text:
Falaise pocket
|Falaise Pocket
|Part of Operation Overlord, Battle of Normandy
Map showing the course of the battle from 8–17 August 1944; Allied attacks are shown in blue and the German Mortain offensive and subsequent counterattacks in red.
| United States
United Kingdom
Free French
|Commanders and leaders
| Bernard Montgomery
Omar Bradley
Harry Crerar
Miles Dempsey
Courtney Hodges
George Patton
| Günther von Kluge
Walter Model
Paul Hausser
Heinrich Eberbach
|up to 17 divisions[nb 1]
|14[4][5]–15 divisions[6]
Up to 100,000 men[nb 2]
|Casualties and losses
|Total casualties unavailable but significant[nb 3]
|~60,000 casualties[nb 4]
The Battle of the Falaise Pocket, fought during the Second World War from 12–21 August 1944, was the decisive engagement of the Battle of Normandy. Taking its name from the pocket around the town of Falaise within which Army Group B, consisting of the German Seventh and Fifth Panzer Armies became encircled by the advancing Western Allies, the battle is also referred to as the Falaise Gap after the corridor which the Germans sought to maintain to allow their escape.[nb 5] The battle resulted in the destruction of the bulk of Germany's forces west of the River Seine and opened the way to Paris and the German border.
Following Operation Cobra, the American breakout from the Normandy beachhead, rapid advances were made to the south and south-east by General George Patton's Third Army. Despite lacking the resources to cope with both the U.S. penetration and simultaneous British and Canadian offensives south of Caen, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge—in overall command of Army Group B on the Western Front—was not permitted by Adolf Hitler to withdraw; instead, he was ordered to counterattack the Americans around Mortain. The remnants of four panzer divisions—which was all that von Kluge could scrape together—were not strong enough to make any impression on the U.S. First Army, and Operation Lüttich was a disaster that merely served to drive the Germans deeper into the Allied lines, leaving them in a highly dangerous position.
Seizing the opportunity to envelop von Kluge's entire force, on 8 August the Allied ground forces commander General Bernard Montgomery ordered his armies to converge on the Falaise-Chambois area. With the U.S. First Army forming the southern arm, the British Second Army the base, and the Canadian First Army the northern arm of the encirclement, the Germans fought hard to keep an escape route open, although their withdrawal did not begin until 17 August. On 19 August, the Allies linked up in Chambois but in insufficient strength to seal the pocket. Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by desperate German assaults, the most significant and hard-fought being a corridor past elements of the Polish 1st Armoured Division, who had established a commanding position in the mouth of the pocket.
By the evening of 21 August, the pocket was closed for the last time, with around 50,000 Germans trapped inside. Although it is estimated that significant numbers managed to escape, German losses in both men and materiel were huge, and the Allies had achieved a decisive victory. Two days later Paris was liberated, and by 30 August the last German remnants had retreated across the Seine, effectively ending Operation Overlord.
Early Allied objectives in the wake of the successful D-Day invasion of German-occupied France included both the deep water port of Cherbourg and the area surrounding the historic Normandy town of Caen.[16] Attempts to rapidly expand the Allied lodgement areas met fierce opposition, however, and bad weather conditions in the English Channel delayed the build-up of supplies and reinforcements.[17][18] Cherbourg was able to hold out until 27 June, when it fell to the U.S. VII Corps,[19] and Caen resisted a number of offensives until 20 July, when it was taken by the British and Canadians during Operations Goodwood and Atlantic.[20]
The Allied ground forces commander—General Bernard Montgomery—had envisaged a theatre strategy of drawing German forces away from the U.S. front to the British and Canadian sector, thus preparing the way for a U.S. breakout.[21] On 25 July, while German attention was fixed firmly on the area around Caen, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley launched Operation Cobra.[22] The U.S. First Army ruptured the thin German lines screening Brittany[23] and by the end of the third day had advanced 15 mi (24 km) south of its start line at several points.[24] On 30 July, Avranches—at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula—was captured;[25] the German left flank was now wide open, and within 24 hours Patton's VIII Corps swept across the bridge at Pontaubault into Brittany and continued south and west through open country, almost without opposition.[26][27]
Operation Lüttich[edit]
The U.S. advance was extraordinarily rapid, and by 8 August the city of Le Mans—the former headquarters of the German Seventh Army—was in U.S. hands.[28] In the aftermath of Cobra, and concurrent British and Canadian offensives, the German army in Normandy was reduced to such a poor condition that, as historian Max Hastings observes, "only a few SS fanatics still entertained hopes of avoiding defeat".[29] In the east, the Soviet Union's summer offensive—Operation Bagration—was underway, and with this cataclysm engulfing Army Group Centre there was no likelihood of reinforcements coming west.[29] Instead of ordering his remaining forces in Normandy to withdraw to the Seine River, however, Adolf Hitler sent a directive to Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge's Army Group B ordering "an immediate counterattack between Mortain and Avranches"[30] to "annihilate" the enemy and make contact with the west coast of the Cotentin peninsula.[31]
Hitler demanded that eight of von Kluge's nine available Panzer divisions be used in the attack, but only four (one incomplete) could be relieved from their defensive duties and made ready in time.[32] The German commanders protested that such an operation was beyond the reach of their resources,[31] but these warnings were ignored and the counter-offensive, codenamed Operation Lüttich, commenced on 7 August around Mortain.[33] Initially committed to the thrust were the 2nd, 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich; they attacked with only 75 Panzer IVs, 70 Panthers and 32 self-propelled guns between them.[34] Forewarned through Ultra signals intercepts, the Allies were ready and, although fighting continued until 13 August, Operation Lüttich was essentially over within 24 hours.[35][36][37] Instead of relieving the German predicament, the Mortain counterattack had driven them deeper into the Allied embrace,[38] and with the most formidable of von Kluge's remaining forces now destroyed by the U.S. First Army the entire Normandy front was on the verge of collapse—a possibility anticipated by Allied command.[39] Bradley declared: "This is an opportunity that comes to a commander not more than once in a century. We're about to destroy an entire hostile army and go all the way from here to the German border".[39]
Operation Totalize[edit]
To precipitate the German collapse and menace the escape route of the forces fighting the British and Americans further west, the high ground north of the town of Falaise became the target of First Canadian Army.[40] General Harry Crerar—commanding the newly inaugurated army—and Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds of II Canadian Corps planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive code-named Operation Totalize.[41] This relied on accurate preparation by heavy bombers and an innovative night attack using Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers.[42] Preceded by a massive aerial bombardment by RAF Bomber Command, Totalize was launched on the night of 7 August; 76 converted self-propelled gun platforms transported the lead infantry, guided by electronic aids and illuminants.[41] Fighting to hold the 14 km (8.7 mi) front was Kurt Meyer's 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, supported by tanks from the 101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion and the remnants of the 89th Infantry Division.[43] Despite initial gains on Verrières Ridge and near Cintheaux, on 9 August the momentum of the assault slowed;[44] strong German resistance and poor Canadian unit leadership and fighting power resulted in heavy casualties for both the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions.[45][46] By 10 August, Anglo-Canadian forces had reached Hill 195 north of Falaise but were unable to get into the town.[46] The following day, Simonds pulled his battered armoured divisions out of the line and relieved them with infantry formations, ending the offensive.[47]
Still expecting von Kluge to withdraw his forces from the tightening Allied noose Montgomery had for some time been planning a "long envelopment", by which the British and Canadians would pivot left from Falaise toward the River Seine while the U.S. Third Army blocked the escape route between the Seine and Loire rivers, trapping all surviving German forces in western France.[48] In a telephone conversation on 8 August, however, the Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower recommended an American proposal for a shorter envelopment centred around Argentan. Although Montgomery acknowledged the possibilities, both he and Patton had misgivings; if the Allies did not take Argentan, Alençon, and Falaise quickly, a large proportion of von Kluge's force might escape. Believing he could always fall back on the original plan if necessary, Montgomery gave in to Bradley's enthusiastic urging and the American proposal was adopted.[48]
Initial thrust[edit]
Patton's Third Army—moving up from the south to form one arm of the encirclement—made good initial progress. On 12 August, Alençon was captured, and despite von Kluge's commitment of a force he had been trying to gather for a counterattack, the next day the U.S. Fifth Armored Division of Major General Wade H. Haislip's XV Corps of the U.S. Third Army advanced 35 mi (56 km) and strongly established itself around Argentan, although the town itself remained in German hands.[49] Concerned that American armoured forces might cause friendly fire casualties if they ran head-on into British forces advancing from the north-west, on 13 August 1944 General Bradley over-rode Patton's orders for a further push north towards Falaise from Argentan using the rapidly-advancing U.S. 5th Armored Division.[49] Bradley's order specified that General Haislip's XV Corps cease its advance and "concentrate for operations in another direction".[50][nb 6] Any American troops in the vicinity of Argentan were ordered to be withdrawn, bringing to an end the pincer movement by Haislip's corps.[51] Although Patton vehemently protested the order he obeyed, leaving an exit—a "trap with a gap"—for the remaining German forces.[51] Bradley later received much of the blame for failing to exploit this early opportunity to complete the envelopment of German Army Group B,[49][nb 7] although at least one historian has claimed that the order originated with Montgomery.[52]
With the Americans on the southern flank halted (and now heavily engaged with Panzer Group Eberbach) and the British pressing in from the north-west, it fell to the Canadian First Army, incorporating the Polish 1st Armoured Division, to close the trap.[53] Save for a limited operation by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division down the Laize valley on 12–13 August, most of the days following Totalize were spent preparing a major set-piece attack on Falaise, codenamed Operation Tractable.[45] Tractable commenced at 11:42 on the morning of 14 August, covered by an artillery-delivered smokescreen that mimicked the darkness of Operation Totalize.[45][54] A series of attacks by the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions forced a passage over the Laison River, but limited access to the crossing points over the Dives River facilitated counterattacks by the German SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102.[54] Mainly due to navigation difficulties and poor coordination between the ground and air forces,[nb 8] the first day's progress was slower than expected.[56]
On 15 August, the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Infantry Divisions—with the support of the 2nd Canadian (Armoured) Brigade—renewed their drive south,[57] but progress remained slow.[56] The 4th Armoured Division captured Soulangy after harsh fighting and having weathered several German counter-attacks, although strong German resistance prevented an outright breakthrough to Trun and the day's gains were minimal.[58] The following day, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division broke into Falaise, encountering minor opposition from Waffen SS units and scattered pockets of German infantry, and by 17 August had secured the town.[59]
At midday on the 16 August, von Kluge had declined Hitler's demand for another counterattack, declaring it was utterly impossible.[56] A withdrawal was at last authorized later that afternoon, but believing von Kluge intended to surrender to the Allies,[60] on the evening of 17 August Hitler relieved him of command and recalled him to Germany; von Kluge either committed suicide en route [61] or was executed by SS officer Jürgen Stroop for his involvement in Stauffenberg's July 20 attempted assassination of Hitler and the subsequent failed coup d'etat.[62] He was succeeded by Feldmarshal Walter Model, whose first act was to order the immediate retreat of the Seventh Army and Fifth Panzer Army, while II SS Panzer Corps' (composed of the remnants of four armoured divisions) held the north of the escape route against the British and Canadians and XLVII Panzer Corps (the remnants of two armoured divisions) held the south against the Americans.[61]
Closing the gap[edit]
For the Allies, time was the critical factor in blocking the German army's escape, but with the Americans held at Argentan and the Canadian advance towards Trun proceeding slowly, by 17 August the encirclement was incomplete.[61] General Stanisław Maczek's Polish 1st Armoured Division, part of the First Canadian Army, was broken into three battlegroups and ordered to make a wide sweep to the south-east to join up with the Americans at Chambois.[61] Trun fell to the Canadian 4th Armoured Division on 18 August.[63] Having captured Champeaux, on 19 August the Polish battlegroups converged on Chambois and, reinforced by the 4th Armoured, by evening the Poles had secured the town and linked up with the U.S. 90th and French 2nd Armoured Divisions.[6][64][65] The arms of the encirclement were in contact but the Allies were not yet astride Seventh Army's escape route in any great strength and their positions came under frenzied assault.[65] During the day, an armoured column from the 2nd Panzer Division broke through the Canadians in St. Lambert, taking half the village and keeping a road open for six hours until it was closed again toward nightfall.[6] Many Germans escaped along this route, and numerous small parties infiltrated through to the Dives during the night.[66]
Having taken Chambois, two of the Polish battlegroups drove north-east and established themselves on part of Hill 262 (Mont Ormel ridge), spending the night of 19 August entrenching the lines of approach to their positions.[67] The following morning Field Marshal Model renewed his attempts to force open an egress, ordering elements of the 2nd and 9th SS Panzer Divisions to attack from outside the pocket towards the Polish positions.[11] Around midday several units of the 10th SS, 12th SS, and 116th Panzer Divisions managed to break through the weak Polish lines and open a corridor, while the 9th SS Panzer Division prevented the Canadians from intervening.[68] By mid-afternoon, about 10,000 German troops had passed out of the pocket.[69]
Despite being isolated and coming under further strong attacks the Poles clung on to Hill 262, which they referred to as "The Mace". Although they lacked the fighting power to close the corridor, they were able from their vantage point to direct artillery fire on to the retreating Germans, exacting a deadly toll.[70] Exasperated by the losses to his men, Colonel General Paul Hausser—commanding the Seventh Army—ordered that the Polish positions be "eliminated".[69] Substantial forces—including the remnants of the 352nd Infantry Division and several battle groups from the 2nd SS Panzer Division—inflicted heavy casualties on the 8th and 9th Battalions of the Polish 1st Armoured Division, but the assault was eventually beaten off. Their stand cost the Poles almost all of their ammunition and left them in a precarious position;[70] lacking the means to intervene, they were forced to watch as the remnants of the XLVII Panzer Corps escaped the pocket. After the brutality of the day's combat, nightfall was welcomed by both sides. With contact being avoided, fighting during the night was sporadic, although the Poles continued to call down frequent artillery strikes to disrupt the German retreat from the sector.[70]
German attacks resumed the next morning; although the Poles took further casualties and some were taken prisoner, they retained their foothold on the ridge. At approximately 11:00, a final attempt on the positions of the 9th Battalion was launched by nearby SS remnants, which was defeated at close quarters.[71] Soon after midday, the Canadian Grenadier Guards reached Mont Ormel's defenders,[58] and by late afternoon, the remainder of the 2nd and 9th SS Panzer Divisions had begun their retreat to the Seine.[72]
The Polish losses on the Mont Ormel ridge were 351 killed and wounded, with 11 tanks lost.[71] For the entire operation to close the Falaise pocket, the 1st Polish Armoured Division's operational report lists 1,441 casualties including 466 killed in action.[73] German losses in their assaults on the ridge are estimated at around 500 dead with a further 1,000 taken prisoner, most of these from the 12th SS Panzer Division. Additionally, scores of Tiger, Panther and Panzer IV tanks were destroyed, as well as a significant quantity of artillery pieces.[71]
By evening of 21 August, tanks of the Canadian 4th Armoured Division had linked with Polish forces at Coudehard, while the Canadian 3rd and 4th Infantry Divisions had secured St. Lambert and the northern passage to Chambois. The Falaise pocket had finally been sealed.[74] Around 20–50,000 German troops (leaving almost all of their heavy equipment) escaped through the gap, avoiding encirclement and almost certain destruction. They would later be reorganized and rearmed in time to slow the Allied advance into the Netherlands and Germany.[51]
By 22 August, all German forces west of the Allied lines were dead or in captivity.[1] Historians differ in their estimates of German losses in the pocket. The majority state that between 80,000 and 100,000 troops were caught in the encirclement of which 10,000–15,000 were killed, 40,000–50,000 taken prisoner, and 20,000–50,000 escaped.[nb 9] In the northern sector alone, German material losses included 344 tanks, self-propelled guns and other light armoured vehicles[79] as well as 2,447 soft-skinned vehicles and 252 guns abandoned or destroyed.[74] In the fighting around Hill 262, German losses totalled 2,000 killed and 5,000 taken prisoner, in addition to 55 tanks, 44 guns and 152 other armoured vehicles.[10] The once-powerful 12th SS Panzer Division had lost 94% of its armour, nearly all of its artillery, and 70% of its vehicles. Mustering close to 20,000 men and 150 tanks before the Normandy campaign, after Falaise it was reduced to 300 men and 10 tanks.[72] Although elements of several German formations had managed to escape to the east, even these had left behind most of their equipment.[80] After the battle, Allied investigators estimated that the Germans lost around 500 tanks and assault guns in the pocket, and very little of the equipment that was extricated survived the general retreat across the Seine.[13]
The area in which the pocket had formed was full of the remains of battle.[81] Whole villages had been destroyed and ruined and abandoned equipment made some roads totally impassable. Corpses littered the area—not only those of soldiers, but civilians and thousands of dead cattle and horses.[82] In the hot August weather, maggots crawled over the bodies and hordes of flies descended on the area.[82][83] Pilots reported being able to smell the stench of the battlefield hundreds of feet above it.[82] General Eisenhower recorded that:
The battlefield at Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest 'killing fields' of any of the war areas. Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could be described only by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.[84]
Fear of infection from the rancid conditions led the Allies to declare the area an "unhealthy zone".[85] Clearing the area was a low priority though and went on until well into November.[82] Many swollen bodies had to be shot to expunge gasses within them before they could be burnt,[83] and bulldozers were used to clear the area of dead animals.[82]
Disappointed that a significant portion of Seventh Army had eluded them, many in the Allied higher echelons, particularly among the Americans, were bitterly disappointed with what they perceived as Montgomery's lack of urgency in closing the pocket.[13] Writing shortly after the war, Ralph Ingersoll—a prominent peacetime journalist who served as a planner on Eisenhower's staff—expressed the prevailing American view at the time:
The international army boundary arbitrarily divided the British and American battlefields just beyond Argentan, on the Falaise side of it. Patton's troops, who thought they had the mission of closing the gap, took Argentan in their stride and crossed the international boundary without stopping. Montgomery, who was still nominally in charge of all ground forces, now chose to exercise his authority and ordered Patton back to his side of the international boundary line. … For ten days, however, the beaten but still coherently organized German Army retreated through the Falaise gap.[86]
Some historians agree that the gap could have been closed earlier; Wilmot notes that despite having British divisions in reserve Montgomery did not reinforce Simonds, and neither was the Canadian drive on Trun and Chambois as "vigorous and venturesome" as the situation demanded.[13] Hastings writes that Montgomery—having witnessed what he characterises as a poor Canadian performance during Totalize—should have brought up veteran British divisions to take the lead.[48] However, while acknowledging that Montgomery and Crerar might have done more to impart momentum to the British and Canadians, these and others such as D'Este and Blumenson dismiss as "absurd over-simplification" Patton's post-battle claim that the Americans could have prevented the German escape had Bradley not ordered him to stop at Argentan.[87]
Wilmot states that "contrary to contemporary reports, the Americans did not capture Argentan until 20 August, the day after the link up at Chambois".[88] The American unit that closed the gap between Argentan and Chambois, the 90th Division, was according to Hastings one of the least effective of any Allied army in Normandy. He speculates that the real reason Bradley halted Patton was not fears over accidental clashes with the British but an appreciation that with powerful German formations still effective at that stage of the battle, the Americans lacked the means to defend an early blocking position and would have suffered an "embarrassing and gratuitous setback" at the hands of the retreating Fallschirmjäger and 2nd and 12th SS Panzer Divisions.[87] Bradley wrote after the war : 'Although Patton might have spun a line across the narrow neck, I doubted his ability to hold it. Nineteen German divisions were now stampeding to escape the trap. Meanwhile, with four divisions George was already blocking three principal escape routes through Alenon, Sees and Argentan. Had he stretched that line to include Falaise, he would have extended his roadblock a distance of 40 miles. The enemy could not only have broken through, but he might have trampled Patton's position in the onrush. I much preferred a solid shoulder at Argentan to the possibility of a broken neck at Falaise.'[89]
The battle of the Falaise Pocket marked the closing phase of the Battle of Normandy with a decisive German defeat.[2] Hitler's personal involvement had been damaging from the first, with his insistence on hopelessly optimistic counter-offensives, his micro-management of his generals, and his refusal to countenance a withdrawal when his armies were threatened with annihilation.[90] More than 40 German divisions were destroyed during the Battle of Normandy. No exact figures are available, but historians estimate that the battle cost the German forces a total of around 450,000 men, of whom 240,000 were killed or wounded.[90] The Allies had achieved this blow at a cost of 209,672 casualties among the ground forces, including 36,976 killed[74] and 19,221 missing. In addition, 16,714 Allied airmen were killed or went missing in direct connection with Operation Overlord.[91] The final battle of Operation Overlord, the Liberation of Paris, followed on 25 August, and Overlord reached its end by 30 August with the retreat of the last German unit across the Seine.[92]
- ^ Terry Copp shows the following divisions based around the Falaise pocket on 16 August 1944, but does not state if they all took an active role in the battle.
First Canadian Army: 1st Polish Armoured Division, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, 4th Canadian Armoured Division.
Second British Army: British 3rd Infantry Division, 11th Armoured Division, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division.
First American Army: 1st Infantry Division, 3rd Armored Division, 9th Infantry Division, 28th Infantry Division, 30th Infantry Division.
Third American Army: 2nd French Armored Division, 90th Infantry Division.[3]
- ^ Historians Carlo D'Este and Milton Shulman state that 80,000 German soldiers were caught in the Falaise pocket.[4][7] Terry Copp and Chester Wilmot claim that at least 100,000 Germans were trapped.[6][8]
- ^ The Canadians suffered around 5,500 casualties during Operations Totalize and Tractable[9] while the Polish suffered 1,441 casualties; in their move against Chambois and Mont Ormel the Poles place their losses at 325 killed, 1,002 wounded, and 114 missing.[10] Before the Chambois and Ormel actions on 14–18 August they lost 263 men. This puts the total Polish casualties for Operation Tractable at 1,704 casualties, of which 588 were fatal.[11]
- ^ Around 10,000 killed and up to 50,000 captured.[2][7][12][13]
- ^ The engagement is also sometimes referred to as the Chambois pocket, the Falaise-Chambois pocket, the Argentan-Falaise pocket,[14] or the Trun-Chambois gap.[15]
- ^ Bradley was supported in his decision by General Eisenhower.[50]
- ^ German General Hans Speidel, Chief of Staff of Army Group B, stated that Army Group B would have been completely eliminated if the U.S. 5th Armored Division had been allowed to continue its advance to Falaise, sealing off German exit avenues.[51]
- ^ Some Canadian ground forces were using yellow smoke markers to identify their positions, while RAF Bomber Command was using the same colour markers to identify its targets.[55]
- ^ Shulman, Wilmot and Ellis estimate the remnants of up to 14–15 divisions were in the pocket. D'Este gives 80,000 troops trapped of which 10,000 were killed, 50,000 captured, and 20,000 escaped.[75] Shulman gives almost 80,000 trapped; 10–15,000 killed, and 45,000 captured.[76] Wilmot gives 100,000 trapped; 10,000 killed, and 50,000 captured.[77] Williams agrees with these casualty figures but estimates that perhaps 100,000 German troops escaped.[2] Tamelander estimates that 50,000 were caught of which 10,000 were killed and 40,000 taken prisoners, while perhaps another 50,000 escaped.[78]
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 306
- ^ a b c d Williams, p. 204
- ^ Copp (2003), p. 234
- ^ a b Shulman, p. 180
- ^ Ellis, p. 440
- ^ a b c d Wilmot, p. 422
- ^ a b D'Este, p. 430–431
- ^ Copp (2003), p. 233
- ^ Jarymowycz, p. 203
- ^ a b McGilvray, p. 55
- ^ a b Jarymowycz, p. 195
- ^ Reynolds, p. 89
- ^ a b c d Wilmot, p. 424
- ^ Keegan, p. 136
- ^ Ellis, p. 448
- ^ Van der Vat, p. 110
- ^ Williams, p. 114
- ^ Griess, pp. 308–310
- ^ Hastings, p. 165
- ^ Trew, p. 48
- ^ Hart, p.38
- ^ Wilmot, pp. 390–392
- ^ Hastings, p.257
- ^ Wilmot, p. 393
- ^ Williams, p. 185
- ^ Wilmot, p. 394
- ^ Hastings, p. 280
- ^ Williams, p. 194
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 277
- ^ D'Este, p. 414
- ^ a b Williams, p. 196
- ^ Wilmot, p. 401
- ^ Hastings, p. 283
- ^ Hastings, p. 285
- ^ Messenger, pp. 213–217
- ^ Bennett 1979, pp. 112–119.
- ^ Hastings, p. 286
- ^ Hastings, p. 335
- ^ a b Williams, p. 197
- ^ D'Este, p. 404
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 296
- ^ Zuehlke, p. 168
- ^ Williams, p. 198
- ^ Hastings, p. 299
- ^ a b c Hastings, p. 301
- ^ a b Bercuson, p. 230
- ^ Hastings, p. 300
- ^ a b c Hastings, p. 353
- ^ a b c Wilmot, p. 417
- ^ a b Essame, p. 168
- ^ a b c d Essame, p. 182
- ^ D'Este, p. 441
- ^ Wilmot, p. 419
- ^ a b Bercuson, p. 231
- ^ Hastings, p. 354
- ^ a b c Hastings, p. 302
- ^ Van Der Vat, p. 169
- ^ a b Bercuson, p. 232
- ^ Copp (2006), p. 104
- ^ Wilmot, p. 420
- ^ a b c d Hastings, p. 303
- ^ Moczarski, Kazimierz; Mariana Fitzpatrick; Jürgen Stroop (1981). Conversations With an Executioner. Prentice-Hall. pp. 226–234. ISBN 0-13-171918-1.
- ^ Zuehlke, p. 169
- ^ Jarymowycz, p. 192
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 304
- ^ Wilmot, p.423
- ^ D'Este, p. 456
- ^ Jarymowycz, p. 196
- ^ a b Van Der Vat, p. 168
- ^ a b c D'Este, p. 458
- ^ a b c McGilvray, p. 54
- ^ a b Bercuson, p. 233
- ^ Copp (2003), p. 249
- ^ a b c Hastings, p. 313
- ^ D'Este, pp. 430–431
- ^ Shulman, pp. 180, 184
- ^ Wilmot, pp. 422, 424
- ^ Tamelander, Zetterling, p. 342
- ^ Reynolds, p. 88
- ^ Hastings, p. 314
- ^ Hastings, p. 311
- ^ a b c d e Lucas & Barker, p. 158
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 312
- ^ "World War II Database: Normandy Campaign, Phase 2". Retrieved 2009-12-18.
- ^ Lucas & Barker, p. 159
- ^ Ingersoll, Ralph (1946). Top Secret. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 190–91.
- ^ a b Hastings, p. 369
- ^ Wilmot, p. 425
- ^ Bradley, p. 377
- ^ a b Williams, p. 205
- ^ Tamelander, Zetterling, p. 341.
- ^ Hastings, p. 319
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- Keegan, John (2006). Atlas of World War II. Collins. ISBN 0-06-089077-0.
- Lucas, James; Barker, James (1978). The Killing Ground, The Battle of the Falaise Gap, August 1944. BT Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-7134-0433-7.
- McGilvray, Evan (1 Nov 2004 (1st edition)). The Black Devils' March - A Doomed Odyssey - The 1st Polish Armoured Division 1939–45. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-874622-42-0.
- Messenger, Charles (1999). The Illustrated Book of World War II. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Publishing. ISBN 1-57145-217-6.
- Reynolds, Michael (2002). Sons of the Reich: The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy, Arnhem, the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. ISBN 0-9711709-3-2.
- Shulman, Milton (2007) [1947]. Defeat in the West. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-548-43948-6.
- Tamelander, Michael; Zetterling, Niklas (2003) [1995]. Avgörandes ögonblick: Invasionen i Normandie 1944 (in Swedish) (New ed.). Stockholm: Nordstedts Förlag. ISBN 91-1-301204-5.
- Trew, Simon; Badsey, Stephen (2004). Battle for Caen. Battle Zone Normandy. The History Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7509-3010-1.
- Van Der Vat, Dan (2003). D-Day; The Greatest Invasion, A People's History. Madison Press Limited. ISBN 1-55192-586-9.
- Williams, Andrew (2004). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder. ISBN 0-340-83397-1.
- Wilmot, Chester; Christopher Daniel McDevitt (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-85326-677-9.
- Zuehlke, Mark (2001). The Canadian Military Atlas: Canada's Battlefields from the French and Indian Wars to Kosovo. Stoddart. ISBN 0-7737-3289-6.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falaise Pocket.
- Bridge, Arthur. "In the eye of the storm: A recollection of three days in the Falaise gap 19–21 August 1944".
- British Broadcasting Corporation. "Account of the Polish battle on hill 262".
- "Canada at War: Canadians in the Falaise Gap".
- "Canada at War: The Battle of Hill 195".
- "Canada at War: The Battle at St. Lambert-Sur-dives".
- Richard, Duda; Steven, Duda. "Captain Kazimierz DUDA - 1st Polish Armoured Division".
- Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C.C.J. (1960). "Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume III. The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945" (PDF). The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- Wiacek, Jacques. "Closing of the Falaise Pocket".
- "Film footage of the battle".
- Operation Overlord
- Battles of World War II involving Canada
- Battles of World War II involving France
- Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland
- Battles of World War II involving the United States
- Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
- Military operations of World War II involving Germany


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Direct Fit. This replacement By-Pass radiator hose has all the correct bends and curves for a perfect fit replacement on your Mustang, it is not a cheap one size fits all universal hose you get at the local parts store that you have to fight with to install.
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Walt Disney World Resorts
Here is the current list of Disney World Resort Hotels. This Disney resort list is categorized by price range.
- Disney's All-Star Movies Resort
- Disney's All-Star Music Resort
- Disney's All-Star Sports Resort
- Disney's Art of Animation Resort
- Disney's Pop Century Resort
- Value Disney World Room Rates
- Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort
- Disney's Coronado Springs Resort
- The Cabins at Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort
- Disney's Port Orleans Resort - Riverside
- Disney's Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter
- Moderate Disney World Room Rates
- Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge
- Disney's Beach Club Resort
- Disney's BoardWalk Inn
- Disney's Contemporary Resort
- Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
- Disney's Polynesian Resort
- Disney's Wilderness Lodge
- Disney's Yacht Club Resort
- Deluxe Disney World Room Rates
- Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin Hotel
- Animal Kingdom Lodge Villas
- Bay Lake Tower at Disney's Contemporary Resort
- Disney's Beach Club Villas
- Disney's BoardWalk Villas
- Disney's Old Key West Resort
- Treehouse Villas
- The Villas at Disney's Wilderness Lodge
- Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa
- Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground
- (Official Walt Disney World Hotels) View All
- Best Western Lake Buena Vista
- Buena Vista Palace Hotel & Spa
- DoubleTree Guest Suites
- Hilton Orlando Lake Buena Vista
- Holiday Inn Lake Buena Vista Downtown
- Royal Plaza in Walt Disney World Resort
- Wyndham Lake Buena Vista Resort
See AllDIS UPDATES
- Full list of celebrities attending Star Wars Weekends 2014 - New on the list this year are Mark Hamill and John Ratzenberger.
- Race dates for Disney's Marathon Weekend and Princess Half Marathon - List of all the individual race dates for both weekends.
- Happy 50th anniversary to it's a small world! - it's a small world opened at the New York World's Fair on April 22, 1964.
- Blog - Review: Epcot After Hours Wind Down
- Registration opens for the 2015 Walt Disney World Marathon - Registration spots for the races fill up quickly. If you know for sure you want to participate in one of the events, we recommend you register as soon as possible.
- Happy 16th anniversary to Disney's Animal Kingdom - Disney's Animal Kingdom opened on April 22, 1998 - Earth Day.
- Thinking about booking your trip with a travel agent? - Why it's important to book with a travel agent that specializes in Disney vacations.
- Anna and Elsa meet and greet moves to Magic Kingdom today - These popular princesses will no longer be seen in Epcot's Norway pavilion.
- Planning to be at Disney World on Easter? - List of church services, dinners and special activities taking place at Walt Disney World on Easter.
- Blog - Ranking our 5 Senses in Disney's Theme Parks
- Spots still available at Tables in Wonderland event on April 19 - This buffet will bring Tables in Wonderland members together during the Festival for dinner and drinks, then you will head to the Flower Power Concert series to hear the sounds of The Grass Roots.
- Menu items for Epcot After Hours Wind Down - Tickets, which can be reserved in advance, include one beverage and a selection of light snacks.
- Rehabs planned for two of Disney's golf courses - Disney's Magnolia Golf Course and Disney's Oak Trail Golf Course will be closed 5/21 - 6/4/2014.
- Guests at the Swan and Dolphin can now book their FastPass+ 60 days in advance - Onsite resort guests and guests at the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin can make FastPass+ reservations up to 60 days in advance. Annual Passholders and offsite guests can make their reservations up to 30 days in advance.
- Blog - Actors Fund Gala Tickets Honoring Disney Theatricals on Sale Now
- Changes to Earl of Sandwich menu - Prices have increased by about 50 cents per sandwich. New sandwiches have been added and others have been removed.
- Epcot After Hours Wind Down lounges to be available - Stick around after IllumiNations for an evening at one of 4 exclusive lounges featuring food and beverages from award-winning Epcot chefs and sommeliers.
- Annual passholders can save up to 35% on WDW hotels, plus get free Memory Maker photos! - Guests will save up to 35% on their room, plus get free Memory Maker digital photos. Discount is valid for travel between 6/16/14 - 8/2/14.
- Blog - VIDEO: Disney reveals first look at animatronics and scenes inside Seven Dwarfs Mine Train
- Meet the Easter Bunny at the Magic Kingdom April 13-20 - The Easter Bunny will also have a special pre-parade appearance on 4/19 and 4/20/14. He will be joined by other springtime characters, dancers and the Azalea Trail Maids.
- Carbon-Freeze Me experience at Star Wars Weekends to offer X-Wing Pilots and more - In addition to the carbonite figure, last year's Stormtrooper will be available, as well as two new figurines - an Alderaan Princess and X-Wing Pilot.
- Blog - Third Annual Easter Egg Display at Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
- Easter activities and special dining menus at Walt Disney World resorts - List of events planned at Walt Disney World resorts.
- Blog - Disney Infinity Teases Marvel & Confirms Version 2.0
- October 2014 Walt Disney World park hours released - List of times for parades, fireworks, and park hours.
- Blog - What To Expect When You're...Cruising with Disney and a Baby: Part 2
- Big Thunder Mountain closed for 2 days for rehab - The attraction will be closed 4/7-4/9/14.
- Surprising your family with a trip to Disney? Check out our tips! - Surprising the kids with a Disney vacation is part of the thrill for some parents. Others would love to do it, but arent sure how to pull it off. Here are some different approaches to creating that special surprise for your family!
- Blog - New Lawsuit Attacks Disneys New Disability Access Service
- VIDEO: Illuminations Sparkling Dessert Party at Epcot - Enjoy a special fireworks viewing area and desserts from around World Showcase paired with sparkling wines.
- Tables in Wonderland event at Golden Oak's Markham's restaurant - For this special evening, guests will dine at the exclusive Markham's restaurant at Disney's Golden Oak Club, Walt Disney World's private residential community.
- Blog - Review: Epcot's new IllumiNations Sparkling Dessert Party
- Blog - Review: Epcot Gardens of the World Tour
- Dates announced for Sounds Like Summer Concert series - The Sounds Like Summer Concert Series features some of the greatest tribute bands rockin' to U2, The Bee Gees, the Eagles and many more during select nights from June to July.
- Night of Joy tickets now on sale - Disney's Night of Joy features contemporary Christian performers. The star-studded lineup is always outstanding and features a host of Dove Award and Grammy Award winning artists.
- Blog - DVC Owner To File Class Action Demanding More FastPass+ Experiences
- Blog - Walt Disney World is now selling MagicBands to Offsite Day Guests
- VIDEO: Disney Park Bench - World Showcase - The American Adventure - Take 5 Minutes to Relax at World Showcase - The American Adventure, February 12, 2014 - Afternoon.
- VIDEO: Disney Park Bench - World Showcase - Italy - Take 5 Minutes to Relax at World Showcase - Italy, February 12, 2014 - Afternoon
- Parking prices increase at Walt Disney World - Prices have increased $2 for each category.
- VIDEO: Disney Park Bench - Echo Lake - Academy Hall of Fame - Take 5 Minutes to Relax at Echo Lake - Academy Hall of Fame, February 12, 2014 - Morning
- Cirque du Soleil discount offered for Tables in Wonderland members - Discounted tickets are available for performances April 1-May 10 and May 27-June 28, 2014.
- Tables in Wonderland Flower and Garden Festival Special Dining Event - This buffet will bring Tables in Wonderland members together during the Festival for dinner and drinks, then you will head to the Flower Power Concert series to hear the sounds of The Grass Roots.
- Fittipaldi Cup racing event planned for Walt Disney World Speedway - The Exotic Driving Experience and 2014 Rolex 24 winner Christian Fittipaldi are putting on a half-day racing event at the Walt Disney World Speedway.
- Grand Floridian hosts Edible Easter Egg Display - This is the third year the resort has hosted the display of hand-painted edible Easter eggs; the eggs are 16 to 20 inches tall.
- Star Wars-themed character meals at Hollywood Studios! - For a limited time, guests will have the opportunity to dine with Star Wars characters or Disney characters dressed up in their Star Wars costumes.
- New 2015 Disney Crusie Line Destinations - Disney Cruise Line has added new destinations for 2015! For the first time, the Disney Magic will set sail for Northern Europe, visiting the Norwegian fjords, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Seven- and nine-night sailings will depart from Copenhagen, Denmark and will immerse guests in the Viking history of this mystical land, which served as the backdrop for Disney's blockbuster film Frozen. Sail past mountains, glaciers, geysers and fjords and stop in port cities reminiscent of storybook villages.
- Kouzzina by Cat Cora to close September 30 - A new restaurant will open in its place this fall.
- Blog - Saying Farewell to Mickey's Jammin' Jungle Parade at Animal Kingdom
- Blog - The Dream of Retiring to Central Florida
- Egg-stravaganza Easter egg hunt planned for Epcot - Search for special hidden Disney character "eggs" at Epcot.
- Blog - Review: Muppets Most Wanted Now Touring Worldwide and in Theaters!
- Blog - Five Reasons You Should Go See 'Muppets Most Wanted' This Weekend
- Mark Hamill - Luke Skywalker - will be attending Star Wars Weekends! - This will be the actor's first appearance at Star Wars Weekends.
- PEEPS-themed Easter events planned for the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin - The resort will be celebrating a PEEPtastic week 4/16 - 4/20/14.
- Brunch planned to debut new Disney Collection by Vera Bradley design - "Mickey's Perfect Petals" will be showcased at the brunch and will be available for purchase.
- Blog - New Frozen Merchandise at Disney Parks
- Extended preview of Maleficent film at Disney's Hollywood Studios - The upcoming Maleficent film, starring Angelina Jolie, opens in theaters May 30. Theme park guests can see an extended preview of the film beginning April 18 and running through mid-June.
- Food Truck Park to open at Downtown Disney - The Food Truck Park is currently under construction and should open this summer between Bongos and Starbucks.
- Blog - Review: Disney's 'Saving Mr. Banks' Now Available On Blu-ray, DVD, & Digital Download
- Blog - Review: "Frozen" Blu-ray Hits Shelves
- Blog - Top 10 Reasons Why March 18th Is The Best Day Ever For Disney Fans
See AllDISNEY NEWS STORIES
- Disney guests to have access to extra FastPass+ each day
- First quarter earnings for Universal Orlando
- Cell phone charging stations added to Magic Kingdom
- Today Show to film at Universal Orlando on Friday
- James Cameron pleased with Disney's Avatar Land design
- Disney one of the world's most disappointing destinations?
- Universal Orlando painters sent to hospital
- Kickstarter campaign hopes to raise money for "Dark Side of Disney" film
- Disney plans four Star Wars children's books
- SeaWorld Orlando offers summer camps for kids
More Info ORLANDO HOTELS
See All RESORT DISCUSSIONS
Today's Theme Park Hours
Thursday 4/24/2014
|Magic Kingdom:
Epcot Future World:
Epcot World Showcase:
Hollywood Studios:
Animal Kingdom:
Typhoon Lagoon:
Blizzard Beach:
|9:00 - 11:00
9:00 - 9:00
11:00 - 9:00
9:00 - 9:30
9:00 - 8:00
10 - 6:00
10:00 - 6:00
Extra Magic Hours Morning: Magic Kingdom


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Travel to Heathrow set for weekend disruption - 14th August 2011
Travellers heading to Heathrow airport by road this Sunday should be prepared for their journey to be "severely affected" by Olympics test event, the london-Surrey Cycle Classic road race.
Belfast, Friday 3rd June 2011: Hot on the heels of the launch of the bmibaby blog, the low cost airline is the first European airline to embrace an ongoing social media loyalty scheme through location based network application, Gowalla.


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CNET editors choose the best 802.11ac networking devices, including wireless routers.
You'll almost certainly need to expand upon this kit in order for your system to be particularly useful, and for the majority of buyers, we're not convinced that Insteon is worth the investment. Start elsewhere.
Belkin wants to automate your lights with the WeMo LED Lighting Starter Set
You might not have an obvious need for an Internet-connected, color-changing light bulb, but the Philips Hue Connected Bulb kit offers enough potential to justify its high price tag.
Philips expands its Hue smart LED bulbs with BR30 Connected Downlight Lamp.
As an entry-level device, the prepaid Prelude offers a 3.5-inch screen, Android 4.1 Jelly Bean, and 3G network speeds.
The popular console game hits iOS devices with Skylanders Battlegrounds: Mobile Starter Pack.
We're not sure that Insteon's entry-level automation package stands up to the competion.
T-Mobile says its plan, which includes 500 megabytes of capped data, differs from the "bait and switch" low-end plans offered by Verizon and AT&T.
The Proximo Proximity Monitoring System is reliable and very easy to use, but $60 is a high price to pay just to keep track of your belongings.
Belkin expands its WeMo home automation line with a smart LED bulb kit


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HOME Nebraska Cornhuskers Gear Nebraska Cornhuskers Pet Supplies $10 to $20 (9 items) Product ID: 112270
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Get your pooch into the game with this ribbed collegiate dog t-shirt from Pets First! Measure your dog from base of neck to base of tail for sizing.
- Lightweight ribbed dog T-shirt
- Screen print graphics
- Rib knit collar & cuffs
- Xs = 6"-9"
- Small = 8"-12"
- Medium = 14"-18"
- Large = 20"-24"
- Imported
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September 26, 1901
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This image depicts a marching band performing for the royal couple when they visited the University of Manitoba.
Copy negative PA-011908
RV3 145 Item no. assigned by LAC 88
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Credit: William James Topley/Library and Archives Canada/PA-011908
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2. Topley Album 22
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2. Winnipeg (Man.)
3. Visites officielles Canada
4. Université du Manitoba.
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Forno Toscano Margherita Outdoor Pizza Oven
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The trusted source to prepare and document dangerous shipments in compliance with international regulations.
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Air travel, once a luxury, is safer and cheaper than ever before. Something that used to be for the few has become accessible to the many.
This has been achieved by making air travel cheaper. But, like any business, airlines have to turn a profit. The math is simple—revenues must exceed costs. For airlines, airfares are the major component in this equation. If airlines are obliged to offer meals in the case of flight delays, dispatch bags at no additional charge or refund tickets to no-show passengers, ultimately it is the passengers who will foot the bill.
In other words, granting passengers excessive rights counter-intuitively has a negative impact on those very passengers through higher ticket prices.
This can be particularly damaging in emerging aviation markets such as Brazil, as high prices would prevent a significant portion of the population from flying to the detriment of customers and the wider economy. We could return to the days when only the rich could fly.
Brazil recently ruled that airlines must provide passengers with food and beverages in the case of a two hour delay. Following regulations that exist in other parts of the world makes no sense in countries with an obsolete infrastructure, where many operational problems are not the fault of the airlines. In effect, airlines are paying for a problem they have not caused.
And the passenger is paying too. If airlines must provide 'free' food to passengers experiencing a delay or guarantee unlimited indemnification for a lost bag, prices will have to increase to account for the corresponding lost revenue and increased costs. And if further optional items become mandated passenger rights, today's low-margin airline business model would simply be unfeasible.
Passengers are always entitled to a safe flight and to be treated with respect. They must have protection from being denied boarding or other serious inconveniences, but any 'right' that is not truly essential becomes an unnecessary cost. This does not mean that passenger rights should not be offered. They allow for competition between airlines and different service levels. It does mean, though, that they should evolve through codes of conduct and not through the law.
The airline industry has been thoroughly taxed and excessively regulated. Since ticket prices may reach a point where flying is not an option for most passengers, especially during the current economic downturn, we could be faced with another worrying step, which is the undesirable prospect of subsidies.
The aviation industry is a cost-sensitive and competitive sector. If costs can be reduced, then air fares may fall proportionately too. And that process is equally important to the airlines and passengers alike.
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Algona Livestock L.L.C.Special "Back to Grass" All Cattle AuctionMonday April 14th 2014 1:00 P.M.Expecting 500-600 HeadListings Updated 4-12-2014 @ 8:00 P.M.Final Listings will be Updated Sunday Night!!
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Some people are pretty good at being stuck in traffic. They gab on the phone, listen to music, chalk up the inconvenience as inevitable.
Not I.
Generally speaking, I sweat, curse and think miserable thoughts. And I'm on the road a lot, which has been known to sour my disposition.
- Bio | E-mail | Recent columns
Once, I hired a day laborer to travel with me so I could use the carpool lanes and ease my burden. I still think there ought to be day laborer stations along the highway, because everybody wins, but for some reason the idea hasn't caught on.
Last week, I went with a different option. I bought a FasTrak transponder, which means I can now use the 110 Freeway Express Lanes over an 11-mile stretch between Adams Boulevard and the 91 Freeway. Early next year, the 14-mile stretch of the 10 Freeway, between downtown and the 605, will also have Express Lanes in the one-year trial program.
The transponder, which you stick on your windshield, costs $40, but there are discounts for low-income drivers and at the Auto Club and Costco. Once you register your device on the Metro website, you're good for $40 worth of tolls, and after that, sensors will detect your use of Express Lanes and bill your credit card.
So on Wednesday afternoon, headed south on the 110 Freeway, traffic was backing up just beyond downtown. As I approached Adams with my new transponder, an overhead sign listed a price of $2.70 to get to the 105, and $3.80 to the 91.
How much time would I save for almost $4?
There was no way to know. The prices, by the way, go up in heavier traffic, to as high as $15.40 for 11 miles.
I'm out at that price. If $15.40 isn't too rich for your blood, you and Mitt Romney can race each other.
For $3.80, though, I was in, and my investment began paying off almost immediately. I was zipping along at 60 mph while cars in the regular lanes were moving at about half that speed.
But around Century Boulevard, I began to feel like I'd been suckered. I was still moving at a good clip, but so were drivers who weren't paying $3.80. It took me a total of 11 minutes to go from Adams to the 91, and I'm guessing I only saved a couple of minutes by using the Express Lanes.
So here's a whole new set of choices with which to burden yourself, Angelenos.
Do you toll, or do you roll with the rest of the crowd?
What is a minute of your time worth?
And is this system fair, or does it make for yet another class distinction in an already-stratified region?
I can't tell you what your time is worth. But I can tell you I'm a big supporter of congestion pricing and toll lanes, even though they're sometimes derisively referred to as "Lexus lanes."
We can't add much more roadway, but as the population grows, we'd be wise to find ways to more efficiently use what we've got while adding transit options and encouraging more carpooling. And that's the whole point of toll lanes.
In theory, everyone benefits. The driver who chooses to pay a premium goes faster, but the driver who doesn't pay goes a little faster, too, for no extra charge. That's because as single-occupant vehicles and carpoolers are lured out of regular lanes and into the toll lanes, the volume is lowered in the regular lanes.


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"When I first started playing two years ago, I wasn't that good," Bowers said. "I am better at the game now because I practice all the time."
Sanders found a new meaning to life when he joined Special Olympics. He said that being a part of this is keeping him off the streets and it's something to look forward to because he made new friends.


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A sophisticated urban playground for grown ups, ivy is purpose-built to entertain.
Eating the night away? Sample Palings delicious menu, or spend some quality time at Ash St Cellars or Uccello.
ivy's world-class design, impeccable service and great food ensure the perfect night out starts in George street.
Australian Traveller Readers Choice Awards 2011, Winner – Best Bar or Pub in Australia
Palings Kitchen & Bar
Palings Kitchen & Bar serves up the food you love to eat - using seasonal ingredients and a no fuss approach the menu delivers, honest, high quality and affordable dishes that are perfect for a quick bite or a long lunch with colleagues.
Visit Palings
Pacha Sydney
Check your expectations at the door – Pacha Sydney is not a traditional nightclub. A sensory overload of burlesque, dance and circus performers will transport guests through dark alleys of the imagination every single Saturday.
Visit the Pacha Sydney website
Pool Club
Recline under shady palms, sip cocktails in private cabanas and snack on gourmet pizza all under a big blue sky. Easy, elegant good times designed to take guests up and away from the city below while live bands and DJs perform on the poolside stage.
Visit Pool Club
Ash St. Cellar
A modern European-style bistro, Ash St. Cellar and wine bar is intimately tucked away behind ivy.
Head chef Claudio Morales creates stylish European tapas with French, Italian and Spanish influences to compliment the fabulous array of wines.
Visit Ash St.Cellar
Drink in the view of a gorgeous 25 metre rooftop pool then dive right into Eugenio Riva's mouth-watering creations.
There's a reason Eugenio is the celebrated head chef of Uccello's one hat kitchen; it's because he's put his personal stamp on a menu bursting with elegant yet accessible regional Italian fare.
Visit Uccello


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(Serial Ports on) Steroids enables users to execute remote C functions in a Python shell over a serial interface. It is useful for embedded system testing and industrial automation. It generates C code for the target and a Python script for the host automatically from a C header file.
AA-lib is a low level gfx library just as many other libraries are. The main difference is that AA-lib does not require graphics device. In fact, there is no graphical output possible. AA-lib replaces those old-fashioned output methods with a powerful ASCII art renderer. The API is designed to be similar to other graphics libraries.
ADODB is a set of advanced PHP database abstraction classes. It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, Interbase/Firebird, Informix, Sybase SQL Anywhere, Oracle, MS SQL 7 and 2000, SAP DB, Sybase, DB2, FrontBase, Foxpro, Access, Netezza, LDAP, ODBTP, ADO, and generic ODBC. A metatype system is built in, making it possible to figure out that types such as CHAR, TEXT, and STRING are equivalent in different databases. It also features portable database creation, database-backed session support (with encryption), SQL performance monitoring, and database health checks.
Af-Arch is an N-tier development framework to quickly build high-quality distributed applications. It currently supports C and C# programming languages, which enables you to write client applications using them. It currently runs on GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows, and is being used in production environments.
AS2Secure is a PHP library that allows you to send and receive AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) messages from partners. The project is split into two parts: a client to send one or more documents to a partner and a server to receive one or more documents from a partner. Its main features are asyncronous and syncronous MDN, partner setup, digital signatures, message encryption, secure transport (using OpenSSL), support for SSL client authentication, and multiple attachments (AS2 1.2).
ASCIIMathML is a script that converts calculator-style ASCII math notation (and many LaTeX formulas) to Presentation MathML while your Web page loads. It works with HTML and XHTML files in Mozilla/Firefox/Netscape 7+ browsers, as well as in Internet Explorer 6 with MathPlayer. For example, the solutions for the equation 'ax^2+bx+c=0' are expressed in the HTML file as '(-b +- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac))/(2a)', and display as nicely formatted MathML. The script can be easily used in wikiservers and blogs, as a rudimentary MathML editor (with instant preview), and to preview math formulas as they are typed into a Web page input area.
A program to create bitmaps from simple ASCII diagrams.
Utilities for diagnostics and configuration of PCI devices.


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2273 Crooks Rd, Rochester Hills, MI | Directions 4830942.647208 -83.169748
Mon - Thu, 11am - 11pm; Fri, Sat, 11am - midnight; Sun, 11am - 10pm
Very Enjoyable – Totally disagree w/"bad food" review. : ) Very interesting, sorta ecclectic (sp?) interior. Kinda romantic, lots of 2 seater booths, but also great for parties, groups and families. The food is very, very good. I've had a number of different dishes there including seafood alfredo, a classic sausage type thing....I can't remember all of them. HUGE, repeat HUGE servings. All the salad you could eat before your meal. Very friendly and pretty promt service. An overall very enjoyable expirience. I would definately recommend it. Maybe slightly pricey for some, but what restaruant isn't anymore? Great location-as soon as you get off the M-59 exit, right there in front of you.
Friendly service and fantastic Italian fare are the main dishes at this Oakland County gem. – The Scene
At Eastside Mario's patrons are taken to New York's famed Little Italy as soon as they walk through the doors. A giant replica of the Statue of Liberty sits amidst murals that mimic an Italian market square, compete with a butcher shop, a tailor shop, and a miniature Brooklyn bridge. This, along with a courteous wait staff, makes for a fun and festive dining experience.
The Food
There are dozens of Italian classics to choose from, but the Baked Ziti with pomodoro sauce and melted mozzarella cheese really stands out. Zesty without being too spicy, the sauce is the perfect blend of tomato, garlic and other Italian seasonings. The Liberty Pizza is also a treat. Baked in a brick oven, this thin crust pie is loaded with mount-watering melted mozzarella, and it's big enough for two.
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Tween Attack! Holiday Card Boxes
Submitted by oplin on 12/7/12 - 1:02 pm
Tween Attack! meets most Mondays at 3:3
Tween Attack! meets most Mondays at 3:3
0 to do crafts, games, and science fun. This program is for grades
4-8. The activity for today is making small boxes from holiday cards and de
corating them.
Monday, December 17, 2012 - 3:30pm - 4:15pm


text: A traditional dragonslaying adventure for PATHFINDER characters of 1st-6th level! Holdenshire is a peaceful county, but all is not well. Children have been disappearing into the Weirwood, howls of an unearthly nature have been echoing across the Fogmoor, and Brockendale Castle is haunted. Oh, and there's that dragon in Skull Mountain.


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Manhattan – Midtown East
- related content/
831 Third Ave (bet. 50th and 51st Sts.)
Manhattan, NY 10022
- price: $
- phone: 212-980-1010 | fax: 212-980-4315
- website: www.ess-a-bagel.com
- get directions
Those who decry the continued growth of the bagel (experts contend it has doubled in size over the years) may balk at Ess-a-Bagel's gargantuan interpretation of the delicacy. But it's hard to argue that its crispy-on-the-outside, soft-on-the-inside, honey-sweetened carbs are anything but delicious. Plus, a bigger bagel means more room for the similarly monumental (and mouthwatering) selection of spreads, fish and other essential accessories.
- additional info:
- American Express
- Delivery/Takeout
- Mastercard
- Visa


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"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
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(Leave email if after hours)
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Comments On Jun 26, 2012:Part of the decal came off all over my hands when I first used this and I hand washed it, so I don't know what that's all about...the rest of it stayed on so far, so I'm not sure if it's a defective spot? So, kinda dissapointed about that...
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Comments On Dec 25, 2011:sweet bottle love it
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Comments On Feb 14, 2011:Good water bottle to have in your gear bag.
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The ReportLab Toolkit is a library for programatically creating documents in PDF format. It can quickly and easily create or automate complex, data-driven documents. It features a real document layout engine, flowable objects (such as paragraphs, headlines, tables, images, and graphics), support for embedded Type-1 or TTF fonts, support for Asian, Hebrew, and Arabic characters, support for bitmap images in any popular format, support for vector graphics, a library of reusable primitive shapes, and an extensible widget library. It includes simple demos and more complex tools. It allows for any data sources.
dd is a Unix command line utility for copying data. ddpt adds features for efficiently copying large amounts of data to and from disks. Apart from accessing disks using traditional Unix read() and write() calls, ddpt can optionally use SCSI pass-through interfaces to send SCSI commands to perform a copy. In Linux, the pass-through can be used to send TRIM commands to SSDs. It is written for Linux with ports to FreeBSD, Solaris, and Windows.
A knowledge creation system.
A fast C++ matrix library with an API similar to Matlab's.


text: Easy...start over. The TUB goes in FIRST, stud to stud. Then the cement board is installed, to slightly overlap the flange on the tub, but not touching the tub deck. It is sometimes necessary to shim the studs, so that the cement board will be plumb, not canted out over the flange.


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A classic padded cycling mitt for essential hand protection and additional grip. With a focus on comfort for the rider, this glove features a stretch lycra back, a multi layer Amara palm, and high density foam padding. Keep things effective and simple with this excellent set of gloves.Colour: Black, Red. 60% polyamide, 28% polyester, 12% polyurethane. Machine washable.
An ergonomically designed low mitt for serious cyclists. This glove has been designed and sculpted into a fit that will suit your riding position. The back of the mitt is designed so that it is breathable and has good stretch, keeping a good fit and allowing a healthy air flow throughout to keep you as comfortable as possible. The pre-shaped synthetic leather palm adds durability and comfort, while there is ergonomically positioned gel padding to add greater cushioning. The stretch cuff ensures an optimum comfort and fit.Colour: Black/Red.
A padded cycling glove ideal for all types of riding; providing comfort and added grip. With a high breathe mesh and Lycra back your hand stays cool and comfortable, with sweat being drawn to the outside. The hard wearing, multi layer synthetic leather palm provides a healthy degree of durability so that it won't wear down when you need it most. A critically positioned palm padding provides extra comfort, while the soft wipe thumb panel is smooth and avoids any unnecessary irritation.Colours: Black, Blue, Red, Yellow. 65% nylon, 20% polyurethane, 15% polyester.
A highly technical sock that offers an incredible fit, and thus ensuring your feet remain as comfortable as possible when you're in the saddle. The highly breathable, insulated Thermolite with antibacterial Ion layer, keeps your foot comfortable and healthy, ready for the next challenge ahead. These socks are also left and right specific with extra stretch instep and ankle sections ensuring a great fit on both feet. The seamless, no wrinkle construction with double heel section and sole cushioning ensures that these socks are as comfortable as possible, so that you are in the right state to race.Colours: Black, White. 75% Polyamide (Supplex), 15% Polyamide (Bodyfresh), 10% Elastomero (Lycra).


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Foods that Help You Burn Calories
Written By Mandy Seay For QuickEasyFit
Weight loss occurs when you burn the calories that you are consuming. Fortunately, not all food causes you to gain weight. Eating certain foods can actually help you burn calories and fat because they boost your metabolism. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, then you should include the following foods and drinks in your diet:
Read More From QuickEasyFit
The 5 Shockingly Low -Calorie Cheeses
5 Hot Drinks to Fix Those Winter 'Brrrrs
Nogtastic! Secrets to the Perfect Eggnog
8 Top Holiday Health Offenders (And How to Defend Yourself)
The Sweet Life: What's the Best Sweetener for Losing Weight?


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The Santa Cruz Sentinel reports (http://bit.ly/SLHsRw) that the defendants each pleaded not guilty on Wednesday in the fatal beating of 51-year-old Charles Robert Powers.
Powers was found dead on Nov. 16 at a homeless camp. The Coroner's Office determined he died of blunt force trauma to the head. Authorities have said the injury was caused by a blow from a skateboard.
The five defendants, who range in age from the early 20s to the early 40s, have been identified as Jeremiah Long, Shaelyn Gonzales, Michael Hudson, Jason Weiland and Tina Anderson. Long is also charged with assault with a deadly weapon.
Authorities have not disclosed a motive, if any, in the case.
Information from: Santa Cruz Sentinel, http://www.santacruzsentinel.com


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Animal Naturals American Chicken Dog Treats
All-American Chicken Jerky Dog Treats, 4 AMERICAN DOGS!
• Natural, GMO-Free Fed American Chicken
• American Ingredients
• Minimally Processed
• Made by American
• USDA Approved Production
• Adntioxidants
• With Organ Meat
Sure, there's cheaper chicken jerky out there for your dog. We believe American Chicken is the best, most wholesome chicken jerky treat in the world. Hand batched for freshness and quality, American Chicken uses all-natural, human grade chicken producted under USDA's watchful eye.
And, American Chicken is exactly what it says-an American product. Sourced and made in America. Go America!
American Chicken - All-American Chicken Jerky (3 oz)K9Power Price: $9.49
American Chicken - All-American Chicken Jerky (7.5 oz)K9Power Price: $17.49


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TRAVIS COUNTY -- New testimony emerged Thursday in the Gabrielle Nestande manslaughter trial. Jurors are getting a clearer picture of Nestande's level of intoxication the night investigators say she hit and killed 30-year-old Courtney Griffin.
A college friend who knew 25-year-old Nestande from Baylor University testified Nestande was, "sloppy drunk" hours before she hit Griffin.
Prosecutors presented surveillance video from inside Clive Bar. Nestande is seen on camera laughing, taking shots, hanging on a man named William Marchbanks and kissing him.
Marchbanks testified that he was drinking with Nestande the night of the crash. He said she didn't appear drunk to him but later told friends, "I knew she shouldn't have left" after he learned about the crash.
Marchbanks asked for immunity early on when police began investigating this case.
Thursday, prosecutor Allison Whetsel asked Marchbanks if he recalls telling an investigator that Nestande told him on the phone she'd struck a human. He replied, "That's what I thought at the time." He now says Nestande was talking about a deer, not a human.
At 5 p.m. just as court was wrapping up for the day, prosecutors presented another key piece of evidence. They played a jailhouse phone conversation Nestande had with her sister. Her sister asked, "Do you know how much you drank?"
Nestande replied, "I know what happened."


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Sorenson is missing, and a stripper is found murdered in his apartment. Medavoy and Jones investigate a killing, but the suspect identified by an eyewitness has a seemingly unshakable alibi. watch
Sipowicz and Sorenson investigate the murder of a drug dealer, while Sorenson continues to see the stripper, Kristen, who draws him into a favor for the owners of the Tailfeathers club. watch
The unlikely heroic duo of a blue-collar exterminator (Greg Grunberg) and Latino security guard (Lombardo Boyar) must save the day when a giant spider escapes from a military lab and rampages the city of Los Angeles.
Peter Petrelli decides to go to the homecoming dance at 8:12pm, even though the painting depicts his death.
Check out this preview of Heroes Reborn: 2015
A band of comic crooks, led by an eccentric Southern con man, take up residence in a feisty old lady's home in order to dig a tunnel into a nearby casino. A Coen Brothers film (Fargo, The Big Lebowski).
More Clips & Interviews
Super-spy Ethan Hunt has retired from active duty to train new IMF agents. But he is called back into action to confront the toughest villain he's ever faced - Owen Davian, an international weapons and information provider with no remorse and no conscience. Hunt assembles his team - his old friend Luther Strickell, transportation expert Declan, and background operative Zhen, to rescue one of his very own trainees, Lindsey who was kidnapped while on a surveillance detail of Davian. It soon becomes evident that Davian is well-protected, well-connected, and downright malicious, forcing Hunt to extend his journey back into the field in order to rescue his wife, Julia, and uncover IMF double agents in the process.
Ethan Hunt comes face to face with a dangerous and sadistic arms dealer while trying to keep his identity secret in order to protect his girlfriend.
More Greg Grunberg Movies Videos
Everyone gets together for Emma's christening - including Ben's dad. Ben tasks Riley with choosing Emma's godfather.
Also Available On Netflix and Amazon Instant Video
Riley (Jennifer Love Hewitt) risks becoming a target of a police investigation to stop a strip club owner from blackmailing the client list's customers. Meanwhile, after an expectant mother chooses them to adopt her baby, Lacey (Rebecca Field) and Dale (Greg Grunberg) worry that the father will interfere.
Also Available On Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
As Riley (Jennifer Love Hewitt) invites unwanted scrutiny when she volunteers her staff for a fundraiser, Evan (Colin Egglesfield) joins a prostitution task force that threatens to target the Rub.
Also Available On Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
As Riley (Jennifer Love Hewitt) pitches in to salvage Georgia's rapidly disintegrating wedding plans, an undercover police investigation of massage parlors threatens to put her and the Rub in the law's crosshairs.
Also Available On Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
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Hollywood was stunned by the unexpected death of Glee star Cory Monteith on Saturday night. Hours earlier, Monteith was found dead in a Vancouver hotel room, though the cause of death was still unknown. Here's what his co-stars and fellow celebrities had to say about his sudden passing:
read more
Now that J.J. Abrams is officially onboard to direct the seventh Star Wars film, the question on everyone's mind is: But what does that mean?!To help out, TVGuide.com put on our best deerstalkers and dived deep into Abram's television past, from Felicity all the way through Revolution. And based on our investigation, here are eight things we could expect to see in Star Wars: Episode VII:
read more
The Felicity alums have really taken over pilot season.
Keri Russell has landed the leading role in FX's The Americans pilot from Justified showrunner Graham Yost.
The series, executive-produced by Yost and created by Falling Skies' Joe Weisberg, follows...
read more
Heroes actor Greg Grunberg won't be able to rely on his mindreading powers for his next law enforcement gig. He will join his former castmate Masi Oka on Hawaii Five-0 for a November episode, TVLine reports.
Lindsay Sloane and Greg Grunberg will guest-star on an upcoming episode of Psych that parodies The Bachelorette, TV Line reports.Sloane will play Melinda, the star of the pseudo dating show Missed Connections, on which guys ...
read more
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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Some information is missing or invalid below.
She'll adore this 14k yellow and white gold diamond ring set. Comes in a convenient gift box.
Set Details:
- Includes: ring & band
- Metal: 14k yellow & white gold
- From the Cherish Always collection
Diamond Details:
- Carat total weight: 1/2
- Cut: princess & round
- Color: I
- Clarity: I2
- Setting: prong & channel
Image(s) may be enlarged to show detail.
Diamond weights are approximate. Diamond total weights may vary between .01 and .08 ct. Some diamonds have fewer than 17 facets.
Rings are sized upon order. For this reason, please expect an actual delivery date later than the date listed on your order confirmation e-mail.
Promotional offers available online at Kohls.com may vary from those offered in Kohl's stores.


text:
Entrepreneur's Corner
The Entrepreneur's Corner is designed to be a great resource for Entrepreneurs of all ages and stages. You'll find several insightful articles on Entrepreneurship, relating to the economy, domain expertise, new opportunities and new industries. In the section on Success Stories, you'll find a treasure trove of stories from successful entrepreneurs who have benefitted from the TiE Network and seasoned Mentors at TiE.


text:
872 Results Found for Billy Rossi! Select a State Below
Fun Facts and Statistics
People named Billy Rossi
Statistics out of all 5 people named Billy Rossi
Phone, Email, & Address
White Pages & Public Records for Billy Rossi
Interesting Facts about Billy Rossi
Meaning of Last Name
"rossi" family name, ancestry, and history
Rossi is an Italian surname, said to be the most common surname in Italy. Due to Italian emigration, it is also very common in other countries, including the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and France. Rossi is the plural of Rosso (meaning red in Italian). It is also a Finnish surname, not connected with the Italian one. The name Rossi has been used frequently by various historical sources as The Rossi or Varangian Rossi in reference to an originally Scandinavian tribe that purportedly gave rise to the people known as the Rus' (people).
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text:
"In general, there are a lot of behavioral issues that are countered," said Diane Blankenburg, community programs director for the Nevada Humane Society (NHS).
Dogs and cats that are "fixed" don't feel as great a need to mark their territory because they are not in search of a mate. Also, other animals that may be spayed or neutered aren't as ambitious to seek out the smell of others because testosterone levels are so low that "they're not driven by nature," said Denise Stevens, operations director for NHS. They're also less assertive and not as prone to fighting with other animals, hence preventing physical injuries.
In addition to fewer incidents of marking, sterilizing a cat decreases its need to roam. Male cats, in particular, could have their roaming radius reduced from 10 miles to 1 mile, Blankenburg said.
"They're not out there for 'the event' (of mating), " she said. "It keeps them from getting into other kinds of problems."
She added if an animal roams less it decreases the likelihood of it crossing a street and getting injured.
NHS spays and neuters every dog, cat or rabbit it cares for as a birth control measure, but physiologically it also lowers the likelihood of the pet getting cancer, Stevens said.
"After 5 years of age, the chance of (a pet) getting testicular cancer rises," Stevens said.
In female dogs and cats, the risk of pyometra, or cancer of the uterus, can be life-threatening.
"It always happens in the middle of the night when you end up in the emergency room with your pet and they have an infection of the uterus," she said.
The Nevada Humane Society has seen a slight increase in the number of animals it holds because people have been surrendering or abandoning pets they can't afford, Stevens said.
At NHS, kittens undergo the procedure not by a certain age but a certain weight, Blankenburg said.
"Cats are done at a weight of 2 pounds, which is usually around 8 to 9 weeks old," she said. "That has shown to be very effective. When I was younger, it was about 4 to 5 months old. But there's lot of research that shows there's no risk at all with them. When they're young, they bounce back real fast."
Recovery time can be shaved off by about 24 hours between a young kitten and a more mature cat, according to Stevens.
With preparation time, neutering a male cat can take about 10 minutes and spaying a female cat can take 15 minutes. Depending on the size of a dog, neutering takes about 15 to 20 minutes and spaying a female about 20 to 25, though if a dog is in heat or is heavier than most, the procedure takes longer, Stevens said.
Blankenburg added that there are myths surrounding spay and neuter recommendations, such as the healthiness of allowing the animal to have one litter.
"That probably came about around the same time that it was said black cats are bad luck," she said.
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (ASPCA) Web site, www.aspca.org, also debunks several myths pertaining to spay and neuter procedures, such as whether the procedure would alter a pet's personality. The ASPCA also denies that the animal would gain weight and become lazy. On the contrary, the Web site states, sterilized pets live two to three years longer than those that have not been spayed or neutered.
"It's a safe thing to do," Blankenburg said.


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Cameron was fired a month ago. lol
Cameron was fired a month ago. lol
Terrible news....for the Dolphins. Under Sparano's guidance that Jet's O could have sucked for 3-4 more years before they figured it out. Wish it didn't take us so long.
Welcome to the Miami Dolphins
Vontae Davis, CB, Illinois
Pat White, QB/WR, West Virginia
Sean Smith, CB, Utah
Patrick Turner, WR, SOuthern California
Brian Hartline, WR, Ohio State
John Nalbone, TE, Monmouth
Chris Clemons, S, Clemson
Andrew Gardner, OT, Georgia Tech
J.D. Folsom, LB, Weber St.
Cam out. Tony out. Wanny soon to be out. Bowles might be cleared out with the rest of that Philly staff. Rough. Can't imagine why we haven't been successful this past decade.
I think Andy Reid will replace Tony Sparano if he doesn't get the gig in KC.
Bowles will probably be fired too
When Death Smiles Upon You the Infantryman smiles back
WVdolphan "Ireland gets it.
And those who also get it, know that Ireland gets it. Those who are clueless are still concerned about cornfed and the running game"
WVDOLPHAN "The last thing this team should be worried about is the OC(offensive corn). When you add it all up, its really a pretty solid OC"
It's amazing how Rex could dodge the bullet with Sparano's ineptitude.


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Okay ... you don't need an expensive electric appliance to brew great drip coffee. Manual pour-over drip brewing with Chemex or a filter cone work well, as does a French Press for a fuller-bodied cup. But most people in our fair land brew their coffee in electric coffee makers, and ironically, most of them can barely brew a decent cup! (I am talking about the machines, not the people using them.)
Cheap drip brewers invariably fail to brew coffee at the correct temperature; most home electric drip brewers reach only 185 degrees. When coffee is brewed at a low temperature the result is a dulling of the higher, more vivid cup tones, and incomplete extraction of the coffee flavors overall. Our tests result in more intense brewed coffee than comparable home machines when using the exact same amount of ground coffee in each.
The Technivorm is certified by the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) to brew at the correct temperature, because the water has to boil in order to leave the heater. Since there is no pump, and water does not fall from top to bottom like some brewers, you know that the water coming out is the right temperature. (Please note: If you live at altitude, water boils at temperatures lower than 200 degrees.) Brewers contain no internal components made with aluminum - the heating element is copper.
The Technivorm models are all simple, straight-forward machines that do one thing ... and do it very well! The Technivorm brewers all make the same cup of coffee. The differences are primarily in size (8 cup vs. 10 cup) and style. They all have a whopping 1475 watts, 13 amp draw which means they have the power to make water hot in a very short period of time. The machine is not well-known, but highly rated. Comes with a one year manufacturer's warranty.
Technivorm KBT 741 -10 CUP Thermal Brewer$299.00
Technivorm KBTS - 8 Cup Thermal Brewer$279.00
Technivorm CDGT 10 Cup Coffee Maker with Thermal Carafe$299.00
Brew Thru Lid for Technivorm Pots$8.00
Replacement 1 L Thermal Jug for Technivorm KBTS$59.20
Technivorm 9 Hole Water Sprayhead$15.00


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Contact Information: (860) 832-2081 email@example.com www.ccsu.edu/idtrc
Location: Willard Room 004
Hours: Mon - Thurs: 8a - 5p Friday: 8a -4p
The IDTRC is a technology center located in Willard Hall room 004. We are here to help faculty with their instructional design needs. Assistance is provided with the integration of technology into the curriculum.
We invite you to read Our Mission Statement and learn more about us.
Important information about Blackboard Vista
Services Offered
David G. OyanadelIDTRC firstname.lastname@example.com
Jennifer NicolettiInstructional Media email@example.com
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Shayne BrownStudent firstname.lastname@example.com
Erin LynchStudent firstname.lastname@example.com
Amy S. KullgrenDirector of Client Support email@example.com


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