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It has been widely reported that NRG Energy, the company that bought the retail division of Reliant Energy in 2009, would be re-branding Reliant Stadium and the surrounding complex as part of efforts to make its name change more visible. Reliant agreed to pay $300 million over 30 years in naming rig ... More >>
In the span of three months, Facebook, the massive social media giant, offered more than $20 billion (billion with a 'b') for a pair of messaging apps. The first was SnapChat, the photo message sharing app your kids love and you probably know nothing about, which turned down $3 billion from Zuckerbe ... More >>
It's one thing to be the people that make the drugs used in lethal injections, but it's a horse of a different color for other people to know about it. At least that's what Hair Balls gathers from the reaction of the head of the Woodlands Compounding Pharmacy after it was revealed that his company ... More >>
A brief history of movie characters getting whacked in the balls.
After having grown up in a pop-music culture that every day grows more adept at rehashing, re-imagining and (let's be frank) flat-out stealing sounds from those who came before, today's indie bands are no strangers to aping their influences. And unlike post-punk and grunge before them, this class do ... More >>
I'm no Dear Abby (she's shorter than me), but reading the sordid details of the David Petraeus affair and how the whole thing blew up in his face causing him to resign from the CIA helped to confirm the fact that way too many people do not understand technology and need some help. Oh, sure, my first ... More >>
A dozen dogs seized from the Spindletop Dog Refuge last month are still at the Montgomery County Animal Shelter and in need of forever homes. So what the heck are you waiting for? They all vary in breed, age, and temperament, but they're all the same in one crucial way: they've all languished in th ... More >>
Rev. Al Green Arena Theatre April 27th, 2012 Mark my words. If you check the local hospitals exactly nine months from now, you will surely see a spike in activity in the maternity wards. Al Green gets everyone and anyone into the baby-making mood. Even the comedian who opened the show alluded to th ... More >>
It was on this day in 1998 that your email inbox was changed forever when the FDA OK-ed the use of Viagra for use in treating erectile dysfunction, the first pill in the United States approved to do so. The drug was originally researched as a treatment for angina, but doctors noticed that while it w ... More >>
Ads like this are the only reason to visit AmericanApparel.com...if you like that sort of thingIt's frustrating enough to shop for friends and family members during the holidays. Do I get my 80-year-old aunt a gift card to Kroger or H-E-B? Decisions, decisions. Unfortunately, some online mer ... More >>
The face that launched a thousand Bob DolesWhere were you in...'81? Rocks Off was in junior high, spending long, solitary afternoons in his bedroom listening to Moving Pictures and Dark Side of the Moon and wondering why no girls seemed to be interested in playing Squad Leader. But 1981 also ... More >>
The publication, last week, of the first English-language translation of the Japanese manga comic Drops of God by Tadashi Agi (a pseudonym for brother and sister Shin and Yuko Kibayashi) aroused my, ahem, curiosity. I have not yet read it but am dying to. The editors of the prestigious Br ... More >>
We recently wrote about a new crop of Texas license plates with a variety of themes, most of them sports related. One of the designs, however, was for the Texas Roadhouse restaurant chain that isn't even based in the Lone Star State. We certainly understand the passion of a sports fan, but ... More >>
Alan Ball was known for his masterful use of music in Six Feet Under. He's lost none of his touch when it comes to his current HBO series, True Blood - which happens to be set in the Louisiana swamps, not terribly far from Houston. Gothtopia first read Dracula at age 8, and Anne Rice's Inter ... More >>
A satisfied customerEn Wang is one great name to put on a business card, especially if you're selling fake Viagra. And since your company is called Jiao Long USAO, you can get even more creative and emphasize some words. Wang isn't around to hear this advice, however; he is on the run. That ... More >>
LarryB08So healthful...and expensive. Little. Blue. Packs a powerful punch. No, we're not talking Viagra, we're referring to the blueberry. King on the list of "superfoods," blueberries are chock full of cancer cell inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, recent research has f ... More >>
Not official Nike footwear.Like most of Western society, I'd figured I was pretty much numb to the use of popular songs in commercials. I don't know how far back the practice dates, exactly, but I remember the anecdote from No One Here Gets Out Alive about Jim Morrison shooting down the sugge ... More >>
The Place: Flying Saucer705 Main St. 713-228-9472www.beerknurd.comThe Hours: Tuesday through Thursday 4-7 p.m.; Friday 4-8 p.m.The Deals: Daily drink specials. Mondays, for example, feature $3 pints and on Wednesdays, you can get 23-ounce beers at pint prices. The Scene: It was sometime durin ... More >>
Photo by shalawesomeLet's face it; you want to get lucky this Valentine's Day. Well, we hate to be the bearer of bad news, but chocolate isn't going to get you there. Neither are oysters, caviar or champagne. We know all the men out there have their heads in their hands, groaning, "Great, w ... More >>
[Ed. Note: This is the final installment of our series reminiscing on Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band's long history in Houston. See here for the '70s, and here for the '80s and '90s.] April 18, 2000: E Street Band Reunion Tour, Compaq Center (the Summit) Daniel Kramer"It was on this to ... More >>
Coca-Cola Hilltop Commercial Thirty years ago, Coca-Cola imagined itself as the arbiter of world peace. Let's just buy the world a Coke and everything will be hunky-dory. Today, America is often despised as a "Coca-Cola" culture, and Coke itself is blamed for the skyrocketing rates of obesity and ... More >>
For a Texas resident, I don't watch a hell of a lot of football. I went to UT, so I'll try to tune in for a significant Big 12 game as opposed to the annual Little Big Horns versus Louisiana-Monroe or Rice.Being a Texans fan makes Sunday especially excruciating, and anyway I -- like many people ... More >>
Photo by Bruce Bennett Photography, courtesy TUTSTheatergoers taking in TUTS's production of Cabaret (Recommended, although blue-haired TUTS's version of Weimar Republic "decadence" isn't exactly R-rated) have several seating choices -- way, way back in the depths of the cavernous Hobby Center, up a ... More >>
Photos by Mark C. Austin B.B. King deserves a break. If the genial Buddha of the blues, now 83, would rather spend the bulk of his two-hour set bantering with the sold-out crowd about Viagra (groan) and the wayward ways of womankind instead of, you know, singing and playing, he's earne ... More >>
Randy Gonzales can be proud, indeed: He is the first man ever extradited to the United States for selling fake boner pills. Top o' the world, Ma!!!! Gonzales was sentenced today to 20 months in federal prison without parole for selling fake Viagra and Cialis over the Internet. Agents seized ov ... More >>
Former SNL cast member rings in the New Year at the Laff Stop
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Weekend racers circle the track on their John Deeres
Speaking off the toque: Joe Mannke
Microbes are the stars of this exhibit


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Mauviel® M'passion Copper Preserving Pans
- $279.95 - $349.95
- Manufacturer: Mauviel
- Material: Copper and bronze
- Care: Never use steel wool or bleach (see below for special care instructions)
- Capacity: 14 qt. and 15 qt.
- Made in France
- Extra-thick copper stainless steel inside 2.5mm
- Bronze handle fixed by sturdy, stainless steel rivets
- Easy to cleanno re-tinning
- For use on any heating element except on induction hob
Copper is an exceptional material for kitchen use. Maintained properly, your copper cookware will last for generations. Before first use and after each use, carefully wash with hot soapy water then rinse and dry. Over time, copper can change color through use; however, this will not change the conductivity of the copper material. Never clean with bleach or steel wool. This can lead to irreparable damage. If food sticks to the inside, soak it with hot soapy water. To restore the shiny copper surface to your Mauviel pots and pans, use Mauviel Copperbrill Copper Polish.
Now, nearly two centuries and seven generations of Mauviels later, the streets of Villedieu-les-Poêles still ring with the sound of Mauviel hammers. Many things remain unchanged: the Mauviel name is still a fixture in commercial and professional kitchens, the quality of Mauviel products continues to be unsurpassed, and the Mauviel family persists in demanding excellence.
It is this relentless pursuit of perfection that drives Mauviel to continue to innovate. Today, Mauviel offers several lines of the highest-quality products crafted in copper, stainless steel and aluminum to discerning professional chefs and home cooks alike. By marrying centuries of tradition and technique with modern design and materials, Mauviel has positioned itself firmly on the cutting edge. Whether a timeless copper classic or a five-layer marvel of engineering, every Mauviel product is the culmination of centuries of skill, artistry and uncompromising vision. Each Mauviel truly is a masterpiece.

subset: commoncrawl


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3340 E Semoran Blvd, Apopka
We love going here and they are one of our favorite sushi places (Izakaya Toshi on 434 is also a favorite) , but they can be a little on the higher end for prices and some times…
3050 E Semoran Blvd, Apopka
In ShortThis fast-food restaurant lures diners with the promise of fresh ingredients and a dependable menu. The marquee Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich is a fried breast served on a…
3030 E Semoran Blvd Ste 132, Apopka
I just returned from the most awful chinese food I've ever had. We had tried this restaurant twice before and thought it might really have possibilities. Wrong! First, the fried…
601 Executive Park Ct, Apopka
In ShortNamed after the daughter of amiable founder Dave Thomas, this Ohio-based chain is more inviting than your typical fast-food joint, thanks to comforting touches like…
3141 E Semoran Blvd, Apopka
In ShortThe intoxicating smell of golden fries cooked to crispy perfection and succulent burgers sizzling on the grill permeates the space, while a lively chatting and munching…
444 S Hunt Club Blvd, Apopka
In ShortThis Tex-Mex chain, started on the University of Florida campus, serves burritos in regular and hearty Tijuana size. Choose the stuffing: mildly-spiced ground beef,…
614 S Hunt Club Blvd, Apopka
Great food and service. The atmosphere is nice. Geat menu + home made dessert.Going back all the time.
3011 E Semoran Blvd, Apopka
In ShortSince 1964, when the first Arby's opened in Ohio, its roast beef sandwiches have been a popular hamburger alternative. The chain's signature red-and-tan color scheme and…
3030 E Semoran Blvd Ste 112, Apopka
In ShortThis lunch spot differentiates itself from other sub chains with its toasted bread-based creations loaded with gourmet ingredients like avocado and black Angus beef.…


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OEM Quality Replacement. This passenger side rear brake hose is made to the original factory specifications from high quality EPDM Rubber and is tested up to 4,000 PSI to meet stringent safety standards. This replacement Mustang brake hose features a 10mm Banjo fitting and a 7/16"-24 Female fitting both made from corrosion resistant steel.
Application. This is not a universal cut-to-fit hose you get at your local parts store, this Rear Passenger Side Brake Hose is designed to be a direct fit replacement for the rear of the 1994 to 1995 Mustangs, including the V6, GT, and SVT Cobra models. Ford Motor Company equivalent part# F4ZZ-2A442-A
Mustang Fitment: 1994, 1995 Details >>


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Narrow your search
Our editors bring you all the news from the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show.
These smart LEDs are the latest members of the quickly growing WeMo family of connected devices.
An early contender for 'maddest product of CES,' the Kolibree marries Bluetooth and apps to the world of the electric toothbrush.
Pricing not available
Can't decide between a Windows 8.1 tablet or an ultraportable laptop? The Miix 2 gives you both starting at a price of $499.
The Belkin WeMo Maker Kit acts as a home automation hub of sorts.
Pricing not available
Belkin wants to automate your lights with the WeMo LED Lighting Starter Set
The new top-of-its-consumer-line model incorporates a 1-inch BSI sensor that outputs 4K/30p.
In the relative quiet before CES 2014, Samsung revs its prosumer mirrorless model and launches some new kit-lens options and alternatives.
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Forget flat, at least if you want the best 1080p resolution TV available from Samsung in 2014. The successor to our favorite LED TV of 2013 has a serious case of the bends.
The incomprehensibly colossal 105UC9 is being billed as the world's first curved 4K (Ultra High-Def) TV.
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The military-certified cell phone is rated to resist a dunking and dust.
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Normandy landings
|Normandy landings
|Part of Operation Overlord, Battle of Normandy
US Army troops wade ashore on Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944
|Commanders and leaders
|50,350 +[2]
|Casualties and losses
|At least ~12,000 casualties; 4,414 confirmed dead[b]
|4,000 to 9,000 casualties[3]
The Normandy landings, codenamed Operation Neptune, were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 am British Double Summer Time (GMT+2). In planning, as for most Allied operations, the term D-Day was used for the day of the actual landing, which was dependent on final approval.
The landings were conducted in two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, US and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 am.[4] Surprise was achieved thanks to inclement weather and a comprehensive deception plan implemented in the months before the landings, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, to distract German attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy. A key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that the landings would actually occur to the north at the Pas-de-Calais. There were also decoy operations taking place simultaneously with the landings under the codenames Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract German forces from the real landing areas.[5]
Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces was General Dwight D. Eisenhower while overall command of ground forces (21st Army Group) was given to General Bernard Montgomery. The operation, planned by a team under Lieutenant-General Frederick Morgan, was the largest amphibious invasion in world history and was executed by land, sea and air elements under direct Anglo-American command with over 160,000 soldiers landing on 6 June 1944: 73,000 Americans, 61,715 British and 21,400 Canadians.[6][7] 195,700 Allied naval and merchant navy personnel in over 5,000 ships were also involved.[6][8] The invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from England by troop-laden aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the English Channel and naval gunfire support. The landings took place along a 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.
- 1 Background
- 2 Operations
- 3 Deception plans
- 4 Weather
- 5 German order of battle
- 6 Atlantic Wall
- 7 Armoured reserves
- 8 Allied order of battle
- 9 Coordination with the French Resistance
- 10 Naval activity
- 11 The landings
- 12 Crossword puzzles
- 13 War memorials and tourism
- 14 See also
- 15 Explanatory notes
- 16 External links
After the fall of France in June 1940, the defending British Expeditionary Force, trapped along the northern coast of France, was able to evacuate over 338,000 troops to England in the Dunkirk evacuation (27 May to 4 June).[9] The Western Allies did not immediately have adequate forces to return to France,[10] so they instead launched the invasion of Sicily in June 1943 and of Italy in September 1943.[11] The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943.[12] The initial plans were constrained by the number of available landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and Pacific.[13]
Four sites were considered for the landings: Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, and Pas de Calais. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would be possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected.[14] The Pas de Calais is the closest point in continental Europe from Britain. The Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone, so it was the most heavily fortified region.[15] But it offered few opportunities for expansion, as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals,[16] whereas landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of Cherbourg, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany. Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site.[17] The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast—the lack of port facilities—would be overcome through the development of artificial Mulberry harbours.[18]
The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944.[16] The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF).[19] General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion.[20] On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support. The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg.[21] The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June.[21] Eventually, 39 Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 22 American, 12 British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops[22] all under overall British command.[23]
Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune.[18] To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies undertook bomber attacks (codenamed Operation Pointblank) that targeted German aircraft production, fuel supplies, and airfields.[18] Elaborate deceptions, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from knowing the timing and location of the invasion.[24]
The landings were to be preceded by airborne drops near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the Orne River bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach, were to attempt to capture Bayeux and Caen the first day, then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at Cherbourg. The British at Sword Beach and Gold Beach and Canadians at Juno Beach would protect the American flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen. A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory north of the Avranches-Falaise line within the first three weeks.[25][26] Montgomery envisaged a ninety-day battle, ending when all the forces reached the Seine.[27]
Deception plans
Under the overall strategy of Operation Bodyguard, the Allies conducted operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings.[28] Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway,[29] and Fortitude South, a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious First U.S. Army Group under Lieutenant General George S. Patton, supposedly located in Kent and Sussex. Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing the main attack would take place at Pas de Calais.[24][30] Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there.[31] Patton was stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais.[32]
Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings.[33] In addition, on the night before the invasion, a small group of Special Air Service (SAS) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over Le Havre and Isigny. These dummies led the Germans to believe an additional airborne assault had occurred. On that same night, in Operation Taxable, No. 617 Squadron RAF dropped strips of "window", metal foil that caused a radar return mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy. The illusion was bolstered by a group of small craft towing barrage balloons. "Window" was also dropped by No. 218 Squadron RAF near Boulogne-sur-Mer in Operation Glimmer.[34]
The invasion planners set forth a set of conditions regarding the phase of the moon, the tides, and the time of day that meant only a few days in each month were deemed suitable. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the highest tides. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men had to spend exposed in the open.[35] Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing; high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets.[36]
Group Captain James Stagg of the Royal Air Force met with Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June. He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve sufficiently so that the invasion could go ahead on 6 June.[37] After much discussion with the other senior commanders, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on the 6th.[38] Had Eisenhower postponed the invasion, the next available date with the correct combination of tides (but without the desirable full moon) was two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. But during this period they would have encountered a major storm which lasted four days, between 19 and 22 June, that would have made the initial landings impossible to undertake.[36] Postponing the invasion would also mean recalling men and ships that were already in position to go across, and increase the chances of the invasion being detected.[39]
Allied control of the Atlantic meant that German meteorologists did not have access to as much information as the Allies on incoming weather patterns.[33] As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather, many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend war games in Rennes, and men in many units were given leave.[40] Field Marshal Erwin Rommel returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to meet with Hitler to try to get more Panzers.[41]
German order of battle
The military forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached their numerical peak during 1944. By D-Day, 157 German divisions were stationed in the Soviet Union, six in Finland, 12 in Norway, six in Denmark, nine in Germany, 21 in the Balkans, 26 in Italy and 59 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.[42] However, these statistics are somewhat misleading since a significant number of the divisions in the east were depleted due to the intensity of the fighting; German records indicate that the average personnel complement was at about 50% in the spring of 1944.[43]
German Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler
Oberbefehlshaber West (Supreme Commander West; OB West): Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt
Army Group B: Field Marshal Erwin Rommel
7th Army: Generaloberst Friedrich Dollmann
Panzer Group West: General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg
Cotentin Peninsula (Utah Beach)
Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units of LXXXIV Corps under General der Artillerie Erich Marcks:
- 91st Infantry Division under Generalmajor Wilhelm Falley, at 7,500 men, was understrength at the time of the invasion, and was therefore bolstered by the addition of the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment.[44]
- 1057th Grenadier Regiment
- 1058th Grenadier Regiment
- 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment
- Coastal artillery units:
- 1261st Army Coastal Regiment
- 1262nd Army Coastal Regiment
- 260th Naval Artillery Regiment
- 608th Naval Artillery Regiment
- 243rd Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Heinz Hellmich arrived in May to supplement the troops in the area. On D-Day it was slightly understrength, at 11,530 troops.[45]
- 920th Grenadier Regiment
- 921st Grenadier Regiment
- 922nd Grenadier Regiment
- 709th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben numbered 12,320 men, many of them Ostlegionen (non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war, Georgians, and Poles).[46]
- 729th Grenadier Regiment
- 739th Grenadier Regiment
- 919th Grenadier Regiment[47]
Grandcamps Sector (Omaha Beach)
Americans assaulting Omaha Beach were faced with troops of the 352nd Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss, a full-strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments.[48]
- 914th Grenadier Regiment
- 915th Grenadier Regiment (as reserves)
- 916th Grenadier Regiment
- 726th Infantry Regiment (from 716th Infantry Division)
- 914th Artillery Regiment[49]
Gold, Juno, and Sword
Allied forces attacking Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches faced the following German units of LXXXIV Corps under General der Artillerie Erich Marcks:
- 716th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter. At 7,000 troops, the division was significantly understrength.[50]
- 736th Infantry Regiment
- 1716th Artillery Regiment[51]
- 21st Panzer Division under Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger included 146 tanks and 50 assault guns, plus supporting infantry and artillery.[52]
- 100th Panzer Regiment
- 125th Panzergrenadier Regiment
- 192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment
- 155th Panzer Artillery Regiment[53]
Allied forces at Gold and Juno also faced:
- Elements of the 352nd Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss
- 914th Grenadier Regiment
- 915th Grenadier Regiment
- 916th Grenadier Regiment
- 352nd Artillery Regiment[54]
Atlantic Wall
Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in 1942, Hitler ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but due to shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, most of the strongpoints were never built.[55] As it was expected to be the site of the invasion, Pas de Calais was heavily defended.[55] In the Normandy area, the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and Saint-Malo.[21] Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg,[55][56] and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B, which included the 7th Army, the 15th Army, and the forces guarding the Netherlands.[57][58]
Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes, metal tripods, mines, and large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beach to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks.[59] Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high tide mark.[35] Tangles of barbed wire, booby traps, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry.[59] On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled.[21] Given the Allied air supremacy (4,029 Allied aircraft assigned to operations in Normandy plus 5,514 aircraft assigned to bombing and defense, versus 570 Luftwaffe planes stationed in France and the Low Countries[35]), booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (Rommel's asparagus) were set up in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings.[21]
Armoured reserves
Rommel, believing that their best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore, requested that mobile reserves—especially tanks—be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (commander of Panzer Group West), and other senior commanders believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified. Geyr also noted that in the Italian Campaign the armour stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment. Rommel's opinion was that because of the overwhelming Allied air superiority, large-scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was underway. Hitler made the final decision, which was to leave three Panzer divisions under Geyr's command and give Rommel operational control of three Panzer divisions as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.[60][61][62]
Allied order of battle
Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF): General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Commander, 21st Army Group: General Bernard Montgomery[63]
American zones
Commander, First Army (United States): General Omar Bradley[63]
In total, the First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men, including 15,600 from the airborne divisions.[3] The amphibious operation was the largest in American military history since Ulysses S. Grant landed at Bruinsburg during the American Civil War.[64]
- Utah Beach
- VII Corps, commanded by Major-General J. Lawton Collins
- 4th Infantry Division: Major General Raymond O. Barton
- 9th Infantry Division: Major General Manton S. Eddy
- 79th Infantry Division: Major General Ira T. Wyche
- 82nd Airborne Division: Major General Matthew Ridgway
- 90th Infantry Division: Brigadier General Jay W. MacKelvie
- 101st Airborne Division: Major General Maxwell D. Taylor[65]
- Omaha Beach
- VII Corps, commanded by Major-General Leonard T. Gerow, making up 34,250 men from Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to Vierville-sur-Mer.[3][66]
- 1st Infantry Division: Major General Clarence R. Huebner
- 29th Infantry Division: Major General Charles H. Gebhardt[67]
British and Canadian zones
Commander, Second Army (Britain and Canada): Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey[63]
Overall, the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men, 61,715 of them British.[3] The nominally British air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations, including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew. For example, the Australian contribution to the operation included a regular Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) squadron, nine Article XV squadrons, and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships.[68]
- Gold Beach
- British XXX Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall
- British 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division: Major General D.A.H. Graham[69]
- Juno Beach
- British I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker
- 3rd Canadian Division: Major General Rod Keller[70]
- Sword Beach
- British I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker
- British 3rd Infantry Division: Major General Tom Rennie
- British 6th Airborne Division: Major General R.N. Gale
- 79th Armoured Division: Major General Percy Hobart[71]
Coordination with the French Resistance
Through the London-based État-major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur (EMFFI), the British Special Operations Executive orchestrated a massive campaign of sabotage to be implemented by the French Resistance. The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D-Day and the following days:
- Plan Vert was a fifteen-day operation to sabotage the rail system.
- Plan Bleu dealt with destroying electrical facilities.
- Plan Tortue was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy.
- Plan Violet dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables.[72]
The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by means of transmission by the BBC's French service from London. Several hundred of these messages, which might be snatches of poetry, quotations from literature, or random sentences, were regularly transmitted, masking the few that were actually significant. In the weeks preceding the landings, lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups.[73] An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway. However, because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation, most ignored the information.[74][75]
A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance's sabotage efforts: "In the southeast, 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places. Normandy was isolated as of 7 June. The telephone network in the invasion area was put out of order and beginning June 20, the railway lines of France were rendered inoperable, except in the Rhone Valley where the line Marseilles-Lyon was kept open by the Germans despite heavy engagements with [partisan] units ... Although the German local reserves were able to reach the front area despite resistance action ... marked delays were achieved against the movement of strategic reserves. The French claim to have delayed up to 12 divisions for 8 to 15 days."[76]
Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian Correlli Barnett as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning".[77] In overall command was British Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, who had served as Flag officer at Dover during the Dunkirk evacuation four years earlier. He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the invasion of North Africa in 1942 and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the invasion of Sicily the following year.[78]
The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies, comprising 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 landing craft of various types, 736 ancillary craft, and 864 merchant vessels. There were 195,700 naval personnel involved.[3] The invasion fleet was split into the Western Naval Task Force (under Admiral Alan G Kirk) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir Philip Vian) in the British and Canadian sectors.[79][78] Available to the fleet were five battleships, twenty cruisers, sixty-five destroyers, and two monitors.[80] German ships in the area on D-Day included 3 torpedo boats, 29 fast attack craft, 36 R boats, and 36 minesweepers and patrol boats.[81] The Germans also had several U-boats available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined.[35]
Bombardment of Normandy began around midnight with over 2,200 British and American bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland.[35] The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha, because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see. Concerned about inflicting casualties on their own troops, many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences.[82] The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D-Day, and another 964 in Germany.[35]
Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy.[83] The Western Task Force included the battleships Arkansas, Nevada, and Texas, plus 8 cruisers, 28 destroyers, and one monitor.[84] The Eastern Task Force included the battleships HMS Ramillies and Warspite and the monitor HMS Roberts, 12 cruisers, and 37 destroyers.[85] Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05:45, while it was still dark, with the gunners switching to preassigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see, at 05:50.[86] Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06:30 (an hour earlier than the British beaches), these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore.[87] Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire, and self-propelled amphibious Duplex-Drive tanks (DD tanks), specially designed for the Normandy landings, were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire. However, few arrived in advance of the infantry, and many sank before reaching the shore, especially at Omaha.[88][89]
The only naval contact during D-Day occurred when four German torpedo boats reached the Eastern Task Force late in the afternoon and launched eighteen torpedoes, sinking the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Svenner off Sword beach but missing the battleships HMS Warspite and Ramillies. After firing, the German vessels turned away and fled east into a smoke screen. Thanks to ULTRA, the Allies knew where the Germans' channel was through their own minefields. The only Allied losses to mines were the USS Corry off Utah; USS PC-1261, a 173-foot patrol craft; three LCTs; and two LCIs.[90]
The landings
Airborne operations
The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the build up of a well-supplied force capable of breaking out. The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the build up of sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished. To slow or eliminate the enemy's ability to organize and launch counter-attacks during this critical period, airborne operations were used to seize key objectives such as bridges, road crossings, and terrain features, particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas. The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches, and in some cases to neutralize German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead.[91][92]
The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach, where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans. Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German 91st Infantry Division meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south.[93] The British 6th Airborne Division, on the eastern flank, was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne, destroy five bridges over the Dives 6 miles (9.7 km) to the east, and destroy the Merville Gun Battery overlooking Sword Beach.[94] Free French paratroopers from the British Special Air Service Brigade were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June through August in Operations Dingson, Samwest, and Cooney.[95][96]
American airborne landings
The American airborne landings began with the arrival of pathfinders at 00:15. Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud, and only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and Aldis lamps as a result.[97] Paratroopers of the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, numbering over 13,000 men, were delivered by Douglas C-47 Skytrains of the IX Troop Carrier Command.[98] To avoid flying over the invasion fleet, the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach.[99][97]
Troops of 101st Airborne paratroopers were dropped beginning around 01:30, tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the Douve River.[100] The C-47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover, and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones. Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both flak and machine gun fire. Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their chutes did not have time to open, and others drowned in the flooded fields.[101] Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the bocage terrain, with its hedgerows, stone walls, and marshes.[102][103] Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon, by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach.[104]
Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02:30, with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River Merderet and destroying two bridges over the Douve.[100] On the east side of the river, 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone, and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at Sainte-Mère-Église (the first town liberated in the invasion[105]) and began working to protect the western flank.[106] Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone, the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered, with only four per cent landing in the target area.[106] Many landed in nearby swamps, with much loss of life.[107] Paratroopers consolidated into small groups, usually a hodgepodge of men of various ranks from different units, and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives.[108] They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière, and fighting for the crossing continued for several days.[109]
Reinforcements arrived by glider at around 04:00 (Mission Chicago and Mission Detroit) and 21:00 (Mission Keokuk and Mission Elmira), bringing additional troops and heavy equipment. Like the paratroopers, many landed far from their drop zones.[110] Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty, with heavy cargo such as Jeeps shifting during landing, crashing through the wooded fuselage, and in some cases crushing personnel on board.[111]
After 24 hours, only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions, approximately a third of the force dropped. However, this wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response.[112] Seventh Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01:20, but Runstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway. Destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02:00.[113]
British and Canadian airborne landings
The first Allied action of D-Day was Operation Deadstick, a glider assault at 00:16 at Pegasus Bridge over the Caen Canal and the bridge (since re-named Horsa Bridge) over the Orne, half a mile (800 metres) to the east. Both bridges were quickly captured intact with light casualties by members of the 5th Parachute Brigade and the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion.[114][115] The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3rd Parachute Brigade.[116][117] Meanwhile, pathfinders that were to land nearby to set up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers scheduled to begin arriving at 00:50 to clear the landing zone north of Ranville were blown off course, and had to set up the navigation aids too far east. Many paratroopers, also blown too far east, landed far from their intended drop zones; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units.[118][119] Major General Richard Gale arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03:30, along with equipment such as antitank guns and jeeps and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks, which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings.[120] At 02:00 Richter, in command of the German 716th Infantry Division, ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzers into position to counter-attack. However, as the unit was part of the armoured reserve, Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from OKW before he could commit his unit.[121] Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09:00, but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group (including tanks) to fight the British forces east of the Orne.[122]
Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 9th Battalion tasked with taking out the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point. Lieutenant Colonel Terence Otway, in charge of the operation, decided to proceed regardless, as the emplacement had to be taken out by 06:00 to prevent its being able to fire on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach. In the Battle of Merville Gun Battery, Allied forces disabled the guns at a cost of 75 casualties. The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery.[123]
With this action, the last of the D-Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved.[124] They were reinforced at 12:00 by commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade, who landed on Sword Beach, and by the 6th Airlanding Brigade, who arrived in gliders at 21:00 in Operation Mallard.[125]
Utah Beach
Utah was in the area defended by two battalions of 919th Grenadier Regiment (GR.919).[126] Members of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land, arriving at 06:30. Their landing craft pushed to the south by strong currents, they found themselves about 2,000 yards (1.8 km) from their intended landing zone. This site turned out to be better, as there was only one strongpoint nearby rather than two, and bombers of IX Bomber Command working this sector had dropped lower than their prescribed altitude, inflicting considerable damage. In addition, the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles. Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the first senior officer ashore, made the decision to "start the war from right here", and ordered further landings to be re-routed.[127][128]
The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines. Gaps were blown in the seawall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks. Combat teams began to exit the beach at around 09:00, with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road. They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the GR.919, who were armed with antitank guns and rifles. The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards (1.2 km) to the south were disabled by noon.[129] The Allies did not meet all of their D-Day objectives, partly because they had arrived too far to the south, but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties.[130][131]
Pointe du Hoc
The massive concrete cliff-top gun emplacement at Pointe du Hoc was the target of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, commanded by James Earl Rudder. The task was to scale the 30 meter (100 ft) cliffs under the cover of night, approximately at 5:30, one hour prior to the landings with ropes and ladders, and then attack and destroy the German 15,5 cm Kanone 418(f) coastal defence guns, which were thought to command the Omaha and Utah landing areas. The infantry commanders did not know that the guns had been moved prior to the attack, they had to press farther inland to find them and eventually destroy them. However, the fortifications themselves were still vital targets as a single artillery forward observer based there could have called down accurate fire on the US beaches. The Rangers were eventually successful, and captured the fortifications. They then had to fight for two days to hold the location, losing more than 60% of their men. They subsequently regrouped and continued northeast to the rally point one mile from the gun emplacements on Pointe Du Hoc.
Omaha Beach
Elements of the 1st Infantry Division and 29th Infantry Division (US) faced the recently formed German 352nd Infantry Division, a mixed group of Russian "volunteers" and teenagers stiffened with a cadre of eastern front veterans, unusual in the fact that it was one of the few German divisions remaining with a full complement of three regiments albeit at reduced strength; fifty percent of its officers had no combat experience. However, Allied intelligence was unaware until two weeks before the planned invasion that the 100 km stretch of beach originally allocated to be defended by the 716th Infantry Division (static) had been cut into two parts in March, with the 716th moving to the "Caen Zone", and the 352nd taking over the "Bayeux Zone", thus doubling the complement of defenders.[132] Omaha was also the most heavily fortified beach, with high bluffs defended by funneled mortars, machine guns, and artillery; the pre-landing aerial and naval bombardment of the bunkers proved to be ineffective. Difficulties in navigation caused the majority of landings to drift eastwards, missing their assigned sectors and the initial assault waves of tanks, infantry and engineers took heavy casualties. Of the 16 tanks that landed upon the shores of Omaha Beach only two survived the landing. The official record stated that "within 10 minutes of the ramps being lowered, [the leading] company had become inert, leaderless and almost incapable of action. Every officer and sergeant had been killed or wounded [...] It had become a struggle for survival and rescue".
Only a few gaps were blown in the beach obstacles, resulting in problems for subsequent landings. The heavily defended draws, the only vehicular routes off the beach, could not be taken and two hours after the first assault the beach was closed for all but infantry landings. Commanders (including General Omar Bradley) considered abandoning the beachhead, but small units of infantry, often forming ad hoc groups, supported by naval artillery and the surviving tanks, eventually infiltrated the coastal defences by scaling the bluffs between strongpoints. Further infantry landings were able to exploit the initial penetrations and by the end of the day, two isolated footholds had been established. American casualties at Omaha on D-Day numbered around 5,000 out of 50,000 men, most in the first few hours, while the Germans suffered 1,200 killed, wounded or missing. The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the original D-Day objectives were accomplished by D+3.
Gold Beach
At Gold Beach, 25,000 men were landed, under the command of Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey, Commander of the British 2nd Army. Casualties were also quite heavy; around 400, partly because bad weather delayed the swimming Sherman DD tanks, and also because the Germans had strongly fortified a village on the beach. However, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division overcame these difficulties and advanced almost to the outskirts of Bayeux by the end of the day. With the exception of the Canadians at Juno Beach, no division came closer to its objectives than the 50th.
No. 47 (RM) Commando was the last British Commando unit to land and came ashore on Gold east of La Hamel. Their task was to proceed inland then turn right (west) and make a 16-kilometre (10 mi) march through enemy territory to attack the coastal harbour of Port en Bessin from the rear. This small port, on the British extreme right, was well sheltered in the chalk cliffs and significant in that it was to be a prime early harbour for supplies to be brought in, including fuel by underwater pipe from tankers moored offshore.
Juno Beach
The Canadian forces that landed on Juno Beach faced two heavy batteries of 155 mm guns and nine medium batteries of 75 mm guns, as well as machine-gun nests, pillboxes, other concrete fortifications, and a seawall twice the height of the one at Omaha Beach. The first wave suffered 50% casualties, the second highest of the five D-Day beachheads. The use of armour was successful at Juno, in some instances actually landing ahead of the infantry as intended and helping to clear a path inland.[133]
Despite the obstacles, the Canadians were off the beach within hours and beginning their advance inland. A single troop of four tanks managed to reach the final objective phase line, but hastily retreated, having outrun its infantry support. In particular, two fortified positions at the Douvres Radar Station remained in German hands (and would for several days until captured by British commandos), and no link had been established with Sword Beach.
By the end of D-Day, 30,000 Canadians had been successfully landed, and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had penetrated further into France than any other Allied force, despite having faced strong resistance at the water's edge and later counterattacks on the beachhead by elements of the German 21st and 12th SS Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth) Panzer divisions on 7 and 8 June.
Sword Beach
The assault on Sword Beach began at about 03:00 with an aerial bombardment of the German coastal defences and artillery sites. The naval bombardment began a few hours later. At 07:30, the first units reached the beach. These were the DD tanks of 13th/18th Hussars followed closely by the infantry of 8th Brigade.
On Sword Beach, the regular British infantry came ashore with light casualties. They had advanced about eight kilometres (5 mi) by the end of the day but failed to take some of the deliberately ambitious targets set by Montgomery. In particular, Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands by the end of D-Day, and would remain so until mid-July; its central urban area was cleared 8–9 July, and the suburbs were fully cleared by 20 July in Operation Atlantic. (See Battle for Caen.)
1st Special Service Brigade, under the command of Brigadier The Lord Lovat DSO, MC, went ashore in the second wave led by No. 4 Commando with the two French Troops first, as agreed amongst themselves. The 1st Special Service Brigade's landing is famous for having been led by Piper Bill Millin. The British and French members of No. 4 Commando had separate targets in Ouistreham: the French, a blockhouse and the Casino; the British two German batteries that overlooked the beach. The blockhouse proved too strong for the Commandos' PIAT anti-tank weapons, but the Casino was taken with the aid of a Centaur tank of the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group. The British Commandos achieved both battery objectives only to find the gun mounts empty and the guns removed. Leaving the mopping-up procedure to the infantry, the Commandos withdrew from Ouistreham to join the other units of their brigade (Nos.3, 6 and 45), moving inland to join-up with the 6th Airborne Division.
Crossword puzzles
Leonard Dawe, the headmaster at Strand School in Effingham, Surrey, also compiled crossword puzzles for various newspapers. In his 17 August 1942 crossword in The Daily Telegraph, the clue "French port" had the answer Dieppe. As this was only two days before the disastrous Dieppe Raid, the War Office suspected that the crossword had been used to pass information to the enemy. They called on Lord Tweedsmuir to investigate. His inquiry, which also included MI5, concluded it was a coincidence. Later, during the run-up to the Normandy landings, several of the operation's code names were answers in crosswords that Dawe submitted to the Telegraph. In his crossword for 2 May 1944, the clue for 17 across was "one of the U.S."; the correct answer was Utah. On 22 May the correct answer for 3 down, "Red Indian on the Missouri", was Omaha. On 27 May, "overlord" was the answer to 11 across, and three days later "Mulberry" was the answer to 11 across. A total of four top-secret codewords had appeared in less than a month, and the words "Gold", "Juno", and "Sword" had appeared in previous months. The final straw came on 1 June, when "Neptune" was the answer for 15 across. Dawe was again interrogated by MI5, and again he persuaded them that it was all a coincidence. Dawe may have picked up the words his students, some of whom were children of military families.[134]
War memorials and tourism
At Omaha Beach, parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible, and a few of the beach obstacles remain. A memorial to the American National Guard sits at the former location of a German strongpoint. Point du Hoc is little changed from 1944, with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place. The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is nearby, in Colleville-sur-Mer.[135] A museum about the Utah landings is located at Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, and there is one dedicated to the activities of the American airmen at Sainte-Mère-Église. Two German military cemeteries are located nearby.[136]
Pegasus Bridge, a target of the British 6th Airborne, was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings. The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance, and the original is now housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex.[137] Sections of Mulberry harbour B still sit in the sea at Arromanches, and the well-preserved Longues-sur-Mer battery is nearby.[138] The Juno Beach Centre, opened in 2003, was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments, France, and Canadian veterans.[139]
See also
- Commonwealth War Graves Commission
- List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings
- The Longest Day (1962 film)
- Saving Private Ryan (1998 film)
Explanatory notes
Explanatory notes
- ^ The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D-Day. This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air. Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004, pp. 521–533.
- ^ The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000 overall of which 2,500 were killed. Research underway by the National D-Day Memorial has so far confirmed 4,414 deaths, of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations. Whitmarsh 2009, p. 87.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 342.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 60, 63, 118–120.
- ^ a b c d e "D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: Your Questions Answered". Portsmouth Museum Services. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ Video: Allies Strike Out From Beachhead. Universal Newsreel. 1944. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 157–161. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
- ^ a b "D-Day June 6th, 1944". army.mil US Army Official website. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
- ^ "Numbers of troops on D-day".
- ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994). D-Day. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80137-X.
- ^ Churchill 1949, p. 115.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 8–10.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 11.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, pp. 177–178, chart p. 180.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b Wilmot 1997, p. 170.
- ^ Ambrose 1994, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b c Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 14.
- ^ Gilbert 1989, p. 491.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b c d e Whitmarsh 2009, p. 13.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 684.
- ^ Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004, pp. 521–533.
- ^ a b Beevor 2009, p. 3.
- ^ Churchill 1951, pp. 592–593.
- ^ Beevor 2009, Map, inside front cover.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 698.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 680.
- ^ Brown 2007, p. 465.
- ^ Zuehlke 2004, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 282.
- ^ a b Whitmarsh 2009, p. 34.
- ^ Bickers 1994, pp. 19–21.
- ^ a b c d e f Whitmarsh 2009, p. 31.
- ^ a b Whitmarsh 2009, p. 33.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 21.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, pp. 224–226.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 224.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 131.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Wilmot, endpieces
- ^ Tippelskirch, Kurt von, Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs. 1956
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 120.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 119.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 118.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 122.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 60, 63.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 63.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 60.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 206.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 206, 274–275.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 275.
- ^ a b c Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 33.
- ^ Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994, p. 11.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 12.
- ^ a b Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 54–56.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 31.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 15.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 192.
- ^ a b c Whitmarsh 2009, Map, p. 12.
- ^ "Bruinsburg Crossing (April 30 – May 1)". National Park Service. Retrieved January 2014.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 125.
- ^ Foot, M.R.D.; Dear, I.C.B., eds. (2005). "Overlord". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 663. ISBN 978-0-19-280666-6. (Map 81)
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 66.
- ^ Stanley, Peter (2004). "Australians and D-Day". Anniversary talks. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 271.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 270.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 201.
- ^ Douthit, Howard L. III (1988). The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare- An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam (M.Sc. thesis). Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology. p. 23. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Beryl E., Escott (2010). The Heroines of SOE: Britain's Secret Women in France. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7524-5661-4.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 43.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 229.
- ^ Special Operations Research Office, Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center, United States Army (1965). A Study of Rear Area Security Measures. Washington: American University. pp. 51–52.
- ^ Yung 2006, p. 133.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Churchill 1951, p. 594.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 205.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 255.
- ^ Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994, p. 82.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 81, 117.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 82.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 69.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, pp. 51–52, 69.
- ^ Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994, p. 84.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Weigley, Russell F., Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945 Volume I, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1981, pp. 136–37.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 114.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 175.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 125, 128–129.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 234.
- ^ Corta, Henry (1952). Les bérets rouges [The Red Berets] (in French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. p. 159. OCLC 8226637.
- ^ Corta, Henry (1997). Qui ose gagne [Who dares, wins] (in French). Vincennes, France: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. pp. 65–78. ISBN 978-2-86323-103-6.
- ^ a b Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 133.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 134.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 27.
- ^ a b Wilmot 1997, p. 243.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 61–64.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 116.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 139.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 67.
- ^ a b Wilmot 1997, p. 244.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 145.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 69.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 149–150.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 151.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 71.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 167.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 246–247.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 240.
- ^ Beevor 2009, p. 57.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 239.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 222.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 228, 230.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 230.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 282.
- ^ Beevor 2009, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 242.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, Map, pp. 216–217.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 130.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 131, 160–161.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 158–159, 164.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 165.
- ^ "The 352nd Infantry Division at Omaha Beach".
- ^ Stacey, C.P. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Volume III: The Victory Campaign
- ^ Gilbert, Val (3 May 2004). "D-Day crosswords are still a few clues short of a solution". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 346.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, pp. 346–348.
- ^ "Pegasus Bridge: The Bridge of the Longest Day". Mémorial Pegasus D-Day Commemoration Committee. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, p. 352.
- ^ Zuehlke 2004, pp. 349–350.
- Ambrose, Stephen (1994) [1993]. D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67334-5.
- Badsey, Stephen. Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Osprey Campaign Series #1. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-85045-921-0.
- Beevor, Antony (2009). D-Day: The Battle for Normandy. New York; Toronto: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02119-2.
- Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). Air War Normandy. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-412-1.
- Brown, Anthony Cave (2007) [1975]. Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59921-383-5.
- Churchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145.
- Churchill, Winston (1951) [1948]. Closing the Ring. The Second World War V. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396150.
- D'Este, Carlo. Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons, 1983. ISBN 0-00-217056-6.
- Ellis, L.F.; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A.E. (2004) [1962]. Butler, J.R.M, ed. Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-058-0.
- Foot, M. R. D. (1999). SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940–46. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6585-4.
- Ford, Ken. D-Day 1944 (3): Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings. Osprey Campaign Series #105. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84176-366-8.
- Ford, Ken. D-Day 1944 (4): Gold & Juno Beaches. Osprey Campaign Series #112. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84176-368-2.
- Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). Overlord: The D-Day Landings. Oxford; New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-424-4.
- Gilbert, Martin (1989). The Second World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-1788-5.
- Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994). D-Day: The Story and Photographs. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. ISBN 0-02-881057-0.
- Hamilton, Nigel. "Montgomery, Bernard Law" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-861411-X, ISBN 0-19-861351-2.
- Herington, John. Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945, 1st edition (Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume IV). Canberra: Australian War Memorial 1963.
- Holderfield, Randal J., and Michael J. Varhola. D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944. Mason City, Iowa: Savas Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-882810-45-7, ISBN 1-882810-46-5.
- Keegan, John. The Second World War. London: Hutchinson, 1989. ISBN 0-09-174011-8.
- Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. ISBN 0-14-023542-6.
- Kershaw, Alex. The Bedford Boys: One American Town's Ultimate D-Day Sacrifice. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81355-6.
- "Morning: Normandy Invasion (June–August 1944)". The World at War episode 17. B Btish Broadcasting Corporation. 1974.
- Neillands, Robin. The Battle of Normandy, 1944. London: Cassell, 2002. ISBN 0-304-35837-1.
- Rozhnov, Konstantin. Who won World War II?. BBC News, 5 May 2005.
- Ryan, Cornelius. The Longest Day, 2nd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959. ISBN 0-671-20814-4.
- Stacey, C.P. Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1946.
- Stacey, C.P. (1960). Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence.
- Tute, Warren, John Costello, Terry Hughes. D-Day. London: Pan Books, 1975. ISBN 0-330-24418-3.
- Warner, Phillip. The D-Day Landings. Pen and Sword Books Ltd, 2004. ISBN 1-84415-109-3.
- Weinberg, Gerhard (1995) [1993]. A World At Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2.
- Whitlock, Flint. The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8133-4218-X.
- Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). D-Day in Photographs. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5095-7.
- Wilmot, Chester (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-677-9.
- Yung, Christopher D. (2006). Gators of Neptune: Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-997-5.
- Zaloga, Steven J. D-Day 1944 (1): Omaha Beach. Osprey Campaign Series #100. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-1-84176-367-5.
- Zaloga, Steven J. D-Day 1944 (2): Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings. Osprey Campaign Series #104. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 978-1-84176-365-1.
- Zetterling, Niklas. Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing Inc., 2000. ISBN 0-921991-56-8.
- Zuehlke, Mark (2004). Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55365-050-6.
External links
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for D-Day beaches.
- The Weather on D-Day by William Bryant Logan
- DDay-Overlord History, pictures, maps... Everything about D-Day and the Normandy campaign
- U.S. Center of Military History The Normandy Invasion
- D-Day Original reports and pictures from The Times
- Before and After D-Day: In Color — slideshow by Life magazine
- Airborne Museum at Sainte-Mère-Église The Airborne museum retraces the story of the battle involving American Paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st airborne in capturing Sainte-Mère-Église
- Omaha Beach Memorial
- 29th Infantry Division Historical Society
- American D-Day: Omaha Beach, Utah Beach & Pointe du Hoc
- Neptune Operations Plan
- US report on Neptune
- D-Day: Etat des Lieux – 6 June 1944 and Battle of Normandy
- Naval details for Overlord
- HMS Tanatside
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Australians and D-Day
- Documents on D-Day, the Invasion of Normandy at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- D-Day Pictures courtesy of WW2-Pictures.com
- How successful was D-Day? exclusive video and insight of the D-Day landings on WW2History.com
- Normandy landings a picture gallery featuring pictures of Normandy's landing sites and war cemeteries nowadays
- D-Day Part 1 * D-Day Part 2 * D-Day Part 3 Memories of the landing told by veteran Antonio Ruggiero
- Allied veterans remember D-day
- http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-1.htm
- Media
- The short film Big Picture: D-Day Convoy to Normandy is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Coordinates: 49°20′N 0°34′W / 49.333°N 0.567°W


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It ain't fat that's making you fat...it's the kind of fat you're eating. But before you go on an onion ring binge, hang on. How you use fat in your diet can either land on your hips or support your body in all the hard work it does each and every day. Join me to get the skinny on fat.
Visit the Website: http://www.christinacooks.com
Episode #122 / Length: 26 minutes
On TV
- Thursday, March 27th at 7:30 AM on KLRU Create
- Thursday, March 27th at 1:30 PM on KLRU Create


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Wednesday, February 15, 2012
The weather here in New York has been absolutely crazy.. But crazy in an absolutely amazing way! I thought I would spice up my 2 very different jackets (one simple and one not) by layering them one over another.. I thought it wouldn't really work but everything LITERALLY fell into place perfectly and thus the result was a super cool hybird coat formed of a vintage crop fur and a burberry pea coat that kept me warm and gave some wicked texture for photographs. Later I saw Kate (Lanphear) in a matching style and thus NYMAG decided to put us in their street-style pattern recognition post.
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Prep Time:15 min
Cook Time:15 min
Servings: 35 pieces
1 cup Sue Bee Honey
1 cup low-fat peanut butter
1-2 cup powdered milk
1/2 cup finely grated coconut
1. Put peanut butter and honey in bowl and blend well.
2. Add 1 cup powdered milk or wheat germ and blend into a stiff dough, adding more powdered milk or wheat germ as needed.
3. Form mixture into small 1-inch balls or patties.
4. Put coconut in flat pan.
5. Roll balls or patties in coconut to coat.
6. Place side by side on dish covered with wax paper, cover with another wax paper sheet, and refrigerate.
7. Serve as a sweet snack treat.


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EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. -- Even as the deadline for restricted free agents to sign offer sheets with other teams approached, Giants general manager Jerry Reese was making no assumptions about the future of Victor Cruz.
The team's top pass-catcher of 2012 -- still unsigned to a one-year, first-round tender worth $2.879 million -- remained absent from the team's voluntary off-season conditioning program Thursday. Reese had no idea if he'd see the Pro Bowl standout during the program, training camp, or even into the season.
"I don't assume anything," Reese said. "When we get ready to play, we'll have good player. I don't know if Victor will be on the team or not. If Victor's not here, we'll have other receivers. One player doesn't make your team."
Cruz caught 86 passes for 1,092 yards and 10 touchdowns last season.
Reese sounded more annoyed than ominous while addressing his wide receiver's contract status during his annual pre-draft press conference at the Timex Performance Center. But the fact remains that if Cruz fails to land an offer sheet by 4 p.m. Friday, his negotiating rights will revert to the Giants. Once that happens, he can either sign the tender and become an unrestricted free agent after the upcoming season, or remain inactive in an attempt to gain a long-term contract.
The Giants reportedly have a long-term offer on the table for approximately $7 million per year, but Cruz is said to be looking more in the $10 million range. If the Giants allow him to leave, they will get a first-round draft choice as compensation.
Cruz was signed as an undrafted free agent in 2010. The salsa-dancing University of Massachusetts player has 168 receptions for 2,628 yards and 19 touchdowns. He made the 2012 Pro Bowl and is considered one of the league's best slot receivers.
Reese would like to see him working, as Cruz did last week with Eli Manning at the quarterback's informal passing camp at Duke University. But the general manager admitted that he can only wait until the situation plays out. Reese said the sides have been in contact, but that no agreement is imminent.
"Obviously, Victor's a big part of what we've been doing the past couple of years," a testy Reese said. "He did a nice job for us. We'll see where it goes with respect to the contract.
"Look, Victor's not here. He's a free agent exercising all his options. We'll see where it goes."
Manning would also like his go-to receiver at the complex, but said he'd be surprised if he saw Cruz before he signs a long-term deal.
"I have a feeling I'll see Victor when the contract's done," he said. "That my gut feel, and I could be wrong. If he's back here earlier, then that will be a bonus. (The long-term deal) is the goal."
Meanwhile, running back Andre Brown, a restricted free agent who is also unsigned, is participating in the workouts.
"(Cruz) is a free agent," Reese said. "He doesn't have a contract, so he's not here. That's his choice. Andre Brown chose to be here. Victor chose not to be."
Manning could use Cruz right now, considering Hakeem Nicks is working his way back from off-season knee surgery and new receiver Louis Murphy is trying to learn a new system. Murphy, a free agent pickup who can stretch the field, could get some of the available Cruz reps once the organized practices start May 22.
Manning also hopes Rueben Randle will step up in his second year to help the downfield game.
Having Cruz working with the group would be preferable, but the quarterback understood the business end, too. He said he'd be willing to move some of his own money around in a restructuring to clear salary cap room for Cruz, but no one has approached him yet.
In the meantime, he and Reese will continue waiting.
"He's got to do what's in his best interests," Manning said. "I won't prod him to get a deal done."
NOTES: Guard Chris Snee's wife Katie, daughter of coach Tom Coughlin, missed running in Monday's Boston Marathon. Snee said she would have finished around the time the two bombs exploded. "It's just sad," said Snee, who met his wife at Boston College. "It's a shame to have to worry about things like that happening. It's scary. I looked at the clock and it finished right about when she would have finished." ... Free agent tight end Brandon Myers said former Raiders teammate and former Giants tight end Kevin Boss encouraged him to sign here. "He had nothing but good to say about the organization," Myers said. ... Nicks worked out with Manning at Duke, but the former Tar Heel would have preferred another venue. "I'd rather it had been at Carolina than Duke," he said.
Take a look at each prospect's average draft position and most likely landing spot based in TSN.ca's Mock Draft ADP. More...
TSN Digital's Mock Draft | Top prospects; Canadians
Missouri All-American Michael Sam says he is gay, and the defensive end could become the first openly homosexual player in the NFL.
Check out ReOrientation - TSN's special three-part feature examining athletics and homosexuality.
More about ReOrientation
Tim Graham provides an update on the potential sale of the Buffalo Bills , Donald Trump, when a new stadium will be built, and more.
Andy Mac and Carlan Gay break down the latest news in the NFL.
Andy McNamara chats with Andrew Garda, Bleacher Report NFL lead writer about Johnny Manziel, college quarterbacks, and NFL Free Agency.


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H.R.833 - To amend title 10, United States Code, to require that the Purple Heart occupy a position of precedence above the new Distinguished Warfare Medal.113th Congress (2013-2014)
Summary: H.R.833 — 113th Congress (2013-2014)
There is one summary for this bill. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Introduced in House (02/26/2013)
Requires the Purple Heart to be placed in precedence above the Distinguished Warfare Medal.


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Vogue Knitting On the Go! Toddler Knits
Edited by Trisha Malcolm
hard cover, 96 pages
Here is a delightful collection of comfy knits for the toddler in your life! Since children grow so fast at this age, you don't want to spend hour upon hour making something that's not going to fit in a year's time. That's why the sturdy, playful patterns in On the Go! Toddler Knits require a minimal amount of both time and money and are designed especially for knitters on the go. Girls will love the adorable wraparound dress and tartan coat, while boys will cozy right up to the rugged hooded sweatshirt and sailor pullover. The book also includes step-by-step instructions, full-color photographs of the finished garments and an introductory section that covers all the basics.
Shipping: 1 book: $7, 2 or more books $4 each
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It's offical! I am now a blogger for HuffPost Parents Website! Please click on my name and become a "Fan"! Thank you so much! Jodi Ciampa
Remember when you were growing up and 30 seemed so old? Or when you were in high school and the thought of dating a college boy seemed so far out of reach? Well, when it comes to having babies, there is no greater equalizer. That's why I call motherhood "Equalization of the Ages". Whether you are 20 or 40, having your first baby or fifth; when it comes to raising children, every mother is "ageless".
Some of my dearest friends could not be further apart in age, yet my life would not be the same without them. They have all given me immeasurable strength, at one point or another. A dear friend of mine who is 73 has been in my life for 22 years. I met her when I was 17 years old. She has seen me through the ending of my teens, dating, marriage and now, motherhood. Her knowledge has carried me through numerous triumphs, trials and tribulations and she has always been such a positive role model to me.
Then all the great friends who are such huge part of my daily life; I don't think I could function if they weren't here for me. Some I grew up with and others I met through my children, but we all have a common bond and there is at least a 10 year age span between us. Our children are basically the same age so we are experiencing the same highs and lows together. Despite where we live, whether it is 2 minutes or 2 hours, in desperate times (which include complaining about our husbands) we are there for each other in a flash.
It is so comforting to have trustworthy and reliable confidants around when you need an extra hand, listening ear or someone to laugh with. So believe in the saying, "age is just a number" and it couldn't be truer when it's From One Mother to Another.


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Essential accent. This Couristan floral rug will tie together any room.
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Gimmicks by BKE Asymmetrical JacketSALE $61.56 was $76.95 Item #26215GMKDN1319
- Pieced crochet and French terry washed zip-up jacket
- 6 1/2" zipper vents on sleeves
- Epaulet details
- Layering piece(s) sold separately
- Body: 100% Cotton. Trim: 100% Cotton.
- Machine wash cold with like colors, gentle cycle. Do not bleach. Line dry. Cool iron if needed.
- Made in China.
Gimmicks by BKE Asymmetrical Jacket 5 5
so cute and comfortable Love this. Very unique and super comfortable. fyi... runs really big. April 9, 2013
So Pretty! I really loved this jacket, however unless I kept it zipped, it didn't lay right. Maybe like it had too much material? It has awesome details and I was sad that it didn't look good on me. March 23, 2013
BKE Asymmetrical Jacket Finally sleeves that are long enough for us who find stuff that fits everywhere else but the arms! I'm glad it runs a bit loose cause I don't have to go up a size in this one! I love the zipper(s) and everything else that's asummetrical on it. BKE has a knack for this kind of styling. I have really long hair that covers up the back detail, so I have to dawn a ponytail if I wanna show that off. Ha! March 11, 2013
Amazing! I adore this jacket! It's made out of a semi-lightweight and stretchy fabric, so you can probably go a size down in this. I love the details like the lace, patchwork fabric, and the zippers of the sleeves. It does have slightly long sleeves, but it still looks cute with them rolled up. It's girly meets motorcycle jacket. March 5, 2013
Girley I love this jacket but the only negative thing I have to say is sleve are a bit long and the zipper at the end of sleve bothers me. But over all this jacket is cute but runs a little large I buy just about everything large and this fits me loose. So I recommend going down in size plus fabric is stretchy. March 1, 2013
1-5 of 5


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If some team took Santana's contract off the Mets' hands, you could expect a similar return.
FELLOW SATINISTS INCLUDE:FoC, YS, Harry, Zmaster, Gotta, ArkansasMetsFan, KingsnQueens7, The-rock-man, Wrigheyes4MVP, Vendetta, Jim Labruno
I think trading Johan for cash is the Coupons next big play. The have consistently removed anyone making money whenever they could, (except DW, who they could not afford to lose if they wanted to maintain the charade).
Another analogy is the Beltran trade, they ate some money and received the coverboy of this year's Baseball America magazine.
Ninety percent Ill spend on good times, women, and Irish whiskey. The other ten percent Ill probably waste.
- Tug McGraw, on his plans for his $75,000 salary
Maybe. But to the contrary, he was actually their most durable outfielder by far at the time he was traded.
Going into this season, no one is expecting anything from Johan. But if he does surprise like Beltran did in 2011, I wouldn't rule out the possibility of a blue chipper in return. I think it's a long shot but i would have said the same thing about Beltran heading into 2011.
So we'll leave it to my sig again.
FELLOW SATINISTS INCLUDE:FoC, YS, Harry, Zmaster, Gotta, ArkansasMetsFan, KingsnQueens7, The-rock-man, Wrigheyes4MVP, Vendetta, Jim Labruno
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I prefer my old proverb 'He who stands still travels backwards'.
[QUOTE=clayamtion;24886804]Jon Daniels proverb is "its better to do nothing than do something stupid".[/QUOTE
"Excuses are for losers"
Old proverb:
He who only complains all the time irritates the **** out of others...
I really should develop a sig, huh?
A hard beginning maketh a good ending.
Thread closed.


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Saban said he spoke with Rolando McClain before the former Crimson Tide linebacker announced he is retiring from the NFL at 23. McClain signed a one-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens a month ago, and was arrested in his hometown of Decatur 10 days later. The arrest was McClain's third since December 2011.
Still, Saban was supportive of McClain's decision to step away from the game. He said the two have spoken several times in the past month.
"Ro did a great job for us, and I've had a real close relationship with him. We've talked about it a couple times," Saban said Thursday during his Crimson Caravan stop at Turner Field. "I think Ro is just in a place right now where he doesn't think he can do his best.
"I think he's a prideful guy, and he'd like to get things straightened out personally then decide whether he wants to continue to play football or not."
Saban said he thinks McClain is doing the right thing by stepping away and getting his life in order.
"I just hope he decides to come back and finish his degree," Saban said. "If he decides to do something else, there'll be something else that he's qualified to do, that he wants to do."
Saban also addressed the comments made by aformer staff member, Tim Davis, the current Florida offensive line coach. Davis referred to Saban "the devil himself" Tuesday at a booster club meeting in Melbourne, Fla.
"It really is a little terribly disappointing," Saban said. "I try to do right by the people that work for me. It's a tough, demanding job. And at the same time, if anybody had an issue or problem with me, I would want them to just tell me."
Saban said the comments were different coming from someone who has worked for him.
"It's just disappointing. If somebody has a problem with me, I'd appreciate it if they'd tell me," Saban said. "If I'm doing something to offend somebody, I'd certainly like to do whatever I have to do to fix it. It's not our intention. It's not what we try to do.
"We're in a tough business. It's very competitive. Sometimes you've got to demand that people do things that maybe they don't want to do, but it's not personal."
Saban mentioned that he didn't feel Davis' comments reflected the view of Florida coach Will Muschamp or the University of Florida. Saban said he and Muschamp have a close relationship.