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Prostitution in Australia
Prostitution in Australia is governed by state and territory laws, which vary considerably; and Federal legislation also has an impact on some aspects of prostitution throughout Australia, and of Australian citizens and residents outside of the country.
Though Australia is largely homogenous in its attitudes to prostitution, the legal responses to the issues involved of the various jurisdictions have differed. Some of the differences have been due to political factors. Eastern Australian states and territories liberalised their laws in the late-20th century, however liberalisation has been restricted by upper houses of Parliament of several States, with legislation either being defeated or extensively amended. New South Wales was the first State to adopt a different model, decriminalising prostitution in 1979. This in turn became a model for New Zealand and a failed attempt in Western Australia in 2008. Victoria and Queensland adopted different models, based on legalisation, Victoria in 1986 and Queensland in 1992. In the remaining States of Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia, despite intense debate and many proposed legislative reforms there has been no change in the laws. In the territories the ACT adopted partial decriminalisation in 1992, and the Northern Territory also allowed a partial decriminalisation in 1992. In all jurisdictions the issue remains deeply divisive and in the three eastern states with regulated sex work, there has been a process of continual review.
- 1 History
- 2 Health
- 3 Human trafficking in Australia
- 4 Australian Capital Territory
- 5 New South Wales
- 6 Northern Territory
- 7 Queensland
- 8 South Australia
- 8.1 History
- 8.2 References
- 8.3 Other sources
- 8.4 See also
- 8.5 External links
- 9 Tasmania
- 10 Victoria
- 11 Western Australia
- 12 References
- 13 Australia
Prostitution in Australia is best considered in three periods: the convict period to 1840, the late colonial period and the Federal period (after 1901). It is generally agreed that prostitution was unknown in the pre-colonial aboriginal societies, but was created by early settlers who exchanged sexual services with aboriginal women for European goods, and exploiting a preexisting aboriginal wife exchange system.[citation needed]
During the convict period English common law applied, and dealt with brothel keeping, disorderly houses and public nuisance. The late colonial period viewed prostitution as a public health issue, through the Contagious Diseases Acts. Finally since 1901 the emphasis has been on criminalising activities associated with prostitution. Although not explicitly prohibiting the act of sexual exchange, the criminal law effectively produced a de facto prohibition.[1]
Convict period 1788-1840
Prostitution probably first appeared in Australia at the time of the First Fleet in 1788. Some of the women transported to Australia had previously worked in prostitution, while others were forced into it by economic circumstances, and a severe imbalance of the sexes. While the 1822 Bigge report refers to brothels, these were mainly women working from their own homes.[1]
Colonial period 1840–1901
In the colonial period, prior to federation, Australia adopted the Contagious Diseases Acts of the United Kingdom between 1868 and 1879 in an attempt to control venereal disease in the military, requiring compulsory inspection of women suspected of prostitution, and could include incarceration in a lock hospital. [2]
Federal period 1901-1970s
Despite being a confederation, criminal law was left in the hands of the States. However criminal law relating to prostitution only dates from around 1910. These laws did not make the act of prostitution illegal but did criminalise many activities related to prostitution. These laws were based on English laws passed between 1860-1885 and related to soliciting, age restrictions, brothel keeping and leasing accommodation. [3]
Contemporary scene - late-20th century -
Since the 1970s there has been a change towards liberalisation of prostitution laws, though the actual approaches have varied.
A report produced by the Australian Institute of Criminology in May 1990 recommended that prostitution not be a criminal offence, since the current laws were ineffective and endangered sex workers.[4] A survey conducted in the early 2000s showed that 15.6% of Australian men aged 16–59 have paid for sex at least once in their life and 1.9% had done so in the past year. Men who had paid for sex were more likely than other men to smoke, to drink more alcohol, to have had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or been tested for HIV, to have more sexual partners, to have first had vaginal intercourse before 16, and to have had heterosexual anal intercourse.[5]
Health and safety regulations and peer education have been effective at keeping STIs in the sex worker population at a low level, similar to the general population, and comparable amongst the States. (Maginn 2013). Although there had been claims that sex workers were responsible for STI levels in mining communities, subsequent research has shown this not to be true.[6]
Human trafficking in Australia
The number of people trafficked into Australia is unknown. Estimates given to a 2004 parliamentary inquiry into sexual servitude in Australia ranged from 300 to 1000 trafficked women annually.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Trafficking in persons: global patterns lists Australia as one of 21 trafficking destination countries in the high destination category.
Australia is not a party to the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others of 1949. It has implemented in 1999[7] the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,[8] to which it is a party. Australia has also ratified on 8 January 2007 the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, which requires it to prohibit, besides other things, child prostitution. For the purpose of the Protocol, a child is any human being under the age of 18, unless an earlier age of majority is recognized by a country's law. In all Australian jurisdictions, the minimum age at which a person can engage in prostitution is 18 years.
Australian Capital Territory
Historically, prior to passage of the 1992 Prostitution Act, prostitution policy in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) consisted of "containment and control" under the Police Offences Act 1930 [act 1] This prohibited keeping a brothel, persistently soliciting in a public place, or living on the earnings of prostitution. This law was not enforced. In 1991 a report entitled Prostitution in the ACT: Interim Report (Australian Capital Territory) was produced by the Select Committee on HIV, Illegal Drugs and Prostitution describing the then state of the industry, the shortcomings of the law, and the possible reforms available. having considered the example of other Australian States that had adopted various other models, the committee recommended decriminalization, which occurred in the 1992 Prostitution Act. (Collaery 1991).
Current situation
Following decriminalisation with the passage of The Prostitution Act 1992, a/k/a "Anna's Law," [act 2] brothels are legal, but sex workers are required to register with the Office of Regulatory Services (ORS). [act 3] The ORS also registers and regulates brothels and escort agencies. Sex workers may work privately but must work alone. Soliciting remains illegal (Section 19).
Subsequent amending acts include the Prostitution Amendment Act 2002 [act 4] and the Justice and Community Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2011 [act 5] (Part 1.7), a minor administrative amendment.
Legislative Review 2011
The legal situation was reviewed again with a Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety's inquiry into the ACT Prostitution Act 1992, following the death of a 17 year old woman, Janine Cameron, from a heroin overdose in a brothel in 2008. [act 6]
The inquiry was established on 28 October 2010. The committee's terms of reference were as follows: [act 7]
- the form and operation of the Act;
- identifying regulatory options, including the desirability of requiring commercially operated brothels to maintain records of workers and relevant proof of age, to ensure that all sex workers are over the age of 18 years;
- the adequacy of, and compliance with, occupational health and safety requirements for sex workers;
- any links with criminal activity;
- the extent to which unlicensed operators exist within the ACT, and
- other relevant matter
and was chaired by Liberal MLA Vicki Dunne.
Written submissions were required by 26 February 2011 at which time 58 submissions had been received. [act 8] Submissions to the committee included Scarlet Alliance. [act 9] The Alliance requested changes that would allow sex workers to work together, the removal of registration (which is rarely complied with), [act 10] and the repeal of sections 24 and 25 dealing with sexually transmitted diseases. The Eros Association, which represents the industry also called for removal of registration and for an expansion into residential areas. [act 10] As in other States and Territories, conservative Christian groups such as the Australian Christian Lobby (ACL) called for criminalising clients. [act 11] [act 12] Groups supporting this position included the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia, [act 13] [act 14] while sex workers argued against it. [act 15] The Catholic Church has also opposed it.
Ms Dunne stated that the committee would consider exit schemes [act 16] however Attorney-General Simon Corbell stated that it was unlikely there will be any substantive changes to the status quo. [act 17] [act 18] The committee completed its hearings on evidence on 13 July 2011, [act 19] and issued its report in February 2012.[act 20] The Government issued a formal response in June, [act 21][act 22] [act 23] stating it would follow most of the recommendations and that the inquiry had affirmed that sex work was a legitimate occupation.
In the October 2012 elections the opposition Liberals campaigned on a platform to oppose allowing more than one sex worker to use a premise in suburban areas [act 24] but were not successful in preventing a further term of the ALP Green alliance.
Advocacy for sex workers in the ACT is undertaken by SWOP ACT (Sex Work Outreach Project). [act 25]
- ^ Police Offences Act 1930
- ^ Prostitution Act 1992 (ACT)
- ^ Office of Regulatory Services: Sex Industry
- ^ Prostitution Amendment Act 2002 (ACT)
- ^ Justice and Community Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2011
- ^ Sex trade laws under review. ABC News 1 Oct 2010
- ^ Inquiry into Prostitution Act: Terms of Reference
- ^ Inquiry into Prostitution Act: Submissions
- ^ Scarlet Alliance submission to the Standing Committee on Justice 2011
- ^ a b Sex trade eyes the suburbs. Canberra Times March 2011
- ^ ACL appears at ACT prostitution inquiry. ACL 11 May 2011
- ^ Push to criminalise paying prostitutes. Canberra Times 12 May 2011
- ^ Review into prostitution must benefit women not business ABC 21 March 2011
- ^ Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia
- ^ Don't use the Swedish model for ACT sex workers. Canberra Times 19 May 2011
- ^ No exit programs for Canberra sex workers. ABC April 2011
- ^ Unregulated sex industry 'hard to gauge'. ABC 23 March 2011
- ^ Canberra suburbia a no-go zone for brothels. Canberra Times 24 May 2011
- ^ Hansard committee transcripts: Justice 13 July 2011
- ^ Report on Inquiry into the Prostitution Act 1992. February 2012
- ^ Government response to inquiry into Prostitution Act 1992. 2012
- ^ Corbell moves to better protect sex workers. ABC 6 June 2012
- ^ ACT Government: ACT sex industry is better protected under law. 5 June 2012
- ^ Libs fear rise in mini-brothels. Canberra Times 7 October 2012
Other sources
- Bernard Collaery. The Sex Industry in the ACT, in Sex Industry and Public Policy. Australian Institute of Criminology 1991
- Brian Brinkler. Policing of the sex industry in the Australian Capital Territory, in Sex Industry and Public Policy AIC 1991 p. 249
- Australian Capital Territory. Legislative Assembly. Select Committee on HIV, Illegal Drugs and Prostitution 1991, Prostitution in the ACT: Interim Report, Canberra.
- A. J. Neilson. Criminal Behaviour? A Comparison of Prostitution Policy in Sweden and the Australian Capital Territory. Cross Sections Vol 7 2011. ANU
External links
- Government of ACT
- ACT Legislative Assembly
- Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety: Inquiry into the operation of the Prostitution Act 1992
- Nothing About Us Without us: ACT
- Scarlet Alliance: ACT
New South Wales
New South Wales has the most liberal legislation on prostitution in Australia, with almost complete decriminalisation, and has acted as a model for other jurisdictions such as New Zealand.
Brothels are legal in New South Wales, under the Summary Offences Act 1988. [nsw 1] The only activities that are illegal are:
- living on the earnings of a prostitute, although persons who own or manage a brothel are exempt
- causing or inducing prostitution (procuring: Crimes Act s.91A,B)[nsw 2]
- using premises, or allowing premises to be used, for prostitution that are held out as being available for massage, sauna baths, steam baths, facilities for exercise or photographic studios
- advertising that a premises is used for prostitution, or advertising for prostitutes
- soliciting for prostitution near or within view of a dwelling, school, church or hospital
- advertising that anal penetration will take place
- engaging in child prostitution (Crimes Act s.91C-F)
According to a 2009 report in the Daily Telegraph illegal brothels in Sydney outnumbered licensed operations by four to one. [nsw 3]
Early era
New South Wales was founded in 1788 and was responsible for Tasmania till 1825, Victoria till 1851 and Queensland till 1859. It inherited much of the problems of port cities, penal colonies and the gender imbalance of colonial life. Initially there was little specific legislation aimed at prostitution, but prostitutes could be charged under vagrancy provisions if their behaviour drew undue attention. In 1822 Commissioner Bigge reported stated there were 20 brothels in Sydney, and many women at the Parramatta Female Factory were involved in prostitution. [nsw 4] The Prevention of Vagrancy Act 1835 was designed to deal with 'undesirables'.[nsw 5]
The 1859 Select Committee into the Condition of the Working Classes of the Metropolis described widespread prostitution. Nineteenth century legislation included the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1883 and Police Offences Act 1901. Attempts to pass contagious diseases legislation were resisted, and unlike other States, legislative control was minimal till the general attack on 'vice' of the first decade of the twentieth century which resulted in the Police Offences Amendment Act 1908, and the Prisoners Detention Act. Street prostitution was controlled by the Vagrancy Act 1902 (sec. 4[1] [c]) [nsw 5] enabling a woman to be arrested as a 'common prostitute'. This was strengthened by an amendment of the Police Offences (Amendment) Act 1908, which also prohibited living on the earnings.
Modern era
Strengthening the laws
The Vagrancy Act was further strengthened in 1968, making it an offence to 'loiter for the purpose of prostitution' (sec. 4 [1] [k]). These provisions were then incorporated into the Summary Offences Act 1970, sec. 28.
In the 1970s an active debate about the need for liberalisation appeared, spearheaded by feminists and libertarians, culminating under the Wran ALP government in the Prostitution Act 1979. Eventually New South Wales became a model for debates on liberalising prostitution laws. However almost immediately community pressure started to build for additional safeguards, particularly in Darlinghurst (Perkins 1991), although police still utilised other legislation such as the Offences In Public Places Act 1979 for unruly behaviour. Eventually this led to a subsequent partial recriminalisation of street work with the Prostitution (Amendment) Act 1983, of which s8A stipulates that;
(1) A person in a public street shall not, near a dwelling, school, church or hospital, solicit another person for the purpose of prostitution …
(2) A person shall not, in a school, church or hospital, solicit another person for the purpose of prostitution.
This resulted in Darlinghurst street workers relocating (Perkins 1991).
Further decriminalisation of premises followed with the [nsw 6] putting into place of recommendations from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly Upon Prostitution (1983-6). Although the committee had recommended relaxing the soliciting laws, the new Greiner Liberal government tightened these provisions further in 1988 through the Summary Offences Act in response to community pressure.
The current regulatory framework is based on the Crimes Act 1900, [nsw 7] Disorderly Houses Act 1943 (renamed Restricted Premises Act in 2002), Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979, and Summary Offences Act 1988. The suburbs of King's Cross in Sydney and Islington in Newcastle have been traditional hotbeds for prostitution. New South Wales is the only Australian state that legalizes street prostitution. However community groups in those locations continue to push for re-criminalisation. [nsw 8]
As promised in its 2011 election campaign, the Liberal Party sought review of the regulation of brothels. In September 2012 it issues a discussion paper on review of the regulations.[nsw 9] It stated that the purpose was threefold, the protection of residential amenity; protection of sex workers and safeguarding public health (Maginn 2013). Nevertheless there is no evidence of a negative effect of brothels on the community. [nsw 10]
Generally prostitution policy in New South Wales has been bipartisan. However in 2010, the Liberal opposition announced that it would make prostitution reform part of its campaign for the March 2011 State election. The plan would involve a new licensing authority following revelations that the sex industry had been expanding and operating illegal as well as legal premises. The Liberals claimed that organised crime and coercion were part of the NSW brothel scene. [nsw 11] The last reform was in 2007, with the Brothels Legislation Act. [nsw 12] The Liberals were duly elected as the new Government in that election.
- ^ Summary Offences Act 1988
- ^ Armstrong Legal: Procuring for prostitution
- ^ NSW papers urged to cut brothel ads, ABC news 18 May 2009
- ^ J.T. Bigge. Report of the Commissioner of Inquiry into the colony of NSW. 1822
- ^ a b Roberta Perkins. Working girls: prostitutes, their life and social control. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, May 1991 ISBN 0 642 15877 0
- ^ Disorderly Houses (Amendment) Act 1995 (NSW)
- ^ Crimes Act 1900
- ^ NSW prostitution laws 'ambiguous, contradictory'. ABC 15 June 2009
- ^ Regulation of Brothels in NSW: Issues Paper Sept 2012
- ^ Jason Prior and Penny Crofts. Effects of sex premises on neighbourhoods: Residents, local planning and the geographies of a controversial land use. New Zealand Geographer (2012) 68, 130–140
- ^ Liberal brothel police to take sleaze out of sex. Daily Telegraph 22 December 2010
- ^ Brothels Legislation Act 2007
Other sources
- Golder H., Allen J., "Prostitution in New South Wales, 1870-1930: Restructuring an Industry", in Refractory Girl, Volumes 18/19, December/January 1979-80, pp. 17–25
- Allen, J., "The making of a prostitute proletariat in early twentieth-century New South Wales", in Daniels, K., (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history, Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 192–232
- Aitken, J. 1977, Prostitutes in NSW, Seminar on Victimless Crimes, Macquarie University, 24–27 February.
- Sandra Egger and Christine Harcourt. PROSTITUTION IN NSW: THE IMPACT OF DEREGULATION, in Patricia Weiser Easteal and Sandra McKillop (eds.) Women and the Law, Australian Institute of Criminology 1991
- Roberta Perkins. STREET PROSTITUTION AND ITS MANIPULATION BY LAW IN NEW SOUTH WALES, in Patricia Weiser Easteal and Sandra McKillop (eds.) Women and the Law, Australian Institute of Criminology 1991
- John Scott. Prostitution and Public Health in New South Wales. Culture, Health & Sexuality Vol. 5, No. 3, Belief Systems and the Place of Desire: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific. Selected Papers from the IASSCS Melbourne Conference (May - Jun. 2003), pp. 277-293
- Scott J. Prostitution and Public Health in New South Wales: Reply to Egger and Harcourt Culture, Health & Sexuality Vol. 6, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2004), pp. 447-453
- Scott J et al. Sex work and health in a rural context: results of qualitative study undertaken in New South Wales. Australian Sociological Association 2008
- Donovan, B., Harcourt, C., Egger, S., Watchirs Smith, L., Schneider, K., Kaldor, J.M., Chen, M.Y., Fairley, C.K., Tabrizi, S. The Sex Industry in New South Wales: a Report to the NSW Ministry of Health. Sydney: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales. (2012)
See also
External links
Northern Territory
Brothels are illegal in the Northern Territory under the Prostitution Regulation Act 2004. [nt 1] The Northern Territory Licensing Commission [nt 2] can license Northern Territory residents for a licence to operate an escort agency business.[nt 3] Street work is illegal, while sole operators are legal and un-regulated. Sex workers have protested against the fact that the NT is the only part of Australia where workers have to register with the police. [nt 4] As elsewhere in Australia any liberalisation is vigorously opposed by religious groups. [nt 5]
Unlike other parts of Australia, the Northern Territory remained largely Aboriginal for much longer, and Europeans were predominantly male. Inevitably this brought European males into close proximity with Aboriginal women. There has been much debate as to whether the hiring of Aboriginal women (Black Velvet) as domestic labour but also as sexual partners constituted prostitution or not. Certainly these inter-racial liaisons attracted much criticism. Once the Commonwealth took over the territory from South Australia in 1911, it saw its role as protecting the indigenous population, and there was considerable debate about employment standards and the practice of 'consorting'.
Pressure from reform came from women's groups such as Women Against Discrimination and Exploitation (WADE). (Bonney 1997) In 1992 the Prostitution Regulation Act reformed and consolidated the common law and statute law relating to prostitution. The first report of the Escort Agency Licensing Board in 1993 recommended further reform, but the Government did not accept this, feeling there would be widespread opposition to legalising brothels. The Attorney-General's Department conducted a review in 1996. A further review was subsequently conducted in 1998.[nt 6] In 2004 The Suppression of Brothels Act 1907 (SA) in its application to the Territory was repealed by the Prostitution Regulation Act. The NT Government has consistently rejected calls for legalization of brothels.[nt 7]
- ^ Prostitution Regulation Act 2004
- ^ Northern Territory Licensing Commission
- ^ Department of Business: Escort Agency Licensing
- ^ Prostitution law puts sex workers at risk. ABC 14 May 2010
- ^ NT warned on opening floodgates to women trafficking The Record 17 June 2010
- ^ Competition Policy Review - Northern Territory. National Competition Policy Report concerning the Regulation of Escort Agents and Sex Workers 1999
- ^ Christians adopt Swedish model for prostitution. NT News 8 June 2010
Other sources
- McGrath A. 'Black Velvet': Aboriginal women and their relations with white men in the Northern territory, 1910–40, in Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 15–86
- Annie Bonney. Prostitution in the Northern Territory: An overview of the 1990s. Northern Territory Library Research Paper 17, 1997.
- Suzy Kruhse-Mountburton. The contemporary client of prostitution in Darwin, Australia. PhD Thesis Griffith University, 1996
- Prostitution Regulations
- Justice Department: Information for Escorts
- Department of Business: Licensing Commission
Brothels are legal. They are licensed by the Prostitution Licensing Authority (PLA). [qld 1] The PLA reports to the Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC), which reports to parliament. There are two types of sex work that are legal in Queensland;
- Private sex work: A single sex worker working alone. It is an offence for such a worker to solicit publicly. Advertising is permitted with restrictions on the wording.[qld 2]
- Sex work in a licensed brothel.
All other forms of sex work remain illegal, including more than one worker sharing a premise, street prostitution, unlicensed brothels or massage parlours used for sex work, and outcalls from licensed brothels. The CMC continues to oppose outcall services, [qld 3] [qld 4] although this is currently favoured by the PLA. [qld 5]
According to a 2009 report, only 10% of prostitution happens in the licensed brothels, the rest of 90% of prostitution remains either unregulated or illegal. There were 25 known legal brothels in 2009, and 75% of sex work involved outcall.[qld 6] [qld 7] There are continuing reports that an illegal sector continues to thrive. [qld 5] In 2012 sex workers in Queensland won the right to rent motel and hotel rooms to work, under the Anti-Discrimination Act. [qld 8] Economic circumstances continue to be a determinant of women seeking sex work. [qld 9]
Much emphasis was placed in colonial Queensland on the role of immigration and the indigenous population in introducing and sustaining prostitution, while organisations such as the Social Purity Society described what they interpreted as widespread female depravity. Concerns led to the Act for the Suppression of Contagious Diseases 1868 (31 Vict. No. 40), part of a widespread legislative attempt to control prostitution throughout the British Empire through incarceration in lock hospitals. Brothels were defined in section 231 of the Queensland Criminal Code in 1897, which explicitly defined 'bawdy houses' in 1901. A further act relating to venereal disease control was the Health Act Amendment Act 1911 (2 Geo. V. No. 26). Solicitation was an offence under Clause 132E, and could lead to a fine or imprisonment. Other measures included the long standing vagrancy laws and local by-laws.
The Fitzgerald Report (Commission of Inquiry into "Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct") of 1989 led to widespread concern regarding the operation of the laws, and consequently a more specific inquiry (Criminal Justice Commission. Regulating morality? An inquiry into prostitution in Queensland) in 1991. This in turn resulted in two pieces of legislation, the Prostitution Laws Amendment Act 1992 and the Prostitution Act 1999. [qld 10]
The Crime and Misconduct Commission reported on the regulation of prostitution in 2004, [qld 11] and on outcall work in 2006. [qld 6] [qld 12] Five amendments were introduced between 1999 and 2010. In August 2009 the Prostitution and Other Acts Amendment Bill 2009 was introduced [qld 13] [qld 14] [qld 15] and assented to in September, becoming the Prostitution and Other Acts Amendment Act 2010 [qld 16] proclaimed in March 2011.
- ^ Prostitution Licensing Authority/
- ^ Guidelines about the Approved Form for Advertisements for Prostitution 2008
- ^ Prostitution and the Law in Queensland. Prostitution Licensing Authority 2006
- ^ CMC releases report on inquiry into Queensland escort services. CMC October 2006
- ^ a b Sex trade explodes. Courier-Mail 30 January 2011
- ^ a b Steve Dickson MP. Speech 17 August 2010
- ^ Queensland sex industry still largely illegitimate, Brisbane Times 16 August 2009
- ^ Prostitutes In Australia Win Right To Rent Motel Rooms In Queensland Huffington Post 12 August 2012
- ^ More mums turning to prostitution: Brisbane brothel. 7 News. 22 January 2013
- ^ Prostitution Act 1999
- ^ CMC. Regulating prostitution: an evaluation of the Prostitution Act 1999. December 2004(Qld)
- ^ Jan Stuckey MP. Speech 3 August 2010
- ^ Prostitution and other Acts Amendments Bill 2009
- ^ Prostitution and other Acts Amendments Bill 2009. Legislative Proceedings 18 August 2009
- ^ Prostitution and other Acts Amendments Bill 2009. Notes
- ^ Prostitution and Other Acts Amendment Act 2010
Other sources
- Prostitution after Fitzgerald. Courier-Mail August 1994
- Respect Inc. Sex Workers of Queensland
- Unregulated and illegal prostitution in Queensland. Andreas Schloenhardt, University of Queensland, 24 September 2009
- Ten years of prostitution regulation in Queensland. Andreas Schloenhardt, University of Queensland, 21 September 2009
- Kris Anderson. The Process Of Change In Queensland: A Worker's Perspective. Australian Institute of Criminology, January 1992
- From the Dark Days: History of Prostitution in Queensland, in Prostitution Licensing Authority Annual Report 2001, pp 3-6
- Evans R. 'Soiled Doves': Prostitution in colonial Queensland, in Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 127–161
- Yorick Smaal. Prostitution, 1880s-1900s, in Queensland Historical Atlas, October 2010
See also
External links
- Crime and Misconduct Commission
- Brisbane Escorts Directory
- Queensland Parliament
- Criminal Code 1899 Chapter 22A--Prostitution
South Australia
Brothels are illegal in South Australia, under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 [sa 1] and the Summary Offences Act 1953. [sa 2] Soliciting in public places, receiving money from the prostitution of another, and procuring are illegal, but the act of prostitution itself is not.
Early era
Despite the intentions of the founders, prostitution became identified early in the history of the colony, known as the 'social evil', and various government reports during the nineteenth century refer to estimates of the number of people working in prostitution. In 1842, within six years of the founding of the colony, it was reported that there were now "large numbers of females who are living by a life of prostitution in the city of Adelaide, out of all proportion to the respectable population".[sa 3][sa 4]
The Police Act 1844 [sa 5] set penalties for prostitutes found in public houses or public places [sa 6] This was consistent with the vagrancy laws then operating throughout the British Empire and remained the effective legislation for most of the remainder of the century, although it made little impact despite harsher penalties enacted in 1863 and 1869. [sa 7]
Following the scandal described by WT Stead in the UK, there was much discussion of the white slave trade in Adelaide, and with the formation of the Social Purity Society of South Australia in 1882 along similar lines to that in other countries, similar legislation to the UK Criminal Law Consolidation Amendment Act 1885 was enacted, making it an offence to procure the defilement of a female by fraud or threat (the 1885 Protection of Young Persons Act). [sa 8] Opinions were divided as to whether to address the issue of prostitution by social reform and 'prevention', or by legislation, and many debates were held concerning the need for licensing and regulation. [sa 7]
The Twentieth century saw the Suppression of Brothels Bill 1907, the Venereal Diseases Act of 1920, the Police Act 1936 and Police Offences Act 1953. [sa 7]
Modern era
While current legislation is based on acts of parliament from the 1930s and 1950s, at least six unsuccessful attempts have been made to reform the laws, starting in 1980. In 1978 one of many inquires was launched. Parliament voted a select committee of inquiry in August, renewed following the 1979 election. The Evidence Act 1978 was amended to allow witness immunity
Millhouse (1980)
The committee report (1980) recommended decriminalisation. Robin Millhouse's (former Liberal Attorney-General, but then a new LM and finally Democrat MLA) introduced (27 February 1980) a bill entitled "A Bill for an Act to give effect to the recommendations of the Select Committee of Inquiry into prostitution." It generated considerable opposition in the community and failed on a tied vote in the Assembly on 11 February 1981.
Pickles (1986)
A further bill was introduced in 1986 (Carolyn Pickles ALP MLC 1985–2002) but dropped on 18 March 1987 due to Liberal opposition and community pressure, with a 13-2 vote.
Gilfillan (1991)
A number of issues kept sex work in the public eye during 1990 and 1991. The next development occurred on 8 February 1991 when Ian Gilfillan (Australian Democrat MLC 1982-3) stated he would introduce a decriminalisation private members bill. He did so on 10 April 1991 but it met opposition from groups such as the Uniting Church and it lapsed when parliament recessed for the winter. Although he introduced a similar bill on 21 August 1991 but on 29 April 1992 a moption passed that resulted in the bill being withdrawn in favour of a reference to the Social Development Committee, although little was achieved by the latter during this time.
Brindel (1993)
Another bill came in 1993 and then Mark Brindal, a Liberal backbencher, produced a discussion paper on decriminalisation in November 1994, and on 9 February 1995 he introduced a private member's bill (Prostitution (Decriminalisation) Bill) to decriminalise prostitution and the Prostitution Regulation Bill on 23 February. He had been considered to have a better chance of success than the previous initiatives due to a "sunrise clause" which would set a time frame for a parliamentary debate prior to it coming into effect. He twice attempted to get decriminalisation bills passed, although his party opposed this. [sa 9] The Decriminalisation) Bill was discharged on 6 July, but the Regulation Bill was lost on a conscience vote 16 to 28 on 27 July.
Cameron (1998)
Meanwhile the Committee released its final report on 21 August 1996, [sa 10] but it was not till 25 March 1998 that Terry Cameron MLC (ALP 1995-2006) introduced a bill based on it. It had little support and lapsed when parliament recessed.
Brokenshire (1999)
The Liberal Police Minister, Robert Brokenshire, introduced four Bills in 1999, the Prostitution (Licensing) Bill 1999, the Prostitution (Registration) Bill 1999, the Prostitution (Regulation) Bill 1999 and the Summary Offences (Prostitution) Bill 1999, to revise the laws and decriminalise prostitution. The Prostitution (Regulation) Bill was passed by the House of Assembly and received by the Legislative Council on 13 July 2000, but defeated on 17 July 2001, 12:7. [sa 7] The Bill was also supported by the Australian Democrats. [sa 11] The then Minister for the status of Women, Diana Laidlaw is said to have neen moved to tears, and called her colleagues "gutless". Another MLC, Sandra Kanck (Australian Democrat 1993-2009) angrily stated that sex workers had been "thrown to the wolves by Parliament". [sa 12]
Key-Gago (2012-3)
No further attempts to reform the law have been made for some time, however in 2010 a governing Labor backbencher and former minister, Stephanie Key, announced she would introduce a private members decriminalisation bill. [sa 13] [sa 14] Religious groups immediately organised opposition, [sa 15] although the opposition Liberals promised to consider it. [sa 16] Consultations with the industry continued [sa 17] and in June 2011 she outlined her intended legislation to amend the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 and the Summary Offences Act 1953 to ensure sex workers had the same industrial rights and responsibilities as other workers, that minors under the age of 18 years were not involved in or associated with sex work, preventing sex services premises from being established within 200m of schools, centres for children or places of worship, allowing local government to regulate public amenity, noise, signage and location in relation to sex services premises with more than three workers, promote safe sex education and practice by clients and sex workers, and enable sex workers to report criminal matters to the police like in a similar matter to other citizens. [sa 18]
She presented her proposals to the Caucus in September 2011, [sa 12][sa 19] and tabled a motion for 24 November 2011 "That she have leave to introduce a Bill for an Act to decriminalise prostitution and regulate the sex work industry; to amend the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935, the Equal Opportunity Act 1984, the Fair Work Act 1994, the Summary Offences Act 1953 and the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986; and for other purpose". [sa 20]
The proposal was opposed by the Family First Party that had ten per cent of the votes in the Legislative Council, where Robert Brokenshire now opposed decriminalisation. [sa 21] However Police Commissioner, Mal Hyde, stated that the laws need to change. [sa 12] After considerable discussion and some compromises the Sex Work Reform Bill[sa 22][sa 23] was introduced in May 2012, but was defeated by one vote, 20 to 19 in a conscience vote on second reading in November 2012. [sa 24]
Status of Women Minister Gail Gago introduced a similar bill in the Legislative Council, but withdrew it following the defeat of Steph Key's Bill.[sa 25]
Key introduced another Bill[sa 26] in May 2013 [sa 27][sa 28]
- ^ Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 - s. 5
- ^ Summary Offences Act 1953
- ^ Penney, Richard L. (Dr to Governor George Grey), cited by S. Horan 1984
- ^ Roberta Perkins. Working girls: prostitutes, their life and social control. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, May 1991 ISBN 0 642 15877 0
- ^ An Ordinance for Regulating the Police in South Australia 1844
- ^ "every person who shall...knowingly permit or suffer prostitutes or persons of notoriously bad character to meet together and remain therein, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than Five Pounds". (s. 18. referring to Public Houses) "every common prostitute wandering in the public streets or highways, or in any place of public resort, and behaving in a riotous or indecent manner... shall be deemed an idle and disorderly person [and shall be liable to be committed] to the House of Correction, there to be kept to hard labor for any time not exceeding one calendar month." (s. 20)
- ^ a b c d Social Reform in South Australia: Sex Industry. State Library
- ^ Exploring democracy: Lee, Mary
- ^ Prostitution debated in South Australia. Green Left Weekly 22 February 1995
- ^ Report of the Inquiry into Prostitution (SA)
- ^ Hon Sandra Knack. Speech Legislative Council 10 October 2000
- ^ a b c Round seven on sex industry laws. Adelaide Now Sept 27 2011
- ^ MP moves to decriminalise prostitution in South Australia, given widespread public support and support within all parties. Adelaide Now 2 June 2010
- ^ Drive for 'equality' laws for South Australia's sex workers. Adelaide Now 30 October 2010
- ^ Steph Key's disastrous new brothel bill. Family Voice 2 June 2011
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald 2 June 2011
- ^ Push for decriminalisation of prostitution. ABC 1 November 2010
- ^ Let's give our sex workers modern rights. Adelaide Now 23 June 2011
- ^ SA MPs consider changes to prostitution laws. ABC Sept 27 2011
- ^ Notice Paper 76. Private Members Business: Bills. 24 Nov 2011.
- ^ Family First: Prostitution law in South Australia Tuesday 15 May 2012
- ^ Sex Work Reform Bill 2012: Legislative tracking
- ^ Sex Work Reform Bill text
- ^ Women willing prostitutes: MP. Australian 16 November 2012
- ^ Prostitution reform stalls in SA. News.com 27 November 2012
- ^ Statutes Amendment (Decriminalisation of Sex Work) Bill 2013
- ^ South Australia Labor MP Steph Key makes new attempt to decriminalise prostitution. Adelaide Now 16 May 2013
- ^ Dear SA, can we have the bill? Because I'm a Whore. 22 May 2013
Other sources
- Horan S. 'More sinned against than sinning'?: Prostitution in South Australia, 1836–1914, in Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 87–126
- Social Reform in South Australia: Sex Industry. State Library
- Sandra Kanck. Prostitution Law Reform. Australian Democrats.
- Would you like sex with that? Green Left 23 February 2000
- Overview of the existing laws surrounding sex work in South Australia. SQWISI 2006
- Prostitution behind closed doors. The Advertiser 10 October 2009
State Library
See also
External links
- Nothing about us without us
- Scarlet Alliance
- Adelaide Escorts Directory
- Parliament of South Australia
- Steph Key MLA
Prostitution has existed in Tasmania since its early days as a penal colony, when large numbers of convict women started arriving in the 1820s. Some of the women who were transported there already had criminal records related to prostitution. Prostitution was not so much a profession as a way of life for some women to make ends meet, particularly in a society in which there was a marked imbalance of gender, and convict women had no other means of income. Certainly brothels were established by the end of the 1820s, and records show girls as young as 12 were involved, while prostitution was associated with the female factory at Cascades. Nevertheless, the concept of 'fallen women' and division of women into 'good' and 'bad' was well established. In an attempt to produce some law and order, the Vagrancy Act 1824 was introduced.[tas 1]
The Van Diemen's Land Asylum for the Protection of Destitute and Unfortunate Females (1848) was the first establishment for women so designated. Other attempts were the Penitent's Homes and Magdalen Asylums as rescue missions. In 1879 like other British colonies, Tasmania passed a Contagious Diseases Act (based on similar UK legislation of the 1860s), and established Lock Hospitals in an attempt to prevent venereal diseases amongst the armed forces, at the instigation of the Royal Navy. The Act ceased to operate in 1903 in the face of repeal movements. However there was little attempt to suppress prostitution itself. What action there was against prostitution was mainly to keep it out of the public eye, using vagrancy laws. Otherwise the police ignored or colluded with prostitution.
More specific legislation dates from the early twentieth century, such as the Criminal Code Act 1924 (Crimes against Morality), and the Police Offences Act 1935. [tas 2] Efforts to reform legislation that was clearly ineffective began in the 1990s. Prior to the 2005 Act, soliciting by a prostitute, living on the earnings of a prostitute, keeping a disorderly house and letting a house to a tenant to use as a disorderly house were criminal offences. Sole workers and escort work, which was the main form of prostitution in the stat, were legal in Tasmania. Many workers were seasonal.
Reform was suggested by a government committee in 1999. [tas 3] In December 2002 Cabinet agreed to the drafting of legislation and in September 2003, approved the release of the draft Sex Industry Regulation Bill for consultation. The Bill proposed registration for operators of sexual services businesses.
Consultation with agencies, local government, interested persons and organisations occurred during 2004, resulting in the Sex Industry Regulation Bill 2004 being tabled in Parliament in June 2005. [tas 4] The Bill was supported by sex workers, [tas 5]
The Bill included offence provisions to ensure that Tasmania met its international obligations under the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (signed by Australia in 2001.) It passed the House of Assembly and was tabled in the Legislative Council, where it was soon clear that it would not be passed, and was subsequently lost. It was replaced by the Sex Industry Offences Act 2005. Essentially, in response to protests the Government moved from a position of liberalising to one of further criminalising. The Act that was passed consolidated and clarified the existing law in relation to sex work by providing that it was legal to be a sex worker and provide sexual services but that it was illegal for a person to employ or otherwise control or profit from the work of individual sex workers. A review clause was included because of the uncertainty as to what the right way to proceed was. The Act commenced 1 January 2006.
Current situation
Prostitution is legal, but it is illegal for a person to employ or otherwise control or profit from the work of individual sex workers. The Sex Industry Offences Act 2005 [tas 6] states that a person must not be a commercial operator of a sexual services business - that is, "someone who is not a self-employed sex worker and who, whether alone or with another person, operates, owns, manages or is in day-to-day control of a sexual services business". Street prostitution is illegal.
This law explicitly outlines that it is illegal to assault a sex worker, to receive commercial sexual services, or provide or receive sexual services unless a prophylactic is used.
2008 review
In 2008, the Justice Department conducted a review of the 2005 Act and received a number of submissions, in accordance with the provisions of the Act. [tas 7] The report was tabled in June 2009 [tas 8] and expressed concerns about the effectiveness of the legislation, and suggested considering alternatives.
In June 2010 the Attorney-General Lara Giddings announced the Government was going to proceed with reform, using former Attorney-General Judy Jackson's 2003 draft legislation as a starting point. [tas 9] Giddings became the Premier in a minority ALP government in January 2011. However her Attorney-general, former premier David Bartlett, did not favour this position [tas 10] but resigned shortly afterwards, being succeeded by Brian Wightman.
2012 review
Wightman released a discussion paper in January 2012. [tas 11] This was opposed by religious conservative groups, progressive feminist groups as well as community organisations with concerns about the potential a legalised sex industry to bring organised crime to the state as has happened in states such as Victoria. This was seen when Whistleblowers Tasmania invited Professor Sheila Jeffreys to conduct a series of talks including one at the Law Faculty at the University of Tasmania. The government invited submissions on the discussion paper until the end of March, and received responses from a wide range of individuals and groups. [tas 12] Wightman declined to refer the matter to the Law Reform Institute. [tas 13] After the review Wightman stated that there were no plans to make prostitution illegal "Legal issues around the sex industry can be emotive and personal for many people .... The Government's top priority is the health and safety of sex workers and the Tasmanian community."[tas 14]
- ^ Roberta Perkins. Working girls: prostitutes, their life and social control. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, May 1991 ISBN 0 642 15877 0
- ^ Police Offences Act 1935
- ^ Committee report on the need for legislative regulation and reform of the sex industry 1999 (Tas)
- ^ Sex Industry Regulation Bill (Tas)
- ^ Scarlet Alliance Submission on Sex Industry Regulation Bill (Tas)
- ^ The Sex Industry Offences Act 2005
- ^ Submission to Sex Industry Act Review 2008 (Tas), Scarlet Alliance November 2008
- ^ Report on the Review of the Sex Industry Offences Act 2005. 2009
- ^ Attorney-General outlines law reform agenda. Government of Tasmania 22 June 2010
- ^ Bartlett unlikely to legalise brothels. The Examiner 2 April 2011
- ^ Regulation of Sex Industry in Tasmania - Discussion Paper
- ^ Submissions to the Regulation of the Sex Industry in Tasmania Discussion Paper
- ^ Opinions sought on sex law reforms. Lawgovpol 13 March 2012
- ^ The Mercury 3 June 2012
Other sources
- Daniels K. Prostitution in Tasmania during the transition from penal settlement to 'civilized' society, in Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 15–86
- Alexander A. The public role of women in Tasmania 1803-1914. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 1989
- Curran G et al. A study into the sex industry in Tasmania, Devonport 1998
- Alison Alexander The Companion to Tasmanian History: Prostitution 2006
See also
External links
Victoria has a long history of debating prostitution, and was the first State to advocate regulation (as opposed to decriminalisation in New South Wales) rather than suppression of prostitution. Legislative approaches and public opinion in Victoria have gradually moved from advocating prohibition to control through regulation. While much of the activities surrounding prostitution were initially criminalised de jure, de facto the situation was one of toleration and containment of 'a necessary evil'. [vic 1]
19th century
Laws against prostitution existed from the founding of the State in 1851. The Vagrant Act 1852 [vic 2] included prostitution as riotous and indecent behaviour carrying a penalty of imprisonment for up to 12 months with the possibility of hard labour (Part II, s 3).[vic 3] The Conservation of Public Health Act 1878 [vic 4] required detention and medical examination of women suspected of being prostitutes, [vic 5] corresponding to the Contagious Diseases Acts in other parts of the British Empire. This Act was not repealed till 1916, but was relatively ineffective either in controlling venereal diseases or prostitution.
The Crimes Act 1891 included specific prohibitions under PART II.—Suppression of Prostitution[vic 6] Procurement (ss 14-17) or detention (ss 18-21) of women either through inducements or violence to work as prostitutes was prohibited, with particular reference to underage girls. The Police Offences Act 1891 [vic 7] separated riotous and indecent behaviour from prostitution, making it a specific offence for a prostitute to 'importune' a person in public (s 7(2)).[vic 8]
Despite the laws, prostitution flourished, the block of Melbourne bounded by La Trobe Street, Spring Street, Lonsdale Street and Exhibition Street being the main red light district, and their madams were well known. An attempt at suppression in 1898 was ineffectual. [vic 1]
Early 20th century
The Police offences Act 1907 [vic 9] prohibited 'brothel keeping', leasing a premise for the purpose of a brothel, and living off prostitution (ss 5, 6). Despite a number of additional legislative responses in the early years of the century, enforcement was patchy at best. Eventually amongst drug use scandals, brothels were shut down in the 1930s. All of these laws were explicitly directed against women, other than living on the avails.
In the 1970s brothels evaded prohibition by operating as 'massage parlours', leading to pressure to regulate them, since public attitudes were moving more towards regulation rather than prohibition. Initial attempts involved planning laws, when in 1975 the Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme allowed for the operation of these parlours, even though they were known to be brothels, indeed the approval process required assurances that they would not be operated as such but this was not enforced. Community concerns were loudest in the traditional Melbourne stroll area of St. Kilda.
Late 20th century: From prohibition to regulation
A Working Party was assembled in 1984 and led to the Planning (Brothel) Act 1984, as a new approach. Part of the political bargaining involved in passing the act was the promise to set up a wider inquiry. The inquiry was chaired by Marcia Neave, and reported in 1985. The recommendations to allow brothels to operate legally under regulation tried to avoid some of the issues that arose in New South Wales in 1979. It was hoped that regulation would allow better control of prostitution and at the same time reduce street work. The Government attempted to implement these in the Prostitution Regulation Act 1986. However as in other States, the bill ran into considerable opposition in the upper house, was extensively amended, and consequently many parts were not proclaimed. This created an incoherent patchwork approach.
Regulatory framework
In 1992 a working group was set up by the Attorney-General, which resulted in the Prostitution Control Act 1994 (PCA) [vic 10] (now known as the Sex Work Act 1994 [vic 11]) This Act legalises and regulates the operations of brothels and escort agencies in Victoria. The difference between the two is that in the case of a brothel clients come to the place of business, which is subject to local council planning controls. In the case of an escort agency, clients phone the agency and arrange for a sex worker to come to their homes or motels. A brothel must obtain a permit from the local council (Section 21A). A brothel or escort agency must not advertise its services. (Section 18) Also, a brothel operator must not allow alcohol to be consumed at the brothel, (Section 21) nor apply for a liquor licence for the premises; nor may they allow a person under the age of 18 years to enter a brothel nor employ as a sex worker a person under 18 years of age, (Section 11A) though the age of consent in Victoria is 16 years. [vic 12]
Owner-operated brothels and private escort workers are not required to obtain a license, but must be registered, and escorts from brothels are permitted. If only one or two sex workers run a brothel or escort agency, which does not employ other sex workers, they also do not need a licence, but are required to be registered. However, in all other cases, the operator of a brothel or escort agency must be licensed. The licensing process enables the licensing authority to check on any criminal history of an applicant. All new brothels are limited to having no more than six rooms. However, larger brothels which existed before the Act was passed were automatically given licences and continue to operate, though cannot increase the number of rooms. Sex workers employed by licensed brothels are not required to be licensed or registered.[vic 13] A person under 18 years is not permitted to be a sex worker (Sections 5-7), and sex work must not be forced. (Section 8)
Amending Acts were passed in 1997 and 1999, and a report on the state of sex work in Victoria issued in 2002, .[vic 14] More substantial amendments followed in 2008. [vic 15] The Consumer Affairs Legislation Amendment Act 2010 [vic 16] came into effect in November 2010. 'Prostitution' was replaced by 'Sex Work' throughout. The Act is now referred to as the Sex Work Act 1994. In 2011 further amendments were introduced,[vic 1] and assented to in December 2011. In addition to the Sex Work Act 1994, it amends the Confiscation Act 1997 and the Confiscation Amendment Act 2010. The stated purposes of the Act [vic 17] is to assign and clarify responsibility for the monitoring, investigation and enforcement of provisions of the Sex Work Act; to continue the ban on street prostitution; and to strengthen proceeds of crime legislation in relation to illegal sex work activity.
Current situation
As at November 2005, there were 95 licensed brothels in Victoria and 2007 registered small owner-operators; and of these, 2003 were escort agents, two brothels, and two combined brothels and escort agents. In the 95 licensed brothels, there were 505 rooms; and four rooms in small exempt brothels. There were 157 licensed prostitution service providers (i.e. operators) - 47 for brothels, 23 for escort agencies and 87 of combined brothel-escort agencies. [vic 18] Street prostitution continues to be illegal, [vic 19] but is publicly known to exist and be visible in some areas.
One of the objectives of the Act was to eliminate the criminal connection to the operations of brothels. However, the success of this objective has been questioned, with unlicensed, illegal and abusive operations still being in existence. [vic 20] According to some estimates, there are 400 illegal brothels in Victoria. [vic 21] But a study from 2006, in which advertisements from Melbourne newspapers published in July 2006 were analysed based on the language used in order to identify premises likely to be unlicensed brothels estimated that the number of unlicensed brothels in Melbourne was 70 at most, with a lower limit of 13. [vic 22] The AAEI (Australian Adult Entertainment Industry) has stated that "Victoria currently has around 100 licensed brothels and escort agencies and an estimated 300 illegal brothels". [vic 23] The major problem with some of these estimates of illegal brothels is they do not state exactly how they are estimated.
Economics and gender
In a 2005 study Mary Sullivan of the CATW [vic 24] stated that prostitution businesses made revenues of $1,780 million Australian in 2004/5 and the sex industry is growing at a rate of 4.6% annually (a rate higher than GDP). In the state of Victoria, there are 3.1 million instances of buying sex per year as compared with a total male population of 1.3 million men.
She stated that women make up 90% of the labour force in the industry in Victoria and earn, on average, $400–$500 per week, do not receive holiday or sick pay, and work on average four 10-hour shifts per week. Sullivan states that there has been an overall growth in the industry since legalisation in the mid-1980s and that with increased competition between prostitution businesses, earnings have decreased. 20 years ago there were 3000 to 4000 women in prostitution as a whole, now there are 4500 women in the legal trade alone, with more in the illegal trade, estimated to be 4 to 5 times larger than the legal trade.
Sullivan's study states that the sex industry is run by six large companies, which tend to control a wide array of prostitution operations, making self-employment very difficult. Brothels take 50% to 60% of the money paid by clients and fine workers for refusing them.
Between 1995 and 1998, the Prostitution Control Board, a state government body, collected $991,000 Australian in prostitution licensing fees. In addition, hoteliers, casinos, taxi drivers, clothing manufacturers and retailers, newspapers, and advertising agencies, to mention a few, profit from prostitution in the state. There is one prostitution business in Australia that is publicly traded on the Australian stock exchange.
Finally she states that gangs and other criminal elements make money in prostitution and often use their legal businesses to launder money from the illegal trade, and that the illegal trade is the focus of much trafficking and underage prostitution.
Sullivan's claims have been widely disputed. [vic 25][vic 26][vic 27][vic 28]
- ^ a b c Sex Work and Other Acts Amendment Bill 2011. Parliamentary Library October 2011
- ^ Vagrant Act 1852
- ^ Any habitual Drunkard having been thrice convicted of drunkenness within the preceding twelve months and any common Prostitute who in any Street or public Highway or being in any place of public Resort shall behave in a riotous or indecent manner....shall be liable to imprisonment in any Gaol or House of Correction in the said Colony for any time not exceeding twelve months with or without hard labour.
- ^ Conservation of Public Health Act 1878
- ^ 4. Upon complaint made on oath by a sergeant of police or by an officer of a higher rank in the police force that a female is or is reputed to be a common prostitute or has within fourteen days prior to the making of such complaint solicited prostitution and that he has been informed and has reason to believe that she is suffering from the disease a police magistrate may by notice in the form set forth in the First Schedule hereto or to the like effect require such female to appear before him and prove by the evidence of some legally qualified medical practitioner that she is free from the disease
- ^ Crimes Act 1891 (Sections 14-21)
- ^ Police Offences Act 1891
- ^ (2) Every common prostitute who importunes any person passing in any public street thoroughfare or place or within the view or hearing of any person passing therein—shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding Five pounds or to imprisonment for any period not exceeding one month.
- ^ Police offences Act 1907
- ^ Prostitution Control Act 1994
- ^ Sex Work Act 1994
- ^ Crimes Act 1958, s45(1)
- ^ Consumer Affairs Victoria - Proposed Prostitution Control Regulations 2006, p8.
- ^ Attorney-General's Street Prostitution Advisory Group 2002 (Vic)
- ^ Prostitution-control and other matters amendment bill 2008. Parliamentary Library 2008
- ^ Changes to laws
- ^ Sex Work and Other Acts Amendment Act 2011
- ^ More than one licensee may operate a single brothel (e.g. in partnership); some licensees are currently not trading; and small exempt owner-operators may operate some brothels.
- ^ Controlling street prostitution in Victoria. Jacaranda 2004
- ^ Mary Sullivan and Sheila Jeffreys. Legalising Prostitution Is Not the Answer: The Example of Victoria, Australia
- ^ The Age 18/10/2008: Sex called off in hunt for illegal brothels
- ^ Chen MY et al. Estimating the number of unlicensed brothels in Melbourne. ANZJ Pub Health 2010 34: 67-71
- ^ Sullivan, Mary. What Happens When Prostitution Becomes Work? An Update on Legalisation of Prostitution in Australia. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Australia 2005
- ^ Leslie Ann Jeffrey and Barbara Sullivan. Canadian Sex Work Policy for the 21st Century: Enhancing Rights and Safety, Lessons from Australia. Canadian Political Science Review 3(1) March 2009 (57‐76)
- ^ Manisha Shah. Review of Making Sex Work: A Failed Experiment with Legalised Prostitution, by Mary Lucille Sullivan, Feminist Economics, 2008, 14(4): 216-218.
- ^ Basil Donovan, Christine Harcourt, Sandra Egger, Kate Demaere, Jody O'Connor, Lewis Marshall, John M Kaldor, Marcus Y Chen, Christopher K Fairley. Sex work in Australia: a plea for the truth. British Medical Journal 27 March 2007
- ^ Ronald Weitzer. The Mythology of Prostitution: Advocacy Research and Public Policy. Sex Res Soc Policy (2010) 7:15–29
Other sources
- M Winter (1976) Prostitution in Australia. Balgowlah, Purtaboi Publications.
- R. Perkins (1991) 'Working Girls: Prostitutes, their Life and Social Control', Australian Institute of Criminology
- Prostitution Culture: Legalised brothel prostitution in Victoria, Australia. Sheila Jeffreys CATWA 1992
- M. Neave (1994) 'Prostitution Laws in Australia: Past History' in R. Perkins et al. Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia, Sydney, UNSW Press
- B. Sullivan (1997) The Politics of Sex, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press
- M. Neave (1985) Inquiry into Prostitution: Final Report, Melbourne, Victorian Government.
- Daniels, K., Johnston, D., Jackson, S., Otto, D., "St Kilda Voices", in Daniels, K. (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history, Fontana Collins, Sydney, 1984, pp. 335–382
- J.H.L. Cumpston (1989) Health and Disease in Australia: A History, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, p. 258.
External links
Western Australia
Like other Australian states, Western Australia has had a long history of debates and attempts to reform prostitution laws. In the absence of reform, varying degrees of toleration have existed. The current legislation is the Prostitution Control Act 2000. Prostitution itself is legal, but many activities associated with it, such as pimping and running brothels, are illegal. Despite the fact that brothels are illegal, the state has a long history of tolerating and unofficially regulating them.
Early period
Prostitution in Western Australia has been intimately tied to the history of gold mining. In these areas a quasi-official arrangement existed between premise owners and the authorities. This was frequently justified as a harm reduction measure. Like other Australian colonies, legislation tended to be influence by developments in Britain. The Police Act 1892 was no different, establishing penalties for soliciting or vagrancy, while the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1892 dealt with procurement. Brothel keepers were prosecuted under the Municipal Institutions Act 1895, by which all municipalities had passed brothel suppression by-laws in 1905. Laws were further strengthened by Police Act Amendment Act 1902, and Criminal Code 1902. Despite this the brothels of Kalgoorlie were legendary. Prostitution was much debated in the media and parliament, but despite much lobbying, venereal diseases were not included in the Health Act 1911. The war years and the large number of military personnel in Perth and Fremantle concentrated attention on the issue, however during much of Western Australian history, control of prostitution was largely a police affair rather than a parliamentary one, as a process of 'containment'.
Twentieth Century
In addition to the above the following laws dealt with prostitution: Criminal Code (1913), Criminal Law Amendment Act 1988 Pt. 2, Law Reform (Decriminalization Of Sodomy) Act 1989, Acts Amendment (Evidence) Act 1991, Criminal Law Amendment Act (No 2) 1992, and the Prostitution Control Act 2000.
Current era
Prostitution Bills were also introduced in 2002 and 2003. The latter was a bill to regulate brothels and prostitution but was defeated in the upper house. This was followed by the Criminal Law Amendment (Simple Offences) Act 2004. Approaches reflected the ideology of the particular ruling party, as an attempt was made to end police 'containment' and make control a specific parliamentary responsibility.
Carpenter Government legislation
Much of the debate on the subject under this government centred on the Prostitution Amendment Act 2008, [wa 1] introduced in 2007 by the Alan Carpenter's Australian Labor Party Government. Although it passed the upper house narrowly and received Royal Assent on 14 April 2008, it was not proclaimed before the 2008 state election, in which the Carpenter and the ALP narrowly lost power in September, and therefore remained inactive. The Act was based partly on the approach taken in 2003 in New Zealand (and which in turn was based on the approach in NSW). It would have decriminalised brothels and would have required certification (certification would not have applied to independent operators).
Therefore the 2000 Act continued to be in force. Brothels existed in a legal grey area, although 'containment' had officially been disbanded, in Perth in 1958 and subsequently in Kalgoorlie.
Barnett Government proposal
In opposition the ALP criticised the lack of action on prostitution by the coalition government. [wa 2] The debate had been reopened when the Liberal-National Barnett Government announced plans to regulate brothels in December 2009. [wa 3] More information was announced by Attorney-General Christian Porter in June 2010. [wa 4] [wa 5] Religious groups continued to oppose any liberalisation, as did elements within the government party [wa 6] [wa 7] although Porter denied this. [wa 8] The Liberal-National plans required the repeal of the unproclaimed Labor legislation of 2008.
His critics stated that Porter "would accommodate the market demand for prostitution by setting up a system of licensed brothels in certain non-residential areas" and that people "should accept that prostitution will occur and legalise the trade, because we can never suppress it entirely" and that it is "like alcohol or gambling – saying it should be regulated rather than banned." [wa 9]
Porter challenged his critics to come up with a better model and rejected the Swedish example of only criminalising clients. [wa 10] These represent a change in thinking since an interview he gave in March 2009. [wa 11] However he followed through on a promise he made in early 2009 to clear the suburbs of sex work. [wa 12] He was not a member of the previous parliament that debated the ALP legislation.
Porter released a ministerial statement [wa 13] and made a speech in the legislature on 25 November 2010, [wa 14] [wa 15] inviting public submissions. The plan was immediately rejected by religious groups. [wa 16] [wa 17] By the time the consultation closed on 11 February 2011, 164 submissions were received, many repeating many of the arguments of the preceding years. This time Porter found himself criticised by both sides of the 2007 debate, for instance churches that supported the Coalition position in opposition, now criticised them, [wa 18] while sex worker groups that supported the Carpenter proposals continued to oppose coalition policies, [wa 19] [wa 20] as did health groups. [wa 21]
The majority of the population (60%) continued to support legalising brothels, but it was unclear whether they preferred the ALP or Coalition version of this.
Prostitution Bill 2011
On 14 June 2011 the Minister announced [wa 22] [wa 23] a Green Bill [wa 24] was available for public comment over a six-week period. Porter explained the purpose of the legislation thus: "The Prostitution Bill 2011 will not only ban brothels from residential areas but also ensure appropriate regulatory and licensing schemes are in place for those very limited non-residential areas where prostitution will be permitted and heavily regulated." A FAQ sheet was also developed. [wa 25] Publication of the Bill did not shift the debate which remained deeply polarised, any legalisation being bitterly opposed by conservative religious groups, despite Porter's assurances that his government did not condone sex work. [wa 26] [wa 27] [wa 28] Sex Workers and health organisations remained just as committed to opposing the proposals. [wa 29] [wa 30]
Following consultation, the government announced a series of changes to the bill representing compromises with its critics, [wa 31] which was then introduced into parliament on 3 Nov 2011, [wa 32] where it received first and second reading. [wa 33]
Sex workers continued to oppose it. [wa 34] [wa 35] Significantly, the opposition Labor Party opposed the bill, [wa 36] both political parties agreeing on the need to decriminalise the indoor market, but differing in how to go about it. Since the government was in a minority it required the support of several independent members to ensure passage through the Legislative Assembly. [wa 37] In practice it proved difficult to muster sufficient public support, and the Bill did not attract sufficient support in parliament either. Porter left State politics in June 2012, being succeeded by Michael Mischin. Mischin admitted it would be unlikely that the bill would pass in that session.[wa 38] This proved to be true since the legislature was prorogued on 30 January 2013, pending the general election on 9 March, and thus all bills lapsed.
The Barnett government was returned in that election with a clear majority, but has stated it would not reintroduce the previous bill and that the subject was a low priority. Meanwhile sex workers continue to push for decriminalisation.[9] There is a division within the Government party, with some members such as Nick Goiran threatening 'civil war'. [wa 39]
- ^ Prostitution Amendment Act 2008 (WA)
- ^ Brothels in WA suburbs 'uncontrolled': opposition. WA Today 14 March 2010
- ^ Plans to legalise prostitution fast-tracked. Perth Now 19 Dec 2009
- ^ Legalised sex trade to clear suburbs. The Australian 21 June 2010
- ^ Hundreds of brothels tipped to shut as Western Australia legalises prostitution. News.com 10 June 2010
- ^ WA Government has not done its homework on dangerous brothel trade. Christian Today 21 June 2010
- ^ Opposition questions delay in prostitution laws ABC 18 June 2010
- ^ No split on prostitution says Attorney General. ABC 18 June 2010
- ^ WA Attorney-General fails to persuade on brothel law. Christian Today 10 June 2010
- ^ Attorney General challenges anti-prostitution lobby. The Record 17 June 2010
- ^ Christian Porter. Prostitution laws. March 2009
- ^ West Australian 23 May 2009
- ^ Ministerial Statement 25 November 2010
- ^ Hansard Prostitution 2010 (25 November)
- ^ WA looks at tougher anti-brothel laws. WA Today 25 November 2010
- ^ Christian Lobby says WA prostitution laws do not go far enough. Family Directory 23 December 2010
- ^ Women are worth more. Australian Christian Lobby
- ^ Churches oppose legal brothels. West Australian 12 February 2011
- ^ Prostitutes blast brothel law plans. West Australian 14 February 2011
- ^ Submission of Scarlet Alliance 27 January 2011
- ^ Whose safety? Regulation of the sex industry in Western Australia. Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations January 2011
- ^ Ministerial Statement 14 June 2011
- ^ No sex in the suburbs under new prostitution laws. WA Today 14 June 2011
- ^ Prostitution Bill 2011
- ^ Prostitution Bill 2011 FAQs
- ^ Opposing liberalisation of prostitution. Justice Mandate
- ^ Please help stop the legalisation of prostitution in Western Australia. Life ministries
- ^ Women are worth more.
- ^ Nothing About Us Without US. July 2011
- ^ Scarlet Alliance response
- ^ Significant Changes to the Prostitution Bill Nov 2011
- ^ Prostitution Bill passed in Parliament expected to regulate the industry. Perth Now 3 Nov 2011
- ^ Prostitution crackdown will push all sex workers out of suburbs. Sydney Morning Herald 3 Nov 2011
- ^ Sex workers fear WA prostitution bill. News.com 3 2011
- ^ Will new laws force prostitution underground? ABC 4 Nov 2011
- ^ WA prostitution bill causes controversy. 9 News 3 Nov 2011
- ^ Prostitution to be banned in suburban Perth. Western Australian 3 Nov 2011
- ^ Mischin's vision for life as Attorney-General.
- ^ Liberal rebellion over prostitution laws. The West 8 April 2013
Other sources
- Elaine McKewon: The historical geography of prostitution in Perth, Western Australia. Aust Geog Volume 34, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 297 – 310
- Davidson R. Dealing with the 'Social Evil': Prostitution and the police in Perth and on the Eastern goldfields, 1895–1924, in Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984, pp. 162–191
- Prostitution Law Reform for Western Australia 2007
- Weitzer R. Legalizing Prostitution: Morality politics in Western Australia. Brit J Crim (2009) 49, 88–105
- The women behind our sex industry: New laws on prostitution by the Barnett Government in 2010 will put the spotlight on a taboo topic. Sunday Times 3 January 2010
- Attorney General challenges anti-prostitution lobby. The Record, 17 June 2010
- Residents divided over prostitution. WA Today 8 April 2013
- Street prostitution evident in police ridealong. In my Community 30 April 2013
- Sex workers target WA Parliament. WA Today 17 May 2013
See also
External links
- Attorney-General's Office
- Parliament of Western Australia
- Bills before Parliament See Prostitution Bills, under P
- Perth Escorts Directory
See also
- ^ a b Roberta Perkins. Working girls: prostitutes, their life and social control. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, May 1991 ISBN 0 642 15877 0
- ^ Saunders, K. 1995, 'Controlling Heterosexuality: the Implementation and Operation of Contagious Diseases Legislation in Australia, 1868–1945', in Sex, Power and Justice: Historical Perspectives on law in Australia, ed D. Kirkby, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 2–18.
- ^ Belinda Carpenter and Sharon Hayes. Crimes Against Morality, in H. Hayes and T. Prenzler (eds.) Introduction to Crime and Criminology. (2011). Pearson Education Australia]
- ^ Susan Pinto, Anita Scandia and Paul Wilson, Australian Institute of Criminology. Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice No. 22: Prostitution laws in Australia, May 1990
- ^ Rissel, Chris E.; Richters, J; Grulich, AE; De Visser, RO; Smith, AM (2003). "Sex in Australia: Experiences of commercial sex in a representative sample of adults". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27 (2): 191–7. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00807.x. PMID 14696710.
- ^ Scott John, MacPhail Catherine, Minichiello Victor (2012) Bang and bust: almost everything you wanted to know about sex and the mining boom (but were afraid to ask). Preview 2012, 26–31.
- ^ Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999 (Cth)
- ^ Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-19/new-push-for-sex-work-decriminilisation/4698798 ABC News 19 May 2013
Further reading
- Sex industry and public policy. Australian Institute of Criminology 1991
- Perkins R, Prestage G, Sharp R, Lovejoy F. Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia. UNSW Press, Sydney 1994
- Crofts and Summerfield. The licensing of sex work in Australia and New Zealand. Murdoch Law Journal 13(2) 269 2006
- Leslie Ann Jeffrey and Barbara Sullivan. Canadian Sex Work Policy for the 21st Century: Enhancing Rights and Safety, Lessons from Australia. Canadian Political Science Review 3(1) March 2009 (57‐76)
- Paul Maginn: Evidence not morality should guide sex work policy. The Conversation 19 February 2013
Sex workers' voices
- Laura Parker "Social media has given sex workers a real opportunity to be heard" New Statesman, 27 May 2013
- Brothel Keeping and Prostitution Services in Australia Industry Market Research Report Now Updated by IBISWorld. PRWeb May 14 2013
- Daniels K (ed.) So Much Hard Work: Women and prostitution in Australian history. Fontana Collins, Sydney 1984
- Sullivan BA. The Politics of Sex: Prostitution and Pornography in Australia since 1945. Cambridge University Press 1997
- The women's movement and prostitution politics in Australia, in Outshoorn J (ed.) The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge UP 2004
- Prostitution regulation in colonial and early federal Australia, in Perkins R., Working girls : prostitutes, their life and social control. Canberra : Australian Institute of Criminology, 1991. ISBN 0-642-15877-0
- Frances R. (1994) "The History of Female Prostitution in Australia" in Perkins R, Prestage G, Sharp R. & Lovejoy F (eds.) (1994) Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. pp.27-52.
- Summers A. Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonization of Women in Australia, 3rd ed. Penguin, Melbourne 2002
- Marcia Neave, Prostitution laws in Australia: Past history and current trends, in Perkins et al. (ed.) 1994
- John McLaren, "Whores, Soiled Doves or Working Women? Law, Society and the Sex Trade in Australia, Canada and Thailand" in Douglas M. Johnston and Gerry Ferguson, Asia-Pacific Legal Development (Vancouver, UBC Press, 1998), 353-402
External links
- Austlii Legislation database
- Australia Prostitution Information
- Susan Pinto, Anita Scandia and Paul Wilson, Australian Institute of Criminology. Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice No. 22: Prostitution laws in Australia, May 1990
- Working girls : prostitutes, their life and social control
- Prostitutes use university in visa racket
- Prostitution: International answers
- Health Consumers' Council Prostitution Control Act Submission
- Scarlet Alliance
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Vint Silk Jacket
Additional Information
Our popular Vint jacket is perfectly on trend with the soft suit of the season. With welted pockets, narrow lapels, subtle stretch and single back vent.
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A lightweight printed silk lily crepe with stetch.
95% Silk 5% Spandex

subset: commoncrawl


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Don't miss our 7th annual American Craft Beer Fest featuring 640+ beers from 140+ brewers this May 30 & 31 in Boston, MA! Buy your tickets now!
BeerAdvocate on your phone?! True story. Try the beta now.
The Kimmie, The Yink & The Holy Gose - Anderson Valley Brewing Company
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Ratings: 22 | Reviews: 5 | Show All Ratings:
3.44/5 rDev -2.5%
look: 3.25 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Serving Type- On tap poured into a tulip glass
Appearance- clear wheat color
Smell- pretty normal for a gose style beer
Taste- Tart, dry a perfect gose one of the best I have had in a long time...great beer
Mouthfell- pretty dry but that is to be expected
Ovearall- great gose
Serving type: on-tap
04-12-2014 03:52:38 | More by Tony49er
Alberta (Canada)
3.45/5 rDev -2.3%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Gose arrives at Beer Revolution here in Calgary and obviously one has to try this. Ordered using the entire name, which scrambled the server's brain (she was awesome by the way ... "Whaaa ... Oh, the Anderson Valley! Done!"). Arrived in a pint glass, an exceedingly pale straw color like many commercial lagers with a stippling of white foam on top. Smells vinous, a white wine boozy quality, tannic and tart with some cidery apple, cellar must, and tart lemon adding to the olfactory impression. Taste was predictably sour and salty, cider vinegar or old wine, coriander husk, pedestrian wheat malt spice and lemon rind with a briny sea salt foundation. I detect some other fruit that I cannot pinpoint more specifically. Thin to medium body like many summer wheat ales and fairly aggressive carbonation. Perhaps this style is not really my bag. I find the salt overpowering here and the whole package to be vinegar sour but without any appreciable yeasty funk or other flavors to provide balance. Its compelling but maybe not something I'd drink on a regular basis. Will try another gose soon to assess variation in the style. According to "Brewing With Wheat", traditionally gose was a fairly sour beer rather like a Berliner Weiss. This one does hit that mark.
Serving type: on-tap
01-11-2014 19:51:31 | More by CalgaryFMC
3.44/5 rDev -2.5%
look: 3.25 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
On-tap at Beachwood BBQ. I don't get the reference in the beer's name, so I suspect that it's a Boont County thing. On to the beer:
Pale yellow colored with golden hues. Not much head on the pour, but not much was expected per style. The aroma has a touch of tartness, and a gentler kiss of salt. Quite mild so far.
The taste has a tartness which is middling. Kisses of lemon and apple give the beer a solid character, and there's just a note of salt. Vague fruitness creeps into the scene. The beer is light bodied and overall refreshing. A hardcore gose lover might expect more, but as a refresher or someone looking to get into the style, this could work.
Serving type: on-tap
12-25-2013 23:35:51 | More by DoubleJ
Alberta (Canada)
3.51/5 rDev -0.6%
look: 3.25 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 3.5
12oz snifter at the Underground.
This beer appears a hazy pale golden yellow colour, with a thin cap of thin, soapy off-white head, which leaves a few remote specks of random islet lace around the glass as it quickly dissolves.
It smells of grainy pale malt, tart, somewhat oxidized white wine, a touch of sea salt, and sort of mealy, dry peach and apricot. The taste is more mildly tart, vinous generic fruit - pale red grapes, mostly - some free-standing grainy white sugar, more neutered orchard fruitiness, fading pale malt, subtle saline solution, and weak leafy, floral hops.
The carbonation is pleasantly soft and innocuous, the body on the far side of medium weight, and fairly smooth in its bearing. It finishes almost completely dry, the white wine, salt, and isolated fruitiness allowing for little else.
Another one of those styles, that even when rendered properly, does little for me. Perhaps this would be refreshing on a summery patio, but why then introduce this into Alberta in the middle of our first (of many) deep freezes of the current winter season?
Serving type: on-tap
12-13-2013 02:28:33 | More by biboergosum
3.66/5 rDev +3.7%
look: 4 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 3.75 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 3.75
Snifter filled from growler purchased from the brewery hours before.
A: Pours a crystal clear pale straw yellow with a large, frothy, bone-white head that faded into a thick film that left streaks of chunky lace down the glass.
S: Mineral water, powdery chalk, and a touch of salt. Very light nose. Maybe just a hint of pale malt or wheat.
T: Very light and refreshing flavor. I get a pale malt backbone, faint coriander, and a slightly saline aftertaste. Minerally chalky yeast and a faint lacto tartness come through in the finish. Crisp, light and pale.
M: Clean, drying and very lightly tart. Light body, but wet splashy carbonation.
O: Clean, easy refreshing, but very pale and very light in flavor. Goes well with a meal or if you're thirsty on a hot day.
Serving type: growler
09-24-2013 23:12:58 | More by scottfrie
The Kimmie, The Yink & The Holy Gose from Anderson Valley Brewing Company
81 out of 100 based on 22 ratings.


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Until 2012, as a small-business owner working from home, you had to figure out the ratio of your office space to the entire area of your home, then use that to measure what you could deduct for rent, utilities, and other expenses -- a hassle.
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How to avoid catching the attention of the IRS.


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Open All Year
Welcome to the best Camping in West Virginia. Yes, We Are OPEN ALL YEAR and RVers, campers, and tenters enjoy our full hook-up sites. We have three new cabins and a nice lodge too!
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Fitch Downgrades Alcoa's Credit To "Junk"April 14, 2014 10:26 am | by Associated Press | Comments
Fitch Ratings Service downgraded Alcoa's credit rating to "junk" status on Friday, saying it thinks the company's leverage will stay high and aluminum prices and profitability will remain low.
Former Energy Executive Denies TheftApril 14, 2014 10:24 am | by Associated Press | Comments
A former Sheridan energy company executive accused of stealing more than $1 million in royalties has pleaded not guilty to seven felony charges.
Arizona Cuts Electricity & Natural Gas Taxes For ManufacturersApril 14, 2014 10:20 am | by BOB CHRISTIE, Associated Press | Comments
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer signed into law a bill that eliminates sales taxes on electricity and natural gas purchased by manufacturers and mining smelters, a move she said was needed to make the state more attractive to large businesses.
Oil Leak Blamed For Benzene ContaminationApril 14, 2014 10:17 am | by Associated Press | Comments
An oil pipe leak caused excessive levels of the toxic chemical benzene in a major Chinese city's water supply, prompting warnings against drinking from the tap and sending residents to queue up to buy bottled water.
Oil Boom Comes To California By RailApril 14, 2014 10:14 am | by Associated Press | Comments
There are no pipelines that bring crude oil into California. For decades, the fuel that powers the state's 32 million vehicles has come from tanker ships or in-state production. But government regulators predict a surge in U.S. oil production will means a steep increase in the number of trains carrying it to California refineries.
Glencore Xstrata Sells Peruvian Mine For $5.58BApril 14, 2014 10:12 am | by Associated Press | Comments
A group of Chinese state-owned companies is buying a Peruvian copper mine from Glencore Xstrata Plc for $5.85 billion, adding to a wave of Chinese resource acquisitions abroad.
No Sign Of Radiation In Nuclear Dump WaterApril 14, 2014 10:09 am | by Associated Press | Comments
Water samples from three reservoirs near the federal government's underground nuclear waste dump in southeastern New Mexico show no signs of contamination after a radiation leak at the plant.
Energy Dept. Seeking Methane Hydrate ProposalsApril 14, 2014 10:06 am | by DAN JOLING, Associated Press | Comments
The U.S. Department of Energy is soliciting for another round of research into methane hydrates, the potentially huge energy source of "frozen gas" that could step in for shortages of other fossil fuels.
Keeping Drugs Out Of The BakkenApril 14, 2014 10:03 am | by SHARON COHEN, AP National Writer | Comments
The oil boom in the Bakken shale fields has touched off an explosion of growth and wealth on the prairie. Big money is raining down in small towns; oil rigs light up the night sky. But the bonanza has also brought with it a dark side: a growing trade in meth, heroin, cocaine and marijuana, the shadow of sinister cartels and violence.
Keystone Opponents Take To The FieldsApril 14, 2014 9:56 am | by Associated Press | Comments
Opponents of a proposed pipeline that would carry oil from Canada south to the Gulf Coast have stamped a massive message of resistance into a Nebraska field that is in the project's path.
LNG As Locomotive FuelApril 14, 2014 9:41 am | by U.S. Energy Information Administration | Comments
The EIA projects that liquefied natural gas will play an increasing role in powering freight locomotives in coming years. Continued growth in domestic natural gas production and substantially lower natural gas prices compared to crude oil prices could result in significant cost savings for locomotives that use LNG as a fuel source.
Michigan Bans Energy Companies From Lease AuctionsApril 11, 2014 10:42 am | by Associated Press | Comments
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has barred two energy companies under criminal indictment from participating in oil and gas lease auctions.
PG&E Offers $250K Reward For Grid Attack InformationApril 11, 2014 10:40 am | by GARANCE BURKE, Associated Press | Comments
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. offered a $250,000 reward Thursday for information leading to an arrest and conviction in a startling attack mounted nearly a year ago on telephone lines and the power grid in Silicon Valley.
Pipe Tear Caused Oil Refinery BlastApril 11, 2014 10:27 am | by ANNIE KNOX, Associated Press | Comments
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board on Thursday released the first official findings on the blast at the Silver Eagle Refinery in Woods Cross in a report by an outside consulting group.
Benzene Taints Water SupplyApril 11, 2014 10:20 am | by Associated Press | Comments
Chinese authorities have cut water supplies to a district in a northwestern city after excessive levels of a toxic chemical were found in tap water.


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From pregnancy to motherhood, every mom has questions or could use some support. Join the conversation to learn from or help other moms just like you.
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My 16 month old son tends to climb on me, pull the boppy pillow, or pull
on his sister (2 weeks old) when I try to breastfeed. How can I keep
him occupied while I feed her? She eats for 30 minutes on average,
sometimes more and occasionally for 20 minutes. What could keep him busy for that long? Any advice? Also, I wasn't sure to post that here or in baby's first year.
Okay..this is a great question. If he likes TV, you could put on a quick Sesame Street or something, but here are a few great ideas to keep him busy:
1. Get a sturdy cardboard poster tube...10 matchbox cars...let him roll the cars down the tube like a long tunnel. Prop the tube up on a chair and he will have a blast.
2. Get floor puzzles
3. A pack-n-play with toys that he doesn't usually get to play with in there...that way he is safe and out of the way. He may fuss at first, but if there are cool toys he doesn't play with then...he may like it.
4. Pots and pan drum set... loud but fun
5. Let him play in the backyard (if it is fenced) while you sit on the deck or patio and watch him and feed the baby
6. Let him sit next to you and read him a story while you feed the baby. May take juggling but you will be surprised how good you get
7. iphone with baby games or flip books on them
Thanks for the suggestions. TV doesn't keep his attention for more than a few minutes at a time. The toys in a pack n play may be my best bet. I will have to buy a cool toy for him to have when I feed her. He would climb all over me if I have him sit next to me lol. We live in an apartment otherwise the backyard would be a perfect thing to do. He loves being outside. I could try the pots and pans too. Thanks!
Wow, great ideas from MommyRN4!
I used to put my kiddo in his high chair with a healthy snack and a cartoon if I really needed him to stay in one place while I did something. I also used to have a basket of toys he didn't get to play with much and would scatter them around just before I sat down to nurse. Even going to the store and getting some cheap dollar store toys that are only brought out for feeding times, etc. could be enough!
I love the dollar store! It doesn't take much to keep kids busy as they have such good imaginations. With preschool age kiddos I love any kind of art projects. Stickers, crayons, paper, coloring books, etc are all great. -Jess
Yes the dollar store and the "gently used" store in your area are great places to find "new" toys to entertain your toddler. You can also see if another mommy in your area wants to toy swap. That is another great way to get toys for kids to play with that are "newish".
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Multiple Curl Patterns
When we first arrived on the natural scene, many of us wanted to know what our curl patterns were to help with styling and choosing products. We all figured that we should fit neatly into one of the categories, so we scanned our hair for markers like curl size and pattern and still drew blanks.
The reason we were so confused is because many of us have many different curl patterns on our heads. For some the difference can be as slight as 4a-4c curls or as huge as 2b-3c. If you have noticed that your hair has varying curl patterns, you might be suffering from Multiple Curl Personality Disorder.
MORE: Find Your Texture Type