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Many southeast Texans have made lots of memories in the seven decades of the South Texas State Fair.
Today we asked you to share some of them.
Facebook Friday, March 22, 2013
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Lidocaine cream is an numbing agent that is applied directly on the skin. It deadens nerves that transmit pain impulses to the brain. The most common uses involve preparation and numbing prior to invasive skin procedures like inserting an IV. Lidocaine is also used to limit pain during tattoo procedures.
Recent studies have shown that lidocaine cream is also a very effective remedy for arthritis pain. Many brands do not require a prescription. These types of creams are not intended to slow the progression of arthritis. But they can be very helpful for managing pain on a daily basis.
If you use lidocaine cream, it is a good idea to cover the application with a non-absorbing wrap. Lidocaine is also widely available in patch form.
See more about using lidocaine cream for arthritis treatment.

subset: commoncrawl


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A Simi Valley man was arrested today after allegedly fatally striking an 83-year-old man in Westlake Village, officials said.
The crash was reported about 6 a.m. near the intersection of Agoura Road and Lindero Canyon Road in Los Angeles County.
It appears the victim was walking in the bicycle lane along the west bound lanes when he was hit by the vehicle, according to Malibu/Lost Hills Los Angeles County Sheriff's officials. Alcohol does not appear to be a factor.
The driver, Reyes Casanova-Varguez, 25, did not leave the scene of the crash and was cooperative with the investigation, but was arrested on suspicion of vehicular manslaughter, officials said.
He was booked at the Malibu/Lost Hills Station and his bail was set at $50,000.
The victim, who was from Westlake Village, has not been identified pending notification of relatives and the crash is under investigation.


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Instead of serving falafel in same-old pita bread, try this salad. Fresh herb and lemon flavours make it sing.
Falafel SaladQuick RatingClose Click to add your rating. Saving... Error Saving
Habanero Black Bean Mango Salad
Sure to be the summer's favourite salad, this is great alongside burgers, ribs, chicken and steak.
Soybean Hummus
Hummus is traditionally made with chickpeas, but soybeans make a nutritious substitute.
Black Bean and Corn Quesadillas
Taking less than 15 minutes from start to finish, this quesadilla is perfect after a late night at work.
Italian-Inspired Vegetable Medley
Jazz up everyday mixed vegetables with Italian flavours of Parmesan and tomato.
Broccoli Ranch Slaw
Here's an easy side salad to any of our PC single serve entrees, whether you're packing one for lunch or for a solo dinner.
Edamame & Corn Salad
Most kids like edamame, even those who wouldn't touch a canned soybean.
Sweet Potato Aloo Gobi
Instead of the usual potato, we've used sweet potato for added colour, sweetness and nutrients. Aloo gobi is a side dish, but you can serve it over rice for a vegetarian main course.
Tzatziki Potato Salad
A refreshing and light potato salad perfect to serve with barbecued fare. Not heavy like many mayonnaise-based potato salads.
Warm Caprese Salad
Normally caprese salad is made in the summer months with fresh ripe tomatoes. For the rest of the year when tomatoes may not be at their best, a great way to develop tomato flavour is to slowly oven-roast them, as we do here.


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Product Description
Attack your road cycling and mountain biking rides and races with comfort and precision performance wearing the Men's Pearl Izumi Attack Bike Shorts. Made using a stretchy, soft, breathable and comfortable blend of nylon and Spandex, these men's cycling shorts are top-notch when it comes to a feel-good fit and contouring design. Using Select Transfer fabric, moisture transfer is a non-issue and you're left feeling dry (at least drier than you would otherwise) and chafe-free. Flatlock seams, an 8-panel anatomic design and silicone leg grippers combine to form a sweet and comfortable bike short construction that moves with you, not against you. Plus, with built-in UPF 50+ sun protection and a Race 3D Camois®, the Pearl Izumi Attack Bike Shorts for men keep your thighs in the shade and your bottom padded should you want to take the long way home on your favorite cycling route.


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PUNXSUTAWNEY — Punxsutawney Borough Council voted 6-1 to begin legal action to foreclose against Stello Foods Inc. of Punxsutawney for being delinquent on its payments earlier this year to the borough's Economic Loan Fund.
Nick Stello, president of Stello Foods, spoke to council during the meeting, and during an executive session he spoke with the media, saying that with council acting against his company, he'll be forced to declare bankruptcy.
"The decision by Borough Council will force Stello Foods into a bankruptcy situation — I'll have no choice," Stello said, adding his company doesn't have $200,000 to pay on the balance of the loan.
Stello said he currently employs 35 people between his two locations: his manufacturing plant on Pine Street and his warehouse located behind the post office, and both buildings contribute to the borough's tax rolls.
Stello said the fund did its job; it created jobs and helped the local economy.
"It helped us get it started, and now it's going to put us out of business," he said.
Stello said the Economic Loan Fund means nothing as far as the how the borough functions or in regard to borough monies.
"This was an independent Economic Loan Fund set up for manufacturers in the town of Punxsutawney," Stello said. "Basically, council has decided to put us out of business."
"We've tried to meet our obligations and continue to do so," Stello said, adding that council sent him a proposal, and he actually gave the borough more money than was requested from him.
"Everyone is going to lose here; the only person who will benefit will be Jay Lundy, the borough solicitor, because he'll make all the money as we go through the bankruptcy proceedings," Stello said.
Following an executive session, Larry Chenoga, Council president, said council will take everything Stello said at the meeting into consideration.
"That is all the comment we're going to make at this time," Chenoga said.
During the solicitor's report, council voted 6-1 to proceed with foreclosure proceedings against Stello Foods, with Bill Spencer voting no, and Story, Santik, Chenoga, Porada, Sherry and Lorenzo voting yes.
Following the vote, Stello said he was in shock.
Lundy said the reason for the foreclosure is that payments were not received as asked.
[1] mailto:email@example.com
[2] http://www.punxsutawneyspirit.com/sites/default/files/100912 Nick Stello.jpg


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Damonte Ranch 63, Sparks 18
Sparks was sluggish in the nightcap of Wednesday's doubleheader and never threatened the visiting Mustangs en route to the lopsided non-league loss.
Damonte Ranch (2-2) led 12-1 after the first quarter and outscored the Railroaders 28-15 in the second quarter to take a 40-16 lead into the half.
"I think we started slow because we played 32 minutes, earlier," Sparks coach Dan Schreiber said. "We just really couldn't find a rhythm. Their pressure caused a lot of problems in the backcourt for us and partly due to fatigue. We really were tired."
Kevin Borja's seven-foot jumper with 3:40 left in the fourth quarter, with a running clock, provided Sparks' only points of the second half. Borja finished with five points.
Damonte Ranch's Brett Cooper led all scorers with 18 points, all of which came in the first half. With his squad up 19-5 in the second quarter, Cooper hit three 3-pointers in less than two minutes to push the Mustangs' lead to 27-6.
Isaiah Campbell assumed his typical position as the Railroaders' leading scorer with 10 points.
"Like we told the kids, take the negative and turn it into a positive. We know what we are capable of doing," Schreiber said. "You have to use that approach because they have to see what their lowest point is. We're capable of playing pretty bad so we need to take that and move forward from it … It'll be that constant reminder we'll use as 'remember when.'"
Free throws have been an issue for Sparks in the early going of the season and Wednesday's nightcap was no different. The Railroaders hit only 9-of-18 attempts from the charity stripe.
"Free throws, we struggled again and that's a tired thing. You get up to the line and your legs aren't there and you're short or you're off to the left or right," Schreiber said. "They (Damonte) are bigger and more physical but our preseason is designed that way. When we get into league, we'll see a little bit better matchups."
West Wendover 53, Sparks 50
The Railroaders were unable to capitalize on a number of late opportunities and allowed a bucket with less than 10 seconds to break a 50-50 tie in a loss in their first game of the Rail City Classic.
"It was a very winnable game. We just didn't take care of the ball when we needed to," Schreiber said.
Campbell led all scorers with 18 points (12 from behind the arc).
Sparks was once again unable to take advantage of opportunities from the free-throw line, connecting on just 1-of-8 freebies.
"You get close games like that and you go back to those things (missed free throws) and it's not one play or one kid or one anything," Schreiber said. "It's just collectively you start looking at all the stats, put it together, and you can kind of draw a picture."
Kylar Sharp led West Wendover with 12 points, including five in the decisive fourth quarter.
The Railroaders host Wooster Thursday at 7:30 p.m. and will play the third-place finisher in the three-team pool (Reed, Wooster, Placer) once the double-elimination bracket starts Friday.


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The Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon Sights
- Overview
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Fodor's France 2014
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Promenade des Plantanes
- Address: Perpignan
- Location: Perpignan
Contact Information
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Most of the towns along the northern coastline of France were destroyed during WW2, but there is at least one notable exception -- the town of Mers-les-Bains in Picardy, which displays one of the most amazing Read more
In my wildest dream, i would never have guessed that my favorite niece and I would celebrate out big birthdays on the same year, or that we would do it in Paris in September!
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Transformative learning is at the core of the programs offered by AU's College of Arts and Sciences.
Our programs are designed to combine knowledge gained in the classroom with hands-on learning opportunities, like internships and research, that will uniquely prepare you to excel in your chosen field of study — and in life.
Our faculty members are approachable, dedicated teachers who are committed to helping you define your passion and to excel. The faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences are committed to AU's mission of providing an inclusive community dedicated to the transformative power of learning.
Undergraduate Programs
- Actuarial Science
- Art
- Biology
- Chemistry (minor)
- Communication
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- English
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- Museum Studies (minor)
- Music
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- Psychology
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Graduate Programs
- Master of Science in Mathematics
- Master of Arts in Math and Science Education for Elementary School Teachers*
- Master of Arts in Science Education*
- Master of Arts in Mathematics Education*


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Williams-Sonoma Cooking for Friends Cookbook
- Summary
Learn professional secrets for hosting simple, stylish gatherings that are as much fun for you as they are for your friends. In this cookbook, authors Alison Attenborough and Jamie Kimm share the signature recipes and entertaining strategies that come from their work as two of New York City's most sought-after personal chefs and food stylists. Their philosophy: use each season's freshest ingredients to prepare dishes you love – and rely on imaginative presentation to create festive flourishes. Many of these foolproof recipes teach you how to take one "master" dish and present it four different ways, customizing the flavors and style to suit the occasion. From creative cocktails and appetizers to impressive main courses, side dishes and desserts, the more than 265 beautifully-photographed recipes in this book will carry you through parties with ease and panache. Hardcover, 256 pages.
- Shipping
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This item is shipped from our warehouse by UPS to arrive within five business days of our receiving your order.
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text: MOVE is a behind-the-scenes look at the viral video KONY 2012, the organization behind it, and the movement that made Joseph Kony famous. To see what we hoped to achieve with MOVE, visit our campaign aims page. Read about what it will take to end the LRA conflict on our comprehensive approach section. For a full list of MOVE credits visit here.


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The sophomore likes that all of her classmates are friends, but she doesn't like that Faith doesn't have a big-school atmosphere and especially that it doesn't have a football team.
But Faith Christian is all Stephens knows. She has attended the school since kindergarten. In two years she will graduate, but has no idea what she wants to do then.
As for now, Stephens is a point guard on the basketball team and outside hitter on the volleyball team. In her spare time, she also sings in her church's youth chorus.
Recently, Stephens arrived at practice early to sit down with Anniston Star sports writer Brandon Miller and answer 10 questions.
Question: What's the best part about basketball?
Answer: Basketball here is like football at other schools. Basketball is the sport that everyone comes to. I love getting to play with my teammates, being confident in my game and hearing the crowd cheer us on.
Q: Are you more of a morning or night person?
A: Night. I'm grouchy in the morning and hate getting up. When I stay up, I get more hyper.
Q: Is it weird having homecoming during basketball season?
A: Yes. Well, it's not weird for me because I don't know any different, but walking on the basketball court.
Q: If you could meet anyone, who would you like to meet?
A: Pat Summitt. (Former Tennessee women's basketball coach.) I love the way she coached and of course because of the basketball thing. She was just like the perfect coach to me. And I'm a Tennessee fan, also, so that makes it that much better.
Q: What are you most looking forward to this season?
A: Adjusting to new coaches and a lot of new players. Our first game was Tuesday and the way we worked together as a team was a lot different than it's been in the past. Last year, it was more like everything on one person's shoulders, and Tuesday, things were a lot more balanced. We all scored, and all did our jobs. You could tell we were all passionate about it.
Q: Do you have any pets?
A: I have a dog named Pixie. She's a dachshund and 7 or 8. She's very playful and even though she's getting pretty old, she's always hyper.
Q: What's something you wish everyone knew about you?
A: Besides basketball, I guess it would be that singing is the other thing I'm passionate about. Some people know that, but most don't besides church people.
Q: Is basketball or volleyball your favorite sport to play?
A: Basketball. It's more of a physical sport and it's more complicated. It's more difficult. There's more to it.
Q: Do you read The Anniston Star?
A: Yes, definitely the sports section. I like reading stats, especially basketball stats. I like to see what everybody is doing.
Q: What's the best part about your basketball game?
A: I would say dribbling. A lot of girls can't dribble. I also have discipline and don't run around in circles and just jack up shots. There's a difference between boys and girls. Fundamentals are a big deal with girls.


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63-year-old in two-fatality crash is namedMarch 09,2013Local woman, 63,
named as fatality
QUECHEE A 63-year-old woman who was killed in a two-fatality crash Thursday in Quechee has been identified.
Nina Dimick of Woodstock was pronounced dead at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, N.H., after a crash that also killed Corey Daniels, 38, of Hartford.
Hartford Police said Dimick was driving east on Route 4 when she crossed the center line and struck the rear wheel of a utility trailer towed by Roger Cann, 71, of Macungie, Pa.
Dimick then hit Daniels vehicle head-on, police said. Cann was not hurt in the crash, but a teenager in his vehicle was injured.
Dimick was not identified at first while police were trying to reach her family.MORE IN This Just InStaff Report Full StoryStaff Report Full StoryThe Associated Press Full Story
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text:
Narrow your search
Tests to see if 4G LTE puts your Freeview on the fritz are coming to south-east London with a special number to ring if you are affected.
A group of small regional carriers say in an FCC filing that AT&T is using interference issues as an excuse to not build a 4G LTE network that interoperates with their 4G LTE network.
Agency tasked with overseeing military and government spectrum use says interference with other devices is unavoidable.
LightSquared, which plans to build a nationwide wireless broadband network, said that a government agency colluded with the GPS industry to find interference issues between GPS services and its own wireless broadband network.
At CES 2012, Jeff Bakalar checks out the latest gaming headphones that eliminates all Wi-Fi interference, the XP400's.
A report stating that LightSquared's wireless network interferes with most GPS devices has been officially released.
LightSquared says a new product developed in partnership with GPS manufacturer Javad GNSS and due out in November will eliminate interference problems with high-precision GPS devices.
The startup LightSquared, which is building a nationwide 4G LTE network, says that it has found a way to ensure that its service doesn't interfere with high-precision GPS gear.
LightSquared, which is building a nationwide 4G LTE network to compete with Verizon Wireless and AT&T, says it has come up with a solution to its GPS interference issues.
iSight FireWire interference


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Windsor Hills Top of the Line Luxury 5/5 Pool home in Disney Area
- bedrooms 5
- baths 5
- sleeps 12
- pool yes
- hot tub yes
- pets allowed no
- type House
- community Windsor Hills
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 1,155 - $ 1,785 / week
vacation rental description
Spacious huge, brand new luxurious vacation house, furnished with a platinum package by an interior designer, with 5 bedrooms and 5 bathrooms. Two bedrooms have king beds, one has a queen and the other two have twin beds and each bedroom has an LCD TV and a private bath. Check out the themed bedrooms. The living room has a 50" LCD TV, home theater system and an X-Box/DVD Player. Walk out from your living room thru the sliders to your own private pool and hot tub. The villa comes complete with a game room with foosball, pool, and air hockey! Pool heat is recommended year round for just $25-30/night. This must be scheduled prior to your arrival.
vacation rental location
property availability
- dates with deals
- unavailable dates
Last modified on 03-24-2014 at 5:58 PM.
email owner view full calendar
Connie 407-312-3039
house rental amenities
Windsor Hills Reserve includes a 10,000 sq. ft. Clubhouse with a huge lagoon-style pool complete with a water slide and a hot tub; a toddler pool; state of the art fitness center, 40-seat high definition theater; video arcade; and billiards; and a computer lounge with full internet access. In addition, within Windsor Hills, there is a large Castle Playground; small playgrounds throughout; sand volleyball and tennis courts; a putting green; baskeball and tennis courts; an RV parking area; and an on-site sundry store. All of this is free of use for you and your guests staying within the Windsor Hills resort. There now is also an internet cafe available at the Clubhouse.
Next to Windsor Hills, within a 2 mile radius, a Publix grocery store, 24 hour Walgreen's and supermarket, and restaurants for all budgets are available. There is also a concierge service at the Clubhouse and a shuttle service avaible from Windsor Hills to all of the parks (shedule of times and fees available at the Clubhouse).
activities and attractions in Disney Area Central Florida
2 miles from Disney's gates; Next to the famous Mystic Dunes Golf Coourse; 15 minutes to Sea World and the new Aquatica; 20 minutes to Universal Studios; 20 miles from Orlando International Airport (MCO); approximately 1 hour from Daytona Beach and Daytona Speedway; approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour to Cocoa Beach.
vacation rental rates
Rates (in US Dollars): Personal Currency Assistant™
Low Season....Jan, May, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec for $195/night
High Season.....Feb, Mar, Apr, Jun, Jul for $225/night
Holiday Season....Thanksgiving, Easter, Christmas, New Years $255/night
Special Deal Discount Available $165/night at times. Inquire!
Pool heat added for $25-30/night. Recommended anytime except summer.
This brings the pool temperature up to 104 degrees.
$125-150 Cleaning fee applies.
13% tax is applied to every reservation.
10% off for reservations of 2 weeks or more.
Connie 407-312-3039
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.Learn more in our Security Center
Top things to do in Disney Area
- Magic Kingdom
- Epcot
- Animal Kingdom
- Hollywood Studios
- Blizzard Beach
Top things to do on a budget
- Downtown Disney
- City Walk
- Resort movie theatre--free
- Resort Billard tables
- Resort basketball or volleyball
Top things to do with a family
- Amusement Parks
- Resort Pool
- Resort Movie Theatre
- Resort Putting Green
- Resort BBQ picnic area
Connie , owner


text:
Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you have any questions or comments about this page please contact email@example.com.
SOURCE Global Business Travel Association
Senator Landrieu Says There Will Always Be A Place for Doing Business In-Person
ALEXANDRIA, Va., Feb. 11, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Senator Mary L. Landrieu (D-LA) delivered the opening keynote at The Masters Program 2014 last night in Washington, D.C. Attendees listened to Senator Landrieu discuss her background and family history in politics as well as her efforts supporting business travel in her roles as Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee, Chair of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security and as a member of the Energy and Natural Resources, and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs committees.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110609/DC16833LOGO)
"You can do a lot on the internet, but there is never going to be a complete substitute for shaking hands, looking each other in the eye and doing business," said Senator Landrieu.
Senator Landrieu said that growing up in Louisiana gave her an inherent understanding of the importance of every aspect of travel. She added that she spends a great deal of time talking to her colleagues in the Senate about the $1.12 trillion business travel industry. She highlighted her work with TSA and Customs and Border Protection, but said that while it is important to maintain security, we also have to keep our country open for business. The United States is the model for the rest of the world and has to demonstrate that confidence.
The Masters Program continues today featuring international best-selling author Jim Collins, VerbalizeIt Co-Founder and CEO Ryan Frankel, Skyscanner Co-Founder and CEO Gareth Williams, KDS CEO Dean Forbes, GroundLink CEO Dean Sivley, American Express Executive Vice President and General Manager Pamela Codispoti and Concur CEO Steve Singh.
This annual event brings together the best and brightest minds in the business world for the ultimate networking and learning experience by attracting business leaders, innovators and experts seeking to exchange ideas and share fresh perspectives on strategic leadership and global business thinking. For more information, visit gbta.org
About the Global Business Travel Association
The Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) is the world's premier business travel and meetings organization. Collectively, GBTA's 6,000-plus members manage over $340 billion of global business travel and meetings expenditures annually. GBTA provides its network of 21,000 business and government travel and meetings managers, as well as travel service providers, with networking events, news, education & professional development, research, and advocacy. For more information, visit gbta.org.
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


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Animal communication
Animal communication is any transfer of information on the part of one or more animals that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. The study of animal communication — sometimes called zoosemiotics (defined as the study of sign communication or semiosis in animals; distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) — has played an important part in ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition.
Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study. Even in the 21st century, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture, learning and even animal sexual behaviour, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.
- 1 Modes
- 2 Functions
- 3 Interpretation
- 4 Intraspecific
- 5 Interspecific
- 6 Other aspects
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
- Gestures: The best known form of communication involves the display of distinctive body parts, or distinctive bodily movements; often these occur in combination, so a distinctive movement acts to reveal or emphasize a distinctive body part. For example, the presentation of a parent Herring Gull's bill to its chick signals feeding time. Like many gulls, the Herring Gull has a brightly coloured bill, yellow with a red spot on the lower mandible near the tip. When it returns to the nest with food, the parent stands over its chick and taps the bill on the ground in front of it; this elicits a begging response from a hungry chick (pecking at the red spot), which stimulates the parent to regurgitate food in front of it. The complete signal therefore involves a distinctive morphological feature (body part), the red-spotted bill, and a distinctive movement (tapping towards the ground) which makes the red spot highly visible to the chick. While all primates use some form of gesture,[1] Frans de Waal came to the conclusion that apes and humans are unique in that only they are able use intentional gestures to communicate. He tested the hypothesis of gesture evolving into language by studying the gestures of bonobos and chimps.
- Facial expression: Facial gestures play an important role in animal communication. Dogs for example express anger through snarling and showing their teeth. In alarm their ears will perk up. When fearful, dogs will pull back their ears, expose their teeth slightly and squint their eyes. Jeffrey Mogil studied the facial expressions of mice during increments of increasing pain; there were five recognizable facial expressions; orbital tightening, nose and cheek bulge, and changes in ear and whisker carriage.[2]
- Gaze following: Coordination among social animals is facilitated by monitoring of each other's head and eye orientation. Long recognized in human developmental studies as an important component of communication, there has recently begun to be much more attention on the abilities of animals to follow the gaze of those they interact with, whether members of their own species or humans. Studies have been conducted on apes, monkeys, dogs, birds, and tortoises, and have focused on two different tasks: "follow[ing] another's gaze into distant space" and "follow[ing] another's gaze geometrically around a visual barrier e.g. by repositioning themselves to follow a gaze cue when faced with a barrier blocking their view". The first ability has been found among a broad range of animals, while the second has been demonstrated only for apes, dogs (and wolves), and corvids (ravens), and attempts to demonstrate this "geometric gaze following" in marmosets and ibis gave negative results. Researchers do not yet have a clear picture of the cognitive basis of gaze following abilities, but developmental evidence indicates that "simple" gaze following and "geometric" gaze following are likely to rely on distinct cognitive foundations.[3]
- Active visual displays. Some cephalopods, such as the octopus and the cuttlefish, have specialized skin cells (chromatophores) that can change the apparent colour, opacity, and reflectiveness of their skin.[4] In addition to being used for camouflage, rapid changes in skin colour are used while hunting and in courtship rituals.[5] The colour changes in cuttlefish can be especially intricate as they are able to communicate two entirely different signals simultaneously from opposite sides of their body. When a male cuttlefish courts a female in the presence of other males, he displays two different sides: a male pattern facing the female, and a female pattern facing away, to deceive other males.[6]
- Passive visual displays. Many animals communicate information about themselves without necessarily changing their behaviour. For example, sexual dimorphism in size or pelage communicates which sex the animal is. Other passive signals can be cyclical in nature. For example, in olive baboons, the beginning of the female's ovulation is a signal to the males that she is ready to mate. During ovulation, the skin of the female's anogenital area swells and turns a bright red/pink.[7]
- Bioluminescent communication. Communication by the production of light occurs commonly in vertebrates and invertebrates in the oceans, particularly at depths (e.g. angler fish). Two well known forms of land bioluminescence are fireflies and glow worms. Other insects, insect larvae, annelids, arachnids and even species of fungi possess bioluminescent abilities. Some bioluminescent animals produce the light themselves whereas others have a symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria. (See also: List of bioluminescent organisms)
Many animals communicate through vocalizations. Communication through vocalization is essential for many tasks including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. Male mating calls are used to signal the female and to beat competitors in species such as hammer-headed bats, red deers, humpback whales and elephant seals.[8] In whale species whale song has been found to have different dialects based on location.[9] Other instances of communication include the warning cries of the Campbell monkey,[10] the territorial calls of gibbons, the use of frequency in greater spear-nosed bats to distinguish between groups.[11] Another example of an animal that uses auditory warning cries is the Vervet monkey. The Vervet monkey gives an acoustically distinct warning cry when each of its four different predators is sighted. Whichever warning cry is issued influences how the other monkeys react. For example, the Vervet monkey has separate warning cries for pythons and eagles because the response to each predator has to be different. If the warning cry for python is given then the monkeys climb trees to be out of reach of the snake, and if the warning cry for eagle is given then the monkeys get low to the ground and try to hide underneath of things. It is important for the different warning cries to be distinguished so that the monkeys can recognize the calls and have the appropriate response. Prairie dogs also have very complex communication when it comes to predator communication. According to Con Slobodchikoff and others, prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is, how big it is and how fast it is approaching. This is by no means a complete list, there are many different animals that use auditory communication.
Less obvious to most humans is olfactory communication. Many mammals, in particular, have glands that generate distinctive and long-lasting smells, and have corresponding behaviors that leave these smells in places where they have been. Often the scented substance is introduced into urine or feces. Sometimes it is distributed through sweat, though this does not leave a semi-permanent mark as scents deposited on the ground do. Some animals have glands on their bodies whose sole function appears to be to deposit scent marks: for example Mongolian gerbils have a scent gland on their stomachs, and a characteristic ventral rubbing action that deposits scent from it. Golden hamsters and cats have scent glands on their flanks, and deposit scent by rubbing their sides against objects; cats also have scent glands on their foreheads. Bees carry with them a pouch of material from the hive which they release as they re-enter, the smell of which indicates that they are a member of the hive and grants their safe entry. Ants use pheromones to create scent trails to food as well as for alarm calls, mate attraction and to distinguish between colonies. Additionally, they have pheromones that are used to confuse an enemy and manipulate them into fighting with each other.[12] Some fish such as minnows communicate by chemical signals detected by olfactory nerves.
A rare form of animal communication is electrocommunication. It is seen primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the platypus and echidnas are capable of electroreception and thus theoretically of electrocommunication.[13]
Sometimes called vibrational communication, this mode of communication describes the conveying of information through seismic vibrations of the substrate. The substrate may be the earth, a plant stem or leaf, the surface of a body of water, a spider's web, a honeycomb, or any of the myriad types of soil substrates. Vibrational communication is an ancient sensory modality and it is widespread in the animal kingdom where it has evolved several times independently. It has been reported in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, arachnids, crustaceans and nematode worms.[14] Vibrations and other communication channels are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but can be used in multi-modal communication. Vibrational gestures have also been observed in insects. An example of this is seen by bees in their waggle dance. A bee that has found food performs this waggle dance to the other bees in the hive to direct them to where the food is. The bee repeatedly walks in a figure 8 motion while shaking its abdomen. The direction and waggle duration corresponds to the direction and distance to the food from the hive. This tells the other bees exactly how to find the food once they leave the hive.
Autocommunication is a term used when the sender and receiver of the signal is the same animal. Examples include echolocation in bats and dolphins, and active electrolocation in weakly electric fish.
While there are as many kinds of communication as there are kinds of social behaviour, a number of functions have been studied in particular detail. They include:
- Agonistic interactions: everything to do with contests and aggression between individuals. Many species have distinctive threat displays that are made during competition over food, mates or territory; much bird song functions in this way. Often there is a matched submission display, which the threatened individual will make if it is acknowledging the social dominance of the threatener; this has the effect of terminating the aggressive episode and allowing the dominant animal unrestricted access to the resource in dispute. Some species also have affiliative displays which are made to indicate that a dominant animal accepts the presence of another.
- Mating rituals: signals made by members of one sex to attract or maintain the attention of potential mate, or to cement a pair bond. These frequently involve the display of body parts, body postures (gazelles assume characteristic poses as a signal to initiate mating), or the emission of scents or calls, that are unique to the species, thus allowing the individuals to avoid mating with members of another species which would be infertile. Animals that form lasting pair bonds often have symmetrical displays that they make to each other: famous examples are the mutual presentation of reeds by Great Crested Grebes, studied by Julian Huxley, the triumph displays shown by many species of geese and penguins on their nest sites and the spectacular courtship displays by birds of paradise and manakins.
- Ownership/territorial: signals used to claim or defend a territory, food, or a mate.
- Food-related signals: many animals make "food calls" that attract a mate, or offspring, or members of a social group generally to a food source. When parents are feeding offspring, the offspring often have begging responses (particularly when there are many offspring in a clutch or litter - this is well known in altricial songbirds, for example). Perhaps the most elaborate food-related signal is the Waggle dance of honeybees studied by Karl von Frisch. Young ravens signal to older, more experienced ravens when they come across new or untested food. Pheromones can also be released by many social insects to lead the other members of the society to the food source. Ants are one of the best examples of pheromone use. Ants leave a pheromone trail on the ground that can be followed by other ants to lead them to the food source.
- Alarm calls: signals made in the presence of a threat from a predator, allowing all members of a social group (and often members of other species) to run for cover, become immobile, or gather into a group to reduce the risk of attack. Alarm signals are not always vocalized. An example of this is that crushed ants release an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from further away.
- Meta-communications: signals that modify the meaning of subsequent signals. One example is the 'play face' in dogs which signals that a subsequent aggressive signal is part of a play fight rather than a serious aggressive episode.
While many gestures and actions have common, stereotypical meanings, animal communication is often more complex and subtle than at first seems; the same gesture may have multiple meanings depending on context and other behaviours. Because of this, generalizations such as "X means Y" are often, but not always accurate. For example, even a domestic dog's simple tail wag may be used in subtly different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872.
Combined with other body language, in a specific context, many gestures e.g. yawns, direction of vision, all convey meaning. Thus statements that a particular action "means" something, should always be interpreted as "often means". As with human beings, who may smile or hug or stand a particular way for multiple reasons, many animals also re-use gestures.[15]
Much animal communication occurs between members of the species and this is the context in which it has been most intensively studied. Most of the forms and functions of communication described above are relevant to intraspecific communication.
Many examples of communication take place between members of different species. Animals communicate to other animals with various signs: visual, sound, echolocation, vibrations, body language, and smell.
Prey to predator[edit]
If a prey animal moves, makes a noise or vibrations, or emits a smell in such a way that a predator can detect it, this is consistent with the definition of "communication" given above. This type of communication is known as interceptive eavesdropping, where a predator intercepts the message being conveyed to conspecifics.
There are however, some actions of prey species that are clearly communications to actual or potential predators. A good example is warning colouration: species such as wasps that are capable of harming potential predators are often brightly coloured, and this modifies the behaviour of the predator, who either instinctively or as the result of experience will avoid attacking such an animal. Some forms of mimicry fall in the same category: for example hoverflies are coloured in the same way as wasps, and although they are unable to sting, the strong avoidance of wasps by predators gives the hoverfly some protection. There are also behavioural changes that act in a similar way to warning colouration. For example, canines such as wolves and coyotes may adopt an aggressive posture, such as growling with their teeth bared, to indicate they will fight if necessary, and rattlesnakes use their well-known rattle to warn potential predators of their venomous bite. Sometimes, a behavioural change and warning colouration will be combined, as in certain species of amphibians which have most of their body coloured to blend with their surroundings, except for a brightly coloured belly. When confronted with a potential threat, they show their belly, indicating that they are poisonous in some way.
Another example of prey to predator communication is the pursuit-deterrent signal. Pursuit-deterrent signals occur when prey indicates to a predator that pursuit would be unprofitable because the signaler is prepared to escape. Pursuit-deterrent signals provide a benefit to both the signaler and receiver; they prevent the sender from wasting time and energy fleeing, and they prevent the receiver from investing in a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. Such signals can advertise prey's ability to escape, and reflect phenotypic condition (quality advertisement), or can advertise that the prey has detected the predator (perception advertisement). Pursuit-deterrent signals have been reported for a wide variety of taxa, including fish (Godin and Davis, 1995), lizards (Cooper et al., 2004), ungulates (Caro, 1995), rabbits (Holley 1993), primates (Zuberbuhler et al. 1997), rodents (Shelley and Blumstein 2005, Clark, 2005), and birds (Alvarez, 1993, Murphy, 2006, 2007). A familiar example of quality advertisement pursuit-deterrent signal is stotting (sometimes called pronking), a pronounced combination of stiff-legged running while simultaneously jumping shown by some antelopes such as Thomson's gazelle in the presence of a predator. At least 11 hypotheses for stotting have been proposed. A leading theory today is that it alerts predators that the element of surprise has been lost. Predators like cheetahs rely on surprise attacks, proven by the fact that chases are rarely successful when antelope stot. Predators do not waste energy on a chase that will likely be unsuccessful (optimal foraging behaviour). Quality advertisement can be communicated by modes other than visual. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex foot-drumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The foot-drumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys vibrations through the ground that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit.[16]
Predator to prey[edit]
Typically, predators attempt to reduce communication to prey as this will generally reduce the effectiveness of their hunting. However, some forms of predator to prey communication occur in ways that change the behaviour of the prey and make their capture easier, i.e. deception by the predator. A well-known example is the angler fish, which has a fleshy bioluminescent growth protruding from its forehead and dangling in front of its jaws; smaller fish attempt to take the lure and by doing so, place themselves in a better position for the angler fish to catch them. Another example of deceptive communication is observed in the genus of jumping spiders (Myrmarachne). These spiders are commonly referred to as "antmimicking spiders" because of the way they wave their front legs in the air to simulate antennae.
Various ways in which humans interpret the behaviour of domestic animals, or give commands to them, are consistent with the definition of interspecies communication. Depending on the context, they might be considered to be predator to prey communication, or to reflect forms of commensalism. The recent experiments on animal language are perhaps the most sophisticated attempt yet to establish human/animal communication, though their relation to natural animal communication is uncertain. Lacking in the study of human-animal communication is a focus on expressive communication from animal to human specifically. Horses are taught not to communicate (for safety).[citation needed] Dogs and horses are generally not encouraged to communicate expressively, but are encouraged to develop receptive language (understanding). Since the late 1990s, one scientist, Sean Senechal, has been developing, studying, and using the learned visible, expressive language in dogs and horses. By teaching these animals a gestural (human made) American Sign Language-like language, the animals have been found to use the new signs on their own to get what they need.[17]
Other aspects[edit]
The importance of communication is evident from the highly elaborate morphology, behaviour and physiology that some animals have evolved to facilitate this. These include some of the most striking structures in the animal kingdom, such as the peacock's tail, the antlers of a stag and the frill of the frill-necked lizard, but also include even the modest red spot on a European Herring Gull's bill. Highly elaborate behaviours have evolved for communication such as the dancing of cranes, the pattern changes of cuttlefish, and the gathering and arranging of materials by bowerbirds. Other evidence for the importance of communication in animals is the prioritisation of physiological features to this function, for example, birdsong appears to have brain structures entirely devoted to its production. All these adaptations require evolutionary explanation.
There are two aspects to the required explanation:
- identifying a route by which an animal that lacked the relevant feature or behaviour could acquire it;
- identifying the selective pressure that makes it adaptive for animals to develop structures that facilitate communication, emit communications, and respond to them.
Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by Konrad Lorenz and other early ethologists. By comparing related species within groups, they showed that movements and body parts that in the primitive forms had no communicative function could be "captured" in a context where communication would be functional for one or both partners, and could evolve into a more elaborate, specialised form. For example, Desmond Morris showed in a study of grass finches[citation needed] that a beak-wiping response occurred in a range of species, serving a preening function, but that in some species this had been elaborated into a courtship signal.
The second problem has been more controversial. The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of group selection which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the evolution of sexually reproducing animals. Altruism towards an unrelated group is not widely accepted in the scientific community, but rather can be seen as reciprocal altruism, expecting the same behaviour from others, a benefit of living in a group. Sociobiologists argued that behaviours that benefited a whole group of animals might emerge as a result of selection pressures acting solely on the individual. A gene-centered view of evolution proposes that behaviours that enabled a gene to become wider established within a population would become positively selected for, even if their effect on individuals or the species as a whole was detrimental;[18]
In the case of communication, an important discussion by John Krebs and Richard Dawkins established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently altruistic or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection. This led to the realisation that communication might not always be "honest" (indeed, there are some obvious examples where it is not, as in mimicry). The possibility of evolutionarily stable dishonest communication has been the subject of much controversy, with Amotz Zahavi in particular arguing that it cannot exist in the long term. Sociobiologists have also been concerned with the evolution of apparently excessive signalling structures such as the peacock's tail; it is widely thought that these can only emerge as a result of sexual selection, which can create a positive feedback process that leads to the rapid exaggeration of a characteristic that confers an advantage in a competitive mate-selection situation.
One theory to explain the evolution of traits like a peacock's tail is 'runaway selection'. This requires two traits - a trait that exists, like the bright tail, and a prexisting bias in the female to select for that trait. Females prefer the more elaborate tails, and thus those males are able to mate successfully. Exploiting the psychology of the female, a positive feedback loop is enacted and the tail becomes bigger and brighter. Eventually, the evolution will level off because the survival costs to the male do not allow for the trait to be elaborated any further. Two theories exist to explain runaway selection. The first is the good genes hypothesis. This theory states that an elaborate display is an honest signal of fitness and truly is a better mate. The second is the handicap hypothesis. This explains that the peacock's tail is a handicap, requiring energy to keep and makes it more visible to predators. Regardless, the individual is able to survive, even though its genes are not as good per se.
Cognitive aspects[edit]
Ethologists and sociobiologists have characteristically analysed animal communication in terms of more or less automatic responses to stimuli, without raising the question of whether the animals concerned understand the meaning of the signals they emit and receive. That is a key question in animal cognition. There are some signalling systems that seem to demand a more advanced understanding. A much discussed example is the use of alarm calls by vervet monkeys. Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney showed that these animals emit different alarm calls in the presence of different predators (leopards, eagles, and snakes), and the monkeys that hear the calls respond appropriately - but that this ability develops over time, and also takes into account the experience of the individual emitting the call. Metacommunication, discussed above, also seems to require a more sophisticated cognitive process.
It has been reported [19] that bottlenose dolphins can recognize identity information from whistles even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. The paper concludes that:
The fact that signature whistle shape carries identity information independent from voice features presents the possibility to use these whistles as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to them, similar to the use of names in humans. Given the cognitive abilities of bottlenose dolphins, their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fission–fusion social structure, this possibility is an intriguing one that demands further investigation.—V. M. Janik, et al. [19]
Animal communication and human behaviour[edit]
Another controversial issue is the extent to which humans have behaviours that resemble animal communication, or whether all such communication has disappeared as a result of our linguistic capacity. Some of our bodily features - eyebrows, beards and moustaches, deep adult male voices, perhaps female breasts - strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Ethologists such as Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt have argued that facial gestures such as smiling, grimacing, and the eyebrow flash on greeting are universal human communicative signals that can be related to corresponding signals in other primates. Given the recency with which spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human body language does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we see in other animals.
Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with the animals. For example, cats have a mild affiliative response involving closing their eyes; humans often close their eyes towards a pet cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.
Dogs have shown an ability to understand communication from a species other than their own, specifically human communication. They were able to use human communicative gestures such as pointing and looking to find hidden food and toys.[20]
A new approach in the 21st century of studying animal communication uses applied behavioral analysis (ABA), specifically Functional Communication Training (FCT). This FCT previously has been used in schools and clinics with humans with special needs, such as children with autism, to help them develop language. Sean Senechal, at the AnimalSign Center has been using an approach similar to this FCT with domesticated animals, such as dogs (since 2004) and horses (since 2000) with encouraging results and benefits to the animals and people. Functional communication training for animals, Senechal calls "AnimalSign Language". This includes teaching communication through gestures (like simplified American sign language), Picture Exchange Communication System, tapping, and vocalisation. The process for animals includes simplified and modified techniques.
Animal communication and linguistics[edit]
For linguistics, the interest of animal communication systems lies in their similarities to and differences from human language:
- Human languages are characterized for having a double articulation (in the characterization of French linguist André Martinet). It means that complex linguistic expressions can be broken down in meaningful elements (such as morphemes and words), which in turn are composed of smallest phonetic elements that affect meaning, called phonemes. Animal signals, however, do not exhibit this dual structure.
- In general, animal utterances are responses to external stimuli, and do not refer to matters removed in time and space. Matters of relevance at a distance, such as distant food sources, tend to be indicated to other individuals by body language instead, for example wolf activity before a hunt, or the information conveyed in honeybee dance language. It is therefore unclear to what extent utterances are automatic responses and to what extent deliberate intent plays a part.
- In contrast to human language, animal communication systems are usually not able to express conceptual generalizations. (Cetaceans and some primates may be notable exceptions).
- Human languages combine elements to produce new messages (a property known as creativity). One factor in this is that much human language growth is based upon conceptual ideas and hypothetical structures, both being far greater capabilities in humans than animals. This appears far less common in animal communication systems, although current research into animal culture is still an ongoing process with many new discoveries.
A recent and interesting area of development is the discovery that the use of syntax in language, and the ability to produce "sentences", is not limited to humans either. The first good evidence of syntax in non-humans, reported[21] in 2006, is from the greater spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans) of Nigeria. This is the first evidence that some animals can take discrete units of communication, and build them up into a sequence which then carries a different meaning from the individual "words":
- The greater spot-nosed monkeys have two main alarm sounds. A sound known onomatopoeiacally as the "pyow" warns against a lurking leopard, and a coughing sound that scientists call a "hack" is used when an eagle is flying nearby.
- "Observationally and experimentally we have demonstrated that this sequence [of up to three 'pyows' followed by up to four 'hacks'] serves to elicit group movement... the 'pyow-hack' sequence means something like 'let's go!' [a command telling others to move]... The implications are that primates at least may be able to ignore the usual relationship between an individual alarm call, and the meaning it might convey under certain circumstances... To our knowledge this is the first good evidence of a syntax-like natural communication system in a non-human species."
Similar results have also recently been reported in the Campbell's Mona Monkey.[22]
See also[edit]
- Animal consciousness
- Anthrozoology (human–animal studies)
- Biocommunication
- Biosemiotics
- Dear enemy effect and Nasty neighbour effect
- Deception in animals
- Emotion in animals
- Forms of activity and interpersonal relations
- International Society for Biosemiotic Studies
- Origin of language
- Origin of speech
- Sir Philip Sidney game
- Zoomusicology
- ^ de Waal
- ^ Langford, D.J. et al., (2010). Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nature Methods, May 9th. pp. 1-3. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1455
- ^ Range F. and Virányi, Z. (2011). Development of gaze following abilities in wolves (Canis Lupus). PLoS ONE 6(2): e16888. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016888
- ^ Cloney, R.A. & E. Florey 1968. Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs. Z. Zellforsch Mikrosk. Anat. 89: 250-280. PMID 5700268
- ^ Hanlon, R.T.; Messenger, J.B. (1996). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-521-64583-2.
- ^ Williams, Sarah (2012). "Two-faced fish tricks competitors". Science Now. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- ^ Motluk, Alison (2001). "Big Bottom". New Scientist 19 (7).
- ^ Slabbekoorn, Hans, Smith, Thomas B. "Bird song, ecology and speciation." Philosophical Transactions: Biology Sciences 357.1420 (2002). 493-503.
- ^ Carey, Bjorn. Whales Found to Speak in Dialects. Live Science. 3 Jan. 2006.
- ^ Zuberbühler, Klause. "Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50.5 (2001). 414-442
- ^ Boughman, Janette W. "Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats." Proceedings: Biological Sciences 265.1392 (1998). 227-233
- ^ Bickerton, Derek. Adam's Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2009. Print
- ^ "Electrocommunication". Davidson College. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ Hill, P.S.M., (2008). Vibrational Communication in Animals. Harvard, Cambridge, London
- ^ Burnie, David (1991). Animal Behavior Communication. New York, NY: Aladdin Books. ISBN 1-57335-167-9.
- ^ "Web of Life:Vibrational communication in animals". Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ Sean Senechal: Dogs can sign, too. A breakthrough method of teaching your dog to communicate to you, 2009, Random House/Crown/TenSpeed Press
- ^ discussed at length by Richard Dawkins under the subject of his book The Selfish Gene
- ^ a b V. M. Janik, L. S. Sayigh, and R. S. Wells: "Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103 no 21, May 23, 2006
- ^ Hare, B., Call, J. & Tomasello, M.: "Communication of food location between human and dog (Canis familiaris).", Evolution of Communication, 2, 137–159, 1998.
- ^ The Times May 18, 2006, p.3
- ^ Brandon Kiem. "Rudiments of Language Discovered in Monkeys". Wiredscience. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
External links[edit]
- Animal Communicator - Documentary
- The Elgin Center for Zoosemiotic Research
- Zoosemiotics: animal communication on the web
- The Animal Communication Project
- International Bioacoustics Council research on animal language.
- Animal Sounds different animal sounds to listen and download.
- The British Library Sound Archive contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from all over the world.


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The Institute for Disaster and Emergency Preparedness is a regional and national resource center focused on interdisciplinary training, information dissemination, and technical assistance related to all-hazards preparedness in a global society.
We work closely with state and national agencies to develop and distribute its educational programs and services. It began as taskforce shortly after 9/11, becoming a center in 2002. IDEP is the recent recipient of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) grants from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) to develop and implement interdisciplinary bioterrorism and all-hazards preparedness curriculum for health professional students as well as continuing education for 37,000 health care professionals and health care workers in South Florida.
For the latter, Nova Southeastern University is partnering with neighboring Broward College to provide all-hazards training to health care professionals and health care workers who require two years or less to earn their degrees or certificates.
Bioterrorism and all-hazards training for nurses in the state's public and private schools is supported through a contract from the Florida Department of Health.
Our Goals
- National Incident Management System (NIMS) compliant interdisciplinary all-hazards training at the standardized awareness, intermediate, advanced, and executive levels for health service workers, providers, staff, and volunteers.
- Awareness training on the needs of vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations (e.g., the elderly, children, pregnant women, persons with mental and physical disabilities, the homeless, tourists/visitors, migrant workers).
- Appropriate training in English and Spanish utilizing multiple instructional delivery methods.


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MIAMI SHORES, Fla.—About halfway between Fort Lauderdale and Miami lies Barry University, where Alabama will be having all of its BCS practices this week as it prepares for Monday's national championship against Notre Dame.
Thursday, both the Crimson Tide and Fighting Irish had their first practices in South Florida. Bama's was at Buccaneer Field, a soccer complex, as Barry doesn't have a football field.
The weather was perfection. Blue skies and high 70s/low 80s. The media was granted 15 minutes to watch, so here are some observations:
--Center Barrett Jones (sprained foot) was dressed in full gear and practicing. Towards the end of the viewing period, Jones went over to the sideline to work with a trainer. Probably standard cautionary treatment that's part of the healing process. The offensive linemen were practicing at the furthest point of the complex, so it was hard to gauge whether Jones was limping or favoring his injury. But he was in a normal jersey, so that's a good sign.
Not to mention at this morning's interview session, Jones said, "I feel great, I feel great."
Another noteworthy bit about Jones' injury is during this morning's interviews, quarterback A.J. McCarron said he had no idea Jones was hurting throughout the SEC Championship game.
"I did not know that he was even hurt during the Georgia game, so that should let you know how he played," McCarron said. "I'm not concerned at all about him playing this weekend."
--Linebacker Denzel Devall (knee) wore a normal jersey and practiced during the viewing session. He's showing signs of improvement.
--Nose guard Jesse Williams (knee) wore a knee brace, but didn't show signs of weakness while working through drills.
--Wide receiver Kenny Bell, who broke his leg five-and-a-half weeks ago against Auburn, looked good. Though still not cleared for contact, Bell participated in every drill and made some nice catches. After one in particular, McCarron yelled, "Look at No. 7! Put him in the game, coach!" The two are close friends and had a fun Twitter squabble last night when Bell stole the quarterback's phone.
"Me and him are always great friends and we've always been ever since we came in together," McCarron said when asked about the phone hijacking. "But yeah, he likes to play jokes on me. We got back and forth. He got me last night."
--Safety Jarrick Williams (knee) is still wearing a black non-contact jersey. As expected, we probably won't see him play against Notre Dame.
Below is a video of the sights and sounds of today's practice.
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BERWICK, Pa.—Federal officials are examining a nuclear plant in northeastern Pennsylvania following three unexpected shutdowns.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission sent an inspection team to the Susquehanna power facility on Monday.
The most recent shutdown occurred Dec. 19 after a valve failed to open during plant startup. Officials say that temporarily interrupted the water supply to the Unit 2 reactor.
A commission statement says while the incident posed no immediate safety threat, it raises questions in the wake of two other unplanned shutdowns on Nov. 9 and Dec. 16.
The facility near Berwick is operated by Allentown-based PPL Corp. A PPL spokesman says the plant was always in a stable and safe condition.
The nuclear agency says its inspection will focus on operator performance, equipment reliability and decision-making.


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Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) offered Special Direct Consolidation Loans to eligible borrowers with
- at least one student loan held by ED—a Direct Loan or a Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program loan owned by ED and serviced by one of ED's servicers—and
- at least one commercially-held FFEL Program loan (a FFEL Program loan that is owned by a FFEL lender and serviced either by that lender or by a servicer contracted by that lender).
Please visit our Consolidation page if you are interested in learning about other options for combining your federal student loans. If you have already applied for a Special Direct Consolidation Loan and have questions, please visit the Student Loans website or contact your loan servicer.


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New Arrivals
mouse over photo to zoom click for larger image
Black/White Faux Pearl Torsade Necklace
Buy 1 Jewelry Item, Get 1 Jewelry Item 25% Off
A rich twist of white faux pearls, faceted jet and foil finished crystals wrapped with modern links. Contrasting tones and textures deliver a harmonious mix.
- Approximately 18"-20" with extender.
- Lobster claw clasp.
- Glass crystals and beads; acrylic pearls. Silvertone metal.
- Custom designed exclusively for WHBM. Handcrafted with nickel-free and lead-free metal.


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Narrow your search
The Elgato Thunderbolt Dock isn't cheap, but it adds a load of crucial ports to your Apple MacBook.
Pricing not available
Versatile, good-looking, and fast enough for most applications, the Buffalo MiniStation Thunderbolt HD-PATU3 makes an excellent buy for those looking for a portable Thunderbolt storage device.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 (Verizon Wireless) features quite a different color scheme compared to the original's stark white. I'd say that's reason enough for some new pics.
An interface bug in the OS X Network system preferences shows unconventional port string formats, but does not affect OS X performance.
A follow-up to 9to5Mac's report on developer Steven Troughton-Smith's porting of Siri to an iPhone 4 reveals that another developer, Ryan Petrich, has created a scenario for Siri to function on an iPhone 3GS, though performance is not very good.
Purported shots of Apple's yet-to-be-announced 13-inch Retina MacBook Pro show few changes from its larger sibling.
The dock on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod could be getting a big or, rather, little makeover soon, if a new rumor is to be believed.
If you do not have an iPhone 4S, Apple says Siri is not for you. A new, Apple-implemented connection requirement has stymied third-party Siri servers that have attempted to bring the popular voice recognition assistant to older iPhones.
The Acer Aspire S5 is an incredibly thin and light ultrabook that hides its ports, including Thunderbolt, behind a clever motorized door.
Galaxy S2 and Optimus 3D ports show up just days after the release of Android 4.0 source code.


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Diana Vickers Videos
Home > Music > V > Vickers, Diana > Videos
Now Playing: Diana Vickers reveals the truth about her and Eoghen
Diana Vickers Sports a Tomboy Bikini at Ocean Beach Ibiza Party
2013-08-07 Diana Vickers Shows Off Her Bikini Body
2013-03-29 Cheryl 'sacking': X Factor stars react
2011-05-27 Celebrity Wardrobe Tricks for Spring Fashion 2011
2011-02-21 Diana's"sexier"new sound
2010-10-02 Britney Tweets With Glee- New Rhianna Artwork
2010-09-29 Cheryl Cole Rocks Gold Look At Rings Launch
2010-09-29 Diana Vickers Does Oxjam!
2010-09-29 Diana Vickers back on top/Kimberly Wyatt on Candy
2010-05-10 No1 album for Diana Vickers
2010-05-10 Diana Vickers hits top spot
2010-04-26 Diana Vickers smacks down Usher with 'Once'!
2010-04-26 Diana Vickers/Lily Allen/Hole/Ibiza Rocks!
2010-04-26 Diana Vickers Interview - Life after X Factor
2010-04-16 Out on Monday (19th April 2010)
2010-04-16 Robyn promises 3 albums for 2010!
2010-04-07 Diana Vickers reveals her Easter plans
2010-04-04 Diana Vickers: I'm putting away 'The Claw'!
2010-04-01 Miss Frank say no one's safe on X Factor
2009-10-26 Eoghan Quigg's self titled debut album is out.
2009-04-18 What X Factor star Eoghan Quigg goes for in a girl
2009-04-13 Diana Vickers manhandled on stage
2009-01-12 Is Burke the New Beyonce?
2008-12-30 Eva Mendes, X Factor's Diana Vickers and others sing a carol
2008-12-14 Alexandra, Eoghan and JLS on X Factor final
2008-12-13 Alexandra, behind the scenes at X Factor
2008-12-13 Alexandra Burke performing You Are So Beautiful
2008-12-12 Diana Vickers performing Call Me
2008-12-12 Diana Vickers performing Man in the Mirror
2008-12-12 Diana Vickers reveals the truth about her and Eoghen
2008-12-08 Simon Cowell gives his Britney X Factor verdict
2008-12-02 X Factor star Diana Vickers is finding fame hard to handle
2008-11-27 X Factor star Rachel Hylton calls Louie Walsh a bully
Browse More Music:


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Military Information
Non-institutional and DVA Benefits
All benefits are processed via the Business Office and are included in the student's financial aid package. Students are responsible for determining eligibility and benefit amount with the DVA. (Regent Law fully participates in benefits offered by the DVA; however, scholarships and grants are not awarded through Regent Law or Regent University.)
Regent Law Military Discount
If you do not qualify for DVA benefits, you may qualify for Regent Law's military discount. Regent Law values the service of military members and their families. In recognition of their dedication and talents, qualified students who meet one of the following classifications are eligible for the following tuition discount:
- Active Duty or Veteran for 25% discount;
- Spouse of Active Duty for 15% discount.
Only students who are admitted to Regent Law and confirm eligibility will be considered for the military discount. Acceptance of Veterans Benefits or the Yellow Ribbon Program precludes students from qualifying for the Military Discount. Students who also qualify for a law school grant or scholarship will receive an award that is most beneficial. Hence, a significant scholarship will be awarded in lieu of a military discount. More information is available here.
To apply: Submit a copy of your (or spouse's) active duty orders or your honorable discharge DD Form 214 to firstname.lastname@example.com or 757.352.4139 (fax).
All law school awards are subject to Regent Law's Financial Aid Policies & Procedures. Regent University School of Law reserves the right to modify or terminate the Military Discount without prior notice.


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Aug. 6, 2013
"Today President Obama unveiled his five-point plan to continue the housing rebound in a smart, sustainable way. As a vocal advocate for comprehensive immigration reform, I was encouraged to hear the President include this issue as a vital part of his plan to foster continued growth in our housing market. As an elected official and chair of the city's Neighborhoods, Housing and Development Subcommittee, it was humbling to hear the President acknowledge Phoenix as part of 'ground zero' for the housing market collapse - as many of us know all too well - and praise us for our efforts as a community to rise once again. I commend the President for his passion to ensure quality housing for all - whether it is home ownership or a rental opportunity - and for acknowledging our city's efforts to end chronic homelessness for our veterans by the year 2014. We have accomplished great things but we still have many miles to go. With the President's inspiring plan, as well as our strategic planning at the local level, our housing market will be on solid ground once again."
-- Councilman Daniel T. Valenzuela


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Increases Horsepower and Torque. This Flowmaster Pro Series Axle-Back exhaust system not only improves the sound of your Mustang, but with it's free flowing design it also improves throttle response and increases horsepower & torque.
Quality Construction. Constructed from durable 3" 409 stainless steel tubing for its corrosion resistance, this Flowmaster axle-back features two Pro series mufflers with 4" diameter polished stainless steel tips that are embossed with the "Flowmaster" logo for true custom styling.
Application. This Flowmaster Pro Series Axle-Back exhaust system is designed to fit the 2013-2014 5.0L Mustang GT for both great looks and great sound. Does not fit GT500 models.
Mustang Fitment: 2013, 2014 Details >>


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Most Viewed Stories
Weapons stolen from Fort Irwin warehouse
7/29 5:00 p.m. — Further information about the possible location of the guns has been added.
FORT IRWIN • Officials are offering a $10,000 reward for information after 27 rifles were stolen from a Fort Irwin warehouse earlier this month.
According to a report from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 26 AK-74 assault rifles and a Dragunov sniper rifle were stolen from the weapon storage area of a supply warehouse on Fort Irwin on the night of July 15.
ATF, Federal Bureau of Investigation and California Department of Justice officers conducted interviews with employees working in the storage warehouse and have recovered one of the weapons. Officers have made some arrests in the case, but did not release the names of the suspects.
Investigators have received information that some of the firearms could be in Fresno, according to the ATF.
Investigators are still seeking more information from the public on the case and are offering the $10,000 reward for information leading to the arrest or conviction of the people responsible for the thefts.
Anyone with information on the case is asked to call the ATF Gun Hotline (800) 283-4867 or the Fort Irwin Criminal Investigation Command at (760) 380-5812.


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7098 Centerville Rd, Centerville
There is something to be said about a place that doesn't even boast they serve the best burgers. Yet this is exactly what Kelly's Korner has. Offering a half pound lean ground beef…
7082 Centerville Rd, Hugo
This is the BEST bar I have ever been too. It is always a good place to go and learn something. These locals are so smart (or at least they think they are)! Make sure you go and…
7281 Main St, Hugo
This place has been closed for years
7281 Main St, Hugo
7098 Centerville Rd, Hugo
1875 Main St, Hugo
17205 Forest Blvd N, Hugo
Great people with good food at great prices. I would highly recommend this place to take your friends and family.
8001 Lake Dr., Lino Lakes
really nice staff, big, big menu, hard to choose something. Since they got a new cook, this place is packed! Home made salad dressings, soups, could eat there every night!
6810 Lake Dr, Lino Lakes
Large portions with great food choices. Burgers are huge with great flavor and chicken is to die for. I'll always go back. We also eat their breakfast which is full of ingredients,…
4345 Pheasant Ridge Rd #202, Blaine


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Sunset Loft Wedding Floral Chandelier
Large, bold flowers such as peonies paired with succulents and sprays allow you to make your arrangement wide enough for a long table.
Craft Time: 30-60 minutes
Uses Recycled Items: No
Get exclusive offers about this product and more!
Material List
- Ashland™ Classic Greenery - Succulent
- Ashland® Floral Essentials - Yellow Ranunculus Spray and Dusty Miller
- Ashland® Spring Stems - Yellow Ranunculus with Green Center, Yellow Dahlia, Yellow Peony and White Peony with Yellow Center
- Ashland® Signature Accents - White Peony Spray, Yellow Center
- Celebrate It® Ribbon, 1.5" - Yellow/White Lattice
- Artificial Fruit - Lemons
- Wood Shelf
- Jute
- Scissors
- Floral Wire Cutters
- Low Heat Glue Gun
Project Instructions
Step 1 Hang wood shelf with jute from ceiling.
Step 2 Add flowers to shelf as desired.
Step 3 Glue lemons as desired.


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Arched Window Pane
Pistoulet is a beautiful collection of dinnerware, serveware and accessories that are brightly decorated with freely rendered flowers, vines and vegetables drawn from or influenced by the book, The Secrets of Pistoulet by Jana Kolpen. Bright, colorful drawings are set against wide watercolor washes that evoke the light and colors of Southern France. A green weathered frame holds a hand-painted glass "window", decorated with the sunflowers from our Pistoulet dinnerware collection, adding a Spring touch to your home decor. Hang it on a window or in front of a light and let the ambiance shine through. For indoor use only dust with soft cloth to clean. Arched window pane measures 11-3/4 inch x 9-1/2 inch.


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After dark is an active time for the Animal Ark's predators. Enjoy a flashlight-led tour under the stars during the comfortable cool evening temperatures. Prior to the tour, learn about Nevada's owls. A biologist from the Nevada Department of Wildlife will bring live birds to the event.
Bring your family picnic and enjoy our tables and playground. This is your only opportunity to join us for a night "safari" around the Animal Ark. In docent-led group tours, you'll learn about the behaviors, diet and habits of resident wild creatures.
Reserve your spot by Aug. 12, as there is limited admission and this event usually fills quickly. No golf carts are available at this event. This event is suitable for children 7 and older. Admission costs $15 for adults, $13.50 for seniors and $12 for children.
From Reno, take Highway 395 North, right onto Red Rock Road, drive 11.5 miles, then right onto Deerlodge Road to the Animal Ark driveway at 1265 Deerlodge. For more information, call 775-970-3431 or visit www.AnimalArk.org.


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There are still balls to attend? Even locally?
On Thursdays when I read through the Wauwatosa NOW section of the paper, I like to peruse the Weekly Planner and Things to Do sections. Often I am surprised by some of the activities happening in our area - who knew we had this going on in Wauwatosa?
The one that caught my attention today was the Fancy Dress Ball, happening on the 12th Night of Christmas (this Saturday). I thought this was particular fun to learn about because I've been a part of some Vienese balls in the area, and in fact just played in a chamber orchestra for one held in Pewaukee back in November. The conversation that often comes up at these types of things is "where can you even go to dance at a ball these days?"
Friday Morning Music
It's the start of the first weekend of 2013. You you liked Uncle Tupelo and Son Volt - for sure you're going to like Wilco.
With Jesus, Etc.
North Avenue Grill in Wauwatosa sold
North Avenue Grill in Wauwatosa will be operating under a new owner, come late January.
Mike Topolovich bought the diner at 7225 W. North Ave. from business partners Jon Anne Willow and Patti Wenzel, they announced today.
Packer Juju
Jill and I connected with Sid and Lawyer tonight at the sacred House of Lambeau for the 2012 NFC playoff game between the Vikings and the Mighty Packers.
Guess The Critter
While out bow hunting I came across this track. It looked like a miniature log flume.
Leading from a rock pile, down a slight incline to the creek, within the flume there were paired sets of tracks spaced about twelve to eighteen inches apart.
Wauwatosa native reacts to Oscar nominations
Michael Raisler was too nervous to watch the Oscar nominations Thursday morning.
The New York-based executive producer of "Beasts of the Southern Wild" was getting ready for work "when my phone started exploding," he said, with news that the film was nominated for best picture.
Developer seeks city financing help for ABB offices in Tosa
Zilber Property Group, which would develop ABB Inc.'s new office building proposed for Innovation Campus, is seeking financing assistance from the City of Wauwatosa.
That's according to Paulette Enders, Wauwatosa development director. A specific amount hasn't surfaced yet, but the money would be provided through a tax incremental financing district which the Common Council created in 2010 for Innovation Campus, previously known as Innovation Park.
Friday Morning Music
It's the start of the weekend and time to mellow-out with Percy Sledge...
Of Swine and Spam
I should have figured-out earlier that there might be a connection but it didn't sink-in until I started feeling a whole lot better three days after I started feeling like crud.
The day following the Mighty Packers win over the titleless Vikings in the NFC Conference playoff it started with a tickle in my throat. I thought nothing of it - chalking it up to a typical post game reaction to shouting and yelling in 28 degree cold. Besides I felt fine otherwise. Scratchy throat. Big deal.
There is Your Dagger
After letting the girls out at half-time Jill announced:
I know now that the Packers are going to win.
How to Understand Firearm Terminology
Notice to readers - In an effort to stave-off the onslaught of spam the staff here at Gas Pains has implemented a new comment moderation policy. If you want to pitch fake Gucci handbags know this. A stake will be driven into your heart, you will be dismembered and your lifeless remains incinerated upon a pyre fueled by spam. Afterwards, your ashes will be dumped on the doorstep of China Unicom Fujian Province Network. Believe you will love it.
Effective today if your comment does not appear immediately please be patient. All of the foregoing steps are time-consuming given the limitations of staff that must deal with stakes, dismembering and clean-up. Thank you, in-advance, for your forbearance.
Dressing Up
One of my favorite things to do is dress up. Not dress up in dresses with fancy makeup and high heels… although that can be fun too. I'd just prefer to substitute the heels for neon Nikes, the dress for some outrageous theme costume, and the makeup for lots and lots of glitter.
Friday Morning Music
Start your weekend with a walk down memory lane.
Widespread Panic covering this classic tune by Buffalo Springfield - with a bluesy twist...
My Own Little Catfish Story
Catfish - someone who pretends to be someone they're not using Facebook or other social media to create false identities, particularly to pursue deceptive online romances.
Really, cross pollination is for botany
Maybe ABB is a household name to you. But the headline ABB puts Wauwatosa's Innovation Park on the map sent me on a three hour search. Who? What? Why?
The where is clear enough: ABB will be the first business on the the Milwaukee County Grounds land recently sold to the UWM Real Estate Foundation for an engineering campus and research park.
Recipe of the Day
Jill and I have put a working weekend under our belts up at the farm and it was 7 degrees out there today. Not fit for man, woman or Labrador retriever. The woodburner has been going non-stop and while it is a toasty 70 degrees in the main living area - it's brisk in the perimeter rooms. It was a good day to sharpen pruners and loppers and perform other indoor chores. Including some terrific cooking.
Here's a hearty meal that will take the chill out of your bones.
A full Brazilian for the County Grounds
Photo by Eddee Daniel, Urban Wilderness, 1-21-2013
Blogging About the Blog
That sure is a lame-sounding title isn't it? Nevertheless, it is time to render the annual report. Or shall we say - a good portion of the year report.
For openers I want to remind my 82 readers that it's not easy being a blogger here at TosaNOW. The hours are long and criticism abundant. Try to pull an April Fools joke and you have to publish a disclaimer. Don't show any outrage over a new auto parts store in East Towne Tosa and you reap scorn and ridicule. Stand-up and put your reputation on the line to find a mechanism to preserve the Eschweilers and people tell you you're nuts. Gun owner and gun rights advocate? I might as well be certifiable. Some evenings I sit in the warming glow of my computer monitor and wistfully think back to the early years of the blog. I wax nostalgic and think about how the previous Mayor would poke me in the eye and I would do the same to her. Sigh. Those were the good old days. I miss
the old the former Mayor. It's hard to catch a break nowadays. Everyone's so ornery and on edge. Complicating it all we've been up to our elbows around here in spammers pitching counterfeit goods from China. And the pay still sucks. But I digress.
Friday Morning Music
I'm not sure if this is safe for work. If you can't slow-dance a song with your sweetie at least close your eyes and savor this number by the incomparable Ray Charles and Norah Jones.
Here We Go Again...
How To Make Bratwurst - Part I
From Wikipedia - the name is derived from Old High German Brätwurst, from brät-, which is finely chopped meat and wurst, or sausage. Though the brat in bratwurst described the way the sausages are made, nowadays Germans associate it with the German verb "braten", which means to pan fry or roast. Bratwurst is usually grilled or pan fried, and sometimes cooked in broth or beer.
It has been an exceedingly long time since Smokey Joe and Braumeister and I have made sausage.