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2010 Lipid Oxidation and Quality
LOQ 1: Stability of Omega-3/Omega-6 Lipids in Emulsions and Microemulsions
Chair(s): C. Jacobsen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; and S.J. Yoo, Martek Biosciences Corp., USA
Lipophilized Phenolics as Antioxidants in Fish Oil Enriched Food Systems. A.-D.M. Sørensen, N.S. Nielsen, C. Jacobsen, DTU Food, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Food products containing long chain omega-3 PUFA are highly susceptible to oxidation, which causes undesirable flavors and loss of health beneficial fatty acids. Many omega-3 enriched food products on the market are oil-in-water emulsions. According to the so called ′′polar paradox′′, polar compounds work better as antioxidants in bulk oil, whereas lipophilic compounds are better antioxidants in emulsions. Phenolics have in general shown to posses antioxidative properties, which depend upon their structure i.e. number and location of –OH groups. However, many of these compounds are polar. Our hypothesis is that lipophilization of such polar phenolic compounds may improve their efficacy in fish oil enriched food systems.Our study aimed at evaluating rutin and dihydrocaffeic acid and their esters as antioxidants in o/w emulsion model system and milk enriched with fish oil. Moreover, the effect of the chain length of the fatty acid was investigated. The effect of the compounds was evaluated by determination of primary and secondary oxidation products. Further, these findings were combined with antioxidant assay and partitioning studies.Preliminary data showed that the lipophilization improve the antioxidative effect depending on the system, and that the chain length influenced the efficacy of the lipophilized compounds.
Stability of Food Emulsions Enriched with Stearidonic Acid (18:4, n-3). R.S. Wilkes1, D. Welsby2, 1Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, USA, 2Solae, St. Louis, MO, USA
Attempts to broaden the use of omega-3 oils in foods using conventional sources have been limited by the extreme oxidative instability of these oils in food applications. Stearidonic acid (SDA) is an omega-3 intermediate between α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Its relative stability against oxidation permits its incorporation into common foods without compromising flavour and shelf-life. The very large surface areas of droplets in the non-continuous phase of food emulsions present particular oxidative challenges to food formulators. This study presents data from food emulsions containing SDA-enriched soybean oil when compared to similar emulsions containing fish and algal oils. Models chosen for experimentation were salad dressings and mayonnaise representing w/o emulsions, and margarine spreads representing o/w emulsions. Results from sensory evaluations presented here show that SDA enriched soybean oil shows great promise as a readily metabolisable form of omega-3 fatty acid for use in these applications.
Micellar Catalysis in Lipid and Hydrocarbon Oxidation. O.T. Kasaikina, A.A. Golyavin, D.A. Krugovov, E.A. Mengele, Z.S. Kartasheva, L.M. Pisarenko, Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia
Cationic surfactants have been found to form mixed micelles together with amphiphilic hydroperoxides (ROOH) and catalyse decomposition of hydroperoxides and H2O2 into free radicals. By means of NMR, interphase surface tension measurement, dynamic light scattering binding of ROOH and surfactants was studied. The results obtained open new fields of cationic emulsifiers application such as: i) creation of binary catalytic nanoinitiators of free radicals being effective at mild temperatures; ii) creation of soft catalysts for liquid phase oxidation based on cationic surfactants and transient metals; iii) creation of nanocomposites by means of radical polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by colloid heterogeneous system hydroperoxide/nanodispersed filler being hydrophobizated with cationic surfactants. This effect gives a new sight on the mechanism of known bactericide properties of cationic surfactants as well.
Antioxidant Activity of a Synthesized Palmityl Ester of Carnosic Acid. A. Prasad, C. Hall III, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
The objective of this research was to increase the lipophilicity of carnosic acid by converting it into a fatty acid ester such as palmitic acid ester and to evaluate its antioxidant activity in emulsion type food system (e.g. corn oil emulsion). The route chosen for the derivitization of the carnosic acid involved conversion of carnosol via a ring opening leading to the formation of methyl 7-isopropyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-4a-carboxylate (1) . The ester group in 1 was reduced into alcohol using metal hydride reagents yielding (7-isopropyl-5, 6-dimethoxy-1, 1-dimethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a-10a-hexahydrophenanthren-4a) methanol (2). Esterification of 2 with palmitic acid under basic condition using suitable acylating reagent gave 7-isopropyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-4a-yl)methylpalmitate (3). Further reduction of double bond in 3 was accomplished by standard hydrogenation protocol to give7-isopropyl-5, 6-dimethoxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10a-octahydrophenanthren-4a-yl)methylpalmitate (4). On deprotection of methoxy group in 4 yields the desired derivative (5,6.-dihydroxy-7 isopropyl-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenthreb-4a-yl)methyl palmitate.
Effect of Emulsifiers and Physical Structure on Lipid Oxidation in Omega-3 Emulsions. A.F. Horn, N.S. Nielsen, C. Jacobsen, DTU Food, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
The body of evidence supporting health beneficial effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has increased over the last decades. Consequently, the interest in fish oil-enriched foods has also increased. However, addition of these highly unsaturated fatty acids to foods also adds the challenge of lipid oxidation. In order to limit lipid oxidation and the consecutive development of unpleasant off-flavours, the manner in which the fish oil is introduced to the food product should be carefully considered, e.g. an emulsion could be used as delivery system for the omega-3s. The aim of this study was therefore to compare lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water emulsions made by the use of different emulsifiers, i.e. sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, soy lecithin and two milk phospholipids. Results showed that emulsions made with phospholipid based emulsifiers oxidised more than neat oil, whereas emulsions made with protein based emulsifiers generally oxidised less than neat oil. The protective effect of proteins might be caused by several factors such as the physical structure of the interface and a possible metal chelating effect. Moreover, due to the much lower lipid content, the protein based emulsifiers, may be less susceptible to lipid oxidation compared to the phospholipid based.
Kinetics in Oxidation of Marine ω-3 Fatty Acids in Heterophasic Systems. I. Storrø1, R. Mozuraityte1, A. Carvajal1, V. Kristinová2, T. Rustad3, 1SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Trondheim, Norway, 2Brno Univ. of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic, 3Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Marine n-3 fatty are healthy but highly susceptible to oxidation. To reduce and control this oxidation, knowledge of the functions of antioxidants is crucial, but the effect of the pro-oxidants is also important and is often overlooked. To study the effect of pro- and anti- oxidants we have developed a simple system consisting of marine phospholipids as liposomes in a buffer, a pro-oxidant and if necessary an antioxidant. The rate of oxidation is measured by the consumption of dissolved oxygen and is continuously monitored, giving kinetic data for the oxidation.Kinetic data for the oxidation of n-3 fatty acids by the pro-oxidants ferric and ferrous ions and haemoglobin will be presented, as well as the data on the effect of the concentration of pro-oxidants, oxygen, lipids, selected chelators and ions in addition to some natural antioxidants. The conclusion from this study is that the effect of the antioxidant clearly depends upon the pro-oxidant active in the system. For example EDTA completely inhibits Fe-mediated oxidation, but has no effect on haemoglobin mediated oxidation. Caffeic acid acts as a strong pro-oxidant in Fe-mediated oxidation, but acts as antioxidant in the haemoglobin mediated oxidation. This study might cast some new light on the controversy of the effect of antioxidants.
Impact of Phospholipid Reverse Micelles on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Bulk Oil. B.C. Chen, D.J. McClements, E.A. Decker, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
The oxidation of lipid yields both primary and secondary oxidation compounds e.g. hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde( MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), et al, which produce undesirable biological effects. Inhibition or suppression the lipid oxidation in food matrices are of great crucial for human beings. Many studies demonstrated that lipid oxidation can vary strongly depending on the systems in which they have been stayed. Some indirect evidences demonstrate the highly possibility that oxidation in bulk oil occurs in the interface of the in situ association colloid in the bulk oil microenvironment. In order to fully understanding the oxidation in bulk oil, reverse micelle which might be one of the in situ association colloids in bulk oil have been formed by dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine(DOPC) which is the main phospholipids in bulk oil with stripped soybean oil (SSO). Interfacial tension and spectromicroscopy measurement showed the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DOPC in stripped soybean oil at room temperature is around 650 micro M. Besides, the physical properties of this novel reverse micelle were studied by Micro differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The fabrication and completely characterization of this structure will help better understanding lipid oxidation in bulk oil system.
LOQ 2: Specialty Antioxidants
Chair(s): F. Shahidi, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada; and J. Gerde, Iowa State University, USA
Novel Antioxidants in Food Preservation and Health. F. Shahidi, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
Antioxidants from natural sources are the focus of much attention not only for their efficacy in food preservation, but to a large extent for their beneficial health effects rendered by a variety of mechanisms beyond their traditional antioxidant potential. Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are amongst the most important group of antioxidants for natural resources from acting as free radical terminators. In this connection, hydrophilicity and lipophilicity (HC) of the compounds of interest, their balance (HLB), and hence their incorporation into different food systems or their reaching of cells and membrane sites is of utmost importance. This presentation discusses the importance of structural effects of phenolics and their modified counterparts and their HP effects in food preservation and in rendering health beneficial effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies.
Application of Natural Extracts in Margarines and Spreads. Namal Senanayake, Jerry Erdmann, Cathy Dorko, Danisco USA Inc, New Century, Kansas, USA
The use of natural extracts, such as those from rosemary and green tea, to combat oxidative rancidity is generating increased interest with consumer concerns over the use of synthetic antioxidants. Natural extracts are of importance because they have the advantage of being labeled as spices or natural flavors. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been reported to contain certain bioactive compounds including, carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmanol, rosmariquinone, and rosmaridiphenol, which may be as effective as synthetic antioxidants in various foods. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and its phenolic constituents (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin) are also reported to have antioxidant activity and have potential for use in several food products. The presentation will discuss the antioxidant activities of rosemary and green tea extracts, and their ability to extend the storage shelf life of various food products.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Phytosteryl Caffeates and their Antioxidant Activity. Z. Tan, F. Shahidi, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
Phytosterols have attracted much attention in recent years due to their health benefits. While most of the research has focused on the free phytosterols and phytosteryl esters of fatty acids, less research has explored phytosteryl esters of phenolic acids. Caffeic acid and its derivatives are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Although present in trace amounts, they possess a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-HIV properties, among others. A novel method was successfully developed for enzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl caffeates (PC) through an intermediate which was first chemically produced and subsequently esterified with phytosterols through alcoholysis with lipase as a catalyst and using a mixed solvent system. The structures of the PC were confirmed by infrared (IR) and HPLC-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity of PC was higher than that of the starting material and the intermediate in all assays employed including ORAC, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and β-carotene-linoleate model systems. The results indicated that they had a good potential to be used as food antioxidant. Research is progressing on evaluation of other biological activities of PC in order to shed light on their potential beneficial health effects.
Modified Tea Catechins in Oxidation Control. Y. Zhong, F. Shahidi, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea leaves, is known as a powerful antioxidant by inhibiting oxidative deterioration of foods and protecting against oxidative stress-mediated diseases. However, the antioxidant effectiveness of EGCG in liposoluble media is limited due to its hydrophilic nature, which also hinders its cellular absorption in vivo through the lipid membrane. Esterification of EGCG with long chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) provides a useful means to improve its lipophilicity and hence the bioactivities in certain environments. Moreover, the health beneficial omega-3 PUFA component may provide additional perspectives for food and health applications. Thus, ester derivatives of EGCG with stearic (SA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were synthesized. The antioxidant activity of EGCG esters was evaluated in food and biological model systems. Oxidation was inhibited to a greater extent by the esters than by EGCG in a β-carotene/linoleate emulsion and in cooked pork. All ester derivatives exhibited protective effects against LDL-cholesterol oxidation and DNA scission superior or similar to that of EGCG. These results suggest that the ester derivatives of EGCG may be used as potential lipophilic alternatives to EGCG for food and medicinal applications with improved functional and physiological properties.
Influence of Filtering of Cold Pressed Berry Seed Oils on their Antioxidant Profile and Quality Characteristics. V. Van Hoed1, I. Barbouche1,3, N. De Clercq2, K. Dewettinck2, M. Slah3, R. Verhé1, 1Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium, 2Ghent University, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Ghent, Belgium, 3University 7th November of Carthage, National Agronomical Institute of Tunisia (INAT), Tunis, Tunisia
The quality, composition and color of eleven oils from 6 different berries were evaluated before and after filtering the cold-pressed oils. The filtering did not lead to significant compositional or quality differences, except a significant lighter appearance of the oil due to seeds removal. Due to their high insaturation, the peroxide and p-anisidine values were high in all oils. However the high tocopherol content protected the oils during the Oil Stability Test (significant correlation; r = 0.803; p = 0.003). Tocopherol contents between 138 mg/kg (kiwi seed oil, filtered) and 1639 (blackberry seed oil, non-filtered) mg/kg were found. Phenolic compounds, identified and quantified by HPLC, ranged from 90 mg/kg (blackberry seed oil, filtered) to 15,810 mg/kg (strawberry seed oil, filtered). Surprisingly, no correlation could be found between the quantified phenolic compounds and the oxidative stability of the oils, suggesting that in these oils the tocopherols were the main antioxidants protecting the lipids during storage.
Antioxidant Activity of Brown Seaweed Lipids. A. Widjaja-Adhi, S. Iwasaki, M. Hosokawa, K. Miyashita, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Brown seaweed lipids, especially from Sargassaceae species, contain high level of antioxidants, namely, fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid found in brown seaweeds, and phlorotannins, a largest group of polyphenols from seaweeds. Brown seaweed lipids also contain a large amounts of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 18:4n-3 and 20:5n-3. Thus, these brown seaweed lipids would be a good source of nutraceuticalas and functional foods. In this presentation, we report the antioxidant activity of brown seaweed lipids. In vitro antioxidant activities of the organic solvent extracts varied with the solvent used and with the seaweed species, showing that not only phenolic compounds but also the combination effect with fucoxanthin contribute highly to the strong antioxidant activity of brown seaweed lipids. Brown seaweed lipid feeding to diabetes/obese model mouse significantly reduced the peroxidation level of the liver and abdominal white adipose tissue as compared with those of mouse fed control, although omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content in the liver increased significantly in the mouse fed brown seaweed lipids. Fucoxanthin metabolites, fucoxanthinol and amorousixanthin A were detected in the liver and adipose tissue. These metabolites would be due to the protection of the highly unsaturated lipids against oxidation.
EAT 3.1 / LOQ 3.1: Antioxidants in Omega-9 Oils
Chair(s): F. Orthoefer, FTO Food Research, USA; and U. Thiyam, University of Manitoba, Canada
Retention of Sinapic Acid and Canolol after Oven and Microwave Pre-treatment of Canola Seeds. Usha Thiyam, Rabie Khattab, Schyamchand Mayengbam, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Among oilseeds, canola has the highest content of phenolic compounds, mainly sinapic acid derivatives. Effect of toasting canola seeds, prior to oil extraction, using both conventional and microwave (with and without steam) ovens on the phenolic content of oils and defatted residues was investigated. Seeds were toasted at 160, 180 and 200C for 10, 15 and 20 min in both the convection oven and the microwave oven at different power stages; with and without steam. Phenolic profile of both oils and residues before and after toasting was investigated using the RP-HPLC-DAD. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteau assay as well as HPLC DAD. For the defatted residues, toasting under different conditions did not impact sinapic acid (SA) content but decreased the total phenolics (TP) and sinapine (SP). Toasting altered the phenolic profile of the oil. profile of the oil, before and after toasting the seeds will be presented.
Effect of Canolol (4-vinylsyringol) on the Oxidative Stability of Canola Oil. B. Matthäus, Max Rubner-Institute, Münster, Germany
Rapeseed contains high amounts of phenolic compounds, mainly derivatives of sinapic acid, but only a small part can be found in virgin rapeseed oil, since the compounds remain in the press cake. During heating of the raw material, by roasting or as a result of the pressure during pressing in a screw press sinapic acid reacts to 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol (vinylsyringol or canolol) which is described in literature as a very strong antioxidant component. This compound shows good oil solubility and passes over into the oil during pressing. In the present work canolol was measured together with the tocopherols by HPLC and detected by fluorescence detector. Virgin rapeseed oils contain below 100 μg canolol/g oil, while in rapeseed oil from roasted or heated seeds remarkable higher values can be found. Higher amounts of canolol in rapeseed oil strongly improve the oxidative stability of the oil in the Rancimat test at 120°C, but also the storage stability of rapeseed oil is remarkable improved by the presence of canolol. The presentation discusses the results of the investigation on the effect of canolol on the oxidative stability of edible oils.
Oxidation of β-sitosterol and Campesterol in Vegetable Oils Upon Heating. M.F.R. Hassanien1, A.-M. Lampi2, V. Piironen2, 1Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt., 2Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 11, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
The aim of this study was to measure the oxidation of endogenous β-sitosterol and campesterol in vegetable oils during heating at 180 ˚C for different periods (1, 4 and 8h) by analyzing the formation of phytosterols (PS) oxidation products (POP) and the amount of unoxidized PS using GC-MS method. Vegetable oils with different fatty acid and tocols profile (corn, sunflower, blended, palm and rapeseed oils) were studies. Upon heating, the total PS content decreased in all oils and the lowest degree of PS deterioration was found in corn oil, while blended oil recorded the highest degree. Generally, heating resulted in deterioration and/or decrease in the total β-sitosterol and campesterol amounts, wherein the highest decrease was measured after 8h of heating in blended oil (24.3%) followed by sunflower oil (19.2%), while corn oil recorded the lowest degree of deterioration accounting for only 12%. At the end of heating experiment, the highest amount of total oxides was found in rapeseed oil (250 μg/g) followed by sunflower oil (246 μg/g) and blended oil, respectively. 7-Ketositosterol, followed by 7β-hydroxysitosterol, 5,6-epoxy derivatives and 7α-hydroxysitosterol were the main POP induced during heating. It was also noted that POP measured do not account for all the PS losses and a clear gap was found during heating.
Evaluation of Phytosterol Oxidation in High Oleic Vegetable Oils During Heating. Elham Tabee1,2, Margaretha Jagerstad1, Paresh C. Dutta1, 1Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Food and Drug Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Phytosterols are natural components in food with plant source and due to their structure; phytosterols are susceptible to oxidation and formation phytosterol oxidation products (POPs). The levels of POPs in fried foods have attracted interest in recent years because of their possible harmful health effects. In first part of this review, the results of a study showing that after heating at 180°C for up to 12 h, the levels of POPs increased in high oleic rapeseed oil, palm olein and refined olive oil. In addition, it was demonstrated that the addition of 0.2% α-tocopherol to refined olive oil decreased POPs formation significantly during heating compared with other oils. In another part of the study, the quality characteristics of French fries prepared at 180°C in palm olein and refined olive oil in five batches at 1-hour interval showed a higher amount of POPs in French fries prepared in refined olive oil. However, all other frying quality parameters tested, such as total polar compounds, p- anisidine value and free fatty acids, were significantly higher in French fries prepared in palm olein than in those prepared in refined olive oil. Although expensive, but refined olive oil with added α-tocopherol can be good oil for preparing fried potato products.
Effect of Saturated/Unsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio on Physicochemical Properties of Palm Olein-Olive Oil Blend. Mahsa Naghshineh, Abdul Azis Ariffin, Hasanah Mohd Ghazali, Hamed Mirhosseini, Abdulkarim Sabur Mohammad, Sadra Tabassi, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Srikembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
Although blending polyunsaturated oil with more saturated or monounsaturated oils have been studied extensively, there is no similar information regarding the partial replacement of palm olein with olive oil. Therefore the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of olive oil (OO) partial replacement (0, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 100% w/w) on chemical stability of palm olein oil (POO). The physicochemical properties of samples namely iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), TOTOX value (total oxidation value, TV), free fatty acid (FFA), cloud point, color and viscosity were considered as response variables. Apart from FFA, all the response variables were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by type and concentration of oil. The oil blend containing 10% (w/w) POO and 90% (w/w) OO showed the highest significant (p < 0.05) TV (6.10); whereas the blend containing 90% (w/w) POO and 10% (w/w) OO exhibited the least significant (p < 0.05) TV (2.41). This study indicated that the chemical stability of oil blend significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced with increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fatty acid.
Changes in Sterols and Formation of Oxysterols During Oil Processing. Roman Przybylski1, Magdalena Rudzinska2, 1University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, 2Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Phytosterols are the main minor components present in all vegetable oils. Chemical structure of phytosterols is similar to cholesterol and these compounds are degraded by oxidation in similar way. Oil processing caused degradation of sterols and formation of oxidized derivatives of these components. Each step of processing affected differently sterols and the amount of oxyphytosterols formed. During refining the majority of oxyphytosterols were formed, which were removed during bleaching. Further reduction in these components was observed during deodorization however the last step also cause formation of new oxidative derivatives of phytosterols and increased amount in finished oil.Oil processing by-products also contained important amount of sterols and their oxidation derivatives.
High Oleic/Low Sat Soybean for Food and Industrial Uses. T. Ulmasov, Monsanto, St. Louis, MO
Most industrialized countries recognizing the risks of trans-fat have adopted policies strictly regulating its presence in food supply. Today, almost 4 years after introduction of regulation in US, food companies are still struggling to find a cost-effective solution to the trans-fat problem. Using combination of biotechnology (RNAi) and traditional breeding, Monsanto was able to develop high-yielding soybean varieties containing increased (>70%) oleic acid, <3% of linolenic acid, and reduced (5-7% vs. 15% in normal soybean) saturated fat. This profile results in significant improvement in oxidative stability over low linolenic oils introduced in 2005. This oil is ideal for heavy-duty frying applications, providing an abundant and inexpensive supply with saturated fat content lower than can be found in most vegetable oils. It will also find its use in industrial applications, making it a preferred feedstock for biodiesel and lubricants. For applications that require solid fat Monsanto is developing soybeans with elevated stearate. Stearate, considered by many to be a "heart-neutral†saturated fat is capable of providing texture and other solid fat functionality in such applications as baking and margarine spreads. We believe that future soybean market will be decommoditized with several types of trait-enhanced oils serving the needs of different market segments.
The Effect of Blending Frying Oils on French Fry Quality. N.A.M. Eskin, M. Aliani, D. Ryland, K. Loewen, S. Siddhu, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of high oleic canola oil (HOCO) and regular canola oil (RCO) blends on the discontinuous batch frying (240 batches) of French fries for 105 hours (7 hours per day for 15 days) in commercial fryers. Sensory evaluation and electronic nose were employed to investigate the effect of 100% HOCO/0% RCO; 90% HOCO/10% RCO; 80% HOCO/20% RCO on French fry quality. After 15 days of frying all of the oil blends contained polar components below the 25% limit. For fried and overcooked aromas; fried, overcooked and bitter flavors the 80/20 blend was significantly different (p<0.05) than the other two blends as measured by eleven trained panelists. Degree of browning and textural attributes showed no significant differences for the three blends. Correlation between overcooked flavor and electronic nose sensor response calculated by partial least squares analysis was 0.57. Adding 10% RCO to a HOCO blend appeared to produce French fries that were not deemed significantly different from those fried in 100% HOCO.
Aroma Profiles of Greek Olive Oils from Different Olive Cultivars and Geographical Origins. T.S. Savvidou1, M.G. Kontominas1, A.K. Kiritsakis1, A.V. Badeka2, 1Alexander Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece, 2University of Ioannina, Greece
Olive oils from healthy fruits from different Greek olive cultivars and geographical areas were used for the present study. Fruits were collected at the optimum maturity stage and similar storage and processing conditions (temperature, malaxation time etc) in the olive processing mill were applied. Quality parameters such as free acidity, peroxide value, absorbance coefficient values at 232 and 270, and total phenols were determined. Aroma components of oil samples using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC) mass spectroscopy techniques, were analyzed.Quality parameter values showed that all olive oil samples were extra virgins. More than 70 compounds were identified from the volatile fraction of all the samples, belonging to aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols and hydrocarbons.In all oil samples, the most representative C6 compounds were aldehydes, with E)-Hex-2-enal to be the most predominant. Oil samples obtained from the same olive cultivar, cultivated in different geographical areas contained different percentage of aldehydes, alcohols and esters.Olive oils from the cultivar Koroneiki, from different geographical areas, showed the highest percentages of C6 esters (24%) compared to the oil of other olive cultivars which showed lower percentage (3,7%).
LOQ 3: Shelf Life Stability and Sensory Properties of Whole Grains and Cereal Products
Chair(s): U. Nienaber, Kraft Foods Inc., USA; and S.C. Liang, DuPont Applied BioSciences, USA
Protein Oxidation in Cereal Products: Footprint of Lipid Oxidation or Reflection of Processing Stress?. K.M. Schaich, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and antibody surveys of a wide range of cereal products show that protein oxidation is surprisingly ubiquitous, resulting from both lipid oxidation and processing stresses such as heat and shear. What does the presence of protein oxidation imply? What does protein oxidation reveal about product history and how does protein oxidation affect food qualities? Processing damage involves high energy peptide and disulfide bond scissions and occurs over a finite period of time. In contrast, lipid co-oxidations are lower energy reactions occurring mostly, if not exclusively, on side chains; they develop continually during storage, mediated by lipid radicals, hydroperoxides, epoxides, and aldehydes, and generate products that mimic lipid rancidity. Importantly, these changes are seldom connected to lipid oxidation because reaction with protein removes lipid oxidation products from the system, and hence "rancidity" as commonly measured paradoxically can appear to be very low or even absent. Consequently, both protein and lipid oxidation should be monitored when assessing oxidative stability of food systems. This paper discusses patterns of cereal protein co-oxidation by lipids and identifies characteristic protein markers that provide footprints of lipid oxidation.
Key Antioxidants from Whole Grain Wheat Flours. M. Bunzel, C. Tyl, University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
An overview about antioxidants from whole grains with an emphasis on wheat will be given. Tocopherols and tocotrienols, carotenoids, phytic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, lignans, alkyresorcinols etc. are important antioxidants in whole wheat. Their contribution to oxidative stability of cereal products or to health beneficial effects is based on different mechanisms. The antioxidants are located in different tissues of the grain and their abundance is dependent on wheat variety and environmental factors. In addition, some of these antioxidants i.e. ferulic and p-coumaric acids are linked to partially insoluble cell wall polymers limiting their bioavailability. While the general groups of antioxidants are well-known, less information about "key antioxidants" in whole grains is available. The concept of antioxidant-activity guided fractionation can be applied to determine those. This concept and its application to two wheat varieties will be briefly described.
Oxidative Stability of Processed Pea Flours. T Jeradechachai2, C Hall III1, M Tulbek2, 1North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA, 2Northern Crops Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
Dry yellow pea flour has gained significant interest as a food ingredient due to its low glycemic index and non allergen label. Two processing methods, hydrothermal treatment and extrusion, were used to thermally treat whole and split pea flours to increase shelf life stability. Hydrothermal treatment was accomplished by roasting water soaked pea. Peas were roasted at 150°C, 170°C, and 190°C for 12.5 mins. The effects of different processing methods on pea flour color, volatile profile, fatty acid profile, enzymatic activities, and microbiological activities were investigated. Processed peas were darker than raw peas. Color of roasted whole peas at 150°C was the most acceptable (L= 72.49, a= +2.03, b=+20.91) and roasting at 190°C were the least acceptable (and L=64.87, a=+5.05, b= +20.34). Preliminary results indicate that roasting has a greater impact on color than extrusion. Preliminary results indicate that heat processing was beneficial in inhibiting oxidation. This presentation will provide information on the conjugated dienes, headspace volatiles and lipoxygenase activity of heat treated peas. The results provided useful information for pulse processing industry to process pulse flour using optimal conditions and to estimate product stability after processing.
Consequences of Lipid Degradation During Storage of Whole Grain Products. Devin Rose1,2, Michael Dunn2, Oscar Pike2, 1U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA, 2Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
Whole grain products are nutritionally superior to their refined grain counterparts; however, the active enzyme systems and higher lipid contents of whole grain products make them particularly susceptible to rancidity. The free fatty acids produced by lipase during storage may induce detrimental changes in functional properties of whole grain products and contribute soapy flavors. Furthermore, free fatty acids may oxidize by autoxidation or through the action of lipoxygenase, leading to off-flavors and decreased nutritional quality. Manufacturers often stabilize whole grain products by using various procedures to denature lipase and lipoxygenase; however, it is important to use a mild treatment that does not change functional or sensory properties of the whole grain product and does not degrade antioxidants.
Shelf Life Stability and Sensory Properties of Whole Grains and Cereal Products. Sylvia De Long-Onak, Mark Sewald, General Mills, Golden Valley, MN USA
To optimize the sensory quality and rancidity limited shelf life of whole grain products, the starting point should be the quality of the grain. This entails developing pertinent grain specification; understanding both the natural variability of the grain and ingredient processing variability that can be expected. As the product is formulated, the desired shelf life must be achieved with the entire range of ingredient quality that can be reasonably anticipated given the grain specification. While ingredient and formulation are being optimizing, target processing conditions need to be established and maintained for optimal final product stability. To study this optimization process, storage tests on multiple lots of ingredient and final product need to be conducted to document the average and range and in product stability achieved through the range of ingredient quality and processing conditions. The general storage test protocols, including the sensory and analytical measures used in these studies will be discussed. Several examples depicting, ingredient, processing, and packaging impacts on oxidative stability of whole grain products will be presented.
LOQ 4: Frying Oil Chemistry, Quality, and Nutrition
Chair(s): J. Moser, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, USA; and K. Hrncirik, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
Chemical Reactions in Oils During Deep-Fat Frying. Eunok Choe, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
Deep-fat frying produces desirable or undesirable compounds and changes the flavor stability and quality of the oil by hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization. Oxidation occurs at higher rate than hydrolysis. Dimers and polymers are also formed in the oil by radical and Diels-Alder reactions increasing the viscosity during deep-fat frying. Tocopherols, essential amino acids and useful fatty acids in foods are degraded during deep-fat frying. The reactions in deep-fat frying depend on the factors such as replenishment of fresh oil, frying time and temperature, initial oil quality and frying oil composition, composition of food materials to be fried, type of fryer, antioxidants, and oxygen concentration. High frying temperature, repeated frying, high contents of free fatty acids, polyvalent metals, and highly unsaturated fatty acids of oil decrease the oxidative stability and flavor quality of oil during deep-fat frying. Antioxidants such as tocopherols decrease the oil oxidation, but they become less effective at frying temperature due to faster degradation. Lignan compounds in sesame oil are more stable than tocopherols at frying temperature, therefore they are more effective antioxidant in deep-fat frying.
Oxidative Changes in Fat-based Products in Cooking Applications. K. Hrncirik, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
The development of products designed for modern cooking is clearly driven by the trend to offer the consumer enhanced nutritional benefits. This is reflected by the implementation of several (re-)formulation steps, namely the reduction of saturated fat and fortification with relevant nutrients (especially essential fatty acids, vitamins). However, cooking, and in particular frying, may lead to a certain decrease of the nutrients present in the cooking (frying) medium affecting nutritional value of cooked (fried) food. In this study the changes in lipid substrate (fatty acid composition, polymerised triglycerides, etc.) were monitored in several cooking products (liquid margarines, stick margarines, oils) during potato pan-frying and cake baking. The findings of the study are presented and discussed in the context of the dietary implications.
*CANCELED* Application of Rapeseed Oils for Frying Processes. K. Franke
Using Biotechnology to Improve the Health and Functionality of Edible Oils. Susan Knowlton, DuPont Company, USA
Biotechnology has been used extensively to improve plant performance for farmers. Some examples include herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, and drought tolerance. However the development of consumer-related traits to improve the composition of food has begun and these products are beginning to make their way into the marketplace. This paper will review these quality traits with particular focus on those that are directed at improving oil composition and the challenges related to their delivery to food manufacturers and ultimately the consumer. A particular focus on high oleic soybean oil, its functional and nutritional properties as well as its commercial status will be discussed.
Effects of Frying Condition on Physicochemical Properties of Palm Olein-Olive Oil blends. Mahsa Naghshineh, Abdul Azis Ariffin, Hasanah Mohd Ghazali, Hamed Mirhosseini, Abdulkarim Sabur Mohammad, Sadra Tabassi, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Srikembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
The main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of frying conditions namely frying time and type of frying oil on physicochemical properties of palm olein-olive oil blends (POo: Oo, 75:25 and 50:50 w/w) compared to pure palm olein (100% w/w). The frying of French fries was performed in duplicate at 180 ± 5 ºC for 5 consecutive days. The physicochemical properties of frying media namely fatty acids composition (FAC), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid (FFA) and color were considered as response variables. The results indicated the physicochemical properties of pure palm olein (100% w/w) were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by partial replacement of olive oil (Oo) with palm olein. In all the samples, iodine value (IV) decreased during frying. This could be explained by the destruction of double bonds induced by oxidation and/or polymerization. There was a significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between FFA and color. Besides the frying performance improvement of palm olein, the present work suggested that the partial replacement of palm olein with olive oil provided the oil blends with more desirable functional properties for the human health due to the high proportion of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Recent Possibilities in the Analysis of Used Frying Oils. M.C. Dobarganes1, G. Márquez-Ruiz2, J. Velasco1, S. Marmesat1, 1Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain, 2Instituto del Frío (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
In this lecture, the most recent techniques applied for the quantitation of the new compounds formed during frying are presented. Given the complex mixture of alteration compounds formed during heating of oils at frying temperatures, quantitation of groups of compounds has been shown to be more practical than specific analysis of individual structures. High-performance liquid-chromatographic techniques, mainly based on the molecular size of the new compounds formed, enable rapid determination of total oligomeric compounds, while a previous separation by adsorption chromatography of the less polar compounds, i.e., intact triglycerides, allows the determination of oxidized, polymerized and hydrolytic compounds. Methodologies applied directly to the fat or to its simpler derivatives - fatty acid methyl esters - are described and applications discussed. At present, a more detailed quantitation of the main oxidized fatty acyl groups included in glyceridic molecules is feasible. In this context, quantitation of short-chain compounds, originally attached to the glyceridic backbone, resulting from hydroperoxide breakdown, as well as epoxy, keto and hydroxy fatty acyl groups by capillary gas-liquid chromatography, is detailed. Finally, present possibilities of high-temperature gas chromatography for determination of oxidized fatty acids and dimers are commented.
Investigation of Frying Oil Quality Using VIS/NIR Hyperspectral Analysis. A. Yavari1, M. Hamedi1, S. Haghbin2, 1Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, 2Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, 3Bioengineering Research Institute, Rasht, Iran
Traditional chemical methods of analyzingfrying oil quality are time-consuming and not amenable to on-line measurement. The main objective of this study was to evaluate quality changes of heated oils based on visible/near infrared spectral analysis using a hyperspectroradi-ometer. The reflectance spectra of the heated oils were analyzed within the range 400 - 1,750 nm. Acid value, total polar component, and viscosity of oil samples were used as indicators of different quality levels of oil. Partial least squares calibration models were developed for quantitative evaluations of these parameters. The R2 and root mean square error for each prediction were calculated to assess the prediction capability of calibration models. The study demonstrated that using the established calibration models, quality parameters could be predicted with R2 values over 0.92.
Development of Novel Antioxidants for Frying Application. F. Aladedunye, Y. Catel, R. Przybylski, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB Canada
Frying is the most often used preparation method for many foods. Oxidative degradation during frying is the most important process where some detrimental components are formed. We developed novel antioxidants which reduced oxidative degradation and improved frying stability of oil and offer better quality frying products. Those antioxidants significantly lower formation of polar components and polymers in oils during frying. Some of them work very effectively in preventing polymerization of triglycerides and sterols. These new antioxidants combine nutraceutical components present in oils and oilseeds.
Effect of Polydimethylsiloxane (MS) on 4–Hydroxynonenal (4HNE) Formation in Frying Oil. J.A. Gerde, E.G. Hammond, P.J. White, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Soybean oil containing 100 and 25 ppm MS and a control with no MS were heated at 180°C in a crystallizing dish for 48 hr. The calculated amount of MS for a surface monolayer was 25 ppb. Fatty acid composition and concentrations of tocopherol and 4HNE, a reportedly highly toxic compound formed in frying oils, were monitored periodically. Slopes of the linear change in the ln (linoleate/palmitate) were calculated. For 100 and 25 ppb MS, inflection points were observed in these plots, and for 100 ppb MS plot, the inflection point occurred later than that for 25 ppb. The slope after the inflection point for the 25 ppb plot did not differ from that of the control. For 100 ppb MS, degradation of γ– and δ–tocopherol was slower than for the 25 ppb and control treatments. For all treatments γ–tocopherol degraded faster than δ. The 4HNE concentration increased faster in the control than in the 25 ppb MS treatment. For both the control and 25 ppb MS treatments, a maximum concentration of 4HNE was observed. For the 100 ppb treatment, the increase in 4HNE concentration was much slower than for other treatments, and 4HNE did not reach a maximum during the experiment. Thus, the practice by many oil manufacturers of adding MS to oils to extend frying life, also may provide important human health benefits.
Endogenous Minor Components and Frying Stability of Oil. F. Aladedunye, R. Przybylski, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB Canada
Oils used for frying contain variety of minor components which from their chemical structure can be involved in triacylglycerides degradation. Those components has been isolated from different oils and separated by chemical composition. Purified triacylglycerides were used to assess how minor components affect frying stability of oils. Sterols group affected positively or negatively triglycerides oxidative degradation defined by composition of these components. Sterols isolated from rice bran oil protected triglycerides from oxidative degradation and extended frying life of oil. Different tocopherols isomers offered different protection for oil during frying. Some of minor components act as synergistic components and improve protection of oil. Results of this work showed how important are minor components in frying stability of oils.
Effect of Natural Steryl Ferulates on Frying Oil Degradation. J.K. Moser, K.A. Rennick, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IL, USA
Steryl ferulates are found naturally in the hull of grains such as wheat, rye, corn, and rice. They consist of a plant sterol esterified to ferulic acid. The steryl ferulates from corn and rice differ in the sterol constituent. Corn steryl ferulates have a much higher percentage of saturated sterol constituents, which are more stable to oxidation and heat than unsaturated sterols, which constitute the majority of rice steryl ferulates. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of the steryl ferulates to prevent oxidation and polymerization of oil used for frying, and to also compare the heat stability of the steryl ferulates from corn and rice. Corn and rice steryl ferulates acted similarly in protecting oils from degradation, depending on the concentrations added and the study conditions. Corn steryl ferulates were slightly more heat stable compared to the rice steryl ferulates. These results suggest that steryl ferulates may be useful natural compounds for the protection of frying oils.
LOQ 5: General Lipid Oxidation and Quality
Chair(s): C. Hall, North Dakota State University, USA; and B. Zhao, Kraft Foods Inc., USA
Novel Vegetable and Spice Extracts with Unique Antioxidant Potential as Natural Food Preservatives in Complex Systems. R. Nahas, G. Reynhout, A. Uhlir, P. VanAlstyne, J. McKeague, Kalsec, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA
Several natural antioxidant blends were developed to create multifunctional antioxidant systems that can prolong shelf-life of complex food matrices. Initial evaluation was performed using the DPPH and the ferrozine assays to determine the fundamental components of the antioxidant activity and the potency was examined in various foods by the conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides determination coupled with GC. Subsequently, the most promising extracts were tested in real foods and beverages.
Delay of Oil Oxidation Using Rosemary Extract, Increasing Shelf Life. Terese ONeill, Rodger Jonas, PL Thomas, Morristown, NJ, USA
Three oils and two fats commonly used in consumer goods, were tested in a 5 day heat study, testing natural and synthetic antioxidants. Induction time was delayed by using 1ppm of Rosemary extract versus other more commonly used antioxidants, such as BHT, BHA and mixed tocopherols.Graphed results will show the improvement of the induction time. The rosemary extract has a very low flavor profile and can be used in frying oils, baked goods, and snacks to increase shelf life and meet consumer demands for a cleaner label.
Synergistic Antioxidant Effect from Combination of Herb Extracts. H. Ge, T. Doering, The Dial Corporation, A Henkel Company, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Many herbs are known to have good anti-oxidant properties. They can be incorporated into skin care products to retard skin aging by scavenging excess free radicals in skin cells. In this study, at least 20 herb extracts frequently used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) were screened on their anti-oxidant activities by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay. The top 5 herb extracts with good activities are Ginger root, Licorice root, Honeysuckle flower, Kudzu root and Sophora flower. The anti-oxidant activities from the combinations of the top 5 extracts with various concentrations were tested. 7 combinations out of 10 show synergistic antioxidant effect.
Stability of Stearidonic Acid Enriched Soybean Oil Through the Shelf-Lives of a Broad Range of Processed Foods. S. Lee, B. Lambach, X. Pan, C. Lucak, D. Welsby, Solae, St Louis, MO, USA
Stearidonic acid (C18:4, SDA) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid, and it is biosynthesized from α-linolenic acid (ALA) by the enzyme Δ 6-desaturase. Research has shown that SDA is effectively converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA). Soybeans producing oil enriched with 20% SDA which can be an omega-3 source have been developed, and incorporated into a variety of food applications (baked cereal bars, dairy drinks, clinical nutritional beverages and frankfurters) to examine oxidative stability in food systems. Formulas for each food application were developed to deliver 375 mg of SDA per serving. Samples were evaluated by trained panelists (descriptive profiling) and consumers (consumer acceptance), and fatty acid profile was analyzed. Results showed that SDA enriched soybean oil can be added at this level with no significant impact on sensory attributes, compared to controls. These results suggest that SDA enriched soybean oil can deliver physiologically active levels of omega-3 fatty acids in a broad range of processed foods without negatively impacting eating quality.
Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Species of Seaweeds from the Danish Coast. Koduvayur Habeebullah Sabeena Farvin, Susan Løvstad Holdt, Charlotte Jacobsen, National Institute of Food (DTU-FOOD),Technical University of Denmark, B. 221, Søltofts Plads, DTU, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby,Denmark
In the present study, composition and antioxidant activities of 16 species of seaweeds obtained from Danish coasts consisting of 8 brown seaweeds, 2 green seaweeds and 6 red seaweeds were determined. Ethanol or water were used as extraction solvents. The antioxidant activities were determined by employing four in vitro established systems such as antioxidant activity in liposome model systems, 1,1-diphenyyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. The brown algae consisting of Fucus sps and red algae Rhodomela showed multiple antioxidant activities among the sps tested. All Fucus sps showed high content of total phenolics in water extracts whereas in ethanolic extracts Rhodomela had the highest content followed by Fucus sps. Data on individual phenolic compounds revealed by HPLC show that both water and ethanolic extracts contained high amounts of gallic, gentisic and protocatechuic acids. In addition, ethanolic extracts of some sps contained trace levels of caffeic acid and all water extracts showed trace levels of chlorogenic acids. As the phenolic content of the extract did not correlate well with antioxidant activity, the antioxidant activity might be due to some other compounds in the extracts and this needs further investigation.
Role of Plasmalogen in Lipid Oxidation. Guang Wang, Tong Wang, Iowa State University, USA
The role of ethanolamine plasmalogen extracted from bovine brain (BBEP) in maintaining oxidative stability of bulk soybean oil and liposome made with egg phospholipids (PL) was studied. In a purified soybean oil (PSO), the addition of 200 and 1000 ppm BBEP promoted lipid oxidation in a rate of 0.037 and 0.071 whereas soy lecithin (SL) added in the same amount showed a similar trend to the PSO Blank which had an oxidation rate of 0.025. The PSO with BBEP was susceptible to cupric ion-catalyzed oxidation, in that the oil was oxidized much faster than the PSO with SL and cupric ion. In commercial soybean oil (CSO) with the presence of tocopherols, SL at 1000 ppm acted synergistically as an antioxidant with the natural tocopherols, but addition of BBEP accelerated lipid oxidation, as evidenced by the oxidative stability index (OSI) test. In the egg PL liposome, the BBEP had a fast breakdown of the lipid hydroperoxides, consequently promoted more thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) formation. The PL oxidation in the presence of copper in the liposome was not affected by the BBEP, which indicates that the hypothesis of ethanolamine plasmalogen (EthPm) chelating cupric ion as the antioxidation mechanism was not supported. The addition of cumene hydroperoxide to the egg PL liposome promoted lipid oxidation as indicated by a fast development of PV and TBARS. However, the result with cumene hydroperoxide failed to differentiate the effect of BBEP and SL, and their concentration on lipid oxidation. Based on the observations from this study, we conclude that EthPm is not an antioxidant but rather a pro-oxidant in bulk lipid system, and it has no significant antioxidant effect for PL oxidation in the liposome.
Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Mangosteen Seed. Amonrat Thanonkaew1, Akkasit Jongjareonrak2, 1Research Unit of Local Southern Thai Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phapayom, Phatthalung, Thailand, 2Nutraceutical and Functional Food Research and Development Center, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla Universtiy, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
Mangosteen seed oil was extracted from the seed waste of a fruit industry in Southern Thailand. The mangosteen seed oil contained a great content of stearic acid (C18:0, 54.88%), cis-9-octadecanoic acid (C18:1 n-9, 19.53%), cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2 n-6, 18.37%) with less amount of palmitic acid (C16:0, 5.92%), arachidic acid (C20:0, 0.62%) and cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3 n-3, 0.12%). The antioxidant activities of mangosteen seed were also determined in comparison with peel and flesh extracts. Among all extracts, peel extract had higher total phenolic content, DPPH-, ABTS-, superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power than those of seed and flesh extract, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activities of extracts were increased in the dose dependent manner. Furthermore, seed extracts exhibited the synergistic effect with trolox, ascorbic acid and gallic acid toward all antioxidant activities assays. Therefore, mangosteen seed could be an alternative source for oil and antioxidant extraction for using in food and/or nutraceutical purposes.
Effect of Natural Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Chia Seed Oil. V. Y. Ixtaina1,2, S. M. Nolasco2, M.C. Tomás1, 1Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA - CONICET La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2Facultad de Ingeniería, Dto. de Ingeniería Química (TECSE), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Chia seed oil exhibits a high susceptibility to lipid oxidation, due to its high level of PUFAs (~80%), mainly α-linolenic acid. This work evaluates the effect of the addition of tocopherols, rosemary and green tea extracts and their blends on the oxidative stability of chia seed oil. Concentrations ranged between 250 to 5000 ppm of these natural antioxidants were added to the chia oil and an oxidative accelerated test (98 °C; 20 L/h) was performed. The addition of antioxidants increased the induction time (ti) of this oil in all cases, depending on their type and concentration. Rosemary and green tea extracts produced the best antioxidant effect at the maximum concentration (5000 ppm), with an increase of 3.4 and 2.6 in ti, with respect to control, respectively while their blends (1:1) exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than each one of them. Tocopherols produced positive changes in ti up to 1500 ppm but with a lower effect than those previously described. This fact could be explained considering the polar paradox due to the hydrophilic nature of the polyphenolic compounds present in both herbal and tea extracts assayed.
Lipid Oxidation and Quality Posters
Chair(s): A. Richards, CSIRO Food Science Australia, Australia
Seasonal Lipid Dynamics of Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and Herring (Clupea harengus) in the Baltic Sea.
M. Røjbek1, C. Jacobsen2, J. Tomkiewicz1, J.G. Støttrup1, 1Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, 2Technical University of Denmark, DTU Food, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
The fish community in the central Baltic Sea is dominated by three closely interlinked species: cod, sprat and herring. Baltic cod prey mainly on sprat and herring and their nutritional value influences growth and reproduction of cod. This study investigates seasonal lipid dynamics of sprat and herring and potential limitations in essential fatty acids. Fish were sampled in the central Baltic Sea during 2002-2004 and gonadal maturity and lipid composition of pooled samples from different length groups were analyzed. Lipid content varied from 3.5 to 17.5% in sprat and 2 to 10% in herring depending on season, fish size, and maturity stage of fish in samples. Contents of essential omega 3 and 6 fatty acids similarly varied seasonally with high levels in November at the end of the annual zooplankton production cycle succeeded by a decline during winter when zooplankton abundance is low. The low content of essential fatty acids in sprat and herring in spring affect cod reproduction as it coincides with cod ovarian development in the Baltic Sea. The seasonal lipid dynamics in sprat and herring not only influence their nutritional value for cod, but also their product value in the oil and meal industries
Triglyceride Analysis of Medium and Normal Oleic Peanuts and Rheological Properties of Medium and Normal Oleic Peanut Pastes.
V.E. Buck, S.F. O'Keefe, R.M. Davis, S.E. Duncan, Virginia Tech
Triglycerides play an important role in determining crystallization properties of fats and oils. In this study matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI TOF/TOF analyzer) was used to study the triglyceride composition of medium and normal oleic peanuts. The imperfect lubricated squeezing flow rheology method was used to study the flow index of the peanut pastes. The medium peanuts had approximately 70% oleic fatty acid content and the normal oleic peanuts had approximately 55% oleic fatty content. The triglyceride analysis showed the medium oleic peanuts to have higher triolein composition than normal oleic peanuts. Normal oleic peanuts had slightly higher trilinolein content than medium oleic peanuts. The peanut pastes all had flow indexes greater than 1 but less than 3, indicating possible friction between the teflon plate and sample.
Antioxidant Activity of Polar Fraction from Flax Oil.
O. Sharav1, K. Thomas2, D.P.O. Owiti1, R. Sammynaiken2, M.J.T Reaney1, 1University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.SK, Canada, 2Saskatchewan structural science centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
We observed that cold-pressed flax oil has greater oxidative stability, determined by OSI, than flax oil that has been treated with silica. It ispossible that this observation may be linked to antioxidant compounds present in flax seed oil. To test this hypothesis flax seed oil was passed over asilica adsorbent column to remove polar compounds. The adsorbent was elutedwith solvents of increasing polarity to selectively remove triglycerides and polar constituents. Following solvent systems were used in eluting the column: hexane, 1:4 EtOAC: hexane, 1:1 EtOAC: hexane, EtOAC and 1:9 methanol: DCM. Inaddition, silica treated flax oil was recovered. The silica treated oil was then mixed with solvent fractions obtained by flash chromatography and solvents were removed under vacuum. The oxidative stability (induction time) of the crudeoil, silica treated oil and silica treated oil containing a polar fraction was determined at 100°C. A fractions mainly containing cyclolinopeptide A, but also containing β/γ- and δ tocopherol increased the induction time of silica treated flax oil from 2h to 3h. Other fractions and solvent controls did notshow a significant effect on oil stability. Cyclolinopeptide A mixtures with tocopherol or either compound alone alone may confer the observed antioxidant observed.
4-Hydroxynonenal(HNE), a Toxic Aldehyde, in French Fries from Fast Food Restaurants.
A. Saari Csallany, I. Han, D.W. Shoeman, C. Chen, Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, USA
The toxic lipid peroxidation product HNE was measured in French fries (Frf) from six local fast food restaurants (FFR). Frf were purchased the same day at 2 to 3 pm from six FFR and at 12,2,4,6 and at 1, 3,5,7 pm from two FFR. Duplicate Frf samples were analyzed for fat content and for HNE by HPLC . HNE was identified by co-chromatography with HNE standard and by HPLC /MS. Fatty acid distributions (FAD) of fats from Frf were determined by GC. HNE concentrations in Frf from the six restaurants purchased at 2 and 3 pm contained between 7.83 and 32. 15 μg HNE /100 g Frf and between 4.9 and 0.9 μg HNE / g of fat. HNE concentrations in Frf from one of the FFR purchased at 12,2,4,6 pm was between 19.07 and 32.15 μg HNE /100 g of Frf and from another FFR purchased at 1,3,5,7 pm was between 7.47 to 10.21 μg HNE /100 g of Frf. No major differences in FAD were observed among the samples, but all samples contained high amounts of linoleic acid (LA) which is a precursor for HNE. Results show that oils containing high levels of LA when heated produced considerable amounts of HNE, which was then incorporated into the food fried in the oil. Frequently consumed food containing considerable amounts of HNE, a toxic aldehyde, maybe a public health concern since its toxicity is related to a number of common pathological conditions.
Lipid Oxidation in French Fries Samples Commercialized on Districts with Different Human Development Index of São Paulo City.
J.S. Minetto, G.F. Branco, I.A. Castro, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Introduction and Objectives: Processed fried foods consumed in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, where the fat frying discarding is not so recurrent, promote the absorption of oxidized compounds by food, which are potentially harmful to health, contributing for the atherosclerosis prevalence on this population. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the primary and secondary compounds concentrations of lipid oxidation in samples of french fries collected from districts with different human development index of São Paulo city.Matherials and Methods: Four districts were selected by the municipal human development index (HDI): Grajáu and Jardim Ângela (low HDI), Jardim Paulista and Pinheiros (high HDI). French fries samples (n = 20) were collected from restaurants, street vendors and snack bars. It has been carried out analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and of hydroperoxides by the method FOX directly in french fries samples.Results and Conclusion: The results have been grouped and compared between the two municipal HDI, among the four districts, and the three commercial establishment types. There were no differences in the parameters evaluated, when the samples were separated by municipal HDI. However, there was higher concentration of MDA in french fries collected in Grajaú (16.0 ± 5.5 μMol/g). Regarding to the establishment type, there were higher levels of hydroperoxides in samples collected from snack bars (13.3 ± 9.9 μMol/g), and increased concentration of MDA in street vendors (15.5 ± 4.5 μMol/g), justifying more concern about fat frying handling at these places, despite of socioeconomic conditions.
Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic and Oily Fractions of Different Colored Sweet Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.).
A.K. Blanco-Rios1, N. Gámez-Meza2, S. Agustin-Salazar 2, L. A. Medina-Juárez2, 1Posgrado en Biociencias de la Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal #1819. Hermosillo, Sonora, México, 2Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal #1819. Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Phenolic compounds, tocopherols and carotenoids are an important group of secondary metabolites synthesized by higher plants. These compounds have shown potential as antioxidants to protect the cells from free radical attack. Recent studies have found that the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) may be an important source of these compounds. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different colored (green, orange, red and yellow) sweet Bell peppers (Capsicum annum L.) grown in northwest of Mexico. The results showed that orange Bell pepper had the highest phenols and flavonoids content, 136.49±1.33 mg/100g fresh weight and 57.93±3.17 mg/100g fresh weight, respectively. Orange and yellow Bell peppers methanolic extracts showed the highest stabilization of DPPH•. The stabilization of free radical ABTS•+ showed no significant differences (p≤0.05) on colored Bell peppers evaluated. All peppers were a good source carotenoids and tocopherols. The results demonstrated that orange Bell pepper is potentially a good source of natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic and flavonoids compounds.
Applicability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions as Delivery System for Omega-3 Fatty Acids Incorporated in Meat Products.
H. Salminen, K. Herrmann, J. Weiss, Food Structure and Functionality Laboratories (150g), Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Development in interfacial engineering has led to the fabrication of physicochemically stable fish oil emulsions containing high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids. It has been hypothesized that addition of such emulsions to foods may lead to the development of functional foods that have physiological benefits for consumers. The addition of whey protein-stabilized fish oil-in-water emulsions at different pH into meat products on their oxidative and physical stability was investigated. Emulsions were characterized for their particle size, charge and physical and oxidative stability. Oxidative stability and microstructure of meat with added fish oil emulsions were determined. The physical stability of fish oil emulsions was excellent during storage time. Incorporation of fish oil emulsions into pork sausages led to an increase in oxidation. Confocal microscopy of meat products with fish emulsions showed that emulsions had destabilized in the meat matrix which may have contributed to the decreased oxidative stability of sausages containing fish oil emulsions. Results demonstrate that although encapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids in oil-in-water emulsions provides physical and oxidative stability of the base-emulsion, their incorporation in complex meat matrices may be non-trivial and may lead to destabilization.
Triglyceride Regiospecificity on Lipase-catalyzed Transesterification of Ethyl Esters and Esterification of Fatty Acid Hydrolysates of Varying EPA/DHA Concentrations: A 13C NMR Study.
E. Reyes-Suarez1, J. Kralovec1, P.M. Mugford1, I. Burton2, J. Walter2, 1Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd., Darmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2National Research Council Canada, Darmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
The positional distribution of EPA and DHA in the glycerol backbone of pure triglycerides was measured after enzymatic conversion of non-concentrated and concentrated ethyl esters (EE) and free fatty acid hydrolysates (FFA) into triglycerides (TG). Free fatty acids were readily esterified after 24 reaction time with 90% TG conversion in all cases; higher DHA starting materials required 25 and 40% FFA excess for completion. Similar %TG conversion on EE transesterification required higher temperatures, larger EE excess and longer reaction time. Quantitative analyses on the carbonyl and methylene regions of the 13C NMR spectra revealed that in all cases, EPA was equally distributed among sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions, whereas DHA occurs in an excess in the sn-1,3 position. These distributions do not match the natural 20/08 TG oil, which contains EPA in an excess in the sn-1,3 positions and DHA in an excess in the sn-2 position.
Effect of Fried on Quality and Volatile Compounds of Different Oils.
Ortega-Garcia Jesus1, Noriega-Rodriguez Juan Antonio1, Gamez-Meza Nohemi2, Medina-Juarez Luis Angel2, 1Universidad de Sonora, Caborca, Sonora, Mexico, 2Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
In the fried is important to know the quality the used oil, by means of the value of peroxides and the content of the volatile compounds that are generated and provided typical of flavor to foods. The test of fried was realized with three different oils. In the test congealed potatoes commercial of the sample size and supplier were used (200g). The peroxide value in fried oils was determined according to the official method of AOCS (Cd 8-53). The analysis of compounds volatile were using aliquots of 10 mL of oil added to a 20 mL glass vial containing a small magnetic bar. The vials were firmly closed with a septum of PFTE/silicon and placed in an aluminum heating block. The samples were stirred at a constant rate and equilibrated for 30 min at 65ºC, after which the fiber for solid-phase microextraction was exposed to the oil headspace for 10 min. After the sampling time, the fiber was extracted from the vial and inserted in the gas chromatograph injector. The sensorial evaluation was realized through a non-descriptive method. The analysis of the results is in process.
Sinapic Acid Derivatives in Hulls and Cotyledons of Canola and Mustard.
Usha Thiyam, Schyamchand Mayengbam, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Phenolic compounds were extracted from the defatted hulls and cotyledons from both canola and mustard. These might be a promising source of sipanic acid derivatives and used as a natural antioxidant. The defatted hulls and cotyledons were extracted with 70% methanol using ultrasonication method. Aqueous extracts were evaluated. Phenolic compounds were separated in a gradient elution system of water-methanol-ο-phosphoric acid solution with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. A high Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with photo-diode array detection (PDA) was used to identify individual sinapic acid derivatives. The sinapic acid derivatives of canola obtained from hulls and cotyledons were compared with that of mustard. From the results, it was concluded that the total phenolics contained in cotyledons was around two times more than the hulls in both mustard and canola samples. The major identified phenolics in both hull and cotyledon extracts were sinapine, sinapoyl glucose and sinapic acid with significant difference between the two seed fractions. This study can impart valuable information applicable in processing fractions of mustard and canola for food and non-foods uses.
Effects of Tocols on the Inhibition of Autoxidation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid.
Soon-Nam Ko1, Churl-Jin Kim2, Chong-Tai Kim2, Seung In Hong1, Jong-Wook Kim3, Eun Ju Lee3, Kwang-Il Kwon3, In-Hwan Kim1, 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703, Republic of Korea, 2Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, 463-746, Republic of Korea, 3Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), Seoul, 122-704, Republic of Korea
The effect of eight vitamin E homologues, i.e. α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol, on the inhibition of autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were investigated. γ-Tocopherol exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the homologues tested in this study when the antioxidant activities of the individual homologues in CLA were compared by PV. The order of antioxidant activity of eight homologues was γ-tocopherol > δ-tocopherol=δ-tocotrienol ≥ γ-tocotrienol > β-tocopherol=β-tocotrienol > α-tocopherol=α-tocotrienol. The degradation rates of α-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol were faster than those of the other homologues, whereas δ-tocopherol had the highest stability in CLA during storage. All homologues exhibited an antioxidant activity by inhibiting the formation of secondary oxidation products. It appears that α-tocotrienol and β-tocotrienol have significantly higher antioxidant activities for secondary oxidation in CLA than α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol. Meanwhile, the other homologues, namely γ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, δ-tocopherol, and δ-tocotrienol exhibited similar antioxidant activity for secondary oxidation in CLA.
Polar Compounds Determination by HPSEC in Frying Oils Collected in Different Times.
C.F. Furquin1, R.S.P. Oliveira2, E.E. Lima3, J.M. Block1, D. Barrera-Arellano2, 1University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, 2University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 3Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Fats and oils became highly susceptible to degradation in the frying process Polar compounds (PC) such as free fatty acids (FFA), mono (MG) and di-glycerides (DG), dimmers (DM) and polymers (PM) are produced as a result of thermal, hydrolytic, and oxidative reactions. Frying is one of the most widely used practices in fast food restaurants however; the oil quality determination, in most cases, is not done appropriately, and the oil disposal is based on visual criteria. The present study was designed to evaluate PC in soybean oil and partially hydrogenated soybean fats used in frying in 20 different restaurants (Florianopolis city, Brazil). The samples were collected on the half-time of use and on the disposal time. PC were determined by HPSEC (High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography) and the total polar compounds (TPC) were determined by TESTO 265 equipment. The TPC in the half-time samples and before disposal ranged between 0.4–20% and 6.2-28%. Observed values ranged from 0.0–1.3%, 2.0–7.8%, 0.8–5.8% and 0.0–0.9% for MG + FFA, DG, DM and PM for half-time of use and 0.0–1.5, 1.8–8.4, 1.3–7.3 and 0.0–1.3 before disposal, respectively. A correlation was not found between PC, as determined by HPSEC and TESTO. The results have indicated that frying oils in this study have been discarded before they reach high levels of degradation.
Aliphatic Aldehydes in Genuine Olive Oils.
W. Moreda, R. Gómez Coca, A. Cert , M.C. Pérez-Camino, Department of Food Quality and Characterization Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Avda. Padre García Tejero, 4 41012-Sevilla, Spain
Long chain aliphatic aldehydes were found in the unsaponifiable fraction of virgin olive oils a few years ago, but their role has not yet been established. Although they are probably only intermediates in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and secondary alcohols, their determination could be of great utility in the detection of olive oil blends with other cheaper vegetable oils. The determination is performed by solid phase extraction (SPE) using silica-gel as stationary phase followed by identification using gas chromatography mass spectromety (GC-MS). The aliphatic aldehydes with polarity between the hydrocarbons and the waxes and with 22 and 30 carbon atoms, predominating the even serie: C22, C24, C26 and C30. The quantitative determination is carried out by apolar capillary gas chromatography using on-column injection and flame ionization detector. The quantification is done using internal standard (lauryl arachidate, w-C32). Squalene, the most abundant hydrocarbon in olive oils, interferes in the determination of aldehydes, necessitating the isolation of the aldehyde fraction before quantification. To study the influence of the variety, origin, quality and processing on the aldehyde content, several olive fruits from different geographical origin and varieties were processed using the Abencor® system with different mesh size and malaxing time.The aldehyde content detected and the profile shows that aldehydes could be a good parameter in the detection of adulteration of olive oils with vegetable oils.
Effects of Esterification on Hydroperoxide Formation of Sterol.
M. Lehtonen, A.-M. Lampi, V. Piironen, Department of Food and Environment Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Phytosterols are added to food products because of their ability to lower serum cholesterol levels. Either free or esterified sterols are used for enriching. During the manufacture and storage, the sterols may oxidize. Since the oxidation products may have negative health effects, it is essential to study the oxidation process of sterols, especially the initial state of the reaction. In this study, the effects of esterification on hydroperoxide formation of sterol were examined. Cholesteryl stearate, oleate and linoleate, and free cholesterol were used as model compounds. The sterols were exposed to 100 °C for 0-4 days. The formation of both sterol and fatty acid part hydroperoxides (St-OOH and Fa-OOH) was followed in intact molecules by an HPLC-ELSD method. The ester OOHs were separated on an alumina column with 0.57% IPA in heptane. Free sterol OOHs were determined with a SiOH-column, 2-5% IPA in heptane and DAD at 206 nm. St-OOHs consisted mainly of 7-OOH epimers. In unsaturated esters also common Fa-OOHs were formed. Esterification with saturated fatty acid increased St-OOHs from 2.6 to 14 mg/g. As the unsaturation level increased, the initiation time decreased and the ratio of St-OOH:Fa-OOH at the maximum was altered from 5:3 to 1:3. In conclusion, esterification seemed to expose sterol for oxidation at 100 °C and unsaturation level of the fatty acid affected the amount of measurable OOHs.
Impact of the Addition of Bioactive Compounds on Oxidative Stability of Refined Soyabean Oil.
Ana Maria Rauen-Miguel1, Claudia Aparecida Silva Almeida1, Neura Bragagnolo2, 1ITAL - Institute od Food Technology, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
This study evaluated the oxidative stability of refined soybean oil without added antioxidants, compared with 8-enriched formulations containing bioactive ingredients: oil + fresh garlic, dried rosemary, dried oregano, annatto in nature, dried rosemary + annatto, annatto + dried oregano, fresh garlic + annatto, seasoning mix (oil + garlic + rosemary + annatto) and oil + TBHQ, stored in chambers at 25 and 35 °C, in the dark. The tests used were Rancimat stability (induction period at 100°C and 10 L / h air), peroxide value (meq / kg) and acid value (mg KOH / g). Up to 270 days of storage, no significant changes were observed for the induction period of the control sample and samples of all added ingredients, with average values of 10.3 h for the 2 temperatures. The sample with added TBHQ showed greater stability, the induction period ranging from 28.3 to 24.6 h at 25 °C and from 28.3 to 25.2 at 35ºC. The highest data of acid value were obtained for the fresh garlic formulations (0.6 and 0.8 mgKOH / g) and seasoning mix (0.4 and 0.9 mgKOH / g) at 25 and 35 ºC. For peroxide values, the lowest data were found for fresh garlic and fresh garlic + annatto at 25 ° C (4.1 and 5.1 meq / kg) and for the formulations rosemary and oregano at 35 º C (4,9 and 5,1 meq / kg).
Development of Healthy Spreads Enriched with Beneficial Omega-3 Fatty Acids.
S.P. O' Dwyer1, D. O' Beirne2, D. Ni Eidhin2, B.T. O'Kennedy1, 1Food Processing & Functionality Dept., Teagasc, Dairy Products Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, 2College of Science, University of Limerick, Ireland
ω-3 PUFAs are particularly susceptible to oxidative deterioration. Lipid oxidation lowers the nutritional value and quality of foods and forms toxic compounds, off-flavours and off-odours. Incorporation of ω-3 PUFAs into food systems helps protect the oils from oxidation and addresses the problem of low ω-3 intake in typical western diets.20% O/W emulsions stabilised by sodium caseinate, containing pre-oxidised camelina/fish oil blend (72/28) were produced, to predict their behaviour if introduced into spread systems. Primary oxidation products (PVs) dropped from a day zero value of 23.94±0.29 μmole hydroperoxides/g oil to day four values of 2.67±0.19, 6.15±0.31 and 9.65±1.08 μmoles hydroperoxides/g oil at 60°C, 25°C and 8°C, respectively. O/W emulsions were introduced into spreads to form multiple emulsions (O/W/O). Spreads with varying types and blends of ω-3 oils were manufactured using scraped surface heat exchanger and stored @ ~5°C. PVs of spreads increased on storage, (3.65±0.17 μmoles hydroperoxides/g oil on day 5 to 70.43±1.50 μmoles hydroperoxides/g oil on day 73 for a 25% tuna Oil/W/O spread). Secondary products (p-anisidine values) remained constant (4.71-5.32). Bulk oils were used as a reference. Particle size analysis and confocal imaging confirmed the spreads didn't change rheogically, over storage. Physical structure showed few changes, based on TA texture analysis and an oscillation procedure on the Rheometer.
Effect of Natural Pigments on the Oxidative Stability of Sausages Stored Under Refrigeration.
A. Mercadante1, C. Capitani2, E. Decker3, I. Castro2, 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil , 2Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil , 3Department of Food Science, Chenoweth Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
The objective of this study was to use natural pigments to replace sodium erythorbate (NaEry), a synthetic compound used as an antioxidant in sausage formulation, and to evaluate the oxidative stability of the samples. Six assays were prepared in which sodium erythorbate (ERY) at a dosage of 0.05 g/100 g was substituted by norbixin (NOR), lycopene (LYC), zeaxanthin (ZEA), β-carotene (CAR) or dextrose (used as a control (CON)). Physical, chemical, color, texture and sensory parameters were measured on the first day and after 45 days of storage at 4o C. All pigments used in the sausage formulations were able to maintain the oxidative stability of the sausages (MDA equivalents < 0.38 mg/kg). Zeaxanthin and norbixin were the most efficient antioxidants of those tested. This antioxidant effect might be associated with the intermediate polarities of these two compounds, which would allow them to concentrate in the membrane lipids or emulsion interface, where lipid oxidation is most prevalent. Other volatile secondary products of oxidation besides MDA should be evaluated in further studies involving natural pigments and sensory oxidative stability.
Synergistic Effect of Natural Antioxidants and Chelating Agents on the Retardation of Oxidative Deterioration of Fish Oil.
W.M. Indrasena, M. Oxford, J.A. Kralovec, Ocean Nutrition Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oil results in the formation of wide array of compounds including hydroperoxides, dimers, polymers and various volatile compounds. Besides the adverse health and nutritional effects of some of these compounds, objectionable flavour volatiles generated from the decomposition of hydroperoxides cause a considerable negative impact on the quality of food-grade fish oils as well as the food products containing such oils. Antioxidants are commonly added to fish oil during or after the deodorization process to prolong the shelf life, and it is essential to protect oil from initial oxidation at its early stages of the process. Various antioxidant blends and chelating agents were used during 2 critical processing stages of oil processing including bleaching and deodorization. Samples of bleached oil prior to deodorization were stored at ambient temperature and deodorized oil samples were stored in sealed, amber bottles either at ambient temperature or at 5°C or at both temperatures. Peroxide values (PV) and p-anisidine values (p-AV) of bleached oil were monitored every week during the storage. Sensory properties of the deodorized oil stored at ambient temperature and/or at 5°C were also monitored weekly in addition to PV and p-AV. There was a considerable reduction of the formation of hydroperoxides resulting in the improvement in the sensory stability of the deodorized oil when suitable antioxidants were used at appropriate stages of oil processing. This presentation will demonstrate the synergistic effect of antioxidants and chelating agents in improving the oxidative and sensory stability of fish oil.
Carotenoids Quantification of Different Colored Sweet Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.).
J.C. Germán-Jauregui1, S. Agustín-Salazar1, L.A. Medina-Juárez2, N. Gámez-Meza2, 1Depto. Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia de la Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo,Sonora, México, 2Depto. Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is considered an important source of carotenoids with antioxidant capacity. Recent studies show that consumption of pepper can prevent cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and cancer. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the levels of carotenoids of different colored (green, orange, red and yellow) sweet Bell peppers by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and evaluate antioxidant capacity by two methods DPPH• and ABTS•+. The results showed that β-carotene was present in all colors of sweet Bell peppers, besides the highest level was found in the red Bell pepper (71.99±7.30 μg/100g) and the lowest level in yellow Bell pepper (6.94±0.25μg/100g). Significative differences (p<0.05) in antioxidant activity by DPPH• (orange>red>yellow>green) were found. The orange and red Bell peppers (26.47±0.15 and 26.59±0.64 mmols ET/mg, respectively) showed the highest inhibition of ABTS•+ radical. Therefore, the results show that orange and red sweet Bell peppers have potential as a source of natural antioxidants.
Effects of Chitosan and Rosmarinate Esters on the Physical and Oxidative Stability of Liposomes.
Atikorn Panya1, Jérôme Lecomte3, Mickael Laguerre 3, D. Julian McCLEMENTS1, Jochen Weiss2, Pierre Villeneuve3, Eric A. Decker1, 1Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA,USA, 2University of Hohenheim, Deptdepartment of Food Science and& Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany, 3UMR IATE, CIRAD Dept Persyst, Montpellier, France
Liposomes have great potential to deliver bioactive compounds in foods. However, oxidative degradation and physical instability of liposomes greatly limits their utilization. This research evaluates the utilization of chitosan and rosmarinic acid and its esters to increase the physical and oxidative stability of liposomes. Particle size analysis and reduced sedimentation showed that the physical stability of liposomes was enhanced by layering cationic chitosan onto anionic liposomes. Addition of fatty acid esters onto rosmarinic acid increased antioxidant partitioning into the liposomes. Only butyl rosmarinate exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than free rosmarinic acid. Eicosyl rosmarinate (20 carbons) had lower antioxidant activity than all other rosmarinic acid derivatives. The combination of octadecyl rosmarinate (40µM) and chitosan coating resulted in significantly greater inhibition of lipid oxidation in the liposomes compared to the individual components. Increasing the concentrations of octadecyl rosmarinate in the chitosan coated liposomes decreased lipid oxidation up to a concentration of 40 µM. These results suggest that using a combination of rosmarinic acid and chitosan coating could significantly increase the oxidative and physical stability of liposomes.
Effect of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Extracts on Cholesterol Stability During Thermal-Induced Oxidation.
S. Agustín-Salazar1, D.M.A. Molina-Quijada2, L.A. Medina-Juárez3, N. Gámez-Meza3, 1Depto. de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia de la Universidad de Sonora., Hermosillo,Sonora, México, 2Posgrado en Biociencias. Universidad de Sonora., Hermosillo, Sonora, México, 3Depto. Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora., Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
The consumption of bioactive compounds, specifically phenolic compounds, tocopherols and carotenoids is recommended for its antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study aims to generate information on the content of tocopherols and carotenoids and antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the pericarp of five pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars (Anaheim, Bell, Caribe, Jalapeno and Serrano), grown in Northwest of Mexico. The results showed that extracts of Caribe and Anaheim had the highest α-tocopherol content (608.07±69.02 and 537.38±51.09 μg/100g, respectively). Among the carotenoids, lutein was the most abundant (11.11±0.80 mg/g) followed by β-caroteno (9.79±0.36 mg/g). The levels of chlorophyll were predominant over the carotenoids. Jalapeno cultivar had the highest concentration in both chlorophylls (39.59±4.46 mg Chl-a and 91.33±1.36 mg Chl-b/g). Phenolic extracts from pericarp of five cultivars showed similar inhibition of cholesterol oxidation that natural antioxidants (tocopherols and rosemary extract). Therefore, this study suggests that these peppers are a potential as source of natural antioxidants


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Apr 13
This Event is called Heart's Cry. It is an all day family event hosted by Impact Missions of Southaven, MS. This event is open to the public and is to promote National Child Abuse Awareness Month as well as building Community. There will be Food, Drink, Kids rides, Moonbounce,, etc. Something for everyone. The concert starts at 6:00 pm inside the Arena but activities will begoing on all day long. Come on out and support this great ministry.
May 18
The Annual Hernando MS Optimist's Club A-Fair. Fun, Food, Entertainment, Vendor, and Merchandise sales of all kinds. Happens on Friday, 5/18/2012 from 4 pm to 9 pm and Saturday, 5/19/2012 from 9am to 5 pm.
May 4
Men's Annual Fish Fry. For young men 10 years ol and up!
May 21
Zealous to play at 1 pm.
May 20
Zealous to play at 7 pm.
Label: unsigned
Manager: Zealous
Bio: Keeping true to their North Mississippi roots, ZEALOUS mixes Delta Blues, Memphis Soul, a touch of Gospel, and a lot of Rock and Roll to create their very own unique sound and style of Christian Rock that is sure to please the most discerning ear! Powerful lyrics with a message of Hope coupled wi...See Full Bio
Mike Rainey
Steven Allen
Sean KElley

subset: commoncrawl


text: Statoil (STO) Statoil ( STO) is an integrated energy company that was formerly known as StatoilHydro ASA. The company operates in more than 40 countries and is based in Norway. 2010 has been a forgettable year for this energy stock, which has fallen -14.6% since January. STO is trading just above its 52-week low of $18.39, with a stock price of $21.25. Like other stocks on this list, STO made some progress in September, but is still in the red for the year, and should be avoided when looking for energy stocks to buy. Suncor Energy (SU) Based in Calgary, Suncor Energy ( SU) is another integrated energy company that makes the list. SU stock has had a bumpy ride in 2010, and is down -6% over the past 10 months. While the stock saw rallies in April, June, August and September, it has been unable to sustain any momentum. Perhaps prepping for another letdown, analysts have scaled back earnings estimates to $0.41 after an EPS of $0.49 last quarter. If you own Suncor Energy stock, now might be the time to sell based on its volatility and unimpressive performance. Imperial Oil (IMO) Imperial Oil ( IMO) is involved in the exploration, production and sale of crude oil and natural gas. While IMO has not performed as poorly as other stocks on this list, it still has seen returns of -1.7% year-to-date. Shareholders cannot be thrilled by the fact that IMO has missed earnings estimates for four consecutive quarters, including a miss of -19.4% last quarter. Its current stock price of $37.98 is slightly higher than its 52-week low of $35.18. Devon Energy (DVN) Independent energy company Devon Energy ( DVN) is engaged in the exploration, development and production of oil and natural gas. Year-to-date, the energy stock has slipped -12.3%, compared to modest gains by the broader markets. Like other stocks on this list, analysts have cut back on earnings estimates this quarter. Experts project EPS of $1.36 this quarter compared to an actual EPS of $1.53 last quarter. Trading at $64.41, DVN is an expensive energy stock whose performance has not justified its purchase. Anadarko Petroleum Corp. (APC) Headquartered in Texas, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. ( APC) rounds out the list of energy stocks to sell. Since January, shareholders have watched this stock fall -10.1%. While APC has rallied over the past few weeks, it is still reeling from a sharp July decline. A net profit margin of -1.1% last quarter is just another unsavory detail about this stock. Unless APC can continue to rally past its pre-July levels, consider selling this energy stock. As of this writing, Louis Navellier did not own a position in any of the stocks named here. >To see these stocks in action, visit the 10 Crude Oil Blue-Chips to Sell portfolio on Stockpickr. More From Investor Place 6 Stocks to Sell Before the Market Meltdown The Best Investments to Cash in on Midterm Elections Louis Navellier's Top 5 Stocks for the 4th Quarter Prev 1 of 2 Next


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Repeat Exercise 11, using an ArrayList.
(Exercise -11)
Write a program that computes the standard deviation of N real numbers. The standard deviation s is computed according to
The variable x_ is the average of N input values x1 through xN. The program first prompts the user for N and then declares an array of size N.