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Home > Research > Publications > News & Notes
By David Schloen, Assistant Professor of Syro-Palestinian Archaeology
The Oriental Institute and the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
The University of Chicago
(This article originally appeared in The Oriental Institute News and Notes, No. 160, Winter 1999, and is made available electronically with the permission of the editor.)
Now that "Internet" is a household word and people routinely "get on the Web" to find information of all kinds, it is time for archaeologists to make effective use of computer network technology in order to publish their discoveries and interpretations. Indeed, many archaeologists, including Oriental Institute archaeologists, have been actively experimenting with electronic publication in recent years. But there is still a long way to go. To make good use of the Internet, archaeologists need to sit down and do the hard work of devising a common approach to electronic publication, rather than just adopting generic off-the-shelf techniques that were invented for other purposes. True, it is very easy nowadays to produce what is essentially a computerized imitation of the traditional printed page - a relatively static, unchanging collection of text and pictures intended to be read and referenced by human readers - and to disseminate this world-wide over the Internet. This is certainly a big step forward, because when the familiar "page" metaphor is enhanced by "hyperlinking" (the ability to click on a word or picture and jump immediately to another related page), as it is in the World-Wide Web, a wide variety of published information can be referenced far more quickly and efficiently than with printed books. In many cases, also, information can be made available that would never see print because of the prohibitive expense of traditional publication, e.g., large numbers of color photographs. The advantages for publishing complicated archaeological reports, in particular, are obvious, because a reader can move easily from the general interpretation of an excavated site to detailed maps, photographs, and other data, and back again, without a lot of time-consuming paper shuffling.
The Web as it exists today is a valuable tool and many archaeologists are making use of it. But at present the Web falls far short of its potential as a means of sophisticated archaeological research. This is because it is not "searchable," except in a very limited way. The Web is great for "human navigation" in which one sits down and clicks manually to jump from page to page, perusing what is of interest, but there is no way to use the power of the computer to trawl through huge quantities of data in order to retrieve information according to specified search criteria. In a way this defeats the purpose of electronic publication, because information that is published on computers should be "machine readable" as well as "human readable." Archaeologists, in particular, would benefit from computerized searches and analyses of the large amounts of data that they record on a routine basis and that they and their colleagues could easily place on the Web. Archaeological research would be greatly enhanced by the ability to get quick answers to specific questions about exactly what has been discovered and where it was found, searching either within individual archaeological sites or across many sites. Such answers could be obtained with a rapidity, level of detail, and comprehensiveness that are not currently feasible, and the automatically generated results could be presented in a variety of forms, e.g., lists, charts, statistical graphs, or color-coded distribution maps. Time and energy would then be freed to ask further questions and to detect patterns that might otherwise be missed. In this way a real qualitative improvement in research could be achieved simply by increasing the speed and scope of information retrieval, in comparison to the laborious and much less comprehensive kind of manual search-and-retrieval that is done with printed reports.
Internet experts have long been aware of the Web's deficiencies in terms of "searchability" and they have recently addressed this problem. The standard page-oriented method of putting information on the Web using the "Hypertext Markup Language" (abbreviated as "HTML") does not provide the computer with any information concerning the meaning of the text or pictures that it is handling. HTML merely specifies the way in which text and pictures are to be presented on the computer screen. The computer has no knowledge of what a Web page it displays is actually about - it might be an archaeological report, a stock market quotation, or a cooking recipe, for all it knows. To correct this deficiency of HTML, therefore, a new "Extensible Markup Language" (abbreviated as "XML") has been invented. Information stored in XML format can be "marked up" or "tagged" to whatever degree is necessary in order to convey not just the data itself but also detailed "metadata" which tells a computer what the information is about. For example, a description of an ancient bronze tool unearthed in an excavation could be tagged in such a way that a computer would know not just how to display the description as human readable text in a certain font, color, and point size (which is all that HTML can do now), but would also know that the description referred to a metal artifact with certain characteristics that was found in a specific location. Computers could then retrieve this information in the course of automated searches based on the characteristics and locations of individual artifacts. Similarly, a photograph of the same bronze tool could be tagged so that the computer would know not just where to display the photograph on the screen, but would also know what it was a photograph of, so that photographs of all bronze artifacts, for example, could be retrieved automatically.
Archaeologists must do some work, however, before they can make use of the "searchability" features of the new XML format. XML itself does not specify how archaeological data should be organized and tagged for delivery over the Web. It simply provides a way for Web publishers to define their own tagging schemes suitable to the type of information that they are publishing (hence the name "Extensible Markup Language"). In order to take advantage of the opportunity to create fully searchable Web publications, archaeologists must collaborate to create a standard tagging scheme for archaeological data - an archaeological "markup language" which captures all of the information that they want to publish, and also captures all of the interrelationships among different pieces of information that they wish to record.
With the advent of XML the need to establish common standards for representing archaeological data is greater than ever. At the same time, however, XML creates an environment in which standards-setting efforts can be highly focused and efficient. Over the past few years the tremendous success of the World-Wide Web and the rapid development of related software and techniques have created optimal conditions for the development of data representation standards in many different information domains. It is timely, therefore, that the Institute of Archaeology of the University of California at Los Angeles has just announced plans to convene a "working group" to devise standards for the electronic publication of primary archaeological data. A variety of archaeological professionals and institutions, including the Oriental Institute, will be represented in this working group.
The task is daunting, however. Although archaeologists have used computers for years, there has been a decided lack of standardization to date. Archaeologists are notoriously individualistic, and every archaeologist understandably wishes to customize his or her database system for the project at hand. Unfortunately, the resulting chaos of incompatible file formats prevents easy electronic merging of detailed information from different projects, thus hindering computer-based archaeological research conducted on broad spatial and temporal scales. The situation is not improved simply by publishing idiosyncratically structured databases piecemeal on the Web without any modification, because there is no consistent framework within which they can be searched and analyzed. If the new XML format were used by archaeologists simply to encode their own favorite terminologies and recording systems, thus duplicating their existing database structures, the potential of Web publication would not be realized. Some kind of common data representation standard is needed.
On the other hand, almost all archaeologists would agree that no detailed prescriptive scheme adopted at the outset for recording the data from diverse excavation and survey projects can or should be enforced, even within a single geographical region. Every site is different and each investigator should be free to employ the terminology and the recording system that is best suited to his or her project. Furthermore, as archaeological methods develop, there is a danger that any standard which is adopted now could become obsolete and counterproductive in the future. The development of archaeological data standards has been hindered because it is not immediately obvious how any standardized format could be sufficiently flexible and open-ended and still provide the benefits of standardization, in terms of a consistent framework that would permit automatic searching and retrieval. Thus the legitimate requirements of individual projects appear to conflict with the widely-shared ambition to combine many different archaeological databases for detailed multi-site comparison and analysis.
There is a way of resolving this conflict, however. Despite the inevitable variety of archaeological recording systems and terminology, there are basic features common to all archaeological data which permit a standardized format or "data model" and a correspondingly uniform and intuitive user interface - although at a more abstract level than has usually been considered. Moreover, the standardized data model which I am advocating does not prescribe the use of any particular terminology or recording system. The requisite level of standardization can be achieved by using a flexible "item-based" data model instead of the more rigidly structured "class-based" data models that have been common in archaeology. Class-based databases typically provide one data structure (usually represented as a two-dimensional table) for each class or subclass of archaeological observations - ceramic, lithic, faunal, botanical, architectural, stratigraphic, etc. In each class's table there is a fixed number of columns which predetermine the variables (e.g., "length," "weight," "color") that are available to describe the items belonging to that class. Each item (i.e., unit of observation) is therefore represented as a row in a table with a predefined structure (fig. 1). Each cell of the table, at the intersection of a row and a column, contains the value of a given variable for a given item. Rigidly structured databases of this sort employ what has been called a "strictly typed" data model. As applied to archaeology, this means that decisions about the typology of archaeological observations - how many classes of observations will be considered and how many and what kind of attributes each class will possess - are all "hard-coded" into the structure of the database from the beginning and cannot be changed very easily afterwards.
Conventional class-based systems are not well suited to representing the variety and complexity of archaeological data, as a number of researchers have pointed out. Unfortunately, strictly typed class-based data formats are nearly universal in archaeology today, not for any archaeological reason but largely because readily available database software tends to encourage this approach. To be sure, commercial software does not actually require a class-based data model, but in most business applications and in the standard working practice that has been derived from them, database tables tend to be equated with particular classes of data in the manner described above. Yet it is the rigidity of the prevailing class-based data model, in which a predetermined set of attributes is prescribed for each of a limited set of predetermined classes, which prevents the automated searching of information derived from multiple projects, each of which might employ a different typology for recording archaeological observations. This is because combining such databases within a uniform, searchable framework requires much more than just specifying equivalences or translations between the different terms used by different archaeologists. It requires mapping the entire class structure of each database onto the possibly quite different class structures of every other database that is being considered.
An item-based data model, by contrast, makes the automated combination of multiple databases much easier. In an item-based database the fundamental structural component is not the predefined class of items but rather the abstract archaeological "item" itself as a unit of observation with which any number of descriptive variables may be associated. A "class" is thus not a fixed structural component of the database but merely an ad hoc grouping of items based on a particular set of search criteria. The building blocks of the database are the individual items themselves, whose specific attributes the archaeologist defines by associating each item with a potentially unique set of descriptive variables and with any relevant images, documents, or other data (fig. 2). For this reason an item-based database can be easily adapted and extended as needed by the individual archaeologist, without special programming, by permitting him or her to add new variables and values to the pool of available attributes and to rename or delete these as necessary. Similarly, the description of any item can be changed by associating different variables with it without affecting any other items. Indeed, in an item-based database system, it is easy to assign multiple sets of variables to any item, representing distinct and even conflicting observations made by different persons or at different times. A full description of any item, no matter how atypical, can be achieved simply by creating appropriate variables and attaching them to it, thereby minimizing the need for ad hoc prose descriptions that are stored as unstandardized free-form notes (although such notes may also be associated with each item, of course).
In an item-based database, therefore, the information produced by an excavation or survey project is not represented as a collection of rigid tables corresponding to a limited set of classes but is represented instead as a large collection of independent data elements which correspond to the individual archaeological items to be described. Every separately registered find becomes an independent item in the database, whether it be a layer, feature, or smaller find. Each such item may then be described by a unique set of any number of variables together with their associated values for that item. New variables may be defined individually by the investigator at any time as new subtypes or unusual finds appear, without the need to restructure tables or create new tables.
An important advantage of the item-based data model is that a clear separation is maintained between the relatively primary attribution of descriptive variables to potentially unique individual items, on the one hand, versus the multitude of possible secondary and overlapping classifications of those items, defined according to investigators' changing interests and assumptions, on the other. This approach therefore respects the tremendous variability of archaeological data, because researchers might want to create hundreds if not thousands of overlapping classifications of the many items observed in any large excavation. In this way the item-based model takes into account the special characteristics of archaeological data. But most importantly from the point of view of electronic publication, databases from different projects can be combined quite easily in order to do a comprehensive search on the Web. All that is needed is to establish synonyms among the individual terms used in each project. There is no need to map the entire class structure of each database onto that of every other database.
In the absence of predefined classes or database tables, however, it is necessary to find some way to group and organize the many different items in an item-based archaeological database. This is done by organizing the individual items into a hierarchical "tree" that represents the spatial containment relationships among the various units of observation (fig. 3). Of course, spatial hierarchy is only one possible view of the relationships among archaeological items, but it is the most comprehensive and inclusive view, in the sense that every archaeological observation may be located at some place in a spatial hierarchy. In addition, because a tree structure is self-replicating and has the same properties recursively at all levels, the spatial hierarchy of archaeological items is infinitely extensible in both directions, both macroscopically and microscopically. This means that a hierarchical item-based data model can easily accommodate data from multiple artifacts, sites, and regions on all spatial scales, and from both excavation and survey projects, using the same simple design of independently linked items-with-their-attributes.
Note that the concept of an archaeological "item" is completely generalizable here. A unit of observation encompassing an archaeological site as a whole would be represented as a single item with its own description in the form of associated variables, images, and documents. Indeed, an entire geographical region could be represented as a single item that has its own position in the hierarchy and spatially contains a number of archaeological sites, represented as lower-level "child" items. Each site in turn contains sub-sites (e.g., excavation areas), stratigraphic units (features and layers), small finds (artifacts and ecofacts), and artifact features or components, in a descending spatial hierarchy. Thus the basic spatial relationship - "this is found within that" - is represented simply and consistently at every level of detail, from the broadest region of interest to the smallest aspect of an individual find. Furthermore, the comprehensive spatial tree of independent archaeological items itself serves as the primary interface for entering and displaying information and is the principal means of navigating among the large number of items in a typical archaeological database. This kind of interface also has the advantage of being familiar to many computer users because of the use of hierarchical trees in Microsoft Windows and other operating systems for organizing computer files into folders and subfolders.
An important point to remember about this hierarchical item-based data model is that because of its abstract structure it provides robust standardization in terms of a basic framework consisting of a tree of items with their attributes, but it does not force standardization in terms of specific content. It is left to the creator of each database to determine the arrangement and labeling of the items in the tree, the names of variables and values, and the association of items with variables, images, documents, and other information. What is more, the hierarchical item-based data model is especially suitable for archaeological purposes. First, the hierarchical tree structure has an obvious archaeological interpretation in terms of spatial containment and thus is intuitively grasped by any archaeologist. Secondly, the flexible item-with-its-attributes data structure can capture the idiosyncrasies of highly variable archaeological data in a way that class-based data models cannot. Finally, the open-ended extensibility of this data model facilitates the electronic publication of archaeological data by making it easy to combine data from multiple sources for search and retrieval purposes.
Electronic publication on the Web or elsewhere will be of limited value in archaeology unless its intended audience can easily view and analyze published data in full detail using visual interfaces and complex queries, with the goal of testing investigators' interpretations and combining data from disparate sources to permit more broadly based retrieval and analysis. There is a long history in archaeology of creating localized special-purpose databases in order to test specific hypotheses or construct particular models, but what is needed to enhance future research is a tool that will permit rapid, efficient, and open-ended "exploratory data analyses" on broader spatial and temporal scales. In this way patterns in the data may be detected that currently go unnoticed, and patterns that are found may be explored further with a speed and rigor hitherto impossible. The achievement of such benefits is what makes the adoption of a flexible yet standardized archaeological data model so desirable.
I contend that archaeological publication on the Web would be greatly enhanced by the adoption of a hierarchical item-based data model, but this data model must first be expressed in a Web-oriented format; i.e., in terms of a specific XML tagging scheme. I am currently refining the technical details of such a scheme as part of my proposal to a newly formed working group on archaeological data standards sponsored by UCLA. This XML scheme is closely based on existing Microsoft Windows software for archaeological data management that I have developed over the past several years using the hierarchical item-based data model. This Windows software is named "INFRA," which is an acronym for "Integrated Facility for Research in Archaeology." In addition to a primary tree diagram showing the spatial containment relationships among archaeological items (fig. 4), INFRA uses other diagrammatic interfaces to represent various kinds of inter-item relationship. These are shown in separate window "panes" or "frames" beside the tree pane.
Like spatial containment the temporal sequence of archaeological items is readily represented in an item-based data model (fig. 5), although instead of linking items together into a hierarchical tree this involves linking items to form a stratigraphic sequence diagram of the kind developed in the 1970s by Edward Harris and now used by many archaeologists.
Still another kind of inter-item relationship is spatial adjacency or conjoinment, which is represented using an undirected "network" diagram that shows which items directly touch others (fig. 6). The containment tree, Harris Matrix, and network diagram are all, in mathematical terms, node-link "graphs" which represent various complementary views of the database, neatly encapsulating the extrinsic relationships among units of archaeological observation that are difficult to represent in conventional class-based data management systems.
INFRA can use its various graphical views of inter-item relationships in queries that determine which items belong to a given class; thus computer-aided selection of archaeological items may readily be extended to consider their extrinsic as well as intrinsic attributes. In this way, a given class of items can be retrieved according to easily defined but quite complex criteria because any combination of the variables used to represent an item's intrinsic attributes, together with the extrinsic spatial and temporal relationships represented in schematic diagrams, may be used in data retrieval. For example, one might wish to select all artifacts of a certain type which are found within a particular kind of architectural feature that also contains artifacts of a second type and that occurs stratigraphically after a certain kind of deposit. Similarly, "phase plans" of contemporaneous items can be generated automatically, reflecting current stratigraphic interpretations as these have been entered via a Harris-style sequence diagram. INFRA uses the sequence diagram to select automatically the items that are to be drawn together on a single plan or in the same color.
INFRA's query facility is a central component of the software because it is the vehicle by which the potentially huge assortment of information in an archaeological database may be filtered into named classes of items for display and analysis in a variety of forms. Each set of user-defined class criteria is given a meaningful name by the user and may be saved for repeated use, together with the list of items retrieved the last time a query was executed in order to find the items that match those criteria. The resulting set of items may then be used in the creation of customized reports, statistical graphs, tables, and composite plans which contain data pertaining only to that class of items. This approach provides maximum flexibility because classes are defined not as fixed tabular templates into which items must be inserted irrevocably in the course of primary data entry, but simply as dynamic groupings of items matching user-defined query criteria which may be created, named, saved, and then used at any time to retrieve groups of related items based on their intrinsic and extrinsic attributes.
It is worth emphasizing again that INFRA and the item-based data model that it implements prescribe no rigid format or specific terminology for recording archaeological information. The archaeologist can create and label individual items, variables, and values as needed, in a manner that is appropriate for the project at hand, and can associate items with one another in a variety of spatial and temporal (or "stratigraphic") configurations. Initially, this approach demands a higher degree of conceptual abstraction, yet it actually corresponds better to observed archaeological entities in the real world, which do not manifest themselves in the form of tidy classes of material but as idiosyncratic individual items. Moreover, the abstraction entailed in working with a few generic concepts such as "item" and "variable," and with a few graphically represented spatial and temporal relationships, permits both flexible customization from the archaeologist's perspective and rigorous standardization in terms of the underlying data structure. Most importantly, because of this standardization the task of combining databases from different projects is quite easily accomplished by grafting in the spatial tree of one database as a new branch of the spatial tree of a second database, and then defining equivalences between the terms used in the two original databases. The archaeologist is not forced to turn to a programmer to map one rigid and idiosyncratic table structure onto another because the comparison between different databases is done at a more basic level, between individual items and their attributes. The end result of such a combination is a comprehensive view of the constituent databases which preserves the standard underlying structure of a simple item-based hierarchy but which also reflects the naming conventions and recording systems of the individual projects whose data are incorporated within it.
INFRA is only one implementation of the item-based data model advocated here, although it demonstrates what I believe is the best approach to representing both the intrinsic attributes and the extrinsic interrelationships of archaeological items in a straightforward and standardized fashion. In its specific features it also demonstrates the benefits of an item-based design for integrating very tightly, within a single software application, an array of powerful yet easy-to-use functions that have been tailored for archaeological use. In addition to the diagrammatic interfaces mentioned above, these features include a "map view" for drawing archaeological plans and sections, an "image view" for displaying scanned photographs and other images and linking them to database items, a "document view" for composing written summaries and interpretations of primary data with hyperlinks to the actual data, a "table view" for generating charts and tables of data, and a "statistics" feature to facilitate quantitative analysis of archaeological data.
Again, however, the most important practical benefits of the software design underlying both INFRA and the related XML tagging scheme now being developed will be fully realized only when a hierarchical item-based data model becomes the basis of a mode of electronic publication in which data from disparate projects may be easily combined. I have argued that electronic publication of archaeological data, and Web publication in particular, ought to facilitate comprehensive retrieval and analysis together with universal access, and this can be accomplished by using an item-based structure which will permit archaeological databases to be viewed or queried in any combination, simultaneously drawing on a variety of different Web sites, while maintaining a consistent user interface. This is possible because each published database is delivered as a subtree that can be dynamically integrated into an overall spatial hierarchy which may then be viewed as a seamless whole by the archaeologist. With the advent of XML such forms of electronic publication are now feasible, so the time is ripe to begin exploiting this new tool for the benefit of archaeological research.
David Schloen earned a bachelors degree in computer science before going into archaeology. He is currently the Associate Director of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, Israel. He is using this large-scale project to test his ideas about electronic publication of archaeological data.
Revised: April 28, 2011
Home > Research > Publications > News & Notes


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A South Bend rap music artist known as Million has created a tribute song honoring the amazing season the Notre Dame football program has experienced. The song, titled "The Champs," has been copyrighted with the United States Library of Congress and has not been created for profit. Any proceeds received from this song will go toward donations for the research of treatment and a possible cure for multiple sclerosis. Million's brother-in law suffers from MS.
Video courtesy of YouTube

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Trent Richardson misses Browns OTA, questionable for June minicamp
Second-year running back Trent Richardson was kept out of the Browns' organized team activities Thursday with a pulled muscle in his shin and might also miss the team's mandatory June 4-6 minicamp, coach Rob Chudzinski said.
From the Cleveland Plain-Dealer:
"It's precautionary," Chudzinski said. "We're holding him out. We've got minicamp in a week and a half. He may miss that. I'm not sure. We'll take it day-by-day."
The Browns are expected to take extra precautions with Richardson after he missed time with two arthroscopic procedures before his rookie season. Richardson's recovery and rehab slowed his rushing at the beginning of the season. He went on to break multiple ribs that caused him to play nine games in great pain while experiencing difficulty breathing and sleeping.
Chudzinski has been impressed with Richardson's speed in practice, a pace that must be weighed considering his risk of injury.
BURKE: Position battles to watch this summer
The No. 3 pick of the 2012 draft rushed for 950 yards and 11 touchdowns last season.


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My Settings
posted 9/22/2010 by
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This doesn't happen by accident. The Industrial Revolution is just getting started and you have to get your nation's industries humming along or be left in the dust. The economic model is amazing. There are so many raw materials, so many production set ups, so many interdependencies between production, consumption, wages and skills, that one can only stand back and marvel at what Paradox has wrought. Which is part of the problem.
If you have control of your economy you can build factories by hand, or at least order the various materials that go into a factory to be gathered, and then use them to build it. If you have a political structure in which you do not control your economy (e.g. a laissez-faire system) then you can watch the game play itself and hope it does what you want.
Even if you do build a factory it is unclear what is really going on. After you put together the physical building your attention is no longer required. The engine notes that there is a demand for the factory's required raw material (perhaps coal for a cement factory). It then locates a source of coal (either a mine in your nation, or the international coal market) and buys some amount of coal at the market price. At the same time, workers are starting to move in. Craftsmen do the grunt work while clerks manage daily operations and capitalists concentrate on keeping supply and demand in line. It is really sweet in theory but in practice is a bit of a crapshoot. It is easy to build a factory in Ohio and find out, two years later, that no one works there even though there are 5 thousand unemployed craftsmen right next door in Indiana.
But at least you still have the political game, right? There are all sorts of reforms both social and political that you can pass in order to mold your nation to your liking. Except when the upper house won't let you. No matter what type of government you run you will have an upper house. If the members of this house do not favor a given reform you may not enact it. It is as simple as that. No matter how much your POPs want that reform, no matter how many rebels spring up and destabilize your country, you simply cannot enact a reform your upper house opposes. It is immensely frustrating. There is a bug in the current version that (apparently) inflates the number of citizens who join a rebellion out of proportion to the number of citizens who actually care about the issue being rebelled over, making the situation worse.
But there is still the military, right? Sort of. The Victorian era was one of limited warfare, so one can only fight over single territories in any given war. It can make for a boring slog if you need to take a lot of land from somebody, especially given the 6-year truce period. The United States, for example, can spend a lot of time taking territory from Mexico that it historically gained rather quickly. Other than that the military is well-integrated into the population-management and economic facets of gameplay. Victorian armies came to increasingly rely on industrial bases in contrast to the live-off-the-land Europa Universalis model. You will need a well-fed, happy populace and money in the national bank before undertaking any Great Wars.
This is the part of the review where I generally tell you, Gentle Reader, what was wrong with the game. That has been done. Now, I will tell you what I think is right with Victoria 2.
First, the economic model is awesome, the best since Capitalism if not better. It captures the spirit and situation of the time period. It feels natural (if a bit inscrutable), as if there were a real economy purring along underneath your nation.
Second, the population management system is great. Most strategy games treat nations as monolithic blocks. Perhaps they will include a morale meter, but generally the nation may as well be clones of the leader. Victoria 2 has a more complex and realistic model of what your citizens actually care about.
Finally, the era itself is interesting. When the light is just right, and you look at the monitor from just the right angle, it can really feel like you are back at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution leading your nation to a better life. Steam power and mass production can give everyone a better life if you can just manage this tricky transition period...
Grading was difficult. My reasoning follows. It avoids an F due to high concept and ineffable "feel", misses an A for bugs and dodges a C because Paradox will fix them.
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* The product in this article was sent to us by the developer/company for review.
High concept + shaky execution = wait for the patch.
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Miami's Art Deco Lifeguard Towers
To view more of the famous lifeguard towers, visit the South Beach location page.
Miami, Florida, is famous for its Art Deco flavor and white sandy beaches, and the lifeguard towers along its coastline bring those two worlds together. South Beach and Miami Beach are both home to 29 colorful and quirky lifeguard stands that have become photo destinations for visitors to the city.
After Hurricane Andrew destroyed many of Miami's towers in 1992, the City of Miami decided to rebuild them with flair. Architect William Lane designed and constructed the first towers and many more followed as a result of design competitions or commissions by local entrepreneurs.


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What a lucky kid!
Anyone that has hiked to Wallace Falls knows how scary that must have been. I remember standing at the top of the Falls when the water was lower, and the sheer height of the falls does funny things to your head. I can't imagine being swept down a rapids in the Spring melt-off toward the drop off of the falls. When river rafting, they tell you to go down feet first and feel the rocks coming up at you. They always say to keep your head up so that you don't swim head first into a rock and knock yourself out. This boy remembered this advice from a book that he had read. It saved him big time.The 13-year-old Burien boy who was rescued Sunday from a ledge just feet from 265-foot Wallace Falls said that he's fortunate he walked away from the ordeal with little more than cuts and scrapes on his feet."I feel lucky I got through it all," William Hickman said Monday from his home. "I think the rescuers should feel like heroes; they saved me. I'm lucky to be alive."
A look at the falls in late Summer.
Last edited by Terry; 05-31-2012 at 11:15 AM.
What a lucky kid!
I have about that same fall on my property, and amazingly no one has yet to die here. But Yosemite eats up about 10 asian tourists a year.


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A traditional lodge bedding collection in cream, espresso and olive, the Wooded River Wildlife Venture will transform your bedroom into an opulent rustic country inspired retreat. Available in Twin, Full, Queen, King, and California King sizes, the Wooded River Wildlife Venture bedskirt is adorned with a Holland plaid in colors of red, green and cream in a gathered design with a 15-inch drop.
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747cc, 73bhp, 128mph, Insurance group 11
The Honda CB750 F2 is not the most exciting motorcycle to leave the Honda factory but a competent, comfortable cruising motorcycle nonetheless. Adequate suspension, good riding position, top brakes and a strong engine are plus points but the Honda CB750 F2 is let down by average handling and a lack of real zest. Sadly, rather boring.
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Memphis >Wholesale Jewelry > Claire Ellers Jewelry
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Thursday, February 11, 2010
Recycled Crafts: Egg Carton Collection Box
13 comments:
- danita said...
awesome! my princess is a hoarder and would love this!
- February 11, 2010 at 7:37 AM
- Bethany said...
ok so being perfectly clear I'm dumb as a box of rocks when it comes to crafting, so I'm going to ask you.
My daughter collects... wait for it...dum dum wrappers. I thought it might be cool to use them to decorate an old glass bottle that we have and then she could use it as a pencil holder. My ? is, what is the best way to get something like dum dum wrappers to stick to a glass bottle?
- February 11, 2010 at 8:00 AM
- pink and green mama said...
Great question and it's not dumb at all!
I would use my favorite Mod Podge to decoupage dum-dum wrappers to a glass container. You could also decoupage them to the cover of a composition notebook or a hardcover spiral notebook to make a journal or scrapbook. She could even glue in her favorite wrappers in the pages like a scrapbook of dum dum wrappers : )
You could try using Elmer's white school glue diluted with a bit of water to paste them on but I don't know if they'll stick as well as they would with mod-podge because I seem to recall the wrappers have a bit of a waxy coating on them.
Would love to see what you end up doing! Send me an email, photos, or a link to a post if you do it!
pink and green mama
pink dot green dot 98 at verizon dot net
- February 11, 2010 at 8:30 AM
- The Activity Mom said...
B is a collector for sure! Great idea!
- February 11, 2010 at 8:32 AM
- recycled paper printing said...
Good job kid! you are so cool! i love your work.. You are creative!
- February 11, 2010 at 9:09 AM
- Miller Moments said...
gave you an award on my blog today. :)
- February 11, 2010 at 10:49 AM
- TMCPhoto said...
I've been wondering what I can use our egg cartons for beyond the caterpillar crafts, this looks like such a cool project and one that will help keep the Peanut's rainbow stone collection in one place
- February 11, 2010 at 11:58 AM
- artsy_momma said...
My toddler painted one to store all his golf balls in :)
- February 11, 2010 at 5:25 PM
- Angie - email@example.com said...
Love it! Come link your cute project at my party: Thursday's Treasures!!
- February 11, 2010 at 9:21 PM
- jlbee said...
was just staring at my egg cartons and thinking... whaaaaa?? there must be something... and here you are, completing my thought, as always. i gave you the "beautiful blogger award" on my blog today. check it out at http://paintcutpaste.com - and thank you for your artsy ways.
- February 11, 2010 at 10:01 PM
- Katie said...
I Love the art book! What a great idea. My Mia is quite the artist as well and our fridge is covered. I definitely need one of these!
- February 14, 2010 at 12:00 AM
- Angie - firstname.lastname@example.com said...
Love it! Come link your cute tute at my party: Thursday's Treasures!!
- February 19, 2010 at 12:28 PM
- Rebecca said...
This is such a simple yet awesome idea! Love it!
- June 17, 2010 at 2:51 PM


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Ducks Unlimited CEO Dale Hall and Chief Conservation Officer Paul Schmidt joined agricultural producers and DU governmental affairs staff in Washington, D.C., this week to impress upon members of Congress the importance of maintaining strong conservation programs in the 2012 Farm Bill.
Hall spoke during Tuesday's Congressional Sportsmen Foundation (CSF) breakfast on Capitol Hill and emphasized the importance of the farm bill conservation title to the conservation and sportsmen communities, and the value of these programs to keeping working farmers and ranchers on their lands.
"It is critical that the federal government continues to support these programs; whether it's the North American Wetlands Conservation Act or the farm bill, all of these programs are significant in maintaining a sustainable waterfowl population," Hall told the more than 100 CSF breakfast attendees, including 10 members of Congress.
Hall also emphasized that, while recently released waterfowl numbers look promising, they come in spite of continued habitat loss in key breeding areas like the Prairie Pothole Region. He said these numbers cannot be sustained if the country does not invest in programs that allow landowners to work with groups like Ducks Unlimited to ensure high-quality waterfowl habitat on their land is protected. "When you think about buffering the damage that has been done and the loss of habitat—and yet we are, through partnerships, able to still pull together good wetland habitat to support these birds—it really drives home how important the farm bill is to conservation in this country."
During the briefing, Hall and others highlighted the following three provisions as farm bill conservation priorities: 1) maintain/strengthen effective wetland protections through re-coupling conservation compliance with crop insurance; 2) include a national Sodsaver provision to protect native prairie and other important grasslands; and 3) provide strong baseline funding for the Conservation Reserve Program, Wetland and Agriculture Easements Programs, the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program and the Voluntary Public Access Program.
Hall and Schmidt also met with friends and champions of conservation in Congress, including the primary supporters of a national Sodsaver provision in the 2012 Farm Bill, Sen. John Thune (SD), Rep. Kristi Noem (SD) and Rep. Tim Walz (MN). Hall sat down with House Agriculture Committee Ranking Member Collin Peterson (MN). Hall also met with Sen. Jim Inhofe (OK), whom he thanked for helping pass the Gulf Coast RESTORE Act in the recently enacted transportation bill, and for moving the Senate NAWCA reauthorization bill out of committee.
Hall and Schmidt were joined on Capitol Hill by Iowa landowner Jim Goodman and Minnesota landowners Toni and Philip Brink, who met with these and other members of Congress as part of DU's farmer fly-in program. Read more about this visits at http://www.ducks.org/farm-bill/capitol-visit-successful-for-iowa-minnesota-farmers.
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act into law.
First duck stamp, designed by Pulitzer-prize winning editorial cartoonist, Jay N. "Ding" Darling, issued.
Prairie drought peaks.


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News Snapshots 3/16 – 3/22
Collin Hoofnagle, News Editor
March 24, 2010
Filed under News Snapshots
Every week, "The Patriot" scours the web to bring you headlines from around the world. Please note that no original reporting is involved. Feel free to discuss these stories at the bottom of the page. ... Read more »


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Bar Code Equipment › Bar code Scanner › Hand held Bar code Scanner › Metrologic Scanner › Metrologic MS 9540 Voyager › Metrologic MK9520-32B47
PS/2 kit, 1D Laser. Includes PS/2 cable, PS/2 to AT/XT adapter, and stand. Color: Black.
Free Shipping
Ships Today
The MS 9540 Voyager features Metrologic's proprietary CodeGate. CodeGate is an intuitive scanning system that is ideal for all scanning applications, including menu-scanning, Point-of-Sale, document processing, and inventory, just to name a few. All units feature a five year warranty.
Full specifications (PDF)
Manufacturer part number: MK9520-32B47


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Apply for cross-institutional study
If another institution offers a unit or units not offered at Deakin that you want to do as part of your course, you may be able to enrol and get credit towards your Deakin degree. Likewise, students from other universities may apply to enrol in units at Deakin. Prior approval from your faculty/institution is required.
Students from other institutions
Students from other institutions may be able to enrol in approved units at Deakin and receive credit towards their course at their home institution.
Choose a unit you want to take by using the unit search tool on the Handbook website. Read the unit descriptions, trimester and mode availability (e.g. on or off campus), prerequisites, credit point value and assessment details, to choose the units most suitable to your current course.
Applications are made by submitting a Cross Institutional Application Form along with all relevant documents. Unsuccessful applicants will be notified.
You may apply for units in more than one trimester on the application form. However, if you apply for only one trimester and subsequently want to take additional units at Deakin, you need to submit a new application form for the additional units.
Applications are assessed by the relevant Deakin faculty. If your application is approved you will be sent instructions on how to confirm your enrolment. You will then have the privileges and responsibilities of a student at Deakin and an invoice for any fees payable will be available online via StudentConnect.
Cross Institutional Application Form
Commonwealth supported students
Due to the limited places available in some units, it may not always be possible for Commonwealth supported students from other institutions to also be offered Commonwealth Supported Places at Deakin.
Evidence of current funding arrangements with your home institution is required to enable Deakin to enrol you in the correct funding type (e.g. a copy of your most recent Commonwealth Assistance Notice).
If you are applying for a Commonwealth supported place you must complete a new Commonwealth Assistance Form (HECS-HELP or FEE-HELP) electronically on StudentConnect once you receive your offer from Deakin.
Application closing dates
Applicants are encouraged to return their completed forms and relevant documentation as early as possible as places may be limited.
|Applications open
|Applications close
|Trimester 2, 2014
|14 April 2014
|6 July 2014
Deakin University charges fees for cross-institutional unit enrolments. These fees are trimester based and vary depending on whether you are a Commonwealth supported or fee-paying student at Deakin University. The cost of each unit depends on the government classified area of study the unit belongs to.
Deakin students enrolling in units at other institutions
Continuing Deakin students may apply to study units offered at another Australian tertiary institution and have them credited to their Deakin University degree. Prior approval from the relevant faculty is essential. Units approved for cross-institutional study are normally restricted to those not offered by Deakin University. Each application is assessed individually. Off-campus students generally cannot study units from another university in their first year of enrolment.
Students who have entered their course with credit for prior learning may find that there are restrictions on the number of cross-institutional units they can study. These should be checked with their Enrolment Officer / Course Adviser.
Approval from the host institution is also required. You should enquire as early as possible to ensure you meet the host institution's application deadlines.
Results from cross-institutional enrolment at other institutions will be recorded on Deakin University academic records as EP (External Pass) or N (Fail).
Results must be sent to Deakin by:
- Trimester 3 units - 11 April 2014
- Trimester 1 units - TBC
- Trimester 2 units - TBC


text:
Announcements from the Department of Communication, Media and Theatre are posted to the department web group accessed from NEIUport. Students, faculty and staff are encouraged to join the department group by following the instructions from the NEIUport site given below:
"As a member of a group, you may submit files, news, photos, Web links, participate in discussion forums, send e-mail and have chats with other members of your particular group."
TO JOIN THE DEPT. OF C.M.T. GROUP ON NEIUport:
1. Log into NEIUport at http://neiuport.neiu.edu/cp/home/loginf
2. Click on the Groups icon in the upper right hand corner
3. When you access the Groups application, you will see three tabs: My Groups, Group Index, and Request Group. Click on Group Index.
4. Click on Faculty/Academic Depts
5. Click on Dept. of C.M.T.
Welcome! You're now a member of the Dept. of C.M.T. Group. Here are some of the things you can do on the group site as outlined by the managers of NEIUport:
(The following Group Tools may or may not be available to all group members.)
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28252 Faircrest Way, Escondido, CA | Directions 9202633.222429 -117.102103
Mon-Fri 7am-8pm; Sat 7am-3pm
Neighborhoods: Hidden Meadows
Amazing Electrical Switches,Outlets, & Fixtures- Oceanside – Far West quickly responded and were able to provide a fast appointment within my schedule. Once at our home, the team quickly found the problems, gave me options and pointed out where there were code violations. They did the work quickly and cleaned up well afterwards. I'm very happy I selected Far West and I am happy to recommend them to anyone!
Ceiling fans , great job & price in San Marco – I had a great experience with both of the gentlemen who came out to the house to install the attic fans. They were clean and courteous about the way they moved around the house. They cleaned up after themselves and we were very pleased with the type of work they did in the house. We will be calling them in the future for other projects that need to be and recommending them to friends and neighbors.
Incredible electrician in San Diego area – Noah, the owner of Far West Electric, called me about a minute after your recommendations for the three electricians popped up on my screen. I explained the job and asked if he could come on Saturday. He said yes and gave me a quote. He came when expected with a helper and they removed and replaced four 36" long bathroom light fixtures above the mirrors in three bathrooms. He was helpful, courteous, informative, knowledgeable and the entire experience could not have been better. I highly recommend Far West Electric
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"The clean lines of the card's design, the sharpness of the lettering nd font used, the quality of the pearlized paper board stock, and the dimensions of the card all work extremely well together to make a superb card. Absolutely thrilled with it and will certainly order more and also a new design from tinyprints in the future."
"We have reordered this card 3 or 4 times. I gave it to my husband as a Christmas stocking gift and he LOVED it. Now he wants only this card and keeps asking me to reorder. We purchase 250 at a time so imagine how many he has already given out. We do it in grey with his name in a wine color. Very masculine."
"I just received my cards and I love them!! I wish that there were coordinating products like stationary and invites. I would like to see more products available for businesses!"
"We were so pleased with how these business cards turned out. We used them as a thank you gift for our intern and just put her name, phone number and email address on the front. The quality of the printing and the paper are excellent and she loved them! Another fabulous product from Tiny Prints!"
"I was always asked if I had any Business Cards on me, and unfortunately, I didn't until now. I went to Tinyprints.com and I had a selection of Business Cards to choose. I chose this card. It was simple, yet business type of a card. The cards had arrived early, after they were done, and they were packaged very well."


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hey guys anyone knows a good clip to watch to save your psd web pages properly. And how how to make inside the folder a css file. so when your working in dreamweaver you can save the pages properly when the css is saved in the right folder when you have a css file saved already then use it when your in dreamweaver with the web pages you are working on?
Not a video but a 3-part tutorial on bringing a Fireworks or Photoshop design comp to a CSS Layout in Dreamweaver.
Part 1 - Initial Design
Part 2 - Markup preparation
Part 3 - Layout and CSS
Nancy O.
Alt-Web Design & Publishing
Web | Graphics | Print | Media Specialists
one of these links have a file how to save your site with a css folder created?
: folder name prosites: then another folder name assets,then images, sites, then your css. im trying to ask after having all your files saved in your folders how do you use the css folder you have when working in dreamweaver, how do you save it in dreamweaver when you save the css changes you made into your own. Im asking still my first question but what i really need is how to uee your css folder and save the work when your in DMWR
Link HTML pages to external CSS files in Dreamweaver
Nancy O.


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- Home
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Welcome to Churchill Downs
Churchill Today
Friday, April 25
No live racing. Full calendarGet Tickets
Today's Racecard
Live racing returns Saturday, April 26.Click here for results, payouts and replays.
No carryovers today.
Corey Lanerie
Jockey Corey Lanerie provided a stellar performance during the September Meet to capture the Leading Jockey title. Lanerie totaled 19 wins in just 12 days of racing. Congratulations, Corey, on a noteworthy 2013 September Meet at Churchill Downs!
Dale Romans
Dale Romans, second in the all-time trainer standings at Churchill Downs behind Hall of Famer Bill Mott, won 8 races at the 12-day September Meet and tied with Steve Asmussen for leading-trainer honors. Romans won the final race of the meet to secure a tie in the Leading Trainer standings.
Churchill Downs Maintains Tightened Security for Kentucky Derby, Oaks 140
Churchill Downs Racetrack ("CDRT") has released its list of security and hospitality policies and procedures for this year's 140th celebrations of the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum!
Orb won the 2013 Kentucky Derby for Hall of Fame trainer Shug McGaughey (Reed Palmer, Churchill Downs)
Derby, Oaks, Stephen Foster Top Record Six Grade I Events on Churchill Downs' 2014 Spring Meet Stakes Schedule
The 140th runnings of the $2 million-guaranteed Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum!
Cairo Prince, Shared Belief, Honor Code Favored Individuals, But 'All Others' Strong Choice in Derby Futures 2
With fewer than 90 days remaining before the 140th running of the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum!
Grandstand Terrace and Rooftop Garden Offer New Venues, Enhanced Amenities for Derby, Oaks
Churchill Downs Racetrack ("CDRT") plans to enhance the patron experience for the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum!
Churchill Downs Releases 34-Race Schedule for 2013-14 'Road to the Kentucky Derby' Series
Churchill Downs Racetrack officials announced Friday that 34 races will be included in the 2013-14 "Road to the Kentucky Derby" series, including 16 significant events that comprise the "Kentucky Derby Championship Series" over the 10 weeks that precede the first Saturday in May.


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Accessory bit set designed for use with power drills and screwdrivers. Most bits feature a quick-change style chuck. All bits are 1/4" hex.
Used the same day as received. Anyone with a portable drill needs a kit.
Login Here to rate and review this product.
22-7562 - 125 Piece Drill Bit Project Kit
This complete kit contains a wide variety of drill bits, screwdriver bits, and accessories for almost any project or installation work Kit includes: Magnetic quick change bit extension; Two double ended bits (#2 Phillips x 1/4" slotted, #1 Phillips x 3...
50-14795 - Universal Television Stand, For Televisions 32" ~ 60"
Universal Television Stand
Perfect for flat panel televisions that were mounted to the wall, but are to be moved to tabletop use. Universal mounting plate attaches to all VESA standard sets from 200x200 through 600x400, and provides a secure and attractive mount...
50-14780 - Equipment Wall Bracket - Adjustable Length
White Equipment Wall Bracket
Designed for supporting microwave ovens from the wall, this bracket is ideal for any type of equipment.
555-11690 - Heavy Duty Laptop / Projector Presentation Stand
Heavy Duty Laptop / Projector Stand
The design of this versatile, heavy duty stand makes it not only great for holding sheet music, but holding a laptop or projector for presentation purposes as well.
Also available with Larger Tray
MCM Cat 57, Page 923
MCM Cat 56, Page 821


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Tel: 212-244-1505, Fax: 212-244-1502


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Join us at Elsewhere Festival, Hackney on Saturday 3rd May, where Toby Gale will be playing (DJ set).
Tickets are available here.
14th April, 2014
Join us at Elsewhere Festival, Hackney on Saturday 3rd May, where Toby Gale will be playing (DJ set).
Tickets are available here.
Posted in Tape Club Records, Toby Gale
7th April, 2014
Jarbird's debut single, "More Bad Celebrity Poetry" is out today. The release is a AA-side with "Such Is The House".
"There are times when a band come around at just the right point, and Jarbird's arrival is one of those times" – Pigeons and Planes
"heart-achingly beautiful"… "one of best songs I've heard this year." – Don't Need No Melody
"A fine effort from a band who appear to be just months old." – TLOBF
"this band will be very successful" – This Is Fake DIY
"No matter how you wish to describe it, it has us wanting more." – My Old Kentucky Blog
Buy "More Bad Celebrity Poetry" from iTunes here.
Watch the official video, made by Crowns and Owls and premiered by This Is Fake DIY:
To celebrate the release, they'll be headlining Hoxton Square Bar & Kitchen on Tuesday 8th April, with Deafkid and Hilang Child opening.
Tickets are available here.
Posted in Deafkid, Jarbird, Tape Club Records
24th February, 2014
"Flame" EP, the debut release from Sephine Llo, is out today.
The EP features two original tracks with remixes by Autumn Chorus and Peter Lyons, and an exclusive remix of a forthcoming track by burgeoning electronic producer, Pále.
Get "Flame" EP on iTunes here.
Sephine will be playing her debut live show on 18th March at Servant Jazz Quarters – limited tickets are available here.
Posted in Peter Lyons, Sephine Llo, Tape Club Records
14th February, 2014
Watch Peter Lyons perform new song "Plants" live, featuring Kirsty Andrew on violin and Rachael Lander on cello:
Posted in Peter Lyons, Tape Club Records
13th February, 2014
Catch Dark Bells as they embark on their "In Head Tour"at the end of this month, including dates with Temples and Childhood:
They will also be playing a special show at Elektrowerkz on Tuesday 18th February – head over to their Facebook for more details and to be in with a chance of winning a ticket (only a limited number available).
Posted in Dark Bells, Tape Club Records


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Byzantine ruins in Wadi Kharrar, not far from the Jordan River. A five or ten-minute walk through the "jungle" leads into a clearing marked by a modern pool and the sheltered remains of the 7th-century Church of John the Baptist (in the background). Byzantine stairs, three of them black marble, interspersed with white marble from Asia Minor, lead from the apse to the Spring of John the Baptist. A marble fragment inscribed "IOY. BATT." was found in the church wall. Photo Templar1307. Related pages:
Photo Templar1307.


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100 Teens That Are Changing the World
Three years ago, a horrific tsunami wreaked unimaginable tragedy on the northeastern region of Japan. Now, some inspiring teens from Tohoku High School are taking action and making a difference.
Effective October 1, 2012, QUALCOMM Incorporated completed a corporate reorganization in which the assets of certain of its businesses and groups, as well as the stock of certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, were contributed to Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (QTI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of QUALCOMM Incorporated. Learn more about these changes
Welcome to OnQ® the official Qualcomm blog. We invite you to respond to our thoughts and share with us some of your own. If you'd like to post a comment, you need to follow our Posting Guidelines.
Three years ago, a horrific tsunami wreaked unimaginable tragedy on the northeastern region of Japan. Now, some inspiring teens from Tohoku High School are taking action and making a difference.
More than a century ago, Hymen Lipman had a great idea...
There are more than 6 billion wireless subscriptions worldwide. Every day, people are interacting, transacting, learning, and working—all from their mobile device.
In 1969, Sesame Workshop saw TV as the pathway for teaching pre-school children their ABCs and 123s. Today, we see mobile technology—which reaches people in all corners of the globe—as the new path for teaching young children literacy, numeracy and other critical lessons.
The Muppets celebrated mobile this week, awarding Qualcomm its annual Corporate Leadership Award for technology advances in early childhood education at the 11th annual Sesame Workshop Gala in New York City.
How many things look exactly the same as they did 10, maybe 20 years ago? What about 50? If you're struggling for an answer, just turn to the public education system. While most schools remain in an industrial era model, the U.S. Department of Labor estimates that 65 percent of grade school kids will end up in jobs that haven't been created yet.[1] To add to that, classroom sizes are continuing to grow as a majority of states are spending less per pupil than they did before the recession.[2]
Through decades of research, the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future (NCTAF) has documented the importance of collaboration in enabling teachers to improve their practice. Often, however, the norm for teachers in the United States is to work in isolation, cut off from colleagues and from technology that can help them access resources and expertise. This isolation is especially detrimental for new teachers, who are at the highest risk for leaving the profession.
India is considered to be one of the key emerging markets in the world. While the rest of the world has concerns about an aging population, the Indian Census Bureau reports that 40 percent of the populace in India is below the age of 18, and by 2015, 55 percent will be under 20. In order to convert this opportunity into a strength, education of young Indians has become an imperative - beginning with pre-school age education.
As a country, we see education as an important business. Educated minds are more informed, more discerning and more involved in government and foreign affairs. This is especially true at Qualcomm, a company rooted in education not only by the investments we make in this area but also by the principles that we hold true—after all, several of Qualcomm's founders began their careers as educators.
Opinions expressed in the content posted here are the personal opinions of the original authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of Qualcomm Incorporated or its subsidiaries ("Qualcomm"). The content is provided for informational purposes only and is not meant to be an endorsement or representation by Qualcomm or any other party. This site may also provide links or references to non-Qualcomm sites and resources. Qualcomm makes no representations, warranties, or other commitments whatsoever about any non-Qualcomm sites or third-party resources that may be referenced, accessible from, or linked to this site.


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For AAS Alumni and Friends
Dear Alumni and Friends,
The Asian American Studies Department understands that we are not bound by academic walls, but that many of our goals are realized by our connection to a larger API community. For AAS to continue to thrive as a department, it is important that we keep in close contact with alumni and friends.
We have several ways that we encourage you to keep in touch. First of all, we have a CSUN AAS Alumni Facebook page but it has not been that active. We have created a CSUN Asian American Studies Facebook page for current students, faculty, alumni and other interested friends to share information. Second, we have an Alumni Newsletter, and we welcome you to send us news to share with the AAS community. As well, if you have information to update our website, please send it to the webmaster to update our AAS Gallery and to add events to our Archival page. If you have yet to fill out our CSUN AAS Alumni Survey, please do so. Finally, we have constructed an alumni listserv and we would appreciate your help in maintaining and updating this list. Please contact Molly Nguyen to update your email in our alumni listserv.
We are also very interested in starting an AAS Alumni Chapter. If you wish, you can contribute in a variety of ways:
- join the CSUN Alumni Association and identify AAS as your specific chapter;
- volunteer to be a member of the AAS Alumni Advisory Board;
- volunteer your time to work with students, helping students and alumni to network with each other;
- participate in upcoming events; and
- contribute financially.
We want AAS to continue to be a resource to our university and community. We truly welcome and appreciate your interest and dedication to this Department. Please contact the chair on how you can be involved.
Chair of Asian American Studies Department
PLEASE NOTE: We are in progress of revamping the website. Please give feedback to Prof. Gina, the webmaster. THANKS!
Donating to the Asian American Studies Department
The Asian American Studies Department welcomes the support of its alumni and friends.
To donate to AAS, go to the University's Online Donation Form and, indicate the amount of donation, select the "College of Humanities" from the pull-down menu, and finally, in the text box indicate that the support is for the Asian American Studies Department. You can specify toward what you want with the fund given.
To contribute in other ways, please contact the Department Chair.


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I was surprised it looked better than the picture now all set for st pattys day and i got it at a great price double win!!
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I purchased several of these to put in various places around the house to decorate for St. Patrick's Day. Makes a great inexpensive table centerpiece and festive decoration for shelves, tables, etc.
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How is the DHA degree different than a PhD?The DHA is a professional degree while the PhD is a research degree. The latter focuses upon the generation of original research while the former focuses on the application of research. How long is the program?The program is designed to be completed in 3 years. What degree do I need to apply for the DHA program? A master's degree or professional doctorate from a regionally-accredited institution of higher learning with a GPA of at least 3.00 on a 4.00 scale in a health care-related field or a master's degree from a regionally-accredited institution of higher learning with a GPA of at least 3.00 on a 4.00 scale and five or more years of experience in health care management, health care policy, clinical medical specialty, etc. Do you accept out-of-state residents?
When and how can I apply? Applications are due February 1, 2014. All applicants pay a nonrefundable application fee of $25. You may apply at https://myu.umc.edu; choose guest access; choose admissions; and choose start application. How many are accepted each year into your program? Currently, the program accepts a 10 student cohort. The resources available and the market demand determine the number accepted. How many applicants receive an interview? The admissions committee determines the exact number of individuals who are offered an interview.
Will other doctoral work transfer into the DHA? In general, graduate credit earned in another recognized institution will not be accepted. The student may petition the program director for consideration of transfer credit. If granted, the student will be required to complete satisfactorily an independent study on material related to the course topics. How can I find career information related to the DHA degree?The Career Coach web site describes related careers, click here for more information. What is the tuition for the DHA program? Tuition for the Doctor of Health Administration is $349.00 per semester hour, up to a maximum charge per semester of $3141.00 for Mississippi Residents. An additional $554.66 per semester hour, up to a maximum of $4,991.94 per semester, is charged to non-residents. In addition to tuition, fees, and equipment students should be prepared to spend approximately $800 per year for textbooks.
2500 North State Street
Jackson, MS 39216
General Information: 601-984-1000
Patient Appointments: 888-815-2005


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We have it all when it comes to wintertime activities. In addition to great snow, expert grooming and carved out glades, you can go for a dog sled ride, surfing at Silver's indoor water park, shopping in the villages, dining at a variety of restaurants, relax in a hot tub or at the spa, snow tubing, cross country skiing, snow shoeing, cat skiing, geocaching...Take a look at what's waiting for you, your friends and your family. What are you up for?
Listing of Calendar of Events below:
Sweatheart Relay
On Sunday, February 17, the Sun Valley Nordic & Snowshoe Center has planned a fun, family favorite, the Sweetheart Relay. The fun begins at 10 am. For more information, please call 208-622-2250.