers and call them out……..hey lets forget the substance of Cameron's statements and call out Zardari's 'gairat' instead….. …really when are we going to learn. Instead of reporting on where Pakistan's Head of State should spend his night or recommending that he stay at a local motel, they should report on how much relief – whether it be in a physical form or financially – from governments or citizens, that will God Willingly pour in from these 'Western' countries to help out with the floods. Who knows maybe they will think twice about questioning ones 'gairat' and realize when the right time to be a mature person is rather then creating a drama series.


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Abraham vs Ramirez
Arthur Abraham, the WBO European Super Middleweight champion is is heading to Las Vegas on April 9, 2016 to defend his title. His opponent is WBC Youth World Middleweight champion Gilberto "Zurdo" Ramirez. The fight will take place at MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, where two boxer will be fighting next to other boxing stars such as Manny Pacquiao and Timothy Bradley Jr. On his interview to ESPN Abraham mentioned, "I love boxing in Germany, but when the offer came to box in Las Vegas on the biggest stage on the planet, it was something we could not turn down. It is every fighter's dream to see their name up in bright lights on Las Vegas Strip, and on April 9 this dream will come true. There is no chance that I will leave my belt there. I will train harder than ever to deliver the best performance of my career". The fight is going to be challenging both for Abraham and Ramirez. During the last 2 visits to the U.S. he has lost 2 fights, which makes it more challenging for him defend his title. However with all the experience and number of titles and wins Abraham won, Ramirez has to put out all his efforts to "steal" the title from that experienced champion.
"I am very proud to represent my country Mexico and make history on April 9 when I beat Arthur Abraham for the WBO world title and become the first Mexican fighter to claim the title at 168 pounds.", said Ramirez in the ESPN interview, "This is the opportunity I have waited for since I turned professional," Ramirez said. "Fighting for the world title in Las Vegas has always been my dream. As a young boy I watched my idol Julio Cesar Chavez Sr. fight in Las Vegas on TV, and I said that one day I will fight for a world title in Las Vegas in front of my fans."
Who will rule the boxing ring on April 9 can only tell us the time. Tickets for the fight are sold on MGM Grand Box Office. Whether you're a fan of any of the sides, a future boxer, or just want to see real hard work and professionalism, it's the best time to get your ticket.


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Hi Steve, Thanks for the reply, I'm pretty sure I created a temp folder already and try to upload to it with no success but I'll try again. I also tried loading the laptop project to another 351 cpu and have no problems viewing it, downloading it to the cpu and uploading it back again to the laptop so I'm very confident the laptop folder and contents are not the problem.
Yes, sfc is installed on both computers. As a matter of fact I could upload similar programs with both laptops that have LM90 without any problems on other 351 cpu units
Hi Steve,
I noticed your name on a post related to a similar message I have:
"Error during load; Program folder incomplete. Must reload or restore logic".
In difference with the original post, I don't have lost of communication, my problem is that I'm trying to backup the contents of the cpu 351, I went as far as uploading the registers and the configuration but when I tried to upload the logic is when it fails and I get this message, obviously if I try all of them in one shot I got the same message. I'm using LM90 9.04 (DOS version), I tried using VersaPro but it doesn't understand the logic as it is comprised of part SFC and part ladder. I have use my laptop to backup many programs and never have this issue, as a matter of fact, I backed up another cpu 351 right after with no problems, I have also used other pc's with same results. My theory is that someone might have tried to connect with a newer version like Proficy ME and converted the logic so now LM90 cannot understand it. I've contacted GE already and they still haven't got back to me. Any ideas? Thanks for your help.


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Shortcuts: History | Demons | An-Khan | The Hunter Clan | Other worlds | Shapeshifters
When the worlds were born, 72 demons were created alongside all other life. The demons were given the power to create minions of other life forms, but they were all trapped in one world, unable to leave it. For several millennia they co-existed, fought wars with each other and attempted to leave the world they had been condemned to. They were capable of virtually everything but leaving.
In the very beginning their world was lush and green, full of life, but in their fight for power and survival they destroyed all that was good. And in the end all that remained was rocks, sand and darkness. Death and carnage ruled in this world that later came to be known as the 'Hell Realm'.
In time, their world opened up and gave them a chance to leave, but by that time only half of them were left. The ones that were the strongest, most cunning and the wisest remained. From the very beginning all the demons had been different, both in appearance and character. Some had survived by creating armies of tens of thousands of soldiers, others had found themselves allies, and the rest had survived in solidarity.
Once the time came that they were able to leave and explore the other worlds, they made a pact; they would go their separate ways and never repeat what they had done to their world.
And so, the remaining demons left the ruined world, leaving it for good. They all hoped it would recover, and in their absence begin anew. But even today, if one was to accidentally enter the Hell Realm, all one would find was dark emptiness as far as the eye sees.
All demons of every world are born from the survivals of the original 72 demons that left the Hell Realm. However, this does not mean that all demons have a bloodline connection to the originals, as they had the power to create other demons from other life forces.
Only a handful of the originals procreated with other being (humans/animals), and the rest just created. Among the demons, there are those that are considered the most pure; the actual descendants of the originals. And among those, the most highly regarded of them all are the ones that have as little human blood in them as possible.
The bloodline defines the lifespan and skills of each demon in existence. There are those that are less powerful, closely resembling humans, and others that have skills that have raised them to an almost god-like position.
The demons Foras and Agares entered this world together in alliance. The world was just what they had been looking for: primitive. They wanted to shape its history and make something great of the world. They named it the An-Khan and began the improvement process.
>However, what Agares and Foras began, was not continued by their creations after they came to the end of their lifespan. The demons left behind, wanted power and obedience. They enslaved the weaker beings (including humans) and began building their kingdom. Everyone not worthy was thrown out and left on their own. This resulted in the forming of several clans and one power greater than any other. In time, the descendants of the eldest created demons established a power called the 'Elders'.
The Elders still rule all of An-Khan and all its clans, both human and demon. However, they have forgotten most of what was before, and their wisdom is fading. Still, they believe they are in the right and continue to reign over their world. They deny the existence of anything other than their dimension, in the fear that their subjects would revolt if they knew that better places existed. Anything not in their books is not permitted and every clan must obey the rules they have been given. Law-breaking is punishable by 'banishment' which, they believe, is a death sentence.
To those that are not born in An-Khan, this world is dead. The elders only look to the past, and thus, the world is slowly but surely headed towards death.
Count Marax, of the original demons, left the Hell Realm and travelled through countless of worlds without finding one he could call his own. He was on the move for hundreds of years until he finally found companions and a place to call home. He was not interested in ruling, but he was not happy with how some of the others used their power in other worlds. Still, he did nothing about it as he valued wisdom and his own life. Staying away from the other original's way was what had kept him alive.
Marax was one of the rare originals to procreate as he did not want to create minions. He left behind several children before his time was out, and his descendants shared his world views. In time, they began a society known as the 'Hunter Clan'. The purpose of this clan was to preserve the balance of the worlds. In other words, they became the sole power to watch and rule over as many dimensions as possible. However, they did not intervene in any world's politics, laws or the like. Their only purpose was to monitor the movements of demons.
The Hunter Clan has since grown in power and numbers, and has allies in most worlds. They still attempt to keep the balance, and grant & deny demons the right to travel worlds. To control demons, the Clan has Hunters to exterminate those that cross dimensional borders without permission. The Hunters used to all be direct descendants of Count Marax, but as his bloodline has tainted and nearly died off, they have begun allowing other demons to join –just as long as they share their cause and have the skills required of a hunter.
The Hunter Clan is a secret organization and only the eldest of demons and those of high of power know of its existence. To everyone else a Hunter is someone to be feared. It's ancient, strong, fast and merciless. It's often described as a being with horns and cloven feet, but nobody that has ever seen it as survived to confirm the tale.
All the worlds began at the same time; however they all developed at a different pace and in different ways. Humans ended up becoming the main power of many, but there are worlds in which humans became extinct before they could evolve, and that took a completely different turn. Once the demons were released from the Hell Realm, many of the budding civilizations were ruined and taken over by them, leading to yet different types of developments.
Everything that has happened since the beginning has resulted in countless different worlds that all differ from each other in some way.
There are three different kinds of shapeshifters in the worlds. Each type has a different set of skills and traits, as well as weaknesses. Though, it is not said that a shifter has to be one type alone.
Magical shifters use magics to physically alter their form. The level of their transformation, as well as the duration, greatly relies on the creature's magical strength and capabilities. If their strength runs out or they pass out, they revert back to their original form. The exception being a magical shift coming from an outside source, although the same rule applies here as well: if the source of the power runs out, the shift stops. With magical shifting the only limit is the user's skill, power and their imagination.
There are many levels to these shifters. Some can only change parts of their body for appearances, while others can shift into a completely new form. However, magical shifting does not give the user the skills of the creature they turn into, for example: if a demon turns itself into a wolf, it won't be able to communicate with other wolves unless it already has that skill.
Cursed shifters change form without their own will. At some point in their life they come in contact with something or somebody that triggers their transformation for the first time. It may be a physical infection (such as a bite) or a magical curse. The conditions and the duration of their shift is dependent on the nature of the curse; some may someday be cured of their condition while others will live with it for the rest of their lives. Some shifts are time related while others are triggered by physical or mental stimuli.
Regardless of the nature of the curse, these creatures rarely learn to control themselves when they shift. For some it is too much and they end their life, while others may not even realize what is happening to them. However, in rare cases the cursed shifter learns to live with and make the most of their condition.
Skill shifters (morphers) are a differend breed of shifters altogether. These creatures do not just take another form; they become it. Only a handful of demons are born with this skill and even fewer learn to use it properly.
Morphers are not limited by a magical source or a curse of any kind; their skill comes from within. And this skill allows them to physically change their form, either partially or fully, into another. With every transformation, they gain the skills, traits and strength of the creature they turn into (though they lose these skills when they shift back). The downside of this is that if the shifter is not skilled enough to control the transformation, they may lose themselves into the new form. If this happens, they will be forever lost as only the shifter itself can force back the transformation. However, with the skill to protect their self, a morpher will be able to change into a completely different creature, with a different personality, in any way they please. The more this is done, the more dangerous it becomes; it is not rare for a shifter to forget who they were.
The most skilled morphers can do several partial transformations at the same time while still retaining their own person. This allows them to gain more strength and skill than any creature could with training alone. For this reason morphers are both feared and respected.
There are also creatures that can choose to appear in a form different from their own: blenders. They're not shifters, but can easily be mistaken for them. These creatures have only one true form but usually, for survival purposes, appear as another to blend in. Creatures like these normally only appear as their true form, one camouflage form and stages between these two, but sometimes they can appear in several different forms even at the same time. However, whatever the form a blender chooses to appear in does not change its skills or strength –or even their physical body; this is what separates these creatures from shifters. Blenders only fool others by distorting their senses to fit a certain image. If another creature possesses the right kind of sight, they can see through the appearance into the true form of a blender.