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Actuation of robotic systems is still an open question and represents a big challenge. Demanding performances including high power to mass ratio, capability of producing high power at low speed within a small-occupied volume are some of the key issues that required careful consideration. These criteria aimed to increase autonomy of humanoid robots. In this paper, a novel hydrostatic transmission actuator is proposed. The proposed actuator is controlled by displacement and has capacities for energy storage. This leads to an optimal solution in terms of power consumption. First, the proposed hydrostatic actuation principle is explained. A simplified hydraulic scheme to illustrate the energy storage capability is then provided. A mathematical model of the proposed solution is detailed showing our ability to access to the payload "jerk". The built prototype is presented and its properties are outlined. Finally, a prototype of the actuator and the preliminary results of the actuator performance are presented, demonstrating the novelty of our solution.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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AIKEN -- Authorities said a suspect is in custody after an Aiken police officer was shot to death Saturday morning, the second killed in a little more than a month.
SLED said Joshua Tremaine Jones, 26, of North Augusta was arrested Saturday night in a Batesburg-Leesville home, hours after the shooting was reported near a local park.
Master Cpl. Sandy Rogers, 48, a 27-year veteran of the force, was shot while investigating a suspicious vehicle in an Aiken park about 7:30 a.m. Saturday, said Aiken Department of Public Safety director Charles Barranco. She died at an area hospital, he said.
At a press conference Saturday night, Barranco said he appreciates the public's support as his department mourns the loss of another officer.
The Aiken Standard newspaper reported that Jones was linked Saturday afternoon to another killing. Georgia officials said he is a suspect in the killing of his pregnant girlfriend, Cayce Vice, 21. She was found dead at her apartment about 10:30 a.m. Saturday by officers doing a welfare check because Vice had not shown up for her job. It wasn't clear Saturday night how long she had been dead or how she was killed.
Jones was convicted of gun violations in Aiken County and sentenced to 108 days in prison, Aiken County public records show. A full criminal record was unavailable Saturday.
Aiken police Officer Scotty Richardson was shot and killed in a traffic stop at an apartment complex Dec. 20. Another officer was shot in that incident but survived. Stephon Carter, 19, was charged with murder and attempted murder.
- Keywords

subset: commoncrawl


text: I can no lover get this plugin to work. Was working fine until upgrade. Any ideas? The webiste is http://www.hattiesburgpatriot.com. The plugin is active and is set to display in the secondary right hand side portion of the website to the right of the twitter feed. I is active now and will not display the group of ads that it was previously displaying.


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This is the error message I get after activating this plugin:
Warning: Missing argument 2 for Nav_Menu_Roles::edit_nav_menu_walker() in /home/content/27/9233427/html/wp-content/plugins/nav-menu-roles/nav-menu-roles.php on line 91
I can see the logic in the menu area which is great, but it will not display the menu according to the user role.
I hope you are able to fix this issue. It will be a very powerful fix for many web-developers of wordpress.
It also conflicts with other plugins, i.e. SlideDeck2, which will also be an obstacle to overcome.


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I started blogging one year ago, and I chose GoDaddy for my hosting (BIGGEST MISTAKE EVER) and now am suffering all the time with their really cheap hosting, errors, downtimes, and useless support !
My wordpress based blog gets down several times a day, and I'm also suffering with the error "500 Internal server error" when I load my website, and I asked for their help numerous times but all I get was useless answers.
I even tried to upgrade my account to their 4 grid hosting (supposedly better), yet non of issues were solved, if fact things have became even worse !
I tried to google my frequent "500 internal sever error" problem just to find out that many out there are suffering the same problem with GoDaddy.
I heard turning of the FastCGI may resolve the problem, but I don't know how to do that, do any one have any idea ? This will be my last chance with GoDaddy then I'm moving to another webhosting company.
The funny thing is that when I asked friends who are running similar blogs with other web hostings, they said their blogs were down maybe once or twice during a whole year, while my GoDaddy hosted blog gets down 10/20 times a day !!
Thanks GoDaddy for ruining my life and my hardwork !


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|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|29 aoűt 1989
|Date de dépôt
|3 juin 1987
|Date de priorité
|27 oct. 1986
|État de paiement des frais
|Numéro de publication
|George S. Abela
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|University Of Florida
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (13), Référencé par (169), Classifications (18), Événements juridiques (6)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 924,292, filed Oct. 27, 1986, (abandoned) which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 757,778, filed July 24, 1985 (abandoned), which is a continuation of application No. 559,722, filed Dec. 9, 1983 (abandoned).
Atherosclerosis is a major medical problem responsible for a degree of morbidity and mortality as a result of limb ischemia, stroke and myocardial infarction. Current revascularization therapies to relieve the condition include arterial bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and thrombolysis of clot.
There are numerous disadvantages associated with these current methods for vascular reperfusion of an ischemic area. Cardiac artery bypass surgery and bypass surgery for ischemic limbs entails extensive and complicated surgery, and requires that the patient have adequate lung function and kidney function in order to tolerate the circulatory bypass necessary for the procedure. The complications associated with this surgery are directly related to the time that the patient is on circulatory bypass. These complications include strokes, renal failure, and ultimately the inability to resuscitate the heart. Other immediate complications of such surgery include strokes and heart attacks during or as a consequence of the surgery. Some patients are not relieved of their anginal symptoms after the bypass surgery, and some develop a graft closure immediately or within the first year following the procedure. Bypass grafting for ischemic limbs and threatened strokes entails prolonged and extensive surgery and is also greatly limited by the above-described complications.
More recently the development of balloon angioplasty utilizing a catheter device that can cross an obstructive intravascular lesion has permitted a less invasive approach with good results in a small percentage of patients without the necessity for the risk of major surgery. With this technique a balloon carried on the catheter is threaded across an obstruction of plaque and inflated to destroy the plaque. This technique, however, requires the ability to cross the obstruction with the catheter. Hard obstructions may be impossible to cross and are not generally successfully removed or destroyed by this technique. Moreover, because of the size of the catheter and balloon involved, the vessels that can be entered are limited to the larger or moderately large size vessels.
Laser radiation shares properties with regular light; however, its monochromaticity and coherence give it special characteristics. The property of monochromaticity of the laser allows differential absorption of various wavelengths by specific tissues. The coherence and high amplification of laser energy is a quality which makes the laser useful as a cutting or burning instrument. The cardiovascular applications for laser radiation have not been investigated until recently. Little is known about the long-term photobiological effects of laser radiation on vascular tissues and cells. However, because of its light properties, the laser beam is capable of delivery through flexible optical fibers made of silica or quartz which can be passed through vascular catheters and is, therefore, capable of being localized at various sites within the arteries and veins. This particular quality of laser energy, in addition to its ability to photocoagulate and cut tissues, makes it a potentially suitable instrument to open or widen obstructive lesions within the vascular system. There are, however, a number of problems with the intravascular use of laser radiation for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions, and these have, in the past, limited such use in humans.
A major recurring problem which has been encountered with the intravascular delivery of laser energy using optical fibers is vascular perforation. The manipulation of optical fibers inside arteries is difficult, and inadequate steerabilty and positioning of the fiber can result in mechanical perforation of the vessel wall as at curves or branches. Vascular perforation may also result from thermal damage to the vessel wall, as, for example, because of dispersion of the laser beam beyond the plaque or improper positioning of the optical fiber so that it directs laser energy directly into the vessel wall. The risk of mechanical perforation may be minimized by putting the optical fiber into a catheter system which has a steerable guide wire similar to that currently used for balloon angioplasty. Preventing thermal perforation of the vessel has been more difficult to achieve.
One known system attempts to avoid thermal perforation by employing the laser radiation solely for heating a metal tip on the end of the fiber and using the heated tip to burn through the plaque. While this technique may avoid perforation due to the laser beam impinging directly onto the vessel wall, it does not prevent thermal perforation. The tip itself may burn through the wall. Moreover, tissue, as of the vessel wall, may stick to the hot tip, causing the tissue to tear as the tip is moved and producing a thrombosis. This technique also requires mechanical pressure to force the tip through the plaque, and has not been very successful with blockages located at any substantial distance from the entry point of the catheter, or in small winding cardiac arteries, since sufficient mechanical pressure cannot be exerted on the tip to force it through the plaque.
Moreover, methods and systems proposed to date for the utilization of lasers to remove plaque from blood vessels require the exclusion of blood from the vessel in the area of the plaque and the necessity for providing means for removing debris from the vessel, such as by suction device, etc. Also, the destruction of a hard to remove material such as plaque without concomitant damage to the surrounding vessel walls has been difficult to achieve.
The properties of laser radiation offer the potential of its use for treating other cardiac conditions, such as for destroying abnormal conduction tissue in the heart, e.g., the bundle of His, or for the occlusion of undesirable vascular channels. There has, however, been no reported success in the utilization of laser systems for such purposes.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method particularly adapted for the efficacious and safe recanalization of blood vessels obstructed by plaque with a laser which is not subject to the disadvantages discussed heretofore.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for the occlusion of undesirable cardiovascular channels employing a laser.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a method for the revascularization of cardiovascular tissue employing a laser based system.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a method for the location and destruction of conduction tissue in the heart utilizing a laser based system.
The invention affords an improved apparatus and method for the intravascular treatment of cardiac conditions using laser radiation which avoids the foregoing and other disadvantages of known apparatus and methods. In particular, the invention enables the recanalization of a blood vessel in a living being which is at least partially obstructed by plaque by employing a combination of direct laser radiation for vaporizing the plaque, thermal energy to afford a melting affect on the plaque, and mechanical pressure. The invention also provides for the ablation of electrical conduction tissue in the heart of a living being through the use of laser radiation to vaporize the conduction tissue. The invention further enables the occluding of undesirable cardiovascular channels through the use of laser radiation to burn and melt the tissue so as to close and obstruct the undesirable channel. In addition, the invention further enables revascularization of cardiovascular tissue by using it to destroy the tissue and create new channels or openings therein.
Briefly stated, in one aspect, the invention affords an apparatus and a method for the treatment of cardiac conditions wherein a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and threaded through the vessel to a location which is to be treated, the catheter carrying an optical fiber having a proximal end and a distal end. A smoothly shaped end member formed of heat conductive material is disposed on the distal end of the fiber, the distal end terminating within the end member and the end member having an opening at a tip thereof for emitting laser radiation carried by the optical fiber. The laser radiation from the end of the optical fiber impinges upon lens means disposed within the end member such that a portion of the laser beam from the fiber is focused through the opening in the end member so as to impinge upon a point which is to be treated, and a second portion of the beam is dispersed by the lens means into the end member so as to produce heating of the end member.
In another aspect, a catheter may have an end cap formed of heat conductive material disposed on its distal end, and the end cap may have a plurality of channels extending through the end cap to corresponding openings at the tip of the end cap. One of the channels through the end cap may carry a guide wire for steering the catheter through the vessel, and the other channels may each carry an optical fiber which terminates in lens means disposed at the tip of the end cap, the lens means being formed to focus a first portion of the laser beam carried by such fiber through the corresponding opening in the cap and for dispersing a second portion of the laser beam into the end cap so as to cause heating of the end cap.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for treating cardiac conditions with laser radiation which comprises a catheter adapted to be inserted into an artery and threaded through the artery to a location to be treated, the catheter having a tubular body with a proximal end and a distal end, a window of laser radiation transparent material formed in a sidewall of the catheter, an optical fiber disposed within the catheter for guiding a laser beam and having an end terminating adjacent to the window, and lens means mounted on the end of the fiber for dispersing the laser beam carried by the fiber sideways and outwardly through the window for treating tissue adjacent to the window.
The invention further provides for the ablation of electrical conduction tissue in the heart of a living being by threading a catheter through an artery into the heart, the catheter having electrode means disposed thereon for detecting the presence of conduction tissue and a laser radiation transparent window disposed adjacent to the electrode means in a sidewall of the catheter. Upon detection, using the electrode means, of the presence of conduction tissue adjacent to the window, laser radiation emitted from an optical fiber carried within the catheter is caused to be directed outwardly through the window so as to produce vaporization of the adjacent conduction tissue.
The invention further provides for the occluding of an undesirable cardiovascular channel by threading a catheter carrying an optical fiber through a cardiac artery to the position of the undesirable channel, and exposing the tissue forming the channel to laser radiation emitted from the optical fiber so as to cause melting of the tissue and collapsing of channel walls to close the channel.
Finally, the invention enables the revascularizing of cardiovascular tissue by threading a catheter through an artery to a location to be treated, and exposing the tissue to laser radiation emitted from an optical fiber carried by the catheter so as to burn through the tissue and create a channel therein.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a laser/optical fiber/catheter apparatus which may be employed for practising the invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary elevational view of one form of a optical fiber/catheter apparatus in accordance with the invention which is adapted to detect and destroy conduction pathways within the heart;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of an embodiment of a laser catheter probe in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of another embodiment of a laser probe in accordance with the invention, the figure illustrating an end cap disposed on the distal end of an optical fiber;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of an alternate form of the end cap of the laser probe of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of yet another embodiment of a laser probe in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 7A and 7B are, respectively, transverse sectional views taken approximately along the lines 7A--7A and 7B--7B of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a portion of an embodiment of an optical fiber/diffuser catheter apparatus in accordance with the invention which is adapted to detect and destroy conduction pathways within the heart; and
FIG. 9 is an enlarged elevational view, partially broken away and partially in section, of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 8.
FIG. 1 illustrates, diagrammatically, a laser/optical fiber/catheter system which may be employed with the invention. As shown, laser radiation 10 produced by a laser source 11 may be beamed and focused by means of a lens 12 into the proximal end of an optical fiber 13 which is held and aligned with the beam by a positioning device 14, which may be a conventional X--Y--Z positioning adapter device. The optical fiber may be disposed within a catheter 15 which is adapted to be inserted into and threaded through appropriate blood vessels, such as arteries, to a site which is to be treated. The optical fiber serves as an optical waveguide which carries the laser beam intravascularly to the treatment site. As shown in the figure, fiber 13 may enter the proximal end of catheter 15 through a conventional hemostasis valve 16 or the like. The valve enables a solution, such as a contrast solution or saline flush to be delivered through the catheter to the treatment site, if desired, As will be explained in more detail shortly, the catheter may also carry a steerable guide wire to facilitate threading of the catheter through the blood vessels.
FIG. 2 illustrates generally one form which the distal end 20 of catheter 15 may take. The device illustrated in FIG. 2 is especially shaped and adapted to be threaded through appropriate arteries to the heart for the detection and localization of abnormal conduction pathways, such as the bundle of His. As shown, the end of the catheter may have a pair of spaced electrodes 22 and 24 encircling its peripheral surface adjacent to its tip 26. The electrodes 22 and 24 may be connected via electrical conduction leads 28 and 30, respectively, carried within the catheter to an electrocardiogram (not illustrated) for detection of the conduction pathways in a conventional manner. Optical fiber 13, which terminates adjacent to tip 26 of the catheter, enables laser radiation to be delivered to the abnormal conduction tissue. The laser radiation causes the tissue to vaporize and results in ablation of the conduction tissue. This will be described in more detail in connection with FIGS. 8 and 9.
FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a laser catheter probe 34 in accordance with the invention. As shown, the catheter, which may be a generally circular tubular member, may be divided into first and second channels 32 and 34, respectively, by means of an internal partition or wall 36. Channel 32, which is preferably open at the tip 38 of the catheter, may carry a steerable guide wire 40 to facilitate threading of the catheter through the blood vessels, and channel 34 of the catheter may carry the optical fiber 13. As shown, the distal end of the optical fiber may terminate in a spherical beam focusing microlens 42 which is mounted at the tip 38 of the catheter. The microlens may be held in place by internal wall 36 and the external side wall 44 of the catheter body. As shown, the microlens is preferably positioned such that it bulges slightly outwardly from the tip 38.
Microlens 42 may comprise a sapphire ball attached to the end of the optical fiber or may comprise a ball of silica formed directly on the fiber as melting the tip into a spherical lens using the heat from a laser which is reflected back off the tip. This may be done in a furnace with graphite that is ignited by the laser beam. The microlens causes the laser beam exiting from the end of the optical fiber to be dispersed so that only a portion of the beam exits from the tip of the catheter. The remaining portion of the beam is dispersed or scattered back into the catheter tip itself. The catheter tip may be formed of metal or other heat conductive material so that the portion of the beam dispersed into the tip produces heating of the tip (for a reason to be described shortly). Alternatively, the catheter tip illustrated in FIG. 3 may be formed of plastic and fitted with a metal sleeve which absorbs the scattered radiation and heats up.
The catheter tip of FIG. 3 may have a sidewall thickness of the order 100μ (microns), the optical fiber may have a thickness of the order of 150μ, and the diameter of the catheter at its tip may be of the order of 1000 μ. As may be appreciated, these dimensions make the catheter especially well adapted for threading through smaller vessels such as cardiac arteries.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate alternative embodiments of a laser probe in accordance with the invention which is especially well adapted for recanalizing obstructed arteries. As shown in FIG. 4, the distal end of an optical fiber 13 may be fitted with an elliptically shaped end cap 50 formed of heat conductive material, such as stainless steel. The end cap may have tubular shaped neck 52 with a bore 58 which extends into the body of the end cap and which receives the optical fiber. The end cap may be attached to the optical fiber by crimping the neck onto the fiber cladding 54, as shown at 56. The end cap bore 58 is preferably coaxial with the axis of the end cap and may communicate with a somewhat smaller diameter bore 60 which extends to the tip 62 of the end cap, as shown. As also shown in the figure, the cladding 54 may be stripped from the core 64 of the optical fiber, and the fiber core may terminate so that its end is positioned a short distance from a spherical microlens 42 located within bore 58 adjacent to bore 60. As previously described, the microlens may comprise a solid spherical ball of sapphire.
The probe of FIG. 4 is adapted to extend beyond the tip of a standard flexible catheter (not illustrated). Preferably, the probe is connected to the catheter tip by a coil of steel wire or the like which encircles the optical fiber and has one end spot welded to the proximal end of neck 52 (the left end in FIG. 4) and has its opposite end spot welded to a metal sleeve fixed to the catheter tip. The coil of wire facilitates the alignment of the probe with the catheter tip and with the lumen of the vessel, while affording sufficient mechanical strength to enable pressure exerted on the catheter to be transmitted to the probe. The diameter of end cap 50 may be of the order of 2 mm at its largest point. The optical fiber may be a 300 μ core fiber; and bore 60 may have a diameter of the order of 250 μ.
In operation, the catheter carrying the probe of FIG. 4 is threaded through a blood vessel until the tip 62 of the probe contacts an obstruction in the vessel. The metal end cap conveniently permits viewing of the probe by making it visible on fluoroscopy, and facilitates advancement of the catheter and placement of the probe at the obstruction. The probe may also be incorporated into an angioscope catheter, if desired. Once the probe is in position, the laser supplying energy to optical fiber 13 may be pulsed in a systematic step-wise fashion using a dosimetric matrix. Beginning at 1 watt, as measured at the fiber tip, power may be incrementally increased in 1 watt increments up to a total of 8 watts. Initially, the pulse duration may be 1 second, and the interval between pulses 0.2 seconds. When an obstruction is penetrated at a specific power level, this power is held constant. If no penetration occurs at 12 watts of power and 1 second pulses, the pulse duration may be increased in 1 second intervals up to a total of 10 seconds per pulse. If penetration of the obstruction is still not possible, the procedure may be terminated.
The construction of the probe of FIG. 4 is such that only a portion of the laser beam carried by the optical fiber is emitted from the end cap and, therefore, only a portion of the laser energy is directly applied to the obstruction. The exposed portion of the fiber core within the end cap, the spherical microlens 42, and the spacing between the lens and the tip of the fiber core, causes most of the laser beam to be dispersed into the metal end cap, which produces heating of the end cap. This is a significant factor in avoiding perforation of the vessel wall. The power density in a focused laser beam may be quite high and if the focused beam directly impinges upon a vessel wall, it could possibly burn through the wall quite rapidly. The invention avoids this by limiting the amount of direct incident laser radiation on tissue, and achieves significantly improved results by employing a combination of direct incident radiation for vaporizing a small portion of the obstruction in contact with the probe tip, thermal melting of the obstruction by contact with the heated end cap, and mechanical pressure against the obstruction. While only a small amount of the obstruction is vaporized by the portion of the laser beam emitted from channel 60 of the probe, it has been found that this facilitates passage of the probe tip through the obstruction and, significantly, reduces the mechanical pressure required for penetration. This is important in enabling recanalization of smaller, tortuous arteries, such as cardiac arteries, as well as the removal of obstructions located at a substantial distance from the entry point from the catheter. Also, the rather small diameter of the probe, and the flexibility of the catheter which carries it, facilitates its use in the smaller vessels. The elliptical shape of the end cap is advantageous in assisting in the alignment of the probe along the center line of the vessel lumen.
Preferably, the end cap 50 of the probe is coated with Teflon or other slippery heat transmitting substance such as silicone to minimize sticking of the heated probe to tissue, which can result in tearing of the vessel and a thrombosis upon movement of the probe. It is also desirable to control the laser power such that the temperature of the probe end cap does not exceed about 350° C. This temperature is sufficient to enable burning through an obstruction while minimizing sticking of tissue to the end cap. Controlling the temperature may be accomplished either by calibrating the temperature rise of the probe as a function of the input power for different vessel flow rates, or by embedding within the end cap a thermocouple to afford direct monitoring of the probe temperature. Control of the probe temperature also enables the size of the channel through the obstruction to be controlled.
FIG. 5 illustrates a somewhat modified end cap 70 which may be employed in the probe of FIG. 4. The principal difference between the two end caps is that the spherical microlens 42 of the end cap of FIG. 4 is recessed within the probe and is connected to the probe tip via channel 60, whereas in end cap 70 the spherical microlens 72 is mounted directly at the tip within a recess 74 such that the lens bulges slightly outwardly beyond the tip, as shown. The distal end 76 of fiber core 64 may abut an end wall 78 of the end cap bore 80, and may communicate with recess 74 and the microlens via a smaller diameter channel 82. The length of channel 82 may be of the order of 1 mm, which allows dispersion of a portion of the beam leaving the distal end of the fiber into the end cap. Lens 72 focuses a small portion of the beam passing through channel 82 outwardly from the tip of the end cap, and disperses the remaining portion of the beam back into the end cap for heating it. Lens 72 may be held in place by crimping the metal edges of recess 74 into contact with its surface. An advantage of the probe of FIG. 5 over that illustrated in FIG. 4 is that there is no open channel, such as 60, into which debris can enter. Therefore, it affords better optical stability.
FIGS. 6, 7A and 7B illustrate another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the heat conductive end cap 86, which may be of steel and coated as previously described, is disposed directly on the distal end of a catheter 88. The catheter may have a centrally located tubular member 90 therethrough which forms a channel for a guide wire (not illustrated). As shown, the tubular channel may extend through the end cap 86 and terminate in an opening 92 at the tip of the end cap. The catheter may carry a plurality, four, for example, of optical fibers 94 which extend through corresponding channels 96 in the end cap and terminate in corresponding spherical microlenses 98. Each spherical lens may comprise a sapphire ball connected to the end of its corresponding fiber, or may comprise a ball of silica formed by melting the end of the fiber as previously described. The lenses are preferably symmetrically disposed about the opening 92 in the tip of the end cap, and may bulge slightly outwardly from the surface of the end cap as shown. The channels 96 which carry the optical fibers may widen adjacent to the surface of the end cap to accommodate the spherical lenses, and are preferably angled outwardly relative to the center line axis of the end cap, as shown, so that the optical fibers are similarly angled relative to the center line at their connection to the lenses. This arrangement directs the portions of the laser beams emitted by the lenses 98 outwardly from the end cap at an acute angle to its center line and enables the catheter tip to produce a channel through an obstruction which is wider than the actual diameter of the end cap.
As previously described, in connection with the other embodiments, the spherical lenses disperse a portion of the laser beams back into the end cap in order to heat it, and the channel through the obstruction is produced by a combination of direct incident laser radiation, thermal melting caused by contact with the heated tip, and mechanical pressure. In addition, as previously described, the end cap may be coated with Teflon or impregnated with a substance such as silicone to minimize sticking of the heated end cap to tissue, and a thermocouple may be embedded in the end cap to permit the temperature of the end cap to be monitored and the laser power to be controlled so that a desired temperature is produced.
Catheter 88 may have a diameter of the order of 1200μ, and end cap 86 may have a diameter of the order of 1500μ, which enables it to be used conveniently in smaller vessels. The shape of the end cap also facilitates its alignment and positioning within the lumen of the vessel. The optical fibers 94 may be 150μ diameter fibers and the inner diameter of tubular member 90 may be of the order of 400μ. It will be appreciated that although four optical fibers are illustrated, more or less than this may be used. Also, a single laser may be used as a source of laser radiation for all the fibers by employing a conventional mechanical beam diverter for diverting the laser beam into the fibers.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a preferred form of a diffuser catheter in accordance with the invention which is particularly well adapted for the detection, localization and ablation of normal and abnormal conduction tissue in the heart. Abnormal conduction via "accessory pathways" leads to pre-excitation syndromes. In addition, foci of recurrent ventricular tachycardia can be ablated. Present methods of treatment of such conditions involve a complicated surgical technique known as "cardiac mapping" which involves opening the chest and placing a net around the heart that detects foci of irritation, which can then be frozen or excised by surgical incision. The diffuser catheter of FIG. 8 enables such conduction tissue to be precisely located and destroyed using laser radiation while avoiding the necessity of complicated surgical procedures.
Referring to FIG. 8, the diffuser catheter comprises a tubular catheter body 100 having a distal end 102 which is closed. The distal end 102 is closed in the sense that light is not emitted therefrom and it does not include any openings for other components, this being clearly illustrated in FIG. 8. The catheter is shaped in a well-known manner so as to sit within the heart at locations where conduction tissue is generally found. A pair of spaced metal electrodes 104 and 106 may be disposed about the catheter body on its peripheral surface adjacent to end 102. The electrodes may be connected by electrical conduction leads which extend through the tubular catheter body to an electrocardiogram (not illustrated) for detection and localization of the conduction tissue. Side ports 108 through the sidewall of the catheter body may also be provided to enable contrast solution or the like to be ejected. A laser radiation transparent window 110 may be located in the sidewall of the catheter body between the two spaced electrodes, and the catheter may carry an optical fiber 112 which terminates in a microlens 114 adjacent to the window.
FIG. 9 illustrates in more detail a preferred form of construction of the diffuser catheter. As shown, window 110 may comprise a hollow closed tube 116 which is coaxially disposed between first and second tubular catheter sections 120 and 122, respectively, with the ends 124 and 126 of the tube fitted tightly within the tubular sections. The optical fiber 112 may enter the interior of the tube through end 124, and the cladding 130 of the optical fiber may be stripped from the core 132 so as to expose a length of the core adjacent to the window. As previously noted, the fiber may terminate in a microlens 114, which may comprise a sphere of silica or sapphire as previously described. The laser beam carried by the optical fiber is emitted over the exposed length (i.e., uncovered by cladding) of the fiber core, and the microlens causes dispersion of the beam exiting the fiber.
The interior of tube 116 may be filled with a plurality microspheres 134, which cause further dispersion of the laser beam emitted from the optical fiber. (In FIGS. 8 and 9, the microspheres have not been shown as filling the tube so as to avoid cluttering of the figures.) The microspheres may be either of glass or plastic, although glass is preferred, since it is better able to withstand the heat produced by the laser radiation. Tube 116 is preferably formed of quartz or sapphire for the same reason. A semicylindrical portion 140 of the interior surface of the tube, such as one-half of its interior surface, may be mirrored so as to reflect the laser radiation impinging thereon. This enables all of the laser radiation to be directed outwardly through only one side of the tube, i.e., through the window 110, so that only the tissue adjacent to that side of the tube is exposed to the radiation and treated. In addition, microlens 114 may have a slanted cut at 45°, for example, so as to direct the beam exiting from the lens outwardly through the window.
In use, the catheter may be threaded through an artery into the heart. Upon detecting the presence of conduction tissue between the electrodes using the electrocardiogram, the laser source may be energized to supply laser energy. The laser beam emitted from the exposed length of fiber core 132 and microlens 114 is dispersed by the microspheres and reflected outwardly through the window into the adjacent tissue. The laser radiation causes ablation of the adjacent conduction tissue and destroys the conduction pathways. The electrodes permit monitoring of the conduction state of the tissue and appropriate control of the laser source.
In using the invention for recanalization of vessels obstructed by deposits of plaque, ablation of conduction tissue, etc. various sensitizing agents may be employed which preferentially increase the absorption of the laser radiation by the plaque or other tissue to be treated as opposed to the surrounding tissue, and thereby enhance its removal. It has been discovered that, for example, that whole blood itself is a suitable sensitizing agent. This result is highly unexpected in view of earlier indications that blood should be evacuated prior to recanalization with laser radiation. Other substances which efficiently sensitize plaque for preferential absorption of laser radiation include hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), fluorescein, carbol fuchsin, methylene blue, Evans blue, Trypan blue, quinicrine hydrochloride, neutral red, Sudan black, tetracycline, para-aminobenzoic acid, acridine orange and others. An amount of the sensitizing agent sufficient to sensitize the plaque for preferential absorption of the laser radiation may be administered by intravenous injection to the patient prior to lasing. Preferably, the agent is administered 24 to 48 hours prior to recanalization. When utilizing HPD, preferably about 2.5 to about 4 mg/kg of body weight is administered to the patient.
Any conventional laser which produces radiation that is capable of being carried an optical fiber may be employed in practicing the invention. For example, argon and Nd-YAG lasers are commonly available and may be used. Also, conventional catheters, including those employed for angioscopy, in some instances modified as taught herein, may be used in practicing the invention.
In addition to recanalization of vessels and ablation of conduction tissue, the invention has other uses. In some cases, it is necessary occlude, i.e., close, an undesirable cardiovascular channel. For example, in a premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus, the existence of a connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta which produces this condition often leads to heart failure. The invention may be employed to occlude this undesirable channel to avoid the necessity for the currently utilized thoracotomy to tie off this connection. Another use of this invention is for the revascularization of cardiovascular tissue. In certain congenital cardiac conditions, it is often necessary to open conduits or channels between certain cardiac chambers, such as the atria. Thus, an artificially created atrial septal defect (ASD) may be critical and life saving. The invention may be utilized to open such a window or flap between the atrial chambers by burning through the tissues necessary to create the desired channel.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.
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Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, FLORIDA
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Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INCORPO
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text:
Lone X - Crystal Sword
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Jan 21, 2013 | 4:32 PM EST
- File Info
- Song
- 3 min 6 sec
- Score
- 4.46 / 5.00
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You may not use this work for commercial purposes without making specific arrangements with the artist UNLESS your work is a web-based game or animation, in which case you may use this freely.
- Score:
- Rated 4.46 / 5 stars
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- 2,129 Plays | 143 Downloads
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- Genres:
- Electronic - Dubstep
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Author Comments
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
I'm liking the bass and general mood of the song. Good job.
Love and Peace,
Thanks so much for the review!
Peace and love,
Lone X
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I definitely dig you style man. I like the progressive speed and you are doing fine by me with that bass. Maybe a bit of a different tone to offset the drop. I don't know I'm still new but much respect on your work.
Thanks man! I appreciate it!
Peace and love,
Lone X
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
The sounds ar weak but the structure is much an much better than mines
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Its Pretty Good What program did you use?
Fl Studio my friend.
Peace and love,
Lone X
Rated 5 / 5 stars
winning at its finest
Thanks for the review! WINNING! :P
Peace and love,
Lone X


text:
The vulnerability is due to improper memory operations that occur when processing Microsoft Office Access documents.
An unauthenticated, remote attacker could exploit the vulnerability by convincing a targeted user to open a malicious document in the affected application. When opening the document, Microsoft Office Access may perform improper memory operations, resulting in memory corruption. The attacker could use the memory corruption to execute arbitrary code on the system with the privileges of the user.


text:
This product is no longer available. Continue shopping at
Fabulous Fudge Cake Mix
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text:
Joaqlin Estus, KNBA - Anchorage
Arctic Council looks to Alaska citizen science network
A tribal citizen science network that got its start in Alaska is being touted as a model for tracking climate change in the Arctic. The eight-nation Arctic Council plans to expand the Local Environmental Observer Network to other Arctic nations. Download Audio
Obama hears from a roundtable of Alaska Native leaders
President Barack Obama is in Alaska to learn and talk about climate change. Before giving a speech to dozens of foreign ministers and dignitaries from around the world attending a conference on climate change, the president met with Alaska Native leaders.
Murkowski hears testimony on the state's growing prison population
Alaska has already outgrown the $250-million Goose Creek Correctional Center that opened in 2012. Instead of pouring more money into building and maintaining prisons, people testifying in a U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs field hearing in Anchorage on Thursday said it'd be smarter to turn some of the money toward keeping people out of prison. Download Audio
$8.5M In Cuts to Troopers Spread A Thin Force Event Thinner
Rural residents already complain that state troopers are slow to respond to serious crimes and dangerous situations. But as of July first, 30 state trooper positions have been eliminated. With more lay-offs coming, it's going to get worse -- in both urban and rural Alaska. Download Audio
Innovative Program Brings Dental Care to Underserved Alaskans
Ten years ago, the American Dental Association unsuccessfully sued to get the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium to halt its Alaska Dental Health Therapist (DHAT) program. Now the program has won a national award for its innovative approach to providing Alaska Natives with dental care. And the idea is expanding to other states. Download Audio:
Congress Approves Commission on Native American Children
The U.S. Congress on Tuesday unanimously adopted legislation to create a Commission on Native American children, according to a prepared statement by bill sponsor and Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski.
Obama Creates Arctic Steering Committee
President Obama discussed Alaska, climate change, and Arctic issues in a speech May 20. That came after an executive order in January creating an Arctic Executive Steering Committee to coordinate federal Arctic activities. These may be signs Arctic issues are gaining a higher profile.
Construction starts on Alaska Native Medical Center housing
Tribal, state, and private sector leaders Wednesday kicked off construction of housing at the Alaska Native Medical Center. They say it will improve services for Alaska Native and American Indian people who travel to Anchorage from across the state for health care. A state Senator who helped get the project financed says it will also save the state millions of dollars a year for decades to come.
Law Firm Gifts $3.5M to Tribal Health
A national law firm that specializes in Indian law is donating $3.5 million to improve medical care for tribal members. The decision comes after the firm, which has offices in Anchorage, helped win a case before the U.S. Supreme Court involving hundreds of millions of dollars for tribal health organizations. Download Audio:
Kick the Bucket: The Future of Rural Sanitation in Alaska
Over the past four days, we have brought you stories that go out into the field for an in-depth look at Alaska's rural sanitation situation - a series we call "Kick the Bucket." We have seen how the lack of modern sanitation is linked to disease as people strain the limits of their clean water supply. And we have looked at the implications of decreasing funding and looming maintenance expenses in villages with a limited cash economy. Today we'll wrap up the series by trying to look into the future.
Rural Sanitation Series: Innovating Beyond the Honey Bucket
What if you didn't have piped water and sewer, and the government wasn't picking up the tab to get you some. How would you find a low-cost system that you could keep running through the winter? In the fourth segment of "Kick the Bucket," find out how experts are looking for answers to rural sanitation issues in Alaska. Download Audio:
Kick the Bucket: Experts Seek Alternatives To Costly, Ineffective Sanitation Systems
What if you didn't have piped water and sewer, and the government wasn't picking up the tab to get you some? How would you find a low-cost system that you could keep running through the winter? In this segment of "Kick the Bucket," find out how experts are looking for answers to rural sanitation issues in Alaska.
Rural Alaska Communities Struggle To Keep Water And Sewer Systems Running
Even rural communities that have raised the money to build modern sanitation systems face the threat of their ultimate failure due to the lack of funding for operations and maintenance, wiping away whatever health gains were achieved.
Kick the Bucket: Lack of Funding Hampers Development of Modern Sanitation in Rural Alaska
Most of us have never lived with without running water at home. Today, we'll learn about some people who are just getting used to it, and others who would like to get used to having running water. In the second segment of the series Kick the Bucket, we'll also hear some of the reasons Alaska hasn't made modern plumbing a simple fact of life for all Alaskans.
Kick the Bucket: Health implications of Third World conditions in Alaska
You don't have to go to a foreign country to find Third World conditions. You can find more than six percent of Alaskans living in those conditions - without modern running water or sewer systems. The so-called "honey bucket" situation has frequently been deplored and millions of federal and state dollars have been devoted to dealing with it. But the reality remains that people in 3,300 households in the state live without running water and flush toilets and have much higher rates of hospitalization for respiratory and skin infections. Are there solutions? Maybe? Are we getting closer to those solutions? Maybe not. Today we begin a five-part series entitled "Kick the Bucket," in which we'll get a closer look at the water and sewer situation in rural Alaska. In part one, we look at the public health implication of inadequate water supplies.
Athletes Prepare For Native Youth Olympics
About 500 athletes from elementary through high school will be at the Native Youth Olympics, which kicks off Thursday in Anchorage. Download Audio
Investigating historical trauma endured by Native Americans, Alaska Natives
An Ojibwe woman and independent journalist Mary Annette Pember recently visited Alaska for a series of stories on historical trauma and Native American mental health practices. Pember says the troubled lives of Native Americans reflect their troubled history. Download Audio
State Senators Question Need For Water, Sewer Construction Dollars
State Senate Finance Committee members are going over proposed agency budgets one by one, looking for funds or programs they can cut. Thursday they questioned Department of Environmental Conservation officials, asking just how bad it would be to turn down federal dollars for water and sewer systems. Download Audio
State Asks Court for More Time on Adoption Case
The state on Monday asked the Alaska Supreme Court for more time in a case involving the adoption of a Yup'ik child, a case that tribes say will determine how the Indian Child Welfare Act, or ICWA, will be implemented in Alaska, and show whether Governor Bill Walker is serious about campaign pledges he made to work cooperatively with tribes.
Native Nonprofits Want State to Change on Adoption Case
All the regional Native nonprofits in the state, which represent most of the tribes in Alaska, have issued a joint statement asking Governor Bill Walker to change his position in the court case Tununuk II vs. the state of Alaska. They say Walker's position will make it very difficult for tribal members to adopt Native children. The state says it's only arguing for compliance with a U.S. Supreme Court ruling. The case involves a Native child called Baby Dawn; her Alaska Native grandmother Elise of the village of Tununuk; and Baby Dawn's non-Native former foster and now adoptive parents the Smiths of Anchorage. An Alaska Supreme Court ruling in December allowed the Smith's petition to adopt Baby Dawn to override Elise's stated wish to adopt her granddaughter.


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By Russell Sellers, Army Flier StaffDecember 16, 2010
FORT RUCKER, Ala. -- Children and parents heard the sounds of sleigh bells and jolly laughter as they had milk and cookies with Santa Claus Dec. 9 at the Rucker-Picerne Partners building.
The annual event gives Families a chance to have free pictures taken with Santa, enjoy milk and cookies and get into the holiday spirit with crafts, holiday films and story readings.
"All of the (Picerne Military Housing) staff looks forward to putting this together every year," said Emily Natalio, Picerne Military Housing communications specialist. "Everyone really had a great time."
Several children attending the event were experiencing their first Christmas celebration. Staff Sgt. Shelton Gore, 6th Military Police Detachment, and his wife, Willette, brought their 8-month-old daughter, Maggie, to have her picture made with Santa.
As Maggie sat on Santa's lap for her picture, she was all smiles. After a quick tug on Santa's beard, she turned to her mother and the camera for the picture.
Gore said the experience was a little tense at first but things worked out better than he could have expected.
"I was kind of nervous for her, but she did great," he said. "It went really well."
The event was also a first for Picerne's new communications manager, Brandon Masters. He said he was impressed by the number of people who turned out and how smoothly everything went.
"There's a lot for Families to do and it's been amazing watching it all come together," Masters said. "It's also a great opportunity for Families to get photos to send to Family in other states or overseas."
Those who had pictures taken and want digital copies should e-mail their photo number and name to email@example.com with the subject line "Santa Photo."


text:
Sniping and Squatting in Auction Markets
We conducted a field experiment to test the benefit from late bidding (sniping) in online auction markets. We compared sniping to early bidding (squatting) in auctions for newly-released DVDs on eBay. Sniping led to a statistically significant increase in our average surplus. However, this improvement was small. The two bidding strategies resulted in a variety of other qualitative differences in the outcomes of auctions. We show that a model of multiple concurrent auctions, in which our opponents are naive or incremental bidders as identified in the lab, explain the results well. Our findings illustrate how the overall impact of naivete, and the benefit from sniping observed in the lab, may be substantially attenuated in real-world market settings. (JEL D44)
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Volume (Year): 1 (2009)
Issue (Month): 2 (August)
Pages: 68-94
|DOI: 10.1257/mic.1.2.68
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Dan Ariely & Axel Ockenfels & Alvin E Roth, 2003.
"An Experimental Analysis of Ending Rules in Internet Auctions,"
Levine's Bibliography
506439000000000433, UCLA Department of Economics.
- Dan Ariely & Axel Ockenfels & Alvin E. Roth, 2005. "An Experimental Analysis of Ending Rules in Internet Auctions," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 36(4), pages 890-907, Winter.
- Dan Ariely & Axel Ockenfels & Alvin E. Roth, 2002. "An Experimental Analysis of Ending Rules in Internet Auctions," Papers on Strategic Interaction 2002-47, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group.
- Dan Ariely & Axel Ockenfels & Alvin E. Roth, 2003. "An Experimental Analysis of Ending Rules in Internet Auctions," CESifo Working Paper Series 987, CESifo Group Munich.
- Roth, Alvin & Ockenfels, Axel & Ariely, Dan, 2005. "An Experimental Analysis of Ending Rules in Internet Auctions," Scholarly Articles 2579649, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- John List, 2006.
"Field experiments: A bridge between lab and naturally occurring data,"
Artefactual Field Experiments
00083, The Field Experiments Website.
- List John A., 2007. "Field Experiments: A Bridge between Lab and Naturally Occurring Data," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 5(2), pages 1-47, April.
- John A. List, 2007. "Field Experiments: A Bridge Between Lab and Naturally-Occurring Data," NBER Working Papers 12992, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Tanjim Hossain, 2008. "Learning by bidding," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 39(2), pages 509-529.
- Steven D. Levitt & John A. List, 2007. "What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 21(2), pages 153-174, Spring.
- Bajari, Patrick & Hortacsu, Ali, 2003. " The Winner's Curse, Reserve Prices, and Endogenous Entry: Empirical Insights from eBay Auctions," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 34(2), pages 329-55, Summer.
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Citi reiterates a Buy on American Tower (AMT +1.1%) ahead of Thursday's Q4 report. The firm likes the cell tower owner's growing exposure to international markets, as well as its "financial flexibility to improve shareholder returns." Moreover, it believes recent acquisitions could allow AMT to beat consensus 2012 revenue expectations.
Citi reiterates a Buy on American Tower (AMT +1.1%) ahead of Thursday's Q4 report. The firm...
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text:
About Ivan M. Henry
Dear Circus Friends,
My name is Ivan M. Henry and I am the 5th generation of a circus/show business dynasty. What you are about to read is an accumulation of circus history spanning 6 generations, starting in the 1800's to the present. It will include Mud Shows, Vaudeville, Modern Circus, Motion Pictures, and Television including a host of circus performers.
"Once seen, never forgotten, and once it's over, all that's left are wagon tracks and peanut shell"s."
So…Sit back, Relax and Enjoy the Show!
Ivan M. Henry
PPS. For more information about Ivan, see categories entitled "Ivan M. Henry" and "Henry's Chimps"
114 Responses to "About Ivan M. Henry"
Hello Ivan,
As a long time circus professional and amazing artist I am hoping you may be able to take time out of your busy day to assist our little circus group dream bigger!
I was wondering if you could help out our small grassroots circus group in Portland, Oregon by doing a write up about our Indiegogo fundraiser and about our circus troupe! Here is the link to the Indiegogo page. I ask that you read the story and see what you think!
Aaron Schallock
Neverland Aerial Arts
Cloud City Circus
Hello Ivan M. Henry, I have just started some research about Joaquin Sanchez. I was wondering if you ever received a photo of him? If you can assist, I would be most pleased. Thank You. JOanne
I have a letter to my late mother from L.B. Greenshaw, Parker & Watts Circus, 11 May 1942.
I would like to forward a copy for your blog, if you send me your Email address.
Bob Sawallesh
When I saw Barnes & Carothers I had to make a comment or two. I opened with my lions and dog act with them at Ionia, Michigan fair in August of 1934. Made the jump with a stop in Chicago to see the Worlds Fair there. Met a cat trainer, cannot his name, but enjoyed the fair. Our next fair was the Minnesota State Fair where I had my 11th birthday. Billy Lorette, the clown cop, presented me with a birthday cake for a press picture. The rest of my first year on the road ended after the Dallas, Tx. State Fair and two other small fairs in Louisiana. "Those were the good old days"!
Yours with a roar,
Manuel King
If I make it to September 5th I will be 92 years old.
Dear Mr. Henry,
Might you be willing to share some of the following information with your readers?
Those of you who continue to collect such fine circus and sideshow with passion will find this interesting.
Join us April 3rd at Garth's Auctions (Delaware, Ohio) for a chance at approximately 70 lots of circus posters and banners to be offered during the Eclectic Auction. Contact 740.362.4771 or firstname.lastname@example.com for questions. Visit garths.com for more pictures & lot descriptions beginning March 20.
I produced a video (http://tinyurl.com/CircusPostersatGarths) to give circus/sideshow banner enthusiasts an overview of what will be in the sale.
It autoplays at http://www.garths.com/WebPhotos/4_03_15_Eclectic/4_03_15_Eclectic.asp as well.
Thank you in advance!
Looking for any info about my Grandpa and Grandma,, Tex Vaughn tattoo artist and hi s wife Margie Blair snake charmer/dancer… any info about them would be wonderful if anyone knows.. My family was torn apart in 1947 in Wis im trying to reunite them all before time runs out…
time frame between 1946 and 1971.. Thank you
Hello Ivan,
My name is Dean Cappy we met a long time ago back in the early 1970's. My brother is Michael Cappi. I traveled with the George Mathews circus in the summers of my 72&73
when I was off from school I have very fond memories of my circus days. I was the only kid I knew who got to run away and travel with the circus. I remember Poncho and Cindy, Lothar, Jack and Sandy there last name slips by me they had a Arabian stallions act. . I remember your chimps one time walking into the side door of the big top tent one of them grabbed the tent canvas sidewall and ripped it to shreds like it was paper.memories from long ago. I hope you are well
Dean Cappy
Hi Ivan;
It has been a long time, 45 years..sure is nice to find you on here.
My name is Toni, as a child, my mother Sarah "Sally" Ellis-Johnson (married to chuck Johnson the ride superintendent) and my brother Larry traveled with Siebrand Brother's Circus and Carnival Red Unit during 1959, 1960 and 1961 summer seasons.
I would sit on a bench and watch your family practice. One unforgettable moment for me was when the show was making a hop, we were driving behind you. You were pulling the Dog Trailer behind you and started weaving across the middle line of the road. My mom drove up along side of your rig into oncoming traffic. Mom yelled and banged until she got your attention and had you pull over onto the shoulder of the road. You came into our trailer, had coffee and took a break. Before we all got back on the road I asked my mom Why she had done such a dangerous thing and she said "We are all family and we take care of our own!!"
Would you happen to still have the route sheet for the Red Unit and if so, could you please send me a copy?
I hope to hear back from you! Great site!
Hello – would you please mind posting this on your page or forwarding it to any circus groups you ay be part of. Thanks!!
Inga Vinicky Smaha, widow of Tony Smaha, will be celebrating her 90th birthday Dec. 2 and anyone wishing to send her birthday wishes may do so addressed to:
Inga Vinicky Smaha
c/o St. Clare Meadows
1414 Jefferson St. Baraboo, WI 53913
Thank you so very much,
Hi, I understands my brother Ralph Gasser has talked to you regarding an item you can be helpful in returning to the family of Hugo Zacchini. I may be able to give some details on it. I am interested in your connection to the family. Please email me. I am interested. We have had this item in our family since the early fifties. Looking forward to hearing from you.
Dear Mr. Henry: I am trying to find that picture of you with the white tiger cub in 1975. Can you help? Sincerely Paul
This is posted on March 18, 2016: HAPPY BIRTHDAY, IVAN. FOR GUYS LIKE US, WITH MARCH BIRTHDAYS, THE ROAD BECKONS, AND A NEW SEASON HAS BEGUN
Are you the Ivan Henry who beat the hell out of Manson?
Hello Ivan this Danny Farrow one of your many employees over the years from Legend city I talked to you awhile back and now iam back living in Mesa AZ I hope to come buy and see you sometime it will be good to remember the good times THX my friend Danny
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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Oct 01st, 2004
Running Time: 100
Director: Bo Edwards
Company: Vivid Entertainment Group
Cast: Dale DaBone, Malezia, Jack Lawrence, Jamie Brooks, Kurt Lockwood, Savanna Samson, Gia Jordan, Sophia (I), Steven St. Croix, Nick Manning, Katrina Kraven, Jamie Lynn, Mick Blue, Jordan Haze
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Feature
Play up porno-insider aspect in these days of heightened public curiosity.
Two porn directors, with a love-hate attitude toward the industry, are casting a movie. PZ (Steven St. Croix) and David (Kurt Lockwood) are obviously modeled on two Vivid mainstays. There are plenty of insider allusions and jokes. All performers appear "as themselves."
Parts of it are interesting, and parts of it are pointless. But Savanna Samson turns in a star performance (three sex scenes). Her anal with St. Croix is hot enough, despite murky lighting, to push this into four-A territory. Pre-nom for Best Sex Scene - Coupling and Savanna for Best Actress.
A three-couple orgy features a glimpse of new Vivid Girl Malezia.


text:
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Anniversary Sale: Event available 7/22/16 - 7/31/16 at all Performance Bicycle Retail locations, online and by phone. Advertised category and/or brand savings taken off lowest marked price on all applicable items during the event period. Some brand and/or item exclusions may apply to this promotion – visit Terms and Conditions for details. Bikes and items labeled Doorbusters are priced as marked and are excluded from advertised category and/or brand discounts. Doorbuster availability limited to stock on hand. Online, discount taken at checkout. Taxes, gift cards, Team Performance memberships/renewals, Spin Doctor Services/Service Plans or shipping and handling on web/phone orders are not eligible to receive discounts. Discounts cannot be applied to previous purchases. Sorry, no rainchecks. In retail stores, colors, styles and select brand availability varies by location. Photographic, typographic and pricing errors are unintentional and subject to change.


text: Hello! I want to ask if I can use this theme on a website for commercial purposes (courses for expectant mothers). And I also wondered if it is possible to use the pictures (the baby pic, the backgroud tiles, the ducks, ...) separately or to use them in another picture compilation? Thanks you for your response.


text:
Cars » Tips And Advice
Finland Holds Auction for Soviet Cars Abandoned by Migrants
Finnish customs officials say over 100 mostly vintage Soviet cars abandoned by migrants crossing the Nordic country's border with Russia have been sold in a two-day auction that drew some 1,300 car aficionados to the Arctic.
Nissan Adds Features to Sentra for 2016 Without Upping Price
Nissan has given the Sentra richer styling and several new features for 2016 while keeping the price of the fuel-efficient and popular compact sedan nearly the same.
Feds Seek Autopilot Data from Tesla in Crash Probe
Federal safety investigators are asking electric car maker Tesla Motors for details on how its Autopilot system works and why it failed to detect a tractor trailer that crossed its path in a Florida crash.
Autonomous Cars Coming, Says Analyst
Autonomous cars will appear on worldwide roads in big numbers between 2025 and 2035, according to a recent report by IHS Automotive.
Escalade Adds Communications and Safety Features for 2016
Cadillac has added new communications and safety equipment to the outsized Escalade for 2016, making it the first version to integrate Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.
Used Cars Being Sold with Unrepaired Safety Defects
If you just bought a used car from a dealer, you may still want to check to see if your vehicle needs a recall.
Fatal Tesla Crash Shows Limits Of Self-Driving Technology
The U.S. government is investigating the first reported death of a driver whose car was in self-driving mode when he crashed. The crash raises questions about autonomous and semi-autonomous cars, their capabilities and their limits.
Death Sparks 'Autopilot' Car Probe; Man Had Speeding Tickets
The first American death involving a car in self-driving mode presents a dilemma: How aggressively to embrace the potentially life-saving technology after a fatal crash. The driver's history of speeding further complicates the question.
Volkswagen Settles Emissions-Cheating Cases for Up to $15.3B
Volkswagen will spend up to $15.3 billion to settle consumer lawsuits and government allegations that it cheated on emissions tests in what lawyers are calling the largest auto-related class-action settlement in U.S. history.
Watch: Classic Car to be Sold for Millions
The most important American car of the past 50 years which couldn't have been built without the help of the British is set to sell for £10 MILLION this summer.


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Ron Burton
Biographical Information
After leaving professional football, this former child of poverty became an eminently successful motivational speaker who then made a major financial and emotional gift to needy children. In Massachusetts, he donated land for and established the Ron Burton Training Village, which holds free summer camps for disadvantaged inner-city youths.
In 2003, Burton died from bone cancer.
The Rat is a Yin,
and is the First sign of the Chinese horoscope.
AppealInfluenceThriftSociabilityIntellectual SkillCharisma
NervousnessVerbosityAcquisitivenessThirst for PowerGuileMeddling
Birthday: July 25, 1936
A relationship or love affair with a trial or choice involved.
Birthday: July 25, 2015
Material success, stability, authority and ambition.


text:
Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Dec 01st, 2005
Running Time: 69
Director: Cool Breeze G
Company: Onyxxx Films
Cast: Byron Long, Kapri Styles, Obsession, Dwayne Cumminz, Lady Armani, Julius, Tiny Star, Devlin Weed
Critical Rating: AAA
Genre: All-Sex
Hit That Phat Ass 8 is a fairly standard four scene, one-on-one, all black anal fuck flick.
Petite Kapri Styles puts her ankles behind her head while Byron bangs her in mish. And somehow, she takes his huge tool in her little butt. Lady Armani glows in green neon fishnets and then squeaks when she takes it up the butt. Obsession and Devlin Weed make sweet love to each other - until she tells him to stop being so polite. And Tiny Star is most certainly a tiny little starlet.
Retailing: Stock with other volumes from this series.


text:
Roger Dodger is a 2002 American comedy-drama that explores the relationship between men, women, and sex. Directed by Dylan Kidd and starring Campbell Scott and Jesse Eisenberg, the film follows Roger Swanson (Scott) and his nephew (Eisenberg) during a night on the town in search of sex. Wikipedia
Roger: Have you met my nephew? His name is Jesus.
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