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Content type:
Stage 1&2
Stage 2&3
Stage 3&4
Stage 4&5
Challenge level:
Create a pattern on the left-hand grid. How could you extend your pattern on the right-hand grid?
Use the blue spot to help you move the yellow spot from one star to
the other. How are the trails of the blue and yellow spots related?
A shape and space game for 2,3 or 4 players. Be the last person to be able to place a pentomino piece on the playing board. Play with card, or on the computer.
Help the bee to build a stack of blocks far enough to save his
friend trapped in the tower.
An animation that helps you understand the game of Nim.
Overlaying pentominoes can produce some effective patterns. Why not
use LOGO to try out some of the ideas suggested here?
If you can post the triangle with either the blue or yellow colour face up, how many ways can it be posted altogether?
Try this interactive strategy game for 2
Find out how we can describe the "symmetries" of this triangle and
investigate some combinations of rotating and flipping it.
Use the interactivity to find out how many quarter turns the man must rotate through to look like each of the pictures.
Use the interactivity to create some steady rhythms. How could you
create a rhythm which sounds the same forwards as it does
Can you make the green spot travel through the tube by moving the
yellow spot? Could you draw a tube that both spots would follow?
Square It game for an adult and child. Can you come up with a way of always winning this game?
How many right angles can you make using two sticks?
Start by putting one million (1 000 000) into the display of your
calculator. Can you reduce this to 7 using just the 7 key and add,
subtract, multiply, divide and equals as many times as you like?
Players take it in turns to choose a dot on the grid. The winner is the first to have four dots that can be joined to form a square.
Arrange any number of counters from these 18 on the grid to make a rectangle. What numbers of counters make rectangles? How many different rectangles can you make with each number of counters?
Yasmin and Zach have some bears to share. Which numbers of bears
can they share so that there are none left over?
What shaped overlaps can you make with two circles which are the
same size? What shapes are 'left over'? What shapes can you make
when the circles are different sizes?
Try to stop your opponent from being able to split the piles of counters into unequal numbers. Can you find a strategy?
Board Block game for two. Can you stop your partner from being able to make a shape on the board?
How many triangles can you make using sticks that are 3cm, 4cm and 5cm long?
Train game for an adult and child. Who will be the first to make the train?
Is it possible to place 2 counters on the 3 by 3 grid so that there
is an even number of counters in every row and every column? How
about if you have 3 counters or 4 counters or....?
Can you see why 2 by 2 could be 5? Can you predict what 2 by 10
will be?
Can you find just the right bubbles to hold your number?
Can you work out how to balance this equaliser? You can put more
than one weight on a hook.
Explore the different tunes you can make with these five gourds.
What are the similarities and differences between the two tunes you
are given?
Here are some rods that are different colours. How could I make a dark green rod using yellow and white rods?
Ahmed has some wooden planks to use for three sides of a rabbit run
against the shed. What quadrilaterals would he be able to make with
the planks of different lengths?
Work out the fractions to match the cards with the same amount of
Match the halves.
If there are 3 squares in the ring, can you place three different numbers in them so that their differences are odd? Try with different numbers of squares around the ring. What do you notice?
Imagine a wheel with different markings painted on it at regular
intervals. Can you predict the colour of the 18th mark? The 100th
Use the information about Sally and her brother to find out how many children there are in the Brown family.
Incey Wincey Spider game for an adult and child. Will Incey get to the top of the drainpipe?
A game for 2 players that can be played online. Players take it in turns to select a word from the 9 words given. The aim is to select all the occurrences of the same letter.
Can you spot the similarities between this game and other games you know? The aim is to choose 3 numbers that total 15.
The aim of the game is to slide the green square from the top right
hand corner to the bottom left hand corner in the least number of
Play a dice game of chance
Can you beat Piggy in this simple dice game? Can you figure out
Piggy's strategy, and is there a better one?
A game for 2 people that can be played on line or with pens and paper. Combine your knowledege of coordinates with your skills of strategic thinking.
A game for two people, or play online. Given a target number, say 23, and a range of numbers to choose from, say 1-4, players take it in turns to add to the running total to hit their target.
Stop the Clock game for an adult and child. How can you make sure you always win this game?
A game for 1 or 2 people. Use the interactive version, or play with friends. Try to round up as many counters as possible.
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the chairs?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the lobster, yacht and cyclist?
An interactive game to be played on your own or with friends.
Imagine you are having a party. Each person takes it in turns to
stand behind the chair where they will get the most chocolate.
Use the interactivity to make this Islamic star and cross design.
Can you produce a tessellation of regular octagons with two
different types of triangle?
Hover your mouse over the counters to see which ones will be
removed. Click to remover them. The winner is the last one to
remove a counter. How you can make sure you win?


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Exxon Single 100-Share Trade Triggers Price Circuit Breaker
A single trade for 100 shares of Exxon Mobil Corp. more than 6 percent below yesterday's closing price led to the triggering of a circuit breaker, pausing trading in the stock.
The trade, later canceled, was executed at 10:33 a.m. New York time at $63.47 on an exchange operated by Bats Global Markets, according to data sent to Bloomberg. The stock closed at $68.03 yesterday and the highest price in the 5 minutes before the halt was $69.91, the data show.
Trading was paused under rules adopted after the May 6, 2010, stock market crash in which more than $860 billion was erased from the value of U.S. equities in 20 minutes. Shares are suspended if they rise or fall 10 percent within five minutes.
"It appears to be a 'fat finger' situation," Mike Shea, a managing partner and trader at Direct Access Partners LLC in New York, wrote in an e-mail.
Exxon Mobil, which was surpassed by Apple Inc. yesterday as the world's most valuable company, rose 3 percent to $70.05 at 11:32 a.m. in New York. The shares' primary listing is on the New York Stock Exchange, owned by NYSE Euronext.
"A quote was hit, triggering a pause. We have since busted the trade," Randy Williams, a spokesman for Bats, said in an e-mail.

subset: commoncrawl


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Comments about 'Letter: Why are we only talking about guns, and not mental illness?'
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Background checks would cover mental illness.
Utah's Constitutitonal carry law would not.
Utah has the highest rate of mental illness and anti-depressant use in the nation.
You tell me this isn't a recipe for disaster...
- 12:15 a.m. March 17, 2013
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Republicans could take up the issue and make some proposals. Ideas?
- 12:59 a.m. March 17, 2013
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The only people making this a debate about guns only are the ones advocating
that nothing be done about the access to guns - by anyone. Certainly many of
the tragic events of the past several years have been committed by people with
mental illness and keeping guns out of their hands should be our first priority.
But we would be desecrating the graves of so many other victims of gun violence
if we blamed all the deaths on mental illness.
Our national discourse should be about all the causes of why gun deaths in our country far exceed those of any other industrialized nations in the world and what can be done to stop it. But as long as those who actually profit from gun sales, and those who support them, have their way, the only news we will hear is how the government is supposedly plotting to deny American citizens of their Second Amendment rights. In the end, it is that zealous, narrow focus that will cost all of us our rights to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.
- 7:16 a.m. March 17, 2013
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I don't think that mental health has gone out of the picture. But it seems that this letter is written to suggest a red herring, a way of discrediting those that want to control certain "unusual and dangerous" weapons.
- 8:25 a.m. March 17, 2013
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The people who want absolutely no regulations on guns are the same people who want to prevent the government from providing low-cost, or no-cost mental health care.
- 8:39 a.m. March 17, 2013
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All excellent comments -- so far.
Tackling mental illness and guns will be a horribly complex and expensive job. Are we really willing to do it?
Or are the pro-gun forces simply hoping to continue raising such a fuss that sensible people finally give up and surrender to the gun lobby?
- 11:03 a.m. March 17, 2013
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A recent international conference in China was held about how to increase trust
and cooperation between nations. The Chinese hosts declared that no progress
can be achieved until other nations correct their "mis perceptions"
about China, including our not silencing the Dalai Lama, allowing the NY Times
to publish articles uncomplimentary of China, even the City of Corvallis, Oregon
not destroying a Pro-Tibet, Pro-Taiwan mural on a wall of a private citizen.
"No progress can be made until everyone agrees with us."
The gun debate is much the same way here. Maybe if Democrats were to chant in unison "guns are good, guns don't kill people, people kill people, the Constitution guarantees unlimited gun ownership, guns are good", THEN we could move on to other aspects of the problem.
Everyone needs to gree that guns have nothing to do with mass murders like Aurora and Sandy Hook, then we can proceed.
- 12:32 p.m. March 17, 2013
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Our inability to talk about gun control at all may be a sign of mental illness in itself.
- 2:05 p.m. March 17, 2013
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Hutt, you may really be on to something there . . . .
- 3:21 p.m. March 17, 2013
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It is a complex, and as a grieving nation, many are looking somewhere to pin the
blame. Guns are scary, deadly, and kill people, and so they seem to have
garnered the most heat in the debate.
Nevertheless, the entertainment industry (with its incredibly violent movies, video games, etc), has a part to play in this, as does the drug industry and psychiatric drugs, which are at least partly responsible for distorted views of reality that lead normal people to do really stupid things.
Is it something that can be solved with a quick fix? Certainly not...but the fact that these are issues that need to be addressed is something I think most sensible people can agree on.
- 5:01 p.m. March 17, 2013
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The Left cares more about disarming innocent law-abiding citizens, making them
than they care about solving any real problems.
But then again it is all about control.
If you want central control over your life and everything, then go Left, otherwise go Right for true individual liberty and answers to real problems.
Obviously the Left will deny and attack, but what have they done over the last hundred years that has not contributed to government power over you?
Yes lets fix the real problems, like mental illness and societal and cultural ills, and stop this silly and very dangerous nonsense about guns.
- 6:06 p.m. March 17, 2013
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No government program has made health care low cost. It has made it more
expensive and passed that 'higher than ever bill' to the tax payers.
We have government subsidized drug companies selling hyper-inflated priced mind
altering medications, and giving the mental health care providers generous
kickbacks from those drugs, most of which are more dangerous than snake oil.
Concealed gun carriers are enabled to defend themselves and society against those mentally ill whose parents keep and give them access to guns. That is the best protection society can offer. Way better than a cell phone with a dispatcher on the other end.
- 8:34 p.m. March 17, 2013
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Paranoia, the driving force behind the push for greater access to guns ("the
feds are coming to take my guns," "I've got to protect my castle
from invasion," "good guys with guns are needed to fight the bad guys
with guns," etc.) is itself a mental illness, as defined in the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual, the bible for psychiatrists and psychologists.
Here's another symptom of paranoia: The gun rights zealots are "afraid" that if we focused too much attention on the mental illness aspect of the gun violence problem, we might, ironically, end up targeting them.
- 9:31 a.m. March 18, 2013
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We actually talk a lot about mental illness. It's just that we have no way of knowing which of the millions of Americans with mental illness will suddenly become violent. And there are lots of undiagnosed mentally ill people who own guns. In fact, as has been pointed out, the most dangerous of them may be the ones most adamant about keeping the guvmint from confiscating their weaponry.
- 9:58 a.m. March 18, 2013
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According to the medias twisted view of things, shooters are only "mentally ill" until their court hearing and then they are "sane". If people really cared about mental illness, these guys would be not guilty by reason of insanity, treated, and let go.
- 10:35 a.m. March 18, 2013
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Let me ask you this question?
Lets say the anti-gun leftists have their way and the people they want to have guns begin abusing their power. Who's going to stop them from doing that?
People have guns so they don't have to use them. Because people wouldn't dare turn into tyrants then. Your anti-gun ways lead to tyranny and oppression. But I think thats what they really want. They've been indoctrinated to hate freedom. Some people make bad choices that's life so GET OVER IT.
- 10:44 a.m. March 18, 2013
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"I've got to protect my castle from invasion," "good guys with guns are needed to fight the bad guys with guns," etc.) is itself a mental illness, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, the bible for psychiatrists and psychologists."
If the DSM defined breathing as a mental illness would you believe it? This is drivel from people that want to get rich from the junk pills that they sell. They don't care how all of these mass shooters were on some form of psychotropic drug when they did what they did. In fact, drugged induced aggression makes even more money for them.
- 10:49 a.m. March 18, 2013
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..very simple it's called 'opportunity politics' which is Barack's favorite brand. Use some crisis - real or fabricated - to push some other agenda. This is how ALL demagogs work. Barack and his band of radicals couldn't care less about a 'safer America' and their only agenda is to ban all guns in America which is the true socialist - Marxist - communist model. It's all about control and power over the people and the left won't stop until they get their way. Yes mental illness is the 'real' issue with shootings like Sandyhook but you won't find the 'cheer leading media' reporting anything other than banning guns.
- 12:10 p.m. March 19, 2013
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"Republicans could take up the issue and make some proposals. Ideas?"
Well, there was a budding conversation about how Hollywood glorifies and encourages violence - but since they fund the left and control the narrative - that didn't last very long did it?
Nope - only one response is politically correct for the intolerant left - everything else is either aggressively silenced or passive/aggressively dismissed as being "bigoted"
- 3:36 p.m. March 19, 2013
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3904 Isleta SW
Albuquerque, NM 87105
Reanna Fox, Branch Manager
The South Valley Library is located one-quarter mile south of the intersection of Rio Bravo Blvd. and Isleta Blvd SW. The Library is at the intersection of Isleta Blvd. and Camino del Valle.
Route #53:Isleta. Plan your trip here.
Freeway Directions:
Take I-25 south to the Rio Bravo exit, turn right and go west across the Rio Grande bridge to the signal at Isleta Blvd. and Rio Bravo Blvd. Turn left and go south on Isleta Blvd. to the first signal, at Camino del Valle.Turn left on Camino del Valle, and you will see the library on your right.
Surface Street Directions:
Take I-25 south to the Rio Bravo exit, turn right and go west across the Rio Grande bridge to the signal at Isleta Blvd. and Rio Bravo Blvd. Turn left and go south on Isleta Blvd. to the first signal, at Camino del Valle.Turn left on Camino del Valle, and you will see the library on your right.
South Valley has one meeting room that will hold a maximum of 32 people. Policy, rules and required forms for using the meeting room may be found at Meeting and Study Rooms as well as a list of meeting rooms at other branches.
To view availability online, see our online booking form.
South Valley has two study rooms that will hold a maximum of four people each. The study rooms are available on a first come, first served basis and may not be reserved. Check in at the Information Desk with your library card to gain access to the study room.
15 Public Computers (Windows 7 with Microsoft Office 2013 and Internet access)
Free Wireless Internet Access
Printing Services - 15¢ per page
USB Thumb Drive - $4.00 each
Faxing Services - $1.00 per 5 pages (local and toll free numbers only)
Copy Machine - 20¢ per page
Meeting & Study Rooms Available for Public Reservation
Early Literacy Station
We are a Fiction to Go location! What is Fiction to Go? The Friends for the Public Library sells slightly used, recently published fiction titles for $2 for hardbacks and $1 for paperbacks. Like all funds that our Friends receive, all proceeds from Fiction to Go sales benefit the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Libraries!
Every Child Ready to Read Preschool Storytime families
Join in the fun with stories, songs, puppets and more that encourage development of early literacy skills in young children, using the guidelines from the Every Child Ready to Read program. Weekly Preschool Storytime targeted for ages 3-5.
South Valley Book Club adults
Come and join the fun reading and discussing a variety of contemporary fiction. Book Club meets monthly. See the full events calendar for what we'll be discussing at each meeting.
Lego Club children ages 4+
Come build as a team or work on your own creation during our monthly club. Please leave your own Lego at home. Please bring a camera to remember the creations, as the Lego's live at the library and cannot be taken home. Meets third Friday every month.
Board Games all ages
Come and play board games in our program room! Games provided. Meets fourth Friday every month.
Computer Classes adults and teens
One on one class focuses on learning beginning computer skills such as navigating the Internet, typing a Word document or creating an email account. Every Thursday at 11am, registration is required. Participants must have a library card in good standing.
Gizmo Garage adults and teens
Bring your devices to our Gizmo Garage session and learn how to download eBook and eAudiobooks. On the first Saturday of each month at noon.
Family Craft all ages
Come and join the fun a different take home craft is created each month. Meets the third Wednesday of each month. Drop in anytime between 3 - 5 p.m.
Family Movie Night all ages
Showing the second Friday of each month at 3 p.m. Call the library to find out which movie is playing.
Classic Movie Night all ages
Come out and watch a classic movie. Call the library to find out what is playing. Second Saturday of each at 3 p.m.
Community Garden all ages
Come learn dry land gardening techniques in your library community garden. First Friday of each month at 4 p.m.
LEGO & Duplo Club
Meets on the 1st and 3rd Fridays of every month. Drop in between 3:00-5:00 p.m.to build with LEGOS and Duplos! All ages welcome! All blocks are provided! Please bring a camera to remember the creations, as the LEGOS and Duplos live at the library and cannot be taken home.Click here for details.
Teen Movie Saturday 1st Saturday of each month at 3 p.m.
Saturday Movie Matinee 2nd Saturday of each month at 3 p.m.
Family Movie Friday. 2nd Friday at 3 p.m.
Please call the library to find out which movies are showing this month!
July 16, 2016 @ 12 pm


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Q. Can leptin work as an obesity treatment? continued...
According to Atkinson, mouse experiments that began in the early 1970s pointed to "some sort of a hormone that affected food intake and body fat, but [scientists] didn't know what it was."
When researchers finally discovered leptin in 1994, it helped "put obesity on the map because it suggested…obesity may have some physiological basis, instead of just being, "fat people can't keep their mouth shut,'" Atkinson says. "For those of us in the field of obesity, it was a watershed moment. Suddenly, everybody jumped on the bandwagon. This became a frantic obsession with the obesity community, at least."
Many scientists explored leptin as a possible treatment for obesity; they believed that if people were leptin-deficient, giving them leptin would raise levels, which would signal them to stop overeating. "But when you started giving it to people, it didn't work so well," Atkinson says.
"This stuff is made by fat tissue, and as you get fatter, you make more of it. That was quite a shock because everybody thought that obese people were going to be deficient in leptin," he says.
With the more recent understanding of leptin resistance, it makes no sense to give people leptin if they have an impaired response, Lustig says. "The resistance is still there. No amount of leptin is going to overcome that resistance."
Giving leptin only helps in a few extremely rare cases in the world in which people make no leptin at all, which causes them to overeat and become obese. When those people received leptin by injection, they stopped overeating and lost weight. But for the vast majority of people, the treatment won't work, nor is leptin approved as a medical treatment for weight loss.
"Leptin is still sort of experimental. There's no real need to take leptin now, unless you're one of those very small -- probably 100 people in the world -- who doesn't make leptin," Atkinson says.
Q. What about leptin supplements, such as those sold on the Internet?
Because leptin is a digestible protein that doesn't enter the bloodstream, it can't be taken in supplement form, Atkinson says. "If you were to take it as a pill, it's just like eating chicken or beef. It's a protein and your body would just break it up, so you wouldn't absorb it from a pill."


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Founder, Winemaker, Terroirist/Vinarchist and Prez-for-Life @BonnyDoonVineyd, Defender of Misunderstood and Underappreciated Doon-trodden Cépages of the Earth
Face Tags
Grapevine and oak tree duking it out for survival. My money's on the oak. Note sulfur dust stll present on leaves. Careful!
Production model of top-secret magnetic stirring device, demonstrated by Nicole in parking lot of New Leaf Mkt
Daughter Melie and her pal, Eva, climbing up river bed on nature hike with agility of lemurs.
@Sosincere2u23 Successfully finished Pommeau ice cream, added coarse salt for texture. Best ever.
Extraordinary banyan tree in Ala Moana park,Waikiki.
Two species that should not share the same habitat.
Somebody's been chewing on these grapevines. #whycantthelittle#€£%#erspreferentiallyeatpoisonoak?
Chef Charlie Parker and Kenny from Lonely Mt. Farm, talking potatoes from the back of a truck. Love this business.
Temperature gauge invariably illuminated when passing through Paso Robles. A message? OLD CAR LIKE OLD TELEGRAM STOP
A view of the new Pinot noir plantation. Very closely spaced (.6x 1.0 m), northeast exposure. What could go wrong?
Weather station at San Juan B., on top of what is tentatively "grenache village." Still sorting out what will be grown where.
Totally spaced out the photos of San Juan (this was 6 weeks prior). Vines doing well, mostly well out of milk cartons
He'll on wheels, I'm afraid. Everytime a kid hits the deck, heart stops.
Thoroughly prepared for onslaught, willing to risk repetitive stress disorder, signing scores of books
Walking streets of London, saw lovely vertical garden. Maybe God's way of telling developer he has too much £££?
In the Decanter offices the other day, delighted to find office suites named after typefaces. One of my faves-Garamond
Possibly the greatest Grenache that no one (hardly anyone) has ever tasted.
A view of the Dentelles from the #Grenache conference. Complete paradise here, esp. for entomologist.
Dentelles de Montmirail espied en route to #Grenache conference. More insect life in S. France than 1 can conceive
Oops. Forgot to include photo of Clos de Reynard. M & S personnel threw a running tackle when they saw me shooting
©2016 Twitpic Inc, All Rights Reserved


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NEW ORLEANS (AP) - Several companies say the Obama administration is ignoring a judge's decision to strike down a six-month ban on deepwater drilling.
After the Deepwater Horizon exploded in the Gulf of Mexico in April, the Interior Department halted approval of any new permits for deepwater projects and suspended drilling on 33 exploratory wells.
U.S. District Judge Martin Feldman overturned that ban Tuesday. Hours later, Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said he would impose a new moratorium. He hasn't provided more details.
Attorneys for the oilfield service companies said in court papers Wednesday that Salazar's comments have had a chilling effect on the resumption of drilling.
Several major oil companies say they'll wait to start drilling again until the Obama administration appeals the ruling.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
Topeka welcomed a new business to its downtown area Monday.
A group gathered to cut the ribbon on Changes at 807 S. Kansas Ave.
Changes is a spa and salon business, designed to address problem areas of the body without surgery.
The store houses an automated exercise system that tones body fat and firms muscle. It has three equipment rooms and a consultation room.


text:
Welcome to the Chair for Biological Imaging
Research highlights
Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT): Learn more about breaking through the limits of conventional optical imaging.
Fluoresence Molecular Tomography: A hybrid fluoresence molecular Tomography X-ray Computed Tomography (FMT-XCT) system was launched offering the best to-date FMT performance.
Interventional multispectral molecular imaging: Shifting the paradigm of thousands of years! Visualizing cancer during surgery and endoscopy based on molecular biomarkers.


text:
Definition of Redding, Otis in English:
Redding, Otis
(1941–67), US singer. He was one of the most influential soul singers of the late 1960s. It was not until the Monterey pop festival in 1967 that he gained widespread recognition. "Dock of the Bay," released after his death in an airplane crash, became a number-one US hit in 1968.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: Red·ding, Otis
Definition of Redding, Otis in:
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Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
Type: Posts; User: gixxer603
If you can't abide by the simple four rules to firearm safety you have no right handling a firearm
Its hard to tell as you are at a different angle in each picture, try to replicate the first pose as best as possible including the distance you tak the picture.
Duct Tape
Where did you get the MS2 sling? How long was the wait from ordering to shipping?
+1, you have to understand that like all firearm related companies right now Im sure they have more orders than hours in the day. I think I would give it at least a few business days to check on...
Def. improvement. Give details to regimine and diet.
Also its a magnum which will be higher priced ammo.
My suggestion GSG-5
It really depends on the function of the gun. Are you using this as a range gun or will you be defending your life with it? For fun range shooting thats cheap and to understand the functioning and...
The rails vary in price but probably around $200+. The other option is the new Magpul hand guards. They are kind of a hybrid between the two, you can't mount a rail to it. They run $40ish. They...
$140 from a local shop. Might be able to find it cheeper online. Its pretty durable and holds a blade well
Benchmade Nitrous Blitz H&K model
Whats the barrel length on that?
One local to me that seems to be getting some good reactions on AR15.com is made buy a company called Henderson Defense www.hendersondefense.com
All the amored car guys I have seen usually carry some sort of Ruger P series like above. I actually bought a Kimber off a Loomis guy because according to him they can't have Single Action only guns...
You have to get used to shooting a completely different grip angle. Thats why there is some much hate between 1911 and Glock. If you shoot alot of 1911s you usually can't just pick up a Glock and...
2) Savage 10FP in .308
3) STI Guardian in 9mm
4) Remmy 700 LTR in .223
5) Glock 34
Glock 19 on night stand, 8 round Mossberg 500 cruiser under the bed.
I have handled a few and do seem quite nicely built, it really is the single stack glock that glock should have made. One thing though is that I could never see using this as a pocket gun, its not...
If you plan on living it up in vegas and doing a decent amount of partying, 3-4 nights a week, you will spend a ton of money. A night out without gambling is at least $100 for me, and Im a local so...


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Other projects made by emthep:
QuiltingSymphony of Blue
QuiltingPlaying with Blocks
QuiltingIt's A Girl
Offer some kudos...
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This is the nicest quilt with a sailing theme that I have seen. It is truly lovely. Congratulations on a marvelous quilt.
10/09/2012 Flag
love to make this...I love the ocean theme..
09/29/2013 Flag
Wow this is so beautiful! I just love it!
06/18/2014 Flag


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An old dinosaur has been given a new name. Continue reading
Scientists have unveiled the spinosaurus, a bizarre cross between a duck, a Tyrannosaurus rex and a crocodile. Continue reading
Researchers studying the remains of an enormous dinosaur – a creature that was bigger than seven bull elephants – have given it an equally colossal name: Dreadnoughtus, or "fearing nothing." Continue reading


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Ford's rakish S-Max people mover may yet come to the States, but we almost certainly won't see it before the facelift seen here takes effect. Caught by long-lensed spy shots for EVO Magazine, this next-generation S-Max mule was caught pulling caravan duty in the Swiss mountains.
1 / 1
24Spy Shots: Nip/Tuck'd Ford S-Max spotted in the Swiss mountains
- Chris Paukert
- Jul 7, 2009
- 24
26First Ford Mondeo rolls off the line
1 / 1
- Volvo shoots for self-drivers by 2021
- Jeep spends $1 billion on factories
- Find Parts & Accessories for your vehicle!
- Obama rolls out new EV plan
- Infiniti dealers ranked best, Tesla worst
- Compare Volvo XC90 and Lincoln MKX


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SmartBroker Pro
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SmartBroker Pro identifies stock opportunities, by incorporating market trends, and reporting which stocks are about to fall, and which are about to rise BEFORE they move. The software is also process/companion oriented with pop-up reminders, messages, quick web-link access and loaded with tips and warnings to help the trader keep a tight and well discipline trading process. It Manages Quote Downloading, Price & Volume Trend Analysis, Market Phase Identification, Buy & Sell Recommendations... even provides Forecast Report Cards on itself. Particular strengths are in stock Day-Trading selections. Has an Autopilot Mode that handles all quote processing, database updates and report generation in a single step. Provides a status list on key features accessed as well as not accessed for daily users, so day traders do not miss a step ensuring maximum visibility to all opportunities. Serious traders and those considering trading stocks for a living are encouraged to read the SmartBroker Pro Reference Guide to make full use of all the many features and capabilities, not found in other applications.
SmartBroker Pro can track over 30,000 stocks, which is currently more than is reported. Users will need end-of-day quotes from a quote provider service. Many services provide quote files for free including EODData. Users can also subscribe to a flat-rate account such as Prophet Financial Systems, Inc. which provides the data file for ~ $19.95/month (unlimited access).
Users can download quote files with any ftp capable browser (Netscape, AOL, Internet Explorer, etc...). Or, can also use practically any exported ASCII text quote file from other software packages (see list of data sources - SmartBroker Pro web-page).
More Stocks Tracked = More Opportunities, however users can order SmartBroker Lite (1,000 stocks max for $29), or SmartBroker Standard (5,000 stocks max for $59) or SmartBroker Pro (ALL stocks; ALL features for $239) [one-time registration fee].
Free download from Shareware Connection - SmartBroker Pro identifies stock opportunities; reports which stocks are about to fall, and are about to rise BEFORE they move. Manages Quote Downloading, Price & Volume Trend Analysis, and All Reports. Particular Strengths in Day-Trading selection.
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Newt Gingrich
Flagging In Polls, Gingrich Urges Voters To Reject Negative Campaigning
New polls — both in Iowa and nationwide — show front-running GOP presidential candidate Newt Gingrich losing his edge. Over at the New York Times' blog FiveThirtyEight, Nate Silver's latest forecast shows Ron Paul taking the lead in Iowa.
That could mean that a barrage of negative ads against Gingrich is having an effect.
NPR's Kathy Lohr caught up with Gingrich Monday night at a town hall meeting in Hiawatha, just outside of Cedar Rapids.
Gingrich Fights Back Against GOP Attack Ads
The former House speaker told the crowd that the negative GOP attack ads are bad for the party and bad for voters, Lohr reports.
"If there's anything I have found saddening, but not shocking, but saddening, about this campaign, it has been the weight of totally negative campaigning by people who apparently have nothing positive to offer," Gingrich said.
Lohr reports that, "The former speaker is fighting back — not with negative ads of his own, but by urging his supporters to ask their friends to deliver a message to his GOP rivals."
"Ask em if they run into one of these candidates to tell them they ought to be ashamed of themselves. They ought to take this junk off the air," Gingrich told the crowd.
Lohr reports that voters — at least the ones at the Gingrich event — seemed sympathetic to the idea that the candidates should quit beating up on each other and focus on President Obama instead.
One supporter, retired nurse Kathy Hulse, told Lohr she is tired of the negative campaigning.
"It's just like cat[s] and dogs fighting. That's not what we're wanting to hear. We want to hear what they stand for. How are they going to help this country is what we want to hear. We don't want to hear the negativism," Hulse said.
To combat the attacks, Lohr reports, Gingrich plans to hold daily teleconferences where he says anyone will be able to get questions answered. He's also planning a 44-stop bus tour though Iowa after Christmas. And he says he won't launch any attack ads of his own.
Of course, as Lohr points out, he doesn't have the money to do that anyway.
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Must Reads
Is Einstein Right? Error Could Account For Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos
Remember last year, when we reported that Italian scientists claimed to have broken the speed of light? Remember the mystical implications of that? The possibility that Einstein was wrong? That our very basic idea of physics was challenged? The idea that you could be shot before a bullet left a gun?
Then you also remember that our friend and astrophysicist Adam Frank warned that these results should be looked at with great suspicion.
It turns out the results from the experiment called OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) could have been affected by a problem with the GPS system used to time the neutrinos.
A spokesman for the European Organization for Nuclear Research confirmed the error to The Associated Press today. The AP reports that James Gillies says only other experiments planned for later this year will confirm whether the problem affected the results.
Science Magazine reported the issue earlier today. The reported:
"According to sources familiar with the experiment, the 60 nanoseconds discrepancy appears to come from a bad connection between a fiber optic cable that connects to the GPS receiver used to correct the timing of the neutrinos' flight and an electronic card in a computer. After tightening the connection and then measuring the time it takes data to travel the length of the fiber, researchers found that the data arrive 60 nanoseconds earlier than assumed. Since this time is subtracted from the overall time of flight, it appears to explain the early arrival of the neutrinos. New data, however, will be needed to confirm this hypothesis."
So the bottom line is more experiments are needed to discard the findings for sure.
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About this report
The Survey of Earned Doctorates, the data source for this report, is an annual census of individuals who receive research doctoral degrees from accredited U.S. academic institutions. The survey is sponsored by six federal agencies: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Education. These data are reported in several NSF publications, the most comprehensive and widely cited of which is this report, Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities.
This report calls attention to important trends in doctoral education, organized into five themes. Each theme highlights an important question about doctorate recipients. Online, the reader is invited to explore trends in greater depth through detailed data tables and interactive graphics (www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/). Technical notes and other online resources are provided to aid in interpretation of the data. The data tables are available both in portable document format (PDF) and as Excel files for easy viewing, printing, and downloading.Back to top
Basic annual salary. Annual salary to be earned in the next year, not including bonuses or additional compensation for summertime teaching or research.
Definite commitment. A doctorate recipient who is either returning to predoctoral employment or has signed a contract (or otherwise made a definite commitment) for employment or a postdoc position in the coming year.
Definite employment commitment. A doctorate recipient with a definite commitment for employment in a non-postdoc position in the coming year.
Field of study. The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) collects data on 302 fields of doctoral study. For reporting purposes, these fields are grouped into 35 major fields and are further aggregated into seven broad fields: life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, engineering, education, humanities, and other non-S&E fields. See table A-6 in the technical appendix to this report for a listing of the major fields within each broad field category. See the survey questionnaire for a full listing of the fine fields of study in 2011.
Graduate education-related debt. The amount of debt owed by a doctorate recipient at the time the doctorate is awarded that is directly related to graduate education.
Non-S&E. A grouping of broad fields of study that includes education, humanities, and other non-science and engineering fields.
Parental educational attainment. The highest level of education attained by either parent of a doctorate recipient.
Postdoc position. A temporary position primarily for gaining additional education and training in research for doctorate recipients.
Postdoc rate. The proportion of doctorate recipients who have definite commitments for a postdoc position among all doctorate recipients with definite postdoctoral commitments.
Race and ethnicity. Doctorate recipients who report Hispanic or Latino heritage, regardless of racial designation, are counted as Hispanic or Latino. American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, black or African American, and white doctorate recipients are counted in their respective racial groups if they report one race and do not report Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Beginning in 2001, respondents who are not Hispanic or Latino and who indicate more than one race are reported in the category "two or more races." Data for this category were not collected before 2001. Before 2001, respondents who are not Hispanic or Latino and who indicate more than one race were categorized as "other or unknown." For 2001 and later data, the "other or unknown" category includes doctorate recipients who did not respond to the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity item, doctorate recipients who indicated that they were not Hispanic or Latino and who did not respond to the race item, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders. For 2000 and earlier data, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders are counted in the Asian group. For the purposes of this report, the term "underrepresented minority" refers to the American Indian or Alaska Native, black or African American, and Hispanic or Latino groups.
Research doctorate. A doctoral degree that is oriented toward preparing students to make original intellectual contributions in a field of study. Research doctorates require the completion of a dissertation or equivalent project and are not primarily intended for the practice of a profession. In this report, the terms "doctorate" and "doctoral degree" are used to represent any of the research doctoral degrees covered by the survey. Professional doctorates, such as the MD, DDS, JD, and PsyD, are not covered by the SED.
S&E. A grouping of broad fields of study that includes science (life sciences, physical sciences, social sciences) and engineering fields.
Self-support rate. The proportion of doctorate recipients who report "own resources" as the primary source of financial support during their doctoral education.
Sources of financial support. Sources of financial support are grouped into the following five categories: fellowships (includes scholarships and grants), teaching assistantships, research assistantships (includes traineeships, internships, clinical residencies, and other assistantships), own resources (includes loans, personal savings, personal earnings, and earnings/savings of spouse, partner, or family), and other (includes employer reimbursements and foreign [non-U.S.] support).
Stay rate. The proportion of doctorate recipients with temporary visas who have definite commitments for employment or a postdoc position in the coming year and who indicated the location of their commitment is in the United States.
Time to degree. The median value of the time elapsed from the start of graduate school to completion of the doctoral degree. In addition to this measure, a second measure of time-to-degree is also reported in the data tables: median value of the time elapsed from completion of the bachelor's degree to completion of the doctorate.Back to top
Data Source
The Survey of Earned Doctorates is the sole data source for Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2011. The principal elements of the 2011 SED data collection are described below. More detailed information and related technical tables are available in the technical appendix to this report.
Survey eligibility. The SED collects information on research doctorate recipients only. Research doctorates require the completion of a dissertation or equivalent project, are oriented toward preparing students to make original intellectual contributions in a field of study, and are not primarily intended for the practice of a profession. The 2011 SED recognized 18 distinct types of research doctorates. In 2011, 98% of research doctorate recipients earned the PhD.
Survey universe. The population eligible for the 2011 survey consisted of all individuals who received a research doctorate from a U.S. academic institution in the 12-month period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. The total universe consisted of 49,010 persons in 412 institutions that conferred research doctorates in academic year 2011.
Data collection. Survey instruments were mailed to institutional coordinators at each doctorate awarding institution. The institutional coordinators distributed the survey forms to individuals receiving a research doctorate, collected the forms, and returned them to the survey contractor for editing and processing. Data were also collected using Web and telephone versions of the survey. Respondents who did not complete critical survey items were contacted by mail to request response to these items. The National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (NORC) currently conducts the SED under contract to the National Science Foundation.
Survey response rates. In 2011, 93% of research doctorate recipients completed the survey instrument. Limited records (field of study, doctoral institution, and sex) are constructed for nonrespondents from administrative records of the university—commencement programs, graduation lists, and other public records—and are included in the reported total of doctorate recipients. Response rates for 2001–11 are provided in the technical appendix.
Recent data changes. After a multiyear review of Doctor of Education (EdD) degree programs participating in the SED, 77 programs were reclassified from research doctorate to professional doctorate in 2010 and another 66 programs were reclassified in 2011. No additional reclassifications of EdD degree programs are planned. SED data are no longer being collected from graduates earning degrees from the reclassified EdD programs, and this has affected the reporting of the number of doctorates awarded by sex, citizenship, and racial/ethnic category. Several figures in this report show a decline in number of degrees awarded from 2009 to 2011 (in particular, see figures 1D and 1F in the "Who earns a U.S. doctorate?" section and figure 2B in the "Which fields attract students?" section). Readers should note that the declines from 2009 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2011 are at least partly attributable to the EdD reclassification.Back to top
Further Reading
For an overarching view of long-term trends in U.S. doctoral education, as reflected in SED data, please see U.S. Doctorates in the 20th Century (NSF 06-319, October 2006). Summary reports for previous years (Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: Summary Report), available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/doctorates/, provide additional context.
Other publications from the National Science Foundation use SED data to report on focused topics. Publications that relate to the topics covered in Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2011 are listed below, by relevant section.
- Numbers of Doctorates Awarded Continue to Grow in 2009; Indicators of Employment Outcomes Mixed (NSF 11-305, November 2010).
- Interdisciplinary Dissertation Research (NSF 10-316, March 2010).
- Numbers of U.S. Doctorates Awarded Rise for Sixth Year, but Growth Slower (NSF 10-308, November 2009).
- 2007 Records Fifth Consecutive Annual Increase in U.S. Doctoral Awards (NSF 09-307, November 2008).
What influences the path to the doctorate?
- Role of HBCUs as Baccalaureate-Origin Institutions of Black S&E Doctorate Recipients (NSF 08-319, August 2008).
- Baccalaureate Origins of S&E Doctorate Recipients (NSF 08-311, July 2008).
- Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients (NSF 06-312, March 2006).
What are the postgraduation trends?
- International Mobility and Employment Characteristics among Recent Recipients of U.S. Doctorates (NSF 13-300, September 2012).
- Emigration of U.S.-Born S&E Doctorate Recipients (NSF 04-327, June 2004).
- Plans for Postdoctoral Research Appointments among Recent U.S. Doctorate Recipients (NSF 04-308, March 2004).
- Interstate Migration Patterns of Recent Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients (NSF 02-311, February 2002).
Back to top
Online Resources
Data tables. Data on the full range of survey items collected by the 2011 SED are presented in 70 detailed statistical tables. Figures in this report reference these related detailed data by table number. The full set of tables is available for download, either as Excel files or in portable document format (PDF).
Figures. The figures illustrating each theme can be downloaded as PowerPoint presentation slides, as JPEG images, or as Excel files, together with the figure's source data. All three formats are available from the "Download" tab associated with each figure.
Supporting data. Data supporting each figure in the report is available for download in Excel format.
Survey questionnaire. The questionnaire for the 2011 SED is linked to the online report.
Technical appendix. The technical notes provide more detail on how SED collects data on recipients of research doctorates. The appendix includes technical tables that provide such information as the types of research doctoral degrees included in the Survey of Earned Doctorates, survey response rates over time, and details on field aggregations.
Back to top
The conduct of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED), the maintenance of the SED, and resulting publications are supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Education (USED), National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). These federal agencies gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance of graduate deans and their staff, registrars, dissertation officers, and other administrators who participate in the SED effort and contribute to its success. Heartfelt thanks are also extended to the new research doctorate recipients who completed the 2011 survey.
Representatives from the six sponsoring agencies have provided sound advice on issues related to survey design and data presentation: Jennifer Sutton (NIH), Ted Socha (USED), Frank Shaw (NEH), Jermelina Tupas and Joanne Brosh (USDA), and Mark Fiegener, SED Project Officer (NSF), who oversaw the preparation of this report. Jennifer Sutton and Frank Shaw also reviewed and provided valuable comments on final drafts. Emilda Rivers, John Gawalt, and Stephen Cohen at NSF's National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) reviewed and commented upon multiple drafts of the report and data tables. Staff at the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago conducted survey operations for the SED, prepared the data for the report and data tables, wrote some of the report text, and reviewed early drafts of the report. NORC staff who played a valuable role in the 2011 SED are Svetlana Arakelyan, Ipek Bilgen, Mireya Dominguez, Brianna Groenhout, Sarah Hernandez, Tom Hoffer, Sharnia Lashley, Mary Ann Latter, Stephen Schacht, Scott Sederstrom, Kristy Webber, and Vincent Welch, Jr.
Production of the printed volume was guided by Cheryl Roesel and produced by Tanya Gore and Christine Hamel (NCSES). Eileen Kessler and staff at OmniStudio, Inc., designed the layout. Development of the Web version was guided by Jeri Mulrow and produced by Robin Pentola and Rajinder Raut (NCSES), with technical assistance from staff of Compuware Corporation and Penobscot Bay Media.
Suggested Citation
National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. 2012. Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2011. Special Report NSF 13-301. Arlington, VA. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/.
Back to top


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If permissible, I would like to invite all COTA Coach-members to join with PulseWire. Our members are 90% women from many parts of the planet, and share a generative, giving spirit as 'coaches'. Their membership in the COTA family identitifes them as Coaches who Care! They would love the opportunity to become involved as members of the PulseWire community. May I invite them to join?
You may 'visit' our current coaches at www.coachoftheairwaves.com
PulseWire will be happy to welcome them.
With anticipation,
Maria Jett, Online Community Director
Maria Jett


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A.S.D. Sambenedettese Calcio
|Full name
|Società Sportiva
Sambenedettese Arl
1994 (refound)
2006 (refound)
2009 (refound)
2013 (refound)
|Stadio Riviera delle Palme,
San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
|Franco Fedeli
|Ottavio Palladini
|Serie D
|Serie D, 3rd
A.S.D. Sambenedettese Calcio is an Italian association football club, based in San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche. Sambenedettese currently plays in Serie D.
The club was founded in 1923 as U.S. Sambenedettese, having been 21 seasons in Serie B (last time in 1989) and 39 seasons in Serie C/LegaPro.
The first refoundation[edit]
In 1994 the sports title of Sambenedettese S.p.a. was transferred to a new company named A.S. Sambenedettese Calcio that assumes the debts of the previous company.
The second refoundation[edit]
In 2006 the sports title of S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio was transferred to a new company of the same name. [1]
The third refoundation[edit]
The club was refound in 2009 as U.S. Sambenedettese 1923 by the company U.S. Sambenedettese 2009 S.S.D. A.R.L.
In 2012–13 season it won group F of Serie D, but it was not promoted to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as it was excluded by Federal Council's decision for incomplete documentation of submission to the league.[2]
The fourth refoundation[edit]
In summer 2013 it was refound as A.S.D. Sambenedettese Calcio by the entrepreneur Gianni Moneti restarting from Eccellenza. The season 2013/2014 sees the victory in Eccellenza Marche and the promotion in Serie D. The next year Manolo Bucci joined the company with Moneti. The new company aims to win the Serie D girone F, but at the end of season Samb was only 3rd and loses the first match of play-off. On June 17, 2015 Bucci leaves Sambenedettese and Moneti starts to find another partner.
August 04, 2015 Gianni Moneti, after two years, sells the company to Franco Fedeli that after two days submit repechage apply for Lega Pro to FIGC.
Colors and badge[edit]
The team's colors are red and blue.
The main rivalry is with Ascoli.
- ^ "COMUNICATO UFFICIALE N. 19 (2005–06)" (PDF) (in Italian). FIGC. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ascoli/sport/calcio/2013/07/25/925174-sambenedettese-ricorso-respinto-lega-pro.shtml
External links[edit]
|This article about an Italian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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"Love the outcome "
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Drink beer from your own personal beer mug featuring your own photo and text. Or surprise someone with a gold medal for the best Carnival outfit.
Carnival should be celebrated with festive gifts. Check out our selection and make yourself the nicest personal gift for Carnival!


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Bioinformatics FAQ
From Bioinformatics.Org Wiki
We're in the process of moving the subsections to separate articles. Please pardon the mess.
What are the origins of bioinformatics?
What are the most common bioinformatics programs?
What are the most common bioinformatics technologies?
How are data analyzed in bioinformatics?
Fields Related to Bioinformatics
What is computational biology?
Books: Can you recommend any bioinformatics books?
It's notoriously difficult to find any books on bioinformatics itself that cater well for all of those coming from computing, from mathematics and from biology backgrounds. The few textbooks available in the field tend to be eyewateringly expensive as well. I've divided suggested reading into [#generalBooks books of general interest], [#computerScientistsBooks those] best suited to people coming from a computational/mathematical background and [#biologistsBooks books for biologists interested in bioinformatics]. After my suggestions are some links to other lists of bioinformatics books.
General introductions
Many people are curious about the Human Genome (Project). The completion of the first draft probably represents bioinformatics' coming of age as a discipline. The first couple of books are aimed at the intelligent layperson.
A gossipy and insightful account of the race to sequence the genome can be found in "The Sequence" by Kevin Davies [Weidenfeld; ISBN 0297646982]. Matt Ridley's "Genome" [Fourth Estate; ISBN 185702835X] is both an interesting layperson's introduction to the issues raised by the bioinformatic revolution and an overview of its biology and enormous scope. If I remember rightly, Ridley's book received a slightly snooty review from Walter Bodmer. This is understandable, since his and Robin McKie's excellent "pre-genomic" guide to the Human Genome Mapping Project, "The Book of Life" [Oxford Paperbacks; ISBN 0195114876] was undeservedly in a remainders bin when I bought my copy a couple of years ago.
If you are a non-biological scientist (or a non-scientist) and are hooked by these, why not go back to the "real beginning" of the race and read James Watson's entertaining and indiscreet memoir of his and Francis Crick's determination of the structure of DNA, "The Double Helix" [Penguin; ISBN 0140268774]---now updated with an introduction by media don Steve Jones.
Nigel Barber at Peterborough Regional College in the UK recommends Gary Zweiger's "Transducing the Genome" [McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing: ISBN 0071369805]. The summary at Amazon makes it sound a tad pretentious, but all the reviews seem pretty positive so it might be worth a read.
If you are a quantitative scientist and would like a deeper knowledge of contemporary (molecular) biology, but you want to acquire it as painlessly as possible you could try the following:
- Donna Rae Siegfried's Biology for Dummies [Wiley; ISBN 0-7645-5326-7] is fun, well thought out and a lot more informative than the title might suggest. If only all biology textbooks were this entertaining and unpretentious.
- If you already have some biological knowledge and would like to get a grip on modern biomolecular science then Richard J. Epstein's Human Molecular Biology is an elegant, colourful and detailed guide.
Computational/Mathematical aspects
If you are a hardcore maths/computing person Michael Waterman's "Introduction to Computational Biology" [Chapman & Hall/CRC Statistics and Mathematics; ISBN 0412993910] and Pavel Pevzner's "Computational Molecular Biology - An Algorithmic Approach" [The MIT Press (A Bradford Book); ISBN 0262161974] will give you all the discrete maths you can shake a stick at, but perfunctory introductions to the biology.
Bioinformatics.Org's very own Jeff Bizzaro recommends Dan Gusfield's "Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences" [Cambridge, 1997 ISBN 0-52158-519-8], Richard Durbin, S. Eddy, A. Krogh, G. Mitchison "Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids" [Cambridge, 1997 ISBN 0-52162-971-3] (which I think is one of the clearest and most comprehensive guides to alignment algorithms) and---for that full "computers-to-biology conversion"--- Geoffrey M. Cooper "The Cell: A Molecular Approach" [ASM Press, 1996 ISBN 0-87893-119-8]. Jeff Ames writes that a second edition of this book is now available [Sinauer Associates, Incorporated, 2000 ISBN 0-87893-106-6] and that this version---if you can find it in the shops---comes with a CD.
Applying bioinformatics to biological research
One outstanding general text for the biologist is David W. Mount's "Bioinformatics" [Cold Spring Harbor Press; ISBN 0879696087]. It's not cheap, but it's the best I've seen if you are studying bioinformatics itself.
Bioinformatics has been dismissed by some as "the science of BLAST searches". The best collection of advice so far on doing BLAST searches is O'Reilly's BLAST book by Ian Korf, Mark Yandell and Joseph Bedell [O'Reilly ISBN 0-596-00299-8]. I reviewed it enthusiastically, but not uncritically, for the UK UNIX Users' Group magazine. I'd go as far as to say that all biologists thinking of using BLAST in their research should read the relevant sections before they even go near a computer.
If you wish to use general bioinformatics tools, especially if you are a little wary of computers, my new "best" book is "Bioinformatics for Dummies" [John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0764516965]. It is (obviously) aimed at people who are beginners, who are happier using the Web rather than typing commands, and who are more interested in learning than in impressing people---the writing is friendly clear and unpretentious. However, like several of my other tips (below) it concentrates on Web-based resources so it will, inevitably, date. (This is partially compensated for by there being a companion Website.)
Also, if you're coming to the subject as a computer user with a biological background, looking to exploit the many tools available, you might want to try Terry Attwood and David Parry-Smith's "Introduction to Bioinformatics" [Longman Higher Education; ISBN 0582327881], or Des Higgins and Willie Taylor's "Bioinformatics: Sequence Structure and Databanks" [Oxford University Press; ISBN 0199637903]. Another excellent practical introduction is Andreas Baxevanis and Francis Oulette's "Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins" [Wiley-Interscience; ISBN 0471383910], now in its new and improved second edition. Bax teaches bioinformatics all over Canada and the experience shows.
Bioinformatics.Org also recommends Cynthia Gibas and Per Jambeck's "Developing Bioinformatics Skills" [O'Reilly, 2001 ISBN 1-56592-664-1].
Stuart Brown recommends his own book "Bioinformatics: A Biologist's Guide to Biocomputing and the Internet" [Eaton Pub Co; ISBN: 188129918X]. If he sends me a review copy I might recommend it too ;-) .
Fiction books
"Darwin's Radio" by Greg Bear [Ballantine Books, ISBN: 0345435249] is a wonderful hard SF thriller which stretches ideas derived from genome discoveries to their breaking point. It's gripping and humane.
Leonard Crane, the author of Ninth Day of Creation kindly sent me a copy for review. So far it's an excellent read. I haven't finished it yet, not because it isn't a rattling good story, but because, like "Darwin's Radio", it is very long and because I am very busy. If you'd like to read a well-researched, but speculative, novel containing actual scenes of practising bioinformatics then try it.
Ken Allen contributed the following reviews:
"Frameshift [Tor Books, ISBN: 0812571088] by Robert J. Sawyer---based around the HGP---reasonable read, but poor / confused ending."
Calculating God [Tor Books, ISBN: 0812580354]by the same author---has a subtler bio connection and is a much better read. Near the start an alien spacecraft lands, the alien emerges and says 'take me to your paleontologist'
Other lists of bioinformatics books
See also compbiology.org's list, Steve Brenner's list, and Aik Choon Tan's collection of books.
Centres of Bioinformatics Activity: Where is bioinformatics done?
The biggest and best source of bioinformatics links I have encountered is the Genome Web at the Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics Research at the Genome Campus near Cambridge, UK. Most of the links below come from that resource. My list is necessarily limited by comparison.
Virtual Centers for Bioinformatics Activity
Online Resources: What bioinformatics Websites are there?
Education: Where can I study Bioinformatics...
This section is not complete, but contributions to broaden its coverage are welcome. Please do not direct questions about eligibility, course quality or admissions policy to me, but to ask the individual institutions directly. Use the links to obtain contact details. If an institution doesn't provide telephone numbers/email addresses or snailmail details on its Web site it doesn't deserve your patronage.
This resource focuses on complete, full-time degree programmes rather than on individual study modules. Curating a list of the latter would be a full-time job. You can go to other places, however, if you are looking for short courses. Thanks to various [#acknowledgementsLinks contributors], including Wentian Li who pointed me to this list at Rockefeller which is mirrored at various other sites. And to Humberto Ortiz Zuazaga for mailing me a link to the ICSB, where you can find this list.
If you are interested in U.S. programmes, here's a list from Curtin and here's a list from Stanford. Thanks to Amelie Stein who also supplied some of the individual entries in this section.
Those wanting to find programmes in the Asia Pacific region could have a look at this resource maintained by the Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network APBioNet. Thanks to Sentausa.
In the UK The Bioinformatics Resource (part of the BBSRC's CCP11 project) project maintains (among many other resources) lists of (mainly) British Masters and PhDs in bioinformatics. If you have any suggestions or updates please [/sendmessage.php?toaddress=counsell_maillink_bioinformatics.org contact] me with them. You can publicize your course and offer a public service at the same time.
Distance or Correspondence Courses
Careers: How can I become a bioinformatician?
Practical tips
This section includes some simple rules-of-thumb to apply when performing common bioinformatics tasks. I try to give a reference to a more detailed source of guidance where I know of one.
How do I find a sequence?
The most common task in bioinformatics must be the acquisition of some bioinformatics data on which to operate. Usually this in the form of a nucleic acid or protein sequence, stored as characters in the appropriate alphabet together with a header of related information: for example some kind of unique identifying number the species from which the original biological substrate was obtained, the names of any authors who published the sequence and so on.
You may have already generated your own sequence data experimentally. In this case you are likely to want to find sequences which are identical or similar (and therefore possibly related) to yours. The task is then one of similarity search.
...I have a description.
A paradoxical problem generated by the success of the bioinformatics revolution is the increasing difficulty of navigating the huge amount of data available. Once you could print out most of the existing sequence databases onto paper and cram them into a single binder. Now a search for "actin" alone will pull out hundreds and hundreds of sequences. The key to find what you want is to develop your own discriminatory skills rather than rely on computers to figure out what it is you're really after.
Use Entrez-PubMed
Make sure you are clear about your aim first. If you are looking for a sequence for a specific scientific purpose then you might be best to start with a relevant human-generated publication. For example, you have cloned a gene which is part of a well-characterised biochemical pathway and you want to find other sequences of the same functional gene product in other species (orthologues) Entrez PubMed is your friend.
PubMed is a huge and very comprehensive database of the biomedical scientific literature., created by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Entrez PubMed is another indispensable resource of the U.S. National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Both are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health
Use Swiss-Prot
Swiss-Prot is curated by human beings.
Use SRS at the RFCGR
Use Boolean logic
Use cunning
...I have an accession number.
...I have another sequence.
This section will be expanded---and there will be a more basic and detailed explanation for novice searchers, but, in the meantime, here are the top tips cribbed from the excellent paper by Hugh B. Nicholas Jr., David W Deerfield II and Alexander J. Ropelewski in BioTechniques.
- Use a local favourite program on the Web server of your choice.
- Use at least two and preferably three similarity tables.
- If using Smith-Waterman or FASTA algorithms ensure that the gap opening penalty is high enough.
- If the initial search finds no or insufficient matches repeat it with a highly diverged matrix and/or with a Smith-Waterman-based server.
- If this doesn't work try switching from a PAM matrix to a BLOSUM matrix.
...I'm not sure whether or not to use the defaults.
Hugh, David and Alexander again on when not to use the default search parameters provided by a server.
- ...when the homologues you are looking for to match your query are highly diverged.
- ...when the query or matches are short.
- ...when you are only interested in a specific (in the sense of "species") subset of database matches with a particular evolutionary relationship to your sequence of interest---a relationship not implied by the default settings.
How can I align two sequences?
This section will also be expanded for newbies, until then, here are Hugh, David and Alexander's tips for alignment:
- Use an appropriately divergent matrix (I'll be adding a table soon to explain this).
- Reduce your gap penalty relative to that you used for your database search.
- Use the MaxSegs/Waterman-Eggert version of the dynamic programming algorithm to provide the best local alignment and also to search for repeats.
How can I predict the function of a gene (product)?
How can I predict the structure of a sequence?
You could start with anyone of these excellent guides (listed strictly in alphabetical order):
- Rob Russell's Guide to Structure Prediction (version 2)
- András Fiser and Andrej \x{0160}ali's Comparative protein structure modeling
- Gert Vriend's Professional gambling
How can I simulate a biomolecule?
Here's Peter J. Steinbach's "Introduction to Macromolecular Simulation"
How can I write up?
Go here to download some detailed advice. Go here for more links.
Glossary of bioinformatics terms
Here I attempt to define some common terms in bioinformatics. I have tried to balance clarity, brevity and rigour. Let me know if I let one of these priorities over-ride the others.
What is an alignment?
When two symbolic representations of DNA or protein sequences are arranged next to one another so that their most similar elements are juxtaposed they are said to be aligned. Many bioinformatics tasks depend upon successful alignments. Alignments are conventionally shown as a traces.
In a symbolic sequence each base or residue monomer in each sequence is represented by a letter. The convention is to print the single-letter codes for the constituent monomers in order in a fixed font (from the N-most to C-most end of the protein sequence in question or from 5' to 3' of a nucleic acid molecule). This is based on the assumption that the combined monomers evenly spaced along the single dimension of the molecule's primary structure. From now on I shall refer to an alignment of two protein sequences.
Every element in a trace is either a match or a gap. Where a residue in one of two aligned sequences is identical to its counterpart in the other the corresponding amino-acid letter codes in the two sequences are vertically aligned in the trace: a match. When a residue in one sequence seems to have been deleted since the assumed divergence of the sequence from its counterpart, its "absence" is labelled by a dash in the derived sequence. When a residue appears to have been inserted to produce a longer sequence a dash appears opposite in the unaugmented sequence. Since these dashes represent "gaps" in one or other sequence, the action of inserting such spacers is known as gapping.
A deletion in one sequence is symmetric with an insertion in the other. When one sequence is gapped relative to another a deletion in sequence a can be seen as an insertion in sequence b. Indeed, the two types of mutation are referred to together as indels. If we imagine that at some point one of the sequences was identical to its primitive homologue, then a trace can represent the three ways divergence could occur (at that point).
Biological interpretation of an alignment
A trace can represent a substitution:
A trace can represent a deletion:
A trace can represent a insertion:
For obvious reasons I do not represent a silent mutation.
Traces may represent recent genetic changes which obscure older changes. Here I have only represented point mutations for simplicity. Actual mutations often insert or delete several residues.
What is a DNA array?
Thanks to Bioinformatics.Org member Ravi Jain for the following answer, which I present verbatim.
DNA microarrays consist of thousands of immobilized DNA sequences present on a miniaturized surface the size of a business card or less. Arrays are used to analyze a sample for the presence of gene variations or mutations (genotyping), or for patterns of gene expression, performing the equivalent of ca. 5 000 to 10 000 individual "test tube" experiments in approximately two days of time.
Robotic technology is employed in the preparation of most arrays. The DNA sequences are bound to a surface such as a nylon membrane or glass slide at precisely defined locations on a grid. Using an alternate method, some arrays are produced using laser lithographic processes and are referred to as biochips or gene chips. The composition of DNA on the arrays is of two general types:
- Oligonucleotides or DNA fragments (approximately 20-25 nucleotide bases). These arrays are frequently used in genotyping experiments. The sequences of alternate gene forms may be included for detection of mutations or normal variants (polymorphisms).
- Complete or partial cDNA (approximately 500-5 000 nucleotide bases). These arrays are generally used for relative gene expression analysis of two or more samples; however, oligonucleotide-based arrays may also be used for these studies.
DNA samples are prepared from the cells or tissues of interest. For genotyping analysis, the sample is genomic DNA. For expression analysis, the sample is cDNA, DNA copies of RNA. The DNA samples are tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent label and applied to the array. Single stranded DNA will bind to a complementary strand of DNA. At positions on the array where the immobilized DNA recognizes a complementary DNA in the sample, binding or hybridization occurs. The labeled sample DNA marks the exact positions on the array where binding occurs, allowing automatic detection. The output consists of a list of hybridization events, indicating the presence or the relative abundance of specific DNA sequences that are present in the sample.
What is a homologue?
"Homology" is a much-misused term and existed in biology long before the notion of protein sequences. Strictly homology cannot be qualified; it is not correct to state that two proteins are "30% homologous" with each other, for example. If we could look back far enough in the evolutionary histories of any two molecules under comparison, we would be guaranteed to find a common ancestor eventually, but this is not true homology. An example of this would be the relationship between two variants of a single ancestral enzyme resulting from a gene duplication event.As a rule-of-thumb, true homology should be assigned only when the feature which leads us to suspect a relationship between molecules is one we consider likely to have derived from the molecules' common ancestor. To quote Page and Holmes [Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approac, Roderick D. M. Page and Edward C. Holmes; Blackwell Scientific; ISBN 0865428891]:
"The classic molecular example is the parallel evolution of amino acid sequences in the lysozyme enzyme in leaf-eating langur monkeys and in cows. Both animals have independently evolved foregut fermentation using bacteria, and in both cases lysozyme has been recruited to degrade these bacteria. Therefore, langur and cow lysozymes are homologous as genes; however, as digestive enzymes they are not homologous because this functionality was not present in the ancestral lysozyme"Although sequence determines structure, it is possible for two proteins to have very different sequences and functions and share a common fold. In fact, most gene products with similar three-dimensional structures are insufficiently similar at the sequence level for true homology or analogy (non-homologous similarity) to be distinguished.
What is an ontology?
Biology is changing from being a descriptive to an analytical science. Accurate and consistent descriptions are, however, vital to analysis. The idea of ontologies has been co-opted from philosophy and artificial intelligence to partition bioinformatic knowledge in a way which can be reliably navigated by computers.
[resources/Holloway02.pdf This preprint] of a review by Ele Holloway of the European Bioinformatics Institute gives a more detailed insight into the varied approaches to ontologies in bioinformatics by covering a recent meeting on the subject. The final version appears in Comparative and Functional Genomics.
What is a scoring matrix?
The following explanation was edited from a contribution by Amelie Stein.
The aim of a sequence alignment, is to match "the most similar elements" of two sequences. This similarity must be evaluated somehow. For example, consider the following two alignments:
{| summary="illustration of an alignment" |- align="center" | align="center" | (a) AIWQH AL-QH | align="center" | (b) AIWQH A-LQH |}
They seem quite similar: both contain one "indel" and one substitution, just at different positions. However, if we think of the letters as amino acid residues rather than elements of strings, alignment (a) is the better one, because isoleucine (I) and leucine (L) are similar sidechains, while tryptophan (W) has a very different structure. This is a physico-chemical measure; we might prefer these days to say that leucine simply substitutes for isoleucine more frequently---without giving an underlying "reason" for this observation.
However we explain it, it is much more likely that a mutation changed I into L and that W was lost, as in (a), than that W changed into L and I was lost. We would expect that a change from I to L would not affect the function as much as a mutation from W to L---but this deserves its own topic.
To quantify the similarity achieved by an alignment, scoring matrices are used: they contain a value for each possible substitution, and the alignment score is the sum of the matrix's entries for each aligned amino acid pair. For gaps (indels), a special gap score is necessary---a very simple one is just to add a constant penalty score for each indel. The optimal alignment is the one which maximizes the alignment score.
PAM matrices are a common family of score matrices. PAM stands for Percent Accepted Mutations, where "accepted" means that the mutation has been adopted by the sequence in question. Thus, using the PAM 250 scoring matrix means that about 250 mutations per 100 amino acids may have happened, while with PAM 10 only 10 mutations per 100 amino acids are assumed, so that only very similar sequences will reach useful alignment scores.
PAM matrices contain positive and negative values: if the alignment score is greater than zero, the sequences are considered to be related (they are similar with respect to the used scoring matrix), if the score is negative, it is assumed that they are not related. "Relationship" here may refer to evolution as well as functionality of the proteins, and of course the choice of the matrix affects the result, so one has to make an assumption on the similarity of the sequences in order to receive a useful result: rather distant sequences won't produce a good alignment using PAM 10, and the optimal aligment of two very similar sequences with PAM 500 may be less useful than that with PAM 50.
Finally, it should be noted that only some scoring matrices use similarity to evaluate alignments, but others use distance, so the be careful interpreting the results!
After this brief and necessarily superficial overview, you might want to read some more about scoring matrices.


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