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What's the real difference between an IoT Hub Module and an IoT Hub Device? What is an IoT Hub module and what is an IoT Hub device according to the development team? And why would I choose one over the other?
In this exploratory article I want to attempt to answer these questions for myself and other developers. This is one of those articles to help solidify my own understanding, as well as anyone else who comes across my blog. In other words, if you read something and think it needs correction, please, please, please correct me. If you want to discuss it, I'm open to that, as well. I'm always a student and always open to learning. And it's an exploratory article, so don't expect it to be succinct or completely organized. I'll do my best to keep things clear, but I might jump around a bit. Basically, this is me thinking on paper and attempting to best organize my notes on these topics into something digestible to the reader.
Let's dive in.
The first thing to understand is that there is a plethora of IoT Hub SDKs. They split into two primary categories:
- Devices
- Services
There are Azure IoT Hub Device SDKS, and there are Azure IoT Hub Service SDKs. I'm more interested in the device SDKs for this exploration, but it doesn't hurt to touch on what the service SDKs offer.
The Azure IoT service SDKs contain code to facilitate building applications that interact directly with IoT Hub to manage devices and security.
Basically, if you need help managing the operations of IoT hub using software, these SDKs are the tool for you. That's an interesting topic and I do want to eventually develop some tools in this area, but I won't dive any deeper into the service SDK in this article.
That leaves us with the other branch, Azure IoT Hub Device SDKs:
The Microsoft Azure IoT device SDKs contain code that facilitates building applications that connect to and are managed by Azure IoT Hub services.
This is the area that I want to explore. Once I've drilled down this far, I still have a few choices. There are at the time of this article's writing seven different device SDKs.
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for .Net
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for Embedded C (ANSI C – C99)
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for C (ANSI C – C99)
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for Java
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for Node.js
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for Python
- Azure IoT Hub device SDK for iOS
That's a lot of different language and framework choices. For this article, I'm going to focus on Python. Python, C, and C++ appear to be the languages of choice for the majority of IoT device developers. I think Python is the more approachable for developers like me who are more generalists than specialists, but I tell you what (Hank Hill voice) that SDK for Embedded C looks like a lot of fun. Working more with MCUs (Microcontroller Units) is definitely in my future, but right now I just want to be able to conquer the simple things, like an Arduino or Raspberry PI. I'll stick with Python for now.
I guess that's a use case clearly established. If you are looking to develop embedded device code, code that needs to run on very little memory on a very tiny device, you want to use the SDK for Embedded C.
This would probably be a great device to develop on for developers looking to create low-power IoT devices that use an MCU:
I'll clarify further that this is not meant to be a step-by-step tutorial. I will include code snippets, I might even try a few things out on my little MXCHIP IoT DevKit, but I primarily want to focus on the use cases of devices VS modules.
Back on focus, let's examine the actual Azure IoT Hub device SDK for Python. First, I'll look at the API, and then I'll dive into the actual source code.
The API
The API is simple. It has one primary package, which is 'device'. The device package has a couple of interesting things worth looking at. First, there are synchronous and asynchronous packages. So why are there two different versions? Why do we need both an async and a sync version of certain operations in the client SDK?
I think I intuitively know the answer to this question. Sync is probably there to support older versions of Python and maybe older technologies that will use the SDK. Async is generally preferred for communication in distributed systems because you don't want to hold up operations because one of the parties in the communication isn't responding. Let's see how correct I am in my thinking.
Who can I ask about this? Well, I'm working in the SDK for an open-source application. Surely, the maintainer of the OSS has guideline for its developers. And it does! I'm turning to the Azure SDK developer's guide with the hope it can shed some light.
.NET Azure SDK Design Guidelines
Ah, look! I searched through this document for the term, 'Async' and look what I found.
Sync and Async ✅ DO provide both asynchronous and synchronous variants for all service methods. Many developers want to port existing applications to the Cloud. These applications are often synchronous, and the cost of rewriting them to be asynchronous is usually prohibitive. Calling asynchronous APIs from synchronous methods can only be done through a technique called sync-over-async, which can cause deadlocks. The Azure SDK provides synchronous APIs to minimize friction when porting existing application to Azure. ✅ DO ensure that the names of the asynchronous and the synchronous variants differ only by the Async suffix
Additionally, the above quote provides a link to a nine year old article that's still relevant.
Part 1 and 2 of the article on Sync VS Async. These are older articles, but they still hold up.
Should I expose asynchronous wrappers for synchronous methods? | .NET Parallel Programming
Should I expose synchronous wrappers for asynchronous methods? | .NET Parallel Programming
There's a whole rabbit hole here that you can go down if you aren't familiar with the reasons why you select sync or async in your development. I like the fact that the SDK developers are taking into consideration that some developers can't easily work with async libraries and they've gone to the effort to provide both.
My takeaway, when you are developing greenfield projects and you won't use a library that depends on synchronous operations, you should favor asynchronous over synchronous.
That narrows down what I want to really focus on in the API. I want to focus on the operations that are in the 'aio' package. Why is it called, 'aio'? I'm certain that stands for, Asynchronous I/O. I'm confident enough that I don't think I need to look it up, but someone can correct me if I'm wrong.
The aio package has both modules and classes. The module appears to be patch documentation. There's only one function in this called:
The documentation reads, "This module provides hard coded patches used to modify items from the libraries. Currently we have to do like this so that we don't use exec anywhere."
This appears to be some sort of SDK developer tool. Maybe when we start looking at the source, we'll get a better idea what it is.
The classes are where the interesting stuff happens. We have 3 basic async classes:
- IoTHubDeviceClient
- IoTHubModuleClient
- ProvisioningDeviceClient
Yay! We're reached a couple of items that match our search. We have a device client and a module client. We also have a provisioning device client, but I think I'll keep my focus on the first two.
IoTHubDeviceClient VS IoTHubModuleClient
To set focus, I'm trying to discern from the code and documentation related to IoT Hub Device Client and IoT Hub Module Client when one should be selected over the other. As I dive into the code and documentation, I'll try to uncover these answers.
One thing I haven't even asked myself, but I am now, is it even fair to expect to find these answers in the API or the code? I don't know. That might be a bit too philosophical. Should the code clearly communicate its use case intent just by its very existence? We can look at DNA and determine that certain DNA is human while other DNA is a fly, but that might just be because we have the finished product of the DNA to compare. But DNA is more like the completed software designed with an SDK. I guess in our case the SDK is more like RNA. It's the little factory pumping out DNA. So no, I might not find what I'm looking for by reviewing the SDK, but it's still worth exploring just from a knowledge gathering standpoint (hey, I warned you that this was an exploratory article).
The IoTHubDeviceClient
This class has the following:
- A constructor
- Methods
- connect
- create_from_connection_string
- create_from_sastoken
- create_from_symmetric_key
- create_from_x509_certificate
- disconnect
- notify_blob_upload_status
- patch_twin_reported_properties
- receive_message
- receive_method_request
- receive_twin_desired_properties_patch
- send_message
- send_method_response
- update_sastoken
- Attributes
- on_message_received
This class has a lot going on, but all of it is related to a device communicating with IoT Hub.
How do we build this class? The constructor code looks like this:
IoTHubDeviceClient(mqtt_pipeline, http_pipeline)
So what is an mqtt_pipeline and http_pipeline? There's not much in the API documentation in the way of help on this one, so I'm going to go ahead and dive into the source to see what I can find.
Here's our constructor, and there's an interesting bit of instruction in there:
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
"""Initializer for a generic synchronous client.
This initializer should not be called directly.
Instead, use one of the 'create_from_' classmethods to instantiate
:param mqtt_pipeline: The MQTTPipeline used for the client
:type mqtt_pipeline: :class:`azure.iot.device.iothub.pipeline.MQTTPipeline`
:param http_pipeline: The HTTPPipeline used for the client
:type http_pipeline: :class:`azure.iot.device.iothub.pipeline.HTTPPipeline`
# Depending on the subclass calling this __init__, there could be different arguments,
# and the super() call could call a different class, due to the different MROs
# in the class hierarchies of different clients. Thus, args here must be passed along as
# **kwargs.
super(GenericIoTHubClient, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self._inbox_manager = InboxManager(inbox_type=SyncClientInbox)
self._handler_manager = sync_handler_manager.SyncHandlerManager(self._inbox_manager)
# Set pipeline handlers
self._mqtt_pipeline.on_connected = CallableWeakMethod(self, "_on_connected")
self._mqtt_pipeline.on_disconnected = CallableWeakMethod(self, "_on_disconnected")
self._mqtt_pipeline.on_method_request_received = CallableWeakMethod(
self._inbox_manager, "route_method_request"
self._mqtt_pipeline.on_twin_patch_received = CallableWeakMethod(
self._inbox_manager, "route_twin_patch"
Ok, so clearly, we don't need to worry about this constructor, because we shouldn't ever try to create the class directly. Instead, we should always use one of the various connection methods to create the client. This is a good coding practice. The class is useless if it isn't connected to IoT Hub.
My takeaway, if you are creating a device using the IoTHubDeviceClient expect to tightly couple it to an IoT Hub using one of the create_from_X methods. The device can't live without a connection.
What about disconnecting? Is that handled for us automatically, too or do we need to manage that ourselves?
The API documentation does offer some direction here by stating, "It is recommended that you make sure to call this coroutine when you are completely done with your client instance."
Yes, we should make the actual disconnection when we're done with the client.
Let's explore some of the other methods. I'll start from the top and start working my way down, skipping over the various connection methods for now.
get_storage_info_for_blob, notify_blob_upload_status
From the documentation, "Sends a POST request over HTTP to an IoTHub endpoint that will return information for uploading via the Azure Storage Account linked to the IoTHub your device is connected to."
The functionality of this method is covered here:
Upload files from devices to Azure IoT Hub with Python
Understand Azure IoT Hub file upload
If we have the correct tier of IoT Hub (Free or S1 and above) and an associated blob storage account, we can upload files from the device to the storage account by using the IoT Hub as a broker.
This is ideal for uploading large media files and telemetry batches. This is ideal for use cases that involve devices that are regularly disconnected from the internet or devices that capture large files. Think of a drone capturing soil data through high-definition imaging. Those high-definition images would need to transfer from the drone to a blob storage. And you might have smaller devices that send regular telemetry, but that device might log more data than you require for real time analysis. So that data could be uploaded in batches.
This is one interesting use case that doesn't require IoT Edge. It can be done with something that is considered just a device.
For the completion of the upload process, we can use notify_blob_upload_status to, "When the upload is complete, the device sends a POST request to the IoT Hub endpoint with information on the status of an upload to blob attempt. This is used by IoT Hub to notify listening clients."
notify_blob_upload_status(correlation_id, is_success, status_code, status_description)
patch_twin_reported_properties, receive_twin_desired_properties_patch, and get_twin
A device also has digital twin capabilities. I like what AWS calls this better than digital twin. They call it a device shadow, but either way it's basically the same thing. A JSON representation of the device that is in both the device's memory and the IoT Hub.
Device twins are JSON documents that store device state information including metadata, configurations, and conditions. Azure IoT Hub maintains a device twin for each device that you connect to IoT Hub.
There are three primary parts to a device twin document:
- tags
- desired properties
- reported properties.
The use case for device twins:
- Store device specific metadata in the cloud, like its location or another important device information
- Report current device state.
- Synchronize the state of long running workflows between the device app and back end apps.
- Query your device metadata, configuration, or state.
Example of a device twin:
"deviceId": "devA",
"etag": "AAAAAAAAAAc=",
"status": "enabled",
"statusReason": "provisioned",
"statusUpdateTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00",
"connectionState": "connected",
"lastActivityTime": "2015-02-30T16:24:48.789Z",
"cloudToDeviceMessageCount": 0,
"authenticationType": "sas",
"x509Thumbprint": {
"primaryThumbprint": null,
"secondaryThumbprint": null
"version": 2,
"tags": {
"$etag": "123",
"deploymentLocation": {
"building": "43",
"floor": "1"
"properties": {
"desired": {
"telemetryConfig": {
"sendFrequency": "5m"
"$metadata" : {…},
"$version": 1
"reported": {
"telemetryConfig": {
"sendFrequency": "5m",
"status": "success"
"batteryLevel": 55,
"$metadata" : {…},
"$version": 4
There's a lot to the device twin capabilities. I won't deep dive on it at this point, but the fact that devices support this capability means that devices are very powerful on their own, even without being edge modules. But what's coming clear here is that we have a very basic client server relationship. The device is the client and, in some cases, the IoT Hub is the server or the gateway to a server.
With that in mind, let's explore what we can do with the three functions made available to us.
This returns a complete twin as a JSON dictionary object. It can pull this from either the IoT Hub or an Edge Hub service. I'm not sure exactly what we would do with this data at this time, because I know that we can update device twin settings from the backend. If we needed to update the device settings from the backend, we could modify the desired properties of the device twin. So what might we need to do from the device itself? And what does get_twin() do for us?
According to the documentation, receive_twin_desired_properties_patch has been deprecated in favor of the on_twin_desired_properties_patch_received property. We also have patch_twin_reported_properties which will report properties with the Azure IoT Hub or Azure IoT Edge Hub service. If the service returns an error on the patch operation, this function will raise the appropriate error.
One other thing not mentioned in the SDKs that is important to understanding the "why," behind device digital twins in the IoT Hub query language for device and module twins, jobs, and message routing.
As an aside, this is an import thing for a developer to learn and understand for working with the Azure IoT Hub suite of tools. It's rather simple. If you are familiar with other query languages, like SQL or KQL you'll find it easy to work with.
Taking all of this in, it's clear that the digital twin methods, the backend query language, and the overall digital twin data object are all about monitoring and maintaining device health.
For instance, this little query is a good example of checking the status for multiple devices:
SELECT properties.reported.telemetryConfig.status AS status,
COUNT() AS numberOfDevices
FROM devices
GROUP BY properties.reported.telemetryConfig.status
This can be done from backend systems in the same way that you would write in-line SQL.
Example in C#
var query = registryManager.CreateQuery("SELECT * FROM devices", 100);
while (query.HasMoreResults)
var page = await query.GetNextAsTwinAsync();
foreach (var twin in page)
// do work on twin object
I'm seeing plenty of applications for device health, monitoring, and automation jobs. Again, very powerful capabilities that doesn't seem to make devices a second-class citizen.
The potential of what could be done from the device side doesn't seem too limited, either.
Here we are. The biggest and probably most important part of an IoT device's job. Messaging.
Sending and receiving messages.
Sends a message to the default events endpoint on the Azure IoT Hub or Azure IoT Edge Hub instance. If the connection to the service has not previously been opened by a call to connect, this function will open the connection before sending the event.
The Message is a separate class that's part of the azure.iot.device package. It won't hurt to touch on it here, since it's the thing we're using as a primary means of transport. The Message object appears to be shared by both devices and modules, if that's not the case I'll probably know better when I dive into modules.
Like the Device class, the Message class also has a constructor, a set of variables, and a few methods. It makes sense to dive into those while we're here to get a better understanding of what the Message class gives us.
The message constructor:
Message(data, message_id=None, content_encoding=None, content_type=None, output_name=None)
Unlike the device constructor, we clearly do want to set this ourselves in order to hydrate the class with the appropriate content needed to create a message.
data – data that constitutes the payload.
custom_properties – Dictionary of custom message properties. The keys and the values of these properties will always be string.
id – A user-settable identifier for the message sued for request-reply patterns. Format: A case-sensitive string (up to 128 characters long) of ASCII 7-bit alphanumeric characters + {'-', ':', '.', '+', '%', '_', '#', '*', '?', '!', '(', ')', ',', '=', '@', ';', '$', "'}
expiry_time_utc – Date and time of message expiration in UTC format.
correlation_id – A property in a response message that typically contains the message_id of the request, in request-reply patterns.
user_id – An ID to specify the origin of the messages.
content_encoding – Content encoding of the message data. Can be 'utf-8', 'utf-16', or 'utf-32'
content-type – Content type property used to route messages with the message-body. Can be 'application/json'
output_name Name of the output that the message is being sent to.
input_name Name of the input that the message was received on.
There are only two methods.
This gets the message size.
This is listed as a provisional API. But it should set the message as a secure message.
So to return to our device analysis, the above is what is sent when we make the call to the send_message(message) method.
There are four specific exceptions that can be handled for the send_message(message) method.
- CredentialError
- ConnectionFailedError
- ConnectionDroppedError
- ClientError
These are self-explanatory.
This method is deprecated. It's recommended to use the. on_message_received property to set a handler instead.
This is also the recommended means of responding to a method request. So we won't cover that here.
This method is used to respond to a method request from Azure IoT Hub or Azure IoT Edge Hub.
This is the handler function or coroutine that will be called when a message is received. It should take an argument to receive a Message object.
The above represents a cloud-to-device message. Currently, the existing Python code samples I could find referenced the deprecated method. So how do we handle incoming messages? Basically, assign a method to the property that takes a message. That would look like the following.
# this is how I would likely create the handler
def message_received_handler(message):
print('do something with message' + message.data
# Here s where we set the handler
device_client.on_message_received = message_received_handler
This handler cuts down on the number of methods in the class.
This pretty much covers the device SDK. Next, I want to dive into the Module to see what options we have there. I'll try not to duplicate areas that are shared by both. What I'm looking for are the areas of the module that really stand out for particular use cases where the device isn't enough.
Now it's time to closely examine the IoTHubModuleClient Class. Much like the device, it's described as,
An asynchronous module client that connects to an Azure IoT Hub or Azure IoT Edge instance.
And much like the device, it has a constructor, methods, and attributes.
One difference I noticed between the device and the module is a creation method titled, create_from_edge_environment. It reads that this allows the class to be created from the IoT Edge environment.
This method can only be run from inside an IoT Edge container, or in a debugging environment configured for Edge development (e.g., Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code)
What exactly is the Edge Environment?
Ok, so maybe we need to do a little time travelling here. Go back a bit. Let's go back to the product that superseded IoT Edge. Let's go back to the Azure IoT Gateway SDK. That's right, because it had a 90s cool name like, Edge. It was known as Azure IoT Gateway SDK.
I've forked a version as close to the original as I could find, just for learning purposes.
It's clear to me from the name that IoT Edge wasn't really meant to be a device itself, but a gateway for devices to indirectly communicate with the Azure IoT backend. The original documentation includes the following image.
In this original image the Gateway running on on-premises hardware is described as a module pipeline. Also notice that this original version appears to be a one-way trip. There's device-to-cloud data, but not necessarily cloud-to-device messages.
It's interesting looking at the early version of IoT Edge. Especially when you take into account what is needed to build a development environment. It appears much simpler. I don't see Docker/Moby anywhere. We seem to be missing some of agents or at least there aren't called out in the documentation. Overall, it looks to be a nice piece of middleware for working with devices. If its original intent was to be middleware, is it fair to say that it's still middleware today? Or is it more like middleware that can also be a device?
Let's continue to see if we can nail down what constitutes the IoT Edge environment. If we go by the origin project, the IoT Edge environment is a "module pipeline," that accomplishes your specific scenario. Is that still the case?
What is Azure IoT Edge
Microsoft has this defined in the Azure Docs.
Azure IoT Edge moves cloud analytics and custom business logic to devices so that your organization can focus on business insights instead of data management. Scale out your IoT solution by packaging your business logic into standard containers, then you can deploy those containers to any of your devices and monitor it all from the cloud.
That does not sound like actual devices, but more things that would be on a server or in the cloud. Analytics is basically using data and math to answer business (domain specific) question. This is shaping up to sound a lot more like an environment or an operating system than a device.
Azure IoT Edge is made up of three primary components:
- IoT Edge Modules
- IoT Edge Runtime
- A Cloud-based Interface
IoT Modules are containers. Basically, these are Docker files that contain Azure services, third-party services, or our own custom applications. This brings us back to the actual SDK, which doesn't mention anything about Docker (or Moby as the case is for the IoT Edge Environment), but judging by some of the methods (which I will dive into later), they are not necessarily meant to be the terminus of the solution, but they should support the responsibility of middleware.
What about the IoT Edge Runtime? Does it still hold up with the earlier definition of a "pipeline of modules"?
IoT Edge Runtime
The Azure IoT Edge runtime enables custom and cloud logic on IoT Edge devices. The runtime sits on the IoT Edge device and performs management and communication operations.
Hmm, this does sound a bit like an operating system or an orchestration piece. Here are some of its responsibilities:
- Installs and updates workloads on the device.
- Maintains Azure IoT Edge security standards on the device.
- Ensures that IoT Edge modules are always running.
- Reports module health to the cloud for remote monitoring.
- Manages communication between downstream leaf devices (what I want to call Actual Devices) and an IoT Edge device (or what I would rather call a Gateway or middleware), between modules on an IoT Edge device, and between an IoT Edge device and the cloud.
I think this might have been an early point of confusion for me. The documentation continues to call IoT Edge modules running within the IoT Edge runtime a "device". I realize it can be a device, but it's so much more. To me, this is more a server than a client.
Here's an image from the documentation that shows what look like robot arms (devices) sending telemetry to the Azure IoT Edge runtime, and later to the cloud using IoT Hub as a gateway.
IoT Edge cloud
This basically refers to the backend systems and the overall operation of managing a fleet of IoT devices. Azure offers several possible solutions for this backend work with IoT Hub being the queen bee of the hive and IoT Central being a very close second.
Back to IoTHubModuleClient Class
Ok, that was a bit of a rabbit hole, but I think it was necessary to put things in perspective. Microsoft approaches the IoT Edge devices as actual devices, because they clearly can be, but they can also be hubs, gateways, storage, queues, etc.. This flexibility can make it difficult for someone learning all of this to implement the correct solution when deciding how to approach solution engineering IoT architectures.
The module has many of the same connection abilities as the device, with the exception of the ability to connect within an environment.
There are also different types of methods within the module that point to this duality. Let's see if we can pick those apart and determine if they are device-like methods, middleware-like methods, or both?
As far as the Digital Twins methods are concerned, they appear to be identical to the device Digital Twin methods. It even has the same deprecation status on the message receiving end. So I think we can just consider these universal.
invoke_method is probably the first one that looks like middleware.
Invoke a method from your client onto a device or module client, and receive the response to the method call.
invoke_method(method_params, device_id, module_id=None)
Clearly this is designed for one module to be able to call a method on either a device or another module. It's directly addressed, so I assume this is handled by the runtime.
send_message_to_output(message, output_name)
Sends an event/message to the given module output. These are outgoing events and are meant to be "output events" If the connection to the service has not previously been opened by a call to connect, this function will open the connection before sending the event.
This is another method that only exists in the IoT Hub Module Client. The output that this refers to is the output channel on IoT Hub.
Update the client's SAS Token used for authentication, then reauthorizes the connection. This API can only be used if the client was initially created with a SAS Token. Note also that this API may return before the reauthorization/reconnection is completed. This means that some errors that may occur as part of the reconnection could occur in the background and will not be raised by this method.
This is only on the IoT Edge module and allows a call to the device to update the SAS Token, if it was created with a SAS Token. This is useful for managing security key rotation.
My closing opinion
Despite much of my earlier confusion around devices and modules, I think it's very clear to me now when one should be selected over the other.
Use the Azure IoT Hub Device SDK when you want to create a device that will primarily serve as a data collection tool. This can actually be a fairly sophisticated piece of code but remember that it has a singular purpose. For instance, right now I'm creating a device for a Raspberry Pi that is collecting moisture for a plant. That's not an IoT Edge Module. It doesn't need to be. It just needs to run on the Pi and send telemetry to Azure IoT Hub. It doesn't need AI, it doesn't need event processing, no business logic, and no interaction with other devices other than IoT Hub. In my opinion, this is the ideal use case for a device and not a module.
When I want to bring some functionality of the cloud down to a device to make it faster, easier to work with in a disconnected state, or to work with AI, I will use the Azure IoT Hub Module SDK to create an Azure IoT Edge device. I still don't like calling it a device but keeping these basic ideas in mind will help build clarity around my future architectures. I do have some plans to put IoT Edge into service using a model built from a ML project. And I want to use Azure Blob Storage on the Edge, so there's a good use case.
Overall, I think the Azure IoT platform is wonderful. I love working with it. I always feel like I'm just scratching the surface of its capabilities, but there's a lot to learn and some of it can be confusing for the IoT beginner. I hope my long winding exploration has been helpful. Expect future explorations like this. I know it's a little raw, but it does allow me to get my complete thoughts down and come to working conclusions.


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Decide if this is the right framework for you, then...
This Modern Apprenticeship helps you train employees as new entrants to business administration, but also provides a way for people already in the role to upgrade their skills. It's suitable for employees working in roles such as: administration assistant, clerical assistant, data entry clerk, filing/records clerk, junior secretary, office clerk, receptionist, administrator, administration clerk, administration officer, executive officer, administration team leader, office supervisor, personal assistant or secretary.
Your employee will study for an SCQF level 5 or above in Business Administration.
There are no formal entry requirements, but it's important that your candidates show the ability and commitment to achieve all outcomes of their apprenticeship.
After completing this level, your employees have the option to take on more specialised tasks within their area, or progress up to the next level of MA.
SCQF qualification levels explained
Your employee will study for an SCQF level 6 or above in Business Administration.
There are no formal entry requirements, but it's important that your candidates show the ability and commitment to achieve all outcomes of their apprenticeship.
It may be useful for candidates to have completed the MA at SCQF level 5.
After completing this level, your employees could move on to the SCQF 6 MA in Business Administration; or an SVQ level 4 in another area such as management.
They might wish to pursue a business-related HNC (SCQF level 7) or HND (SCQF level 8), with possible progression to a full honours degree. They could also specialise in a particular area of administration.
SCQF qualification levels explained
We contribute towards training costs
We do this by paying the learning provider directly in incremental payments throughout the course of the apprenticeship.
See training contribution calculator below to determine funding contribution for this framework.
An enhanced funding contribution is paid for employees who are aged 16 – 19. For those who are disabled and care-experienced, this is extended up to and including age 29.
Speak to a range of learning providers to find the best deal and agree on a flexible approach to meet the needs of your business.
Who pays the apprentice?
Like any other employee of your business, you'll pay the Modern Apprentice's wages. This is not set by SDS, but we do encourage all employers to pay the living wage. Remember, you must pay at least the National Minimum Wage.
It will take between 12-24 months to complete.
Decide if this is the right framework for you, then...
The next step is to find a learning provider that offers this apprenticeship.Find a learning provider
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Discussion in 'Coin Chat' started by Collecting Nut, Sep 30, 2022.
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Please feel free to post them if you want.
It was a nice looking coin when I bought it but time and the slab turned it pretty ugly.
I can't say much about the reverse but that really looks neat on the obverse. It's like Liberty is surrounded by darkness as the sun is setting.
This is my 1876-CC quarter. Although it is bent and the surfaces are a bit rough it has VF sharpness and cost me AG-G money. Personally I like it a lot.
Separate names with a comma.


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.300 Weatherby Magnum 185 grain Berger VLD-Hunting~ Roy Weatherby already had experience with other custom cartridges such as his own .270 Weatherby Magnum when he created the .300 Weatherby. Like most of his other magnum cartridges, this is based on a blown-out .300 H&H Magnum case, using the signature Weatherby double-radius shoulder.
It is often debated which came first the 300 Winchester Magnum or the 300 Weatherby Magnum, the Weatherby was first 1944 vs the Winchester was introduced in 1963. With the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum being introduced in 1999. Historically, Weatherby claimed that this is the most powerful .30 caliber magnum rifle commercially available, but the recently introduced .300 RUM and Weatherby's own .30-378 Weatherby Magnum are now more powerful. One could say, the .300 Weatherby was 50 years ahead of its time as it has only been recently that suitable optics and range finders for long range hunting have been available to the public at affordable prices.
The .300 Wby is in common use by big-game hunters all over the world.
Choice Ammunition has taken our 100% hand-loading techniques and produce an extremely accurate, highly dependable round for the .300 Weatherby in this load. Our loading tolerances are only matched by passionate hand-loaders in their own loading rooms. Consistent seating depths, powder charges and proprietary formulas of Choice Ammunition, make this 185 grain Berger VLD-H round the best you can buy on the commercial market today.
The Bullet
The Berger VLD Hunting bullet line features Very Low Drag (VLD) bullets that have the highest possible ballistic coefficient designed for 300 yards or more, the design incorporates a sharp nose that allows the bullet to penetrate 2″ to 3″ before it starts to expand. After the initial expansion, the bullet will shed between 40% and 85% of its weight as shrapnel into the surrounding tissue (internal organs). The combination between the shrapnel and the hydrostatic shock produces a massive wound cavity within the vital area that will be 13″ – 15″ long. This massive wound cavity results in the animal dropping fast since most go into shock after such a tremendous blow. Those animals that don't go down immediately will soon succumb to blood pressure loss and/or organ failure producing a quick ethical kill.
- Velocity: 3,104 fps
- 100% Hand-Loaded


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(Kate Flora: As MCW readers know, one of our favorite things here at the blog is introducing new Maine crime writers. Today's interview is with a writer I have known for years, a terrific writer who has demonstrated the importance of persistence in his 13-year journey to publication!)
KF: Tell us a little about your book, Sniper. First, the obvious question—where did you get the idea for this book?
VH: The idea for the book came to me twelve years ago. I was following the manhunt for the Washington, D. C. sniper and thought about how vulnerable the average citizen is to a random act of violence. I've also always been enamored with the reluctant hero. The character who wants nothing more than to be left alone, but is placed in a situation where he or she realizes that only they can fix the situation. This is the underlying premise of Mike Houston. He left the Marines believing that he also left the sniper behind, only to be forced back into that world.
KF:Can you give us a quick plot summary?
VH: Four people lie dead on Boston Common and to Det. Mike Houston's trained eye, the evidence points to an experienced sniper, someone trained, as Houston was, by the U.S. Marine Corps. When Houston's ex-wife, Pamela, falls to the assassin's bullet, he knows that the lives of his family and friends are at stake. Allying himself with criminals, Houston takes on his unseen opponent in a game of cat and mouse that leads to a bloody showdown on an isolated Maine island.
KF: You begin each chapter with a quote from the Sniper training manual. Were you a sniper yourself?
VH: No, I was not a sniper. When I enlisted in the Corps, the concept of scout/snipers was in its infancy. People such as Carlos Hathcock, were just then establishing the first school in Quantico, VA. One thing the Marine Corps has always emphasized is that every Marine, no matter what rank or military occupation specialty, is first and foremost a rifleman and every Marine goes through intensive infantry training, including annual trips to the rifle range. I read a number of books by and about Marine snipers and interviewed several people who had either been snipers or had worked closely with them. As for getting inside the sniper's heads…as they say "Once a Marine; always a Marine…"
KF: Some of the reviews suggest that this book is not for the faint-of-heart, that it's a violent book. Is it?
VH: I guess the best way to answer that question is to say snipers are trained for a singular purpose…to inspire fear in the enemy by killing certain key personnel, such as officers and radiomen. Police deal with violence on a daily basis and one of my major characters is a gangster. These are all people who live by violence. The challenge was to make their world as realistic as possible without including a lot of gratuitous violence. So, the short answer is yes, there is violence. Which I tried to offset with a more human side of each of the major characters…heck, even my antagonist has some, no matter how minor, redeeming features.
KF: Your book is set primarily in Boston, but you live in Northern Maine, so how did you research your settings?
VH: I grew up in Caribou, ME but lived in the Boston area for over fifteen years, returning to Maine after cancer took my wife of 36 years from me. I have walked every Boston location in the book and have hunted or hiked through the northern Maine woods from which I drew the scenes of the island. (Although there is no Aroostook Lake in Maine, there are many that are similar.)
KF: You have two protagonists in your book, Mike Houston and Anne Bouchard. Since Mike is an ex-military man like yourself, was he easier to write? What are the challenges of writing a pair of detectives like this?
VH: Actually, I found both of the characters to be equally difficult to write, although Mike's mental processes more closely parallel to mine. I did, however, seek help from several women in the formulation of Anne's personality and to get a better perspective on how women cope with pursuing a career in a predominantly male field. I can't speak for all male authors but I find dealing with the emotional aspects of a female character to be very challenging. I'm thankful that I've had several women (my late wife, Connie among them) who read my work and said, "This is Bull…" I learned a long time ago that the important people in my life tell me what I need to hear, not what I want to hear.
KF: Follow-up question: Are you planning to make this a series, or this is this a stand-alone?
VH: My agent is currently proposing a follow-up, THE FISHERMAN, to the publisher.
KF: This is your first book, but you've been writing for a long a time. Can you tell us something about that journey?
VH: Seeing as this is the 50th anniversary of the Beatles arrival in America, I think you could say my journey was a Long and Winding Road. I started out thinking I knew how to write and then spend a turbulent twenty years learning how to write. If it was not for a long list of writers, including you, I might still be wandering around without a clue.
There are times when a rejection, especially when the rejecter takes time to tell you why, is far more valuable than an acceptance. I believe that my road to being published began when I started attending meetings of the New England chapters of the Mystery Writers of America and Sisters in Crime. I made up my mind that if I wanted to be successful, I needed to surround myself with people who have already achieved it and listen to them.
Tom Peters who wrote In Search of Excellence (and I'm paraphrasing here) says that it isn't enough to just listen. We must learn to listen naively. He stated that in our own way we are all experts and that when we listen to people we don't hear what they're saying because we are too busy formulating our expert answer. We must listen as if we know nothing about the topic. Of course, once we listen then we have to be willing to try what we heard. All I can say is that listening to writers, such as yourself, and trying their suggestions taught me more than any college course ever would.
KF: Following up on that last question, we often hear from writers who've tried to get published, gotten discouraged, and given up. What are some of your strategies for not giving up?
VH: I don't think there is a strategy per se. You just have to keep at it. The publishing industry is like any other, they're looking to make a profit and stay alive. They have cut out layers of assistant editors and first readers, dumping all that workload onto the literary agent. The best strategy I know is to network like crazy. It's no different than looking for a job. You don't find a job by going to the unemployed, you go to the employed and ask who they know that may need you. Getting published is no different. Attend MWA and SinC, SFWA (Science Fiction Writers of America), or RWA (Romance Writers of America.) Talk to published writers, ask them to evaluate your work (then listen naively) and try the things they say.
There is an element of luck involved, too. You have to find the one person (preferably an agent) who likes your work and will champion it. (For what it's worth, I almost gave up…I wrote my first novel in 1989 and was awarded second place in a literary contest. I knew nothing of the business and invested my prize money with a predator agent, who charged me two bucks a page editing fee because I was unpublished (I think stupid was a better way of saying it) and got nothing for it. I became discouraged and it wasn't until I attended my 35th high school reunion that something happened that fired me up again. Several ladies, who had read my truly amateurish stuff when we were in 7th grade, cornered me and wanted to know why they weren't seeing my books on the shelves. I had no answer. But I asked myself "why aren't they?" Then I got serious and began networking…caution for all of you aspiring writers, it still took me thirteen years to get a book deal!)
KF: And another follow-up. Now that Sniper has been published, is there another book in the pipeline? And if so, can you tell us a little bit about that?
VH: My agent is currently offering THE FISHERMAN to my publisher. Mike Houston is asked by an elderly couple from Kittery to help them find their granddaughter who disappeared while attending college in Boston. He soon learns that not only is she missing, but over fifty other women have disappeared over the last four years and each and every time a truck carrying seafood was known to be in the area. This one is based, loosely, on a true case out in Vancouver, British Columbia.
KF: Something that always fascinates readers and writers is your writing process. Are you a disciplined write every day type? A write in bursts when the ideas come type? Do you outline?
VH: I wouldn't recommend my writing process to anyone. I can best describe it as prolonged periods of procrastination interspersed with frenetic periods of writing. I don't outline, although I'm trying it on the novel I'm currently working on. I do find that it helps to keep me in the chair when the call of a Bruins game reaches out to me! I find that being in an active writer group helps me…if I feel that I have to bring something every week, I have to write something.
KF: Tell us a little bit about yourself.
VH: I was born in Caribou, Maine and have been all over the world. I was a rebellious kid (some people will say that hasn't changed) and was prone to being reckless (ditto). I left home at the age of 17 and bummed around Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and New Jersey for a year and then joined the Marines. My first trip abroad was to beautiful South Viet Nam. After the service I came back to Caribou and married the woman I would torment for 36 years. After I completed technical school and got a BA, we moved to the Boston area. I got a job with Wang Labs and they sent me to Chicago, where we lived for twelve years. The Chicago experience was best described by my wife who upon being told we were returning to New England said, "I made a home in Chicago, but Chicago was never my home." My writing started in junior high school when I wrote a series of terrible vampire stories! Thank God none have survived… I always wanted to write a novel about how screwed up I was, sort of a mix between The Catcher In The Rye and Battle Cry. The result was a book entitles THE WAR WITHIN, which I entered in a literary contest and won 2nd prize (a cash reward of $1500.00). I am currently considering rewriting it and seeing if it will sell now. In the late eighties and early nineties anything related to Viet Nam was impossible to sell. I spent thirty years in hi-tech, only to learn that I hated it. I wanted to write. When my wife passed away, I only had me to worry about so I moved back to the county where I could afford to live and write full-time. So here I am in wonderful Stockholm about five minutes from the end of civilization as we know it and loving every minute of it.
KF: A couple of Maine-specific questions. Some of us were talking recently about the dark side of Maine, and how it leads naturally to the writing of crime novels. Do you feel that Maine plays a role in how you look at crime? Is there something about the rural nature, or our character, or the way people live closer to the land, or more isolated lives, or have to scrabble for a living that influences you as a writer?
VH: I think there's an element of truth in all of what you say. I also think that Maine has more than its share of people with low self-esteem so we always seek out and are fascinated by the darker side. All one has to do is look at the most famous writer ever to come from our state—he writes horror. I can't speak for the southern part of the state, but up in the county winter is four-fifths of the year (you are either living in it or getting ready for it) and there has to be a lot of things that go bump in those loooong winter nights. What better time to write about a heinous crime than at night with the wind howling and snow blowing up a real jeeser of a noreaster?
KF: And now for the light-hearted question: Can you share with our readers a particular Maine place that's special to you that most people might not know about?
VH: Wow, there's so many. Let's just say that anyone who wants to come up here can join me on a real camping trip. We'll go by boat and pitch a tent where the only electricity is during a lightning storm and drink coffee by the campfire (I'll bring the pistol to drive the bears away). Sorry ladies, not a facility in miles…and the only mirror is the lake surface.
KF: Thank you, Vaughn. I've known you for years, but this has been really illuminating. I can't wait to read Sniper.


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Rumarudee International School in Bangkok is hosting the SEASAC Senior Swimming Championships welcoming 16 teams from across South East Asia for two days. This will be the second year with Senior Meet format featuring heats and finals, which ensured some very exciting events. Good luck to our swimmers!
The annual SEASAC MUN is being hosted at Harrow International School in Bangkok from 1-3 March. Harrow Bangkok is hosting schools from different countries such as Singapore, China, and Thailand. CDNIS students are able to collaborate with peers of different ages and backgrounds, form new friendships, and learn from each other. MUN is more than just the debating, researching and the writing; MUN is the experience of being surrounded by like-minded students who want to make an impact on the world. We are all well aware that our ideas may not be translated into action right away, but that's not to say that couldn't be one day.


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Guest blog post: In July and August, Hope in Haiti sent a team of 16 people to Nan Wo and Port au Prince to work with youth camps. In reflection, team member Kristi from Washington wrote concerning the need for disease prevention and education:
"Visiting a third world country with what I know about epidemiology was difficult. There are such large scale issues with sanitation in Haiti, it is unfathomable. It is overwhelming thinking about how much it would take to fix the problems associated with causing widespread disease in Haiti. The name Hope in Haiti is quite fitting for the work needed here, because I look at the problems and feel hopeless in helping. While staying in Dessalines for a week, I saw an entire flock of 7 boys jump out of the bus to urinate on the sidewalk on a busy street, and soon it was flowing down the sidewalk and into the street where people were working. As we helped out in the Youth Camp during the week, the smell of urine increased as each day went on; although I did not see it happening, I'm sure every corner of the camp became a bathroom. When it rained each day, this contaminated water filled the streets and flooded the tents the youth were staying in.
"Even though there is help in the form of doctors and hospitals, the people don't seem to be educated on their illnesses or how they get them. A man we visited at his home had strong stomach pains for months, and understood from his visit to the doctor that he needed surgery. He couldn't describe what was wrong with him, just knew that his stomach hurt and didn't think it could be fixed. He showed us the pills he had been taking for the pain, a bag of ibuprofen and aspirin mixed together."
Please be praying with us as Hope in Haiti works with so many people who have health issues rising from poor choices and lack of education. Pray also for the nation of Haiti as a whole. Cholera is still a major issue and water quality remains extremely poor.
Thank you