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Dirt Track Auto Racing Jeremy Zufall #20
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Dirt Track Racing
Welcome to our Dirt Track Auto Racing website. We hope to provide you with some helpful information about the popular sport of dirt track auto racing along with related products and services that might be useful to you as you become more involved in dirt track racing as a sport or hobby.
This web site was built to tell others about this great family sport. It is dedicated to Jeremy Zufall who is a Western Pennsylvania dirt track racer who has won many races while in events covering several classes of race cars on the oval tracks in the Pennsylvania tri-state area. Within the last two years, Jeremy has moved into the Fastrak Late Model racing class where he tried it out. Although he had a good run, he is attempting to, once again, come home with those first place wins. The Fastrak field is jammed with good drivers, highly competitive, and every one of them pushes to cross that finish line first. This class was a real challenge, but like in the past, Jeremy was able to overcome the odds and hold his own. He did not come away with any first place wins.
Time to move on and try something new for 2014. 2014 was a good year. 2015 was a time to take a break and refresh, search for new sponsors and get ready for the 2016 season. Joy Global dropped their support for many of their extra curricular activities in 2015, including in their motor sports sponsorship across the board. Now we are searching for a new sponsors for 2016 and as many know, it is not an easy task in today's economy. Regardless, there are companies who will see the value of advertising their businesses on the dirt track cars. Jeremy has some new sponsors right now (see pics below) but could still use more. Dirt track racing is expensive as you all know.
It's been two long years. Racing was put way down on the bottom of the list as other family concerns became top priority. New baby, new dance studio, new bills, etc. All the things that come with an ever changing life. All of that is great news because it was all worth the wait. Now we see Jeremy getting back on the dirt track.
Here is his new car, with 2 races in for the season to test it out. Mechanical problems have surfaced, but are only temporary. He is ready to race and serious about doing well this year. Here are a few pics of his new dirt track auto racing car.
New car in the works. Here is a sneak peak. Started out working on it in the garage and here is the almost finished product with most of the logos on it, ready for the dirt track. Jeremy is building his 2010 Bicknell Chassis and will be racing in the Rush sportsman modified series this year. The car has been on the track twice now. Things seem to be going well and the regular racing season has started. You can check out You can check out the website for information on RUSH Here:
and check out our
for more and the latest updates.
Click Here!
Every year, not unlike many of his competitors, he either modifies his previous model year dirt track car or he starts building a new one from the ground up. You can see some of his former modified cars on his
blog and on this website's picture page.
The information on this website is provided from first hand, personal experience in many cases. This is such a great, family friendly sport that there are many reasons for a dirt track racer to share their experiences with others who may be looking to make a start on the oval dirt track.
Dirt track auto racing is an awesome sport. Once it's in your blood there is nothing you can do but race. In fact, you can almost call it an obsession!
What better way to get started then to hear from an actual dirt track auto racer? There are many dirt track auto racers who participate in and enjoy the sport. You will find many who have told their stories online, so do a Bing or Google search to find out more about the diverse groups of people who are involved in this sport. In your research you will find that dirt track auto racing seems to provide many other families with an interesting hobby for many generations. This is truly a family, fun sport rated G for great for any age family member.
Here is a little background information about #20. Jeremy Zufall is a dirt track racer who drives a Fastrak late model modified car, #20. He comes from a long line of dirt track auto racers as this has been a family sport and hobby in their own family for many generations. His dad, Jim Zufall still races today and his grand pap and many uncles assist him as his pit crew when he travels around to the various oval tracks in the Western PA area.
Jeremy is a family man with two adorable daughters and a beautiful wife who are always in the stands cheering him on. (You can see some of their pics on the blog at
His mom is his faithful videographer, rarely missing an event. His grandma, aunts, uncles and sister and their families can be seen in the stands on a regular basis too, especially during the peak of the racing season.
Jeremy is #20 and this is just one of the many dirt track cars he has built. This is last year's model for 2012 where his main sponsor was Joy Mining and Manufacturing Company. Jeremy builds the late model and Joy wraps the entire car with their own logo. You can find more pics on the blog.
You can check back on our blog http://www.dirttrackracing.blogspot.com from time to time to see what's new. You will see some of the other dirt track cars Jeremy has driven. He used to have a great looking red car, but not any more. In an effort to keep changing and improving his times and to help him move up in the ranks, he has to get better performing cars to modify.
Dirt Track Auto Racing
Dirt track auto racing is a wonderful, fun, family sport that anyone can enjoy. It is an affordable night out for everyone. Bring a car load to the dirt track and have some fun on a beautiful summer night. Enjoy being with family and friends while helping to support your local dirt track.
Content copyright


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Arlington Police Department Collection - Browse
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- [Arlington Police Officer Martha Willbanks, APD's first female officer]
- Photograph of Officer Martha Willbanks standing with her arm on the driver's door of an Arlington Police cruiser. This is a close-in photo of Officer Willbanks taken in about 1999 with the background of the building and foliage distorted. Officer Willbanks was Arlington's first female officer (she was called the city's only armed secretary) and her dress uniform hangs in the police museum.
- [Image of a replica of the Texas Peace Officers' Memorial in Austin, Texas, top view]
- Photograph of a replica of the Texas Peace Officers' Memorial. The Texas Peace Officers' Memorial is a monument erected on the grounds of the Capitol Complex in Austin, Texas to recognize and honor the ultimate sacrifice made by Texas law enforcement and corrections officers who were killed in the line of duty. On May 10, 1999, law enforcement officers and the families of officers traveled to Austin for the Memorial dedication. This replica is on a wooden base with the words "Texas Peace Officers Memorial" printed on a bronze plate attached to the center of the base.

subset: commoncrawl


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Gregory A Lundberg <lundb...@vr.net>
|Re: cvs commit: apachen STATUS
|Fri, 09 Jan 1998 04:22:27 GMT
On Thu, 8 Jan 1998, Brian Behlendorf wrote: > dev.apache.org and new-httpd are not mentioned on the www.apache.org site > as an attempt to, crudely, "keep the barbarians outside the gates". Maybe > that should be changed. At the very least dev.apache.org should be > mentioned in the welcome message to new-httpd. I think I'll go edit it to > do that. Also take a look at updating the 'How to join the Apache Group' section of ABOUT_APACHE in the source tarball. IMHO anyone wanting to take a look at coding would start there anyway. That's where I learned about new-httpd. ---- Gregory A Lundberg Senior Partner, VRnet Company 1441 Elmdale Drive email: email@example.com [22.214.171.124] Kettering, OH 45409-1615 USA voice: +1 (937) 299-7653
|View raw message


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Skip to comments.Coast to Coast insta-poll
Posted on 10/03/2012 11:14:03 PM PDT by djf
Coast to Coast, the oft chuckled about late night radio show, is conducting an insta-poll about the debate results.
Question: After tonight's presidential debate, did what you see and heard convince you to vote for...
Current numbers:
Obama 460 votes, 16.7%
Romney 2,067 votes, 75.05%
Undecided 227 votes, 8.24%
cool, a bunch of conservative coasties.
That show is reflective of the typical Democrat constituency: no job in the morning, will believe anything, along with zombies and the dead.
Even oversampling among Dems they're losing this one.
Almost like Jimmy seeing another killer rabbit.
C2C gas alot of long haul trucker fans. Also, alot of LE. Nighttime security folks, that type.
According to C2C listeners, the media analysis is total bullcrap, Romney blew him away by an almost 60% margin!!
C2C is what I sleep to at night.
It's like bedtime ghost stories for us weird folks.
C2C is what I sleep to at night.
It's like bedtime ghost stories for us weird folks.
Poll sample: 34Dem/20Rep/33Ind/13Alien
I used to listen when Whitley Strieber sat in for Art Bell.
Strieber is a total wierdo, but was always good for a few laughs.
I told my friend after the debate I thought 80% would say Romney won it. I guess I forgot to account for the 5% of lying liberals who wouldn't admit Obama lost.
doesn't the new host tilt left?
Caption this picture?
Thank you for voting!
Barack Obama 17.41% (597 votes)
Mitt Romney 74.13% (2,542 votes)
Still undecided 8.46% (290 votes)
Total Votes: 3,429
I voted in the Kook to Kook poll.
IIRC, Noory is/was an Obot.
You already knew that sasquatch was going to go for Willard.
Duh, you ever seen an urban sasquatch?
No doubt a poll by Huffpo or one the the MSM outfits would be more accurate.
/sarcasm off
IMHO, C2C has probably the largest percentage of moderate, salt of the earth type folks than all the other outlets put together!!
I love coast to coast. George Noory is the best at what he does. George Knapp is a close second IMHO. I don't listen every night but I pick and choose subject matter. For anyone's information, I've never seen a ghost, Big Foot, UFO, or alien in my life. I don't believe in monsters or witchcraft. I've never regressed into a past life and have no particular interest in magic or spells. I have never considered myself to be weird. I grew up on Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys so I'm predisposed to love mystery. I stood in line for two hours to see Close Encounters, never missed an episode of Star Trek, or even Lost in Space. I also was a fan of Planet of the Apes until it got absurd. X Factor had me hooked for years. I still want to know where Jimmy Hoffa is, who killed JFK, and when the next meteor will hit. Age and sleeping habits have made me glad the radio is there late at night. I've found most listeners to be ordinary like me. Romney won big time.
You should, when you call for FReepers to it a poll, publish the results at that time.
For a small sample like this, it will be very easy to inundate it.
And we cannot come to any reliable conclusions about the public at large after you call for FReepers to hit it.
Obama 799 votes, 18.3%
Romney 3,153 votes, 72.23%
Undecided 414 votes, 9.48%
72.18% Romney (3443 votes)
18.13% The Big Zero (865)
9.69% Undecided (462)
My general feeling is that you just cannot trust polls. We don't know enough about the polled audience, the methods used, any particular inclinations of the pollsters.
In this case, though, given the reaction of the liberal media, it's pretty clear Romney did what might be called a spectacular job.
Zero was plainly lost without his teleprompter and his sound bites, not to mention I think most Americans are getting flat out tired of the whole "Well, ya know, there was this woman in Iowa who didn't have a cell phone, and her cat started pukin so we sent in a chopper and set her up on T-Mobile..." spiels.
It's lame. Pure propaganda.
Thanks, Dynachrome... I freeped!
Barack Obama 17.94% (1,123 votes)
Mitt Romney 72.18% (4,518 votes)
Still undecided 9.87% (618 votes)
Barack Obama 17.81% (1,563 votes)
Mitt Romney 72.31% (6,346 votes)
Still undecided 9.88% (867 votes)
Total Votes: 8,776
Guess the 0bama camp is freaking out now!! GOOD...
Wonder what happened to The Great Orator?? obama looked like a FOOL last night and made little sense.
Can't wait for the Biden - Ryan match up — it's going to be a LAUGH RIOT!!
Barack Obama 17.79% (1,587 votes)
Mitt Romney 72.31% (6,451 votes)
Still undecided 9.9% (883 votes)
Total Votes: 8,921
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Reported Attack Site!
This web site at http://www.ychange.com has been reported as an attack site and has been blocked based on your security preferences.
Attack sites try to install programs that steal private information, use your computer to attack others, or damage your system.
Some attack sites intentionally distribute harmful software, but many are compromised without the knowledge or permission of their owners.
I'm using Firefox


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Trakonya Mutator – dumbest gaming peripheral ever
This gadget attaches to you and your computer and when you are playing the Unreal series if you get hit it will shock you. No, no I will not review it, look at it, think about it, I hate being shocked more than any other sensation I've ever had.
Currently it only works with the Unreal series, but they are apparently working on an engine to work with the Half Life series. So, if you are feeling especially dumb, or if you feel you need a more realistic incentive not to die in game, this is for you.


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Crews battle fire on Haverhill Drive in Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach firefighters battled a fire on Haverhill Drive early Thursday morning.
Virginia Beach firefighters battled a fire on Haverhill Drive early Thursday morning.
The USS George Washington had been serving in Yokosuka, Japan for the last seven years.
ODU continues to search for answers on the road.
Nicknamed "Lady Magic," Lieberman led one of the most dominant teams in women's basketball history.
Owner Kirit Amin had 30 days to tell the city if he planned to demolish or rebuild the M Star.
TowneBank will acquire Monarch to create a $7.3 billion bank serving the Hampton Roads market.
Rescue was called to Rexford Drive, shortly after 8 p.m. Wednesday.
A Hampton Police Division detective spent four years investigating a cold case before authorities made an arrest last week.
Virginia Beach police say a man was injured after an altercation with another man Wednesday night.
A jury has found a local man guilty of the murder of a Virginia Beach nightclub security guard.
Firefighters say no one was injured after a dryer fire at a home in Norfolk Wednesday.
One person has been displaced from their home as a result of a fire, according to Norfolk Battalion Chief Tull.
Protests in honor of Freddie Gray followed the mistrial of Officer William Porter in Baltimore on Wednesday.
10 On Your Side has learned a former Virginia Beach Human Services Department case worker who was accused of stealing thousands from her cli…
The towering building has only a handful of tenants now, but it could have hundreds as an apartment complex.
Pro athletes encouraged Norfolk students to stay on the right course at a Stay in School, Stop the Violence rally Wednesday.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|13 Mar 1990
|Filing date
|14 Feb 1989
|Priority date
|14 Feb 1989
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ronald C. Wiand
|Original Assignee
|Wiand Ronald C
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (52), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to diamond layered abrading tools. More particularly, the present invention relates to a multilayer diamond abrading tool produced without a mold.
In the past, it has been desirable to produce diamond abrading wheels and other abrading tools. Of these prior tools, the most common types include tools having a monolayer of grit and multilayer grit tools. The single layer grit structures include a metal substrate which has a single layer of diamond grit particles attached thereto to provide the abrading surfaces. While these tools provide advantages in cost of manufacture over other abrading tools, they may have limited life for grinding of certain materials. This is a problem because through the course of grinding operations, the diamond grit particles eventually come loose reducing the efficiency of the abrading tool.
On the other hand, the multilayer tools include several thicknesses of dispersed diamond cutting grit, thus, providing continued layers of usable grinding surfaces beyond the initial surface layer of diamond grit. In the past, in order to provide such a multilayer diamond grit abrading tool configuration, it was required to provide a mold to produce the necessary shape when sintering a diamond grit matrix onto a core. This is most effectively accomplished by molding with heat and compression, such that an advantageous multilayer wheel or the like surface would be produced and attached to the substrate tool structure.
Because of the necessity of molds and tooling for these sintered multilayer abrasion tools, the capital expenditures for equipment and costs of production are high. Additionally, it has been inherent in the manufacturing process that there is much wasted material during final machining of these molded multilayer abrading wheels.
In the present invention there is provided a method for producing a multilayer diamond abrading structure on an abrading tool without the use of molding and/or pressure. This advantageously provides a less expensive and more efficient method of producing a multilayer abrading tool.
According to the present invention there is provided a process for forming a multilayer abrasive surface on an abrading tool as follows. First, a structured surface is provided on an abrading tool. The structured surface preferably includes raised abrading protrusions, concavities or depressions thereon. Next, an abrasive grit coating is provided by mixing preselected quantities of a temporary binder, abrasive grit material and an infiltrate material. The abrasive grit coating is then applied to the structured surface and heated for a time and at a temperature which provides for driving off of the temporary binder and brazing the abrasive grit particles onto the structured surface of the tool. An additional layer of abrasive grit is provided by applying an additional layer of abrasive grit material to the layer of abrasive grit coating prior to the step of heating the assembly.
Additional benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments and the appended claims take in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an abrading tool prepared in accordance with the teachings of the present invention prior to the step of heating the tool;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the abrading tool of FIG. 1 after the heating step of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a detailed cross-sectional view of the completed multilayer tool construction as accomplished by the teachings of the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings, the layers utilized in the present invention are somewhat exaggerated in FIG. 1 for purposes of illustration. According to the present invention there is provided a process for forming a multilayer diamond abrading tool 10. The process of the present invention may be accomplished substantially without use of a mold as required in prior processes. As a first step of the process of the present invention, an abrading tool 12 is initially provided. Preferably, the abrading tool 12 includes a structured surface 13. The structured surface 13 includes abrading protrusions 14 which provide an advantageous form for a final grinding or abrading surface configuration and facilitates the production of an even multilayer abrasive grit surface on the structured surface.
An abrasive grit coating 15 is formulated by mixing preselected quantities of an abrasive grit, an infiltrant material and a temporary binder 20. This abrasive grit coating is then applied to the structured surface 13 and thereafter, the completed assembly is heated for a time and at a temperature which will drive off the temporary binder and allow the infiltrant to liquefy and infiltrate the non-melting constituents abrasive grit particles thereafter acting as a matrix to secure the abrasive grit and other non-melting constituents to the structured surface of the tool (for purposes herein the term "non-melting" refers to constituents which are non-melting with respect to the infiltrant used). Additionally, a further layer of abrasive grit is accomplished by applying an outer layer 22 of diamond grit particles 16 over the abrasive grit coating layer prior to curing of the temporary binder, i.e. while the binder is still wet or tacky.
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, an abrading tool 10 is provided which includes a tool substrate 12, such as a core of a grinding wheel to which a multilayer abrasive grit surface is desirable to be attached. The substrate 12 includes a structured surface having a series of raised abrading protrusions 14 thereon which act as a surface for attachment of the abrasive grit particles. The structured surface may be of many suitable forms. As shown in the drawings, a knurled surface around the periphery of a grinding wheel type abrading tool is preferred. The surface may be formed by forming knurles, grooves, projections, recesses, concavities or depressions in the tool itself or by bonding a screen-like material or other perforated or textured metallic or high temperature resistant material onto the tool substrate 12. Alternately, the tool substrate 12 may include a smooth surface without deviating from the scope of the present invention. A structured surface has been found to be advantageous in that during the heating step a structured surface results in a substantially even coating of the final multilayer coating as further set forth below.
The abrasive grit coating 15 is formulated by mixing suitable qualities of a temporary binder, abrasive grit such as a diamond grit material and a powdered infiltrant such as a braze composition in a suitable container.
The temporary binder 20 may be any of the type which will readily suspend these materials in a form which will coat and temporarily adhere to the structured surface of the substrate providing a generally even coating. It is preferable that the binder is relatively viscous such that the diamond particles and braze matrix components can be suspended in the binder and will provide a coating thickness which is greater than the diameter of the diamond particles used such that a multilayer of diamond grit is facilitated by the initial "green" coating. The binder must also be relatively inert in the sense that it will not adversely affect the components it is being mixed with and must also be suitable such that it can be driven off such as by volatilization from the remaining material prior to the liquification of the braze. It has been found that a suitable binder is a urethane material. Other suitable binders include acrylic resins, methylmethacrylate resins, lacquers, paints and the like. Other binders may be utilized to provide various characteristics in the final multilayer. For instance, water/flour or water/sawdust binders may be used to produce a more porous final multilayer matrix if desired. In some instances where the product is to be directly converted into the final tool, water alone could be used as a temporary binder to temporarily adhere the mixture to the tool substrate. A preferred urethane binder material includes a Wall Colmonoy "type S" viscous water soluble urethane cement.
While preferably, a binder is utilized in the present invention, the invention may be practiced substituting and taking advantage of gravity to temporarily adhere the abrasive grit infiltrant coating to the tool substrate. As an example, face grinding wheels may be advantageously produced in accordance with the teachings of the present invention by placing the face of the wheel in a horizontal plane and coating the face with the mixture of infiltrant powder and other matrix constituents if desired suspending the abrasive grit therein. Thereafter, a second layer of abrasive grit may be deposited over the first layer. These steps may be sequentially repeated until a desired predetermined thickness is reached. Then the wheel may be heated to allow the infiltrant to infiltrate the abrasive grit and other non-melting constituents to produce the final multilayer abrasive coating o the face grinding wheel.
Preferably, the abrasive grit material useful in the present invention will be one which may be suitably bound by the brazing materials carried in the "green" coating during the heating process. It is preferable that a diamond grit or diamond like hardness grit be used as the abrasive grit, however, other abrasive grits known to those skilled in the art, such as cubic boron nitrite, tungsten carbide, aluminum oxide, emery, silica carbide and others, would be equally suited for use in the present invention. Suitable sized grit or diamond particle material will be selected according to the final application of the abrading wheel and the substrate on which the multilayer is to be applied. It has been found that when used in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a smaller diamond particle size will cut at about the same speed as the prior art tools utilizing larger size grit. For example, it has been found that an 80-100 grit tool prepared in accordance with the teachings of the present invention perform characteristically like a 60-80 grit prior art abrading tool. Thus, the cutting speed is increased while at the same time presenting a finished surface characteristic of a finer grit wheel.
Suitable infiltrant material for use in the present invention include braze powders such as Wall Colmonoy L.M. brazes and the like as are known in the diamond abrasive brazing art. A Wall Colmonoy L.M. 10 NICROBRAZ� stainless brazing filler metal containing 7.0% chromium, 3.1% boron, 4.5% silicone, 3.0% iron and the balance nickel is suitable for use in the present invention. The coating mixture may also include fillers. Diamond setting materials and other matrix forming constituent materials (collectively shown as 24) are known in the art. A Wall Colmonoy no. 6 SPRAYWELL� hard surfacing powder is a preferable addition as a filler to provide suitable matrix for the diamond multilayer.
Other additions to the brazing mixture can be used without deviating from the scope of the present invention. For instance, it may be advantageous to use tungsten carbide additions to produce a better wearing diamond matrix. The amount of braze and/or matrix materials may be adjusted according to the desired properties and/or uses of the final grinding tool. For instance, larger quantities of braze used in the present invention, will produce a final matrix having physical properties similar to the braze material. Likewise, if lower quantities of braze are used with higher quantities of fillers, the final matrix will have physical properties more characteristic of the fillers used.
Generally, preferred diamond grit paste coatings include from about 5% to about 50% by volume binder; from about 1% to about 50% by weight diamond grit particles; from about 2% to about 100% by weight braze; from about 2% to about 94% by weight surfacing powder and from about 2% to about 94% by weight tungsten carbide. Typically, coatings of the present will include from about 20% to about 30% parts by volume binder; from about 1% to about 10% by weight diamond grit; from about 37% to about 50% by weight brazing composition; from about 40% to about 70% by weight surfacing powder; and from about 15% to about 18% by weight tungsten carbide. Preferably, mixtures useful in the present invention include about 40% by volume binder; about 1% by weight diamond grit particles; about 59% by weight braze; and 30% by weight surfacing powder and about 10% by weight tungsten carbide.
In the method of the present invention the abrasive grit coating 15 is applied over the structured surface 13 of the abrading tool in a relatively even and uniform layer over all the surfaces of the tool. Application may be done by any suitable means including brushing, spraying or dipping and the like. Thereafter, it is preferable that another layer 15 of abrasive grit material be added to the outer surfaces of the substrate structure. This may be done by rolling the wheel in abrasive grit particles 16 or by sprinkling the particles 16 onto the abrasive grit coating 15 mixture prior to curing of the binder. The abrasive grit particles used on the outer layer 18 are generally the same as those used in the coating. Additional layers may be added as desired by first allowing the binder to cure, and repeating the steps of coating with the abrasive grit coating and applying diamond particles. These steps may be repeated as desired to build up the coating to a predetermined thickness. Preferably, several layers are provided until the knurling is essentially filled in.
The completed tool with the abrasive grit coating and outer diamond sprinkled layer is thereafter either allowed to cure or directly placed in a suitable oven, such as a vacuum furnace, for heating of the entire structure in order to drive off the temporary binder and either simultaneously or consecutively to provide the heat to melt the brazing composition for infiltration and brazing the diamond matrix onto the tool surface. A temperature of from about 1700� to about 1950� F. is found to be suitable for this heating step. Preferably, the assembly is placed in a vacuum furnace and heated to a temperature of about 800� F. for driving off of the urethane binder and thereafter the temperature is raised to about 1890� F. for allowing the braze material to liquify and infiltrate the abrasive grit matrix and attach it to the tool substrate.
While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory of operation, it is believed that the use of a structured surface, such as a knurled surface is advantageous in that it retains and prevents the braze from flowing and infiltrating the matrix structure unevenly during the liquious state of the braze. The structured surface is also believed to facilitate multidirectional flow and uniform distribution and leveling of the abrasive matrix across and around the periphery of the wheel. This "evening" of the multilayer is believed to be the result of the large surface area provided by the knurling in combination with the radiant heating used. It is believed that this larger surface area heats faster and remains at a higher temperature during the heating process which draws the braze evenly onto the knurled surface, because of the natural tendency of molten braze to be drawn to the higher temperature surface.
The examples below are given as further illustrations of the present invention and are not to be construed to be limiting to the present invention.
A structured tool substrate was prepared by providing a peripheral wheel 6 inches in diameter by 1 inch thick. The wheel was knurled around the outside diameter of the wheel core with a knurling tool that having 16 grooves per inch. The knurl forms a cross hatch pattern on the surface of the periphery of the steel core having grooves which are about 0.020 inches deep and 0.020 inches from peak. Thus, providing a series of projections about the periphery of the wheel. A coating mixture of urethane, diamond 100-120 grit, Wall Colmonoy L.M. braze and Wall Colmonoy hard surfacing powder no. 6 and tungsten carbide ar mixed in the following proportions as shown in Table I below.
TABLE I______________________________________Constituent Amount______________________________________urethane* 40% by volumediamond 100/120 grit 10 caratsWall Colmonoy L.M. braze** 50 gramsWall Colmonoy hard surfacing powder no. 6*** 100 grams200 mesh tungsten carbide 20 grams______________________________________ * Wall Colmonoy type `S`water soluble cement ** Wall Colmonoy L.M. 10 NICROBRAZ *** Wall Colmonoy no. 6 SPRAYWELL �-
The coating was mixed in a suitable container forming a paste like consistency material and applied with a brush evenly and uniformly into and over the knurled surface of the wheel approximately 1/16" thick. Immediately thereafter, 100/120 grit diamond was sprinkled over the coated surface. Thereafter, the wheel as prepared above was placed in a vacuum furnace held at a vacuum of 10-5 torr, first at a temperature of about 800� F. for 15 minutes and thereafter the temperature was raised to about 1890� F. for about 3.25 minutes. The resulting product was cooled and a multilayer diamond coating of substantially even thickness was found to be brazed onto the knurled surfaces of the wheel. The wheel was tested comparatively against a monolayer grinding wheel in grinding glass of optical lenses. The monolayer wheel was found to be unsuitable after grinding of 3 lenses while the grinding wheel of the present invention was found to be suitable for grinding of over 1000 lenses.
A structured substrate is produced by providing a peripheral wheel 6 inches in diameter by 1 inch thick. An eight wire mesh is attached to the core by brazing it thereon. The paste mixture set forth in Table I is thereafter spread onto the wire mesh surface. Immediately thereafter, 80-100 grit diamond is sprinkled on the coated surface. The resulting product is then placed in a vacuum furnace first at a temperature of about 800� F. for 15 minutes and thereafter at about 1890� F. for 3.25 minutes. The grinding wheel is removed from the oven and allowed to cool. The diamond particles are found to be brazed onto the surface in a multilayer.
While the above description constitutes the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope and fair meaning of the accompanying claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|10 Aug 1858
|And thos
|24 Jan 1860
|30 Jun 1930
|8 Mar 1932
|Koebel Wagner Diamond Corp
|Art of setting diamonds
|17 Dec 1931
|19 Dec 1933
|Hard Metal Alloys Inc
|Diamond cutting tool or the like and method of making the same
|27 Jun 1939
|21 May 1940
|Carborundum Co
|Manufacture of granular coated materials
|28 Dec 1943
|16 Jan 1945
|Fish Schurman Corp
|Metallic abrasive composition of matter
|13 Mar 1942
|5 Mar 1946
|Svenska Diamantbergborrnings A
|Method of setting diamonds or other abrasive
|25 Sep 1944
|16 Sep 1947
|Bay State Abrasive Products Co
|Metal bonded abrasive
|15 Sep 1954
|25 Mar 1958
|Norton Co
|Metal bonded diamond wheels
|2 Nov 1959
|5 Jun 1962
|Abrasive Products Inc
|Method of producing abrasive rolls and sheets
|24 Oct 1958
|7 May 1963
|Nat Broach & Mach
|Gear finishing tool
|9 Apr 1963
|21 Sep 1965
|Nat Broach & Mach
|Gear honing tool
|17 Sep 1962
|19 Apr 1966
|Nat Broach & Mach
|Method of making gear finishing tools
|26 Jun 1972
|26 Nov 1974
|Impregnated Diamond Prod Ltd
|An abrasive tool comprising a continuous porous matrix of sintered metal infiltrated by a continuous synthetic resin
|17 Jul 1972
|14 Jan 1975
|Prowse Co Ltd D H
|Flexible abrasive coverings
|14 Aug 1973
|15 Jul 1975
|Abrasive Tech Inc
|Method of manufacturing diamond abrasive tools
|8 May 1975
|19 Apr 1977
|Abrasive Technology, Inc.
|Diamond abrasive tool
|5 Sep 1975
|13 Sep 1977
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the production of abrasives
|9 Sep 1975
|20 Dec 1977
|Robert Dennis Mitchell
|Abrasive compact brazed to a backing
|9 Jan 1978
|6 Mar 1979
|Conradi Victor R
|Metal bonded abrasive tools
|16 Sep 1985
|21 Jul 1987
|Extrude Hone Corporation
|Cutting tool fabrication process
|18 Mar 1987
|27 Sep 1988
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Coated abrasive suitable for use as a lapping material
|4 May 1987
|6 Dec 1988
|Dyer Henry B
|Thermally stable diamond abrasive compact body
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|6 Sep 1989
|30 Oct 1990
|Northern Precision Twin Cities Inc.
|Chain saw sharpening device
|30 Apr 1990
|22 Oct 1991
|Milliken Research Corporation
|Machine and method to enhance fabric
|8 Jan 1990
|5 May 1992
|Milliken Research Corporation
|Machine and method to enhance fabric
|25 Mar 1992
|3 Aug 1993
|General Electric Company
|Multi-layer metal coated diamond abrasives with an electrolessly deposited metal layer
|26 May 1993
|20 Dec 1994
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Polishing/grinding tool and process for producing the same
|13 Sep 1993
|3 Jan 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive articles and methods of making and using same
|7 Jun 1995
|12 Aug 1997
|Wiand Ronald C
|Method of spaced distribution for diamond abrasive articles
|21 Nov 1996
|9 Feb 1999
|Norton Company
|Crenelated abrasive tool
|24 Feb 1998
|7 Dec 1999
|Norton Company
|Abrasive tool with knurled surface
|18 Mar 1999
|18 Jul 2000
|Inland Diamond Products Company
|Attachment system for lens surfacing pad
|9 Jul 1999
|20 Nov 2001
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Metal bond abrasive article comprising porous ceramic abrasive composites and method of using same to abrade a workpiece
|22 Aug 2001
|20 Jan 2004
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making
|18 Aug 2004
|15 Aug 2006
|Kinik Company
|Reciprocating wire saw for cutting hard materials
|27 Sep 2002
|24 Oct 2006
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|29 Sep 2004
|10 Apr 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|Contoured CMP pad dresser and associated methods
|14 Dec 2006
|8 Sep 2009
|Chien-Min Sung
|High pressure superabrasive particle synthesis
|10 Jan 2012
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Lapping tool and method for manufacturing the same
|11 May 2009
|31 Jan 2012
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|28 Aug 2012
|Chien-Min Sung
|Device and method for growing diamond in a liquid phase
|22 Oct 2008
|12 Mar 2013
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad dressers with hybridized abrasive surface and related methods
|19 Mar 2013
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad conditioners with mosaic abrasive segments and associated methods
|18 Mar 2010
|7 Jan 2014
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad dressers with hybridized abrasive surface and related methods
|21 Sep 2011
|15 Jul 2014
|Ritedia Corporation
|Superabrasive tools having substantially leveled particle tips and associated methods
|23 May 2012
|10 Mar 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad dresser having leveled tips and associated methods
|4 Dec 2008
|21 Apr 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|Methods for orienting superabrasive particles on a surface and associated tools
|11 Mar 2013
|30 Jun 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad dressers with hybridized abrasive surface and related methods
|13 Mar 2013
|22 Sep 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP pad dresser having leveled tips and associated methods
|12 Sep 2012
|24 Nov 2015
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Methods of forming a cutting element for an earth-boring tool, a related cutting element, and an earth-boring tool including such a cutting element
|4 Oct 2012
|1 Dec 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|1 Oct 2012
|29 Dec 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|Diamond tools and methods for making the same
|28 Feb 2012
|19 Jan 2016
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|27 Sep 2002
|8 May 2003
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|29 Sep 2004
|5 May 2005
|Chien-Min Sung
|Contoured CMP pad dresser and associated methods
|8 Sep 2006
|8 Mar 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|8 Sep 2006
|8 Mar 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed diamond tools and methods for making the same
|8 Nov 2006
|31 May 2007
|Hiroshi Inaba
|Lapping tool and method for manufacturing the same
|14 Dec 2006
|12 Jul 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|High pressure superabrasive particle synthesis
|10 Apr 2007
|1 Nov 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|Contoured CMP pad dresser and associated methods
|14 Jun 2007
|27 Dec 2007
|Chien-Min Sung
|High pressure superabrasive particle synthesis
|7 Aug 2007
|28 Feb 2008
|Chien-Min Sung
|Superabrasive particle synthesis with growth control
|31 Mar 2008
|9 Oct 2008
|Chien-Min Sung
|Superabrasive Particle Synthesis with Controlled Placement of Crystalline Seeds
|5 Jul 2008
|12 Mar 2009
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP Pad Conditioners with Mosaic Abrasive Segments and Associated Methods
|22 Oct 2008
|9 Apr 2009
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP Pad Dressers with Hybridized Abrasive Surface and Related Methods
|14 Apr 2009
|15 Oct 2009
|Chien-Min Sung
|Device and method for growing diamond in a liquid phase
|19 Nov 2009
|Chien-Min Sung
|Brazed Diamond Tools and Methods for Making the Same
|18 Mar 2010
|30 Sep 2010
|Chien-Min Sung
|CMP Pad Dressers with Hybridized Abrasive Surface and Related Methods
|7 Mar 2013
|Ehwa Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Brazing bond type diamond tool with excellent cuttability and method of manufacturing the same
|15 Jul 2014
|12 Mar 2015
|Chien-Min Sung
|Superabrasive tools having substantially leveled particle tips and associated methods
|29 Feb 2012
|25 Jul 2012
|Abrasive disc for flexible abrasive tool and method for manufacturing abrasive disc
|29 Feb 2012
|8 Apr 2015
|Abrasive disc for flexible abrasive tool and method for manufacturing abrasive disc
|25 Sep 1991
|1 Apr 1992
|De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (Proprietary) Limited
|Composite diamond abrasive compact
|15 Mar 1991
|15 Apr 1992
|B & J Mfg Co
|Cavitied abrading device with layered grit.
|U.S. Classification
|51/293, 51/295
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|13 Aug 1991
|Certificate of correction
|6 Jul 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|12 Feb 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|15 Mar 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|26 May 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980318


text:
4 Things to Look Forward to in BioShock Infinite
Bioshock Infinite is the latest upcoming first-person shooter from Irrational Games and is as impressive as games can get. With the successful and unique stories of the previous games it has a lot to live up to. There are several new features to look forward to, this is not a game to pass up.
- New Atmosphere
- Mysterious Companion
- New Weapons
- Open World Direction
The new atmosphere of BioShock Infinite is the most believable unrealistic setting I've ever seen. The vibe of the fictional 1800′s floating city "Columbia" is sure to get gamers and fans excited.
It melds history with futuristic elements that just fit perfectly together, which has always been a part of the BioShock series of games. The new atmosphere is refreshing and does not look to disappoint.
A mysterious companion, Elizabeth, is certainly an interesting character. One of the most interesting is her special powers, of these include her telekinetic powers. She has the power to transport whole environments, by using "tears", and as seen in teaser videos for the game the results can be quite mind-bending.
Fear gamers have had about having a companion in the game is having to worry and "babysit" Elizabeth through the game. Irrational Games has worked very hard on making sure she doesn't get in the way of gameplay and according to Levine, the creative director and cofounder of Irrational Games, is "in no way, shape, or form is this an escort mission".
The new weapons showcased in gameplay videos of the game are surely impressive and unique. These new weapons include Steampunk looking rocket launchers, snipers, Gatling guns and several other forms of guns.
Other weapons include Vigors which give the player extraordinary abilities. Some of these include the "Bucking Bronco" which blasts enemies in front of the player, and "Possession" which turns enemies to fight for you. Definitely a decent amount of new weapons to try out.
The previous games did feature elements of open-worldness but BioShock Infinite plans to take this to the next level. They created a system that allows the player to just explore and the world progresses around them.
It allows for endless possibilities, and allows you to explore what you want when you want. This even more player-driven gameplay is an excellent feature.
This game has such an impressive charm with its amazing atmosphere and new features. It releases March 26 worldwide on PC, PS3, and Xbox 360, and to be quite honest I can't wait to get my hands on a copy of this game.


text:
Gangsters use this term when they don't think they will be able to complete the asked task.
"Hey you gonna hit that party on saturday?" -Frank
"Doubts" -Gangster Bob
"Doubts" -Gangster Bob
anicholask tərəfindən 25 İyul 2005
Trending Now
Top Definition
An uncertain or undecided frame of mind or calling into question something which is ambiguous or unclear.
Franky had doubt about whether or not the girl really liked him.
Tyler86 tərəfindən 24 İyul 2006


text:
4 Reviews
Amazing! This is a favorite. Southern Comfort lovers will not be disappointed!
I love this drink, and so did my guests! I used Ocean Spray Cranberry Cocktail for this! I stuck this away into my favorites file, this will be a repeater! Thanks Martini Guy!...Kitten:)
A delicious cocktail! One of my favorites when I just want to have 1 as they can be sweet. Watch out though too many will pack a punch! The combination of ingredients in this recipe is right on the mark.
I made this with 100 percent cranberry juice which cut down on the sweetness of the Southern Comfort. Enjoyed!


text:
AUSTIN — Texas House Speaker Joe Straus outlined an ambitious agenda Friday for the 84th Legislature by releasing a long list of interim charges — issues legislators take an in-depth look at when they are not in session.
"Today's interim charges, combined with initiatives that I will announce in the weeks to come, will help members prepare to tackle serious challenges in the next session," Straus, R-San Antonio, said in a statement.
"I am confident that we can continue to address these issues in a responsible bipartisan way."
In a letter to all House members, Straus said "one of the reasons that the 83rd Legislature was so successful was that we identified key priorities early and made important progress on those priorities before the opening gavel.
"I hope you will take a similar approach to our work over the next 12 months."
Next year's session is scheduled to run from Jan. 13 through June 1.
The list of interim charges includes several issues critical to West Texas, including agriculture, water, transportation needs and revising the funding formulas for all public schools — including colleges and universities.
House members from the Texas Panhandle/South Plains delegation welcomed the assignments.
Rep. Four Price, R-Amarillo, said he is glad legislation passed in last year's session will remain a priority, particularly water, transportation and public education.
"It is a good reflection of what the members see as the most pressing needs," Price said, referring to the fact that all House members make suggestions and Straus prioritizes them.
For instance, public education and higher education include revising the funding formulas.
"The fact that more than 600 school districts have sued the state is reason enough to review the formulas," Price said.
"The interim charges cover a broad range of issues that need further study across the state," said Rep. John Frullo, R-Lubbock.
"I am excited to get started on those charges, particularly to Pensions and State Affairs," Frullo said in reference to two committees of which he is a member.
Pensions, for example, will look into the immediate and long-term fiscal impact of the state's Employees Retirement System and other similar issues. State Affairs will study the methods state agencies use for planning for investment in future infrastructure, as well as other matters.
Price and Rep. Drew Springer, R-Muenster, said transportation will also remain a priority because legislation passed last year is just the beginning of a long-range plan. The recently-passed legislation includes a constitutional amendment that later this year will ask Texas voters to authorize the Legislature to withdraw $1.2 billion from the Rainy Day Fund.
Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst, the presiding officer of the Texas Senate, has already issued a series of interim charges and issued six more Friday dealing with issues Texas veterans face.
Dewhurst said recently he expects to issue more interim charges in the days and weeks ahead.


text:
5 News And You, Helping Out At The Red Cross
Written by Your 5News Team
Last updated on July 19, 2013 @ 7:05PM
Created on July 19, 2013 @ 6:09PM
5 News is making an effort to help out more in the community.
In the latest installment of our 5 News and You Together We Can Make A Difference series 5 News' Andrew Forgotch headed up to Morgantown to volunteer at the Red Cross.
Once every three months you can find Henry Collins, a Morgantown resident, at the blood drive that's held every week by the Pineview chapter of the Red Cross.
"People are dying and in need of blood," he said. "That's an easy way to save someone's life."
Collins, along with hundreds of other people, have already given more than 450 units of blood this year. That's blood that can be shipped all over the country.
"The O donors are special because they're the universal donors," Jack Lake, a Donor Recruitment Representative with the Red Cross, said. "Anyone can receive the O negative type (of blood)."
However, that's not the only type of donors they need.
"We actually rely heavily on our volunteers to help us run the blood drives," Lake said. "Because our staff shows up and they set the beds up and do the drawing of the blood, but we need help."
Steve Sanetrick and David Lynch have made themselves a fixture at the weekly blood drive for the last 12 years.
"My job is a walker," Sanetrick said. "I escort the person after they've given blood so they can sit and rest for a while and get something to eat and drink. "
"I come in a little bit earlier than the others to make the coffee," Lynch said. "Then I make sure the supplies are out and the table is ready."
Both Sanetrick and Lynch showed 5 News' Andrew Forgotch their jobs, and he gave it a shot.
"It's something that doesn't take a lot of physical strength or stamina in order to do," Lynch said. "If we didn't do it the Red Cross would have to pay people to take these positions."
"I just like talking to the people and I know we're giving something back to the community," Sanetrick said.
If you would like to learn more about giving your time to the Red Cross, click here.
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text:
This location is shown only to members
Come meet other Porsche lovers in a relaxed atmosphere in New York City.
Join us for a drink or dinner and enjoy great company.
Please note we meet on thursdway next week!!!At POUND AND PENCE.
A few of our favorite places so far have been:
Merchant River House in Battery Park City
It's right on the water between Liberty and Albany Street. Subways: N or R to Cortland Street and walk west on Albany Street, Wall Street 4 or 5 and then also make your way west across the Westside Highway.
SouthWestNY, also in Battery Park City
on the corner of Albany Street and South End Avenue
Another hot tip from our member and friend Andew Emmet.
WATERSTONE GRILL On Stone street in lower Manhattan.
There is free parking on the street after 7PM so if you arrive by car and on time you are almost guaranteed a spot. Also subway is easy as many stops are nearby. We usually have the corner table in the window facing Stone Street where it is less noisy than in the bar area.
ZUM SCHNEIDER, In the East Village
Serves up authentic German fare, great beer and fabulous atmosphere. PROST!
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
Keds Champion Seersucker Women's Casual Shoes
Buy Online & Pick Up In-Store
The Keds Champion Seersucker Women's Casual Shoes have a classically casual yet sporty look. The versatile shoes can easily be dressed up or down depending on your daily activities. The canvas upper keeps your feet cool and comfortable, and lace-up brown and white laces offer a personalized fit. The fun seersucker print keeps you looking fresh.
- Women's Keds slip on shoes


text:
Martina Is Among Garth Concertgoers
You may or may not know that Garth Brooks and Martina McBride have history.
In fact, years ago, Garth took a young unsigned Martina under his wing, and she went out on the road with him to help sell Garth merchandise.
So the week's best celeb tweet came yesterday (Dec. 20) after Martina went to one of Garth's nine fundraising shows held at the Bridgestone Arena here in Nashville.
"Saw Garth tonight...he's still got it," Martina wrote.
"I even sold a few t-shirts for old time's sake."
Don't miss an issue! Subscribe to Nash Country Weekly.


text:
The International Symposium on Globalization and Media in Asia
SYGMA 2016 is CLOSED
The International Symposium on Globalization and Media in Asia (SYGMA 2016)»
There is no term these days with greater salience and complexity to describe the modern world than "globalization." Although it is most prevalent in discussions on economics, its manifestation and influence span political, social, cultural and ideological realms as well. But what does "globalization" actually mean? The sociologist Roland Robertson first defined it in 1992 as "the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole," clearly transforming our ideas of space through complex social relations and other processes.
Recent advances in information and communication technologies such as the digitalization of information coupled with sophisticated cable and satellite systems have helped the mass media advance the pace of globalization, shattering our notions of isolated societies by enabling unprecedented communication worldwide. This integration of societies has created an increased global interdependence or at least an interconnectedness whereby a nation's actions have global effects, whether they are political, economical, cultural, etc. Furthermore, the mass media intensify this interconnectedness through the rapid flows and exchanges of information via radio, newspapers, television, film and the Internet, allowing media organizations to operate and distribute their products globally. In short the mass media are key agents in altering how humans think individually and collectively, transforming societies today.
Globalization and the proliferation of information and communication technologies by the mass media have brought many blessings; however, as these forces are sustained under the veil of desirable progress, inequality, conflict, poverty, and environmental/climate change, among other ill-effects, are often overshadowed and exacerbated. Moreover, the concentration of media firms in the hands of a few owners has serious consequences for the distribution of power and wealth both within and between countries.
As globalization and the role of the mass media intensify in the 21st century, it is crucial we deepen our understanding of them by challenging our assumptions and analyzing the changing dynamics they create. This inaugural 3-day symposium will provide an interdisciplinary platform for academics, researchers, policy makers, students and interested community members. With the theme Globalization and the Mass Media: Agents of Change, the symposium will be a wonderful opportunity to explore current research, trends, and insights about this phenomenon while expanding your professional networks.
Program Moderator
|Takayuki Yamada
Charter and Founding Member of RID 2760 Rotary Club of Chubu Nagoya Mirai
Special Adviser, Polio Plus Committee of Japan
Committee Member, Rotary International Youth Exchange of Japan
Takayuki Yamada also serves as a special adviser of the Polio Plus Committee of Japan. In 2011 and 2013 he led humanitarian and medical missions to India and Bhutan to assist with immunization efforts to eradicate polio in South Asia. Most recently, Mr. Yamada was appointed to serve on the strategic planning committee for the Rotary International Youth Exchange Program in Japan.
Co-Chair and Plenary Speaker
|Alan Brady, Ph.D.
(Ret.) Professor, Faculty of Sociology
Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
Dr. Alan Brady is a retired professor from the Faculty of Sociology at Kwansei Gakuin University — one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Japan. Professor Brady has lived and worked in Japan for over 40 years and he has taught at KGU since 1991.
His primary research interests are the sociology of education and integrated social-natural worlds sustainability, language education policy, planning, and practices at universities in Japan, and the development of a civic responsibility and global and glocal citizenship through integrated language and content higher learning. His most recent publications have centered on that development.
Co-Chair and Plenary Speaker
|Susan Miller, Ph.D.
Department of Foreign Languages
Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
Susan was born in Redding, California, and also lived in Hawaii and Australia as a child. She earned her bachelor's degree in English from the University of California at Berkeley with highest honors and high general scholarship, a master's degree in English focusing on Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language from San Francisco State University, and a doctorate in English Literature from the University of Glasgow, Scotland. She is a professor of English at Nippon Sport Science University in Tokyo where she teaches a variety of courses relating to English and communication. Her research interests include Percy Bysshe Shelley, medieval English mystery plays, and the intersection between spirituality, literature and the arts. She particularly supports associations concerned with the Romantic poets, such as Keats, Shelley and Lord Byron. She won the Keats-Shelley Prize in 2008.
Review Committee Chair
|William P. Kittredge, Ph.D.
Professor, Bellevue University, USA
President, Cervelet Management & Strategy Consultants, USA
Professor Kittredge received his Ph.D from the Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs in Public Administration with a specialty in performance assessment and performance-budget linkage. He has numerous research publications and presentations to his credit. He has served as a Director National Programs and Performance Evaluation in U.S. Department of Commerce, Professor of Public Policy & Finance at Carnegie Mellon University, Australia and US Government representative at Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), France, amongst various senior management positions and appointments. Presently, he teaches and develops content based curriculum at Bellevue University, USA.
Review and Editorial Committees
SYGMA 2016 is an international, peer-reviewed symposium. As a general rule, all applicants must use a university or institution registered e-mail address to submit an abstract for evaluation. Please contact the secretariat if you need assistance.
Our review process employs a double-blind review system with instructions and a scoring rubric that assesses a range of areas which are not limited to, but include originality, clarity, organization, methodology, spelling, grammar and suitability for the symposium.
Accepted abstracts and papers will appear in the SYGMA 2016 Proceedings. Full papers are welcome, but not required for presentation in this symposium. In addition, papers of high quality may be accepted for publication in the forthcoming INTESDA Journal of Global Sustainable Development (ISSN 2189-8170).
We wish to thank the following people for their willingness and effort to assist with the reading and editorial committee work:
SYGMA 2016 Review Committee Leadership
|Alan Brady, Ph.D.
|Professor, Faculty of Sociology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
|Suman Chakrabarty, Ph.D.
|Head, Dept. of Anthropology, West Bengal State University, India
|William P. Kittredge, Ph.D.
|Professor, Bellevue University, USA
|Susan Miller, Ph.D.
|Professor, Dept. of Foreign Languages, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
SYGMA 2016 Readers and Editorial Committee


text:
|WikiProject Linux
|(Rated C-class, High-importance)
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Ext4 article.
This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject.
Article policies
On 24 December 2008, Ext4 was linked from Slashdot, a high-traffic website. (See visitor traffic)
All prior and subsequent edits to the article are noted in its revision history.
- 1 ext4 "extra" timestamp storage
- 2 Premature?
- 3 OS's?
- 4 HTrees
- 5 Table
- 6 defragmentation
- 7 Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense?
- 8 Creation date timestamps?
- 9 "This article contains information about computer software currently in development."
- 10 backward/forward compatible
- 11 the size ext4 is built to support
- 12 Delayed allocation and potential data loss
- 13 Missing sentence in introductory paragraph?
- 14 Benchmark on PostgreSQL
- 15 Replacing file contents
- 16 Features- Large FS
- 17 distros
- 18 Number of subdirectories
- 19 Codepage of filenames ?
- 20 Limits of Ext4 & Red Hat
- 21 External links modified
- 22 External links modified
ext4 "extra" timestamp storage[edit]
The article originally claimed the following:
- [...]In addition, 2 bits of the expanded timestamp field are added to the most significant bits of the seconds field of the timestamps to defer the year 2038 problem for an additional 500 years.
Although the article cited no source, some research found plenty of articles making this claim. For example, in this IBM article (http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-anatomy-ext4/index.html) we find:
- The time range has also be extended with two additional bits to increase the lifetime by another 500 years.
But the math doesn't support this claim. An additional two bits would increase the time range by
So either the nature of the change is wrong in these articles (it could be more than two bits) or the math is wrong. I took a look at the Linux kernel sources and this is the relevant code (http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4.git;a=blob;f=fs/ext4/ext4.h;h=b77babe667f3cc323e24f71547581d44f7b6b6f0;hb=HEAD#l483):
static inline void ext4_decode_extra_time(struct timespec *time, __le32 extra) { if (sizeof(time->tv_sec) > 4) time->tv_sec |= (__u64)(le32_to_cpu(extra) & EXT4_EPOCH_MASK) << 32; time->tv_nsec = (le32_to_cpu(extra) & EXT4_NSEC_MASK) >> 2; }
EXT4_EPOCH_MASK is 11 in binary. The 'extra' field is four bytes, most of which are used for finer grained precision. As the sources say, the code does in fact simply add two additional bits of precision to the seconds field. This means the increase is by 204 years, not 500 years. However, every source you can find (other than the code itself) says 500 years, so there is no correct source to cite. I went ahead and made the change anyway, but I'm posting here to explain that. Colin (talk) 23:38, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
- And I'm reverting it. WP:OR is pretty clear on this point. You say yourself you can't find any published sources to back up your claim. NipokNek (talk) 11:51, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
- Why would you revert it? I've clearly showed that the original information is wrong. If there's no source for the correct information, and that prevents it from being added, the conservative position would be to remove the claim entirely—not to reinstate wrong information. I don't like that this page has a completely wrong claim, so to avoid "original research", I've simply made the claim in the article more vague ("500 years" -> "several hundred years"). If this is still unacceptable, the section should be removed entirely. Propagating erroneous information simply because it's also found on an IBM page is foolish. Colin (talk) 02:11, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
- The guidelines on specialists adding their own knowledge point out that you should still cite your source, so if you have investigated you should write an article explaining in detail what you did, on your blog maybe, and then you or someone else can cite your article and put in the correct information. --Petercoulton (talk) 14:37, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
- Why would you revert it? I've clearly showed that the original information is wrong. If there's no source for the correct information, and that prevents it from being added, the conservative position would be to remove the claim entirely—not to reinstate wrong information. I don't like that this page has a completely wrong claim, so to avoid "original research", I've simply made the claim in the article more vague ("500 years" -> "several hundred years"). If this is still unacceptable, the section should be removed entirely. Propagating erroneous information simply because it's also found on an IBM page is foolish. Colin (talk) 02:11, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
- With all due respect, that's totally nuts. According to the above rule, I couldn't correct a Wikipedia page that claimes 2+2=5 without citing a source. Simple arithmetic is not "specialist knowledge" that needs to be sourced. If you really need a source, here's one: I just checked on my Casio fx-115ES calculator. (The is there because a 204 year period may have a different number of leap years, but it's always 204, never 203 0r 205. Drop the ".15" and you can drop the .) I am going to change the number in the article to the correct figure now. 126.96.36.199 (talk) 16:09, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
- The ext2 time field holds values. two extra bits gives a range of . It's unclear if the earliest date representable is intended to be in 1970 or 1901. In the current implementation bugs means dates outside the 1970-2038 range don't work right. The existing (unsourced) infobox says 14 December 1901 - 25 April 2514, this is off by 68 years at one of the ends. https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=23732 BCoates (talk) 05:56, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
I'm not sure this article is appropriate as yet, since I don't think that it's gone past the proposal stage. Not sure if it should be deleted though. FrozenPurpleCube 16:42, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
- At some point in the future we should have a page about ext4. However it is too early right now. So I've changed it to a redirect. If we did put it up for deletion and it was deleted, someone would just come along and replace it. So, IMHO, a redirect is good enough for now. AlistairMcMillan 19:01, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
- : Sorry I didn't read the discussion before re-creating the article. But I'll let it stay there if you want to remove it any way.
Travis| 2:22, 1 August 2006 (PST)
- Yeah, considering that the page you linked to is from 1997, I don't think it's a valid inclusion anyway. Maybe in terms of historical perspective, if there is actually an EXT4 added to the Linux Source Tree. Until then, the redirect is best. FrozenPurpleCube 04:31, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
- --- Topic for #linuxfs is Link to file system bugzilla entries now on http://linuxfs.pbwiki.com/ || Some cool bugs there, check 'em out || Linus merged ext4 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk • contribs) 12 October 2006
Is it sure ext4 works on BSD and Mac OS X? I seriously doubt that. Can anyone bring more clarity to this matter, so we can remove those OS's if needed? Ludootje 10:23, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
- If ext3 works, then parts of ext4 may work. But when using stuff like extents, you first need to add support for that to the BSD/OSX kernels. Read the paragraph about backward/forward compatibility. -Jen 15:46, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
- I use BSD, both OpenBSD and FreeBSD. BSD does not support ext4. Not even FreeBSD, which tends to be ahead of the curve. BSD supports ext3, but only because ext3 is essentially ext2 with journaling thrown on top -- BSD actually only supports ext2, but because of the nature of ext3, it is able to mount it and edit it - it just doesn't respect the journaling feature. As far as Mac OS X, I haven't used it in some time, but I would be very surprised if Mac OS X could mount extfs, given it doesn't support UFS2, even though it has a "BSD subsystem." A lot of things that work on BSD systems do not work on Mac OS X. For example, no pf firewall, no /dev/audio or /dev/dsp, etc. Bearshark (talk) 04:30, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
The HTrees discussed are not explained sufficiently - the explanation needs to be extended or a new Wiki article needs to be created for "HTrees". Doronyg (talk) 14:30, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
- It should probably be a page in itself since ext3 also uses htrees
Narayannewton (talk) 18:26, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
- I agree that a page in itself would be better as htree been available since ext2 as a patch.
Ekscrypto (talk) 21:17, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
Is the table data structure a Hash Table? If it is it should have link to it. 126.96.36.199 (talk) 18:52, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
Issue with the online defragmentation section: The section below is just pure rubbish.
Online defragmentation Ext4 will also have an online defragmenter. Even with the various techniques used to avoid it, a long lived file system does tend to become fragmented over time. Ext4 has a tool which can defragment individual files or entire file systems."
Here is my note to explain why this section must be corrected. NOTE: Come on! That is a total lie! Ext4 does NOT have a tool to defragment individual tools or entire filesystems! it just doesnt! If it does, I challenge the author of this unsupported statement to back up this claim with some information. What is this tool called? Where can I get it? Is is a production ready tool, or is it a kludged hack written to do some quick benchmarks/testing for an academic paper that was written early in 2007 and which has had little or no follow-up or adoption by users since then? There are 3rd party tools such as Shake which can be used to defrag any filesystem, including ext4, but they do so very inefficiently. Moving data off a partition, then back also defragments, but we don't say a filesystem has a defragmenter just because the standard unix commands mv or tar can be used to move data off then back onto the partition. Keep this discussion of Ext4 honest, or this wikipedia entry is worthless. The statement "Ext4 will also have an online defragmenter" is also a statement of hope and faith, and at this time is pure fantasy. Ext3 never got an online or offline defragmenter. How can anyone be 100% sure that ext4 will get one? Be honest. Admit that ext4 has no online or offline defragmenter. Feel free to state that an online defragmenter MAY be available in the future. That is all we can say at the moment.
I suggest the misleading statement on defragmentation be changed to something like the following:
Vague Promises of future Online defragmentation Ext4 may in future provide an online defragmenter. Even with the various techniques used to avoid it, a long lived file system does tend to become fragmented over time. Ext4 currently has no tool which can defragment individual files or entire file systems.
PS - if anyone thinks this defragmentation issue can continue to be glossed over by statements like those currently in this wiki page, they are mistaken. Defragmentation has been an appalling performance killer on ext3 and other filesystems for many years, and allowing untrue statements and vague promises from developers to gloss over these problems cannot be allowed anymore! Don't let them get away with it. Until these guys produce a proper online defragmenter - we should let it be known that the lack of one is a problem! If the true situation is actually publicised, and made clearly visible in wiki pages such as these, perhaps these developers will realise they have to actually produce a defragmenter BEFORE they can brag about having done so.
THANK YOU, on behalf of all linux users everywhere who have been putting up with fragged filesystems for years, because those in the know have refused to admit what a performance killer it is - and they've been reluctant to do that because the developers have never provided a solution, and so, to admit the standard linux filesystems are crippled by fragmentation is too embarrassing for linux lovers and can't be allowed...
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 02:03, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
- Please see here. An online defragmenter already exists, it just isn't merged yet. And that's not counting the ability to treat ext4 filesystems as ext2 (depending on options) and use ext2 defragmenters on it. --Yamla (talk) 14:34, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
- Also, I'd like to see a reliable source that indicates lack of online defragmentation in ext3 is a performance killer. I've been using ext3 in production environments for years and have not seen this performance issue on any system. Still, I'm not a reliable source. A simple link will suffice, no need to engage in inappropriate discussion about it here. --Yamla (talk) 14:36, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
- Just to follow up, if anyone is trying to use this discussion as a reliable source (not a good idea), this page (5.10.11) indicates that it is probably not a good idea to use the ext2 defrag program even on an ext2 filesystem. However, it also indicates that fragmentation is really not a problem on Linux file systems. Other references I've found indicate that this may be a problem if your file system is over 90% of 95% full. --Yamla (talk) 21:32, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
- I can only give you german sources, but theses state very clearly, that fragmentation of ext3 is a huge problem - and its design makes fragmentation worse than on some other filesystems (read this article about the "why?"). And even worse: Using the very old ext2 defrag, which has not been updated by programmers for nearly ten years now, on modern ext3 or ext2 flavours, which use techniques such as htrees, which were not present, when the in fact deprecated ext2 defrag was written, may damage your data. I am sorry, that I can only provide german sources, because I'm german and I don't know any english computer magazin that ever wrote about such stuff, but if you can read german, you'll see that your believe in the "unnecessity" of defragmentation on Linux file systems is just an Urban Legend. (I found the english version of that article) --22.214.171.124 (talk) 12:10, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
- Just to follow up, if anyone is trying to use this discussion as a reliable source (not a good idea), this page (5.10.11) indicates that it is probably not a good idea to use the ext2 defrag program even on an ext2 filesystem. However, it also indicates that fragmentation is really not a problem on Linux file systems. Other references I've found indicate that this may be a problem if your file system is over 90% of 95% full. --Yamla (talk) 21:32, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
Once again, we're told an online defragmenter exists, but... oh wait... its not available! Once again someone mentions the the ext2 defrag tool that has been obsolete and DANGEROUS for years. Noone in their right mind would use ext2defrag on an ext2 filesystem, let-alone on ext3 or ext4. Once again someone says that fragmentation is not an issue, just because they havent noticed it. How do you know its not an issue? Just because your production linux servers perform adequately, does not mean they couldn't perform better. Take one of your production filesystems and run a proper benchmark on it. Then copy all data off it, delete everything on it, copy data back, redo benchmark, be amazed. Saying it is not an issue is head-in-the-sand nonsense. Also, probably, what is occurring is that you have smart SCSI controllers which are letting your drives do out of order reads on all the fragments, reading them in the fastest way that they'll come off disk, and reassembling them in controller. That will mitigate the problem somewhat. Try using non-scsi controllers, ie an IDE or simple SATA drive - and you will be horrified - you will easily lose 50% or more of your disk speed due to fragmentation, and it doesnt take long, and you DONT have to run your drives to 95% full for it to happen - though, of course it will accelerate the fragging process if you do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 05:51, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
errrr... there are three little tabs at the top of this Ext4 wiki page. In case you havent noticed... this IS the "discussion" tab... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 23:48, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
- What part of "This is the talk page FOR DISCUSSING IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXT4 ARTICLE" are you having trouble understanding? Please reference your claims and use them to improve the Wikipedia defragmentation page. Do that (Learn the rules about sourcing and NPOV first!) and you could be a valuable contributor instead of being disruptive. On THIS talk page the only part of what you wrote that has any bearing is the question of whether e4defrag exists. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 16:42, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
I am just flabbergasted at the complete denial that everyone lives in w.r.t defragmentation. Yamla, you seem like a nice guy, i'm not trying to give you a hard time - but you said above that your link to tldp "indicates that it is probably not a good idea to use the ext2 defrag program even on an ext2 filesystem." But no, that is NOT what the tldp page indicated. What it actually said was: "However, it is HIGHLY recommended that you NOT use it. It was designed for and older version of ext2, and has not been updated since 1998! I only mention it here for references purposes." That means it would be sheer, utter, suicide to use that defragger. Don't gloss over that by saying oh its probably not a good idea to use it. No. Its worse than that. The simple fact is it just CANT be used ever by any sane person. A refernce to linux symposium nearly a year ago in June 2007 does not give ext4 an online defragger.
Why can't people just write a half-decent defragger for a modern linux filesystem! It doesnt have to be ultra-super-dooper-efficient. Just 100% safe, effective, and, reasonably efficient. Thats all. It's not asking too much. I don't like to seem ungrateful to open source software developers, i reckon they're great etc, I just wish they would stop trying to get me to swallow this sweetly coated poison pill, year after year. You will have a defragger they say. rrrgh. Ok for God/Allah's sake just produce said defragger so i can say "thank you thank you" and be happy, instead of being a sourpuss. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 00:17, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
- This is not a general discussion forum for ext4. I have now semi-protected this page so that anonymous user, 18.104.22.168, can read this, which explains this in more detail. --Yamla (talk) 00:21, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
If anyone cares to check, the source is available for a work in progress version of the defragger available at [ hhttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/ext4-patches/LATEST/broken-out/ext4-online-defrag-command.patch] , it is compilable if you commend out the comments and rename it to a .c file —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 16:56, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
EXT4 will have a mutiblock allocator which will reduce fragmentation since ext4 will know ahead of time the file size only if delayed allocation is on--184.108.40.206 (talk) 04:06, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense?[edit]
I love how the article says that "H trees are higher alphabetically than B* trees", then points a citation to the Wikipedia article on Alphabetical order!
Comedic gold!--Dwedit (talk) 12:01, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
Creation date timestamps?[edit]
Could someone add a citation on whether ext4 will support creation date timestamps for files? I haven't found any information on this feature anywhere on the Internet and only this article on Wikipedia suggests that ext4 will support creation date timestamps leading me to believe that this is just wishful thinking. I believe we should delete this section in order to not create wrong expectations on ext4. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 07:35, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
- Two fields (i_crtime and i_crtime_extra) which make up the creation time are present in the Linux kernel source (fs/ext4/ext4.h as of version 2.6.27-rc3.) I thus removed the "Citation needed" tag without actually adding one. C code is probably of little help to the typical user in this context, but anybody feel free to add a link if you think otherwise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 11:17, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
"This article contains information about computer software currently in development."[edit]
This tag is placed at the top of this article. However, a file system is not software, correct? But it is in development so is that why we must accept the misnomer?PGScooter (talk) 06:58, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
- I think this is entirely appropriate. A file system implementation is software. The Linux kernel implementation of ext4 is under development. Typically the FS's name refers to the file system itself as well as its original implementation. For example, you don't see people differentiating between the NTFS file system and Windows's NTFS code. -- intgr [talk] 13:38, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
backward/forward compatible[edit]
The uses of backward and forward compatible seem backwards to me and everyone I've talked to. The uses would be correct in relation to the "filesystem driver", but a backward compatable filesystem is clearly one that can be mounted with the previous version's driver, not the other way around! -220.127.116.11 (talk) 04:08, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
- I totally disagree with your assessment. The text in this article as you have changed it now looks wrong. Please look at the articles linked: forward compatibility/backward compatibility, they agree with me. If you read those articles and still believe that I am incorrect, then I'll go through the trouble to find a source. If nobody replies here, I'm going to reverse the article text. ~a (user • talk • contribs) 23:23, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
I disagree with the use of "forward compatible". forward compatible means it is designed can accept input from future versiones (as specified in provided link): that would be ext5 (or whoever comes to replace ext4 en future). Backwards compatible, acording to provided link, means "allows input generated by older devices"; i'd understand that ext4 is backwards compatible in that "it can accept input generated by an ext3-aware OS", in other words, it's backward compatible since it can be mounted and treated as an ext3 file system. HuGo_87 (talk) 17:07, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
Linux 2.6.29 removes "noextents" mount option--184.108.40.206 (talk) 12:49, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
I find the current version weird, too. To me, an ext4 file system is backward compatible with ext3 when it can be handled as ext3. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Huggie (talk • contribs) 13:11, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Perhaps, extent seems not to be used until tune2fs -O extent is done. However, tune2fs -O ^extent cann't. --126.96.36.199 (talk) 07:03, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
the size ext4 is built to support[edit]
Why is the phrase "the size ext4 is built to support" used in this article without clarification? Does this mean larger file systems, near the limit of what ext4 can support and beyond the size ext3 can support? Or does it mean any file system from only a few files up to that limit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 13:03, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
- AFAIK, an ext3 disk of only a few terabytes can take something like an hour to check. And without some optimizations this would grow so that a check of a 100 TB disk would be unrealistic to do at all. Also, the amount of RAM needed during the check can be a critical factor. Actually, there has been work going on to speed up fsck on ext3 as well, like [1], but I don't know whether it has been accepted into the kernel. Rune Kock (talk) 15:41, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
- There's no actual need to fsck an ext3 file system anyway, as it's a journaling file system. -- intgr [talk] 16:00, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
- Sorry intgr - that's not accurate. By default, most linux distros will actually force an fsck on boot for ext3 filesystems every X number of mounts (typically reboots) or Y number of days, whichever comes first - and in the event of power failure, while you don't *need* to FSCK, there are times when it's helpful. Disk corruption and various other things can cause it. Speaking as someone who's had to perform more than a few FSCKs of EXT3 filesystems on the various systems I manage or own, I have to disagree. Overand (talk) 19:24, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
Delayed allocation and potential data loss[edit]
In case anyone is interested, the patches that Ted Ts'o has written to mitigate this problem are: commit 8750c6d5fcbd3342b3d908d157f81d345c5325a7 ext4: Automatically allocate delay allocated blocks on rename and commit 7d8f9f7d150dded7b68e61ca6403a1f166fb4edf ext4: Automatically allocate delay allocated blocks on close [if the file was previously truncated] Rune Kock (talk) 22:12, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
- By the way, this section, when I found it today, portrayed the problem as an "exposing API bugs" in the headline, and further down claimed that it was "really an application bug", as applications weren't calling fsync after they'd written to files. While the author clearly seems to think that this is the case, this is not the place to promote such an opinion. The content is therefore removed. Rōnin (talk) 01:36, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
- (The opinion that is) Rōnin (talk) 01:37, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
- I think that it can be substantiated by misc. standards that the only way for an application to assure itself that its data has been written to disk, is to call fsync or similar. So strictly speaking, it is an application bug that it doesn't call fsync after every important write. But it is clearly not a good idea for the file system to be so vulnerable. I would call it a case of "broken as designed": it follows the standard to the letter, but still eats your data. Rune Kock (talk) 17:05, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
- If it really can be backed up by widely accepted standards that fsync() (or similar) has to be called, then of course it's admissible, as you say. It should at least be backed up by citations from the relevant standards, though, since just the initial discussion on Slashdot and elsewhere showed this to be a highly controversial issue. Rōnin (talk) 21:56, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
According to this page...
...the disadvantage listed under "Delayed allocation and potential data loss" can only happen if you purposely turn off the default barrier setting.
"Barriers on by default:
This is an option that improves the integrity of the filesystem at the cost of some performance (you can disable it with 'mount -o barrier=0', recommended trying it if you're benchmarking).
From this ( http://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/New_ext4_features ) LWN article:
'The filesystem code must, before writing the [journaling] commit record, be absolutely sure that all of the transaction's information has made it to the journal. Just doing the writes in the proper order is insufficient; contemporary drives maintain large internal caches and will reorder operations for better performance. So the filesystem must explicitly instruct the disk to get all of the journal data onto the media before writing the commit record; if the commit record gets written first, the journal may be corrupted. The kernel's block I/O subsystem makes this capability available through the use of barriers; in essence, a barrier forbids the writing of any blocks after the barrier until all blocks written before the barrier are committed to the media. By using barriers, filesystems can make sure that their on-disk structures remain consistent at all times.' "
Unless I am misunderstanding the above, the the disadvantage listed under "Delayed allocation and potential data loss" appears to not exist in the most recent EXT4 version. I would welcome correction from someone with more technical knowledge in this area. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 15:24, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
Missing sentence in introductory paragraph?[edit]
I noticed a bit of incoherency. The article starts off thus: "The ext4 or fourth extended filesystem is a journaling file system developed as the successor to ext3... However, other Linux kernel developers opposed accepting extensions to ext3 for stability reasons..." Why the 'however'? Who were the 'original' (as opposed to 'other') developers, who favored ext4 as an extension? 126.96.36.199 (talk) 19:00, 7 May 2009 (UTC) / doctorcolossus
Benchmark on PostgreSQL[edit]
Various Linux OS using ext4 and recent kernel are suffering from performance hit on PostSQL. The issue is closely related to I/O performance. Is that a matter (or feature) of ext4? If that is true, it is good idea to include that.--Kittyhawk2 (talk) 09:23, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
Replacing file contents[edit]
"detect the occurrence of these common cases"
These cases? Which cases would those be? Can you be specific? --220.127.116.11 (talk) 03:42, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
- It was sort-of explained in the preceding section. But I rewrote most of it now, hopefully it's clearer? -- intgr [talk] 17:06, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
Features- Large FS[edit]
"Work is in progress at pu branch of e2fsprogs."
Does this make sense? I can't work out what that means, but it is late... Chaos.squirrel (talk) 14:46, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
- "pu" is the name of a branch in the e2fsprogs git repository. But I think I'm going to remove it because it's not really encyclopedia material. -- intgr [talk] 22:06, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
Doesn't mention whether it's been adopted in Linux distributions... AnonMoos (talk) 17:19, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
- It's in the kernel, so "Linux 2.6.28, 2.6.19" is sufficient — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 14:27, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
Number of subdirectories[edit]
Currently, the article says that the number of subdirectories under ext3 is 32,000 and 64,000 under ext4. Those two numbers look suspiciously like somebody rounded 32K and 64K down. If so, wouldn't it be more accurate to use the exact numbers, possibly both as K and written out?JDZeff (talk) 20:33, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
Codepage of filenames ?[edit]
The table on the right hand side of the article states that allowed characters in filenames are all bytes except NULL and '/'.
It would be helpful to clarify whether ext4 is aware of characters or just of Bytes in its filenames; and if it is aware of characters, what codepage is used to store the characters. According to the description it is apparently aware of the character '/' ... Gandalf44 (talk) 01:10, 14 August 2012 (UTC)
- In all "native" Linux file systems, file names are just a bunch of bytes. It's up to the user space to interpret what they mean. Some foreign Unicode-aware file systems have a "codepage=" mount option to specify how to convert characters back to a single-byte representation. -- intgr [talk] 08:45, 14 August 2012 (UTC)
The article tells the maximum filelength in ext4 to be 255 characters which seems to me to be missleading or at least unprecise as (at least in linux) the system does not care about character encoding. Since a UTF8 formated filename with 5 charaters can have more then 5 bytes (i.e. 10) it is entirely possible to have a filename being at maximum 127 characters in size. I would suggest updating the maximum filename length to state 255 bytes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 06:29, 13 August 2013 (UTC)
Limits of Ext4 & Red Hat[edit]
I think there is an error in the limits mentioned by Red Hat. According to Red Hat (https://access.redhat.com/solutions/53431): The solution for large filesystems is to use XFS. The XFS file system is specifically targeted at very large file systems (16 TB and above).
According to Red Hat (https://access.redhat.com/solutions/1532): The maximum size they support for ext4 is 16TB. The maximum they support for XFS is 100TB for RHEL5 or RHEL6 and 500TB for RHEL7.
Under Features|Large file system, the text claims that Red Hat supports ext4 for file systems up to 100TB. That is untrue. They support ext4 file systems up to 16TB and XFS file systems up to 100TB (or 500TB in RHEL7).
Technical reasons for the 16TB limit is confirmed with this citations (already cited). https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Howto#Bigger_File_System_and_File_Sizes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 21:30, 3 December 2014 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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External links modified[edit]
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text:
our mailing list. It's so wizard.
by Pizzo
31 May, 2011@6:56 pm
0 comments
31 May, 2011@6:56 pm
0 comments
One more from The Great Debator, releasing free online next week via 9th Wonder's IWWMG imprint. Word to the Cosby Kids.
LISTEN: Skyzoo – "Atypical" (prod. Illmind)
Skyzoo – "Atypical" (prod. Illmind)
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0 Responses to "Skyzoo – "Atypical" (prod. Illmind)"
The cosby kids cover is great… I think I seen that effect in photoshop before
This is the worst Skyzoo joing I ever heard. This is a feeble attempt at a commercial record. Sky don't become a part of the "dumb it down" crowd.
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