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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(2), 1812-1825; doi:10.3390/ijms15021812
Published: 24 January 2014
Abstract: The possibility of nanoparticle (NP) uptake to the human central nervous system is a major concern. Recent reports showed that in animal models, nanoparticles (NPs) passed through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). For the safe use of NPs, it is imperative to evaluate the permeability of NPs through the BBB. Here we used a commercially available in vitro BBB model to evaluate the permeability of NPs for a rapid, easy and reproducible assay. The model is reconstructed by culturing both primary rat brain endothelial cells and pericytes to support the tight junctions of endothelial cells. We used the permeability coefficient (Papp) to determine the permeability of NPs. The size dependency results, using fluorescent silica NPs (30, 100, and 400 nm), revealed that the Papp for the 30 nm NPs was higher than those of the larger silica. The surface charge dependency results using Qdots® (amino-, carboxyl-, and PEGylated-Qdots), showed that more amino-Qdots passed through the model than the other Qdots. Usage of serum-containing buffer in the model resulted in an overall reduction of permeability. In conclusion, although additional developments are desired to elucidate the NPs transportation, we showed that the BBB model could be useful as a tool to test the permeability of nanoparticles.
1. Introduction
Nanomaterials have been a key material for electronics [1], photonics [2], and biotechnology [3–5] during the last few decades. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are new materials that have great promise for practical applications in medical use and cosmetics, among other uses [6,7]. For example, silica NPs are basic materials for food additives [8], and titania (TiO2) is used in sun protection creams [9]. Nanoparticles also have great potential in the pharmaceutical field, as they have a special interaction with biological systems in accord with the specific size or surface forces [10,11]. Because it is not yet known how nanoparticles interact with the human body, investigations are necessary to determine these interactions to assist in future biological applications, such as drug delivery systems [12–14] and bio-imaging [15–18].
Although questions have been raised about the safety of various new technologies such as nanoparticles, there is so far no clear-cut clinical evidence for nanoparticle-related health damage. Since the engineering of nanomaterials is progressing rapidly and nanomaterials are being released on the market, the risks of nanomaterials must be examined further. Many research groups are actively investigating "nano-risks", particularly concerning oxide nanoparticles such as silica or titania [19–22], and semiconductors, such as Qdots [23–25] or silicon [26,27]. It has been revealed that pulmonary damage by silica NPs is enhanced by nanoscale processing technologies [28].
Several research groups have investigated whether nanoparticles are transported into the central nervous system (CNS) as a new target for pharmaceuticals [29–35] or toxicological analysis [36,37]. The mechanism of nanoparticles' transportation into the CNS is thought to be via the olfactory epithelium [38,39], or systemic blood circulation [40]. Brun et al. reported that TiO2 nanoparticles accelerated the breakdown of the tight junctions of endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [36]. Yamashita et al. observed that 70 nm silica nanoparticles accumulated in the brain parenchyma in a fetal mouse model [41]. Our collaborative group also reported that in mouse brain, the intraperitoneal administration of Qdots was detected not only in the blood vessels, but also outside them [40]. Some groups predict nano-damage in the brain; they contend that nanoparticles accumulate in the brain and may cause cellular toxicity or brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [42,43], but this has not been established.
There are two important issues to keep in mind when evaluating "nano-risks". One is whether nanoparticles are transported into the body and accumulate in the organs, and another is whether nanoparticles are toxic [44]. It is known that small particles interact with cell layers because of their higher surface volume ratio compared to that of bulk materials, and that they can damage endothelial cells easily. However, few studies have addressed the question of whether nanoparticles are transported into the parenchyma directly through the vascular walls, especially to the brain.
An easy and quick tool for assaying nanoparticle permeability through the BBB is needed. A cell culture based model is a candidate for the quick assessment of nanoparticles' transportation, as a biomimetic model [37]. In the present study, we newly applied an in vitro BBB model that is reconstructed by co-culture systems [45,46] to test the nanoparticles' permeability into the brain. This BBB model is reconstructed by both primary endothelial cells and pericytes, which lead to much stronger tight junctions of the BBB and make reproducible evaluation of NPs permeability possible. Using the BBB model, we evaluated three different sizes of silica NPs and three differently surface-charged Qdots for their transportation through the BBB.
2. Results and Discussion
Nanoparticles have specific interactions with biological systems. For example, surface molecules of NPs enhance the cellular activation [47] and change the cytotoxicity [48]. The size of NPs also influences the cellular uptake or intracellular localization of NPs [49]. Some research groups reported that around 50 nm NPs can incorporate into cells more easily than other ranges in size of NPs, by receptor-mediated endocytosis [10,50]. Thus, evaluation of NPs transportation into the brain is a very important issue for, not only the toxicological aspect, but the pharmaceutical applications of NPs.
2.1. Size Dependency of BBB Permeability by Silica NPs
We executed the BBB permeability assay according to the procedure described in Section 3.3 (Scheme 1). After the assay, we measured the concentration of NPs and estimated the permeability coefficient (Papp) calculated by the formula given in Section 3.4. We compared the permeability through the BBB model of the four different sizes of silica particles (30, 100, 400 nm, and the micro-particles (MPs)). As depicted in Figure 1a, the size-dependency results revealed that the 30 nm silica NPs were transported through the BBB model and the Papp is (3.56 ± 1.62) × 10−6 cm/s, which is significantly higher than those of the 100 nm or larger silica (0.14 ± 0.19, N.D., and 0.34 ± 0.90 × 10−6 cm/s), which hardly passed through the BBB model. The blank assay using membrane without cells showed that the Papp of three kinds of NPs was almost the same value, while the Papp of MPs was significantly lower than those of the series of NPs. This means that the membrane does not interfere with the permeability of NPs in the ranges of 30 to 400 nm.
Our results in Figure 1 indicate that: (1) 30 nm silica NPs can be transported into the brain through the BBB; (2) the Papp ((3.56 ± 1.62) × 10−6 cm/s) is equivalent to the value of drug molecules validated by using the same BBB model [45], which are known as CNS drugs with relatively low brain-to-plasma ratios, such as sulpiride (0.078) or midazolam (0.23) [51]; and (3) the threshold of size dependent permeability was significantly detected between 30 and 100 nm, using the BBB model. The size dependent transportation into the brain is similar to animal experiments, previously reported by other groups [41,52].
In this study, we used a commercially available in vitro BBB model purchased from PharmaCo-Cell Co. (Nagasaki, Japan). This model is known to be applicable to estimate a CNS drug permeability in a short time (30 min) and it is already confirmed that the estimated permeability coefficient is correlated with in vivo permeability [45,46]. Some research groups also applied cell-based BBB model for evaluation of NPs permeability through BBB [37,53]. However, their BBB models are constructed by only brain vascular endothelial cells [53] or cell lines [37]. Moreover, the most crucial point we considered, is that they did not directly measure nanoparticles' permeability: the former estimated the permeability coefficient of other fluorescent molecules following exposure to Ag-NPs [53] and the latter failed to determine the permeability coefficient of 50 nm silica nanoparticle [37]. As far as we know, it is the first report that the Papp of the nanoparticles is directly estimated, comparing size dependency using in vitro BBB model.
2.2. Microscopic Analysis of the BBB Model
To confirm the histology of the BBB cell layers, we executed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. In the vertical sections of the cell layers (Figure 2a,b), thinning of the endothelial cell layers was observed by exposure to the 30 nm NPs, compared with the MPs, indicating "loosening" of the tight junction of the BBB cell layers.
The fluorescence of the NPs confirmed that the 30 nm silica NPs accumulated not only on the apical side but also on the basolateral side of the cell layers; the 100 nm NPs accumulated on the basolateral side slightly, and the 400 nm NPs accumulated only on the endothelium side (Figure 2c–e).
We estimated the collection ratio of the nanoparticles from the assay buffer both on the apical and basolateral sides (Table 1) as an indication of NPs uptake in the BBB cell layers. The 30 nm NPs has a lower collection ratio than the 100 and the 400 nm NPs, regardless of the adsorption of the NPs by blank membrane. In light of these results, we assume that NPs with a specific size are taken up into the BBB cell layers more and affect not only the endothelial cell, but also the pericytes, thereby enhancing the BBB permeability through the transcytotic or paracellular pathway [54].
2.3. Detailed Evaluation of BBB Permeability by Silica NPs
2.3.1. Concentration Dependency of the Papp
When we assume that NPs are used by intravenous administration as a drug carrier of molecular-targeted therapy or a diagnostic reagent, 1.0 mg/mL, adopted in the research, is an upper limit physiologically. Therefore, regarding the 30 and 100 nm silica NPs, we assayed their BBB permeability by using concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL. The Papp of the 30 nm silica had almost the same value from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/mL, but it was enhanced at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (Figure 3a), while those of the 100 nm silica were stable. These results indicate that administration of high concentrations of the 30 nm NPs enhances nanoparticles' transportation into the brain by an additional mechanism. One of the possible reasons could be that the BBB cell layers, affected by the high concentration of the NPs, undergoes membrane damage [55], or that the high concentration gradient between blood and brain enhances the BBB permeability [54].
2.3.2. Time Dependency of the Papp
We evaluated the effect of assay times on the permeability through the BBB model of the 30 nm silica NPs at the concentration of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/mL. We compared the permeability at three different assay times (30, 60, and 120 min). Figure 3b showed that these Papp did not change significantly at these assay times. In light of these results, it appears that the BBB break down by long-term exposure is negligible. However, there is a possibility that long-term assay reduces the functionality of the BBB, as the Papp of the 30 nm NPs tends to slightly decrease depending on time. If NPs accumulate in the BBB for a long time, they might enhance cellular damage by biological stress such as an oxidative stress [56] and cause the BBB disruption.
2.4. Surface-Charge Dependency of BBB Permeability Using the Qdots
We evaluated the effect of surface-charge on the permeability through the BBB model using quantum dots modified with anionic, cationic and neutral functional groups, whose sizes are nearly the same as that of the 30 nm silica NPs (Table 3). Figure 4 showed that they have different permeability capacities. The cationic amino-Qdots tend to be transported onto the basolateral side through the BBB model with higher permeability than anionic carboxyl- or neutral PEGylated Qdots. We assume that, as amino NPs interact with the cell surface, which is composed of anionic phospholipids, they are transported through the BBB by the paracellular pathway, while the carboxyl NPs are known to be mainly incorporated into cells by endocytosis [57] and retained in the BBB cell layers for a while; in fact, as depicted in Table 2, the collection ratio for carboxyl-Qdots is much lower than that of the amino-Qdots.
On the other hand, in a previous in vivo experiment, anionic Qdots were reported to accumulate in the brain more than the other Qdots by intravenous injection with the same concentration [25]. The difference between in vitro and in vivo could be explained by the difference of the plasma half-life of each Qdots; carboxyl-Qdots is retained in blood for a longer time than PEGylated- or amino-Qdots, thus the BBB is, consequently, exposed to the cationic NPs at a higher concentration than the others.
In this study, we executed the assay using PBS-based assay buffer, according to the standard procedures. However, NPs interact with various proteins in blood. For example, a recent study reports nanoparticles are known to form "protein corona" in blood by absorbing serum proteins, which alters the cell-NPs interaction [58]. Therefore, we examined the effect of serum on BBB permeability using 2% FBS-containing buffer. Results showed that Papp greatly decreased (Figure 4) and the particle collection ratio was largely enhanced (Table 2). Many studies also reported that serum protects cell damage in long-term culture like 3–24 h culture [59,60]. This is probably because serum mitigates the interaction between cellular surface and NPs. For investigating the effect of serum protein on the NPs transportation, it is indispensable to optimize the long-term assay using the BBB model. In future, improved culture system will be desired, such as a serum-containing assay medium to maintain the functionality of the BBB cell layers, a low-concentration detection method to compare the permeability in a narrow size range of NPs, and so on.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Nanoparticles
Three sizes of unmodified fluorescent silica NPs (Sicastar®-red 30, 100, 400 nm) and micro particles (Sicastar®-red 1500 nm) were purchased from Micromod Partikeltechnologie (Rosstock, Germany). Surface-modified cadmium selenide (CdSe)-based quantum dots (Qdot® ITK™ carboxyl, Qdot® ITK™ amine (PEG), and Qtracker® non-targeted quantum dots) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). All nanoparticles were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-based assay buffer, including glucose, and HEPES. We measured their primary size, z-average size, polydispersity index (PdI), and z-potential by dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano ZS system (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The results of the characterization of nanoparticles are summarized in Table 3.
3.2. The Rat Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) in Vitro Model
We used an in vitro rat BBB model (RBT-24H, BBB Kit™) purchased from PharmaCo-Cell Company Ltd. (Nagasaki, Japan). The BBB model is reconstructed by culturing both primary rat brain microvascular endothelial cells and rat brain pericytes separated by a macroporous Millicell® membrane (24 wells, pore size: 3.0 μm, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), which are precultured with rat astrocytes to support the tight-junctions of the BBB cell layers before executing the BBB permeability assay.
3.3. Experimental Conditions for the BBB Permeability Assay
We pre-incubated the BBB models at 37 °C in 5% CO2 conditions for 4–5 days, establishing strongly reconstructed tight-junctions in the BBB models. We measured the trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) to confirm the functionality of the tight-junctions. Our assays were carried out using the BBB cell layers with TEER values in the range of 150 to 300 W cm2. We added 0.9 mL PBS-based assay medium to blank 24-well culture plates and, after rinsing the BBB cell layers with the assay medium, the cell culture inserts on which the BBB models reconstructed were replaced to the plates, and then we added nanoparticles, suspended in 0.2 mL assay medium, to the apical side of the BBB layers and cultured the model for 30, 60 or 120 min. We compared the transport capacity among the 30, 100, and 400 nm silica NPs and the MPs at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL. The efficacy of surface modification was compared using three electronically different charged Qdots at the concentration of 40 nM. We measured the Papp of sulforhodamine B (Mw: 588.66; SRB), as a non-specific transport marker, at the concentration of 0.87 μM, which is the same range of the fluorescent intensity as 1.0 mg/mL silica NPs.
3.4. Calculation of Permeability Coefficient (Papp)
We executed these tests over each period and at the end of the assay, we collected the medium from both the apical and the basolateral sides of the BBB model and we measured the NP concentration in the medium by determining the fluorescence intensity, based on the analytical curves of each fluorescent particles with a fluorescent microplate reader (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA). To evaluate the transportation capacity, we used the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), which is calculated by following formula:
[C]apical: initial concentration of fluorescent nanoparticles in apical side; Δ [C]basolateral: differential concentration of fluorescent nanoparticals in basolateral side; A: surface area of membrane; V: medium volume in basolateral side.
3.5. Histology and Fluorescent Microscopy Experiments
For the histological analysis, we fixed the BBB layers with the membrane in 4% PFA buffer and sliced from the paraffin mold to make vertical sections. Then, we executed Mayer's H&E staining. For the fluorescent imaging observation of the BBB layers with the membrane, the paraffin in the slices was washed out with xylene and repeated ethanol washes. Then, we observed red fluorescence of the silica NPs on the slices by fluorescent microscopy (excitation wavelength 530–550 nm, emission wavelength 570 nm).
3.6. Statistical Analysis
We performed the statistical analysis using Tukey-Kramer's test for the comparison between each experimental group. We considered p-values < 0.05 significant.
4. Conclusions
We evaluated the permeability of NPs through the blood–brain barrier using a cell-based in vitro BBB model. The 30 nm silica nanoparticles, especially at the high concentration, were transported thorough the BBB model, mirroring the same result reported in an animal model. The in vitro BBB model can be a useful tool for nano-assays as an alternative to in vivo models. This is the first step in evaluation of NPs permeability thorough BBB, using the cell-based in vitro model. In future, we have to further improve culture systems to elucidate the mechanism of the NPs transportation.
This work was supported by Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (H22-chemical-young-009). We sincerely thank Kazuyuki Ito at Japan's National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) for the general support and Akiyoshi Hoshino at NCGM for the technical support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Author ContributionsS.H. and K.F. designed the experiment under the supervision of Y.M. and K.Y.; S.H. performed the experiments and analyzed the data with the advice of K.F. and Y.I.; K.F., Y.I., F.K. and Y.M. discussed the results; K.Y. gave conceptual advice; S.H. wrote the manuscript; all authors commented on the manuscript at all stages.
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- Hoet, P.H.M.; Bruske-Hohlfeld, I.; Salata, O.V. Nanoparticles—Known and unknown health risks. J. Nanobiotechnol 2004, 2, 12, doi:10.1186/1477-3155-2-12.
- Nakagawa, S.; Deli, M.A.; Kawaguchi, H.; Shimizudani, T.; Shimono, T.; Kittel, A.; Tanaka, K.; Niwa, M. A new blood–brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Neurochem. Int 2009, 54, 253–263, doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.002. 19111869
- Nakagawa, S.; Deli, M.A.; Nakao, S.; Honda, M.; Hayashi, K.; Nakaoke, R.; Kataoka, Y.; Niwa, M. Pericytes from brain microvessels strengthen the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol 2007, 27, 687–694, doi:10.1007/s10571-007-9195-4. 17823866
- Weissleder, R.; Kelly, K.; Sun, E.Y.; Shtatland, T.; Josephson, L. Cell-specific targeting of nanoparticles by multivalent attachment of small molecules. Nat. Biotech 2005, 23, 1418–1423, doi:10.1038/nbt1159.
- Lemarchand, C.; Gref, R.; Passirani, C.; Garcion, E.; Petri, B.; Müller, R.; Couvreur, P. Influence of polysaccharide coating on the interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 108–118, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.041. 16118015
- Chithrani, B.D.; Ghazani, A.A.; Chan, W.C. Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 2006, 6, 662–668, doi:10.1021/nl052396o. 16608261
- Lu, F.; Wu, S.H.; Hung, Y.; Mou, C.Y. Size effect on cell uptake in well-suspended, uniform mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Small 2009, 5, 1408–1413, doi:10.1002/smll.200900005. 19296554
- Doran, A.; Obach, R.S.; Smith, B.J.; Hosea, N.A.; Becker, S.; Callegari, E.; Chen, C.; Chen, X.; Choo, E.; Cianfrogna, J.; et al. The impact of P-glycoprotein on the disposition of drugs targeted for indications of the central nervous system: Evaluation using the MDR1A/1B knockout mouse model. Drug Metabol. Dispos 2005, 33, 165–174.
- Sonavane, G.; Tomoda, K.; Makino, K. Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: Effect of particle size. Colloids Surf. B 2008, 66, 274–280, doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.07.004.
- Tricklar, W.J.; Lantz, S.M.; Murdock, R.C.; Schrand, A.M.; Robinson, B.L.; Newport, G.D.; Schlager, J.J.; Oldenburg, S.J.; Paule, M.G.; Slikker, W.; et al. Silver nanoparticle induced blood–brain barrier inflammation and increased permeability in primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. Toxicol. Sci 2010, 118, 160–170, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq244. 20713472
- Kaur, I.P.; Bhandari, R.; Bhandari, S.; Kakkar, V. Potential of solid lipid nanoparticles in brain targeting. J. Control. Release 2008, 127, 97–109, doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.018. 18313785
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- Slemmer, J.E.; Shacka, J.J.; Sweeney, M.I.; Weber, J.T. Antioxidants and free radical scavengers for the treatment of stroke, traumatic brain injury and aging. Curr. Med. Chem 2008, 15, 404–414, doi:10.2174/092986708783497337. 18288995
- Zhang, L.W.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. Mechanisms of quantum dot nanoparticle cellular uptake. Toxicol. Sci 2009, 110, 138–155, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp087. 19414515
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- Ge, C.; Du, J.; Zhao, L.; Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; Li, D.; Yang, Y.; Zhou, R.; Zhao, Y.; Chai, Z.; et al. Binding of blood proteins to carbon nanotubes reduces cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 16968–16973, doi:10.1073/pnas.1105270108. 21969544
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|Table 1. Results of particle collection ratio in the BBB assay of silica (1.0 mg/mL).
|30 nm
|100 nm
|400 nm
|MPs/1500 nm
|Particle collection ratio (%)
|61.0 ± 9.3
|77.2 ± 6.5
|68.9 ± 9.0
|32.3 ± 12.3
|100 ± 1.7
|98.1 ± 4.7
|96.3 ± 6.5
|75.8 ± 8.0
All data are the average ± SD of 6–8 wells from two or three independent experiments.
|Table 2. Results of particle collection ratio in the BBB assay of Qdots (40 nM).
|Particle collection ratio (%)
|without serum
|73.8 ± 4.3
|82.0 ± 6.0
|97.0 ± 3.2
|with serum
|101.7 ± 0.3
|98.6 ± 4.1
|98.2 ± 0.1
All data are the average ± SD of 6–8 wells from two or three independent experiments.
|Table 3. Characterization of nanoparticles.
|Peak Diameter (nm)
|Z-Average Diameter (nm)
|PdI (−)
|Zeta Potential (mV)
|30 nm
|32.0 ± 1.1
|29.5 ± 0.5
|0.162 ± 0.013
|−15.6 ± 1.2
|100 nm
|137.0 ± 1.5
|129.7 ± 1.4
|0.042 ± 0.005
|−19.7 ± 1.05
|400 nm
|481.4 ± 22.1
|460.3 ± 10.1
|0.164 ± 0.030
|−21.8 ± 2.4
|MP/1500 nm
|367.4 ± 157.1
|0.869 ± 0.080
|−29.3 ± 2.1
|49.85 ± 7.8
|0.49 ± 0.028
|−32.0 ± 1.3
|32.9 ± 9.07
|0.31 ± 0.028
|−3.6 ± 2.1
|47.9 ± 3.0
|0.44 ± 0.005
|−7.3 ± 3.8
We measured silica NPs and Qdots in PBS-based assay buffer (1.0 mg/mL or 40 nM, respectively) with dynamic light scattering. All data are the average ± SD of three independent measurements.
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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The 10 most overhyped stories of 2012.
Journalists are really fond of writing about stories that went underreported every year. Too often, however, they forget to remind us all that those critical stories that went without needed coverage did so because stories with little merit wound up filling the airwaves and pages of newspapers. Unf ... More >>
By now, we've all had a few days to digest the awful, shocking news that North America's sweethearts, Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez, have decided to buck destiny and call it quits. We're not entirely sure how this could have happened, but Obama was just reelected. Clearly, our worst fears are alrea ... More >>
Governor Rick Perry appeared on the Fox News network for an interview with Neil Cavuto. Cavuto made the somewhat dubious statement that Perry is "very popular outside your state, still popular but not nearly as popular within your state." (Although "outside your state" could, we guess, refer specif ... More >>
Yesterday we noted how KTRH had factually reported that the tea-party protests planned for that day "might be the single largest mass gathering in the country's history."We noted it wasn't "a mass gathering," merely a series of them, and therefore a typical college-football Saturday would be one of ... More >>
Each Wednesday, Rocks Off arbitrarily appoints one lucky local performer or group "Artist of the Week," bestowing upon them all the fame and grandeur such a lofty title implies. Know a band or artist that isn't awful? Email their particulars to email@example.com. Photos courtesy of ... More >>
You don't need a half-wit music critic to tell you it's been a remarkable year for America, one historians will be discussing and researching for centuries to come. War, financial collapse, politics, technology: All have been dinner-table topics for many Americans. Racial barriers in 2008 were demol ... More >>

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Product Number: 002-171-1951
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|Length: 5.30 in./134.62 mm.
|Weight: 2.60 oz./73.71 g.
|Bowl Height: 2.22 in./56.39 mm.
|Chamber Depth: 1.92 in./48.77 mm.
|Chamber Diameter: 0.84 in./21.34 mm.
|Outside Diameter: 1.72 in./43.69 mm.
|Stem Material: Acrylic
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No. 19 Baseball at No. 9 Louisville -- Post-Game Notes
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21 years ago, Ellie Herman worked as a professional dancer and choreographer, running her own company in San Francisco. She loved her work, but she had bills to pay. So, naturally, she took on a side job; she became the professional wrestler known as "Ruth Less." As soon as she began tossing fellow wrestlers around, she incurred a serious knee injury that threatened to end both of her careers. Luckily for her, the nearby St. Francis Hospital of Dance Medicine offered surgery-free rehabilitation through Pilates. Ellie did the workouts for months, and returned to her company an even better dancer than she'd been before her injuries. Later, as a masters student at NYU, Pilates once again helped her recover from hip pain. She discovered an ability to innovate within the bounds of Pilates, and resolved to become a teacher.
She opened the aptly named Ellie Herman Studio, where she continues to teach today. True to her inspiration, she uses Pilates as a basis on which to innovate better forms of corrective movement. So far, she's written nine books on the subject. She invented her own piece of equipment, the Pilates Springboard, which compresses the size and cost of the more traditional Pilates wall unit. She also developed a blend of Pilates and gait training, to help people stave of injury by becoming conscious of the way they move their legs in every day life, which helps to prevent things such as rolling ankles or randomly kicking strangers.
Brooklyn Golf Center invites players to swing at a buffet of practice areas, a newly renovated 18-hole executive course, or an 18-hole mini-golf course. The center?s driving range boasts 75 stalls, 25 of which are covered and heated, keeping the sun from burning fair-complected golf balls. After working on their long game, players can move to the putting green or chipping area to warm up before hitting the 18-hole executive course or putting through the mini-golf course. Those seeking educational guidance can take lessons with PGA Director of Golf Anthony Rodriquez or Joel Garyn, who harnesses more than 35 years of competitive golf experience. Before visiting the links, players can drop into a 900-square-foot pro shop stocked with gear from brands such as Mizuno, Nike, and Wilson. The center?s golf experts can match players with clubs from these brands during custom club fittings that determine ideal pairings. In addition to serving its own customers, Brooklyn Golf Center also supports community efforts as part of The First Tee program, which brings golf to young people who would never otherwise get the chance to grip a club.
Change can be terrifying, but at The Exercise Studio, owner Millie Miraglia and her team of seven instructors help students of all levels face their fears as they transform their bodies with classes that combine the principles of yoga with effective cardio workouts. The Brooklyn-based studio, with a classroom on each of its two floors, has been opened for almost three decades and offers women-only Zumba and fitness sessions?including total-body workouts and body toning?and Hatha and Vinyasa-style yoga classes are open to both women and men. Offering small classes with one-on-one instruction, the Exercise Studio even goes one step further to ensure students learn how to lead healthy lives by providing regular workshops and courses that have included classes on restorative yoga and how to balance one's chakra using just a paper clip and a stick of gum.
As a cancer survivor, Millie knows firsthand how negative emotions can impact the healing process, which is why she created The Exercise Studio's Pathways to Healing. The noninvasive stress-management program is designed to help clients bring balance back to their mind and body by using a blend of restorative yoga, meditation, and reiki modalities.
World Martial Arts Center isn't just a gym where individuals can improve their muscle tone or fine-tune their roundhouse kick—it's a refuge designed to help clients build both inner and outer strength. These lofty aims motivate the center's instructors, who help students achieve their goals. During hapkido classes, they teach seven techniques—strikes, blocks, holds, throws, weapons, internal techniques, and healing—that combine to create one fluid and versatile mode of self-defense. Alternatively, trainers also lead groups through a series of punches and kicks during kickboxing classes, which use combat moves to create a high-octane, total-body workout. Equipped with 25 years of hapkido and kickboxing training and instruction, Master David Herbert teaches beginner classes, available at both locations.
Inside the dojang, or school, Eastern-style tapestries and plants set guests at ease as they work toward physical or metaphysical improvement. To that end, World Martial Arts Center complements its training regimens with health and nutrition advice. In addition, both the Brooklyn and Manhattan locations boast locker rooms for men and women, where guests can shower after a vigorous training session or lock up their Bruce Lee bobble heads while they work out.
At New Body Bootcamp & Wellness, personal trainer Aja Davis hopes to inspire two types of change in her clients. The first is visible: a fitter, slimmer physique resulting from her signature interval workouts. The second is philosophical: a lifelong awareness of how to preserve and pursue health. This model of "lifestyle implementation" encompasses nutrition as well as exercise while avoiding temporary fixes, such as fad diets and foam muscle suits. Instead, Aja's program uses challenging and varied routines, the motivational power of teamwork, and individual attention from a fitness expert.
At one-hour boot-camp classes, Aja leads groups through cardio and resistance maneuvers that employ stretchable bands, kettlebells, and TRX suspension cords. The routine has won the title of Best Post-Holiday Rescue in GO magazine, which also lists New Body Bootcamp & Wellness as one of its three favorite fitness venues. Aja aims to spark camaraderie as much as she does weight loss and toning—using partner drills to prompt campers to rely on one another—and even outside of class, patrons can run local races as part of the New Body team or tag-team wrestle the local mall Santa.
The Gowanus Print Lab is a community screen printing studio established in October of 2010 in the Gowanus neighborhood in Brooklyn. Their goal is to create a nurturing artist community by providing exhibition space for emerging artists, affordable access to tools and a workspace, and education through design and screenprinting labs.
In the screenprinting labs, the teachers demonstrate how to make single- and multi-color prints before helping students customize T-shirts, totes, and even shoes with personal designs. Sometime they have group exhibitions and additional art classes. In the nearby Mac computer lab, they help students master complex software ranging from Photoshop to the sound-editing program Pro Tools.
Sometimes, the staff tailors their programs to youths with interactive summer workshops, or caters to a more adult crowd with monotype sessions featuring live models and beer. A week-long DIY wedding workshop even helps betrothed couples create all the paper goods for their big day. For the truly dedicated artist, they offer memberships with unlimited facilities access and private studio and individual equipment rentals.


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If you have arthritis, taking your medication and following your doctor's recommendations are essential. But self-care can be just as important in your daily and long-term management of the disease.
Other important parts of treatment include exercise, rest and relaxation, a healthy diet, and instruction on how to use your joints and conserve energy (no wasted motion).
The following medical and self-care steps can make living with arthritis easier and less painful.
Visit your doctor and get an accurate diagnosis. The earlier an accurate diagnosis is made and proper treatment started, the better. Since there are many types of arthritis, a proper diagnosis is essential to starting the right treatment.
If you have a type of arthritis other than osteoarthritis, see an ophthalmologist for a complete eye exam or discuss the need for an eye exam with your physician. Many of the inflammatory types of arthritis are associated with eye disease.
Update your medications. If you've been taking the same arthritis medications for years, ask your doctor if any of the newer drugs have fewer side effects or provide greater pain relief than your current regimen.
Take your medication as prescribed. If you're tempted to stop taking your medication because you believe it's not working or causing side effects, call your doctor first. Some medications should not be abruptly stopped. Some medications take a while to work, or for the side effects to stop.
There are many types of arthritis. Experienced health care providers, physical therapists, and occupational therapists can recommend exercises that are particularly helpful for a specific type of arthritis.
Three types of exercise are best for people with arthritis, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases:
Range of motion. This type of exercise helps you maintain normal joint movement, relieve stress, and increase flexibility.
Strengthening. This type of exercise helps you maintain or increase your muscle strength. Strong muscles support and protect your joints.
Aerobic or endurance. This type of exercise improves your cardiovascular fitness, helps control weight, and improves overall function. It may also help reduce inflammation in some joints.
Following are some ideas for exercising with arthritis:
Stay on the move. Regular exercise helps relieve and prevent arthritis pain. An effective program can help stabilize a weak or damaged joint and promote flexibility, which can reduce pain and stiffness. Be sure to check with your doctor before starting an exercise program.
Warm up before working out. Start slowly and get up to speed only after your muscles and joints have had at least five minutes of prep time.
Stretch it out. Warm up first by walking or taking a hot shower, then stretch. Stretching helps keep your joints and muscles flexible, relieves stress, and can help you maintain your daily activities.
Take the plunge. Exercising in water can build your strength and increase your range of motion. The water's buoyancy reduces the wear and tear on your sore joints. Check your local YMCA or call the Arthritis Foundation for an aquatic exercise program in your area.
Avoid excess stress on your joints. Use larger or stronger joints to carry things. Shop for devices that can make tasks at home and work easier.
Increase your range. Range-of-motion exercises (such as stretching) can help keep your muscles and ligaments flexible and strong.
Take a walk. Choose your favorite spots (indoors and out) and plan to walk around them at least once a week. Walking is the ideal exercise for most people with arthritis. It burns calories, strengthens muscles, and builds denser bones, all without jarring fragile joints.
Monitor how you feel after exercise. If your joints hurt two hours after a workout, you're doing too much and need to reduce the length or intensity of your workout.
Lose weight by eating fewer calories and exercising more. You won't just look better, you'll feel better, too. Research shows losing as few as 11 pounds may reduce your risk for osteoarthritis of the knee by 50 percent.
Ask your doctor for advice about your diet and any connections between your food and the type of arthritis you have.
Apply heat. To relieve your pain and stiffness, try warm towels, hot packs, or a warm bath or shower. Use heat therapy 15 to 20 minutes three times a day. Your health care professional may offer shortwave, microwave, and ultrasound to get heat to joint areas.
Apply cold. Applying cold to your sore spots can help reduce pain and swelling. Use a cold pack, a bag of ice wrapped in a towel, or a bag of frozen vegetables for a quick and easy cold treatment 10 to 15 minutes at a time. You also can try an "ice massage" and rub ice directly on a painful joint.
Enjoy a massage. Massage can help relieve your muscle tension and reduce fatigue. Certain forms, such as Swedish massage, focus on muscles and joints to improve function. Traction and manipulation also can help ease pain.
Learn to relax. Relaxation therapy can also help reduce pain. You can learn these techniques from a physical therapist, the Arthritis Foundation, or a health club.
Acupuncture. Look for someone who is medically qualified to do acupuncture. Researchers believe that the acupuncture needles stimulate nerves that tell the brain to release natural painkillers called endorphins, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
Finally, learn everything you can about your condition so you can better manage it. Staying current with research, new medications, advances in surgery, and arthritis devices can help reduce your pain and maintain your activity level.
Try out these calculators: they're fun, they're quick, and they give you important information for managing your health.
Informative and often surprising, these quizzes test your knowledge of today's health concerns. Find out your score and learn more about these pertinent health issues.
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Sunderland have rejected an offer from West Ham United for the services of striker Connor Wickham, according to The Guardian.
It is no secret that West Ham are in the market for a striker after England man Andy Carroll tore ankle ligaments during pre-season. The injury is expected to keep Carroll out until December at the earliest, leaving the Hammers light in the attacking department.
And West Ham boss Sam Allardyce has apparently identified Wickham as a likely replacement, having made an offer reported to be of around £5 million. The bid was rejected, however, with Black Cats manager Gus Poyet hoping to hang on to the England under-21 international.
Hereford-born Wickham began his professional career with Ipswich Town, scoring 15 goals in 72 appearances in all competitions before securing a high profile £8 million transfer to Sunderland in June 2011.
Wickham finished last season in fantastic form. After loan spells with Sheffield Wednesday and Leeds United, he was recalled to Sunderland to bolster their Premier League survival bid, and scored five goals as the Black Cats narrowly beat relegation.
Wickham has only one year to run on his contract at the Stadium of Light, and is reportedly stalling on signing a new deal, which could tempt Sunderland to cash in now if they receive an acceptable rather than allow him to leave for free next summer.
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Sunderland vs Chelsea - Premier League preview and team news
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text: US theater massacre widow sues psychiatrist Print article Send a Tip AFP 1/17/2013 2:35:20 AM The widow of a victim of the US theater massacre is suing a psychiatrist for neglect, for failing to have the alleged shooter arrested despite him having "fantasized about killing a lot of people."The lawsuit, also citing the University of Colorado, alleges that Dr Lynne Fenton advised campus police about her concern regarding James Holmes, after he told her about the fantasy in June last year.They offered to apprehend him for psychiatric assessment, but she declined, and he went on to open fire on a Colorado movie theater weeks later on July 20, killing 12 people and injuring at least 58.Holmes, a neuroscience doctoral student in the process of leaving the colleague, told Fenton "on June 11, 2012, that he fantasized about killing a lot of people," said the lawsuit.Fenton "knew that James Holmes was dangerous" and "had a duty to use reasonable care to protect the public at large from James Holmes," said the document, filed by Chantel Blunk, whose husband Jonathan died in the shooting."Defendant Fenton was presented with the opportunity to use such reasonable care when the Colorado University Police offered to apprehend James Holmes on a psychiatric hold," it said.But it alleged that Fenton alleged "rejected the idea" and therefore "breached her duty to use reasonable care."Holmes, now 25, was ordered last week to stand trial over the massacre, one of the worst ever mass shootings in modern US history, which revived America's perennial debate over gun control.In a statement responding to the lawsuit, filed Monday, the University of Colorado Denver said it "has great sympathy for the victims of the Aurora theater shooting and their families."But in our initial review of this case, the University believes this lawsuit is not well-founded legally or factually," it added.On Wednesday President Barack Obama called for the revival of an assault weapons ban and universal background checks for gun buyers, in the wake of last month's Newtown, Connecticut school shooting.Obama signed 23 executive actions, using his presidential power in a swift effort to check a rash of gun violence including the killings of 20 young children and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School.


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tweet Print This! Officials Report Decrease in SCV Burglaries Posted by: hometown in Other News December 20, 2005 - 7:00 am 0 0 Views Weekend numbers down from normal holiday trend…While the numbers of car & home burglaries typically increase in the days leading up to Christmas… Get the facts in Tuesday's Signal. 2005-12-20 hometown Officials Report Decrease in SCV Burglaries Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Name * Email * Website Comment You may use these HTML tags and attributes:   <acronym title="">
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What is Itibiti.exe?
Itibiti.exe is a executable file (a program) within Windows. The filename extension .exe denotes an executable file. You should only run executable files from publishers you trust, because executable files can potentially change your computer settings or harm your computer. The free file information forum can help you determine if Itibiti.exe is a virus, trojan, spyware, or adware that you can remove, or a file belonging to a Windows system or to an application you can trust.
Itibiti.exe file information
The process known as Itibiti.exe belongs to software Itibiti_Knctr_DA or Itibiti_Knctr_C by unknown.
Description: Itibiti.exe is not essential for the Windows OS and causes relatively few problems. Itibiti.exe is located in a subfolder of "C:\Program Files".
Known file sizes on Windows 7/XP are 5,276,672 bytes (66% of all occurrences), 5,284,352 bytes or 7,342,080 bytes.
There is no description of the program. Itibiti.exe is not a Windows system file. The program is not visible. The software starts when Windows starts (see Registry key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run). Itibiti.exe is able to connect to the Internet, record inputs, monitor applications and manipulate other programs. Therefore the technical security rating is 58% dangerous.
If problems with Knctr occur, you can also remove the entire program using Windows Control Panel, search the support area on the Itibitisystems website or verify that you have installed the latest version.
Recommended: Identify Itibiti.exe related errors
Important: Some malware camouflages itself as Itibiti.exe, particularly when located in the c:\windows or c:\windows\system32 folder. Therefore, you should check the Itibiti.exe process on your PC to see if it is a threat. We recommend Security Task Manager for verifying your computer's security. This was one of the Top Download Picks of The Washington Post and PC World.
User Comments
Itibiti scanner
Security Task Manager shows all running Windows tasks including embedded hidden functions (e.g. keyboard or browser monitoring, autostart entry). A unique security risk rating indicates the likelihood of the process being potential spyware, malware, keylogger or a Trojan.
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Other processes
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Strap on a pair of snowshoes and follow the guide along the trails of Mount Royal.
Top quality body treatments are provided in this spa dedicated to beauty and relaxation.
Personalized pamperings await guests in an intimate atmosphere, tucked away in a vestige of the city's original fortifications.
Floatation Baths, Massage Therapy, Pulsar, and NeuroSpa are treatments offered by Ovarium, a unique spa in operation for nearly 30 years.
Aesthetic and body treatments, as well as massage therapy and hydrotherapy are just some of the services offered.
It stretches for 13 miles (21 kilometres) along the St. Lawrence River and can be explored on foot, by bike or on rollerblades.
The authentic thermal experience in an exceptionally beautiful natural setting.
Enjoy traditional activities: riding in a horse-drawn carriage, touring the sugar shack, and singing and dancing.
A fresh new concept, enjoy the Sunrise Breakfast Cruise with delicious food and sublime views of Montréal and its surroundings to start off the day.
An autumnal driving and walking tour through the Laurentian Mountain Range, north of Montréal.
Have a look at Tourisme Montréal's official Tourist Guide online!
Take advantage of our coupon booklet with discounts worth up to $450 by reserving your package.


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On Thursday evening in a spacious meeting hall at University Park United Methodist Church, neighborhood leaders and local bureaucrats, led by City Council member Jennifer Staubach Gates, began the process of puzzling over how to solve Preston Road and Northwest Highway. The intersection, choked with ... More >>
I'm getting excited. Mesero, Mico Rodriguez's latest restaurant, is slated to open in a few more weeks in the Inwood Plaza. I'm curious to see how it will fit in with the rest of the Mesero family. It doesn't seem so long ago that Rodriguez was preparing to open Mr. Mesero, his first restaurant af ... More >>
Local chef Kent Rathbun has a very practical reason for driving a neon yellow Porsche. "Everyone knows it's you," he told The Dallas Morning News a couple of years ago. "That's a good thing and a bad thing, actually. Part of the reason I like it is because when it's in front of the restaurant, peop ... More >>
In honor of Sunday's sold-out Meat Fight, we're celebrating smoked animal flesh all week long in our inaugural Meat Week, in which we celebrate the procuring, cooking and face-stuffing of dead-animal flesh. One of the things that makes barbecue places great is that some of them are just so strange. ... More >>
In honor of Sunday's sold-out Meat Fight, we're celebrating smoked animal flesh all week long in our inaugural Meat Week, in which we celebrate the procuring, cooking and face-stuffing of dead-animal flesh. When I first came to America I was a man adrift. Sure, I had a family I loved, but we lived, ... More >>
Saturday was a banner night for carjackings in Dallas. The one in which the thief drove off with a 14-year-old girl sleeping in the backseat got the most attention, but there were several. At 1 a.m., a man was attacked by a group of men who took his Cadillac Escalade, holding him hostage for two hou ... More >>
You all need to make haste to acquire a bottle of Balcones whisky out of Waco. Then, toast to founder Chip Tate for and making us all so proud with his exquisite whisky-making skills. See Also: -- Tasting Balcones Texas Single Malt Whiskey -- Texans Make Scotch Whiskey Better Than the Scots Do S ... More >>
When I wrote of Korean fusion in Dallas last year, I spent considerable time with Janice and Terry Song. The two couldn't seem to get a break in terms of restaurant location as their first, on Inwood Road, was plagued panhandlers who would harass their customers as they waited in line in the drive-t ... More >>
Yes, there's pie. Lots of really really good pie. But, we want to embrace National Pie Day for every flake of crust it's worth, including doing a little math, listening to great old Dean Martin songs and arguing about the metaphor of that tiger in Life of Pi. In a culinary sense, however, we'd lik ... More >>
Meet Ricky Carr. He's 53, from Fort Worth, and a regular visitor to both the Dallas and Tarrant County jails. One's first impression upon looking at his picture is probably not "Hey, he looks just like a police officer!" or "Finally! Someone who can tell me if this pile of cash I have is real." But ... More >>
The Joppa Gateway is one of those half dozen parks included in the city's Trinity River Corridor Project that will provide access to the wetlands and horse parks and other amenities that are being built. Located near the junction of Interstate 45 and Loop 12 ... er, ahem ... Great Trinity Forest Way ... More >>
Tomorrow night Dallas will gather at the Fashion Industry Gallery for the Observer's second annual Iron Fork competition. While many will focus on the food and booze sampling, the backdrop for the event is a cooking competition between former Joule chef and reigning Iron Fork Champion Scott Romano, ... More >>
The number of convicts being freed after serving prison time for crimes they didn't commit keeps mounting in Dallas County, with Friday bringing a rare triple exoneration for three men wrongly accused of robbery. On November 17, 1994, five teenagers roamed the parking lot near the Eckerd drugstore ... More >>
Can't say for sure how long the former fire station on Walnut Hill Lane near Marsh has looked like this, only because I haven't taken Walnut Hill to work since Monday, when it did not look like this. (I've been taking Marsh to Lemmon to Inwood to Maple, if you must know -- for tacos, delicious ta ... More >>
Colin McDermottSore LosersThis weekend is a big one for Sore Losers, who are celebrating the release of their new EP, We Are Sore Losers, at Trees on Saturday night. Joining them on the bill is Dallas Cowboy Martellus "I Love Cap N Crunch" Bennett, as well as a host of other local hip-hop acts.If ... More >>
January proved to be a busy month in the Dallas food scene. The highly anticipated Sundown at Granada opened its doors, along with a handful of other eateries. Read on for the full opening and closing slate, and be sure to share tips about restaurant openings or closings in the comments section be ... More >>
Contraband Director: Baltasar Kormákur Writer: Aaron Guzikowski Condensed Cast: Mark Wahlberg, Kate Beckinsale, Ben Foster Mark Wahlberg stars as a former pop star/underwear model turned actor turned smuggler turned former smuggler who gets himself in deep with a drug lord to protect his brother- ... More >>
If there's ever a zombie attack or outbreak of some mutated virus that turns most of the population into blood-thirsty cannibals, we hope we don't survive because we're not equipped to kill the undead. Plus we've learned from movies that no one usually lasts too long. Who knows how many people will ... More >>
Get a double dose of Coldplay next summer.This week, we learned that ticket demand for two shows we recently wrote about (Coldplay and Tool) was so overwhelming a second show has been added for each. On Saturday, June 23, Coldplay will perform a second show at American Airlines Center. Tickets fo ... More >>
FacebookRise: The land of souffles.Food comas are an inherit part of the holidays. Gluttonous meals planned weeks in advance are devoured in less than 20 minutes, and all that's left is the amazing mess to clean up while fighting through food fog and heavy lethargy. Excited? Yeah, me too. T ... More >>
Welcome to Local Music 'Mericans, where we get to know the people behind the scenes in Dallas/Fort Worth music. Drue Mitchell has worked for 97.1 KEGL in promotions, as on-air jock at (old frequency) 94.5 KDGE and 89.7 KVRK, and now does television for a Christian music network in Los Angele ... More >>
eBay seller "wpa_fan"Perry Nichols' The Game, which once decorated the side of the Frisco Community Center, as you can see belowEven if the name Perry Nichols escapes you, and it likely does, the work does not. The Woodrow grad's art surrounds us even now, some two decades after his death -- at t ... More >>
Meant to mention this the last time I took Lemmon to work a few weeks back: Avoid it at all costs. But not for the usual reasons; not because it's "the road to Fallujah," as one Friend of Unfair Park called it a few months back. Well, OK, maybe it is now. But that's only because crews are out the ... More >>
Endicott & Co.Yesterday, in Part 1 of our interview with Chef Brad Albers, we learned about his band "It," a tiny town in Switzerland and his new big boss. Today we talk more about the fickle Dallas food scene. Where do you eat when you're not at Eddie V's? I actually don't eat out a lot. I ... More >>
Many Friends of Unfair Park have asked when Jerry Haynes's funeral will take place. It will be tomorrow at 3:30 p.m. at Lovers Lane United Methodist Church at Northwest Highway and Inwood. Initially, Haynes's family had considered two services -- a private one for family, and a public memorial la ... More >>
Leslie MinoraBob Lanier (right) works his extreme-school-makeover magic in West Dallas.An oddly interesting scene unfolded on Inwood Road earlier today: NBA legend Bob Lanier and Key Coker, Executive Vice President of BBVA Compass Bank, chatting about banking globalization, financial diversificat ... More >>
Foodies were all aflutter when news broke that Goghee To Go, a Korean-Mexican fusion taquería, was opening in Dallas proper. While I was excited as well, I was disappointed by the lack of perspective. Goghee was heralded as a pioneer in the area, proving once again that only when it is conve ... More >>
It took four years and $1.8 million to complete the longest light-rail construction project in U.S. history -- says DART -- but a little more than one month since DART's Green Line opened, it's been for all intents and purposes a success. While the full line was officially opened on December ... More >>
Photos courtesy Scott DornFriend of Unfair Park PeterK directs our attention this morning to a just-posted Flickr set from friend of the show Scott Dorn, a photographer who has spent the last several years documenting this teardown town. Turns out, Scott got a last-minute call late last week from ... More >>
Having looked back at how the taco has fared in Dallas and across the country in 2010, Taco Trail now is looking toward the horizon and to what's next for our favorite food. What is clear from the beginning is that regionalism, whether Mexican state, foreign state or Lone Star State, will be ... More >>
The Blockbuster outlet at Lovers and Inwood closed shortly before the end of 2010.As you'll recall, Blockbuster ended the year by announcing it's looking over all its leases and planning on breaking many of them, after which it'll shutter stores, dump inventory for pennies on the dollar and turn ... More >>
Blockbuster's slouching toward bankruptcy was easily one of the biggest local business stories of the year; from giant to joke, how the mighty had fallen. But since its Chapter 11 filing early on the morning of September 23, there'd been little to report during its reorganization, save for a noti ... More >>
View Larger MapWe first told you about Randall's plans to expand Simon David on Inwood Road back in August, shortly before the grocer took its case to the City Plan Commission. Randall's says the 25,225 square foot store, which has been perched on the property since 1984, is just too small -- needs ... More >>
Updated. Follow jump for additional info. Tom Hendricks announced today that he is opening his record company to any indie musician who wants to be on a label. "Do you need a record company? Well you are welcome to be a part of MUSEA, my 16 year old zine's record company. It's free, you can be a par ... More >>
Dallas Gourmet Grill16601 Addison Rd., Addison972-381-9896Promised delivery time: 55 minutesActual delivery time: 52 minutesThe ScoreThey're giving the orders (at least that's what it feels like): 0Precision of ordering process because they're giving the orders: 20Precision of delivery: 9Not having ... More >>
The first of a series documenting Chris Meesey's personal quest for authentic Tex-Mex. But we'll let him tell you more... I'm a genu-wine Texan, born and bred. In fact, I began life at Nix Hospital, San Antonio--less than one mile from The Alamo, the acknowledged epicenter of the Texas Universe. Ho ... More >>
Another in a never-ending series of proposed Dallas developments -- we call this one "West Love Market." It's been a little more than a year since Balcones Realty Partners announced its intentions to build a 37-acre, 365,000-square foot restaurant-retail center near Love Field -- at Mockingbird Lane ... More >>
Robert De Niro, John Turturro and Stanley Tucci wonder What Just Happened? This just in from the AFI Dallas International Film Festival folks: Today, they've made available on the Web site 75 more tickets for Friday's 1 p.m. screening of Barry Levinson's adaptation of producer Art Linson's book What ... More >>
Dallas hotel developer and Bush "pioneer" Mark Langdale Big piece this morning in The Philadelphia Inquirer about the reopening of the legendary Bedford Springs Resort in Pennsylvania, which was built in 1796 and shuttered 21 years ago before undergoing a $120-million restoration and expansion. Turn ... More >>
Former Dallasite James Scurlock is becoming the Upton Sinclair of the credit-card industry. It was exactly one year ago that James Scurlock debuted his documentary Maxed Out, about the suffocating crush of credit-card debt, at the South by Southwest Film Festival in Austin. Since then he's written a ... More >>
Buddha Bar gets a new name
Casa Rosa defends its turf with an exceptional take on Dallas' favorite cuisine
The best dishes at Deep Sushi aren't Japanese or American; they're a lucky hybrid
Tupinamba deserves its spot in Tex-Metroplex history
Joe Chow's May Dragon serves first-rate Peking Duck in stylish surroundings


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Tobey and ORBA are credited with turning "the Great Lakes into a modern, efficient ore/coal shipping waterway, humming with automated docks and a fleet of giant self-unloaders."
For his pioneering contributions to materials handling, transportation, and processing, Tobey was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1989. In 1998 he became the 145th inductee into the National Mining Hall of Fame in Leadville, Colorado.
Tobey was born January 6, 1921, in Jiangxi province, China. Orphaned when he was very young, Tobey was raised in China by American Methodist missionaries whose dedication left a deep impression on him. He was to reflect that, "if everyone contributed just a little bit, it would be a much better world." Toward the end of World War II, on the basis of the results of a public examination in China, which over 5,000 students took, Tobey was one of 700 selected to study in the United States, arriving in Boston in February 1945. Prior to coming to the United States, Tobey had earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Central University in Chungking in 1943. He completed his master's degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946 before attending Lehigh University for his Ph.D. in civil engineering, which he earned in 1949 while working for Bethlehem Steel as an engineer.
It was very disappointing to Tobey that, due to circumstances at the end of the war, he could not return to China. It would appear that nothing in life was easy for Tobey, but turning adversity to advantage was one of his greatest characteristics. Disappointed as he was, he moved to New York City to teach at New York University (NYU) and Cooper Union. That was the start of a remarkable career that saw Tobey make his mark as an educator, an engineer, a manager, and a chief executive. Tobey's professional life is a continuous tale of defying tradition and conquering new frontiers, from the Atacama Desert in Chile to the Great Lakes in the United States to developing an efficient delivery chain for bulk materials.
While in New York, he met his wife, the former Natalie Kwok, who was born in Shanghai and had majored in arts in


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Hay Shore Lakeside
Call 1-888-574-5283!
Is your ticket to a wonderful summer!!!
New for 2011!!! We now offer 8 beautiful waterfront rental units ranging from one to five bedrooms. All of our cottage rentals come with access to a dock, campfire pits, and boats, kayaks, canoes and waterbikes are available for rent. The farmhouse has ben transformed into a fine pub and restaurant complete with conference room and three B&B ROOMS!!! We are now ready to host your weddings and group functions of all kinds on our beautiful waterfront grounds!!! BOOK YOUR WEDDING NOW!!!
We now offer Dock Slips and RV and Family Camping!!!
Ask about our membership Packages!!!
LATE BREAKING NEWS.....HAYSHORE ESTATES - ONLY HAS A FEW 1-2 ACRE LOTS LEFT FOR SALE! Only 2,500 feet from the lake, phase 1 of HayShore development is completed and we are selling lots now. Walking paths lead from your dream home to the HayShore private lakefront! Boating, fishing, water sports and children's play area available. SEE DETAILS. Contact Cameron McGregor 613-253-9145 for a tour of the property and information about lot sales.
Call (888) 574-5283 for info regarding camping, cottages, and events.CAMPING - SEASONAL & OVERNIGHT RV SITES WITH FULL HOOK UPS & OVERNIGHT TENT SITES..... also available during summer months.
Country Living near the Lake
Located on Beautiful Mississippi Lake!


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Chania is the capital of the Greek prefecture of the same name and part of the Cretan Islands. This city is both modern and historical at the same time, and as such it provides a variety of Chania hotels to choose from. Hotels in Chania run the gamut from luxurious resorts to smaller, more intimate properties. There are also many Chania discount hotels and even some Chania cheap hotels. Just book your choice of accommodations through EasyToBook.com to receive the best rates available.
The city of Chania contains four quarters of historic origin (Plaza, Ovriaki, Kastelli, and Sandrivani) as well as stone-paved alleys and buildings of traditional architecture. With its origins from Neolithic times, there are many important historical and archeological landmarks to explore. The Fortress of Firkas lies in the Topanas section of town, while the Venetian Church of Saint Francis is located in the Jewish Ovriaki quarter. Retorre's Palazzo, in the ancient Kastelli Quarter, is where the Pasha lived during Turkish rule of the town. In the Splantza, or Plaza Quarter, one can find the Church of Saint Nicholas, the Greek Orthodox Church of Agioi Anargyroi and the small Venetian Church of Saint Rocco. There are also Turkish Baths and the Municipal Garden which attract tourists from all over the world, as well as many other attractions.
Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


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November 28, 2014
Stay up-to-date with KAKE News:
Friday, March 4, 2011
The Maize High boys basketball team and cheerleaders loaded a bus headed for sub-state in Dodge City, while the Northwest High boys basketball team coaches drove separate rented vehicles with no room for the cheerleaders.
"It is a big story, us going to Dodge to play Maize or to play Goddard. On the flip side, Dodge City and Garden City have to make those trips in here all the time. They were here last week for state wrestling," said J. Means, Northwest High Athletic Director.
With rising prices at the gas pumps and school budget concerns, some asked if there should be change in the way schools qualify for the state tournament.
"It does put a little crunch into our budget but that's the way the playoffs system is right now. As athletic directors, we're trying to change the system where maybe the higher seed would host the home game," said Eric Wolgast, Maize High Athletic Director.
Not many fans will be able to see these two teams play against each other for the first and most crucial time this year.
"It's a little ridiculous especially when you consider the fuel costs. We're a couple miles apart from each other," said Maybrit Cramer, parent of a Northwest High basketball player. "In the other hand, when they set up the bracket, they didn't know that Northwest and Maize would be playing each other."
Playoffs are hosted by one of eight teams in a bracket and this year it landed in Western Kansas. The boys and girls play Friday and Saturday, respectively.
"It's nice to be on neutral but traveling clear to Dodge City is certainly a strain on the budget constraints that schools already have," said Cramer.
The 6A state basketball tournament will be held at Koch Arena, March 9-12.
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Magnetic snaps add the "sexy cool" to any purse or wallet project. They're easy to add, and Craft Apple shows you how in her tutorial on installing a magnetic snap.
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Dennis Felber Photography
Serving Milwaukee and Specializing in Destination Weddings Worldwide.
Milwaukee, WI 53211
( 414 ) 961 - 0318
email website blog
Focusing on capturing the essence of the day, I create images that look and feel natural with a contemporary style.
Each wedding is an opportunity to create amazing photographs for you. I look forward to the challenge of capturing the emotion, tension, the details and traditions, the excitement, happiness and the moments in-between.
Its the story of your wedding day, and it really comes down to being playful, romantic and above all, having fun!


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$20 Seasoned split oak firewood delivery availableFirewood · Austin, TXSplit, seasoned oak fire wood for sale in the Lakeway area.... Tired of buying overpriced wood from Randall's or the gas station? Don't f...Eric W. · 10 hours ago
$199 Start Your Own Business with Low up Front CostHome Decor · Austin, TXDesign homes for the Real Estate Market~ No previous experience required. Enter into the interior design industry now with low up front c...Home Stages Designs · 1 day ago
$349 30 inch commercial pedestal fanOffice & Business · Austin, TXjacobsfan.com #CPED30 (512)207-0902David J. · 2 days ago
children's clothes and bedding and party decorations seKid's Clothes · Kyle, TXselling boys size 4/5 lot of clothes mostly shirts and pj's a few pants. Much more then pictured! $30 takes all. Bedding sets twin Mickey...Terra S. · 2 days ago
$275 Dark Hardwood Laminate FlooringEverything Else · Austin, TXDARK HARDWOOD USED LAMINATE FLOORING We removed to put a lighter color. call James 512-394-2581Corner Stone Surplus · 3 days ago
$2,200 14 Kt White Gold Wedding SetRings · Austin, TX14KT WHITH - BOTH RINGS VERY NICE BAND HAS 11 ROUND DIAMONDS MARKED A99 14K RING HAS 4 SMALL PRINCESS CUTS IN CENTER W/ 4 ROUND DIAMON...Jon M. · 4 days ago
$900 Rare Vintage Coca - Cola / Root Beer DispenserCollectibles · Austin, TXThe Multiplex 44 soda fountain dispenser was made by the Multiplex Faucet Company from 1961 to 1962 and total production was about 2,000 ...Jon M. · 5 days ago
$225 Black Lacquer Wall UnitOther Furniture · Austin, TXBlack Lacquer Wall unit, in excellent condition , glass enclosure on top, center area can take up to a 27" TV , drawers below the TV for ...Steve S. · 5 days ago
$475 Burlwood Dining Room Table and Chairs with Extensions and PadsTables & Stands · Austin, TXDining Room Table and Chairs for Sale, Comes with 2 Extension leafs as well as table pads. Some minor niches on the table legs, the rest ...Steve S. · 5 days ago
$1,800 14 Kt White Gold Oval Sapphire / Diamond RingRings · Austin, TX1.02 BLUE OVAL CENTER STONE .10 ROUND TWT DIAMOND .36 TWT BAGGETS SIZE 6 PRICE IS FIRM CASH - NO RETURNS
$900 Oak Door with Oval Etched GlassHome Decor · Austin, TXsolid oak stained red oak oval etched / bevel door 36 " by standard size by 79 " very nice door for front of house cash only firm on p...
$225 Sterling Silver Letter OpenerCollectibles · Austin, TXSTERING SILVER 92.5 MARKED CUSTOM MADE Great gift for secretary 512-699-0206
$300 Baby Spoon / Fork Set - Sterling SilverBaby Grooming, Bathing, and Feeding · Austin, TXSTERING SILVER 92.5 MARKED NEW GREAT BABY SHOWER GIFT KEEP SAKE
$16.25 Handmade Scarf for Sale by OwnerArtwork · San Marcos, TXHand knit/ Handmade scarf light purple with colored specks for sale by owner. The asking price is $16.25. Thank you so much.Allison A. · 1 week ago
$200 New wholesale furniture overstockFurniture · Austin, TXSold wood sturdy bunk beds $200 to $500; plush firm mattress sets $200 to $400; Solid wood five and seven piece dining sets $200 to $600;...David E. ·8 listings · 4 days ago
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emissions monitoring Companies in Asia & Middle East
Keyword: emissions monitoring ×
Industry: University / Academia / Research ×
Location: Asia & Middle East ×
based in Birkenhead, UNITED KINGDOM
a1-cbiss are an ISO accredited, environmental monitoring systems supplier with expertise in the design, manufacture and integration of fixed and portable environmental monitoring solutions: MCERTS accredited Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems; Gas Detection & Analysis Instrumentation; and Sequential Sampling Systems. a1-cbiss offer complete turnkey solutions ...
Enviro Technology Services plc
based in Stroud, UNITED KINGDOM
Enviro Technology Services plc (ET) was founded in 1983. Now led by MD, Mike Webley the company is active in 45 countries with a multi-million pound turnover, ET has evolved over 31 years to become a leading provider of air quality and emissions monitoring systems and servicing across the globe.
Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis
based in Abingdon, UNITED KINGDOM
Oxford Instruments designs, supplies and supports high-technology tools and systems with a focus on research and industrial applications. Innovation has been the driving force behind Oxford Instruments` growth and success for over 50 years, and its strategy is to effect the successful commercialisation of these ideas by bringing them to market in a timely and ...
Enerac Inc.
based in Holbrook, NEW YORK (USA)
Enerac is the leading manufacturer of portable emission analyzers and portable combustion analyzers in the world. The company introduced the model 842 in 1979. This was the first automated combustion efficiency analyzer ever built. Enerac combustion analyzers are Made in the USA. Our units can give you O2,CO,NO,No2,So2,H2S,HC,Co2,Draft,Temp & Efficiency. Enerac 500 & 700 ...
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
Industrial and Environmental Health and Safety Instrumentation: Air Sampling Pumps, Calibrators, Equipment, and Accessories. Colorimetric Gas Detector Tubes. Point Gas Monitors. Open Path Gas Detection. Sound, Noise, and Vibration Measurement Instruments. Real-time Dust Monitors. Flame Detectors.
Ecotech Pty Ltd
based in Knoxfield, AUSTRALIA
Ecotech is an Australian owned company with more than 35 years experience in servicing, maintaining, designing, manufacturing, installing and commissioning ambient air and emission monitoring systems around the world. Ecotech is ISO17025 accredited for the operation and maintenance of ambient air and continuous emission monitoring systems and was first accredited in 1999. ...
LNI Schmidlin SA
based in Chatelaine-Geneva, SWITZERLAND
LNI Schmidlin SA is the specialist of gas calibration system and gas generators. LNI Schmidlin SA is present in the Air Pollution Monitoring, Laboratory, Automotive and Emission markets. These instruments are either integrated in benches or portable and enable the verification and calibration of SO2,O3,CO, Hydrocarbons, BTX, NH3, or H2S analysers located in measuring ...
Ashtead Technology Ltd
based in Letchworth, UNITED KINGDOM
Ashtead Technology was formed in 1985 when Ashtead Group plc acquired SubSpek Limited, which at the time provided underwater positioning, survey and inspection equipment rental from a base in Aberdeen. In 1994 the Singapore base was opened, focussing on the offshore oil and gas industry and the subsea telecommunications cable market in Asia Pacific. The first US ...
NILU - The Norwegian Institute for Air Research
based in Kjeller, NORWAY
NILU is an independent research institute founded in 1969. NILU`s environmental building on Kjeller, the outskirt of Lillestrøm and Oslo, became the permanent headquarter in 1994. The institute conducts environmental research with emphasis on the sources of airborne pollution, atmospheric transport, transformation and deposition and is also involved in the ...
HI-Q Environmental Products Company
based in San Diego, CALIFORNIA (USA)
HI-Q Environmental Products Company (HI-Q) has been a leading manufacturer of Air Sampling & Radiation Monitoring Equipment, Systems & Accessories since 1973. HI-Q started primarily as a manufacturer of activated carbon cartridges and high/low volume air sampling pumps intended to be used as "Record Samplers" in the collection of radioiodine and radioactive dust ...


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GoateeSaver - The Goatee Shaving Template
Date Added: 09/15/2014 by Christian Villa
Great quality product and awesome customer service. Highly recommended product and a company that definetly supports it's Service Members. Thank you! for
Date Added: 08/29/2014 by Pedro Duarte
Excellent product. You really can achieve a perfectly symetric goatee. Good materials quality, simple, efficient and easy to clean up. Congratulations for the great idea
Date Added: 08/20/2014 by michael Zubal
I have never grown any facial hair or beard before. This product does what it claims and works well maintaining a well groomed goatee.
Date Added: 07/30/2014 by Peter Martin
Received my GS yesterday and after one use I am very happy with the outcome, top quality for such a small price also.
Date Added: 06/16/2014 by Donald Mazor
the screw adjusters need to be able to lock. also, the bottom of the unit has a space between the two halves that needs to be closed up to make a full 1 piece line to be able to use razor against. the mouth piece need to be adjustable in length. it goes into the mouth too far.
Date Added: 05/31/2014 by James Thompson
The Goatee Saver gave me a perfect goatee everytime, elimanitating 45 minutes in the mirror. I would reccomend this product to anyone who has a goatee.