text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 13, 2000
|Filing date
|Nov 15, 1996
|Priority date
|Feb 15, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Charles J. Long, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|International Plastics And Equipment Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (173), Referenced by (10), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/603,148 filed on Feb. 15, 1996 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a substantially leak proof tamper-evident container closure that combines a reusable, push-pull spout with a snap-on tamper evident closure which is substantially tamper proof.
Prior art container closures having a pour spout or the like are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/332,140 (filed Oct. 31, 1994), Ser. No. 08/633,225 (filed Apr. 16, 1996), Ser. No. 08/687,149 (filed Jul. 24, 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,104,008 and 5,465,876. Such prior spout closures provide tamper evidency which have tamper evident pour spouts but have not been leak proof at spout closure interface. Generally, prior art push-pull spouts that are reusable do not provide effective sealing at the juncture between the spout opening and the plug positioned in the opening when the spout is closed. Because of the very small diameter of the opening and the concern for safety, it is not possible to add non-integrated sealing means.
Snap-on tamper evident closures are also well known in the prior art for use on blow-molded milk containers and on fruit juice bottles. Illustrative of the prior art are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,934,546, 4,844,268, 4,815,620, 4,589,561, 4,676,389, 4,676,389, 4,593,830, 4,699,268, 4,700,860, 4,202,455, 5,036,991, 3,940,004 and 4,066,182. Generally, these closures are shaped to engage the neck of a thin-walled blow molded plastic bottle used for milk, bottled water or juices. The neck of these bottles is typically formed with an inwardly turned flange at its upper end and includes an upper and lower external locking bead around the circumference of the neck to securely mate the closure thereto. Tamper evident closures of the prior art typically include a circular closure disk with a depending upper annular skirt and a lower depending annular skirt containing a tamper evident tear strip. Positioned on the internal walls of the respective skirt are upper and lower locking beads or flanges which are positioned to engage the external locking beads on the upper and lower portion of the neck of the bottle. Normally, the beads on the closure ride over the beads on the neck and provide "locking" of the closure on the container neck by the beads impeding sliding travel of the closure thereover. In addition, the prior art closures include a valve means depending from the inner surface of the closure disk which is adapted to engage the internal neck portion to create a seal at the mouth of the container. While the prior art snap-on closures provide evidence that a closure has been removed from the container when the tamper-evident band has been removed it is possible to remove many of the commercially available snap-on closures without removing the band. Moreover, when the tamper evident band having the lower locking bead has been removed, these caps do not provide a tight closure or effective seal. The removal of the lower skirt portion along with the tamper evidency deprives the cap of the primary locking means. This is typically not a problem with containers which are not reused, but with containers that are to be used or are not dispensed upon the initial opening the single remaining locking mechanism does not provide a leak proof seal.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof tamper-evident closure combining a reusable, push-pull spout with a snap-on tamper evident closure which is substantially tamper proof.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an effective seal for a push-pull spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure which provides a secure closure which is substantially tamper proof.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof push-pull pour spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure having a first or upper locking means which provides additional locking forces when unauthorized removal is attempted.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof push-pull pour spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure having an upturned internal locking flange to lock onto the upper locking bead of the container and having a push-pull resealable tamper evident pour spout.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof push-pull pour spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure having a first locking member with a reverse internal flange which projects towards the mouth of the neck.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof push-pull pour spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure that forms a secure seal upon reuse when the second skirt or tamper evident band is removed from the closure for reuse of the container.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a substantially leak proof push-pull pour spout for reusable containers, combined with a snap-on tamper evident closure which is usable on existing neck finishes with little or no modification.
The present invention provides a substantially leak proof tamper-evident container closure that combines a reusable, push-pull spout with a snap-on tamper evident closure which is substantially tamper proof.
Generally, the present invention includes a push pull resealable pour spout with an opening therein which is partially closed by a second top having a secondary opening therein and a plug space thereabove with upwardly angled legs formed integral with the closure. Integrated into the periphery of the secondary opening is at least one and preferably two annular flanges. The annular flanges engage and create a sealing contact with the annular surface of the plug to provide a seat which is leak proof after many uses. The lower edge of the push-pull pour spout contains a tamper evident band to indicate if the push-pull pour spout has been "tampered" with even in situations where the container closure has not been disturbed.
The push-pull pour spout is attached to the container by means of a tamper evident snap-on closure for use on containers having a neck finish with first and second (upper and lower) spaced apart external locking beads. Typically the neck includes a mouth with an opening extending therefrom through the bottle neck into the container. An inwardly turned flange at the mouth area of the neck is normally used as a seat for the closure on the neck.
The closure of the present invention includes a circular closure disk having a diameter sufficient to cover the mouth of the neck. A first skirt is provided which depends from the periphery of the disk and substantially encompasses an "upper" portion of the neck. Preferably, the first skirt terminates adjacent to and just below the first locking bead on the neck of the container. The first skirt includes an outwardly extending angularly depending sidewall. Preferably, the angle of the sidewall is dimensioned adequate to accommodate the slightly larger neck diameter found on the lower portion of the common blow molded containers. This angle can extend preferably from 30� to 60�, but most preferably it is approximately 45�.
Juxtaposed adjacent to and internal of the first skirt and sidewall is a first locking member which extends radially inward and towards the bottom surface of the closure disk. The first locking member includes a radially extending flange having an edge which forms a groove therewith. The flange is preferably at an angle with a plane normal to the first skirt. Preferably, the first locking member is part of the continuum of the internal surface of the angularly projecting sidewall which defines a "hook" which slides over the locking beads on the neck which placed on the container but which engages the upper locking bead when removal of the cap is attempted.
A second skirt is provided which depends from the angular sidewall and encompasses a lower portion of the neck extending to at least beyond the second external locking bead. The intersection of the angular sidewall and second skirt defines a first tear line which is a zone of reduced material thickness. A second annular locking member is positioned internally of the second skirt to engage the second or lower external locking bead when the closure is positioned on the container. A second tear line is incorporated in the second skirt which extends from the first tear line to the terminus of the second skirt and passes through the second locking member.
A tab member is mounted to the second skirt preferably juxtaposed with the bottom edge of the second skirt and the second tear line. The tab member is connected to but spaced apart from the external surface of the second skirt to afford a grip space so that the user can grab the tab and pull it and the second skirt tearing the second tear line and thereafter the first tear line of the closure. By removing the second skirt, the closure can be removed from the container by pushing upwardly on the angular sidewall.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an annular valve is provided which depends from the bottom surface of the closure disk. The valve is concentrically spaced apart from the first skirt by a distance substantially the same as the inwardly extending flange of the neck finish located at the mouth of the container. In the preferred embodiment, the valve member extends from the bottom of the disk to a point below the first tear line. The valve provides upon insertion of the closure onto the bottle a tight fitting seal preventing any leakage of fluid within the container.
In the bottling operation, the closure is inserted over the neck finish to force the first and second locking members to slide over the first and second external locking beads on the neck. Once seated on the neck, the closure of the present invention cannot be removed until the second skirt is removed. Such removal requires pulling the tamper evident tab from the closure leaving evidence that the container has been "tampered" with. Once the second skirt is removed the closure maintains a liquid tight seal preventing the escape of any fluids contained therein by reason of the reverse basis of first locking member. The edge and groove of the first locking member grips the first locking bead of the neck to prevent unintended removal of the closure. In order for the user to remove the closure it is desirable that user push upwardly on the angular sidewall to release the grip provided by the hook of the first locking member. By so doing, the closure can be removed from the container. Replacing the closure onto the container is facilitated because of the reverse basis of the hook design of the first locking member facilitating the locking member sliding over the first locking bead on the neck. The edge of the groove bends away from the locking beads when the closure is repositioned on the neck thus this same feature prevents an easy reverse direction being taken over that same external locking bead. Accordingly, substantially better tamper evidency is provided as well as a much better seal is afforded upon reuse than found in the prior art.
Other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a perusal of the following detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a sectional elevation of the closure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the bottom of the closure of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the first locking member of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the tab member of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-section through a portion of the resealable closure with the push pull pour spout in an opened position;
FIG. 5a is an enlarged partial section of secondary openings;
FIG. 6 is a vertical cross-section through a portion of the resealable closure with the push pull top in a closed position;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the resealable closure;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a portion of the resealable closure;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the resealable closure;
FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of the resealable closure; and
FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the secondary closure plug of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, the closure 10 of the present invention is preferably injection molded of low-density polyethylene or polypropylene, but a high density polyethylene may also be used. Closure 10 includes a circular disk 9 with an opening 8 in its center to allow passage of the contents of the container through the opening in the push-pull pour spout 11. Disk 9 has a diameter preferably sufficient to encompass the top of the neck and mouth of the container (not shown) to which it is designed to sealingly fit. Depending from the periphery of disk 9 is annular first skirt 12. First skirt 12 has a length determined by the position of the first external locking bead on the neck finish. As shown, first skirt 12 is of a length sufficient to permit first locking member 15 to engage the first or upper annular locking bead on the neck finish of a container. Angularly depending from first skirt 12 is angular sidewall 16. Lower edge 17 of sidewall 16 is of a diameter adequate to accommodate the lower portion of the neck finish of the bottle which the cap is adapted to fit. Preferably, sidewall 16 is angularly offset at an angle between 30� and 60� and more preferably, about 45�.
As shown in FIG. 3, juxtaposed internally of the intersection formed by the first skirt 12 and sidewall 16 is first locking member 15. First locking member 15 preferably comprises an edge 14 which defines a groove 20 which is formed on radially upwardly extending annular flange 19. Annular flange 19 and/or groove 20 is preferably continuous but can be discontinuous as shown in FIG. 2. As can be see in FIG. 3, edge 14 and groove 20 provide a "hook" shape which engages an external upper locking bead on the neck that is of a radius substantially the same as groove 20. Thus, the shape and the radius of groove 20 are preferably selected to engage the bead of the upper locking means on the neck of the container. Because groove 20 is undercut, a mold core must be used that frees or permits removal of undercut prior to stripping the closures from the mold. Various techniques are known to those skilled in the art including the use of movable core sleeves which free the undercut section of the mold.
Depending from sidewall 16 at its lower bottom edge 17 is second annular skirt 6 which includes second locking member 5. As shown in FIG. 1, second locking member 5 comprises a substantially continuous annular internal bead adapted to engage the second or lower locking bead on the neck finish. While, the second locking member 5 is shown as continuous it may be otherwise configured to be discontinuous as shown in FIG. 2 or may have a plurality of slightly angularized beads. Alternatively, the locking means may be a groove which accepts the lower locking bead; however, this is not preferred because it does not afford good tamper evidency protection.
The intersection formed between the lower bottom edge 17 of sidewall 16 and the top of second skirt 6 defines first tear line 4. First tear line 4 is characterized by an area of reduced material as is well known in the art. This zone of decreased material provides the ability to easily tear away second skirt 6 from sidewall 16, but prevents removal of closure 10 without tearing away the second skirt 6. A second tear line 3 is provided between first tear line 4 and the bottom edge 2 of second skirt 6.
Referring to FIG. 4, a tear tab 35 is mounted adjacent to but external of second tear line 3 and includes a pair of frangible elements 36 and 37 to maintain tear tab 35 in contact with second skirt 6 prior to being torn away . By pulling tear tab 35 away from the body of the closure member at second skirt 6 frangible elements 36 and 37 will break and the skirt member will begin to disengage by tearing along second tear line 3 and first tear line 4. By completely tearing around the circumference of first tear line 4, second skirt 6 is removed from closure 10.
Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, annular valve 1 is provided which depends from closure disk 9. Valve 1 is preferably concentrically spaced from first skirt 12 a distance substantially equal to the distance between the mouth of the neck and the outer surface, the space therebetween typically being equal to the inwardly projecting upper flange of the neck. Referring to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 of the drawings, the resealable closure 10 preferably includes a push-pull secondary closure 11, which may be made of high density polyethylene or polypropylene, but which is preferably made of low density polyethylene, positioned thereon. Referring to FIG. 5, an opening 8 is preferably formed in the center of the closure disk 9 and positioned for registry with the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7. The upper end of the pour spout 7 includes a secondary top portion 21 thereon which is apertured at 22. A closure plug 23 is positioned on the secondary top portion 21 in spaced relation to aperture 22 by a plurality of circumferentially spaced angularly arranged upwardly extending supports 24. Referring to FIG. 11, the plug 23 is formed by a circular closure disk 41 having an integrally molded annular skirt 42 depending from the periphery of the disk 41. The sidewall of skirt 42 is dimensioned to be thin enough to allow inward deformation of the sidewall upon contact with the central opening surface 27 of spout cap 25 while at the same time being thick enough to ensure that the plug 23 will not break off with repeated use. Skirt 42 attaches plug 23 to the angular supports 24 thereby defining a hollow cavity 43 for the plug interior.
A push-pull cap 25 is positioned on the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7 and has a top surface 26 with a central opening 27 therein which is designed to register with the plug 23 to form a secondary closure when the top cap 25 is in a closed position resting on the secondary top portion 21 of the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7 as illustrated in FIG. 6. Located on the inner surface of central opening 27 is at least one, but preferably a pair of annular, preferably arcuate, flanges 33 which radially project into opening 27 which may be continuous or discontinous. As shown in FIG. 5a, a pair of annular flanges 33a and 33b are integrally molded with the inner surface of central opening 27. A pair of flanges 33a and 33b are especially preferable for sealing fluids such as water. However, a single flange is sufficient for containers used for fluids having a higher viscosity such as fruit juice.
The radially projecting flanges 33 engage depending plug skirt 42 to form a leak tight seal for the spout 7. The attachment of skirt 42 to the periphery of disk 41 increases the structural flexibility of the plug 23 thereby forcing the plug skirt 42 to flex and inwardly deform upon engagement with radially projecting flanges 33. This deformation causes a form fit which increases the tightness of the secondary closure seal thereby resulting in a superior leak-tight arrangement when compared to other designs currently in the state of the art.
Push-pull cap 25 has a depending cylindrical body member 28 with a plurality of annularly spaced frangible elements 29 connected on its lower perimeter edge to a secondary tamper indicating band 30. The cylindrical body member 28 has a pair of vertically spaced inturned annular flanges 31 which slidably engage the outer surface of the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7. The secondary tamper evident band 30 also has an internal annular flange 32 which is slidably engaged at the exterior of the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7. The upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7 has two outwardly extending annular flanges 34a and 34b, respectively on the exterior thereof. The internal annular flange 32 is oppositely disposed with respect to the secondary top portion 21 and outwardly extending flange 34a, said outwardly extending flange 34a being positioned above the closure disk 9 of the cap 10 and being oppositely disposed to and between the annular flanges 31 on the cylindrical body member 28 and the secondary tamper evident band 30, respectively.
In assembled form as illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 10 of the drawings, the secondary tamper evident band 30 is joined by the frangible elements 29 to the cylindrical body member 28. The push-pull cap 25 is incapable of moving upwardly due to the interengagement of the internal annular flange 32 with the outwardly extending flange 34a on the cylindrical pour spout 7. Thus the cylindrical body member 28 of the push-pull cap 25 is incapable of vertical movement such as required to move the apertured top surface 26 above the plug 23 until sufficient force is applied to the push-pull cap 25 to break away the frangible elements 29 whereby the push-pull cap 25 can move to the position illustrated in FIG. 5 of the drawings wherein the opening 27 therein moves upwardly and away from the plug 23. The inturned annular flanges 31 on the cylindrical body member 28 cannot move above the outwardly extending annular flange 34b on the upstanding cylindrical pour spout 7 so that the push-pull cap 25 cannot be removed therefrom. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 9, a plurality of circumferentially spaced dimples 44 optionally extend from the exterior wall of the pour spout 7. Dimples 44 engage the inturned annular flanges 31 on the cylindrical body member 28 of the push-pull spout closure 25 to facilitate breaking the frangible elements 29 connecting the tamper evident band 30 to the spout closure 25. Dimples 44 can break the frangible elements 29 by either axial or rotational movement of the spout closure 25 relative to the pour spout 7. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 10 of the drawings, the push pull closure 10 is seen in assembled condition as hereinbefore described in FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrating an optional outside rib surface 40 on the depending first skirt 12.
While presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in particularity, the invention may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the appended claims.
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|Dispensing stopper with rotating cap for pasty products
|Feb 25, 1988
|Feb 28, 1989
|Owens-Illinois Closure Inc.
|Composite, tamper evident, vacuum indicating closure and container
|Mar 4, 1988
|Mar 21, 1989
|Carow International, Inc.
|Multiple flow dispensing cap
|May 12, 1988
|Mar 28, 1989
|Cap Snap Co.
|Tamper-evident container cap having sealed disc retention means
|Sep 25, 1987
|Mar 28, 1989
|Cap Snap, Inc.
|Tamper-evident cap having plural diameters
|Mar 28, 1988
|Apr 4, 1989
|Theisen G Jerry
|Dispensing cap with expandable plug
|Mar 11, 1985
|May 2, 1989
|Gene Stull
|Closure cap construction
|May 6, 1988
|May 9, 1989
|Cap Snap Co.
|Cap for motor oil container
|Sep 22, 1988
|May 30, 1989
|C.C.D.J., Inc.
|Tamper evident closure with handle
|Dec 15, 1988
|Jul 4, 1989
|Wheeling Stamping Company
|Tamper-evident container assembly
|Apr 12, 1988
|Jul 4, 1989
|Cap Snap Co.
|Tamper-evident cap and neck structure
|Aug 26, 1988
|Aug 1, 1989
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Dispenser with closure cap
|Apr 24, 1989
|Feb 27, 1990
|Irwin Wallman
|Tamper evident cap and bottle
|Apr 13, 1989
|May 22, 1990
|Creative Packaging Corp.
|Adjustable metering closure cap
|Jan 24, 1989
|Jun 5, 1990
|Continental Plastics, Inc.
|Tamper indicating closure system utilizing axially extending ratchet
|Jan 30, 1989
|Jun 19, 1990
|Cap Snap Co.
|Tamper evident cap having lift tab on bottom edge
|Apr 26, 1989
|Jul 3, 1990
|H-C Industries, Inc.
|Tamper-indicating plastic closure
|Jan 9, 1990
|Aug 7, 1990
|Towns Edward J
|Tamper indicating screw cap
|Oct 18, 1989
|Aug 14, 1990
|Continental Can Company, Inc.
|Interrupted threads on a plastic bottle finish
|Jan 26, 1989
|Aug 14, 1990
|Kraft, Inc.
|Container and closure with internal tamper indication
|Mar 15, 1990
|Jan 1, 1991
|Continental White Cap, Inc.
|Composite cap including tamper indicating band
|Mar 7, 1990
|Feb 5, 1991
|Continental White Cap, Inc.
|Composite cap including tamper indicating feature
|Nov 2, 1989
|Apr 2, 1991
|Rosemarie Terbrusch
|Trash can with tethered cover
|Nov 13, 1989
|Apr 23, 1991
|Sunbeam Plastics Corporation
|Tamper indicating closure having a rotary seal
|Sep 28, 1990
|Aug 6, 1991
|Cap Snap Co.
|Tamper evident-cap for containers
|Mar 7, 1991
|Apr 14, 1992
|Cmb Foodcan Plc
|Screw closures for containers
|Dec 3, 1990
|Apr 14, 1992
|Northern Engineering And Plastics Corp.
|Resealable bottle cap with push-pull closure
|Oct 31, 1991
|Apr 21, 1992
|Northern Engineering & Plastics, Corp.
|Container and closure with cooperating threaded portions having fastening configurations
|Sep 9, 1991
|Jul 14, 1992
|Owens-Illinois Closure Inc.
|Tamper indicating closure
|Jul 27, 1990
|Feb 16, 1993
|Tuboplast Hispania, S.A.
|Tubular container with non-removable working cap
|Sep 3, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|Capital Spouts, Inc.
|Container having reclosable pour spout mounted thereon
|Oct 8, 1991
|May 25, 1993
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Snap-on, screw-off cap and container neck
|Aug 17, 1992
|Jul 6, 1993
|Northern Engineering And Plastics Corp.
|Non-replaceable snap on cap for school milk bottles
|Jan 31, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Snap-on, screw off cap and container neck
|Jul 9, 1993
|Feb 15, 1994
|Northern Engineering & Plastics, Corp.
|Snap on pull off tamper indicating flexible cap and neck configuration
|Sep 30, 1991
|Feb 15, 1994
|Giro Sports Design, Inc.
|Pressure holding liquid bottle for mounting on a bicycle
|Sep 30, 1992
|Apr 19, 1994
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Frangible fitment for container
|Jul 20, 1992
|May 3, 1994
|Hidding Walter E
|Mar 24, 1993
|May 3, 1994
|Northern Engineering & Plastics, Corp.
|Neck finish for a container and a matching registering multiple thread pattern in a flexible cap for engagement on neck said finish
|Sep 2, 1992
|Sep 20, 1994
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Tamper-evident, initially unitary, fitment and closure
|Mar 31, 1994
|Jul 4, 1995
|Erie Plastics
|Multi-position self-guiding closure for a container
|Jan 3, 1994
|Aug 1, 1995
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Auto rotation capping chuck improvement
|Sep 19, 1994
|Oct 10, 1995
|Beck; Matthew R.
|Tamper evident container closure
|Mar 10, 1993
|Oct 10, 1995
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Snap-on, screw off cap and container neck
|Jun 9, 1994
|Nov 14, 1995
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Container and closure resealable bottle cap with push pull closure
|Aug 30, 1993
|Jan 2, 1996
|Portola Packaging, Inc.
|Neck finish for a container and a matching registering multiple thread pattern in a flexible cap for engagement on said neck finish
|Apr 27, 1995
|Sep 10, 1996
|Consumer Cap Corporation
|Tamper-evident cap and neck finish
|Nov 4, 1993
|Oct 1, 1996
|Molinaro; Luca
|Snap on pull off tamper indicating flexible cap and neck configuration
|Oct 31, 1994
|Dec 31, 1996
|Sander; Dieter
|Tamper evident resealable plastic closure
|May 31, 1995
|Aug 12, 1997
|Clayton Corporation
|Closure assembly for a container having a tamper-evident pouring spout closure member
|Title not available
|May 13, 1969
|Poly Seal Corp
|Angled valve seat closure
|Title not available
|Jul 8, 1960
|Sep 12, 1963
|Alfred Fischbach Kunststoff Sp
|Als Originalverschluss ausgebildete Schraubkappe
|Nov 9, 1973
|Jan 5, 1984
|Metal Box P.L.C., Reading, Berkshire, Gb
|Title not available
|Dec 1, 1978
|Aug 2, 1979
|Novoplast Gmbh
|Durch schraubverschluss verschliessbarer behaelter mit oeffnungssicherung
|Jul 14, 1987
|Jan 26, 1989
|Norbert Barein
|Tamper-proof closure
|Jun 30, 1993
|Jan 12, 1995
|Wilhelm Haug Gmbh & Co Kg
|Closure for a container with lid
|May 16, 1990
|Jul 26, 1990
|Himly, Holscher Gmbh & Co, 3070 Nienburg, De
|Title not available
|Feb 27, 1984
|Oct 15, 1986
|Massmould Holdings Limited
|Container and closure
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 2001
|Aug 27, 2002
|Seaquist Closures Foreign, Inc.
|Tamper-evident closure and spout fitment for a pouch
|Jun 4, 2003
|Apr 5, 2005
|Rieke Corporation
|Vented closure
|Aug 3, 2004
|Dec 26, 2006
|Peabody Steven R
|Tamper-evident tare cap
|Jun 4, 2003
|Dec 9, 2004
|Rohr Robert D.
|Vented closure
|Oct 9, 2006
|Jun 14, 2007
|Gil Arvizu
|Beverage container
|Mar 22, 2007
|Sep 25, 2008
|Alliance Plastics
|Protective cap
|Apr 5, 2012
|Jul 17, 2014
|Stopper having a sliding plug and comprising multiple distribution holes
|May 31, 2002
|Jan 16, 2003
|Seaquist Closures Foreign, Inc.
|Tamper-evident closure and spout fitment
|May 31, 2002
|May 22, 2003
|Seaquist Closures
|Tamper-evident closure and spout fitment
|Sep 30, 2010
|Apr 7, 2011
|Goiplastik, S.L.
|Improved cap
|U.S. Classification
|222/153.06, 222/525, 215/256, 222/153.07, 215/216
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 15, 1996
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS AND EQUIPMENT CORPORATION,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LONG, CHARLES J., JR.;REEL/FRAME:008320/0144
Effective date: 19961113
|Dec 12, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 6, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 23, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 13, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 31, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120613


text:
Welcome, guest : Register | Login | Password Reminder
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Stay up to date with the latest products, offers and sale bargains from John Norris.
Location: Home / *Christmas Gifts / Shooting Accessories
Just in time for Christmas we have put together a Christmas selection of shooting accessories should you want to treat someone special. In our Christmas collection of shooting accessories you will find cartridge bags, ear defenders, cartridge belts, game carriers and many other shooting accessories which will make the perfect gift this Christmas.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Neil Ashley Hickman
I'm a start up django/python developer thats just trying to get on in life.
Productivity is never an accident. It is always the result of a commitment to excellence, intelligent planning, and focused effort
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text:
Not a plugin for the faint of heart for sure (it has no UI and is "all code"), because you've got to know your way around coding things in WP pretty well to get it to work for you. But once you do, this little gem will make adding strong features to your site very simple.
In my case, I needed to add a few extra meta data items to my users. I didn't want to use a plugin "suite" of meta addons because I only needed one or two elements. With Custom Metadata Manager I was able to only add the items I needed, and do so in a very "official" WP feeling sort of way. By that I mean the coding and the functions mesh nicely with WP and make it feel like a system component, not a plugin.
Saves hours of development time.
After adding the call below to an action_menu hook it just worked:
x_add_metadata_field( 'my_new_id', 'user', array('label' => 'my_new_id', 'display_column' => true) );
An admin could then set and maintain the new field in the normal way (select [Users -> All Users] ...).
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
Werder Bremen coach Thomas Schaaf (Reuters)
Werder Bremen have sacked the closest thing German football has to Sir Alex Ferguson – their coach Thomas Schaaf.
While Ferguson has spent 26 years at Old Trafford Schaff's has been at Bremen for an amazing 41 years – although only the last 14 of those as a manager.
Schaaf truly is a one-club man, playing for the club as a youth before joining the professional ranks in 1978. The defender was assistant manager while still a player, retiring in 1995.
He took over as the manager of the second team that same year, before being given the permanent job in 1999.
Werder won the double under his stewardship in 2003-4, and won the German Cup three times and League Cup once under his tenure.
But their fortunes have declined after a run of five straight appearances in the Champions League last decade, and this season the club lie a disappointing 14th with one match remaining in the Bundesliga.
"I had an outstanding time with Werder," said Schaaf, "connected to many positive experiences and great successes. I want to say thank you to all, who joined and supported me on my way. I wish Werder Bremen all the best for the future."
Sporting Director Thomas Eichin paid tribute to his service to the club, saying he defined Werder Bremen:
"As announced, we've analysed our sporting development and came to the conclusion, that we'd like to start off new," Eichin said.
"Thanks to Thomas, for everything he did in more than 40 years as member of Werder Bremen as player and coach. The club celebrated its biggest victories with him. He defined Werder."
Schaaf, 52, will be replaced by assistants Wolfgang Rolff and Matthias Honerbach for the last two weeks of the season.
Schaaf and Ferguson have nothing on Jimmy Davis though – the manager of Waterloo Dock AFC, who play in the Liverpool County Premier League league. Davis has just announced that he is stepping down after 50 years in charge.
Read his story here: The man who outlasted Fergie: Britain's longest-serving manager retiring after 50 years
- Sports & Recreation
- Soccer
- Werder Bremen
- Sir Alex Ferguson


text:
let's exploreWhite Water Challenge
Athabasca Falls Canyon Run
Class 2+
This trip starts at the base of Athabasca Falls and plunges through numerous rapids with high canyon walls on each side. After the canyon stretch, rafters enjoy the wide open views of the scenic Athabasca Valley to our take out.
Round trip time: 3.5 hours from Jasper
Daily departures: 9:30am and 1:30pm
Pricing: Adults $84 +GST; Kids (5-14) $42 +GST
Sunwapta River
Class 3
'Sunwapta' is the Stoney Indian term for 'turbulent river' and this river lives up to its name. With a steep gradient and numerous rapids this is Jasper's wild water rollercoaster ride. The only class 3 located fully within Jasper National Park it offers spectacular scenery and good wildlife opportunities. Don't miss the high water mid-June to late July!
This trip does not require any previous experience and is suited for physically active individuals who weigh 90 lbs (41 kgs) or more and are looking for an exhilarating ride.
Round trip time: 4 hours from Jasper
Daily departures: 9:30am and 1:30pm
Pricing: $94.00 per person


text:
Tana French worked as an actress before she started writing, at age 33, and she inhabits her characters with such ease that one feels genuine regret that they aren't available to, say, grab a pint at the local pub while trading South Park quips and riffing on the kind of over-groomed women who never buy their round. Her debut novel, Into the Woods, was a police procedural about two cops earning their sea legs in the Dublin Murder Squad, but the relationship between Rob Ryan and his partner, Cassie Maddox, was so finely drawn that it could have just as well been simply about the difficulties of platonic friendships between men and women. And yet French deposited not one but two tantalizingly suspenseful mysteries at the core of the novel — and then had the audacity to leave the most spectacular of the two unanswered at novel's end. What nerve it took, then, to begin The Likeness somewhere else entirely. While Rob narrated the first novel, the voice in this novel belongs solely to Cassie. She is lured back to undercover work when a body shows up that is her exact likeness. Her old boss, Frank, convinces her to impersonate the dead woman in her former life. Once there, however, Cassie becomes so charmed by her new life as a graduate student in literature that she nearly forgets her purpose is to find a killer. French meticulously builds suspense in the most natural, harrowing way — her characters are so perfectly built that one feels capable of analyzing them and second-guessing them as one would do with friends. Cassie is so well articulated, in fact, that one can imagine a second mystery hovering like some phantom scrim that she is too close to see. If it's there, French is wise enough not to tip her hand; her books work most perfectly in the empty spaces between.
Editors: James Mustich and Bill Tipper
Associate Editor: Nick Curley
Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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About the Writer
Amy Benfer
Amy Benfer has worked as an editor and staff writer at Salon, Legal Affairs, and Paper magazine. Her reviews and features on books have appeared in Salon, The San Francisco Chronicle Book Review, The Believer, Kirkus Reviews, and The New York Times Book Review.


text: Patrick BarbadosThe Craggy, Untamed Beauty of North Barbados The Craggy, Untamed Beauty of North BarbadosYour Monthly Moment of Zen.Last updated by Patrick Bennett on 10/05/2012.Relatedoceanvideowaveszen http://rumshopryan.com/ RumShopRyanVery cool. Thanks for sharing. Cheers! CherylAbsolutely gorgeous! Download our favorite Caribbean wallpapers now. Plus get deals and articles delivered right to your inbox. Email Address


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text:
EarthLink Holdings Corp. (ELNK)
Industry: Technology
Community Rating:
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EarthLink, Inc. (ELNK)
Q3 2012 Earnings Call
October 30, 2012 8:30 AM ET
Louis Alterman – VP, Finance
Rolla Huff – Chairman and CEO
Joe Wetzel – President and COO
Brad Ferguson – EVP and CFO
Mark Kelleher – Dougherty & Company
Barry McCarver – Stephens Inc
Mike Crawford – B Riley & Co
Donna Jaegers – DA Davidson
Previous Statements by ELNK
» EarthLink Management Discusses Q2 2012 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
» EarthLink CEO Discusses Q3 2010 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
» EarthLink, Inc Q2 2010 Earnings Conference Call Transcript
I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Louis Alterman, Vice President of Finance for EarthLink. Please go ahead, sir.
Louis Alterman
Thanks, and welcome to our call. During today's call, we will refer to earnings slides that are available for you to view in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.earthlink.net. Following our comments, there will be an opportunity for questions.
Before we continue, I would like to point out that certain statements contained in our earnings release and on this conference call are forward-looking statements rather than historical facts that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described.
With respect to such forward-looking statements, the company seeks the protections afforded by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These risks include a variety of factors, including competitive developments and risk factors listed in the company's SEC reports and public releases. Those lists are intended to identify certain principal factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements, but are not intended to represent a complete list of all risks and uncertainties inherent to the company's business.
In an effort to provide useful information to investors, our comments today also include non-GAAP financial measures. For details on these measures, including why we use them and a reconciliation of the most comparable GAAP measures, please refer to our earnings release and Form 8-K that has been furnished at SEC, both of which are available on our website earthlink.net.
After Rolla's comments, Joe Wetzel, our President and Chief Operating Officer will provide an integration update; and Brad Ferguson, our Chief Financial Officer will discuss the quarter's financial results.
Now, I would like to hand things off to Rolla Huff, our Chairman and CEO.
Rolla Huff
Thanks, Louis, and thanks to everyone who is joining us this morning. We know a significant number of people who tune into these calls, live in the Northeast and have been affected by Hurricane Sandy. We just want to express that to all of you that you are on our thoughts and we hope that everyone in your families are out of harm's way. If you could not tune into this live and are reading a transcript or listening to the replay, please don't hesitate to reach out after the fact to us with your questions.
In the third quarter, we continued our company's transformation into being a nationwide provider of IT services for the midmarket business customer. While our transformation began less than two years ago, I think we've made substantial progress. I have to tell you I've never been more convinced that the need for IT services is rapidly emerging in this marketplace. Customers of all sizes are realizing the opportunity, and in fact the requirement to leverage the power of cloud based services. The need for IT organizations to become more cost-effective while increasing information security and optimizing application performance in an increasingly distributed and mobile world is growing every day. So I have no doubt this is the right opportunity for EarthLink to be pursuing.
The fiber networks that we have acquired have given us an important core foundation on which to build our IT services platform. The IT service companies we acquired have given us the ability to more quickly get products into this marketplace. And of course our base of 150,000 business customers has given us a better understanding of what drives propensity to buy.
Today, as shown on slide two, we announced the next step in the evolution of our IP network and our cloud services platform. We will invest $45 million over the next four quarters to increase the capacity of our core IP network, as well as make our next generation cloud architecture more ubiquitous with superior, underlying performance capabilities. We will expand our application management suite of services, which include hosting, networking, security and support in our existing data center in Rochester, New York, with completion in Q1 of next year.
We will extend these services into four new data centers in San Jose, Chicago, Dallas, and South Florida with completion in Q3 – by the end of Q3 next year. The data center rollouts we discussed at our Investor Day in June are included in this plan, although we have significantly expanded the scope of what we're building with our new second-generation architecture in five locations, with an enhanced, underlying IP infrastructure.
In addition, we'll now be able to offer collocation as a component of an IT solution bundle in the four new data centers. We have recognized the need to give customers a path to leveraging our cloud-based services without having to make the decision to go completely virtual in one step.
Read the rest of this transcript for free on seekingalpha.com


text:
Is it frightening or delicious?
23 Oct 2007
This picture in first view looked horrible, but its taste value can't be ignored. Do you know, how to prepare this Finger cookies?
Pic Source :http://incredimazing.com/page/Finger_Cookies
Rate This
19 Comments
10/23/2007 - 11:50
Nice a Halloween Treat !! The Tortilla Guy
10/23/2007 - 15:54
This surely makes a great halloween treat. The pic gives me the creeps!!!
10/24/2007 - 14:31
Do you have the recipe? Warmly, Lizzie Marie Cuisine feeding body & soul
11/07/2007 - 03:21
http://www.ifood.tv/blog/spooktacular_goblin_knuckle_cookies Great Doreen, you made it by urself, you was very close to the picture I have posted. Keep your passion alive !!!!!!!!! Keep updated
10/13/2011 - 01:09
Finger lickin', i guess i wont be biting my nails
10/13/2011 - 01:27
These spooky fingers are sooo scary.... i don't have the courage to eat them...
10/13/2011 - 02:28
Sorry I don't find it delicious, at all... I am not going to try it ever in my life...!!!
10/13/2011 - 02:50
If you have the recipe, pls post it. Can't wait to try the cookies.
10/13/2011 - 06:10
It looks so weird!
10/13/2011 - 06:10
This is definitely frighteningly delicious!!!
10/13/2011 - 06:23
Wow!! these fingers are spooky and seem delicious too. Can't decide whether spooky or delicious..
10/13/2011 - 11:20
Would never attempt to eat them. Too spooky for words!
10/13/2011 - 12:32
definitely frightening... doubt if i wanna try this one
10/13/2011 - 13:04
They look super cool! Im gonna try those for sure, wonder if the shapes come out right!
10/13/2011 - 13:07
this is a must try
10/13/2011 - 13:20
They look so real..im sure its going to scare the kids at the first glance.
10/13/2011 - 15:15
They look so real.
10/13/2011 - 16:14
Definitely frightening to see!!
10/13/2011 - 17:03
I think some red paint ( or red color jam) on the nails would make it frightening...lol
Is It Frightening Or Delicious?


text:
Data.com: Steve James
Job: Business Development Manager; City: Mc Lean; Company: EMC Corporation
Data.com: Steve James
Job: Business Manager; City: Columbiana; Company: Columbiana Chrysler Jeep Dodge
Data.com: Steve James
Job: Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Business Development; City: Louisville; Company: Mortenson Family Dental
Data.com: Steve James
Job: Executive Director, MBA Program, IH Asper Sch of Business; City: Winnipeg; Company: University of Manitoba
LinkedIn: Steve James | LinkedIn
View Steve James' professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like Steve James discover inside ...
LinkedIn: Steve James | LinkedIn
View Steve James's professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like Steve James discover inside ...
LinkedIn: steve james | LinkedIn
View steve james's (Hong Kong) professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like steve james discover ...
Twitter Profile: steve james (financeshop1)
Location: Suffolk / one of the East Coasts largest Independent Financial Advisers. Now celebrating 21 years of local professional advice to people & businesses
Steve James | The California Milk Processor Board | ZoomInfo.com
Find business contact information for Steve James, Executive Director, The California Milk Processor Board and see work history, affiliations and more.
Steve James | Kenya Relief | ZoomInfo.com
Find business contact information for Steve James, Chief Executive Officer and Founder, Kenya Relief and see work history, affiliations and more.
Steve James Communications Design
Steve James •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Communications Design. Business to Business | Retail | Private Label
University of Manitoba - Asper School of Business - Steve James
Background: Steve James is the Executive Coordinator, Aerospace Programmes for the Faculty of Graduate Studies. His education includes Certified ...
Steve James: Importance of a minimum wage
Award-winning filmmaker Steve James looks at raising the minimum wage and how businesses and employees have responded to Seattle's coming $15/hour ...
US Steel profit beats Street view, stock soars
31.07.2012 [Reuters] - For its tubular business, U.S. Steel forecast third-quarter results in line with the second quarter, with shipments expected to be lower as end-users adjust their drilling schedules. (Reporting by Steve James; Editing by Gerald E. McCormick, Lisa Von
How should Long Beach budget be cut? Critics say percentage ...
29.07.2012 [Long Beach Press-Telegram] - Long Beach Police Officers Association President Steve James said that after five years of serious police downsizing, proportionate share is less an exercise in efficiency than one in reduction in services. Using the business analogy, James said that
The Big Picture: 'Pelotero' reveals messy business of Dominican ball
10.07.2012 [Los Angeles Times] - Like Jonathan Hock's "The Best that Never Was" and Steve James'"Hoop Dreams" before it, the film offers a sobering respite from all the celebrity worship about our sports heroes that we get day in and day out on our TV screens. For years, the Dominican
Alcoa sees strong aluminum demand
10.07.2012 [Reuters] - People leave the Alcoa Business Services Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 13, 2007. Credit: Reuters/Jason Cohn. By Matt Daily and Steve James. NEW YORK | Mon Jul 9, 2012 7:53pm EDT. NEW YORK (Reuters) - Alcoa Inc's quarterly revenue
Google Groups: DO YOU HAVE OR NEED AS400/SYNON SKILLS ????
15.08.1996: ... please do not hesitate to contact our AS400 Business Unit Manager, Steve
American Ninja 2: The Confrontation (1987)
09.10.2012 - all business tone because Steve James is having enough fun for both of them! Steve really makes the most of his
Scarecrows in Moggerhanger
28.07.2012 [Biggleswade Today] - The best business or organisation scarecrow went to Steve James Hair for Morag Ghenger the high diver. Lastly, a spectators' favourite category was awarded after voting slips were returned by those who had purchased a festival guide. The spectators'
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The ISSO Advisory Staff
ISSO staff assist international students and scholars with their questions about regulatory and immigration document issues and University policies and practices as they pertain to immigration status.
Visiting Scholar and Scientist Program
Acting on behalf of the Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, the ISSO administers the designation of visiting scholars and scientists and provides services supporting and promoting international educational exchange.
Immigration and Document Service
The ISSO staff administers immigration services for Columbia University's international students and faculty, researchers, and visiting scholars in obtaining and maintaining their appropriate immigration status. The ISSO monitors regulations affecting relevant immigration classifications and broadcasts timely alerts and updates to students through the ISSOnews listserv and targeted messages. Detailed information on immigration procedures and benefits is available at the ISSO and maintained on the ISSO Web at www.columbia.edu/cu/isso.
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The ISSO provides an immigration information session to new students as part of their school or department's new student orientation program. Orientation sessions are provided throughout the academic year for J-1 visiting scholars and faculty.
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to the ISSO from Main Campus (116th and Broadway):
Head north on Broadway and turn left onto 122nd Street. Continue for 2 blocks and then turn right onto Riverside Drive at Sakura Park. We are on the first floor of International House North, the second building after Sakura Park. There is a blue ISSO banner in front of the building. Google map and directions from the Main Campus to the ISSO
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Milton Centre for the Arts
1010 Main Street E., Milton ON
Three days of great local, Canadian, and International films . . .
right around the corner.
We would like to thank you, our audience, for supporting the Milton Film Festival and turning this into another record-breaking year. And a BIG shout-out to our amazing team of volunteers who worked so hard to make it such a wonderful experience for everyone.
See you in 2017!
And the winner is...
We are very proud to announce the first ever winner of the
KKP Audience Choice Award for Best Short Film:
OLENAby Jorge Victoria
Congratulations Jorge!
Want a wonderful keepsake of this year's Milton Film Festival? We have about a dozen of our gorgeous mugs left for sale. Just $12.00 including HST and delivery within urban Milton. Get yours before they're gone!
We are proud to acknowledge the support of the Milton Community Fund.
Become a VIP!
Want to support the Milton Film Festival AND get tickets to all our films, special reserved seating, discounts at local businesses, and exclusive access to our special guests at a swanky private reception? For not much more than you'd pay for a weekend pass, you can have all this and more as a member of our new VIP Club.
We're only selling a limited number of memberships, so be sure to sign up soon!
The Milton Film Festival gratefully acknowledges our partnership with Film Circuit, presented by TIFF, and its sponsors and supporters. For more information about Film Circuit and to view a full list of their sponsors and supporters, please visit tiff.net/filmcircuit.


text:
SEOUL, Aug. 5 (Yonhap) -- The South Korean Navy's anti-piracy unit in Somalia has rescued 11 foreign sailors who were drifting near the Gulf of Aden, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) here said Monday.
The sailors were rescued by the Korean troops at around 3:40 p.m. on Sunday (local time) off the coast of Somalia, while drifting on a lifeboat for five days, the JCS said.
The sailors -- eight Indians, two Yemenis and one Nepalese -- had abandoned their ship after it had caught fire at sea, it said.
After rescuing them from the lifeboat, the Korean soldiers provided them with emergency medical aid as well as food and clothing, it said.
The Cheonghae Unit has been deployed in the Gulf of Aden since early 2009 as part of a global effort to tackle piracy in the region.
The 300-strong contingent is tasked with protecting South Korean vessels off the Somalian coast and providing support to ships of other nations in nearby waters.
<All rights reserved by Yonhap News Agency>


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|SUMMARY: If you've ever wondered how much publishers are making by syndicating their content, click on the link below. 154 publishers and 37 syndicators (such as ScreamingMedia) revealed all in this June survey -- including revenue figures and what they secretly loathe about each other. (It's highly instructive, and just plain fun to read the complaints!) This exclusive report is about eight pages long, so you may want to print it out before you read it.
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Craig L Russell <Craig.Russ...@Sun.COM>
|Negative VOTE: Minor tweak to new JDOHelper
|Thu, 14 Dec 2006 21:36:41 GMT
Javadogs, I'd like to tweak the JDOHelper constructor idea to add a static JDOHelper getInstance() method that would return a thread-safe instance of the JDOHelper class. Just to support a common pattern that is suggested by the addition of the constructor itself. There are no issues that I know of since this class is part of the distributed api2 package already. The RI doesn't need to worry about it. Craig Craig Russell Architect, Sun Java Enterprise System http://java.sun.com/products/jdo 408 276-5638 mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com P.S. A good JDO? O, Gasp!
|View raw message


text:
200 next year.
Me thinks you know not what you are speaking about. The PPS is sub $96, not 108+ check again.
I don't understand how this trading works. It gave a good results. how come it is down like $10. stupid people who is selling this.
Some people are just stupid. Days ago, this stock already had over 18 million shares shorted. Forward P/E is now only about 20. Many billion of cash. Revenue growing at 18%. In the end, this stock always comes back up.
The market is punishing high flyers of the year unless they crush the numbers. Tech in general is being taken to the woodshed this morning. ONce they stop the punishment realty will set in and VMW should start a comeback.
It's "sell" the news time. Give it the rest of the week. It will be back over $100 in 10 days.


text:
Expression no mystery for some
Published: Thursday, January 9, 2003 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, January 9, 2003 at 12:00 a.m.
To The Editor: I was amused to no end to read the letter to the editor concerning the origin of the expression "a tinker's dam."
Had the writer of the letter attended public school in Boston, he would have become acquainted with this bit of trivia in elementary school.
Sylvia B. MeyerHendersonville
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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All hotels in Manning, South Carolina, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
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See all 22 Hotels.com reviews
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From 53 reviews
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13 Sep 2010:
Deep in Ecuador's Rainforest,
A Plan to Forego an Oil Bonanza
Ecuador's Yasuni National Park is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth and is home to remote Indian tribes. It also sits atop a billion barrels of oil. Now, Ecuador and the United Nations are forging an ambitious plan to walk away from drilling in the park in exchange for payments from the international community.
by kelly hearn
Hunched in the back of a pickup truck speeding down an oil road near the western border of Ecuador's Yasuni National Park, Juan Carlos Acacho — a short, wiry Shuar Indian — says he's never heard of email or the Internet. But the father of six, who supports his family on a small jungle farm plot, has heard that oil companies want to drill in Yasuni, and that the government has been resisting them — a move he applauds.
"But the oil companies always do what they want," he said, smiling and shaking his head.
The question facing Ecuador now is: Will the oil industry have its way in Yasuni?
From an airplane, the Yasuni National Park is a sea of jungle green, a 4,000-square-mile rainforest wilderness where the Andes Mountains, the Amazon basin, and the equator meet. Created in 1979, the park overlaps ancestral lands of the Waorani Indians and is inhabited by two groups of natives living in isolation. According to
a 2010 study
in the journal
PLoS One
, an average upland hectare in Yasuni contains 655 species of trees (more than the United States and Canada combined) and 100,000 species of insects. One section of the park held at least 200 species of mammals, 247 amphibian and reptile species, and 550 species of birds, making the park one of the most biodiverse places on Earth.
Photo by Kelly Hearn
Yasuni National Park is rich in plant and animal species.
"Yasuni is at the center of the richest zone in the Western Hemisphere," said Matt Finer, one of the authors of the
PLoS One
study. "It's the only area where the diversity of four key groups — amphibians, birds, mammals, and vascular plants — all reach their maximum levels."
In addition to its remarkable biodiversity, Yasuni sits atop a fortune of oil, making the park an emblem of a development crisis bearing down on the entire western headwaters of the Amazon basin. In addition to oil and gas activity, the region's forests are being besieged by illegal logging, biofuels agriculture, and an influx of colonists. But the remote northeastern corner of Yasuni near the Peruvian border has attracted the most attention because Ecuador's largest untapped oil reserves — nearly a billion barrels — lie below it.
In 2007, the Ecuadorian government proposed a way out of the green versus black dilemma: It would forego drilling in the pristine swath of the Amazon in exchange for payments from the international community. For more than two years, the idea seemed to languish. But on Aug. 3, Ecuador and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) signed an historic trust agreement for managing financial contributions from donors, a hard-won prerequisite for collecting pledges to pay Ecuador for foregoing the revenues it would have received from opening Yasuni to oil drilling.
Many questions remain about whether Ecuador can convince the world to pay it to keep "oil in the soil." But the August agreement has the potential to become a paradigm for global rainforest conservation programs known as REDD, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.
"Nothing like this has ever been signed before," said Finer, a biologist with the U.S.-based group Save America's Forests, who says that any oil drilled in Yasuni would likely be sold on U.S. markets.
Esperanza Martinez, an Ecuadorian activist credited with first envisioning the Yasuni initiative, told
Yale Environment 360
that the signing was a "momentous occasion," adding, "Failure to sign the trust probably would have meant an accelerated invasion of oil in the Yasuní."
The Yasuni Initiative
Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, unveiled the Yasuni initiative three years ago, proposing to forego drilling forever in a region known as ITT — which stands for the oil fields of Ishpingo, Tambococha, and Tiputini — if the international community would pay his country half of what it would otherwise get from drilling: an estimated $3.6 billon over 13 years. Along the way, the UNDP said it would oversee a trust fund for the project in order to calm jittery contributors concerned about future Ecuadorian governments reneging.
A socialist who came to power with the help of the country's social and environmental justice groups, Correa gained political points when he announced that Ecuador was prepared to take a financial hit in order to save the Amazon and steer trust money to alternative energy, sustainable development, and health projects, as well as to programs to protect two isolated tribes in Yasuni, the Taromenane and Tagaeri.
Observers say that Correa has put himself in a win-win situation. If the plan works, he earns domestic political credibility because of growing support within Ecuador for protecting Yasuni. Internationally, he can burnish Ecuador's growing green image. "Ecuador genuinely thinks that it can be a green pioneer by showing the rest of the world how one can build an economy while protecting the environment," said Remi Moncel of the World Resources Institute (WRI). "In fact, as is the case with the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador may benefit from ecotourism, one of the economic benefits of protecting nature and advertising such protective actions to the rest of the world."
If the plan fails, Correa gets to drill in the ITT while saying that he tried to save it.
The scheme would not only help shift Ecuador's economy away from oil, it would keep 470 million tons of carbon dioxide in the ground. Now, all eyes are on "the little country with a big plan," as Ecuadorian officials travel to the United States, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Norway, Spain, Italy, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, and Lebanon to seek contributions in the coming months. The immediate goal: to raise $100 million in 18 months.
Isolated Rainforest Tribes
The sprawling Yasuni jungle is made up of moist forests cut by slow, brown rivers; looming trees flanked by buttress roots the size of small cars; giant butterflies; exotic insects; and the ear-popping caws of toucans stirred up by monkeys. Natives who only recently came into contact with the modern world — the Shuar, Waorani, and Kichwa — slip along silent jungle paths with shotguns or bows. Barefoot, they wear western-style clothes as they hunt spider monkeys and rodents in the dense underbrush. Deeper still, hiding in rainforest isolation but increasingly hemmed in by outsiders looking for oil or timber, are the uncontacted Taromenane and Tagaeri, a handful of nomadic family clans living in elongated, windowless huts, ardently rebuffing contact with modernity.
Getty Images
Ecuadorean Waorani natives in Yasuni only recently came into contact with the modern world.
But more and more, the Yasuni is under assault. Several years ago, the Ecuadorian government set out to limit illegal logging and colonization in Yasuni National Park by building a checkpoint on the one-lane ramshackle bridge where the Via Auca oil road crosses the chocolate brown Shiripuno River as it flows through Waorani territory into Yasuni proper. Today, young soldiers can be seen whiling away the hours in a small concrete building listening to soccer matches on the radio and flirting with local girls.
Maria Castro said she knew that the government wanted to keep oil companies out of some places in Yasuni, but that she had never heard of the ITT initiative. "People think the oil companies are the ones that are going to destroy Yasuni," said Castro, a diminutive Waorani woman in jeans and a bright green halter top. "But it is the loggers and the colonists who do the most damage." Skeptically, she nodded to the soldiers at the checkpoint. "They say they are stopping them but I don't believe it." Castro said that some Waorani natives wanted oil development, but others were frightened of its fallout: pollution, an influx of outsiders, and alcohol problems.
For the bulk of everyday Ecuadorians living in the country's grindingly impoverished eastern Amazonian lands, the Yasuni-ITT initiative means little. "I know the oil companies fight with the government, but that is it," said Marco Rodriguez a street vendor in El Coca, a chaotic jungle town in eastern Ecuador where trucks lumber across a bridge over the Napo River carrying illegally harvested timber from Yasuni. "People are too busy trying to live."
Castro said she doubts the plan will work because the government in Quito, the capital, can't be trusted to do what it says. "They can't even stop people from cutting the timber or selling animals from the jungle," she said. Others agree. Kelly Swing, a researcher at Ecuador's University of San Francisco in Quito, said that the world lacks confidence in Ecuador, with its history of political instability. "The plan sounds great," said Swing, "but I think lots of people simply don't trust that the government will be able to uphold its part of the bargain."
Others, however, see the UN's involvement in overseeing the fund as a key to success. And success means achieving three goals, explained Carlos Larrea, a professor at the Andean University Simon Bolivar in Quito and the technical director of the initiative. "We are mitigating global warming, preserving biodiversity in one of the most important hot spots on the planet, and mitigating poverty by creating sustainable employment," he said.
How would the Yasuni iniatiative work? Contributions to the fund would come from countries, international organizations, businesses, and individuals. Capital investments would be made in renewable energy projects while the interest earned from those projects would underwrite a separate fund dedicated to reforestation and energy efficiency projects, as well as investments in social programs and science and technology. The fund will give contributors Certificates of Guarantee (CGY) ensuring that "the crude stays, in an indefinite manner, below ground." The CGYs will be returned at full value if the Ecuadorian government ever opens ITT to drilling. The funds generated by the initiatives will be invested throughout Ecuadorian society, though there are no details yet about which organizations would receive the money.
MORE FROM YALE e360
In the Battle to Save Forests,
Activists Target Corporations
Large corporations, not small-scale farmers, are now the major forces behind the destruction of the world's tropical forests. From the Amazon to Madagascar, activists have been directing their actions at these companies — so far with limited success.
"This plan has the goal of creating a new model by making the country less dependent on revenues from fossil fuels and protecting Ecuador's most precious natural assets" said Moncel of WRI. "This is a good example of low-carbon development, where economic growth is pursued hand-in-hand with environmental protection."
Trust payments from the Yasuni initiative are designed to support reforestation and forest preservation programs even outside the boundaries of the park, potentially involving 5 million hectares across Ecuador — nearly 20 percent of the country. Larrea said that the Yasuni model could be a good one for a host of developing countries — such as Peru, Papua New Guinea, and the Republic of Congo — that have high biological diversity and reserves of fossil fuels in environmentally sensitive areas.
Many Ecuadorians are proud that their government is pushing back against global oil companies. Ecuador is home to what may be the world's largest environmental lawsuit, one pitting 30,000 Cofan natives against Chevron for environmentally injurious practices committed by its predecessor company, Texaco. Said Pamela Martin, a former Fulbright Scholar and political scientist at Coastal Carolina University in South Carolina who has worked in Yasuni since 2006, "Many involved in the Texaco situation have said '
nunca mas
' [no more] and have supported the Yasuní initiative because of what they've learned in their multiple-decade battle with Texaco and Chevron."
POSTED ON 13 Sep 2010 IN
Business & Innovation
Science & Technology
Central & South America
North America
Thank you for your article, part of the succes of these plan will depend on how much of the international community is informed and involved. Although the Ecuador government has all my support on the project, because their initiatives are based on true precepts, we still need global watch to this project. This is NOT only an ecuadorian deal, this a global deal, and everyone should feel part of it, and everyone should have a saying on it. We, as ecuadorians, have the main responsability to make this work, but its up to to you (the world) to make it sustainable, succesful, and as a big startup plan for reporoducing in similar places around the world.
Everyone! be involved! listen to the ecuadorian vicepresident on sept 27th in the UN, and keep using any means to give comments about this.
Posted by Mateo Espinosa on 13 Sep 2010
Kelly Hearn has written a superb and absolutely accurate article.
I made a film ("Dream People of the Amazon") about a group of indigenous people, the Achuar,
who live very near to Yasuní National Park. The Achuar too have oil under their pristine rain forest. But for almost twenty years, they have been able to keep the oil companies out.
"Dream People" reveals how the Achuar have done this.
Here's a link to the film: http://www.larrylansburgh.com/index.php?id=16
Posted by Larry Lansburgh on 13 Sep 2010
Thanks, Kelly, for covering this extremely important story. I've been going to the Ecuadorian Amazon for the past five years, living with the Waorani in Yasuni Man Biosphere Reserve. I'm currently raising financing to complete a documentary film, "Yasuni Man," which will explore the issue in depth.
Check us out at: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/2065152563
Folks can see some of my previous films here:
Posted by Ryan Killackey on 13 Sep 2010
This is a very important article by Kelly. I hope this will function as eye opener for those who are being invaded by oil companies for making millions of dollars. If we can succeed in keeping away the oil companies we may succeed in delaying the adverse impacts of climate change globally. I wish all the best to Kelly and hope others especially in the western world would be encouraged to under take similar steps.
Posted by Junaid Choudhury MF Yale 1982 on 16 Sep 2010
Ecuador ROCKS!
Posted by Illiana Roesso on 27 Oct 2011
Comments have been closed on this feature.
Kelly Hearn
has written on national security and diplomacy as a staff writer for
The Washington Times
. His investigative reporting has been funded by The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, The Nation Institute, and the North American Congress on Latin America. His articles have appeared in
The Washington Post
The Nation
National Geographic News
The Christian Science Monitor
The Virginia Quarterly Review
. He received research support for reporting this article from The Nation Institute and the Puffin Foundation Investigative Fund.
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super smash bros end of march! + budikai 2
SSX Blur, comes out end of march here.
super smash bros end of march! + budikai 2
someone's dreaming ^^
It's painful, but for SSBB you'll have to be patient
feel free to add me to your Wii, but don't forget to PM mehow about some rep for good postsThe search function is your friend. Do not ignore your friends. They get cancer and die and it is your fault.
prince of persia and GODFATHER!
Smoke two blunts then I smoke one more, go to the store then I buy five more.
Guitar Hero 3 Friend Code: 1719-1351-3665 PM me if u add me
SSBB Friend Code: 3909-7219-4799 PM if u add
Prince of Persia
Find a desert or forest, put on your head-gear and stomp!
Sonic and the Secret Rings, if you dont already have it! =] =] =]
WiiChat Forum Moderator
Need help with anything, PM me.
We remain unwritten through history
no x will mark us on the map
but in books of pros and poetry
you loved me once in a paragraph.
SteamID: WaywardWaterGod
For any Pokemon games, PM me.
SSX Blur!!!!
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Medal of Honor, it looks great... and tiger woods!
Mario Strikers Charged Code 034466 539783
If you add me, let me know and i will add u..
Spoiler Alert!Yankees rock! and so does the Wii!
So is it confirmed that online games will be making their debut on Wii this month? How many games will be online?


text:
, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp 39-45
First online:
Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?
- Anna-Karin Borg-KarlsonAffiliated withDepartment of Organic Chemistry, The Royal Institute of TechnologyEcological Research Station of Uppsala University
- , Inga GrothAffiliated withDepartment of Chemical Ecology, Gothenburg UniversityEcological Research Station of Uppsala University
- , Lennart ÅgrenAffiliated withEcological Research Station of Uppsala University
- , Bertil KullenbergAffiliated withEcological Research Station of Uppsala University
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Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C11–C19), methyl esters (C14–C18), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C6–C12), and monoterpene alcohols (C10).
Key wordspollination semiochemicals attractants aliphatic alcohols aliphatic hydrocarbons aliphatic methyl esters linalool Hymenoptera Aculeata Andrena Argogorytes Orchidaceae Ophrys Osmia
Reference tools
- Title
- Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?
- Journal
Volume 4, Issue 1 , pp 39-45
- Cover Date
- 1993-03
- Print ISSN
- 0937-7409
- Online ISSN
- 1423-0445
- Publisher
- Birkhäuser-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- pollination
- semiochemicals
- attractants
- aliphatic alcohols
- aliphatic hydrocarbons
- aliphatic methyl esters
- linalool
- Hymenoptera Aculeata
- Andrena
- Argogorytes
- Orchidaceae
- Ophrys
- Osmia
- Authors
- Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson (1) (2)
- Inga Groth (2) (3)
- Lennart Ågren (2)
- Bertil Kullenberg (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Organic Chemistry, The Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- 2. Ecological Research Station of Uppsala University, Ölands Skogsby 6280, S-386 93, Färjestaden, Sweden
- 3. Department of Chemical Ecology, Gothenburg University, Reutersgatan 2c, S-413 20, Göteborg, Sweden