text:
2015 Apple MacBook Pro 13\" Retina i7 3.1Ghz
₱600 — Computers & Accesories — manila — 6 months ago
Brand New 2015 Apple MacBook Pro 13″ Retina i7 3.1Ghz – 16GB –...
Wacom Bamboo Pen and MouseTablet
For sale 1(pc)WACOM TABLET Brand New Unit with Box
Ideal for Photoshop Artists, Kids, Photograpy business.
Main Use For:
– Retouching Photos
– Drawing
– Painting
– Writing
– Simplifying
– Signatures
The natural way of expressing your creativity.
This unit comes with CD Installer, Manual, USB Cable, Pen and Mouse.
Interested buyers please call or text
0917-4117137 / 0922-6400099
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₱600 — Computers & Accesories — manila — 6 months ago
Brand New 2015 Apple MacBook Pro 13″ Retina i7 3.1Ghz – 16GB –...
₱10,000 — Computers & Accesories — cebu — 7 months ago
Defective.. Rsf: wala nay kwarta pang pa-ayo. Price still nego
Computers & Accesories — Cebu — 8 months ago
Specifications: 1. 500X USB 2.0 Digital Microscope 8 LED Endoscope Magnifier Camera...
Computers & Accesories — Qube SM Cebu City, @ northwing Cyberzone — 1 year ago
> Up to 4 channel IP camera inputs > H.264/MJPEG dual codec decoding > Max...
₱7,000 — Computers & Accesories — Cebu City — 1 year ago
CPU i3 for sale 2gb Ram 500 HD With Video Card (ATI Radeon) Newly Formated (Win 7...


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|"Jacek Laskowski (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Closed: (OPENEJB-698) usage: deploy ... upon executing openejb undeploy
|Wed, 12 Dec 2007 17:54:43 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OPENEJB-698?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Jacek Laskowski closed OPENEJB-698. ----------------------------------- Resolution: Fixed Assignee: David Blevins It's already fixed in trunk (perhaps Dave took care of it not the issue). Committed revision 603684 - a change for returning when no modules given and after help's printed out. > usage: deploy ... upon executing openejb undeploy > ------------------------------------------------- > > Key: OPENEJB-698 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OPENEJB-698 > Project: OpenEJB > Issue Type: Bug > Components: deployment > Affects Versions: 3.0-beta-1 > Reporter: Jacek Laskowski > Assignee: David Blevins > Fix For: 3.0-beta-2 > > > jlaskowski@dev /cygdrive/c/openejb-3.0-beta-1 > $ ./bin/openejb undeploy > Must specify an module id. > usage: deploy [options] <file> [<file>...] > Connects to the server and deploys the application. Note that full remote > deployment is not yet supported, deployment can only be done on the same > machine as the server. Track OPENEJB-609 for development of full remote > deployment feature. > Options: > -h,--help Lists these options and exits. > -s,--server-url <url> Sets the url of the OpenEJB server to which the > app will be deployed. The value should be the same as the JNDI Provider > URL used to lookup EJBs. The default is 'ejbd://localhost:4201'. > -v,--version Prints the OpenEJB version and exits. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Top Apps
- Audio & Video
- Business & Enterprise
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Double Commander
Double Commander is a cross platform open source file manager with two panels side by side. It is inspired by Total Commander and features some new ideas.6,716 weekly downloads
JEDI VCL for Delphi
JEDI VCL for Delphi1,364 weekly downloads
OpenLP - Free Church Worship Software
Free church worship presentation software541 weekly downloads
A simple and fun remake of the old Filler game that was popular in early 1990s (and was a true marvel of its time). Written in FreePascal with Lazarus libraries. The game objective is to capture half of the colored field by annexing tiles color by color.2 weekly downloads
fast powerful CALC
The fast powerful CALC is a desktop scientific calculator, still is under development and tests. The objective is offer a good and easy to use mathematical tool. I hope you enjoy it.3 weekly downloads
Iris 3D-Client
Iris is a free 3D Client for the popular Massive Multiplayer Role Playing Game Ultima Online. The current Iris version works with the Ultima Online expansions Age of Shadows, Samurai Empire and Mondain's Legacy!2 weekly downloads
It is another clone of Norton/Windows/Midnight Commander. It is being wrote on kylix open edition. Currently it supports command line (similary to DiscoCommandir, even better then WinCmd), two panels walking and simple execution, renaming, copying and mo2 weekly downloads
Simple Time Club Tracking (closed)
Simple program to calculate time tracking of 2 computers in internet club (project is closed)1 weekly downloads
Education tool which aim is to help student to learn irregular verbs in languages where is it dificult and neccesary (English, German, ...).1 weekly downloads
The UniXML library is intended to be an extremely portable XML DOM parser library, completely OS and C compiler independent.


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Opening Romeo & Juliet 15th nov. at the Kennedy Center.
Maria Kochetkova as Juliet
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Maria Kochetkova as Juliet at the Kennedy Center
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Fluttershy can also blow balloons!
Proof here: youtu.be/pHI9wTLGS2o
Right when she appears, you'll see the proof that she actually can blow a balloon with no problems!
I think you forgot her nostril.
Blowing balloons is serious business.
Pinkie's cheeks are adorable. XD
I'm amazed no one has not done this already!
Nice work!
Nice work!
Blow the balloon, yay!
Great job buaguar


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If you want to take a walk across Florida, like from Pensacola to Key West, plan on having enough shoes for 817 miles or 4,313,760 feet or, in the case of Benny Collins, for 1,734,845 steps.
Collins is not counting every step he takes in his quest to walk the length of Florida, but he is counting on folks along the way to share an experience, prayer with God, and help Bushnell Assembly of God build a new sanctuary.
Bessie Cornelia "Nelia" Dempsey, 62, of Steinhatchee, died at home on Sunday, March 21, 2010. Born in Lake Park, Ga., Mrs. Dempsey moved, as a child to Live Oak.
She worked at A&W Drive-in as a carhop for 15 years before joining Oxidental Chemical. Retiring from Oxidental in 1990, she moved to Steinhatchee to fulfill her lifelong dream of hunting and fishing and made many, many friends, which became her extended family.
The Suwannee River Youth Livestock Show and Sale got underway on Saturday with swine entries and some competitors went away disappointed because of this frigid winter.
A number of hogs did not make the minimum weight and were disqualified from competition.
At mid-morning the stands of the show coliseum looked a little bare and quite young for this area's popular fair, but that was because the parents and fans were not in attendance.
There was a time when passing written, eye and driving tests were all you needed to be a legal Florida driver. These days, you have to have concrete proof of who you are.
As of Jan. 1, new requirements went into effect for anyone renewing or getting a new driver's license, and it's caused a few headaches for those who issue the licenses.
"I've been chewed out and cussed at," Linda Fugate, Levy County Tax Collector, told Williston Rotary Club members last week as she explained what's needed to be a legal driver.
Trenton High School's baseball team won a wild one last Friday night, surging for six runs in the fifth inning to top Chiefland, 11-9.
It was a game that saw a player ejected, two Indians home runs and a lat Chiefland rally attempt squashed in the bottom of the seventh inning.
The game also capped a momentous week for Chiefland shortstop Adam Burton. The senior had a home run, four RBI, two doubles, two triples, two stolen bases and scored four runs while going 7-for-11 at the plate in three games last week against the Tigers, Dixie County and P.K. Yonge.
Again, Chiefland's varsity softball team routed a visiting team, quickly stomping St. Francis 10-0 last Friday night.
Again, the Indians' bats were hot, with Amber Richardson and sophomore standout Taylore Fuller killing pitches for home runs.
But now, a test of pride approaches. Chiefland will face county rival Williston for the second time at 7 p.m. Friday. It's not a district game (the Red Devils play in 3A-5, the Indians in 2A-5), but Williston knocked Chiefland around earlier this season in an 8-2 game on Feb. 19.
The Blue and Orange pulled away in the seventh inning of their baseball game last Thursday night, rallying for three runs to take a decisive 7-5 win in a hard-fought contest.
Too bad it was the wrong Blue and Orange.
It was Branford who pulled away late for the victory, holding off Bronson, which had a late rally of their own in the bottom of the seventh.
The Eagles piled on nine runs in the first inning last Tuesday at Bell, needing only five innings to rout the Bulldogs 16-6.
The Eagles capialized on two errors, two walks, a hit batsman and five singles in the first to put the game out of reach early.
John Stephenson finished 3-for-4 at the plate with two singles and a double for Bronson. Tyler Martensen finished 2-for-3, and Kelby Barber belted a triple in the fourth.
Stephenson picked up the win for the Eagles, tallying five strikeouts in the complete game.
P.K. Yonge stormed Bronson's varsity softball team 16-0 last Thursday.
But the score wasn't the whole story. Sure, P.K. Yonge capitalized on errors in the first inning for a 6-0 lead, but the Eagles showed signs of life that Bronson coach Kenny Thomas saw as encouraging.
"I'm really proud of my girls," he said. "They got down on themselves a little. But they picked it back up, dug down deep and held their ground out there."
It's still early, but it looks like Chiefland High School has the softball team to beat in District 2A-5.
Just don't tell Indians coach Ginger Fuller.
Sure, she's proud of her team. She's thrilled that as of last Friday they're 10-1 overall and undefeated in the district.
The Indians proved their case again last Thursday against Bell, needing only three innings to stomp the Bulldogs, 14-0.
So easy wins should keep her team on top, right?
Copyright © 2016
The Chiefland Citizen is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Chiefland Florida, and the surrounding area.


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I never had such experience in my entire career I have worked on project so damn hard and submitted all psd (that was my mistake) and never paid back for my hard work.... If you have free time and want to work for free meet them they love free work :)
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Reload the page and try again.
Student Body:
Lazy and full of excuses as to why they never show up to class Or do their work.
Academic Flexibility:
It's like a 9-1 job. With little to no flexibility.
Overall Experience:
Has a lot more cons than it does pros
Overall Experience:
Love my classes, love the size of the classes, love the interaction with the teacher and students during the many class discussions, learn so much more than I thought I would, absolutely love the professor I have had 98% of my classes!
Overall Experience:
There have not been any employers recruiting except a local telemarketing company, which no college degree is ever required to work at. There is no alumni network that I know of. I have 1 semester left until my internship and have yet to meet with anyone in career services.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
Overall I think the tuition and fees are a little ridiculous, I pay a lab fee, have yet to figure out what they use that for.. the computers are probably a good 10 years old, there is never any paper to print things. Half the time you're lucky if the computers and printers even work! Financial aid office is pretty good, I've only had to deal with one person and she has always been friendly and helpful. As for if I'm receiving what I paid for, professor wise, yes, other things, definitely not.
Career Services:
They offer lifetime help with placement, other than that I have yet to hear of anything for the alumni come from this place.
Academic Experience:
The professor for legal studies is absolutely amazing, we all learn so much more than a book could tell us! The reason I did not give a better rating is not even the professors fault. The school is not equipping us with all of the resources we need for some of our classes. The professor has had to come in on their day off to try and resolve issues so that we are able to continue learning.
Academic Experience:
The only reason I say it's bad is because most colleges in our area will not accept any of the credits from this school. So, when I graduate with my associates degree, if I decide to further my education I will have to take all of these classes again just at a different college.
Campus Resources:
Everything is out of date. The computers only work when they want to, Microsoft Office is not registered in the computer labs where classes are being taught. The library is smaller than my bedroom, I probably have more books than it does. The building is way out of date, they have window ac units in the rooms so unless you want to roast, you can barely hear the professor talk!
Academic Flexibility:
Its great financial aid and academic advisers took care of all that for me i didn't even have to think about it
Academic Experience:
Im Going for medical assisting associates degree and i think its grate the teachers have smaller class sizes so its easy to get the help you need and they are always willing to help in any way they can. I feel confident that I can graduate with a satisfying grade from ETI opposed to a larger university.
Academic Experience:
It all went very smooth the professors work with you the entire way the curriculum was handed to you in a general outline in the beginning workload was about average the teacher don't over load you but they do keep you busy. Class registration was simple I just told her where i was at with my credits and what program i was interested in and my availability and she took care of the rest.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
They're really good at explaining and breaking things down so you know how much money is going where and why. They were really beneficial in telling me to use certain loans or perhaps find a scholarship to make college more affordable. I think the education there is fair priced mainly because of the smaller class sizes makes learning more one on one and that's exactly what I needed. The best tip or advise id give to someone is start with the books they're expensive if you can get one a friend had or find it cheaper somewhere else go for it.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
Tuition is not as bad as I thought it would be. Possibly a little expensive but for a small class size and the way we are being taught and prepared is well worth it. The financial aid dept had everything prepared for us when we got there as to how much I would have to pay for the classes and divided everything into what we have to pay every semester.
Career Services:
They take their time with you and explain what the course is about. Financial aid takes time before you meet with them to find out what you qualify for and what you will have to make up. They also will give you sites to find scholarships and additional money to help you.
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The Go Programming Language Blogtag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org2016-02-17T11:00:00+00:00Go 1.6 is releasedtag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/go1.62016-02-17T11:00:00+00:002016-02-17T11:00:00+00:00Andrew GerrandToday we release Go version 1.6, the seventh major stable release of Go. You can grab it right now from the download page. Although the release of Go 1.5 six months ago contained dramatic implementation changes, this release is more incremental.
 Today we release Go version 1.6, the seventh major stable release of Go. You can grab it right now from the download page. Although the release of Go 1.5 six months ago contained dramatic implementation changes, this release is more incremental.

 The most significant change is support for HTTP/2 in the net/http package. HTTP/2 is a new protocol, a follow-on to HTTP that has already seen widespread adoption by browser vendors and major websites. In Go 1.6, support for HTTP/2 is enabled by default for both servers and clients when using HTTPS, bringing the benefits of the new protocol to a wide range of Go projects, such as the popular Caddy web server.

 The template packages have learned some new tricks, with support for trimming spaces around template actions to produce cleaner template output, and the introduction of the {{block}} action that can be used to create templates that build on other templates. A new template example program demonstrates these new features.

 Go 1.5 introduced experimental support for a "vendor" directory that was enabled by an environment variable. In Go 1.6, the feature is now enabled by default. Source trees that contain a directory named "vendor" that is not used in accordance with the new feature will require changes to avoid broken builds (the simplest fix is to rename the directory).

 The runtime has added lightweight, best-effort detection of concurrent misuse of maps. As always, if one goroutine is writing to a map, no other goroutine should be reading or writing the map concurrently. If the runtime detects this condition, it prints a diagnosis and crashes the program. The best way to find out more about the problem is to run it under the race detector, which will more reliably identify the race and give more detail.

 The runtime has also changed how it prints program-ending panics. It now prints only the stack of the panicking goroutine, rather than all existing goroutines. This behavior can be configured using the GOTRACEBACK environment variable or by calling the debug.SetTraceback function.

 Users of cgo should be aware of major changes to the rules for sharing pointers between Go and C code. The rules are designed to ensure that such C code can coexist with Go's garbage collector and are checked during program execution, so code may require changes to avoid crashes. See the release notes and cgo documentation for the details.

 The compiler, linker, and go command have a new -msan flag analogous to -race and only available on linux/amd64, that enables interoperation with the Clang MemorySanitizer. This is useful for testing a program containing suspect C or C++ code. You might like to try it while testing your cgo code with the new pointer rules.

 Performance of Go programs built with Go 1.6 remains similar to those built with Go 1.5. Garbage-collection pauses are even lower than with Go 1.5, but this is particularly noticeable for programs using large amounts of memory. With regard to the performance of the compiler tool chain, build times should be similar to those of Go 1.5.

 The algorithm inside sort.Sort was improved to run about 10% faster, but the change may break programs that expect a specific ordering of equal but distinguishable elements. Such programs should refine their Less methods to indicate the desired ordering or use sort.Stable to preserve the input order for equal values.

 And, of course, there are many more additions, improvements, and fixes. You can find them all in the comprehensive release notes.

 To celebrate the release, Go User Groups around the world are holding release parties on the 17th of February. Online, the Go contributors are hosting a question and answer session on the golang subreddit for the next 24 hours. If you have questions about the project, the release, or just Go in general, then please join the discussion.

 Thanks to everyone that contributed to the release. Happy hacking.
 Language and Locale Matching in Gotag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/matchlang2016-02-09T11:00:00+00:002016-02-09T11:00:00+00:00Marcel van LohuizenConsider an application, such as a web site, with support for multiple languages in its user interface. When a user arrives with a list of preferred languages, the application must decide which language it should use in its presentation to the user. This requires finding the best match between the languages the application supports and those the user prefers. This post explains why this is a difficult decision and how Go can help.
Introduction

 Consider an application, such as a web site, with support for multiple languages in its user interface. When a user arrives with a list of preferred languages, the application must decide which language it should use in its presentation to the user. This requires finding the best match between the languages the application supports and those the user prefers. This post explains why this is a difficult decision and how Go can help.

Language Tags

 Language tags, also known as locale identifiers, are machine-readable identifiers for the language and/or dialect being used. The most common reference for them is the IETF BCP 47 standard, and that is the standard the Go libraries follow. Here are some examples of BCP 47 language tags and the language or dialect they represent.

 Tag	 Description

 en	 English

 en-US	 American English

 cmn	 Mandarin Chinese

 zh	 Chinese, typically Mandarin

 nl	 Dutch

 nl-BE	 Flemish

 es-419	 Latin American Spanish

 az, az-Latn	 both Azerbaijani written in Latin script

 az-Arab	 Azerbaijani written in Arabic

 The general form of the language tag is a language code ("en", "cmn", "zh", "nl", "az" above) followed by an optional subtag for script ("-Arab"), region ("-US", "-BE", "-419"), variants ("-oxendict" for Oxford English Dictionary spelling), and extensions ("-u-co-phonebk" for phone-book sorting). The most common form is assumed if a subtag is omitted, for instance "az-Latn-AZ" for "az".

 The most common use of language tags is to select from a set of system-supported languages according to a list of the user's language preferences, for example deciding that a user who prefers Afrikaans would be best served (assuming Afrikaans is not available) by the system showing Dutch. Resolving such matches involves consulting data on mutual language comprehensibility.

 The tag resulting from this match is subsequently used to obtain language-specific resources such as translations, sorting order, and casing algorithms. This involves a different kind of matching. For example, as there is no specific sorting order for Portuguese, a collate package may fall back to the sorting order for the default, or "root", language.

The Messy Nature of Matching Languages

 Handling language tags is tricky. This is partly because the boundaries of human languages are not well defined and partly because of the legacy of evolving language tag standards. In this section we will show some of the messy aspects of handling language tags.

  Tags with different language codes can indicate the same language

 For historical and political reasons, many language codes have changed over time, leaving languages with an older legacy code as well as a new one. But even two current codes may refer to the same language. For example, the official language code for Mandarin is "cmn", but "zh" is by far the most commonly used designator for this language. The code "zh" is officially reserved for a so called macro language, identifying the group of Chinese languages. Tags for macro languages are often used interchangeably with the most-spoken language in the group.

 Matching language code alone is not sufficient

 Azerbaijani ("az"), for example, is written in different scripts depending on the country in which it is spoken: "az-Latn" for Latin (the default script), "az-Arab" for Arabic, and "az-Cyrl" for Cyrillic. If you replace "az-Arab" with just "az", the result will be in Latin script and may not be understandable to a user who only knows the Arabic form.

 Also different regions may imply different scripts. For example: "zh-TW" and "zh-SG" respectively imply the use of Traditional and Simplified Han. As another example, "sr" (Serbian) defaults to Cyrillic script, but "sr-RU" (Serbian as written in Russia) implies the Latin script! A similar thing can be said for Kyrgyz and other languages.

 If you ignore subtags, you might as well present Greek to the user.

 The best match might be a language not listed by the user

 The most common written form of Norwegian ("nb") looks an awful lot like Danish. If Norwegian is not available, Danish may be a good second choice. Similarly, a user requesting Swiss German ("gsw") will likely be happy to be presented German ("de"), though the converse is far from true. A user requesting Uygur may be happier to fall back to Chinese than to English. Other examples abound. If a user-requested language is not supported, falling back to English is often not the best thing to do.

 The choice of language decides more than translation

 Suppose a user asks for Danish, with German as a second choice. If an application chooses German, it must not only use German translations but also use German (not Danish) collation. Otherwise, for example, a list of animals might sort "Bär" before "Äffin".

 Selecting a supported language given the user's preferred languages is like a handshaking algorithm: first you determine which protocol to communicate in (the language) and then you stick with this protocol for all communication for the duration of a session.

 Using a "parent" of a language as fallback is non-trivial

 Suppose your application supports Angolan Portuguese ("pt-AO"). Packages in golang.org/x/text, like collation and display, may not have specific support for this dialect. The correct course of action in such cases is to match the closest parent dialect. Languages are arranged in a hierarchy, with each specific language having a more general parent. For example, the parent of "en-GB-oxendict" is "en-GB", whose parent is "en", whose parent is the undefined language "und", also known as the root language. In the case of collation, there is no specific collation order for Portugese, so the collate package will select the sorting order of the root language. The closest parent to Angolan Portuguese supported by the display package is European Portuguese ("pt-PT") and not the more obvious "pt", which implies Brazilian.

 In general, parent relationships are non-trivial. To give a few more examples, the parent of "es-CL" is "es-419", the parent of "zh-TW" is "zh-Hant", and the parent of "zh-Hant" is "und". If you compute the parent by simply removing subtags, you may select a "dialect" that is incomprehensible to the user.

Language Matching in Go

 The Go package golang.org/x/text/language implements the BCP 47 standard for language tags and adds support for deciding which language to use based on data published in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR).

 Here is a sample program, explained below, matching a user's language preferences against an application's supported languages:

package main  import (  "fmt"   "golang.org/x/text/language"  "golang.org/x/text/language/display" )  var userPrefs = []language.Tag{  language.Make("gsw"), // Swiss German  language.Make("fr"), // French }  var serverLangs = []language.Tag{  language.AmericanEnglish, // en-US fallback  language.German, // de }  var matcher = language.NewMatcher(serverLangs)  func main() {  tag, index, confidence := matcher.Match(userPrefs...)   fmt.Printf("best match: %s (%s) index=%d confidence=%v\n",  display.English.Tags().Name(tag),  display.Self.Name(tag),  index, confidence)  // best match: German (Deutsch) index=1 confidence=High }

Creating Language Tags

 The simplest way to create a language.Tag from a user-given language code string is with language.Make. It extracts meaningful information even from malformed input. For example, "en-USD" will result in "en" even though USD is not a valid subtag.

 Make doesn't return an error. It is common practice to use the default language if an error occurs anyway so this makes it more convenient. Use Parse to handle any error manually.

 The HTTP Accept-Language header is often used to pass a user's desired languages. The ParseAcceptLanguage function parses it into a slice of language tags, ordered by preference.

 By default, the language package does not canonicalize tags. For example, it does not follow the BCP 47 recommendation of eliminating scripts if it is the common choice in the "overwhelming majority". It similarly ignores CLDR recommendations: "cmn" is not replaced by "zh" and "zh-Hant-HK" is not simplified to "zh-HK". Canonicalizing tags may throw away useful information about user intent. Canonicalization is handled in the Matcher instead. A full array of canonicalization options are available if the programmer still desires to do so.

Matching User-Preferred Languages to Supported Languages

 A Matcher matches user-preferred languages to supported languages. Users are strongly advised to use it if they don't want to deal with all the intricacies of matching languages.

 The Match method may pass through user settings (from BCP 47 extensions) from the preferred tags to the selected supported tag. It is therefore important that the tag returned by Match is used to obtain language-specific resources. For example, "de-u-co-phonebk" requests phone-book ordering for German. The extension is ignored for matching, but is used by the collate package to select the respective sorting order variant.

 A Matcher is initialized with the languages supported by an application, which are usually the languages for which there are translations. This set is typically fixed, allowing a matcher to be created at startup. Matcher is optimized to improve the performance of Match at the expense of initialization cost.

 The language package provides a predefined set of the most commonly used language tags that can be used for defining the supported set. Users generally don't have to worry about the exact tags to pick for supported languages. For example, AmericanEnglish ("en-US") may be used interchangeably with the more common English ("en"), which defaults to American. It is all the same for the Matcher. An application may even add both, allowing for more specific American slang for "en-US".

Matching Example

 Consider the following Matcher and lists of supported languages:

var supported = []language.Tag{ language.AmericanEnglish, // en-US: first language is fallback language.German, // de language.Dutch, // nl language.Portuguese // pt (defaults to Brazilian) language.EuropeanPortuguese, // pt-pT language.Romanian // ro language.Serbian, // sr (defaults to Cyrillic script) language.SerbianLatin, // sr-Latn language.SimplifiedChinese, // zh-Hans language.TraditionalChinese, // zh-Hant } var matcher = language.NewMatcher(supported)

 Let's look at the matches against this list of supported languages for various user preferences.

 For a user preference of "he" (Hebrew), the best match is "en-US" (American English). There is no good match, so the matcher uses the fallback language (the first in the supported list).

 For a user preference of "hr" (Croatian), the best match is "sr-Latn" (Serbian with Latin script), because, once they are written in the same script, Serbian and Croatian are mutually intelligible.

 For a user preference of "ru, mo" (Russian, then Moldavian), the best match is "ro" (Romanian), because Moldavian is now canonically classified as "ro-MD" (Romanian in Moldova).

 For a user preference of "zh-TW" (Mandarin in Taiwan), the best match is "zh-Hant" (Mandarin written in Traditional Chinese), not "zh-Hans" (Mandarin written in Simplified Chinese).

 For a user preference of "af, ar" (Afrikaans, then Arabic), the best match is "nl" (Dutch). Neither preference is supported directly, but Dutch is a significantly closer match to Afrikaans than the fallback language English is to either.

 For a user preference of "pt-AO, id" (Angolan Portuguese, then Indonesian), the best match is "pt-PT" (European Portuguese), not "pt" (Brazilian Portuguese).

 For a user preference of "gsw-u-co-phonebk" (Swiss German with phone-book collation order), the best match is "de-u-co-phonebk" (German with phone-book collation order). German is the best match for Swiss German in the server's language list, and the option for phone-book collation order has been carried over.

Confidence Scores

 Go uses coarse-grained confidence scoring with rule-based elimination. A match is classified as Exact, High (not exact, but no known ambiguity), Low (probably the correct match, but maybe not), or No. In case of multiple matches, there is a set of tie-breaking rules that are executed in order. The first match is returned in the case of multiple equal matches. These confidence scores may be useful, for example, to reject relatively weak matches. They are also used to score, for example, the most likely region or script from a language tag.

 Implementations in other languages often use more fine-grained, variable-scale scoring. We found that using coarse-grained scoring in the Go implementation ended up simpler to implement, more maintainable, and faster, meaning that we could handle more rules.

Displaying Supported Languages

 The golang.org/x/text/language/display package allows naming language tags in many languages. It also contains a "Self" namer for displaying a tag in its own language.

 For example:

 var supported = []language.Tag{  language.English, // en  language.French, // fr  language.Dutch, // nl  language.Make("nl-BE"), // nl-BE  language.SimplifiedChinese, // zh-Hans  language.TraditionalChinese, // zh-Hant  language.Russian, // ru  }   en := display.English.Tags()  for _, t := range supported {  fmt.Printf("%-20s (%s)\n", en.Name(t), display.Self.Name(t))  }

 prints

English (English) French (français) Dutch (Nederlands) Flemish (Vlaams) Simplified Chinese (简体中文) Traditional Chinese (繁體中文) Russian (русский)

 In the second column, note the differences in capitalization, reflecting the rules of the respective language.

Conclusion

 At first glance, language tags look like nicely structured data, but because they describe human languages, the structure of relationships between language tags is actually quite complex. It is often tempting, especially for English-speaking programmers, to write ad-hoc language matching using nothing other than string manipulation of the language tags. As described above, this can produce awful results.

 Go's golang.org/x/text/language package solves this complex problem while still presenting a simple, easy-to-use API. Enjoy.
 Six years of Gotag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/6years2015-11-10T11:00:00+00:002015-11-10T11:00:00+00:00Andrew GerrandSix years ago today the Go language was released as an open source project. Since then, more than 780 contributors have made over 30,000 commits to the project's 22 repositories. The ecosystem continues to grow, with GitHub reporting more than 90,000 Go repositories. And, offline, we see new Go events and user groups pop up around the world with regularity.
 Six years ago today the Go language was released as an open source project. Since then, more than 780 contributors have made over 30,000 commits to the project's 22 repositories. The ecosystem continues to grow, with GitHub reporting more than 90,000 Go repositories. And, offline, we see new Go events and user groups pop up around the world with regularity.

 In August we released Go 1.5, the most significant release since Go 1. It features a completely redesigned garbage collector that makes the language more suitable for latency-sensitive applications; it marks the transition from a C-based compiler tool chain to one written entirely in Go; and it includes ports to new architectures, with better support for ARM processors (the chips that power most smartphones). These improvements make Go better suited to a broader range of tasks, a trend that we hope will continue over the coming years.

 Improvements to tools continue to boost developer productivity. We introduced the execution tracer and the "go doc" command, as well as more enhancements to our various static analysis tools. We are also working on an official Go plugin for Sublime Text, with better support for other editors in the pipeline.

 Early next year we will release more improvements in Go 1.6, including HTTP/2 support for net/http servers and clients, an official package vendoring mechanism, support for blocks in text and HTML templates, a memory sanitizer that checks both Go and C/C++ code, and the usual assortment of other improvements and fixes.

 This is the sixth time we have had the pleasure of writing a birthday blog post for Go, and we would not be doing so if not for the wonderful and passionate people in our community. The Go team would like to thank everyone who has contributed code, written an open source library, authored a blog post, helped a new gopher, or just given Go a try. Without you, Go would not be as complete, useful, or successful as it is today. Thank you, and celebrate!
 GolangUK 2015tag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/gouk152015-10-09T11:00:00+00:002015-10-09T11:00:00+00:00Francesc CampoyOn August 21st the Go community gathered in London for the first edition of Golang UK. The conference featured two parallel tracks and nearly 400 gophers attended.
 On August 21st the Go community gathered in London for the first edition of Golang UK. The conference featured two parallel tracks and nearly 400 gophers attended.

 The conference started with the opening keynote by David Calavera called Crossing the Language Chasm (video) and continued with two concurrently executed tracks.

 Main track:

Stupid Gopher Tricks, by Andrew Gerrand (video)

Complex Concurrency Patterns in Go, by Evan Huus (video)

Code Analysis [no reading required], by Francesc Campoy (video)

Go kit: a toolkit for microservices Peter Bourgon (video)

Dependency Management Conundrum, by William Kennedy (video)

 Side track:

Building APIs, by Mat Ryer (video)

Building a Bank with Go, by Matt Heath (video)

CockroachDB: Make Data Easy, by Ben Darnell (video)

Understanding memory allocation in Go, by Dean Elbaz (video)

Whispered Secrets, by Eleanor McHugh (video)

 Finally Damian Gryski took the stage for the closing keynote (video), giving an overview of how the Go community has evolved over time and hinting to what the future might look like.

 On the day before the conference William Kennedy gave a full day Go workshop.

 It was a great conference, so congratulations to the organizers and see you next year in London!
 Go GC: Prioritizing low latency and simplicitytag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/go15gc2015-08-31T11:00:00+00:002015-08-31T11:00:00+00:00Richard HudsonGo is building a garbage collector (GC) not only for 2015 but for 2025 and beyond: A GC that supports today's software development and scales along with new software and hardware throughout the next decade. Such a future has no place for stop-the-world GC pauses, which have been an impediment to broader uses of safe and secure languages such as Go.
The Setup

 Go is building a garbage collector (GC) not only for 2015 but for 2025 and beyond: A GC that supports today's software development and scales along with new software and hardware throughout the next decade. Such a future has no place for stop-the-world GC pauses, which have been an impediment to broader uses of safe and secure languages such as Go.

 Go 1.5, the first glimpse of this future, achieves GC latencies well below the 10 millisecond goal we set a year ago. We presented some impressive numbers in a talk at Gophercon. The latency improvements have generated a lot of attention; Robin Verlangen's blog post Billions of requests per day meet Go 1.5 validates our direction with end to end results. We also particularly enjoyed Alan Shreve's production server graphs and his "Holy 85% reduction" comment.

 Today 16 gigabytes of RAM costs $100 and CPUs come with many cores, each with multiple hardware threads. In a decade this hardware will seem quaint but the software being built in Go today will need to scale to meet expanding needs and the next big thing. Given that hardware will provide the power to increase throughput, Go's garbage collector is being designed to favor low latency and tuning via only a single knob. Go 1.5 is the first big step down this path and these first steps will forever influence Go and the applications it best supports. This blog post gives a high-level overview of what we have done for the Go 1.5 collector.

The Embellishment

 To create a garbage collector for the next decade, we turned to an algorithm from decades ago. Go's new garbage collector is a concurrent, tri-color, mark-sweep collector, an idea first proposed by Dijkstra in 1978. This is a deliberate divergence from most "enterprise" grade garbage collectors of today, and one that we believe is well suited to the properties of modern hardware and the latency requirements of modern software.

 In a tri-color collector, every object is either white, grey, or black and we view the heap as a graph of connected objects. At the start of a GC cycle all objects are white. The GC visits all roots, which are objects directly accessible by the application such as globals and things on the stack, and colors these grey. The GC then chooses a grey object, blackens it, and then scans it for pointers to other objects. When this scan finds a pointer to a white object, it turns that object grey. This process repeats until there are no more grey objects. At this point, white objects are known to be unreachable and can be reused.

 This all happens concurrently with the application, known as the mutator, changing pointers while the collector is running. Hence, the mutator must maintain the invariant that no black object points to a white object, lest the garbage collector lose track of an object installed in a part of the heap it has already visited. Maintaining this invariant is the job of the write barrier, which is a small function run by the mutator whenever a pointer in the heap is modified. Go's write barrier colors the now-reachable object grey if it is currently white, ensuring that the garbage collector will eventually scan it for pointers.

 Deciding when the job of finding all grey objects is done is subtle and can be expensive and complicated if we want to avoid blocking the mutators. To keep things simple Go 1.5 does as much work as it can concurrently and then briefly stops the world to inspect all potential sources of grey objects. Finding the sweet spot between the time needed for this final stop-the-world and the total amount of work that this GC does is a major deliverable for Go 1.6.

 Of course the devil is in the details. When do we start a GC cycle? What metrics do we use to make that decision? How should the GC interact with the Go scheduler? How do we pause a mutator thread long enough to scan its stack? How do we represent white, grey, and black so we can efficiently find and scan grey objects? How do we know where the roots are? How do we know where in an object pointers are located? How do we minimize memory fragmentation? How do we deal with cache performance issues? How big should the heap be? And on and on, some related to allocation, some to finding reachable objects, some related to scheduling, but many related to performance. Low-level discussions of each of these areas are beyond the scope of this blog post.

 At a higher level, one approach to solving performance problems is to add GC knobs, one for each performance issue. The programmer can then turn the knobs in search of appropriate settings for their application. The downside is that after a decade with one or two new knobs each year you end up with the GC Knobs Turner Employment Act. Go is not going down that path. Instead we provide a single knob, called GOGC. This value controls the total size of the heap relative to the size of reachable objects. The default value of 100 means that total heap size is now 100% bigger than (i.e., twice) the size of the reachable objects after the last collection. 200 means total heap size is 200% bigger than (i.e., three times) the size of the reachable objects. If you want to lower the total time spent in GC, increase GOGC. If you want to trade more GC time for less memory, lower GOGC.

 More importantly as RAM doubles with the next generation of hardware, simply doubling GOGC will halve the number of GC cycles. On the other hand since GOGC is based on reachable object size, doubling the load by doubling the reachable objects requires no retuning. The application just scales. Furthermore, unencumbered by ongoing support for dozens of knobs, the runtime team can focus on improving the runtime based on feedback from real customer applications.

The Punchline

 Go 1.5's GC ushers in a future where stop-the-world pauses are no longer a barrier to moving to a safe and secure language. It is a future where applications scale effortlessly along with hardware and as hardware becomes more powerful the GC will not be an impediment to better, more scalable software. It's a good place to be for the next decade and beyond. For more details about the 1.5 GC and how we eliminated latency issues see the Go GC: Latency Problem Solved presentation or the slides.
 Go 1.5 is releasedtag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/go1.52015-08-19T11:00:00+00:002015-08-19T11:00:00+00:00Andrew GerrandToday the Go project is proud to release Go 1.5, the sixth major stable release of Go.
 Today the Go project is proud to release Go 1.5, the sixth major stable release of Go.

 This release includes significant changes to the implementation. The compiler tool chain was translated from C to Go, removing the last vestiges of C code from the Go code base. The garbage collector was completely redesigned, yielding a dramatic reduction in garbage collection pause times. Related improvements to the scheduler allowed us to change the default GOMAXPROCS value (the number of concurrently executing goroutines) from 1 to the number of logical CPUs. Changes to the linker enable distributing Go packages as shared libraries to link into Go programs, and building Go packages into archives or shared libraries that may be linked into or loaded by C programs (design doc).

 The release also includes improvements to the developer tools. Support for "internal" packages permits sharing implementation details between packages. Experimental support for "vendoring" external dependencies is a step toward a standard mechanism for managing dependencies in Go programs. The new "go tool trace" command enables the visualisation of program traces generated by new tracing infrastructure in the runtime. The new "go doc" command provides an improved command-line interface for viewing Go package documentation.

 There are also several new operating system and architecture ports. The more mature new ports are darwin/arm, darwin/arm64 (Apple's iPhone and iPad devices), and linux/arm64. There is also experimental support for ppc64 and ppc64le (IBM 64-bit PowerPC, big and little endian).

 The new darwin/arm64 port and external linking features fuel the Go mobile project, an experiment to see how Go might be used for building apps on Android and iOS devices. (The Go mobile work itself is not part of this release.)

 The only language change is very minor, the lifting of a restriction in the map literal syntax to make them more succinct and consistent with slice literals.

 The standard library saw many additions and improvements, too. The flag package now shows cleaner usage messages. The math/big package now provides a Float type for computing with arbitrary-precision floating point numbers. An improvement to the DNS resolver on Linux and BSD systems has removed the cgo requirement for programs that do name lookups. The go/types package has been moved to the standard library from the golang.org/x/tools repository. (The new go/constant and go/importer packages are also a result of this move.) The reflect package has added the ArrayOf and FuncOf functions, analogous to the existing SliceOf function. And, of course, there is the usual list of smaller fixes and improvements.

 For the full story, see the detailed release notes. Or if you just can't wait to get started, head over to the downloads page to get Go 1.5 now.
 GopherCon 2015 Rounduptag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/gophercon20152015-07-28T11:00:00+00:002015-07-28T11:00:00+00:00Andrew GerrandA few weeks ago, Go programmers from around the world descended on Denver, Colorado for GopherCon 2015. The two-day, single-track conference attracted more than 1,250 attendees—nearly double last year's number—and featured 22 talks presented by Go community members.
 A few weeks ago, Go programmers from around the world descended on Denver, Colorado for GopherCon 2015. The two-day, single-track conference attracted more than 1,250 attendees—nearly double last year's number—and featured 22 talks presented by Go community members.

 The Cowboy Gopher (a toy given to each attendee) watches over the ranch.
 Photograph by Nathan Youngman. Gopher by Renee French.

 Today the organizers have posted the videos online so you can now enjoy the conference from afar:

 Day 1:

Go, Open Source, Community — Russ Cox (video) (text)

Go kit: A Standard Library for Distributed Programming — Peter Bourgon (video) (slides)

Delve Into Go — Derek Parker (video) (slides)

How a complete beginner learned Go as her first backend language in 5 weeks — Audrey Lim (video) (slides)

A Practical Guide to Preventing Deadlocks and Leaks in Go — Richard Fliam (video)

Go GC: Solving the Latency Problem — Rick Hudson (video) (slides)

Simplicity and Go — Katherine Cox-Buday (video) (slides)

Rebuilding Parse.com in Go - an opinionated rewrite — Abhishek Kona (video) (slides)

Prometheus: Designing and Implementing a Modern Monitoring Solution in Go — Björn Rabenstein (video) (slides)

What Could Go Wrong? — Kevin Cantwell (video)

The Roots of Go — Baishampayan Ghose (video) (slides)

 Day 2:

The Evolution of Go — Robert Griesemer (video) (slides)

Static Code Analysis Using SSA — Ben Johnson (video) (slides)

Go on Mobile — Hana Kim (video) (slides)

Go Dynamic Tools — Dmitry Vyukov (video) (slides)

Embrace the Interface — Tomás Senart (video) (slides)

Uptime: Building Resilient Services with Go — Blake Caldwell (video) (slides)

Cayley: Building a Graph Database — Barak Michener (video) (slides)

Code Generation For The Sake Of Consistency — Sarah Adams (video)

The Many Faces of Struct Tags — Sam Helman and Kyle Erf (video) (slides)

Betting the Company on Go and Winning — Kelsey Hightower (video)

How Go Was Made — Andrew Gerrand (video) (slides)

 The hack day was also a ton of fun, with hours of lightning talks and a range of activities from programming robots to a Magic: the Gathering tournament.

 Huge thanks to the event organizers Brian Ketelsen and Eric St. Martin and their production team, the sponsors, the speakers, and the attendees for making this such a fun and action-packed conference. Hope to see you there next year!
 Go, Open Source, Communitytag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/open-source2015-07-08T11:00:00+00:002015-07-08T11:00:00+00:00Russ Cox[This is the text of my opening keynote at Gophercon 2015. The video is available here.]
Welcome

 [This is the text of my opening keynote at Gophercon 2015. The video is available here.]

 Thank you all for traveling to Denver to be here, and thank you to everyone watching on video. If this is your first Gophercon, welcome. If you were here last year, welcome back. Thank you to the organizers for all the work it takes to make a conference like this happen. I am thrilled to be here and to be able to talk to all of you.

 I am the tech lead for the Go project and the Go team at Google. I share that role with Rob Pike. In that role, I spend a lot of time thinking about the overall Go open source project, in particular the way it runs, what it means to be open source, and the interaction between contributors inside and outside Google. Today I want to share with you how I see the Go project as a whole and then based on that explain how I see the Go open source project evolving.

Why Go?

 To get started, we have to go back to the beginning. Why did we start working on Go?

 Go is an attempt to make programmers more productive. We wanted to improve the software development process at Google, but the problems Google has are not unique to Google.

 There were two overarching goals.

 The first goal is to make a better language to meet the challenges of scalable concurrency. By scalable concurrency I mean software that deals with many concerns simultaneously, such as coordinating a thousand back end servers by sending network traffic back and forth.

 Today, that kind of software has a shorter name: we call it cloud software. It's fair to say that Go was designed for the cloud before clouds ran software.

 The larger goal is to make a better environment to meet the challenges of scalable software development, software worked on and used by many people, with limited coordination between them, and maintained for years. At Google we have thousands of engineers writing and sharing their code with each other, trying to get their work done, reusing the work of others as much as possible, and working in a code base with a history dating back over ten years. Engineers often work on or at least look at code originally written by someone else, or that they wrote years ago, which often amounts to the same thing.

 That situation inside Google has a lot in common with large scale, modern open source development as practiced on sites like GitHub. Because of this, Go is a great fit for open source projects, helping them accept and manage contributions from a large community over a long period of time.

 I believe much of Go's success is explained by the fact that Go is a great fit for cloud software, Go is a great fit for open source projects, and, serendipitously, both of those are growing in popularity and importance in the software industry.

 Other people have made similar observations. Here are two. Last year, on RedMonk.com, Donnie Berkholz wrote about "Go as the emerging language of cloud infrastructure," observing that "[Go's] marquee projects ... are cloud-centric or otherwise made for dealing with distributed systems or transient environments."

 This year, on Texlution.com, the author wrote an article titled "Why Golang is doomed to succeed," pointing out that this focus on large-scale development was possibly even better suited to open source than to Google itself: "This open source fitness is why I think you are about to see more and more Go around ..."

The Go Balance

 How does Go accomplish those things?

 How does it make scalable concurrency and scalable software development easier?

 Most people answer this question by talking about channels and goroutines, and interfaces, and fast builds, and the go command, and good tool support. Those are all important parts of the answer, but I think there is a broader idea behind them.

 I think of that idea as Go's balance. There are competing concerns in any software design, and there is a very natural tendency to try to solve all the problems you foresee. In Go, we have explicitly tried not to solve everything. Instead, we've tried to do just enough that you can build your own custom solutions easily.

 The way I would summarize Go's chosen balance is this: Do Less. Enable More.

 Do less, but enable more.

 Go can't do everything. We shouldn't try. But if we work at it, Go can probably do a few things well. If we select those things carefully, we can lay a foundation on which developers can easily build the solutions and tools they need, and ideally can interoperate with the solutions and tools built by others.

Examples

 Let me illustrate this with some examples.

 First, the size of the Go language itself. We worked hard to put in as few concepts as possible, to avoid the problem of mutually incomprehensible dialects forming in different parts of a large developer community. No idea went into Go until it had been simplified to its essence and then had clear benefits that justified the complexity being added.

 In general, if we have 100 things we want Go to do well, we can't make 100 separate changes. Instead, we try to research and understand the design space and then identify a few changes that work well together and that enable maybe 90 of those things. We're willing to sacrifice the remaining 10 to avoid bloating the language, to avoid adding complexity only to address specific use cases that seem important today but might be gone tomorrow.

 Keeping the language small enables more important goals. Being small makes Go easier to learn, easier to understand, easier to implement, easier to reimplement, easier to debug, easier to adjust, and easier to evolve. Doing less enables more.

 I should point out that this means we say no to a lot of other people's ideas, but I assure you we've said no to even more of our own ideas.

 Next, channels and goroutines. How should we structure and coordinate concurrent and parallel computations? Mutexes and condition variables are very general but so low-level that they're difficult to use correctly. Parallel execution frameworks like OpenMP are so high-level that they can only be used to solve a narrow range of problems. Channels and goroutines sit between these two extremes. By themselves, they aren't a solution to much. But they are powerful enough to be easily arranged to enable solutions to many common problems in concurrent software. Doing less—really doing just enough—enables more.

 Next, types and interfaces. Having static types enables useful compile-time checking, something lacking in dynamically-typed languages like Python or Ruby. At the same time, Go's static typing avoids much of the repetition of traditional statically typed languages, making it feel more lightweight, more like the dynamically-typed languages. This was one of the first things people noticed, and many of Go's early adopters came from dynamically-typed languages.

 Go's interfaces are a key part of that. In particular, omitting the ``implements'' declarations of Java or other languages with static hierarchy makes interfaces lighter weight and more flexible. Not having that rigid hierarchy enables idioms such as test interfaces that describe existing, unrelated production implementations. Doing less enables more.

 Next, testing and benchmarking. Is there any shortage of testing and benchmarking frameworks in most languages? Is there any agreement between them?

 Go's testing package is not meant to address every possible facet of these topics. Instead, it is meant to provide the basic concepts necessary for most higher-level tooling. Packages have test cases that pass, fail, or are skipped. Packages have benchmarks that run and can be measured by various metrics.

 Doing less here is an attempt to reduce these concepts to their essence, to create a shared vocabulary so that richer tools can interoperate. That agreement enables higher-level testing software like Miki Tebeka's go2xunit converter, or the benchcmp and benchstat benchmark analysis tools.

 Because there is agreement about the representation of the basic concepts, these higher-level tools work for all Go packages, not just ones that make the effort to opt in, and they interoperate with each other, in that using, say, go2xunit does not preclude also using benchstat, the way it would if these tools were, say, plugins for competing testing frameworks. Doing less enables more.

 Next, refactoring and program analysis. Because Go is for large code bases, we knew it would need to support automatic maintenance and updating of source code. We also knew that this topic was too large to build in directly. But we knew one thing that we had to do. In our experience attempting automated program changes in other settings, the most significant barrier we hit was actually writing the modified program out in a format that developers can accept.

 In other languages, it's common for different teams to use different formatting conventions. If an edit by a program uses the wrong convention, it either writes a section of the source file that looks nothing like the rest of the file, or it reformats the entire file, causing unnecessary and unwanted diffs.

 Go does not have this problem. We designed the language to make gofmt possible, we worked hard to make gofmt's formatting acceptable for all Go programs, and we made sure gofmt was there from day one of the original public release. Gofmt imposes such uniformity that automated changes blend into the rest of the file. You can't tell whether a particular change was made by a person or a computer. We didn't build explicit refactoring support. Establishing an agreed-upon formatting algorithm was enough of a shared base for independent tools to develop and to interoperate. Gofmt enabled gofix, goimports, eg, and other tools. I believe the work here is only just getting started. Even more can be done.

 Last, building and sharing software. In the run up to Go 1, we built goinstall, which became what we all know as "go get". That tool defined a standard zero-configuration way to resolve import paths on sites like github.com, and later a way to resolve paths on other sites by making HTTP requests. This agreed-upon resolution algorithm enabled other tools that work in terms of those paths, most notably Gary Burd's creation of godoc.org. In case you haven't used it, you go to godoc.org/the-import-path for any valid "go get" import path, and the web site will fetch the code and show you the documentation for it. A nice side effect of this has been that godoc.org serves as a rough master list of the Go packages publicly available. All we did was give import paths a clear meaning. Do less, enable more.

 You'll notice that many of these tooling examples are about establishing a shared convention. Sometimes people refer to this as Go being "opinionated," but there's something deeper going on. Agreeing to the limitations of a shared convention is a way to enable a broad class of tools that interoperate, because they all speak the same base language. This is a very effective way to do less but enable more. Specifically, in many cases we can do the minimum required to establish a shared understanding of a particular concept, like remote imports, or the proper formatting of a source file, and thereby enable the creation of packages and tools that work together because they all agree about those core details.

 I'm going to return to that idea later.

Why is Go open source?

 But first, as I said earlier, I want to explain how I see the balance of Do Less and Enable More guiding our work on the broader Go open source project. To do that, I need to start with why Go is open source at all.

 Google pays me and others to work on Go, because, if Google's programmers are more productive, Google can build products faster, maintain them more easily, and so on. But why open source Go? Why should Google share this benefit with the world?

 Of course, many of us worked on open source projects before Go, and we naturally wanted Go to be part of that open source world. But our preferences are not a business justification. The business justification is that Go is open source because that's the only way that Go can succeed. We, the team that built Go within Google, knew this from day one. We knew that Go had to be made available to as many people as possible for it to succeed.

 Closed languages die.

 A language needs large, broad communities.

 A language needs lots of people writing lots of software, so that when you need a particular tool or library, there's a good chance it has already been written, by someone who knows the topic better than you, and who spent more time than you have to make it great.

 A language needs lots of people reporting bugs, so that problems are identified and fixed quickly. Because of the much larger user base, the Go compilers are much more robust and spec-compliant than the Plan 9 C compilers they're loosely based on ever were.

 A language needs lots of people using it for lots of different purposes, so that the language doesn't overfit to one use case and end up useless when the technology landscape changes.

 A language needs lots of people who want to learn it, so that there is a market for people to write books or teach courses, or run conferences like this one.

 None of this could have happened if Go had stayed within Google. Go would have suffocated inside Google, or inside any single company or closed environment.

 Fundamentally, Go must be open, and Go needs you. Go can't succeed without all of you, without all the people using Go for all different kinds of projects all over the world.

 In turn, the Go team at Google could never be large enough to support the entire Go community. To keep scaling, we need to enable all this ``more'' while doing less. Open source is a huge part of that.

Go's open source

 What does open source mean? The minimum requirement is to open the source code, making it available under an open source license, and we've done that.

 But we also opened our development process: since announcing Go, we've done all our development in public, on public mailing lists open to all. We accept and review source code contributions from anyone. The process is the same whether you work for Google or not. We maintain our bug tracker in public, we discuss and develop proposals for changes in public, and we work toward releases in public. The public source tree is the authoritative copy. Changes happen there first. They are only brought into Google's internal source tree later. For Go, being open source means that this is a collective effort that extends beyond Google, open to all.

 Any open source project starts with a few people, often just one, but with Go it was three: Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. They had a vision of what they wanted Go to be, what they thought Go could do better than existing languages, and Robert will talk more about that tomorrow morning. I was the next person to join the team, and then Ian Taylor, and then, one by one, we've ended up where we are today, with hundreds of contributors.

 Thank You to the many people who have contributed code or ideas or bug reports to the Go project so far. We tried to list everyone we could in our space in the program today. If your name is not there, I apologize, but thank you.

 I believe the hundreds of contributors so far are working toward a shared vision of what Go can be. It's hard to put words to these things, but I did my best to explain one part of the vision earlier: Do Less, Enable More.

Google's role

 A natural question is: What is the role of the Go team at Google, compared to other contributors? I believe that role has changed over time, and it continues to change. The general trend is that over time the Go team at Google should be doing less and enabling more.

 In the very early days, before Go was known to the public, the Go team at Google was obviously working by itself. We wrote the first draft of everything: the specification, the compiler, the runtime, the standard library.

 Once Go was open sourced, though, our role began to change. The most important thing we needed to do was communicate our vision for Go. That's difficult, and we're still working at it.. The initial implementation was an important way to communicate that vision, as was the development work we led that resulted in Go 1, and the various blog posts, and articles, and talks we've published.

 But as Rob said at Gophercon last year, "the language is done." Now we need to see how it works, to see how people use it, to see what people build. The focus now is on expanding the kind of work that Go can help with.

 Google's primarily role is now to enable the community, to coordinate, to make sure changes work well together, and to keep Go true to the original vision.

 Google's primary role is: Do Less. Enable More.

 I mentioned earlier that we'd rather have a small number of features that enable, say, 90% of the target use cases, and avoid the orders of magnitude more features necessary to reach 99 or 100%. We've been successful in applying that strategy to the areas of software that we know well. But if Go is to become useful in many new domains, we need experts in those areas to bring their expertise to our discussions, so that together we can design small adjustments that enable many new applications for Go.

 This shift applies not just to design but also to development. The role of the Go team at Google continues to shift more to one of guidance and less of pure development. I certainly spend much more time doing code reviews than writing code, more time processing bug reports than filing bug reports myself. We need to do less and enable more.

 As design and development shift to the broader Go community, one of the most important things we the original authors of Go can offer is consistency of vision, to help keep Go Go. The balance that we must strike is certainly subjective. For example, a mechanism for extensible syntax would be a way to enable more ways to write Go code, but that would run counter to our goal of having a consistent language without different dialects.

 We have to say no sometimes, perhaps more than in other language communities, but when we do, we aim to do so constructively and respectfully, to take that as an opportunity to clarify the vision for Go.

 Of course, it's not all coordination and vision. Google still funds Go development work. Rick Hudson is going to talk later today about his work on reducing garbage collector latency, and Hana Kim is going to talk tomorrow about her work on bringing Go to mobile devices. But I want to make clear that, as much as possible, we aim to treat development funded by Google as equal to development funded by other companies or contributed by individuals using their spare time. We do this because we don't know where the next great idea will come from. Everyone contributing to Go should have the opportunity to be heard.

Examples

 I want to share some evidence for this claim that, over time, the original Go team at Google is focusing more on coordination than direct development.

 First, the sources of funding for Go development are expanding. Before the open source release, obviously Google paid for all Go development. After the open source release, many individuals started contributing their time, and we've slowly but steadily been growing the number of contributors supported by other companies to work on Go at least part-time, especially as it relates to making Go more useful for those companies. Today, that list includes Canonical, Dropbox, Intel, Oracle, and others. And of course Gophercon and the other regional Go conferences are organized entirely by people outside Google, and they have many corporate sponsors besides Google.

 Second, the conceptual depth of Go development done outside the original team is expanding.

 Immediately after the open source release, one of the first large contributions was the port to Microsoft Windows, started by Hector Chu and completed by Alex Brainman and others. More contributors ported Go to other operating systems. Even more contributors rewrote most of our numeric code to be faster or more precise or both. These were all important contributions, and very much appreciated, but for the most part they did not involve new designs.

 More recently, a group of contributors led by Aram Hăvărneanu ported Go to the ARM 64 architecture, This was the first architecture port by contributors outside Google. This is significant, because in general support for a new architecture requires more design work than support for a new operating system. There is more variation between architectures than between operating systems.

 Another example is the introduction over the past few releases of preliminary support for building Go programs using shared libraries. This feature is important for many Linux distributions but not as important for Google, because we deploy static binaries. We have been helping guide the overall strategy, but most of the design and nearly all of the implementation has been done by contributors outside Google, especially Michael Hudson-Doyle.

 My last example is the go command's approach to vendoring. I define vendoring as copying source code for external dependencies into your tree to make sure that they doesn't disappear or change underfoot.

 Vendoring is not a problem Google suffers, at least not the way the rest of the world does. We copy open source libraries we want to use into our shared source tree, record what version we copied, and only update the copy when there is a need to do so. We have a rule that there can only be one version of a particular library in the source tree, and it's the job of whoever wants to upgrade that library to make sure it keeps working as expected by the Google code that depends on it. None of this happens often. This is the lazy approach to vendoring.

 In contrast, most projects outside Google take a more eager approach, importing and updating code using automated tools and making sure that they are always using the latest versions.

 Because Google has relatively little experience with this vendoring problem, we left it to users outside Google to develop solutions. Over the past five years, people have built a series of tools. The main ones in use today are Keith Rarick's godep, Owen Ou's nut, and the gb-vendor plugin for Dave Cheney's gb,

 There are two problems with the current situation. The first is that these tools are not compatible out of the box with the go command's "go get". The second is that the tools are not even compatible with each other. Both of these problems fragment the developer community by tool.

 Last fall, we started a public design discussion to try to build consensus on some basics about how these tools all operate, so that they can work alongside "go get" and each other.

 Our basic proposal was that all tools agree on the approach of rewriting import paths during vendoring, to fit with "go get"'s model, and also that all tools agree on a file format describing the source and version of the copied code, so that the different vendoring tools can be used together even by a single project. If you use one today, you should still be able to use another tomorrow.

 Finding common ground in this way was very much in the spirit of Do Less, Enable More. If we could build consensus about these basic semantic aspects, that would enable "go get" and all these tools to interoperate, and it would enable switching between tools, the same way that agreement about how Go programs are stored in text files enables the Go compiler and all text editors to interoperate. So we sent out our proposal for common ground.

 Two things happened.

 First, Daniel Theophanes started a vendor-spec project on GitHub with a new proposal and took over coordination and design of the spec for vendoring metadata.

 Second, the community spoke with essentially one voice to say that rewriting import paths during vendoring was not tenable. Vendoring works much more smoothly if code can be copied without changes.

 Keith Rarick posted an alternate proposal for a minimal change to the go command to support vendoring without rewriting import paths. Keith's proposal was configuration-free and fit in well with the rest of the go command's approach. That proposal will ship as an experimental feature in Go 1.5 and likely enabled by default in Go 1.6. And I believe that the various vendoring tool authors have agreed to adopt Daniel's spec once it is finalized.

 The result is that at the next Gophercon we should have broad interoperability between vendoring tools and the go command, and the design to make that happen was done entirely by contributors outside the original Go team.

 Not only that, the Go team's proposal for how to do this was essentially completely wrong. The Go community told us that very clearly. We took that advice, and now there's a plan for vendoring support that I believe everyone involved is happy with.

 This is also a good example of our general approach to design. We try not to make any changes to Go until we feel there is broad consensus on a well-understood solution. For vendoring, feedback and design from the Go community was critical to reaching that point.

 This general trend toward both code and design coming from the broader Go community is important for Go. You, the broader Go community, know what is working and what is not in the environments where you use Go. We at Google don't. More and more, we will rely on your expertise, and we will try to help you develop designs and code that extend Go to be useful in more settings and fit well with Go's original vision. At the same time, we will continue to wait for broad consensus on well-understood solutions.

 This brings me to my last point.

Code of Conduct

 I've argued that Go must be open, and that Go needs your help.

 But in fact Go needs everyone's help. And everyone isn't here.

 Go needs ideas from as many people as possible.

 To make that a reality, the Go community needs to be as inclusive, welcoming, helpful, and respectful as possible.

 The Go community is large enough now that, instead of assuming that everyone involved knows what is expected, I and others believe that it makes sense to write down those expectations explicitly. Much like the Go spec sets expectations for all Go compilers, we can write a spec setting expectations for our behavior in online discussions and in offline meetings like this one.

 Like any good spec, it must be general enough to allow many implementations but specific enough that it can identify important problems. When our behavior doesn't meet the spec, people can point that out to us, and we can fix the problem. At the same time, it's important to understand that this kind of spec cannot be as precise as a language spec. We must start with the assumption that we will all be reasonable in applying it.

 This kind of spec is often referred to as a Code of Conduct. Gophercon has one, which we've all agreed to follow by being here, but the Go community does not. I and others believe the Go community needs a Code of Conduct.

 But what should it say?

 I believe the most important overall statement we can make is that if you want to use or discuss Go, then you are welcome here, in our community. That is the standard I believe we aspire to.

 If for no other reason (and, to be clear, there are excellent other reasons), Go needs as large a community as possible. To the extent that behavior limits the size of the community, it holds Go back. And behavior can easily limit the size of the community.

 The tech community in general and the Go community in particular is skewed toward people who communicate bluntly. I don't believe this is fundamental. I don't believe this is necessary. But it's especially easy to do in online discussions like email and IRC, where plain text is not supplemented by the other cues and signals we have in face-to-face interactions.

 For example, I have learned that when I am pressed for time I tend to write fewer words, with the end result that my emails seem not just hurried but blunt, impatient, even dismissive. That's not how I feel, but it's how I can come across, and that impression can be enough to make people think twice about using or contributing to Go. I realized I was doing this when some Go contributors sent me private email to let me know. Now, when I am pressed for time, I pay extra attention to what I'm writing, and I often write more than I naturally would, to make sure I'm sending the message I intend.

 I believe that correcting the parts of our everyday interactions, intended or not, that drive away potential users and contributors is one of the most important things we can all do to make sure the Go community continues to grow. A good Code of Conduct can help us do that.

 We have no experience writing a Code of Conduct, so we have been reading existing ones, and we will probably adopt an existing one, perhaps with minor adjustments. The one I like the most is the Django Code of Conduct, which originated with another project called SpeakUp! It is structured as an elaboration of a list of reminders for everyday interaction.

 "Be friendly and patient. Be welcoming. Be considerate. Be respectful. Be careful in the words that you choose. When we disagree, try to understand why."

 I believe this captures the tone we want to set, the message we want to send, the environment we want to create for new contributors. I certainly want to be friendly, patient, welcoming, considerate, and respectful. I won't get it exactly right all the time, and I would welcome a helpful note if I'm not living up to that. I believe most of us feel the same way.

 I haven't mentioned active exclusion based on or disproportionately affecting race, gender, disability, or other personal characteristics, and I haven't mentioned harassment. For me, it follows from what I just said that exclusionary behavior or explicit harassment is absolutely unacceptable, online and offline. Every Code of Conduct says this explicitly, and I expect that ours will too. But I believe the SpeakUp! reminders about everyday interactions are an equally important statement. I believe that setting a high standard for those everyday interactions makes extreme behavior that much clearer and easier to deal with.

 I have no doubts that the Go community can be one of the most friendly, welcoming, considerate, and respectful communities in the tech industry. We can make that happen, and it will be a benefit and credit to us all.

 Andrew Gerrand has been leading the effort to adopt an appropriate Code of Conduct for the Go community. If you have suggestions, or concerns, or experience with Codes of Conduct, or want to be involved, please find Andrew or me during the conference. If you'll still be here on Friday, Andrew and I are going to block off some time for Code of Conduct discussions during Hack Day.

 Again, we don't know where the next great idea will come from. We need all the help we can get. We need a large, diverse Go community.

Thank You

 I consider the many people releasing software for download using "go get," sharing their insights via blog posts, or helping others on the mailing lists or IRC to be part of this broad open source effort, part of the Go community. Everyone here today is also part of that community.

 Thank you in advance to the presenters who over the next few days will take time to share their experiences using and extending Go.

 Thank you in advance to all of you in the audience for taking the time to be here, to ask questions, and to let us know how Go is working for you. When you go back home, please continue to share what you've learned. Even if you don't use Go for daily work, we'd love to see what's working for Go adopted in other contexts, just as we're always looking for good ideas to bring back into Go.

 Thank you all again for making the effort to be here and for being part of the Go community.

 For the next few days, please: tell us what we're doing right, tell us what we're doing wrong, and help us all work together to make Go even better.

 Remember to be friendly, patient, welcoming, considerate, and respectful.

 Above all, enjoy the conference.
 Qihoo 360 and Gotag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/qihoo2015-07-06T11:00:00+00:002015-07-06T11:00:00+00:00Yang ZhouThis guest blog post was written by Yang Zhou, Software Engineer at Qihoo 360.
 This guest blog post was written by Yang Zhou, Software Engineer at Qihoo 360.

 Qihoo 360 is a major provider of Internet and mobile security products and services in China, and operates a major Android-based mobile distribution platform. At the end of June 2014, Qihoo had about 500 million monthly active PC Internet users and over 640 million mobile users. Qihoo also operates one of China's most popular Internet browsers and PC search engines.

 My team, the Push Service Team, provides fundamental messaging services for more than 50 products across the company (both PC and mobile), including thousands of Apps in our open platform.

 Our "love affair" with Go dates back to 2012 when we first attempted to provide push services for one of Qihoo's products. The initial version was built with nginx + lua + redis, which failed to satisfy our requirement for real-time performance due to excessive load. Under these circumstances, the newly-published Go 1.0.3 release came to our attention. We completed a prototype in a matter of weeks, largely thanks to the goroutine and channel features it provided.

 Initially, our Go-based system ran on 20 servers, with 20 million real-time connections in total. The system sent 2 million messages a day. That system now runs on 400 servers, supporting 200 million+ real-time connections. It now sends over 10 billion messages daily.

 With rapid business expansion and increasing application needs for our push service, the initial Go system quickly reached its bottleneck: heap size went up to 69G, with maximum garbage collection (GC) pauses of 3-6 seconds. Worse still, we had to reboot the system every week to release memory. It wouldn't be honest if we didn't consider relinquishing Go and instead, re-writing the entire core component with C. However, things didn't go exactly as we planned, we ran into trouble migrating the code of Business Logic Layer. As a result, it was impossible for the only personnel at that time (myself) to maintain the Go system while ensuring the logic transfer to the C service framework.

 Therefore, I made the decision to stay with Go system (probably the wisest one I had to make), and great headway was made soon enough.

 Here are a few tweaks we made and key take-aways:

Replace short connections with persistent ones (using a connection pool), to reduce creation of buffers and objects during communication.

Use Objects and Memory pools appropriately, to reduce the load on the GC.

Use a Task Pool, a mechanism with a group of long-lived goroutines consuming global task or message queues sent by connection goroutines, to replace short-lived goroutines.

Monitor and control goroutine numbers in the program. The lack of control can cause unbearable burden on the GC, imposed by surges in goroutines due to uninhibited acceptance of external requests, as RPC invocations sent to inner servers may block goroutines recently created.

Remember to add read and write deadlines to connections when under a mobile network; otherwise, it may lead to goroutine blockage. Apply it properly and with caution when under a LAN network, otherwise your RPC communication efficiency will be hurt.

Use Pipeline (under Full Duplex feature of TCP) to enhance the communication efficiency of RPC framework.

 As a result, we successfully launched three iterations of our architecture, and two iterations of our RPC framework even with limited human resources. This can all attributed to the development convenience of Go. Below you can find the up-to-date system architecture:

 The continuous improvement journey can be illustrated by a table:

 Also, no temporary release of memory or system reboot is required after these optimizations.

 What's more exciting is we developed an on-line real-time Visibility Platform for profiling Go programs. We can now easily access and diagnose the system status, pinning down any potential risks. Here is a screen shot of the system in action:

 The great thing about this platform is that we can actually simulate the connection and behavior of millions of online users, by applying the Distributed Stress Test Tool (also built using Go), and observe all real-time visualized data. This allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of any optimization and preclude problems by identifying system bottlenecks.

 Almost every possible system optimization has been practiced so far. And we look forward to more good news from the GC team so that we could be further relieved from heavy development work. I guess our experience may also grow obsolete one day, as Go continues to evolve.

 This is why I want to conclude my sharing by extending my sincere appreciation to the opportunity to attend Gopher China. It was a gala for us to learn, to share and for offering a window showcasing Go's popularity and prosperity in China. Many other teams within Qihoo have already either got to know Go, or tried to use Go.

 I am convinced that many more Chinese Internet firms will join us in re-creating their system in Go and the Go team's efforts will benefit more developers and enterprises in the foreseeable future.
 GopherChina Trip Reporttag:blog.golang.org,2013:blog.golang.org/gopherchina2015-07-01T11:00:00+00:002015-07-01T11:00:00+00:00Robert GriesemerWe have known for some time that Go is more popular in China than in any other country. According to Google Trends, most searches for the term "golang" come from The People's Republic than anywhere else. Others have speculated on the same observation, yet so far we have had sparse concrete information about the phenomenon.
 We have known for some time that Go is more popular in China than in any other country. According to Google Trends, most searches for the term "golang" come from The People's Republic than anywhere else. Others have speculated on the same observation, yet so far we have had sparse concrete information about the phenomenon.

 The first Go conference in China, GopherChina, seemed like an excellent opportunity to explore the situation by putting some Western Gopher feet on Chinese ground. An actual invitation made it real and I decided to accept and give a presentation about gofmt's impact on software development.

 Hello, Shanghai!

 The conference took place over an April weekend in Shanghai, in the Puruan Building of the Shanghai Pudong Software Park, easily reachable by subway within an hour or less from Shanghai's more central parts. Modelled after GopherCon, the conference was single-track, with all talks presented in a conference room that fit about 400 attendees. It was organized by volunteers, lead by Asta Xie, and with robust sponsorship from major industry names. According to the organizers, many more people were hoping to attend than could be accommodated due to space constraints.

 The welcoming committee with Asta Xie (2nd from left), the primary organizer.

 Each attendee received a bag filled with the obligatory GopherChina t-shirt, various sponsor-related informational brochures, stickers, and the occasional stuffed "something" (no fluffy Gophers, though). At least one 3rd party vendor was advertising technical books, including several original (not translated from English) Go books.

 Go books!

 On first impression, the average attendee seemed pretty young, which made for an enthusiastic crowd, and the event appeared well run.

 With the exception of my talk, all presentations were given in Mandarin and thus were incomprehensible to me. Asta Xie, the primary organizer, assisted with a few simultaneous translations whispered into my ear, and the occasional English slide provided additional clues: "69GB" stands out even without any Mandarin knowledge (more on that below). Consequently, I ended up listening to a handful of presentations only, and instead spent much of my time talking with attendees outside the main conference room. Yet judging from the slides, the quality of most presentations seemed high, comparable with our experience at GopherCon in Denver last year. Each talk got a one hour time slot which allowed for plenty of technical detail, and many (dozens) of questions from an enthusiastic audience.

 As expected, many of the presentations were about web services, backends for mobile applications, and so on. Some of the systems appear to be huge by any measure. For instance, a talk by Yang Zhou described a large-scale internal messaging system, used by Qihoo 360, a major Chinese software firm, all written in Go. The presentation discussed how his team managed to reduce an original heap size of 69GB (!) and the resulting long GC pauses of 3-6s to more manageable numbers, and how they run millions of goroutines per machine, on a fleet of thousands of machines. A future guest blog post is planned describing this system in more detail.

 Packed conference room on Saturday.

 In another presentation, Feng Guo from DaoCloud talked about how they use Go in their company for what they call the "continuous delivery" of applications. DaoCloud takes care of automatically moving software hosted on GitHub (and Chinese equivalents) to the cloud. A software developer simply pushes a new version on GitHub and DaoCloud takes care of the rest: running tests, Dockerizing it, and shipping it using your preferred cloud service provider.

 Several speakers were from well-recognized major software firms (I showed the conference program to non-technical people and they easily recognized several of the firm's names). Much more so than in the US, it seems Go is not just hugely popular with newcomers and startups, but has very much found its way into larger organizations and is employed at a scale that we are only starting to see elsewhere.

 Not being an expert in web services myself, in my presentation I veered off the general conference theme a bit by talking about gofmt and how its widespread use has started to shape expectations not just for Go but other languages as well. I presented in English but had my slides translated to Mandarin beforehand. Due to the significant language barrier I wasn't expecting too many questions on my talk itself. Instead I decided the keep it short and leave plenty of time for general questions on Go, which the audience appreciated.

 No social event in China is complete without fantastic food.

 A couple of days after the conference I visited the 4-year-old startup company Qiniu ("Seven Bulls"), at the invitation of its CEO Wei Hsu, facilitated and translated with the help of Asta Xie. Qiniu is a cloud-based storage provider for mobile applications; Wei Hsu presented at the conference and also happens to be the author of one of the first Chinese books on Go (the leftmost one in the picture above).

 Qiniu lobby, engineering.

 Qiniu is an extremely successful all-Go shop, with about 160 employees, serving over 150,000 companies and developers, storing over 50 Billion files, and growing by over 500 Million files per day. When asked about the reasons for Go's success in China, Wei Hsu is quick to answer: PHP is extremely popular in China, but relatively slow and not well-suited for large systems. Like in the US, universities teach C++ and Java as primary languages, but for many applications C++ is too complex a tool and Java too bulky. In his opinion, Go now plays the role that traditionally belonged to PHP, but Go runs much faster, is type safe, and scales more easily. He loves the fact that Go is simple and applications are easy to deploy. He thought the language to be "perfect" for them and his primary request was for a recommended or even standardized package to easily access database systems. He did mention that they had GC problems in the past but were able to work around them. Hopefully our upcoming 1.5 release will address this. For Qiniu, Go appeared just at the right time and the right (open source) place.

 According to Asta Xie, Qiniu is just one of many Go shops in the PRC. Large companies such as Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent, and Weibo, are now all using Go in one form or another. He pointed out that while Shanghai and neighboring cities like Suzhou are high-tech centres, even more software developers are found in the Beijing area. For 2016, Asta hopes to organize a larger (1000, perhaps 1500 people) successor conference in Beijing.

 It appears that we have found the Go users in China: They are everywhere!

 Some of the GopherChina materials, including videos, are now available alongside Go coursework on a 3rd party site.