text:
Virginia Tech massacre
|Virginia Tech massacre
People gather to mourn after the shooting.
|Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
|37°13′46″N 80°25′23″W / 37.22944°N 80.42306°WCoordinates: 37°13′46″N 80°25′23″W / 37.22944°N 80.42306°W
|April 16, 2007
c. 7:15 a.m.–9:51 a.m.[1] (EDT)
Attack type
|School shooting, mass murder, murder–suicide
|33 (including the perpetrator)[1]
Non-fatal injuries
|23 (17 by gunfire)[1][2]
|Seung-Hui Cho
The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting that took place on April 16, 2007, on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, a senior at Virginia Tech, shot and killed 32 people and wounded 17 others in two separate attacks, approximately two hours apart, before committing suicide (another six people were injured escaping from classroom windows).[1][2] The massacre is the deadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in U.S. history and one of the deadliest by a single gunman worldwide.[3]
Cho had previously been diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder. During much of his middle school and high school years, he received therapy and special education support. After graduating from high school, Cho enrolled at Virginia Tech. Because of federal privacy laws, Virginia Tech was unaware of Cho's previous diagnosis or the accommodations he had been granted at school. In 2005, Cho was accused of stalking two female students. After an investigation, a Virginia special justice declared Cho mentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment.[4] Lucinda Roy, a professor and former chairwoman of the English department, had asked Cho to seek counseling.[5] Cho's mother turned to her church for help.[6]
The attacks received international media coverage and drew widespread criticism of U.S. gun culture.[7] It sparked intense debate about gun violence, gun laws, gaps in the U.S. system for treating mental health issues, the perpetrator's state of mind, the responsibility of college administrations,[8] privacy laws, journalism ethics, and other issues. Television news organizations that aired portions of the killer's multimedia manifesto were criticized by victims' families, Virginia law enforcement officials, and the American Psychiatric Association.[9][10]
The massacre prompted the state of Virginia to close legal loopholes that had previously allowed Cho, an individual adjudicated as mentally unsound, to purchase handguns without detection by the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). It also led to passage of the first major federal gun control measure in more than 13 years. The law strengthening the NICS was signed by President George W. Bush on January 5, 2008.[11]
The Virginia Tech Review Panel, a state-appointed body assigned to review the incident, criticized Virginia Tech administrators for failing to take action that might have reduced the number of casualties. The panel's report also reviewed gun laws and pointed out gaps in mental health care as well as privacy laws that left Cho's deteriorating condition in college untreated.[1]
- 1 Attacks
- 2 Perpetrator
- 3 Responses to the incidents
- 4 Criticism of university response
- 5 Effects on gun politics
- 6 Legal aftermath
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
|Part of a series of articles on the
Virginia Tech massacre
Perpetrator: Seung-Hui Cho
Media coverage
|Staff victims
|Jamie Bishop
Jocelyne Couture-Nowak
Kevin Granata
Liviu Librescu
G. V. Loganathan
Cho used two firearms during the attacks: a .22-caliber Walther P22 semi-automatic handgun and a 9 mm semi-automatic Glock 19 handgun.[12] The shootings occurred in separate incidents, with the first at West Ambler Johnston Hall, during which Cho killed two pupils, and the second at Norris Hall, where the other 31 deaths, including that of Cho himself, as well as all the nonlethal injuries, occurred.
West Ambler Johnston shootings[edit]
Cho was seen near the entrance to West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 894 students, at about 6:45 am EDT.[1][12] Normally, the hall was accessible only to its residents via magnetic key cards before 10 am. Cho's student mailbox was in the lobby of the building, so he had a pass card access after 7:30 am, but it is unclear how he gained earlier entrance to the building.[1]
Cho shot his first victims in West Ambler Johnston Hall. At around 7:15am, Cho entered the room in which freshman Emily J. Hilscher shared with another student. Hilscher, a 19-year-old from Woodville, Rappahannock County, Virginia, was fatally wounded. After hearing the gunshots, a male resident assistant, Ryan C. Clark, attempted to aid Hilscher. Cho shot and killed Clark, a 22-year-old-senior from Martinez, Columbia County, Georgia.[13][14] Hilscher remained alive for three hours after being shot, but no one from the school, law enforcement or hospital notified her family until after she had died.[15][16]
Cho left the scene and returned to his dorm room. While police and emergency medical services units were responding to the shootings in the dorm next door, Cho changed out of his bloodstained clothes, logged on to his computer to delete his e-mail, and then removed the hard drive. About an hour after the attack, Cho is believed to have been seen near the campus duck pond. Although authorities suspected Cho had thrown his hard drive and mobile phone into the water, a search was unsuccessful.[17][18]
Almost two hours after the first killings, Cho appeared at a nearby post office and mailed a package of writings and video recordings to NBC News; the package was postmarked 9:01 am.[19] He then walked to Norris Hall. In a backpack, he carried several chains, locks, a hammer, a knife, two handguns with nineteen 10 and 15 round magazines, and nearly 400 rounds of ammunition.[1]
Norris Hall shootings[edit]
About two hours after the initial shootings, Cho entered Norris Hall, which houses the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others, and chained the three main entrance doors shut. He placed a note on at least one of the chained doors, claiming that attempts to open the door would cause a bomb to explode. Shortly before the shooting began, a faculty member found the note and took it to the building's third floor to notify the school's administration. At about the same time, however, Cho had begun to shoot students and faculty on the second floor; the bomb threat was never called in.[1][20] Within one or two minutes of the first shots, the first call to 9-1-1 was received.[21]
According to several students, before the shooting began Cho looked into several classrooms. Erin Sheehan, an eyewitness and survivor who had been in room 207, told reporters that the shooter "peeked in twice" earlier in the lesson and that "it was strange that someone at this point in the semester would be lost, looking for a class".[22] Cho's first attack after entering Norris occurred in an advanced hydrology engineering class taught by Professor G. V. Loganathan in room 206. Cho first shot and killed the professor, then continued firing, killing nine of the 13 students in the room and injuring two others.[1] Next, Cho went across the hall to room 207, in which instructor Christopher James Bishop was teaching German. Cho killed Bishop and four students; six students were wounded.[1] Cho then moved on to Norris 211 and 204.[21] In both of these classrooms, Cho was initially prevented from entering, due to barricades erected by instructors and students. In room 204, Professor Liviu Librescu, an Israeli Holocaust survivor, forcibly prevented Cho from entering the room. Librescu was able to hold the door closed until most of his students escaped through the windows, but he died after being shot multiple times through the door. One student in his classroom was killed.[23] Instructor Jocelyne Couture-Nowak and student Henry Lee were killed in room 211 as they attempted to barricade the door.[24] Eleven students died in room 211; the six students who survived all suffered gunshot wounds.[1]
- 1. Ryan Clark (22) Martinez, Georgia
—senior in Psych/Biology/English
- 2. Emily Hilscher (19) Woodville, Virginia
—freshman in Animal Sciences
- 3. Minal Panchal (26) Mumbai, India
—masters student in Architecture
- 4. G. V. Loganathan (53) Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
—professor of Engineering
- 5. Jarrett Lane (22) Narrows, Virginia
—senior in Civil Engineering
- 6. Brian Bluhm (25) Louisville, Kentucky
—masters student in Civil Engineering
- 7. Matthew Gwaltney (24) Chesterfield County, Virginia
—masters student in Environmental Engineering
- 8. Jeremy Herbstritt (27) Bellefonte, Pennsylvania
—masters student in Civil Engineering
- 9. Partahi Lumbantoruan (34) Medan, Indonesia
—PhD student in Civil Engineering
- 10. Daniel O'Neil (22) Lincoln, Rhode Island
—masters student in Environmental Engineering
- 11. Juan Ortiz (26) Bayamón, Puerto Rico[25]
—masters student in Civil Engineering
- 12. Julia Pryde (23) Middletown Township, New Jersey
—masters student in Biological Systems Engineering
- 13. Waleed Shaalan (32) Zagazig, Egypt
—PhD student in Civil Engineering
- 14. Jamie Bishop (35) Pine Mountain, Georgia
—German instructor
- 15. Lauren McCain (20) Hampton, Virginia
—freshman in International Studies
- 16. Michael Pohle Jr. (23) Flemington, New Jersey
—senior in Biological Sciences
- 17. Maxine Turner (22) Vienna, Virginia
—senior in Chemical Engineering
- 18. Nicole White (20) Smithfield, Virginia
—junior in International Studies
- 19. Liviu Librescu (76) Ploiești, Romania
—professor of Engineering
- 20. Jocelyne Couture-Nowak (49) Montreal, Quebec
—professor of French
- 21. Ross Alameddine (20) Saugus, Massachusetts
—sophomore in English/Business
- 22. Austin Cloyd (18) Champaign, Illinois
—freshman in Int'l Studies/French
- 23. Daniel Perez Cueva (21) Woodbridge, Virginia
—junior in International Studies
- 24. Caitlin Hammaren (19) Westtown, New York
—sophomore in Int'l Studies/French
- 25. Rachael Hill (18) Richmond, Virginia
—freshman in Biological Sciences
- 26. Matthew La Porte (20) Dumont, New Jersey
—sophomore in Political Science
- 27. Henry Lee (20) Roanoke, Virginia/Vietnam
—freshman in Computer Engineering
- 28. Erin Peterson (18) Centreville, Virginia
—freshman in International Studies
- 29. Mary Karen Read (19) Annandale, Virginia
—freshman in Interdisciplinary Studies
- 30. Reema Samaha (18) Centreville, Virginia
—freshman in Urban Planning
- 31. Leslie Sherman (20) Springfield, Virginia
—junior in History/Int'l Studies
- 32. Kevin Granata (45) Toledo, Ohio
—professor of Engineering
- 1. Seung-Hui Cho (23) Centreville, Virginia
—senior in English
Cho reloaded and revisited several of the classrooms.[21] After Cho's first visit to room 207, several students had barricaded the door and had begun tending the wounded. When Cho returned minutes later, Katelyn Carney and Derek O'Dell were injured while holding the door closed.[26][27][28] Cho also returned to room 206. According to a student eyewitness, the movements of a wounded Waleed Shaalan distracted Cho from a nearby student after the shooter had returned to the room. Shaalan was shot a second time and died.[29] Also in room 206, Partahi Mamora Halomoan Lumbantoruan may have protected fellow student Guillermo Colman by diving on top of him.[30] Colman's various accounts make it unclear whether this act was intentional or the involuntary result of being shot. Multiple gunshots killed Lumbantoruan, but Colman was protected by Lumbantoruan's body.[31][32]
Students, including Zach Petkewicz, barricaded the door of room 205 with a large table after substitute professor Haiyan Cheng and a student saw Cho heading toward them. Cho shot through the door several times but failed to force his way in. No one in that classroom was wounded or killed.[33][34][35]
Hearing the commotion on the floor below, Professor Kevin Granata took 20 students from a third-floor classroom into his office where the door could be locked. He then went downstairs to investigate and was gunned down by Cho. None of the students locked in Granata's office were injured or killed.[36]
Approximately 10–12 minutes after the second attack began, Cho shot himself in his right temple with the Glock 19.[37] He died in Jocelyne Couture-Nowak's Intermediate French class, room 211. During this second assault, he had fired at least 174 rounds,[21] killing 30 people and wounding 17 more.[1][37] All of the victims were shot at least three times each; of the 30 killed, 28 were shot in the head.[38][39] During the investigation, State Police Superintendent William Flaherty told a state panel that police found 203 live rounds in Norris Hall. "He was well prepared to continue...," Flaherty testified.[40]
During the two attacks, Cho killed five faculty members and 27 students before committing suicide.[41] The Virginia Tech Review Panel reported that Cho's gunshots wounded 17 other people; six more were injured when they jumped from second-story windows to escape.[1] Sydney J. Vail, the director of the trauma center at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital, said that Cho's choice of 9 mm hollow-point ammunition increased the severity of the injuries.[42] Conversely, due to the limited penetration depth of hollow point bullets, it is likely that Colman would have died had they not been used.[43]
The shooter was identified as 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho, a South Korean citizen with U.S. permanent resident status. An undergraduate at Virginia Tech, Cho lived in Harper Hall, a dormitory west of West Ambler Johnston Hall.
The Virginia Tech Review Panel's August 2007 report devoted more than 127 pages to Cho's troubled history.[1] At three years of age, Cho was described as shy, frail, and wary of physical contact.[44] While early media reports carried speculation by South Korean relatives that Cho had autism,[45] the Review Panel report dismissed this diagnosis.[46] In eighth grade, Cho was diagnosed with severe depression as well as selective mutism, an anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking.[1][47][48] Cho's family sought therapy for him, and he received help periodically throughout middle school and high school.[1] Early reports also indicated Cho was bullied for speech difficulties in middle school, but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this, or other reports that he was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class, height and race related reasons in high school causing some anti-bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority-absolving whitewash.[49][50] Supposedly, high school officials had worked with his parents and mental health counselors to support Cho throughout his sophomore and junior years. Cho eventually chose to discontinue therapy. When he applied and was admitted to Virginia Tech, school officials did not report his speech and anxiety-related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit such disclosure unless a student requests special accommodation.[48]
The Virginia Tech Review Panel detailed numerous incidents of aberrant behavior beginning in Cho's junior year of college that should have served as a warning to his deteriorating mental condition. Several former professors of Cho reported that his writing as well as his classroom behavior was disturbing, and he was encouraged to seek counseling.[51][52] He was also investigated by the university for stalking and harassing two female students.[53] In 2005, Cho had been declared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seek outpatient treatment.[54]
The Virginia Tech Review Panel Report faulted university officials for failing to share information that would have shed light on the seriousness of Cho's problems, citing misinterpretations of federal privacy laws.[55][56] The report also pointed to failures by Virginia Tech's counseling center, flaws in Virginia's mental health laws, and inadequate state mental health services, but concluded that "Cho himself was the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health" in college.[1] The report also stated that the classification detail that Cho was to seek "outpatient" rather than "inpatient" treatment would generally have been legally interpreted at the time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia's Central Criminal Records Exchange (CCRE) and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing or possessing a firearm.
Cho's underlying psychological diagnosis at the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation.[57] Some teachers, having seen many troubled students over the years and sensing deep problems with Cho, attempted to 'manage the situation' in such a way as to not alienate him and to allow him to successfully graduate with his reputation still intact.
Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher, one of his first two victims. However, Hilscher's friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and there is no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders.[58] In the ensuing investigation, police found a suicide note in Cho's dorm room that included comments about "rich kids", "debauchery", and "deceitful charlatans". On April 18, 2007, NBC News received a package from Cho time-stamped between the first and second shooting episodes. It contained an 1,800-word manifesto, photos, and 27 digitally recorded videos, in which Cho likened himself to Jesus Christ and expressed his hatred of the wealthy.[19] He stated, among other things, "You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option...You just loved to crucify me. You loved inducing cancer in my head, terror in my heart and ripping my soul all this time".[59] Media organizations, including Newsweek, MSNBC, Reuters and the Associated Press, even raised questions and speculated the similarity between a stance in one of Cho's videos, which showed him holding and raising a hammer, and a pose from promotional posters for the South Korean movie Oldboy.[60][61][62] Investigators found no evidence that Cho had ever watched Oldboy, and the professor who made the initial connection to Oldboy had since discounted his theory that Cho was influenced by the movie.[63] The Virginia Tech Review Panel concluded that because of Cho's inability to handle stress and the "frightening prospect" of being "turned out into the world of work, finances, responsibilities, and a family," Cho chose to engage in a fantasy in which "he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed, the downtrodden, the poor, and the rejected."[1] The panel went further, stating that, "His thought processes were so distorted that he began arguing to himself that his evil plan was actually doing good. His destructive fantasy was now becoming an obsession."[1]
Responses to the incidents[edit]
Emergency services response[edit]
Police arrived within three minutes of receiving an emergency call but took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell.[12] As police reached the second floor, they heard Cho fire his final shot;[12][41] Cho's body was discovered in Jocelyne Couture-Nowak's classroom, room 211.[37]
In the aftermath, high winds related to the April 2007 nor'easter prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for evacuation of the injured.[64] Victims injured in the shooting were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford, Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport, TN and Lewis-Gale Medical Center in Salem.[65]
University response[edit]
The university first informed students via e-mail at 9:26 am, about two hours after the first shooting, which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature.[66] After the full extent of the massacre became evident, Virginia Tech canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil on April 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester.[67] The university offered counseling for students and faculty,[68] and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students.[69] University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade.[70]
Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose students call themselves The Hokies, formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund is used to cover expenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials, communications expenses, and comfort expenses.[71] Early in June 2007, the Virginia Tech Foundation announced that US$3.2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separate named endowment funds, each created in honor of a victim lost in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity. The naming and determination of how each fund will be directed is being developed with the victims' families. By early June, donations to the HSMF had reached approximately US$7 million.[72] In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg, who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, was named to administer the fund's distributions.[73] In October 2007, the families and surviving victims received payments ranging from $11,500 to $208,000 from the fund.[74]
Also early in June 2007, the university announced it would begin reoccupying Norris Hall within a matter of weeks. The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primary occupants before the shootings. The building is to be completely renovated over time, and it will no longer contain classrooms.[75]
After the release of the Virginia Tech Review Panel Report, some parents of those killed called for Virginia's governor to relieve the university president and campus police chief of their positions. However, Governor Tim Kaine refused to do so, saying that the school officials had "suffered enough".[76]
Campus response[edit]
In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on the campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall. Later, members of Hokies United placed 32 pieces of Hokie Stone, each labeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand.[77] There is a ground light for nighttime illumination in front of each memorial stone and a bench nearby in honor of the survivors.
Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would be targeted for retribution.[78] While no official claims of harassment were made, anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean students were affected.[79]
The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despite this timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5,000 students for the class of 2011.[80]
Government response[edit]
President George W. Bush and his wife Laura attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings.[81] The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six-month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings.[82] Virginia Governor Tim Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Tokyo, Japan,[66] and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings.[83]
Governor Kaine[who?] later created an eight-member panel, including former United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, to review all aspects of the Virginia Tech massacre, from Cho's medical history to the school's widely criticized delay in warning students of danger and locking down the campus after the bodies of Cho's first two victims were discovered.[84] In August 2007, the panel concluded, among more than 20 major findings, that the Virginia Tech Police Department "did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if the initial lead proved false".[1] The panel made more than 70 preventative recommendations, directed to colleges, universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials, emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere. While the panel did find errors in judgment and procedure, the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself was responsible for his own actions, and to imply that anyone else was accountable "would be wrong." The Review Panel validated public criticisms that university officials erred in "prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the double homicide was a good one," and in delaying a campus-wide notification for almost two hours.[1] The report analyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an action was not feasible. The report concluded that the toll could have been reduced if the university had made an immediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger, clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman.[1]
The incident also caused Virginia Commonwealth elected officials to re-examine gaps between federal and state gun purchase laws. Within two weeks, Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to close those gaps (see Gun politics debate, below). Prompted by the incident, the federal government passed the most significant gun control law in over a decade.[85] The bill, H.R. 2640, mandates improvements in state reporting to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) in order to halt gun purchases by criminals, those declared mentally ill, and other people prohibited from possessing firearms and authorizes up to $1.3 billion in federal grants for such improvements.[86] Both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association supported the legislation.[87] The measure passed the United States House of Representatives on a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007. President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008.[86] On March 24, 2008, the U.S. Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain of the changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech incident and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety.[88]
South Korean response[edit]
When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame,[89] while the Government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications. A candlelight vigil was held outside the Embassy of the United States, Seoul. South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed his deepest condolences.[90] Although Cho came to the US as a third grader and was a permanent resident of the US, many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by blood.[91]
South Korea's ambassador to the US and several Korean American religious leaders called on Korean Americans to participate in a 32-day fast, one day for each victim, for repentance.[92][93] The foreign minister, Song Minsoon, announced that safety measures had been established for Koreans living in the US, in apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks.[94] A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice or confrontation".[95] No such incidents were ever reported.
Some Korean Americans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue and irrelevant attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other, more salient, reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho focused on his psychological problems.[89] The Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television said it would be inappropriate to air the advertisements featuring images of Korea's culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage.[96]
Academic/industry response[edit]
The Construction Industry Institute (CII), a University of Texas-based research institute promoting collaboration between industry and academia, had a relationship with Tech before the tragedy—having sponsored several VT-led engineering research projects. CII felt the loss deeply and upon learning of the tragedy, CII members immediately sought to develop a positive response. In just a few months, CII worked with Virginia Tech faculty to design a three-credit graduate class teaching CII Best Practices to the future leaders of the construction industry. The first class was taught in Fall 2007 over three weekends by subject matter experts from CII member companies Procter & Gamble, KBR, Fluor Corporation, the Smithsonian Institution, BE&K, Department of State, and CII staff.[97]
Other responses[edit]
Hundreds of other colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and gestures of support.[98] Some schools went beyond this and offered or provided cash donations and other forms of expertise and support, such as housing for officers and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech.[99] Both inside the U.S. and abroad, the incident caused many universities to re-examine their own campus safety and security procedures as well as their mental health support services.[100][101]
Some of Cho's family members expressed sympathy for the victims' families and described his history of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternal grandfather was quoted in The Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person who deserved to die with the victims.[46] On Friday, April 20, Cho's family issued a statement of grief and apology, written by his sister, Sun-Kyung Cho.[102]
Many heads of state and international figures offered condolences and sympathy,[103] including Pope Benedict XVI,[104] Queen Elizabeth II, and South Korean UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Sporting teams and leagues at both the college and professional levels, as well as sports figures from football, baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer, and NASCAR racing, paid their respects and joined fundraising efforts to honor the victims, most notably regional teams the Washington Nationals, who wore Virginia Tech hats in a game, and D.C. United, who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during a game; NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks.[105]
EQUITAS, a Canada-based "Strategic Rule of law Think Tank" governed by international law, published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech massacre which includes a review of measures for counter-terrorism and campus security adopted between 1993 and April 16, 2007.[106] The report criticizes Virginia Tech's institutional decision-making process and summarizes the lethal effects of failing to "implement and administer valid procedural and substantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism and mass casualties".[106] The report does not comment on gun control or mental health issues.
On July 30, 2007, after it came to light that Seung-Hui Cho had purchased on eBay two 10-round magazines for one of the guns used in the shootings, the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines, firearms parts, and ammunition components on its site.[107][108]
Continuing response[edit]
A Northern Virginia chapter of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, founded in November 2008 by Aaron Adler and Ethan Blonder, took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA, in honor of the Holocaust survivor who used his body to barricade Cho from entering his room.
On September 4, 2009, the Marching Virginians took a 140 mile side-trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The 350 member band, 20 cheerleaders and members of the Corps of Cadets color guard performed at Lakeside High School, alma mater of Ryan Clark, along with the Lakeside Marching Band and visiting Evans High's band. The event was organized by Central Savannah River Area Virginia Tech alumni chapter to honor Clark's memory and as a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name.[109]
Beginning with the first anniversary of the attack and continuing since, the Queens' Guard of The College of William & Mary, another public university in Virginia, has memorialized the victims with an honor guard at the head of the College's Sunken Garden. The unarmed honor guard is modeled after the honor guard posted at the Tomb of the Unknowns by soldiers of the US Army's Old Guard.
Following the 2007 shootings, Virginia Tech began employing an alert system on their website and text messages to warn students of danger. The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an exploded cartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near a campus dormitory. It was later activated on August 4, 2011, when children attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun; police were unable to find anyone matching the children's description.[110] Later in 2011, on December 8, the system was activated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus. This turned out to be a random act by a part-time Radford University student. He had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in the day in nearby Radford and had parked it in the general area of a Virginia Tech parking lot where the victim officer was conducting a routine traffic stop on a third party. The shooter turned the gun on himself a half-hour later.
Criticism of university response[edit]
Sociology professor Kenneth Westhues has criticized the Virginia Tech response to the shootings and the Massengill Report.[111][112][113] Westhues identifies the cause of the shootings as mobbing Cho experienced in the Virginia Tech English department, and suggests that the explanation for the Virginia Tech shootings should go beyond what he calls the "defective character" explanation:
A more truthful (and therefore more useful) explanation of the Virginia Tech murders focuses not on Cho's character but on the interaction between it and the situations he was in, not on his personal identity but on the interplay between who he was and how other people treated him.
Westhues cites the experiences of another Virginia Tech student in the same department as being very similar to Cho's.[111] Westhues has criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fuller explanation of the causes of the shootings, which he suggests should be one of "character-situation interplay".
Effects on gun politics[edit]
The incident reignited the gun politics debate in the United States, with proponents of gun control legislation arguing that guns are too accessible, citing that Cho, a mentally unsound individual, was able to purchase two semi-automatic pistols despite state laws which should have prevented such purchase.[114] Opponents of gun control argued that Virginia Tech's gun-free "safe zone" policy ensured that none of the other students or faculty would be armed and that as a result they were unable to stop Cho.[115]
Virginia context[edit]
Law enforcement officials found a purchase receipt for one of the guns used in the assault among Cho's belongings.[116] The shooter waited one month after buying a Walther P22 pistol before he bought a second pistol, a Glock 19.[1] Cho used a 15-round magazine in the Glock and a 10-round magazine in the Walther.[117] The serial numbers on the weapons were filed off, but the ATF National Laboratory was able to reveal them and performed a firearms trace.[117]
The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass a background check.[118] Virginia law also limits purchases of handguns to one every 30 days.[119] Federal law requires a criminal background check for handgun purchases from licensed firearms dealers, and Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS. A 1968 federal law passed in response to the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.,[87] also prohibits those "adjudicated as a mental defective" from buying guns. This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginia court declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment.[1][4] Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws, the state did not report Cho's legal status to the NICS.[4] Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[120] In August 2007, the Virginia Tech Review Panel report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background check requirements.[1] The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide.[86]
Campus firearms ban[edit]
The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech's firearms ban. The university has a general ban on possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees, students, and volunteers, or any visitor or other third parties, even if they are concealed handgun permit holders.[121] In April 2005, a student permitted by the state to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of a concealed firearm while in class. While no criminal charges were filed, a university spokesman said the University had "the right to adhere to and enforce that policy as a common-sense protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors".[122]
In January 2006, prior to the shootings, legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the Virginia House of Delegates. The bill, HB 1572, was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventing students from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus.[123] The university opposed the bill, which quickly died in subcommittee. Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill, stating, "I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus."[124]
Impact on state and local law[edit]
In August 2007, the Virginia Tech Review Panel Report recommended that the state's General Assembly adopt legislation "establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms on campus if it so desires" and went on to recommend campus gun bans, "unless mandated by law." The report also recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the massacre, such as requiring background checks for all private firearms sales, including those at gun shows.[1] Governor Kaine made it a priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 Virginia General Assembly, but the bill was defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee.[125] Pro gun rights parties viewed this larger move as an unwarranted expansion and as a possible prelude waypoint akin to full gun registration for all gun sales.[126]
The incident and its aftermath energized student activist efforts seeking to overturn bans that prevent gun holders (both 'open carry' and 'concealed carry permit' holders) from carrying their weapons on college campuses. Thirty-eight states throughout the U.S. ban weapons at schools; sixteen of those specifically ban guns on college campuses.[127] A new group, Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, formed after the massacre; as of March 2008, it claimed to have 16,000 members at 500 campuses nationwide.[128][129] Several states are weighing legislation to allow gun permit holders to carry concealed firearms on university campuses.[130] They cite cases of actual successful neutralization of active campus shooters by armed students to advance their cause. Another attempt by Delegate Gilbert to pass a law to allow concealed weapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008. This law was for the sake of students and faculty members only since the AG ruled that it did not apply to non-students and non-faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus. This law would have largely affected students 21 years or older since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns.[131]
Political response[edit]
The response to how gun laws affected the massacre was divided. According to a White House statement, "The president believes that there is a right for people to bear arms, but that all laws must be followed".[132] The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence said that it was too easy for an individual to get powerful weapons and called for increased gun control measures.[133]
National Rifle Association board member Ted Nugent, commenting on CNN, called for an end to gun-free zones and contrasted the Virginia Tech massacre with other incidents in which mass shootings have been ended by law-abiding gun owners.[134] Texas Governor Rick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners be allowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas.[135]
Some government officials in other countries joined in the criticism of U.S. gun laws and policies.[7] For example, then Australian Prime Minister John Howard said that stringent legislation introduced after a 1996 mass shooting in Tasmania had prevented a problematic gun culture in Australia.[136]
Virginia Governor Tim Kaine condemned the gun politics debate following the massacre, saying, "To those who want to make this into some sort of crusade, I say take this elsewhere."[137] Pro gun rights advocates argued that they are merely responding to the crusade by some to use this tragedy as a basis for an expansion of anti-gun measures for issues beyond the shootings as perceived to be presented by the VA TECH Review Panel.[138]
Legal aftermath[edit]
On June 17, 2008, Judge Theodore J. Markow approved an $11 million settlement in a suit against the state of Virginia by 24 of the 32 victims' families. Of the other eight victims, two families chose not to file claims, while two remain unresolved. The settlement also covered 18 people who were injured; their lifelong health care needs included in the settlement.[74][139]
The Department of Education fined the University $55,000 on March 29, 2011, for waiting too long to notify students of the initial shootings. The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levy for the two violations of the Clery Act resulting from the failure to notify students in a timely manner of the shootings in West Ambler Johnston.[140] In announcing the fine against the University, the director of a department panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying "While Virginia Tech's violations warrant a fine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute, the department's fine authority is limited." As of March 30, 2011, the University had announced its intention to appeal the decision.[141]
On March 14, 2012, a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campus warning.[142] The parents of two students who were killed filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued that lives could have been spared if school officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the first two victims were shot in a dorm.
However, on Thursday, October 31, 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the lower state court jury's 2012 ruling that the University had been negligent in warning students quickly enough about Cho's impending rampage. The trial judge in the lower court had instructed the jury that there was a "special relationship" between the school and slain students Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde, since the two women were "business invitees" of the University. The two women's families had filed that particular lawsuit. In rejecting the decision, the state Supreme Court said that "even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth (meaning the state of Virginia, and its affiliated agencies, such as Virginia Tech) and students of Virginia Tech ... there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties." The state has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting. The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families.[143]
See also[edit]
- 1927 Bath School disaster
- 1966 University of Texas massacre
- 1999 Columbine High School massacre
- 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- List of rampage killers
- List of school-related attacks
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- ^ [placeholder for member's names]
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- ^ http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/31/21264259-va-tech-cleared-in-wrongful-death-lawsuit-over-2007-massacre?lite
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia Tech massacre.
|Wikinews has related news:
- Timeline of legislative and executive events[dead link] that unfolded before and after 04.16.07., including chronological review[dead link] of Campus Security policies and legislative counterparts.
- Flash video compilation of all currently available clips from Cho's manifesto video package sent to NBC
- Streaming video of the convocation ceremony on April 17, 2007—HokieSports.com
- April 16 Archive (Digital Archive project based at Virginia Tech)
- Virginia Tech Review Panel
- Archive of images of newspaper front page world wide from April 17, April 18, and April 19, 2007
- Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 16 and April 17, 2008
- We Remember: Virginia Tech Five Years Later, at Virginia Memory (blog post containing email messages sent and received on 16 April 2007 by senior staff members from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine's administration.)


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Even if EliteXC and Strikeforce are looking for some space in the north american MMA market, the UFC, at least for now, reigns supreme as the #1 MMA organization in the world.
But ever since Pride FC went out of business, the japanese market, once a blooming market for MMA, is now a big question mark; better yet: it has a huge void.
Zuffa (UFC) hasn't been able to delve into that market, it hasn't been able to land a tv deal.
Enter DREAM. On last new year's eve, DSE (Pride FC) executives decided to make a farewell show for Pride FC in Japan. They brought the presentation, the announcers, and they even got Fedor to fight again. It was billed as a one-shot thing.
But japanese fans responded. And so, those former Pride FC executives teamed up with the only organization capable of delivering value in the way MMA in Japan needs: K-1. The HEROS (yes, it's spelled that way) K-1 series was cancelled, and K-1 (along with the Pride FC executives) created a new MMA organization, called DREAM. It is indeed a Dream for any MMA fan.
With the Bushido rules, DREAM already has fighters such as Joachim Hansen, Kazushi Sakuraba, Dida, Cro Cop (oh, how the mighty have fallen; 1-2 in his UFC stint), among many others. They may even land Fedor.
I really do believe this is the solution we've been waiting for, as having two big organizations (UFC and DREAM, if so) is only going to generate competition, enhance revenues and improve the sport. I am looking forward to see DREAM develop into what Pride FC was.


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2014/04/23 – 2014/04/25
Die Jahreshauptversammlung der Deutschen Tierpark-Gesellschaft findet vom 23. bis 25. April 2014 statt.> read full article
2014/04/26 – 2014/04/27
ZGAP Jahreshauptversammlung
ZGAP Jahreshauptversammlung> read full article
2014/04/28 – 2014/05/02
ALPZA Annual Conference 2014
Annual Conference scheduled to take place in Lima, Peru> read full article
2014/05/06 – 2014/05/09
EAZA Conservation Forum 2014
Save the date in 2014 for the third EAZA Conservation Forum, hosted by Leipzig, Germany, and taking place from 6-9 May 2014.> read full article
2014/05/12 – 2014/05/14
Marketing Conference 12-14 May 2014, Bristol, UK
The 8th International Zoo and Aquarium Marketing Conference will be hosted by Bristol Zoo Gardens, in partnership with regional associations EAZA and BIAZA, from the 12th to the 14th of May 2014. - Details will be announced later in 2013.> read full article
2014/05/14 – 2014/05/15
AFdPZ Annual Meeting 14th - 15th May 2014
The Association Francaise des Parcs Zoologiques (AFdPZ) is planning to hold their Annual Meeting at the Parc Animalier de Sainte Croix, France, from 14th to 15th May 2014.> read full article
2014/05/20 – 2014/05/23
2014 PAAZAB Conference, Entebbe, Uganda
The Uganda Wildlife Education Centre is hosting the 2014 PAAZAB Conference, Entebbe, Uganda, East Africa.> read full article
Theme: Thinking In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation for the Future.
2014/09/02 – 2014/09/06
22nd Biennial Conference of the International Zoo Educators Association 2-6 September 2014
Education in zoos and aquaria, what does success look like and how do you measure it?> read full article
2014/09/05 – 2014/09/07
Jubiläumstagung des Fonds für bedrohte Papageien
Jubiläumstagung des Fonds für bedrohte Papageien> read full article
2014/09/12 – 2014/09/17
AZA Annual Conference, Orlando, FL
12-17 September 2014 AZA Annual Conference, Orlando, FL> read full article
Hosted by Disney's Animal Kingdom and SeaWorld Orlando


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Garmin Essential Series - nüvi 40 / nüvi 40LM / nüvi 50
Key Features
4.3" or 5" touchscreen glass display w/backlight
High-sensitivity GPS gives turn-by turn directions
Pre-loaded City Navigator NT maps for US
Lane Assist guides you to the lane you need
Trip log
Our Price $119.99 - $149.99
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Product DescriptionIn addition to high-sensitivity GPS receivers and pre-loaded US street maps, the Garmin Essential Series GPS Navigators features Lane Assist and Junction View to prepare you for unfamiliar intersections or highway interchanges on your route.
Physical/Performance Features:
• 4.3" (nüvi 40 and 40LM) or 5" (nüvi 50) touchscreen WQVGA color TFT display
• White backlight
• 480 x 272 resolution
• Built-in internal solid state memory with microSD card slot for adding more memory
• Compatible with Windows XP or newer and Mac OS X 10.4 or later
• Runs up to 2 hours on included rechargeable lithium-ion battery
• Comes with vehicle suction cup mount, vehicle power cable, and quick-start manual
• 0.7" thick
GPS Features:
• High-sensitivity GPS receiver
• Gives turn-by-turn directions and speaks street names
• Displays speed limits for most major roads in the US and Europe
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• Pre-loaded with City Navigator NT street maps for the contiguous US, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and other neighboring islands
• nüMaps Guarantee allows you to update your maps for free within 90 days of purchase
• Features over 5 million points of interest (POIs)
• Lane Assist guides you to the proper lane for your route
• Junction View provides views of upcoming junctions so you can easily navigate complex highway interchanges or unfamiliar intersections
• Trip Log
• Save up to 1000 waypoints/favorites/locations
• Photo navigation routes you to the location of geotagged photos
• Add custom POIs
Other Features:
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nüMaps Lifetime Subscription (nüvi 40LM only):
• Download updated map data for free
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• Up to 4 map data updates a year for 1 compatible Garmin product
• Until your product's useful life expires


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Savannah >Food & Dining > Locos Grill & Pub
8108 Abercorn St, Savannah, GA | Directions 3140632.003198 -81.122785
Neighborhoods: Chippewa, Southside
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Debit cards
Control and convenience — using your debit card
Debit cards are perfect for those who want to stay in control of their money and make quick, easy and safe transactions, without having to carry around lots of cash.
Have you heard about Barclays Personalised Debit Cards? If you have a debit card with us, you can personalise it free of charge 3
What you get
Every transaction you carry out using your Barclays debit card will be itemised on your statement. You can also keep track of your spending whenever you like by logging in to Online Banking.
What you get from a Barclays debit card:
- Contactless debit cards
- Withdraw up to £300 a day from Barclays ATMs (as long as you have sufficient funds or an arranged overdraft)
- Up to £50 cashback at certain shops
- Personalise your debit card with an image of your choice, free of charge 3
Using your debit card abroad:
- Use your debit card in millions of shops and cash machines worldwide – anywhere you see the Visa sign (charges apply when you use your debit card abroad) 1
- Save £1.50 per transaction by using a Barclays ATM or an ATM at a Global Alliance member bank (you'll still be charged a 2.99% Non-Sterling Transaction Fee) 1
- Overseas ATMs will display instructions in English when you insert your card
- Our fraud detection systems are constantly verifying transactions to ensure your security when you use your debit card abroad. This means you can have peace of mind that your card is protected from unauthorised use.
Using your Barclays Visa debit card when shopping online
Your Barclays Visa debit card is the ideal partner when shopping online. You can use your Visa debit card to pay for purchases online wherever you see the Visa logo.
All purchases are itemised on your statement for you to track your spend. And you also benefit from the added security protection of Barclays Secure – provided in association with Visa – when shopping online using your Barclays debit card.
- Security – Barclays Secure, provided in association with Verified by Visa, protects your card against unauthorised use when you shop online with participating merchants. When you shop at these online stores, Barclays Secure will assess whether additional security information is required to verify your purchase. In most cases, no further verification will be required. However, in certain circumstances, we will ask you to enter some additional security information. Register for Barclays Secure
- Convenient – Purchase at the click of a button. Shop from your phone or on your computer whenever you want and from wherever you want. Shopping online allows you to visit and compare several different retailers, ensuring you buy exactly what you want and that you never miss out on the best deal
- Control – Keep full control of your spend. Every transaction is itemised on your statement. And did you know you can keep track of your limit with Text Alerts?
Most popular debit card FAQs
You'll find the 8 most common questions about debit cards below.
My cards have been lost or stolen. What do I do?
If you think your cards have been lost or stolen, contact us immediately on 08700 104 503 (outside the UK dial +44 1928 584421) 2. This is a 24-hour service. We can arrange for your card to be cancelled immediately.
We'll also get replacement debit cards sent out and, if you order before 10pm, they should arrive in 2 working days.
The new card we send you will have a different number. So if you've registered your old card's details anywhere – eg with online shopping sites or for regular payments such as your gym memberships or insurance premiums – please contact the companies and give them your new card details.
How do I replace my broken or damaged card?
If your card has been damaged or the signature is faded or blurred, you should get a replacement as soon as you notice it as it may be refused in shops or be captured by cash machines.
To get a new Barclays debit card contact any branch or call our Customer Service Team on 08457 555 555 (+44 2476 84 2100) 2
The new card we send you will have a different number. So if you've registered your old card's details anywhere – eg with online shopping sites or for regular payments such as your gym memberships or insurance premiums – please contact the companies and give them your new card details.
My card has been blocked, who do I call?
If you're having difficulties using your debit card outside the UK, or your card has been stopped, please call us on 08457 555 555 2.
How do I get a new PIN?
Changing your debit card PIN:
- You can change this at any Barclays cash machine once you've entered your existing PIN. Select 'Other services' or 'PIN services' then 'Select a new PIN'. You can choose your own PIN but avoid using numbers that are easily identifiable, eg 1111, 1234 etc.
Getting a reminder of your PIN:
- To get a reminder of your PIN through the post, contact your branch or call Telephone Banking (if you're registered) on 08457 555555 2. Your PIN will be sent in 3 to 5 working days.
Do I need to let Barclays know that I will be using my card abroad?
Not anymore. Our fraud detection systems are constantly verifying transactions to ensure your security when you use your debit card abroad. This means you can have peace of mind that your card is protected from unauthorised use and you don't need to let us know before you travel.
If we think a payment could be high risk, it may be declined so that we can get in touch to check it's genuine.
To help us provide you with the best service, please keep your contact details (including mobile number) up to date, so we can get in touch with you if we need to.
If you have any difficulties using your card abroad, you should contact us on the telephone number provided on the back of your debit card, on your statement or online.
See details of the charges that apply when you use your debit card abroad.
How do I stop or dispute regular payments from my debit card?
If you have set up a regular payment to a retailer from your debit card (for example, a gym membership payment or magazine subscription) and you wish to cancel the payment or dispute a transaction, please call us on 0870 010 4503 (Outside the UK +44 1928 58 4421).
Please note that these payments (known as continuous payment authorities) are different from a standing order or Direct Debit, which come directly from your account rather than your card.
Standing orders can be cancelled using Online Banking, Telephone Banking or in branch. Direct Debits can be cancelled in the same manner, but you will also need to contact the company to whom you are making the payments.
If you're not sure whether the payment you are making is a standing order, Direct Debit or continuous payment authority, please check the payment reference on your monthly statement.
Will money be taken from my account for a pre-authorised booking?
Yes, although we won't debit that money, we will put it aside immediately – while we wait for final payment authorisation from you.
This means your available balance will go down. So if we get a pre-authorisation request for £100, for instance, we'll set that amount aside straightaway – ready for the final payment.
And even if you don't go on to make the final payment (say, if your hotel doesn't charge you for some reason), the money we set aside won't go back into your available balance until the pre-authorisation request expires – which can take up to 5 days for UK payments and up to 10 days for non-UK payments.
If you're considering making a booking that you think we might pre-authorise, and you'd prefer that money to stay in your available balance, it might be an idea to make the payment with another card.
How quickly do debit card purchases appear on my account?
We update your account to include new debit card purchases twice a day, 7 days a week – including Bank Holidays. However, we can't update your account until retailers submit a record of your payment to us. Any payments made at the weekend will be displayed with the date of the following Monday in your account history.
On top of this, if you're getting cash over the counter at a bank abroad (including Barclays), or using an ATM other than a Barclays ATM or an ATM at a Global Alliance member bank , you'll also be charged a £1.50 Non-Sterling Cash Fee and the ATM provider may apply other charges.
Visa converts transactions into sterling using the Visa Exchange Rate on the day it processes the transaction. This date may be different to the day on which the transaction took place. Historic exchange rate information is available on www.visaeurope.com .
For more information, please go to www.barclays.co.uk/debitcardsabroad


text: Crazy Baby Shower Cakes Freaky Deaky Baby Shower Cakes by babysugar 9/17/09 19 Reactions 32 Shares Print 2 28 2 0 0 If you thought those sleeping baby cakes were creepy, check out some of the other delicious gems we gathered from Cake Wrecks. Those hard working ladies have come across some pastries that will make you gag, laugh or order the crafty er... dessert. Pay attention so you can cast your vote on the creepiest cake! Pageant Baby Popping Out of Limbless Body What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yikes! This pageant winning baby somehow popped out of a limbless body. Even if mama's body had a head and arms, I'm still not sure I could stomach this masterpiece. 1 / 9 Man Hand on Pregnant Belly What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 I'm not sure where to begin with this pregnant belly. The apparently cold boobs are nearly the size of the enormous belly. Not to be outdone, the hand is unusually large and has some interesting nails grasping onto it. I feel like an alien might pop out of there instead of a precious bebe. 2 / 9 Big Baby Bum What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lord knows I love nothing more than a cute baby tush crawling around but when it's covered in fondant, the tiny bum bum couldn't be less appetizing! 3 / 9 Hello World! What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 'Cause you know shower guests will love a baby peeping cake. "I want one eyeball y'all!" 4 / 9 Push It Good... Er Bad What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 People who can't fathom recording the actual birth of their child may not be down with the freaky deaky push cake that leaves nothing to the imagination. If mama keeps this out on the coffee table for other kids to see, she's pretty much guaranteeing she'll never have grandchildren. 6 / 9 Sonogram Cake What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 It is a magical moment when a parent sees their unborn child for the first time. Some share the images with their families while others, well, they put them on a cake. I'll bet there were lots of leftovers with this frosting. 6 / 9 Soaking in the Tub What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Where is the appeal here? The decorator was wrong on so many levels. Why not a simple bath tub instead of the whole kit and kaboodle water birth cake? 7 / 9 That's All Folks! What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 "That's all folks!" says it all. Medical shields intact and a bloody incision, I'm just not sure you can top the vulgarity of this cake. 8 / 9 Which cake is the freakiest? What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 / 9 2 28 2 0 0 Read More Kid-Friendly RecipesBaby ShowerPregnancyCake Pregnancy Pregnancy Test Taking Goes Social With Pee Parties and More! 16 hours ago 30 Gender Reveal Cakes to Inspire Your Big Unveiling 1 day ago The 7 Most Awkward Moments of Your Baby Shower 2 days ago An Adorable Naming Ceremony With an Elephant Twist 3 days ago Is Egg Freezing the Answer to Having It All? 6 days ago Would You Be a Surrogate For Your Best Friend? 1 week ago 4 years I've been in vex matrix time, but Teak Refinishing helped me rather well! 4 years Why the nails gotta be hood fab though...LOL Nadia24gv 4 years I just noticed the title is "Freaky Deaky" lmao! I love saying that! change the earth 4 years I think they all look pretty coll except baby bump with nails POPSUGAR Fitness 4 years The push cake is too much. That would scare anyone out of labor! kty 4 years definitely gross POPSUGAR Moms 4 years The "push" cake killed me. So ridiculous:) MissSushi 4 years I laughed at most of those, lol. Gross Link Love Mom forced to stop feeding baby homemade formula — BabyCenter Blog The easiest ways to save on organic food — The Stir A look inside Fergie's second baby shower — Celebrity Baby Scoop Danielle Jonas debuts her baby bump — People Moms & Babies 7 light and fresh recipes to take you through Summer — FitPregnancy Does where you live affect your risk for PPD? — The Bump Where to find the best deals on school supplies — Real Simple Now this is how you announce a pregnancy! — HuffPost Parents


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The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) is the body recognized by the WHO as representing the voice of medical students around the world. It was established in 1951, and is comprised of 108 National Member Organizations (NMO) from 101 countries; AMSA is one of those NMOs.
"Our mission is to offer future physicians a comprehensive introduction to global health issues. Through our programming and opportunities, we develop culturally sensitive students of medicine, intent on influencing the trans-national inequalities that shape the health of our planet."
"Our mission is to offer future physicians a comprehensive introduction to global health issues. Through our programming and opportunities, we develop culturally sensitive students of medicine, intent on influencing the trans-national inequalities that shape the health of our planet."
The principle concept behind the Federation is to exchange people and ideas across different countries. The work is organized into six committees, similar to our own AMSA Action Committee structure – two for exchanges, four for projects. What this means for us as an NMO, is that AMSA collaborates with other countries on international efforts, and both sends and receives students for exchanges. It also means that we send delegations to the biannual General Assemblies, where delegates from around the world gather to form the IFMSA's highest decision-making body.
Annually, around 10,000 medical students around the world participate in IFMSA's exchanges – bilateral, equitable medical student exchanges between different countries. The Standing Committee on Professional Exchange (SCOPE) organizes one-month clinical experiences, which all AMSA medical members are eligible to participate in. Exchanges organized by the Standing Committee on Research Exchange (SCORE) are available to both medical and premedical members, and partners students with researchers in various biomedical fields for up to six months.
Are you interested in hosting students at your institution, or participating in an exchange? Find out more:
IFMSA's programming is organized into four standing committees, each with their own leadership structure. This structure does not align perfectly with AMSA's Action Committee structure, but all of the work we undertake falls under one of these four committees.
Projects from any NMO can become officially endorsed by IFMSA, representing an alignment with IFMSA's vision; these projects are given a delegate allowance to represent their work at General Assemblies.
Are you involved in an effort in the United States that you would benefit from IFMSA's endorsement? Would you like to establish connections with medical students working on similar issues in other countries? Contact the Secretary General at email@example.com.
NMOs send delegations to IFMSA's General Assemblies (GA) twice a year, which occur every March and August. These GAs are one-week long meetings where presidents from various NMOs come together to form the primary voting body of the Federation, and leadership from the Standing Committees gather to carry out collaborative efforts. In addition to these organizational necessities, attendees are usually provided with opportunities for training and various programming related to the GA's particular theme. The locations are decided by a bidding process, and these events are usually attended by 600-900 medical students from across the federation.
Next spring, we have the exceptional privilege of hosting our IFMSA colleagues in Washington DC for IFMSA's March Meeting 2013. It will be the first time in decades that the United States will be hosting a General Assembly; it will overlap with AMSA's National Convention, likely becoming the largest gathering of physicians-in-training in both of our organization's histories.
You can find out more details at amsa.org/mm2013; if you are interested in assisting the Organizing Committee in making this an unprecedented event, contact our Chairs at firstname.lastname@example.com.
AMSA's Transnational Projects
AMSA Academy, established by and for students, is a training ground for physician leaders, empowering medical students to effect change in medicine.
One of AMSA's longest running and most popular resources! Visit our International Health Opportunities Directory to find internships, fellowships, electives, course work, volunteer/educational and Medical Spanish opportunities.
45610 Woodland Road - Suite 300, Sterling, Virginia 20166
Phone: (703) 620-6600 / Fax: (703) 620-6445


text: Brazilian vocals, with plenty of jazz – a smoker of a set from singer Clarice Assad – with a feel that takes us back to rare indie albums of the 70s and 80s! The instrumentation is great – lots of hard-grooving piano from Clarice, played in these inventive ways that often infuse odd melodic touches with a key sense of rhythm – one that's augmented by lots of additional percussion, including djembe, pandeiro, tamborim, ocean drum, and more – used sparely, but with great effect to drive along the piano and vocals! And Assad has his great way of singing and scatting too – a style that's rooted a bit in 70s modes from Tania Maria or Flora Purim – but which takes off with its own sort of earthy experimentalism as well. Titles include "20 Anos Blues"," Dora", "The Last Song", "Cajuina", "Ad Lib", and "For Elis" – a great medley that's a tribute to Elis Regina! © 1996-2014, Dusty Groove, Inc.


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An annual tournament the last weekend of January.
Photo courtesy of Cadillac Convention & Visitors Bureau
Find Cadillac Activities:
Play | Stay | Plan | Shop | Events | Deals
Cadillac offers a wide variety of winter recreation, mouthwatering cuisine, appealing attractions, unique shopping and is clearly a small town with a 'vigorous economy, a healthy environment and a vibrant sense of community…' So many connections, so little time... We offer over 200 miles of groomed snowmobile trails, 34 downhill ski runs with over 485 feet of vertical drop, over 58 miles of cross country ski and snow shoe trails (15 groomed miles), 90,000+ acres of state and national forest, and three major rivers with two large lakes offering year around world record fishing. Recreation defines our lives and offers 'naturally inviting' reasons to visit us. After the day in the great outdoors, Cadillac offers unique shopping boutiques, three bowling centers, a roller skating rink, a championship ice rink, two full service health & fitness facilities, a 3D movie complex, and of course mouthwatering cuisine at the many locally owned restaurants around the area. Add these attractions to a full line-up of winter festivals and you can spend a fun-filled, or relaxing vacation – either way, come connect in Cadillac, you'll keep coming back for more.
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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
4/25/2014 3:16:27 AM. For Customer Service, please call 800.933.9904
Mr. Sandman, bring us a dream. But if you get stuck in traffic, there are plenty more transportation options adorning this beautifully designed crib bedding from artist Michael Mabry. The quilt features an embroidered train, bus, helicopter, motorcycle, boat and more. And if you get lost, the Sheet Sets are inspired by a traditional city map. Round out the look with the matching Crib Skirt.
- Designed by artist Michael Mabry
- Crib Skirt features appliquéd transportation symbols and embroidered words and reverses to blue stripes
- Quilt is 200-thread count
- Quilt is hand quilted featuring appliquéd transportation symbols and embroidered words
- Fitted Sheet is inspired by a traditional city map
- Sheet Set also available in Toddler size
- Imported
- Quilt: Shell is 100% cotton; Fill is 100% polyester exclusive of decoration
- Skirt, Fitted Sheet and Toddler Sheet Set: 100% cotton
- Machine washable
- Coordinating changer pad cover available
Details, details
Show 'em what you're made of
Care instructions
Extras! Extras!
The Land of Nod Guarantee
At The Land of Nod, nothing is more important to us than providing safe, high-quality products to you and your family. We believe that kids' products should be able to handle everything kids throw their way (literally and figuratively). That's why all of our products have an 18-year quality guarantee. And, hopefully, your kids will no longer be sleeping in bunk beds by then.
Knock, Knock.
Who's there?
Halibut who?
Halibut opening the door?
Who's there?
Halibut who?
Halibut opening the door?