text:
Online community
An "online community" is also known as a virtual community. Those who wish to be a part of the online world have to initially become a member to a specific site. An online community can also act as an information system where members can post, comment on discussions, and give advice. Online communities have become a very popular way of interaction between people who either have known each other in real life or met online. The most common forms people communicate are through chat rooms, forums, or discussion boards. Most people rely on social networking sites to communicate with one another but there are many other examples of online communities. People join the online world through video games and blogs as well.
- 1 A New Type of Community
- 2 Classifying online communities
- 3 Building Online Communities
- 4 Roles in an Online Community
- 5 Motivations and barriers to contributing to online communities
- 6 Motivations, the consumer, and online communities
- 7 Online community virtuous cycle
- 8 Problems
- 9 Legal
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Further reading
- 13 External links
A New Type of Community[edit]
The idea of a community is not a new concept. What is new, however, is transferring it over into the online world. Before, a community was defined as a group from a single location. If you lived in the designated area, then you became a part of that community. Interaction between community members was done primarily face-to-face and in a social setting. This definition for community no longer applies. In the online world, social interactions no longer have to be face-to-face or based on proximity, instead they can be with literally anyone anywhere.[1]
The study of communities has had to adapt along with the new technologies. Many earlier researchers used ethnography to attempt to understand what people do in online spaces, how they express themselves, what motivates them, how they govern themselves, what attracts people to participate, and why some people prefer to observe rather than contribute. Many other techniques have come about in an attempt to try and adjust to this new medium. [2]
Online communities can congregate around a shared interest, but can be spread across multiple websites. There may be more than one website to go to find any one online community.[3]
What is particularly tricky about online communities is that their meaning can change depending on who is defining them. Universally, however, there are things that show signs of a community. They are:
- Content: articles, information, and news about a topic of interest to a group of people.
- Forums or newsgroups and email: so that your community members can communicate in delayed fashion.
- Chat and instant messaging: so that the community members can communicate more immediately.
Although many possibilities probably come to mind some examples of successful Internet Communities are:
- Buddy Pic: where you upload a picture of yourself and are judged based on it.
- Something Awful: Something awful has been around since 1999. It is a comedy forum where users post comedy ideas. It has been responsible for many Internet fads over the years.
- Gaia Online: is a large online community with 23 million registered accounts. It is mostly a community that discusses anime and video games [5]
The Development Of Online Communities[edit]
There is a set of values to consider when developing an online community. Some of these values include: opportunity, education, culture, democracy, human services, equality within the economy, information, sustainability, and communication. [6]
In reference to an online community, the developer's main focus is to create a technology that adheres to the interests, as well as the social and basic needs, of the community. An online community's main goal is to serve as a common ground for people who share the same interests as one another. Some individuals are not confident when communicating face-to-face with others, and the online community provides a place for these individuals to practice techniques that will help them become more confident in their communication skills. People who are shy or insecure when it comes to face-to-face communication are able to use these communities to get to know other people without having to directly show their shyness or insecurities. Individuals are able to talk with people who share their same interests just in a different form of communication. [7]
When online communities first developed, they were seen as essentially different than face-to-face communication. However, today, being involved in online communities has become a normal routine in many people's lives all over the world. People use online communities to keep up with events, such as such as upcoming church or sporting events, that are going on in their local communities. Online communities also form around activities or hobbies, such as online gaming or fashion blogging. They have also become an important part of education. Students are able to take classes online, and they are able to communicate with their professors and peers through online courses. Businesses have also started using online communities to communicate with their customers about product and service enhancements and to share new information about the business. A number of online communities related to health care help inform, advise, and support patients and community members who are suffering from illness or other health issues. Other online communities allow a wide variety of professionals to come together to share their thoughts and ideas on certain topics or issues. [8]
When developing an online community, it is important to have the right technologies necessary to keep members interested, manage assets, and uphold community relations. Everything needs to be in place and organized in order for the online community to be successful and usable. The developers take into consideration whether or not all the online community members are good at using technology. If the online community is not workable or usable for some users, they will be discouraged, in turn, leading them to not want to use the online community(ies) at all. Also, to make certain that online communities are in the members' best interests, the developers are able to communicate with someone or a group of people within the local community to find out what the community as a whole likes to see online as part of the online community. Surveys and discussion boards where members are able to post their feedback are an essential part in developing an online community due to the fact that community needs, as well as individual needs, are always changing. There is barely any face-to-face communication in the online community world, therefore developers' want to make sure that all of the participating members are content and at ease with other members.[9]
Online communities were developed to encourage individuals to come together to teach and learn from one another. They open the door for collaborative learning and focus more on how individuals learn from each rather than how they learn from an instructor. Online communities encourage self learners to discuss and learn about real-world problems/situations as well as focus on things such as teamwork, collaborative thinking, personal experiences, et cetera. Members of online communities are entitled to their own opinions and thoughts, but the members are also encouraged to learn from other online community member's experiences and thoughts/opinions as well. [10]
Because of online communities, for the first time it is possible to be connected to hundreds of millions of people at the same time. The internet has become a medium of communication and due to low cost computing and technological innovations in voice and messaging techniques, it will likely continue to grow and spread.
Cost plays a role in all aspects and stages for online communities. Fairly cheap and easily attainable technologies and programs have also influenced the increase in establishment of online communities. While payment is necessary to participate in some online communities (such as certain dating websites or for monthly game subscriptions), many other sites are free to users (such as social networking services Facebook and Twitter). Because of deregulation and the increased internet access and usage rates online community popularity has escalated. Online communities provide instant gratification, entertainment, and learning. Online community participants can communicate with one or many friends at one time, receive feedback from others (friends, family, and strangers), and obtain knowledge, whether it be sought after or stumbled upon. [11]
The medium's connectivity has significant implications for the way that society interacts as individuals and as a collective. Individualism is shrinking while the prospect of a "global village" is becoming more and more apparent. Online communities are dynamic by nature and it is important that researchers and organizations have the power to classify them. For example it is important to know the security, access, and technology requirements of a given type of community as it evolves from an open forum to a private and regulated forum. [12]
Classifying online communities[edit]
A number of authors have looked at classifying online communities and those within them to better understand how they are structured. It has been argued that the technical aspects of online communities, such as whether pages can be created and edited by many, as is the case with Wikipedia, or whether only certain users can post entries and edit them, as is the case with most weblogs, can place specific online communities into types of genre.[13] Another approach argues that 'online community' is a metaphor and that contributors actively negotiate the meaning of the term, including values and social norms.[14]
Some research has looked at the particular users of online communities. Amy Jo Kim has classified the rituals and stages of online community interaction and called it the 'Membership life cycle'.[15] Clay Shirky talks about community of practice whose members collaborate and help each other in order to make something better or improve a certain skill. What makes these communities bond is "love" of something as demonstrated by members who go out of their way to help without any financial interest.[16] Others have suggested character theories to break particular patterns of behavior of particular users into certain categories.[17][18][19]
A 2001 McKinsey & Company study showed that only 2% of transaction site customers returned after their first purchase, while 60% of new online communities users began using and visiting the sites regularly after their first experiences[citation needed]. Online communities have changed the game for retail firms, forcing them to change their business strategies. Companies have to network more, adjust computations, and alter their organizational structures. This leads to changes in a company's communications with their manufacturers including the information shared and made accessible for further productivity and profits. Online communities have evolved how[clarification needed] entertainment and news firms share information. Because consumers and customers in all fields are becoming accustomed to more interaction and engagement online, adjustments must be considered made in order to keep audiences intrigued. [20]
Some of the most successful online communities are those whose members have positively invested positive approaches to posting and carrying on conversations in forums and chatrooms. Online communities are used to chat and partake on a virtual social network.
It may be beneficial to introduce a term described by Ray Oldenberg, in The Great Good place, called a third place to help classify online communities. A "third place is a generic designation for a great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realm of home and work" (Oldenburg, p. 16). An online community can take on the role of a third place. Third places have characteristics that many online communities exhibit, for example: they provide neutral ground for all parties; they are levelers, easily accessible and highly accommodating; conversation is the main activity; allow people to keep a low profile, and a few others. While these may be characteristics to help classify online communities, they may not all apply to an online community nor need an online community embody each of these characteristics.
The four requirements of "virtual settlement" include: interactivity, a variety of communicators, a common public place where members can meet and interact and sustained membership over time. Based on these considerations, it can be said that microblogs, such as Twitter, can be classified as an online community.[21]
Building Online Communities[edit]
Not everyone is drawn to participate and engage in online communities, and age and lifestyle often discourage people from getting involved in online communities. According to Dorine C. Andrews, author of Audience-Specific Online Community Design there are three parts to building an online community: starting the online community, encouraging early online interaction, and moving to a self-sustaining interactive environment.[22] When starting an online community, it may be more effective to create webpages that appeal to specific interests. Online communities with clear topics and easy access tend to be more effective. In order to gain early interaction by audience members, privacy guarantees and interwoven content discussion are very important.[23] Successful online communities tend to be able to function self-sufficiently. Private discussion groups and information sharing can often add to the complexity success of online communities [24]
Community Participation
There are two major types of participation in online communities: public participation and non-public participation, also called lurking. Lurkers are participants who join a virtual community but do not publish their opinions. In contrast, public participants, or posters, are those who join virtual communities and openly express their beliefs and opinions. Both lurkers and posters frequently enter communities to find answers and to gather general information. For example, there are several online communities dedicated to technology. In these communities, posters are generally experts in the field who can offer technological insight as well as answer questions, while lurkers tend to be technological novices who use the community to ask questions as opposed to offer advice.[25]
In general, virtual community participation is influenced by how participants' view themselves in society as well as norms, both of society and the online community.[26] Participants also join online communities for friendship and support. In a sense, virtual communities fill the social voids in participants' offline lives.[27]
Sociologist Barry Wellman presents the idea of "glocalization"- the ability for the Internet to extend participants' social connections to people around the world while also aiding them in further engagement with their local community.[28]
'Online Learning'
One impact of online communities that is relatively new, but quite revolutionary, is online learning. Online learning can simply refer to sites dedicated to learning (as opposed to sites for entertainment or social networking), or the way one can get an education online. You can now take classes online at your own pace through a university, and get a degree that way. But some question the credibility of this. Do online communities help promote online learning? According to and article published in Volume 21, Issue 5, of the European Management Journal titled Learning in Online Forums, they conducted a series of researches about online learning, and they found that while strong online learning is a bit more difficult to form, it is still quite conducive to educational learning. Online learning can bring together a diverse group of people, and although it is asynchronous learning, they believe that if an online forum is set up using all the best tools and strategies, it can be very effective. Another study was published in an article of Volume 55, Issue 1, of the Computers and Education Journal, called Computer-supported team-based learning: The impact of motivation, enjoyment, and team contributions on learning outcomes, supports the findings of the article mentioned above. They found that the online experience enhanced students learning, and that the students felt they learned well with it. A study published in the same journal of Volume 55, Issue 4, called Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts, looks at how social networking can foster individual well-being and develop skills which can improve the learning experience. So it is encouraged to utilize social networking sites to build a strong, helpful, positive environment in order to improve their social learning. These articles look at a variety of different ways of online learning. They essentially point to a theory that online learning can be quite productive and educational if created and maintained properly, and hope to see further technological advances to improve upon it even more. One of the greatest features of online communities is that they are not constrained by time therefore giving member the ability to move through periods of high to low activity over however long a period of time. This dynamic nature maintains a freshness and variety that traditional methods of learning might not have been able to provide. Nowadays, it appears that online communities such as Wikipedia have become a source of professional learning. It is an active learning environment in which learners converse and inquire, posting more and more accurate knowledge. In a study exclusive to teachers in online communities, results showed that membership in online communities provided teachers with a rich source of professional learning that satisfied each member of the community. Henceforth, the conclusion can be met that online communities are a worthwhile form of professional learning and a great source of information.[29]
Important aspects of a successful online community[edit]
An article entitled "The real value of on-line communities," written by A Armstrong and J Hagel of the Harvard Business Review, addresses a handful of elements that are key to the growth of an online community and its success in drawing in members. In this example, the article which was available on mendeley.com focuses specifically on online communities related to business, but its points can be transferred and can apply to any online community in general as well. The article addresses four main categories of business-based online communities, but states that a truly successful one will combine qualities of each of them: communities of transaction, communities of interest, communities of fantasy, and communities of relationship. Anubhav Choudhury, from incrediblogger.net, provides basic descriptions of each of these four types of online communities. Before continuing on to these types though, it is important that any confusion regarding the meaning of an online community is cleared up. A simple and clear definition is offered by Constance Elise Porter of Notre Dame in a paper entitled "A Typology of Virtual Communities: A Multi-Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research": "a virtual community is defined as an aggregation of individuals or business partners who interact around a shared interest, where the interaction is at least partially supported and/or mediated by technology and guided by some protocols or norms."
- Communities of transaction emphasize the importance of buying and selling products in a social online manner where people must interact in order to complete the transaction.
- Communities of interest involve the online interaction of people with specific knowledge on a certain topic.
- Communities of fantasy encourage people to participate in online alternative forms of reality, such as games where they are represented by avatars.
- Communities of relationship often reveal or at least partially protect someone's identity while allowing them to communicate with others, such as in online dating services.
Membership life cycle for online communities[edit]
Amy Jo Kim's membership lifecycle states that members of online communities begin their life in a community as visitors, or lurkers. After breaking through a barrier, people become novices and participate in community life. After contributing for a sustained period of time they become regulars. If they break through another barrier they become leaders, and once they have contributed to the community for some time they become elders. This life cycle can be applied to many virtual communities, most obviously to bulletin board systems, but also to blogs, mailing lists (listserve) and wiki-based communities like Wikipedia.
A similar model can be found in the works of Lave and Wenger, who illustrate a cycle of how users become incorporated into virtual communities using the principles of legitimate peripheral participation. They suggest five types of trajectories amongst a learning community:[31]
- Peripheral (i.e. Lurker) – An outside, unstructured participation
- Inbound (i.e. Novice) – Newcomer is invested in the community and heading towards full participation
- Insider (i.e. Regular) – Full committed community participant
- Boundary (i.e. Leader) – A leader, sustains membership participation and brokers interactions
- Outbound (i.e. Elder) – Process of leaving the community due to new relationships, new positions, new outlooks
The following shows the correlation between the learning trajectories and Web 2.0 community participation.
Learning trajectory – online community participation[edit]
Example – YouTube
Peripheral (Lurker) – Observing the community and viewing content. Does not add to the community content or discussion. The user occasionally goes onto YouTube.com to check out a video that someone has directed them to.
Inbound (Novice) – Just beginning to engage the community. Starts to provide content. Tentatively interacts in a few discussions. The user comments on other user's videos. Potentially posts a video of his or her own.
Insider (Regular) – Consistently adds to the community discussion and content. Interacts with other users. Regularly posts videos. Either videos they have found or made themselves. Makes a concerted effort to comment and rate other users' videos.
Boundary (Leader) – Recognized as a veteran participant. Connects with regulars to make higher concepts ideas. Community grants their opinion greater consideration. The user has become recognized as a contributor to watch. Possibly their videos are podcasts commenting on the state of YouTube and its community. The user would not consider watching another user's videos without commenting on them. Will often correct a user in behavior the community considers inappropriate. Will reference other user's videos in their comments as a way to cross link content.
Outbound (Elder) – Leaves the community for a variety of reasons. Interests have changed. Community has moved in a direction that he doesn't agree with. Lack of time. User got a new job that takes up too much time to maintain a constant presence in the community. The Deletionist versus Inclusionist Controversy in another such case within wiki-based communities.
Roles in an Online Community[edit]
Although online societies differ in content from real society, the roles people obtain in their online community are quite similar. Elliot Volkman[32] points out several different categories of people that play a role in the cycle of social networking, these include:
- Community Architect – Creates the online community. They set goals and decide what the purpose of the site.
- Community Manager- Oversee the progress of the society. This role allows them to enforce rules, encourage social norms, assist new members, and spread awareness about the online community.
- Paid Member- This is a member who is paid to contribute to the site. Their role is to keep the community active and encourage other people to participate and become interested in the site.
- Free members -These members visit the site most often and represent the majority of the contributors to the site. Their contributions are very crucial to the sites progress.
- Passive lurker - Do not contribute much to the site but rather absorb the content, discussion, and advice.
- Active lurker- Consume the content as well as share that content with their personal networks and other communities.
- Power users - These people push for new discussion, provide positive feedback to community manages, and sometimes even act as community managers themselves. Although they have a major influence on the site, they only make up a small percentage of the overall users.
These terms are taken from Social Media Today. The article describes different aspects of online communities but specifically describes the different roles within a community.[34]
Motivations and barriers to contributing to online communities[edit]
Successful online communities motivate online participation. Several research studies have investigated methods of motivating participation in online communities.
An online community shares similarities and differences with a social community. Unlike a social community, an online community provides real-world communities a place to come together using the Internet. Similar to a social community, being a member of an online community allows you to meet with several people in a chat room, or send messages to one another. An advantage of being a part of the online community is that it is always on and does not have operating hours. Online Communities are easier and is a more accessible way to keep in touch with people who are geographically far or with those who have conflicting schedules with oneself.[33]
There are many persuading factors that draw users into different online communities. Peer-to-peer systems and social networking sites rely heavily on member contribution. Users' underlying motivations to involve themselves in these communities have been linked to different persuasion theories of sociology.
- The Reciprocation Theory infers that a successful online community must provide its users with benefits that compensate for the costs of time, effort and materials members provide. People often join these communities expecting a sort of reward, whether it is physical or psychological.
- The Consistency Theory says that once an individual makes a public commitment to a virtual society, they will often feel obligated to stay consistent with their commitment by continuing contributions.
- The Social Validation Theory explains how people are more likely to join and participate in an online community if it is socially acceptable and popular.
Additionally, one of the greatest attractions towards online communities is the sense of connection users build between each other. Individuals are most likely to join these sites in order to enhance their likability.[34] Also participation and contribution is influenced when members of an online community are aware of their global audience.[35]
The majority of people learn by example and often follow others, especially when it comes to participation.[36] Individuals are reserved about contributing to an online community for many reasons including but not limited to a fear of criticism or inaccuracy. Users may withhold information that they don't believe is particularly interesting, relevant, or truthful. In order to challenge these contribution barriers, producers of these sites are responsible for developing knowledge-based and foundation-based trust among the community.[37]
There are two types of virtual online communities (VOC): dependent and self-sustained VOCs. The dependent VOCs are those who use the virtual community as extensions of themselves, they interact with people they know. Self-sustained VOCs are communities where relationships between participating members is formed and maintained through virtual encounters in the online community.[38] For all VOCs, there is the issue of creating identity and reputation in the online community. A person can create whatever identity they would like to through their virtual interactions with other members. Although limited, the most important attribute to an online member is the username. It is what other members identify you by but it says very little about the person behind it. In online communities, your name is your username.[39] The main features in virtual online communities that attracts people is a shared communication environment, relationships formed and nurtured virtually, a sense of belonging to a group, an internal structure of the group, common space shared by people with similar ideas and interests. The three most critical issues are belonging, identity, and interest. For an online community to flourish there needs to be consistent participation, interest, and motivation.[40]
Research conducted by Helen Wang applied the Technology Acceptance Model to online community participation.[41] As a result of research conducted, internet self-efficacy positively predicted perceived ease of use. Research found that participants' belief in his or her ability to use the internet and web base tools determined how much effort was expected. Community environment positively predicted perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Intrinsic motivation positively predicted perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and actual use. For example if you are confident in your abilities online, you know how to use website tools, and enjoy the online environment, then you are more likely to participate in an online community. Technology acceptance model positively predicts an individuals likelihood to participate in an online community.
Motivations, the consumer, and online communities[edit]
Establishing a relationship between the consumer and a seller has become a new science with the emergence of online communities. It is a new market to be tapped by companies and to do so, requires an understanding of the relationships built on online communities. Online communities gather people around common interests and these common interests can include brands, products, and services.[42] Companies not only have a chance to reach a new group of consumers in online communities, but to also tap into information about the consumers. Companies have a chance to learn about the consumers in an environment that they feel a certain amount of anonymity and are thus, more open to allowing a company to see what they really want or are looking for.
In order to establish a relationship with the consumer a company must seek a way to identify with how individuals interact with the community. This is done by understanding the relationships an individual has with an online community. There are six identifiable relationship statuses: considered status, committed status, inactive status, faded status, recognized status, and unrecognized status.[43] Unrecognized status means the consumer is unaware of the online community or has not decided the community to be useful. The recognized status is where a person is aware of the community, but is not entirely involved. A considered status is when a person begins their involvement with the site. The usage at this stage is still very sporadic. The committed status is when a relationship between a person and an online community is established and the person gets fully involved with the community. The inactive status is when an online community has not relevance to a person. The faded status is when a person has begun to fade away from a site.[44] It is important to be able to recognize which group or status the consumer holds, because it might help determine which approach to use.
Companies not only need to understand how a consumer functions with in an online community, but also a company "should understand the communality of an online community"[45] This means a company must understand the dynamic and structure of the online community to be able to establish a relationship with the consumer. Online communities have cultures of their own, and to be able to establish a commercial relationship or even engage at all, one must understand the community values and proprieties. It has even been proved beneficial to treat online commercial relationships more as friendships rather than business transactions.
Through online engagement, because of the smoke screen of anonymity, it allows a person to be able to socially interact with strangers in a much more personal way [46] This personal connection the consumer feels translates to how they want to establish relationships online. They separate what is commercial or spam and what is relational. Relational becomes what they associate with human interaction while commercial is what they associate with digital or non-human interaction. Thus the online community should not be viewed as "merely a sales channel".[47] Instead it should be viewed as a network for establishing interpersonal communications with the consumer.
Online community virtuous cycle[edit]
Most online communities grow slowly at first, due in part to the fact that the strength of motivation for contributing is usually proportional to the size of the community. As the size of the potential audience increases, so does the attraction of writing and contributing. This, coupled with the fact that organizational culture does not change overnight, means creators can expect slow progress at first with a new virtual community. As more people begin to participate, however, the aforementioned motivations will increase, creating a virtuous cycle in which more participation begets more participation.
Community adoption can be forecast with the Bass diffusion model, originally conceived by Frank Bass to describe the process by which new products get adopted as an interaction between innovative early adopters and those who follow them.
Online communities are relatively new and unexplored areas. They promote a whole new community that prior to the Internet was not available. Although they can promote a vast array of positive qualities, such as relationships without regard to race, religion, gender, or geography,[48] they can also lead to multiple problems.
The theory of risk perception, an uncertainty in participating in an online community, is quite common, particularly when in the following online circumstances: 1. Performances 2. Financial 3. Opportunity/Time 4. Safety 5. Social 6. Psychological Loss [49]
Clay Shirky explains one of these problems like two hoola-hoops. With the emersion of online communities there is a "real life" hoola-hoop and the other and "online life." These two hoops used to be completely separate but now they have swung together and overlap. The problem with this overlap is that there is no distinction anymore between face-to-face interactions and virtual ones; they are one in the same. Shirky illustrates this by explaining a meeting. A group of people will sit in a meeting but they will all be connected into a virtual world also, using online communities such as wiki.[50]
A further problem is identity formation with the ambiguous real-virtual life mix. Identity formation in the real world consisted of "one body, one identity".[51] But the online communities allow you to create "as many electronic personae" as you please. This can lead to identity deception. Claiming to be someone you're not can be problematic with other online community users and for yourself. Creating a false identity can cause confusion and ambivalence about which identity is true.
A lack of trust regarding personal or professional information is problematic with questions of identity or information reciprocity. Often, if information is given to another user of an online community, one expects equal information shared back. However, this may not be the case or the other user may use the information given in harmful ways.[52] The construction of an individual's identity within an online community requires self-presentation. Self-presentation is the act of "writing the self into being," in which a person's identity is formed by what that person says, does, or shows. This also poses a potential problem as such self-representation is open for interpretation as well as misinterpretation. While an individual's online identity can be entirely constructed with a few of his/her own sentences, perceptions of this identity can be entirely misguided and incorrect.
Online communities present the problems of preoccupation, distraction, detachment, and desensitization to an individual. Ironically though, online support groups exist now. Basically any online community you can conceive, and if it currently does not it will in the near future or you could be the one to develop it. Online communities do present potential risks. Users must remember to be careful and remember that just because an online community feels safe does not mean it necessarily is.[53]
Trolling and Harassment[edit]
The most common problem with online communities tend to be online harassment, meaning threatening or offensive content aimed at known friends or strangers through ways of online technology. Where such posting is done for the lulz, that is for the fun of it, then it is known as trolling.[54] Sometimes trolling is done in order to harm others for the gratification of the person posting. The primary motivation for such posters, known as Snerts, is the sense of power and exposure it gives them[55] Online harassment tends to affect adolescents the most due to their risk-taking behavior and decision-making processes. The most notable example being that of Natasha MacBryde who was tormented by Sean Duffy, who was later prosecuted.[56] In 2010, Alexis Pilkington, a 17-year-old New Yorker committed suicide. Trolls pounced on her tribute page posting insensitive and shamelessly hurtful images of nooses and other suicidal symbolism. Four years prior to that an 18 year old died in a car crash in California. Trolls took images of her disfigured body they found on the internet and used them to torture the girl's grieving parents by sending them photos with subject lines like "Hey, Daddy, I'm still alive." Hoping that they would click on them.[57] Psychological research has shown that anonymity increases unethical behavior through what is called: "the online disinhibition effect." Many website and online communities have attempted to combat trolling, and not only has there not been a single effective method to discourage anonymity, but arguments exist claiming that removing Internet user's anonymity is an intrusion of their privacy and violates the first amendment. "There's no way to truly rid the Internet of anonymity. After all, names and e-mail addresses can be faked. And in many case many commenters write things that are rude or inflammatory under their real names. Thus, some trolls don't even bother to hide their actions and take pride in their behavior.[58] The rate of reported online harassments have been increasing as there has been a 50% increase in accounts of youth online harassment from the years 2000–2005.[59]
Another form of harassment prevalent online is called flaming. According to a study conducted by Peter J. Moor, flaming is defined as displaying hostility by insulting, swearing or using otherwise offensive language.[60] Flaming can be done in either a group style format (the comments section on YouTube) or in a one-on-one format (private messaging on Facebook). Several studies have shown that flaming is more apparent in computer mediated conversation than in face to face interaction [61] For example, a study conducted by Kiesler et al. found that people who met online judged each other more harshly than those who met face to face.[62] The study goes on to say that the people who communicated by computer "felt and acted as though the setting was more impersonal, and their behavior was more uninhibited. These findings suggest that computer-mediated communication . . . elicits asocial or unregulated behavior." [63]
Unregulated communities are established when online users communicate on a site although there are no mutual terms of usage. There is no regulator. Online interest groups or anonymous blogs are examples of unregulated communities. [64]
Cyber bullying is also prominent online. Cyber bullying is defined as willful and repeated harm inflicted towards another.[65] Cyber bullying victimization has ascended to the forefront of the public agenda after a number of news stories came out on the topic.[66] For example, a Rutgers freshman, Tyler Clementi, committed suicide in 2010 after his roommate secretly filmed him in an intimate encounter and then streamed the video over the internet.[67] Numerous states, like New Jersey, have created and passed laws that do not allow any sort of harassment on, near, or off school grounds that disrupts or interferes with the operation of the school or the rights of other students.[68]
Trolling and cyber bullying in online communities are very difficult to stop for several reasons: 1. Community members don't wish to violate libertarian ideologies that state everyone has the right to speak. 2. The distributed nature of online communities make it difficult for members to come to an agreement. 3. Deciding who should moderate and how create difficulty of community management.
Online communities like social networking websites have a very unclear distinction between private and public information. For most social networks, users have to give personal information to add to their profiles. Usually, users can control what type of information other people in the online community can access based on the users familiarity with the people or the users level of comfort. These limitations are known as "privacy settings". Privacy settings bring up the question of "...how do privacy settings and terms of service affect the expectation of privacy in social media". After all, the purpose of an online community is to share a common space with one another. Furthermore, it is even harder to take legal action when a user feels like his or her privacy has been invaded because he or she technically knew what the online community entailed.[69] Creator of social networking site, Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, noticed a change in users' behavior from when he first initiated Facebook in his Harvard dorm room, to now. It seemed that "society's willingness to share has created an environment where privacy concerns are less important to users of social networks today than they were when social networking began".[70] However even though a user might keep his or her personal information private, his or her activity is open to the whole web to access. When a user posts information to a site such as Wikipedia, or when said user comments or responds to information posted on a site, social networking sites create a tracking record of the users activity.[71]
Lack of Real-World Social Interactions[edit]
People are increasingly spending more time online today than in past decades. This trend is destroying peoples' ability to socialize and interact face-to-face. Studies show 93 percent of communication is based on nonverbal body language and only seven percent of is based on verbal and nonverbal expressions. Other various studies have reported that people are gradually spending less time interacting with others in person and spending more time online. The irony in the phrase 'social media' is that it actually causes people to be less social. This trend can also lead to stress and depression; virtual engagements do not stimulate the release of neurotransmitters responsible for feelings of satisfaction and relaxation, such as oxytocin and endorphin, in the way that real interactions do. Technology can hide the tone of a text, e-mail, Facebook message, or tweet and create a new identity. An issue with communicating online is that messages can be misinterpreted and can cause many conflicts among friends, family members, and colleagues.[72][73]
A lesser known problem is hazing within online communities. Members of an elite online community use hazing to display their power, produce inequality, and instill loyalty into newcomers. While online hazing doesn't inflict physical duress, "the status values of domination and subordination are just as effectively transmitted".[74] Elite members of the in-group may haze by employing derogatory terms to refer to newcomers, using deception or playing mind games, or participating in intimidation, among other activities.[75]
For example, "through hazing, established members tell newcomers that they must be able to tolerate a certain level of aggressiveness, grossness, and obnoxiousness in order to fit in and be accepted by the BlueSky community".[76] An online community called The X-Filesaholics displays how hazing within online communities is a casualty and common for newcomers to obediently participate in. While this is a message board for members to discuss their love for the show "The X-Files", it is commonly called Mulders apartment. Individuals interested in joining this community must go through a hazing ritual, commonly known as cleaning the apartment. Newly established members are instructed to clean or scrub the apartment with a toothbrush.
Two of the most important laws when dealing with legal issues of online communities, especially social networking sites are Section 512c of the Digital Millennium Act and Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act.
Section 512c removes liability for copyright infringement from sites that let users post content, so long as there is a way by which the copyright owner can request the removal of infringing content. The website may not receive any financial benefit from the infringing activities.
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act gives protection from any liability as a result from the publication provided by another party. Common issues include defamation, but many courts have expanded it to include other claims as well.[77]
Online Communities of various kinds (social networking sites, blogs, media sharing sites, etc.) are posing new challenges for all levels of law enforcement agencies in combating virtually all kinds of crimes including harassment, identity theft, copyright infringement, etc.
Copyright law is being challenged and debated with the shift in how individuals now disseminate their intellectual property. Today more than ever, individuals are coming together via online communities in collaborative efforts to create. Many describe current copyright law as being ill equipped to manage the interests of individuals or groups involved in these collaborative efforts. Some say that these laws may even discourage this kind of production. [78]
Laws governing online behavior pose another unique challenge to lawmakers in that they must work to enact laws that protect the public without infringing upon their First Amendment rights to free speech. Perhaps the most talked about issue of this sort is that of cyber bullying. Some scholars call for collaborative efforts between parents, schools, lawmakers, and law enforcement to curtail this kind of harassment in the wake of some alarming tragedies including suicide.[79]
Laws must continually adapt to the ever changing landscape of social media in all its forms; some legal scholars contend that law makers need to take an interdisciplinary approach to creating effective policy whether it is regulatory, for public safety, or otherwise. Experts in the Social Science disciplines can shed light on new trends that emerge in the usage of social media by different segments of American society (including youths).[80] Armed with this data, lawmakers can write and pass legislation that protect and empower various online community members.
See also[edit]
|This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (November 2009)
- ^ http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue4/preece.html
- ^ http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue4/preece.html
- ^ Baym, Nancy. "The new shape of online community: The example of Swedish independent music fandom."
- ^ http://webdesign.about.com/cs/communityonline/a/aa082599.htm
- ^ http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-biggest-internet-communities.php
- ^ hci.uma.ptPreece03-OnlineCommunities-HandbookChapt.pdf
- ^ hci.uma.ptPreece03-OnlineCommunities-HandbookChapt.pdf
- ^ hci.uma.ptPreece03-OnlineCommunities-HandbookChapt.pdf
- ^ Cothrel, Joseph, Williams, L. Ruth "Four Smart Ways to Run Online Communities"
- ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096751601000471
- ^ Plant, Robert. (Jan. 2004). Online Communities. Technology in Society 26 (Issue 1). Retrieved from http://0www.sciencedirect.com.sculib.scu.edu/science/article/pii/S0160791X030009 9X
- ^ http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.sculib.scu.edu/science/article/pii/S0160791X0300099X
- ^ Bishop, J. (2009). Enhancing the understanding of genres of web-based communities: The role of the ecological cognition framework. International Journal of Web-Based Communities, 5(1)
- ^ Brown, Nicole R. (2002). ""Community" Metaphors Online: A Critical and Rhetorical Study Concerning Online Groups.". Business Communication Quarterly 65 (2): 92.
- ^ Kim, A.J. (2000). Community Building on the Web : Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities. Peachpit Press. ISBN 0-201-87484-9
- ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. An example of community of practice he mentions is high dynamic range (HDR) photography on Flickr: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007925.html
- ^ Campbell, J., Fletcher, G. & Greenhil, A. (2002). Tribalism, Conflict and Shape-shifting Identities in Online Communities. In the Proceedings of the 13th Australasia Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne Australia, 7–9 December 2002
- ^ Bishop, J. (2008). Increasing Capital Revenue in Social Networking Communities: Building Social and Economic Relationships through Avatars and Characters. In: Romm-Livermore, C. (ed.) Social Networking Communities and eDating Services: Concepts and Implications. New York: IGI Global. Available online
- ^ Campbell, J., Fletcher, G. and Greenhill, A. (2009). Conflict and Identity Shape Shifting in an Online Financial Community, Information Systems Journal, (19:5), pp. 461–478.
- ^ Plant, Robert. (Jan. 2004). Online Communities. Technology in Society 26 (Issue 1). Retrieved from http://0www.sciencedirect.com.sculib.scu.edu/science/article/pii/S0160791X0300099X
- ^ Gruzd, Anatoliy, Barry Wellman, and Yuri Takhteyev. "Imagining Twitter as an Imagined Community." American Behavioral Scientist (2011). Print.
- ^ Andrews, Dorine C. (April 2001). "Audience specific online-community design". Communications of the ACM 45 (4). Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ Andrews, Dorine C. (April 2001). "Audience specific online-community design". Communications of the ACM 45 (4). Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ Andrews, Dorine C. (April 2001). "Audience specific online-community design". Communications of the ACM 45 (4). Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ Nonnecke, Blair; Dorine Andrews, Jenny Preece (2006). "Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior". Electronic Commerce Research 6 (1): 7–20.
- ^ Zhou, Tao (2011). "Understanding online community user participation: a social influence perspective". Internet Research 21 (1): 67–81.
- ^ Ridings, Catherine M.; David Gefen (2006). "Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10 (1). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x.
- ^ Horrigan, John. (October 2001). Online Communities Summary of Findings: The Vibrant Social Universe Online. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2001/Online-Communities/Summary-of-Findings/The-vibrant-social-universe-online.aspx
- ^ http://0-web.ebscohost.com.sculib.scu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7f2a1970-8af4-4bb5-9562-ca24f64aadde%40sessionmgr12&vid=2&hid=14
- ^ http://www.edudemic.com/build-effective-online-learning-communities
- ^ "Lave and Wenger". What is an online community?>Virtual Community online community or e-community>Membership life cycle>. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ <http://socialmediatoday.com/elliot-volkman/343142/what-online-community>
- ^ Leeleefever, Initials. (2003, July 8). What is an online community? [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.commoncraft.com/archives/000208.html#
- ^ Vassileva, J, & Cheng, R. (2005). User motivation and persuasion strategy for peer-to-peer communities. Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01385629
- ^ Lampe, C., Obar, J., Ozkaya, E. & Velazquez, A. (2012) Classroom Wikipedia participation effects on future intentions to contribute. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, p 403-406, http://dl.acm.org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/citation.cfm?id=2145204.2145267&coll=DL&dl=ACM&CFID=107794236&CFTOKEN=35203391
- ^ Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Ludford, P.J., & Terveen, L. (2004). Think different: increasing online community participation using uniqueness and group dissimilarity . Proceedings of the Proceedings of the sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 631–638). New York, NY: ACM.
- ^ Wentling, T., Page, V., & Ardichvili, A. (2003). Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge-sharing communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(1), Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=883796&show=abstract
- ^ Budiman, Adrian M. "Virtual Online Communities: A Study of Internet Based Community Interactions." Ohio University and OhioLINK. 2008. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. <http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Budiman%20Adrian%20M.pdf?ohiou1215559506>
- ^ Donath, Judith S. "Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community." Sociable Media Group – MIT Media Lab. MIT Media Lab, 14 Nov. 1996. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. <http://smg.media.mit.edu/people/judith/Identity/IdentityDeception.html>
- ^ Tardini, Stefano, and Lorenzo Cantoni. "A Semiotic Approach to Online Communities: Belonging, Interest and Identity in Websites' and Videogames' Communities (Stefano Tardini) – Academia.edu." Universita' Della Svizzera Italiana – Academia.edu. 2005. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. http://unisi-ch.academia.edu/STardini/Papers/783206/A_semiotic_approach_to_online_communities_belonging_interest_and_identity_in_websites_and_videogames_communities
- ^ Wang, H., et al. (2012). "Understanding Online Community Participation: A Technology Acceptance Perspective." Communication Research 39(6): 781-801.
- ^ Heinonen, Kristina. (2011). Conceptualizing consumers' dynamic relationship engagement: the development of online community relationships. Journal of Customer Behavior, 10(1), 50.
- ^ Heinonen, Kristina. (2011). Conceptualizing consumers' dynamic relationship engagement: the development of online community relationships. Journal of Customer Behavior, 10(1), 56.
- ^ Heinonen, Kristina. (2011). Conceptualizing consumers' dynamic relationship engagement: the development of online community relationships. Journal of Customer Behavior, 10(1), 57.
- ^ Goodwin, C. (1996). Communality as a dimension of service relationships. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5(4), 401.
- ^ Heinonen, Kristina. (2011). Conceptualizing consumers' dynamic relationship engagement: the development of online community relationships. Journal of Customer Behavior, 10(1), 69.
- ^ Heinonen, K., Strandvik, T., Mickelsson, K-J., Edvardsson, B., Sundström, E. & Andersson, P. (2010). A Customer Dominant Logic of Service. Journal of Service Management, 21(4), 537.
- ^ http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications
- ^ Shiue 2010
- ^ http://www.shirky.com/writings/group_enemy.html
- ^ http://books.google.com/bookshl=en&lr=lang_en&id=harO_jeoyUwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA29&dq=online community virtual real world&ots=JXOP5H8rsW&sig=PS2VyJGqIgyjkDRZa2XKIoiqSes
- ^ Matzat 2010
- ^ Horrigan, John. (October 2001). Online Communities Summary of Findings: The Vibrant Social Universe Online. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2001/Online-Communities/Summary-of-Findings/The-vibrant-social-universe-online.aspx
- ^ Liverpool Daily Echo. Trolls and Snerts
- ^ Gulraiz Smith. Why do Trollers do what they do?
- ^ BBC News. Sean Duffy case highlights murky world of trolling
- ^ Lexisnexis.com
- ^ Lexisnexis.com
- ^ Lwin 2011
- ^ Moor, Peter J., Heuvelman, Ard (2010). Flaming on YouTube. Computers in Human Behavior, 2010, Vol. 26 (6)
- ^ Moor, Peter J.
- ^ Kiesler, S., Zubrow, D., Moses, A. M., Geller, V. (1985). Affect in computer-mediated communication: An experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion. Human-Computer Interaction, 1985, Vol. 1
- ^ Kiesler, S.
- ^ Plant, Robert. (Jan. 2004). Online Communities. Technology in Society 26 (Issue 1). Retrieved from http://0www.sciencedirect.com.sculib.scu.edu/science/article/pii/S0160791X030009 9X
- ^ Mishna, Faye, Khoury-Kassabri, Mona, Gadalla, Tahany, Daciuk, Joanne (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Sciences Review, 2012, Vol. 34 (1)
- ^ Tokunaga, Robert S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 2010, Vol. 26 (3)
- ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (2010). Private moment made public, then a fatal jump. New York Times, 2010, September 30, 2010
- ^ Hinduja, Sameer, Patchin, Justin W. (2012). State cyberbullying laws: A brief review of state cyberbullying laws and policies. January 2012
- ^ Ken Strutin 2011
- ^ Connie Davis Powell
- ^ Patricia E. Salkin 2011
- ^ Poquérusse, Jessie. "The Neuroscience of Sharing". Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ Tardanic, Susan. "Is Social Media Sabatoging Real Communication?=http://www.forbes.com/sites/susantardanico/2012/04/30/is-social-media-sabotaging-real-communication".
- ^ Fraser, Matthew, and Soumitra Dutta. Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2008. Print.
- ^ Nuwer, H. (1999). Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
- ^ Honeycutt, C. (2005), Hazing as a Process of Boundary Maintenance in an Online Community. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10: 00. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00240.x
- ^ Fayle, Kevin. "Understanding the Legal Issues for Social Networking Sites and Their Users". FindLaw: For Legal Professionals. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^ Elkin-Koren, N. (2011). Tailoring Copyright to Social Production. Theoretical Inquiries In Law, 12(1), 309–347.
- ^ King, A. (2010). Constitutionality of Cyberbullying Laws: Keeping the Online Playground Safe for Both Teens and Free Speech. Vanderbilt Law Review, 63(3), 845–884.
- ^ Palfrey, J. (2010). The Challenge of Developing Effective Public Policy on the Use of Social Media by Youth. Federal Communications Law Journal, 63(1), 5–18.
- Shuie, Yih-Chearng. "Exploring and Mitigating Social Loafing in Online Communities". Computers and Behavior. v.26.4, July 2010. pp. 768–777
- Matzat, Uwe. "Reducing Problems of Sociability in Online Communities: Integrating Online Communication with Offline Interaction". American Behavioral Scientist. 2010. pp. 1170–1193
- Lwin, May O. "Stop Bugging Me: An Examination of Adolescents' Protection Behavior Against Online Harassment" Journal of Adolescence. 2011. pp. 1–11
- Strutin, Ken. "Social Media and the Vanishing Points of Ethical and Constitutional Boundaries." Pace Law Review 31.1 (2011): 228–90. Wilson Web. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. <http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu/hww/browse/browse.jhtml;hwwilsonid=BIK3MBKLBQQTLQA3DIMSFGGADUNGIIV0?prod=OMNIFT>.
- Heinonen, Kristina. (2011). Conceptualizing consumers' dynamic relationship engagement: the development of online community relationships. Journal of Customer Behavior, 10 (1), 49–72.
- Goodwin, C. (1996). Communality as a dimension of service relationships. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5(4), 387–415.
- Heinonen, K., Strandvik, T., Mickelsson, K-J., Edvardsson, B., Sundström, E. & Andersson, P. (2010). A Customer Dominant Logic of Service. Journal of Service Management, 21(4), 531–548.
Further reading[edit]
- Barzilai, G. (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
- Bishop, J. (2007). Increasing Participation in Online Communities: A framework for human-computer interaction. Computers in Human Behavior 23 (2007), 1881–1893.
Dasgupta, S. (2010). Social Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. (ISBN 1-605-66984-9).
- Ebner, W.; Leimeister, J. M.; Krcmar, H. (2009): Community Engineering for Innovations -The Ideas Competition as a method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations. In: R&D Management, 39 (4), pp. 342–356 [1]
- Else, Liz & Turkle, Sherry. "Living online: I'll have to ask my friends", New Scientist, issue 2569, 20 September 2006. (interview)
- Hafner, K. 2001. The WELL: A Story of Love, Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community Carroll & Graf Publishers (ISBN 0-7867-0846-8)
- Fraser, Matthew, and Soumitra Dutta. Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2008. Print.
- Gurak, Laura J. 1997. Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace: the Online Protests over Lotus Marketplace and the Clipper Chip. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Hagel, J. & Armstrong, A. (1997). Net Gain: Expanding Markets through Virtual Communities. Boston: Harvard Business School Press (ISBN 0-87584-759-5)
- Honeycutt, C. (2005), Hazing as a Process of Boundary Maintenance in an Online Community. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10: 00. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00240.x
- Horrigan, John. (October 2001). Online Communities Summary of Findings: The Vibrant Social Universe Online. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2001/Online-Communities/Summary-of-Findings/The-vibrant-social-universe-online.aspx
- IRMA. Virtual Communities: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications. IGI Global: New York, NY (ISBN 1-609-60100-9)
- Jones, G. Ravid, G. and Rafaeli S. (2004) Information Overload and the Message Dynamics of Online Interaction Spaces: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Exploration, Information Systems Research Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp. 194–210.
- Kim, A.J. (2000). Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities. London: Addison Wesley (ISBN 0-201-87484-9)
- Kim, A.J. (2004). "Emergent Purpose." Musings of a Social Architect. January 24, 2004. Retrieved April 4, 2006 [2].
- Leimeister, J. M.; Sidiras, P.; Krcmar, H. (2006): Exploring Success Factors of Virtual Communities: The Perspectives of Members and Operators. In: Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce (JoCEC), 16 (3&4), 277–298 [3].
- Leimeister, J.M.; Krcmar, H. (2005): Evaluation of a Systematic Design for a Virtual Patient Community. In: Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10 (4) [4].
- Nuwer, H. (1999). Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
- Plant, Robert. (Jan. 2004). Online Communities. Technology in Society 26 (Issue 1). Retrieved from http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.sculib.scu.edu/science/article/pii/S0160791X0300099X
- Preece, J. (2000). Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (ISBN 0-471-80599-8)
- Davis Powell, Connie. ""Iou Already Have Zero Privacy. Getoverit!"1WouldWarrenand Brandeis Argue for Privacy for Social Networking?" Pace Law Review 31.1 (2011): 146–81.*Salkin, Patricia E. "Social Networking and Land Use Planning and Regulation: Practical Benefits, Pitfalls, and Ethical Considerations." Pace Law Review 31.1 (2011): 54–94.
- Romm-Livermore, C. & Setzekorn, K. (2008). Social Networking Communities and EDating Services: Concepts and Implications. IGI Global: New York. (ISBN 1-605-66104-X)
- Strutin, Ken. "Social Media and the Vanishing Points of Ethical and Constitutional Boundaries." Pace Law Review 31.1 (2011): 228–90. Wilson Web. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. <http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.sculib.scu.edu/hww/browse/browse.jhtml;hwwilsonid=BIK3MBKLBQQTLQA3DIMSFGGADUNGIIV0?prod=OMNIFT>.
- Armstrong, A., & Hagel, J. (1996). The real value of on-line communities. Harvard Business Review, 74(3), 134–141. Butterworth-Heinemann. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9710080066&site=bsi-live
- Choudhury, Anubhav (2012). incrediblogger
- Porter, Constance Elise. (2004). A Typology of Virtual Communities: A Multi-Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research.
External links[edit]
- International Journal of Web Based Communities
- Centre for Research into Online Communities and E-Learning Systems


text:
Forum and Costume Controls
Log in to check your private messages
Log in
REMINDER: Do not change your e-mail address yourself. Please read
this first
for why.
I'm baaaaaack!
Goto page
Rebel Legion Forum Index
Rebel Bases N. America
Canadian Base
Canadian Archive
View previous topic
View next topic
Woofer (John H. VanOphem)
Archived Member Profile
Joined: 06 Aug 2003
Posts: 1474
Medals: None
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 1:04 am
Post subject: I'm baaaaaack!
Yes, I made it over here finally.
My work schedule has finally settled down into something a bit more reasonable, and in theory I can actually consider participating in events again.
Didja miss me?
I'll still need some time to look things over, fix up my profile, add a signature, update my costume pics etc, but should do that in the next few weeks.
I'm also on Facebook if you want to see some of my pics there.
I did a small local event to celebrate the 30th Anniversary. I represented the Legion as the best looking good guy there (ok, only one) Was interviewed in a local paper and also for the This Week in Geek podcast.
On a more personal note, apart from the nasty work schedule that I had starting last fall until last May, I've also been dealing with my depression. I'm on medication now, but I'm not sure its working as well as it can. I've suffered with chronic depression since my teens, so I don't expect it to be fully solved in just a few months of popping a pill.
On the costuming front I'm considering making a new helmet, based on the real thing. I also recently discovered a few details in the paint job that are lacking on my current one. Also been researching what I call the Yavin officer costume. The one worn by Captain Antilles and most of the command staff on Yavin.
So anyone feel like filling me in on details since the last election? Thats basically when I had to step back to deal with real life and work.
Back to top
Ky-Wan Zann ()
Active Legion Member
Joined: 03 Jun 2002
Posts: 3140
Medals: None
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 2:42 am
Post subject:
Hey man good to have you back. Things haven't really been too new round here, Alberta was able to split off into it's own base which has been pretty cool so far.
'Just because I don't like to fight. Doesn't mean I can't'
'They can be a great people Kal-El they wish to be. They only lack the light to show the way'
'JASON' Detachment
Back to top
DocBev (Nicky Blum)
Joined: 04 Oct 2004
Posts: 1413
View more...
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 1:12 pm
Post subject:
Welcome back to the RL boards Woofer!
Nicky "Doc_Bev" Blum
The Rebel Legion: Echo Base
501st Legion: Legion Events Coordinator
RAID - Fire Team Echo & KJO - Blumfruit Temple
Back to top
email@example.com (Tom Kuntz)
Active Legion Member
Joined: 27 Aug 2004
Posts: 304
Location: Rochester
Medals: None
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 4:34 pm
Post subject:
Good to hear from ya John, maybe we'll get to see ya at Fan Expo & or Grape & Wine ( if it happens) .
Troop More! it's a great fix for depression!
T_StarFlyer , Echo Base
Back to top
JediXXL (Gil Guemes)
Detachment XO
Joined: 09 Mar 2004
Posts: 5060
Location: Buffalo, New York (Ice Planet Zero)
View more...
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 5:42 pm
Post subject:
Sorry, since I talk to you almost everyday, you were never gone for me man! It all depends on your point of view...
Glad you made it into the new forums
- Hawkbat Squadron - Sabre Wing - Western New York -
There is
Orange Mafia
Back to top
Marianne Solav (Marie-Claude Dion)
Active Legion Member
Joined: 23 May 2004
Posts: 132
Medals: None
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 9:11 pm
Post subject:
Welcome back! Hope to see you at an event soon.
Back to top
Queen Amidala (Mary Alice Ladd)
Active Legion Member
Joined: 03 Jun 2002
Posts: 5787
Medals: None
Posted: Mon Jul 09, 2007 11:42 pm
Post subject:
Great to see you back on the forum, glad that your work and personal life are settling down and you can get back into doing some fun RL stuff.
Back to top
Sister Sola ()
Active Legion Member
Joined: 10 Jan 2003
Posts: 192
Medals: None
Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:17 am
Post subject:
Glad to see you back John! It's always a good thing when crazy work settles down to a manageable pace.
Best thoughts sent your way regarding dealing with depression. *hug*
Back to top
Woofer (John H. VanOphem)
Archived Member Profile
Joined: 06 Aug 2003
Posts: 1474
Medals: None
Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 5:46 am
Post subject:
Thanks for the kind words everyone.
I'm a bit out of the loop with things, I really had no time to commit to worrying about RL stuff.
So I'm going to take it a bit slowly and work my way back in at a pace that works for me.
"This is Major Wes Janson, and if you're not aware of his exploits, I'm sure he'll be delighted to give you the whole story."
― Wedge Antilles
Back to top
Primrodo (Justin Monk)
Active Legion Member
Joined: 15 Jul 2002
Posts: 1724
Medals: None
Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 11:50 pm
Post subject:
Glad to see you back John. Hope you can make it to some the upcoming events!
Back to top
Arsinoe ()
Archived Member Profile
Joined: 29 Feb 2004
Posts: 415
Medals: None
Posted: Sat Sep 08, 2007 5:32 pm
Post subject:
Welcome back, John!
You come back just as my life gets insane. lol ah the irony of that.
so far so good. stumble through life so complicated it's nearly impossible and we lost our way like I knew we would. keep it together somehow anyway. David Usher - Brilliant
Back to top
Woofer (John H. VanOphem)
Archived Member Profile
Joined: 06 Aug 2003
Posts: 1474
Medals: None
Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 6:54 pm
Post subject:
Small update.
Since I posted that thread my work sched totally blew up again. We lost a co-worker to a promotion and we are short 2 people now down here. I'm doing way too much OT.
Also the medication I was taking stopped working. All the side-effects and no benefits. Switched to a new pill and that totally blew my blood pressure to hypertension levels in just a few weeks. Right now I have stopped taking anything, and I am going to insist on that for the time being so my body can recover from what I've been taking.
Hey I have 2 weeks of vacation coming up, first time in over a year, so that will help.
"This is Major Wes Janson, and if you're not aware of his exploits, I'm sure he'll be delighted to give you the whole story."
― Wedge Antilles
Back to top
Woofer (John H. VanOphem)
Archived Member Profile
Joined: 06 Aug 2003
Posts: 1474
Medals: None
Posted: Thu Jun 05, 2008 12:31 am
Post subject:
This is not a blog entry. Repeat: This is not...
Well guess what folks? After a terrible 2007 with all the medication issues and tons of OT etc etc, I am now out of a job!
Happened last week. Even though I saw it coming, when they pulled the trigger so to speak they did it fast.
It does mean I should be able to give some more time to the Legion eventually. I spent the rest of last week taking a break and thinking things over. This week is prepping for the job search, part of my severance was access to an outplacement agency. Had the first meet with them today.
It will take me some time to get back into the RL swing of things, but it is on my list, and I am certainly hoping when I get a new job it will give me enough time to actually have a social life!
"This is Major Wes Janson, and if you're not aware of his exploits, I'm sure he'll be delighted to give you the whole story."
― Wedge Antilles
Back to top
DocBev (Nicky Blum)
Joined: 04 Oct 2004
Posts: 1413
View more...
Posted: Thu Jun 05, 2008 12:44 am
Post subject:
Sorry to hear you lost you job, but good luck on your job search!
Nicky "Doc_Bev" Blum
The Rebel Legion: Echo Base
501st Legion: Legion Events Coordinator
RAID - Fire Team Echo & KJO - Blumfruit Temple
Back to top
Queen Amidala (Mary Alice Ladd)
Active Legion Member
Joined: 03 Jun 2002
Posts: 5787
Medals: None
Posted: Thu Jun 05, 2008 11:29 am
Post subject:
Good luck with the job search.
It was great seeing you at SW:WSMI.
Back to top
Display posts from previous:
All Posts
1 Day
7 Days
2 Weeks
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
1 Year
Oldest First
Newest First
Rebel Legion Forum Index
Rebel Bases N. America
Canadian Base
Canadian Archive
All times are GMT
Goto page
Jump to:
Select a forum
Rebel Legion Operations
Legion Tech Support
General Discussion
Rebel Rumblings
-- New Recruits FAQ Area
-- Charter
The Emporium
Star Wars Costume & Prop Sale Forum
-- Star Wars Costume & Prop Sale Forum Archive
Junkyard Registration Forum
Costume and Prop Making
-- Archive
-- Tools and Techniques
Rebel Pilots
-- Rebel Legion Starfighter Command
-- RLSC Squadron Rosters
-- Rebel Pilot Tutorials, Templates & References
-- A- Wing Pilots
-- B-Wing Pilots
-- X-Wing Pilots
-- Y-Wing Pilots
-- Naboo Pilots
-- EU Pilots
-- Overlapping Costume Bits
-- Jedi Tutorials
-- Rebel Legion Knights of the Jedi Order
-- KJO Archive
-- Luke Skywalker
-- Obi-Wan Kenobi
-- Anakin Skywalker
-- Lightsabers
Rebel Alliance Infantry Detachment
-- Rebel Alliance Infantry Detachment
-- A New Hope
-- Empire Strikes Back
-- Return of the Jedi
-- Weapons of RAID
Clones of the Republic
-- COR Command Center
-- Clone Service Record
-- Movie clones
-- Animated clones
-- Expanded Universe
-- Royalty & Senatorial Tutorials
-- Rebel Legion Galactic Senate
-- Leia
-- Padme
-- Handmaidens
-- Senate Guards
-- Old Republic Senators and Royalty
-- Expanded Universe
-- Clone Wars
Rebel Commanders
-- Rebel Command Archive
-- Rebel Command Tutorials
-- Galactic Strategic Command
-- Fringe Tutorials
-- Han Solo and Other Smugglers
-- Chewbacca and Other Wookiees
-- Fringe Weaponry and Props
-- Docking Bay 94
-- Fringe Archive
Rebel Supporters
-- Rebel Supporters Tutorials
-- The Wretched Hive
-- The Wretched Hive Archive
-- United Citizens of the Galactic Republic
Rebel Cheerleaders
Set Piece and Large Prop Reproduction
The Outer Rim
The Outer Rim
Rebel Bases N. America
Alderaan Base
-- Alderaan Archive
-- Bondar Temple
-- Phantom Squadron
-- Chianar Delegation
-- Nerf Herder Station
-- Killik Hive
-- Madine's Minutemen
Alpha Base
-- Alpha Archive
-- Alpha Squadron
-- Temple of the Rains
Bespin Base
-- Bespin Archive
-- Cloud City Temple
-- Thunder Squad
-- Lightning Strike Squadron
-- Tibanna Storm Clan
Blue Ridge Base
-- Graveyard Squadron
-- Kowakian Clan
-- Nexus Temple
-- Jendirian Valley Delegation
Canadian Base
-- Canadian Archive
-- Aurora Squadron
Central Base
-- Central Archive
-- Northern Sector Events (MN, ND, SD)
-- Southern Sector Events (IA, NE)
-- Gamma Squad
-- Screaming Tauntaun Squadron
-- Temple of the Crystal Spire
Corellian Base
-- Corellian Archive
-- Corellian Base-Mission Reports
-- Bloodstripe Squadron
-- Centerpoint Temple
-- Fire Team: Solo Squad
Coruscant Outpost
Dagobah Base
-- Upcoming Events
-- Dragonsnake Squadron
-- Hawkbat Battalion
-- Vanguard Temple
Dantooine Base
-- Dantooine Archive
-- Dantooine Jedi Enclave
-- 35th SOC Squad
-- Dantooine Base Events
-- Marauder Squadron
Echo Base
-- Echo Archive
-- Echo Base Events
-- Costume Build Threads
-- Blumfruit Temple
-- Fire Team Echo
-- Hawkbat Squadron
-- Geonosis Squad
-- Shifting Sands Clan
Endor Base
-- Endor Archive
-- Corsair Squadron
-- Delegation of Theed
-- Skywalker Temple
-- Event Mission Reports
Freedom Base
-- Freedom Archive
-- Liberty Squadron
-- Old Glory Squad
-- Serenity Temple
-- Patriot Command Post
Great Lakes Base
-- Great Lakes Archive
-- Bombad Squad
-- Great Lakes Delegation
-- Shadow Squadron
-- Temple of the Great Lakes
-- Umbara Squad
Kamino Base
-- Kamino Archive
-- Vortex Squadron
-- Rishi Maze Runners
Kashyyyk Base
-- Wroshyr Temple
Kessel Base
-- Kessel Archive
-- Star Temple
-- Spice Runner Squadron
Mexican Base
-- Air Knights Squadron
-- Eagle Knights Temple
Mos Eisley Base
-- Mos Eisley Archive
-- Beggar's Canyon Command Post
-- Dowager Queen Delegation
-- Mos Eisley's Most Wanted
-- Sandcrawler Squad
-- Sarlacc Squad
-- Tosche Temple
-- Womp Rat Squadron
Mos Espa Base
-- Boonta Eve Clan
-- 307th Desert Rats
-- Massiff Squadron
-- Temple Arkanis
Mountain Base
-- 3rd Mountain Squad
-- Manarai Temple
Nar Shaddaa Base
-- Nar Shaddaa Archive
-- Outlaw Squadron
-- Renegade Squad
-- Temple of the Howling Moon
-- Ranger Squad
-- Wild Cards
Outrider Base
Puerto Rico Base
-- Puerto Rico Base Archive
-- Bantha Clan
-- Lightning Squad
-- Reek Strike Squadron
-- Boriken Union
Ra Kura Base
-- Phoenix Squadron
-- Bushwhacker Squad
-- Vanguard Squad
-- Sawgrass Clan
-- Stormfront Temple
-- Swamp Rats Squad
Rogue Base
-- Events
-- Socorrian Delegation
Sunrider Base
-- Sunrider Archive
-- Hazard Squadron
-- 1138 Special Forces
Terrapin Base
-- Terrapin Archive
-- Klaw Clan
-- Corvidae Temple
Tijuana Outpost
Tranquility Base
-- Tranquility Archive
-- 22nd Attack Squadron
Ghost Base
Rebel Bases Europe
Alpine Outpost Austria
-- Events, Veranstaltungen, Termine
-- Archiv
Anatolia Outpost
Benelux Base
-- Benelux Archive
-- Adega Squad
-- Fighting Falcons Squadron
-- Lowlands Temple
Eagle Base
-- Eagle Base Archive
-- Aldera Squad
-- Ossus Temple
Elstree Base
-- Elstree Base Archive
-- 1138th Krayt Squadron
-- Shadow Unit 77
-- Elstree Special Ops Squad
-- Britannia Temple
-- Azalus Kung Clan
-- Diamond Delegation
-- Esk Besh Union
French Base
-- French Archive
-- The Corellian Griffons
German Base Yavin
-- Öffentliches Forum
-- Infos & Formalia
-- Kostüme & Kostümfragen
-- Events & Eventberichte
-- Off-Topic (Dies und Das)
-- German Archive
-- Massassi Temple
-- Piranha Beetle Squadron
-- Crystal Palace Delegation
-- Crystal RAID Squad Yavin
Italian Base
-- Italian Archive
Lion Base
-- Angels Squadron
-- The Expendables Squad
Spanish Base
-- Spanish Archive
-- Templo del Valor
Nordic Base - Wampa's Cave
-- Nordic Archive
Ruusan Outpost
Hungarian Outpost
Monaco Outpost
Ireland Outpost
Rebel Bases C. America
Costa Rica Outpost
Rebel Bases S. America
Chilean Outpost
-- Chilean Archive
-- Templo Tahiel
Polis Massa Base
-- Polis Massa Archive
-- Eellayin Temple
Cruz del Sur Base
-- Cruz del Sur Base Events
Peru Outpost
-- Templo Kallpa
Autana Outpost
-- Venezuela Outpost Events
Ecuador Outpost
Rebel Bases Asia/Pacific
Hawaii Outpost
-- Hawaii Outpost Archive
-- Hawaii Outpost Events
Hong Kong Base
Japan Base
-- Japan Archive
Taiwan Outpost
Chinese Outpost
-- Musketeer Squadron
Hoth Base
-- Hoth Costume Builds & Props
-- Hoth Lounge (off topic forum)
-- Temple of the Ice Spires
-- Wampa Squadron
Naboo Outpost
-- Naboo Costume Builds
-- Naboo Archive
Ryloth Base
-- Ryloth Costume Builds & Props
-- Nightlands Clan
-- Ryloth Raiders
Tatooine Base
-- Temple of the Twin Suns
-- Drop Bear Squadron
-- Tatooine Costume Build Diary
Tython Base
-- Tython Archive
-- Tython Mission Planning
-- Tython Costume Build Diary
-- Tython Troop Reports
-- Akar Kesh
Mission Reports
post new topics in this forum
reply to topics in this forum
edit your posts in this forum
delete your posts in this forum
vote in polls in this forum
post calendar events in this forum
The Rebel Legion is a worldwide Star Wars costuming organization comprised of and operated by Star Wars fans. While not sponsored by Lucasfilm Ltd., it is Lucasfilm's preferred volunteer Rebel costuming group. Star Wars, its characters, costumes, and all associated items are the intellectual property of Lucasfilm. © 2014 Lucasfilm Ltd. & ™ All rights reserved. Used under authorization.
Privacy Policy
Powered by
© 2001, 2005 phpBB Group

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Know More LA's Advocacy Training and MobilizationNew Orleans, LA
Bummer! Sales have ended.
Unfortunately, tickets for this event are no longer on sale.
Event Details
Know More La is proud to Present
Louisiana Youth Mobilization Training
brought to you by
the brilliant and passionate people
The Itinerary for the trainings are as follows:
Introduction and Ice Breaker 9:00 AM - 9:30 AM
Sex Education Messaging and Telling Your Story 9:30 AM - 11:00 AM
Break 11:00 AM - 11:15 AM
Finding Your Place in Sex Education Policy Advocacy 11:15 AM - 12:15 PM
Lunch 12:15 PM - 1:15 PM
Traditional Organizing 101 1:15 PM - 2:15 PM
Social Media Organizing 2:15 - 3:30 PM
Next Steps 3:30 PM - 3:45 PM
This training is open to any young person or community organizer interested in advocating to change public policy on sex education.


text:
State-of-the-art sealed lead-acid Battery which fixes the acid electrolyte in an absorptive fiberglass mat.
The advantage of this design is that the battery needs no water additions, can be operated in any position, and can be used in close proximity to people and sensitive equipment. You'll find plenty of benefits when compared to old technology wet batteries...
... such as:
The power you need to get motorin'! Order ONLINE Today!
Please Note: These items are shipped directly from the factory. To see the expected shipping date, please add to your Shopping Cart. Sorry, no express shipping available. We are unable to ship factory direct items to Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, Puerto Rico or APO or FPO addresses.
Join my
Buyer's Club at checkout andinstantly SAVE up to $24.50 on these items!
Universal Power Group 12V Group 22 55-amp Sealed Lead Acid Marine Battery 9 x 5 7/16 x 9 1/8"h., 39 lbs.
Universal Power Group 12V Group 24 75-amp Sealed Lead Acid Marine Battery 10 1/4 x 6 5/8 x 9 1/8"h., 54 1/2 lbs.
Universal Power Group 12V Group 27 90-amp Sealed Lead Acid Marine Battery 12 x 6 5/8 x 9 1/8"h., 64 lbs.
Universal Power Group 12V Group 30 110-amp Sealed Lead Acid Marine Battery 13 x 6 3/4 x 9 1/4"h., 75 lbs.
Please Note: This is a Heavy / Bulky item. $25.00 for heavy / bulky shipping and handling will be charged in addition to regular shipping and handling.
You qualify for a free gift. It will be added to your cart automatically.
Shop Similar Items
to find something that we have now or that can be backordered.
If you would like to be notified when we have this item available for sale, click
and enter your email address to receive an email notification.


text:
Aliante Casino + Hotel + Spa
7300 Aliante Pkwy.
North Las Vegas, Nevada 89084
Phone: 702-692-7777
Toll-free Phone: 877-477-7627
Visit Website
Your extraordinary Las Vegas lodging experience starts with our sleek and comfortable rooms offering a tranquil view and quiet retreat from the world outside. Enjoy one of our deluxe rooms that acts as a cozy respite, or pamper yourself in a spacious suite. With either of our Las Vegas accommodations, all rooms are decked out with 42-inch plasma TVs, work space, stereo, room service and those oh-so-dreamy beds. Aliante is setting a new soaring standard in Las Vegas hotel accommodations!
View Website Or call: 877-477-7627


text:
The Cowboys haven't snapped a down yet, and they're already one of 2013's most exciting teams.
Oklahoma State played with (orange and black) pants on fire last season in averaging nearly 46 points per game, but apparently it just wasn't entertaining enough for Coach Mike Gundy.
"We expect to play very fast this year," he said.
He ordered strength coach Rob Glass to turn up the hamster wheel to get the team in better cardiovascular shape.
Oklahoma State is happy to be one of the defendants in the phony "spread offenses lead to more injuries" argument being prosecuted by Alabama Coach Nick Saban.
Saban, who has won three Bowl Championship Series titles in the last four years, is worried wide-open offenses might cause more violent collisions. He would prefer if teams lined up in the trenches against his behemoth future NFL first-round picks.
Funny, but no one has sent Saban a sympathy card.
"I think it's the very best thing that's happened to college football," Gundy said of the up-tempo spread.
He said there used to be the same old 15 powerhouses in college that dominated and brutalized weaker opponents.
Now there are 40 to 45 teams that "have a chance to win on any given Saturday."
We have probably undervalued Oklahoma State, which was picked by the media to win the Big 12.
The Cowboys are coming off a disappointing 8-5 season in which the quarterback position was in constant flux as the defense allowed 28.2 points per game.
It is accepted now that teams with spread offenses are going to allow more points — and that's OK. Last season, Louisiana Tech finished first in offense and last in defense.
Two years ago, Oklahoma State nearly made it to the BCS title game with a defense ranked in the 100s.
"We need a new measuring stick for what is good defense," Sonny Dykes, who left Louisiana Tech to become head coach at California, said. "It needs to be adjusted to a certain extent."
Still, it would be better for wins and losses if Oklahoma State knocks its points-allowed average below 25.
The offense will be a blur, but there are still some issues to be sorted out, namely who will start at quarterback.
Gundy caused a self-inflicted mess last year when he promoted freshman Wes Lunt over veterans Clint Chelf and J.W. Walsh.
A rash of injuries turned the position into a turnstile with Chelf ending up the starter in the end.
Lunt wasn't happy and transferred to Illinois, leaving Chelf and Walsh to battle it out in training camp.
It makes sense for Gundy to milk the drama into the opener against Southeastern Conference opponent Mississippi State in Houston.
Oklahoma State won't drop off with either guy. Chelf threw for 1,588 yards and 15 touchdowns last season while Walsh threw for 1,564 and 13.
At running back, Jeremy Smith (371 yards) must step up for the departed Joseph Randle (1,417 yards, 14 touchdowns), but the Cowboys are loaded at wide receiver.
There may not be a Justin Blackmon or Dez Bryant here, but the unit is five or six deep led by Josh Stewart (101 catches, seven touchdowns).
The schedule also breaks Oklahoma State's way with most of the big games (Kansas State, Texas Christian, Baylor, Oklahoma) in Stillwater.
Top 25 so far: 25 Oklahoma; 24. Wisconsin; 23. Fresno State; 22. UCLA; 21. Texas A&M; 20. Notre Dame; 19. Oregon State.


text:
SARANAC LAKE - BluSeed Studios will host a special "Meet the Artists" closing reception from 3 to 5 p.m. Saturday for "Where Our Home Is," which has been brought to Saranac Lake through The Centre de l'Image et de l'Estampe de Mirabel and artist and CIEM mentor Martin Loft.
As stated from the "Tsi Non:we Tewen:teron" catalog, "The art of printmaking necessitates truth. From apprenticeship to mastery, the printmaker cannot lie.
The works assembled here enchant us through their sincerity and the freshness, spontaneity and astonishment of discovery they emanate."
"Where Our Home Is" presents a wide range of works on paper all created by the young Kanehsatake (Mohawk) printmakers, whom participated in a mentoring program offered to them at The Centre de l'Image et de l'Estampe de Mirabel. The prints are chosen from the production of 15 participants who frequented CIEM from 2007 to 2010.
Each annual internship involved an open theme: identity, territory and mythology that served as a connecting thread as the interns learned the techniques of printmaking, traditional and digital. Each participant was free to either follow the suggested theme, to widen its scope, or to move away from it.
From this, thus emerges a great diversity of approaches. The artist in the "Tsi Non:we Tewen:teron/Where Our Home" is are as follows: Roger Nelson, Jasmin Gunn, Daakota Bonspille, Jason Montour, Kyle Bonspille, Felix Drolet, Craig Nicholas, Melissa Cree, Sherry Benedict, Melinda Nelson, Alannah Gabriel, Alannah Gabriel, Audrey Avery and Martin Loft.


text:
Kroger stores in the Memphis area double up to $0.60.Read the Kroger Shopping Guide and Kroger Coupon Policy post to help you understand how to shop and walk away saving more money.
Keep in mind that I use a Memphis, Tennessee ad when compiling these matchups. Here are the best deals that I see at Kroger this week. Let us know if you find any deals I missed!
Support the Troops Mega Event. Save $4.00 at checkout when you purchase 10 participating items through May 22nd.
General Mills Cereal$2.29
Use $1/2 General Mills Cereals
Use $0.50/1 General Mills Original Cheerios Cereal
Use $0.75/1 General Mills Cocoa Puffs Cereal 04/20/2012 Kroger eCoupon (exp 05/14/2012)
Use $0.50/1 General Mills Trix Cereal 05/04/2012 Kroger eCoupon (exp 05/28/2012)
Use $1/2 General Mills Cheerios Cereals
Use $0.50/1 General Mills Trix Cereal
Pay as low as $1.29
Ragu Pasta Sauce (16-24 oz) $1.49
Use $1.50/1 Ragú, pg. 1 04/24/2012 All You, May 2012 (exp 05/27/2012)
Oreo Cookies $2.59
Use $1/2 Oreo Cookies,10.5-15.5 oz 04/27/2012 Kroger eCoupon (exp 06/02/2012)
Pay $2.09 each wyb 2
Keebler Club or Town House Crackers $2.49
Use $1/2 Keebler Townhouse Flatbread Crisps Crackers, 9.5 oz+
Use $1/2 Keebler Crackers, 8 oz+, any flavor Mix or Match 03/04/2012 Kroger Booklet, basketball MADNESS (exp 05/13/2012)
Use $1/3 Keebler Crackers
Pay as low as $2.09 wyb 2
Betty Crocker Cookie Pouch $1.89
Use $0.50/1 BC printable
Pay $0.89
{ 1 comment }


text:
No. 1 Star: Teemu Selanne, Anaheim Ducks
The game of the night lived up to the hype, as the Chicago Blackhawks took a lead into the third period only to have the Ducks roar back with three goals to win, 4-2. The game winner came off the stick of Selanne, on a feed from Ryan Getzlaf Goal No. 670 for the Finnish Flash.
No. 2 Star: Niklas Backstrom, Minnesota Wild
The Wild netminder get help from his defense but still had to make 36 saves in their 4-2 victory over the Detroit Red Wings. He made 18 saves in the first period alone, and allowed the Wild to build a lead they wouldnt surrender. It was Minnesotas first regulation win in Detroit since Jan. 3, 2006.
No. 3 Star: Chuck Kobasew, Colorado Avalanche
Kobasew scored with 3:29 left in the third period to give the Avs a 4-3 victory over the Dallas Stars, as the puck hit Stephan Robidas in the face and fortuitously dropped in front of him. The goal snapped a 4-game losing streak for Colorado.
Honorable Mention: Logan Couture scored two goals in regulation and added another in the shootout answering a Jordan Eberle snipe in the Sharks 4-3 win over the Edmonton Oilers. His third-period goal on the power play was a critical tally to bring the Sharks within a goal. Dan Boyle had the eventual game winner in the shootout. The Toronto Maple Leafs snapped a 5-game losing streak with a 4-2 win over the Tampa Bay Lightning. Radko Gudas scored his first in the loss. Nazem Kadri had three points. Jaromir Jagr had a goal and two assists. Ryan OReilly and Mark Olver had a goal and an assist. Ryan Getzlaf had two assists. Jonathan Toews scored his 15th, shorthanded. Ryan Jones scored his first for the Oilers. Andrew Cogliano took a stick to the mouth but didnt miss a shift vs. Chicago late in the third.
Did You Know? Jagr has more points (49) against Colorado than any other Western Conference team
Dishonorable Mention: Martin Havlat was hit with interference, unsportsmanlike conduct and a 10-minte misconduct in the second period. Mathieu Garon was pulled after giving up three goals on 18 shots for Tampa. Steven Stamkos was a minus-1 with one shot hack in his hometown. Did Joffrey Lupuls hit in Victor Hedman cross the line? What about Niklas Kronwall on Charlie Coyle? Patrick Kane was a minus-4 in a Game of the Year. Ouch.


text:
Washington, D.C. – Drew Hammill, spokesman for Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi, released the following statement today on House Republicans' decision to include language to continue to authorize the use of taxpayer funds to defend the discriminatory Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA):
"Today, House Republicans will send a clear message to LGBT families: their fiscal responsibility mantra does not extend to their efforts to stand firmly on the wrong side of the future. Republicans will take the extraordinary measure of including an authorization of their efforts to defend DOMA in the Rules of the House of Representatives and by doing so, continue to spend taxpayer funds, already adding up to $1.7 million, in their attempts to defend this shameful law in federal courts and the Supreme Court.
"Additionally, for the first time in the House Rules, the Republican leadership has decided to include an explicit acknowledgement that the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG) 'continues to speak for, and articulate the institutional position of, the House in all litigation matters in which it appears…'
"As House Democrats have time and time again made clear, the BLAG does not speak for all Members of the House of Representatives and we will continue to oppose this wasteful use of taxpayer funds to defend DOMA."


text:
Among the evening's honorees were Harvey and Bob Weinstein (Milestone award). JJ Abrams (Norman Lear Achievment in TV award), Working Title's Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner (David O. Selznick Achievement in Theatrical Motion Pictures), Russell Simmons (Visionary Award), and Lee Hirsch and Cynthia Lowen's "Bully"--for its illumination of the issue of bullying.
The night opened with a video musical repurposing "Do Re Mi" for the plight of the producer, as sung by Mark Gordon, Hawk Koch, Paula Wagner, Michael DeLuca, and Norman Lear. "Do, Oh Shit, We Need More Dough," and "When you're job is on the brink, you'll be trashed by Nikki Finke…" You get the idea.
Presenter Chris Tucker personally thanked all of the producers who made him rich, while Nicole Kidman got right to the point while naming the Best Film. Other presenters included Bradley Cooper, Naomi Watts, Robert De Niro, Jennifer Garner and Channing Tatum. (Yes, he totally stripped on stage.)
In her flawlessly delivered introduction to Abrams (a gift she expects to be repaid for with more work; he gave her "Alias"), Garner gushed about the wunderkind producer/director. "The more excited he gets about the day, the taller his hair gets." Upon taking the stage, Abrams started, "Typical week…" He proceeded to deliver the night's best acceptance speech, concluding with the story of how Norman Lear--the namesake of his award--was the first person to show up at his parents' house for his mother's shiva this past June. He said there wasn't a chance he'd have done anything or been standing there without her influence.
While Hirsch and Lowen accepted their award for "Bully," Hirsch thanked Harvey Weinstein especially: "everything you promised happened."
Fellner and Bevan's award was introduced by Anne Hathaway, who took time to personalize her speech (she also sang her way through their highlight reel, via "Les Miserables"). Fellner stumbled charmingly through a long speech, at one point declaring that what they do is to ultimately enable "really talented people," and apparently have done so without ever once yelling at anyone.
David Friendly | January 27, 2013 5:53 PM
small correction: that was Chris Tucker, not Chris Rock.
The Pope | January 27, 2013 9:41 AM
"Without also receiving a Best Director Oscar nomination, four other films have won the PGA's top prize."
You're right to point that out, but of those four films that won the PGA, only one went on to bag the Oscar; Driving Miss Daisy. I can't see Argo cutting passed Lincoln. It's an enjoyable movie, but it's nowhere near what it wants to be: a movie with something to say. Instead, it's just yet another easy gesture towards the madness of making movies... And when was the last time the Oscars gave Best Picture to a movie about making movies? Wait a minute... it was The Artist!


text:
Ecover works for you and the environment
* Cleans and degreases effectively using the power of nature
* Plant based ingredients gentle on your hands, not based on petrochemical ingredients
* No chemical residue left on your dishes
* Fresh lemon scent
* Optimal level of biodegradability - far exceeds legislative requirements
* Safe for all river and marine life
* No animal testing
* Safe for septic tanks
Instructions for use
Cleans effectively without producing excessive bubbles. One squeeze is enough for a sink full of normally dirty dishes. Do not use in automatic dishwashers.
Packaging material
Bottle and labels are made of polyethylene; cap of polypropylene. Polyethylene and polypropylene are 100% recyclable and can be recycled together perfectly. Vegan product.
Privacy Statement - The Short Version We do not spam - we hate it as much as you do. If you sign up for our email, you can unsubscribe at any time. We do not sell, rent or give your email address to anyone. Period.shopOrganic ® is a registered trademark of Border & Black Ventures, LLC.© Copyright 2007-2013. All rights reserved.


text:
Staff-recommended viewing from the KPL catalog.
A difficult documentary to summarize, Nostalgia for the Light is one of the best nonfiction films I've seen in a while. The film is not about one thing in particular but rather synthesizes relatively tangential subjects into a beautiful lament for innocence lost and memories of lost ones. Beautifully crafted, NFTL ties the scientific quest for understanding the origins of our planet with the somber task of mourning and emotional closure for victims of the Chilean military coup in 1973. Highly recommended.
By JohnL, 01/04/2012
* = required
Movies for: Kids, Teens & Tweens
My Account | Search KPL Catalog | Search This Website | Contact | Home
©2014 Kalamazoo Public Library | Copyright | Internet Policy | WiFi Help | Wireless Printing | Comments