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The rK39 recombinant protein is derived from a specific antigen produced by the Leishmania donovani complex, and has been used in the last two decades for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. We present here a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating serologic assays to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis to determine the accuracy of rK39 antigen in comparison to the use of other antigen preparations.
Methodology/Principal Findings
A systematic review with meta-analysis of the literature was performed to compare the rK39 strip-test and ELISA formats against serological tests using promastigote antigens derived from whole or soluble parasites for Direct Aglutination Test (DAT), Indirect Immunofluorescence test (IFAT) and ELISA with a promastigote antigen preparation (p-ELISA). Gold standard diagnosis was defined by the demonstration of amastigotes on hematological specimens. A database search was performed on Medline, Lilacs, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Quality of data was assessed using the QUADAS questionnaire. A search of the electronic databases found 352 papers of which only 14 fulfilled the selection criteria. Three evaluated the rK39 ELISA, while 13 evaluated the rK39 immunochromatographic strip test. The summarized sensitivity for the rK39-ELISA was 92% followed by IFAT 88% and p-ELISA 87%. The summarized specificity for the three diagnostic tests was 81%, 90%, and 77%. Studies comparing the rK39 strip test with DAT found a similar sensitivity of 94%, although the DAT had a slightly higher specificity. The rK39 strip test was more sensitive and specific than the IFAT and p-ELISA. We did not detect any difference in the sensitivity and specificity between strips produced by different manufacturers.
The rK39 protein used either in a strip test or in an ELISA, and the DAT are the best choices for implementation of rapid, easy and efficient test for serodiagnosis of VL.
Author Summary
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease for which serodiagnostic tests are available, but not yet widely implemented in rural areas. The rK39 recombinant protein is derived from a kinesin-like protein of parasites belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex, and has been used in the last two decades for the serodiagnosis of VL. We present here a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating serologic assays (rK39 strip-test, rK39 ELISA, Direct Agglutination Test [DAT], Indirect Immunofluorescence test [IFAT] and ELISA with a promastigote antigen preparation [p-ELISA]) to diagnose VL to determine the accuracy of rK39 antigen in comparison to the use of other antigen preparations. Fourteen papers fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion selection criteria. The summarized sensitivity for the rK39-ELISA was 92% followed by IFAT 88% and p-ELISA 87%. The summarized specificity for the three diagnostic tests was 81%, 90%, and 77%. Studies comparing the rK39 strip test with DAT found a similar sensitivity (94%) and specificity (89%). However, the rK39 strip test was more specific than the IFAT and p-ELISA. In conclusion, we found the rK39 protein used either in a strip test or in an ELISA is a good choice for the serodiagnosis of VL.
Citation: Maia Z, Lírio M, Mistro S, Mendes CMC, Mehta SR, Badaro R (2012) Comparative Study of rK39 Leishmania Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(1): e1484. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001484
Editor: Carlos Franco-Paredes, Emory University, United States of America
Received: August 10, 2011; Accepted: December 6, 2011; Published: January 31, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Maia et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was funded by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) in Brazil. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease for which a simple and quick diagnostic test is available, but not yet widely implemented in rural areas [1]. Although several different serodiagnostic test formats exist, many of them have not been validated in prospective field studies [2]. In addition, only a limited number of well conducted trials comparing the different types of tests have been published [2]. This lack of data has limited the routine use of these tests in many settings.
The optimal test for serologic diagnosis is one that is easy to use, cheap to make, and has both a high sensitivity and specificity. The use of crude antigens for the serodiagnosis of tropical diseases is often limited by the difficulty in producing large quantities of the antigen, and therefore can be difficult to make in a standardized manner. However, once a useful diagnostic antigen has been identified, modern molecular biology techniques allow the antigen to be manufactured as a recombinant protein in a standardized manner with an advantage over crude lysate undefined antigen used in DAT. In the recent past, numerous recombinant antigens have become available for use in serodiagnostic testing of leishmaniasis [3]. Molecular diagnostic assays for leishmaniasis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting multi-copy genes, (e.g., rRNA, kinetoplastDNA (kDNA) minicircles) have been developed. Sensitivity and specificity of these tests depend upon the region targeted, with a recent study finding a peripheral blood PCR assay having an overall sensitivity of 98.5% [4]. However, nucleic acid testing is currently difficult to perform in many clinical labs in the developing world.
The currently available serodiagnostic tests for VL have been based on four major formats: Direct agglutination (DAT), indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT), ELISA and immunocromatography [3], [5], [6]. The DAT and IFAT classically utilize whole promastigotes to screen for antibodies, while the p-ELISA uses a crude lysate of promastigotes. Immunochromatographic tests, and a newer ELISA have been developed using the recombinant protein rK39, which is a kinesin-like gene found in Leishmania chagasi. Recently, the WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Disease (TDR) evaluated five different immunochromatographic tests utilizing either rK39 or rKE16, a recombinant protein developed from the kinesin gene of a Leishmania donovoni isolate [7]. Testing was performed in East Africa, Brazil and on the Indian subcontinent, and sensitivities ranged from 36.8–100% and specificities from 90.8–100%. No test was the clear winner across all regions and conditions. In addition, since comparisons between different test types are limited, it remains unclear even which type of serologic test is most optimal for use in the diagnosis of VL.
Meta-analyses are excellent tools to evaluate multiple studies with similar goals but varying methods [8]. We performed a meta-analysis of studies evaluating serodiagnostic tests for VL to determine the accuracy of rK39 antigen based serodiagnostic tests in comparison to other available serodiagnostic tests for the diagnosis of VL.
Design of study
This is a systematic review of the literature using the Cochrane recommendations to compare the sensitivity and specificity of serodiagnostic tests using rK39 antigen in the ELISA and strip test formats against crude lysate Leishmania antigen used in an ELISA or whole promastigote parasite as antigen used in DAT and IFAT. Three hundred fifty-two papers have been published to date evaluating the rK39 antigen as diagnostic tool for serodiagnosis of VL. Within these reports, significant discrepancies in sensitivity and specificity are found, likely due to a multitude of reasons including: variability in testing methods, testing performed in different geographic regions, different sources for the tests, and lack of homogeneity of the studied population. Applying the selection criteria described below, we included 14 studies in this meta-analysis.
Inclusion criteria were: a) have a full description of accuracy of the diagnostic test, b) that were performed on human specimens, c) include a rK39 antigen based test, d) direct demonstration of Leishmania parasites as the confirmatory diagnostic method for VL.
Exclusion criteria were: a) insufficient primary and/or secondary data information of (lack information about sensitivity and specificity), b) lack of inclusion of a control group, c) inclusion of co-infections with HIV, d) inclusion of subjects that were receiving or had received VL treatment, e) full text article unavailable, f) written in a language other than English, Spanish and Portuguese. Figure 1 describes the process utilized for selection of studies for the meta-analysis.
Source of data
Data were obtained by a search of the published literature cited in Medline, Lilacs, Scopus, Isis Web of Science, Cochrane Library accessed on June 1, 2011.
Search strategy
Our search strategy utilized the following key words: rK39 antigen, Visceral Leishmaniasis, parasitology, accuracy test and human. We also utilized the suggested synonymous terms for our search. i) Initial screening of manuscripts was performed by selecting those with titles related to our subject of study ii) Each manuscript selected by title then had its abstract reviewed for inclusion or exclusion based upon the variables reported in the results. iii) Selected studies the had the full text reviewed to collect existing primary variables of true positive and false positive, true negative and false negative data presented in each study that allowed re-calculation of sensitivities and specificities, likelihood, predictive values and confidence intervals. Also, careful reviews of the references in each selected manuscript were performed to rescue those not selected by search strategy. This literature review was performed by two independent reviewers. If the reviewers were in consensus, the manuscript was accepted for the meta-analysis, if there was disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted. The QUADAS (Quality in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) protocol was used to evaluate the quality of each study [9].
Statistic analysis
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot were constructed using the R Statistical Software package.
Our initial electronic search identified 352 articles that were related to the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Filtering these articles to those of interest to us, focusing on human studies of rK39, the list was narrowed to143 studies. Among these, only 50 evaluated the sensitivity and/or specificity of serodiagnostic testing for VL. Finally, 40 of these studies were excluded due to duplicity (same study found in different sources), inclusion of subjects with HIV/Leishmania co-infection, study of cutaneous leishmaniasis, lack of evaluation of at least one of the diagnostic tests of interest, and evaluation of subjects that were already treated or in treatment. We included an additional four articles after a review of references from our selected articles.
Description of selected studies
A total of 5,548 individuals were included into the meta-analysis from the 14 included studies: 2,097 cases of VL and 3,451 controls. The distribution of studies according to region was as follows: Brazil (n = 5); Indian (n = 4); Nepal (n = 2); Tunis, Italy, and Kuwait (n = 1 each). The manuscripts were published during the period between 1998 to 2011. Thirteen studies reported results of strip tests: Sundar 1998 [10], Sundar 2007 [11], Saghrouni 2009 [12], Romero 2009 [13], Mathur 2005 [14], Mandal 2008 [15], Iqbal 2002 [16], de Assis 2008 [17], de Assis 2011 [18], Chappuis 2003 [19], Carvalho 2003 [20], Brandonisio 2002 [21], and Boelaert 2004 [22]. Three reported results with the rk39-ELISA: de Assis 2008 [17], Pedras 2008 [23] and Romero 2009 [13]. IFAT results were reported from seven studies Boelaert 2004 [22], Brandonisio 2002 [21], de Assis 2008 [17], Iqbal 2002 [16], Pedras 2008 [23], Romero 2009 [13] and Saghrouni 2009 [12]; ELISA with crude promastigote lysate results were reported from six studies: Carvalho 2003 [20], de Assis 2008 [17], Mathur 2005 [14], Pedras 2008 [23], Romero 2009 [13], and Mandal 2008 [15]; and finally DAT results were reported from six studies: Boelaert 2004 [22], Chappuis 2003 [19], Pedras 2008 [23], Sundar 2007 [11], de Assis 2011 [18], and Mandal 2008 [15].
A total of 12 studies fulfilled equal or greater than 10 questions from the 14 QUADAS questions. The studies of Brandonisio 2002 [21] and Mandal 2008 [15] fulfilled 8 and 7 questions respectively.
Measurement of accuracy
The summarized sensitivity of the 13 studies evaluating the rK39 antigen strip test was 92% [91.49–92.92] and the summarized specificity was 95% [94.30–95.48]. The likelihood ratio of a positive test (LR+) was found to be 18.042 [18.03–18.06] and the likelihood ratio of a negative test (LR−) was found to be 0.082 [−0.13–0.29].
These 13 studies were stratified according to which technique were compared. i) Five studies compared the strip test vs p-ELISA: Carvalho 2003 [20], de Assis 2008 [17], Mathur 2005 [14], Romero 2009 [13] and Mandal 2008 [15]; ii) five compared the strip test vs DAT: Boelaert 2004 [22], Chappuis 2003 [19], Sundar 2007 [11], de Assis 2011 [18], Mandal 2008 [15]; and iii) six compared the strip test vs IFAT: Boelaert 2004 [22], Brandonisio 2002 [21], de Assis 2008 [17], Iqbal 2002 [16], Romero 2009 [13] and Saghrouni 2009 [12].
Figure 2 demonstrates the ROC plot for comparison of sensitivity and specificity of the strip test and other test formats. The ROC plot for the strip test vs p-ELISA demonstrating a sensitivity, specificity and a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 93%, 96%, and 21.16 for the strip test and 88%, 79%, and 4.14 for p-ELISA, respectively. The study by Romero et al had sensitivity and specificity values that were quite different from the other studies (sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 77%). The exclusion of the Romero study for ROC analysis increased the specificity of strip test 99% and (LR+) to 68.77, but did not alter the sensitivity, and increased the sensitivity to 91%, specificity 88%, (LR+) to 7.81 for the p-ELISA. ROC plots for the strip test vs. DAT demonstrated that the sensitivities and specificities were very close for both tests (94.23%, 89.97% and LR+ 9.39 for DAT and 94.48% and 88.75% and LR+ 8.40 for the strip test). The ROC plot comparison of the strip test vs. IFAT revealed a better performance of strip test than IFAT with a sensitivity, specificity and LR+ of 87%, 95% and 16.89 for the strip test vs 84%, 92% and 10.01 for the IFAT. Only two studies compared the strip test vs. the rK39-ELISA: de Assis 2011 [18] and Romero 2009 [13]. The summarized sensitivity of the tests were similar (93% for both) and the specificity of each test was 95% and 80% respectively. This resulted in a higher LR+ for the strip test than the rK39-ELISA (19.24 vs. 4.61 respectively).
Only three studies evaluated the rK39 antigen used in the ELISA format: de Assis 2011 [18], Pedras 2008 [23] and Romero 2009 [13]. The pooled characteristics of the studies were: sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 80% and LR+ of 4.73.
ROC plot comparison of rK39-ELISA, p-ELISA and IFAT is presented in figure 3. Summarized sensitivity results for the three tests are 92%, 87% and 88% and summarized specificity results are 81%, 77% and 90% respectively. However, evaluation of the Romero study [13] noted discrepancies between the raw data and in the sensitivity and confidence intervals (Table 1). The ROC plot constructed excluding Romero's study is presented in figure 2B.
(A) Analysis including all studies that met our selection criteria. (B) Analysis after removal of the outlier study.
Analysis of heterogeneity of the study
From the thirteen studies that utilized the strip test format, nine used the Kalazar Detect™ Test for VL manufactured by Inbios (Seattle, USA): Sundar 2007 [11], Saghrouni 2009 [12], Romero 2009 [13], Mathur 2005 [14], Mandal 2008 [15], Chappuis 2003 [19], Carvalho 2003 [20], Brandonisio 2002 [21], and Boelaert 2004 [22]. Two studies used DiaMed-IT's Leish: de Assis 2008 [17], de Assis 2011 [18]; one study used the Leishmania rapid test strip-test from Intersep: Iqbal 2002 [16]; and one study the recombinant K39 strip test from Arista Biologicals: Sundar 1998 [10]. The best performances in a single study for a strip test were demonstrated with the recombinant K39 strip test from Arista Biologicals, followed by the strip test from Inbios. However, there was considerable variability in the results from the studies conducted with the Inbios strip test. Some of the variability in sensitivity and specificity has been shown to be associated with the geographic region where the test is being performed [7]. The best receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot for the Inbios strip test was demonstrated by the results of Brandonisio 2002 [21] who evaluated the test in Italy (Figure 4).
Comparison by source of Leishmania antigens and tests details
Three studies evaluated a p-ELISA using L. chagasi promastigotes as the source of antigen: Carvalho 2003 [20] de Assis 2008 [17], and Pedras, 2008 [23]; two studies used L. infantum: Mathur 2005 [14], Mandal 2008 [15]: and one study L. amazonensis: Romero 2009 [13]. The ROC plot was better for the studies that used L. infantum with the relative order of L. infantum>L. chagasi>L. amazonensis.
Cut off dilution for a positive test on DAT varies from 1∶800 to 1∶6400. The ROC plot demonstrated that the order of dilutions was 1∶800>1∶1600>1∶3200>1∶6400. For IFAT the cut off dilution varies from 1∶32 to 1∶400, ROC plot demonstrated that the order of dilutions was 1∶400>1∶160>1∶80>1∶40>1∶32.
This meta-analysis utilized rigorous selection criteria to select published papers that compared four different serodiagnositic tests currently being utilized in endemic areas for serodiagnosis of VL. We found that recombinant K39 protein used either in a strip test or ELISA format and the DAT using whole promastigote antigen are the most accurate tests for serodiagnosis of VL.
During the past 70 years where various strategies have been used for the serodiagnosis of VL, there have been waves of enthusiasm favoring one technique over others [24], [25]. The formol-gel test (FGT) based on gelling and opacification of the serum from a patient with VL in the presence of formaldehyde was the only bedside test available in earlier days of last century to confirm a diagnosis of VL in patients suspected to have Kala-azar [22]. Early on it was discovered that high levels of specific antibodies against L. donovani spp. and a polyclonal B cell activation classified VL as one of the few diseases resembling multiple myeloma because of the high levels of globulins found in patients' serum [26]. This property of VL allowed for the development of serodiagnostic tests such as the DAT. The DAT easily can detect high titers up to or higher 1/64.000 dilution folds in a serum of most VL patients [27], and there are many comparative studies that have demonstrated that DAT is a good option to help physicians in endemic areas to confirm the diagnosis of VL in patients with suggestive symptoms, and when examination for Leishmania parasites in a bone marrow or spleen aspirate biopsies is not available [5], [6], [28], [29], [30]. Why has the DAT not been developed into an affordable commercial test available for use in endemic areas? The WHO attempted to push the development of such a test in the early 1990s, but was not successful due to the following reasons: 1) an essential part of the test is the growth of parasites, and the variability in the techniques and preservation of the antigen can lead to variation in test results and 2) high levels of cross reactivity with other trypanosomatides exist [6], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]. The IFAT for VL is a very sensitive test, but far from being a diagnostic tool in endemic areas, as it has similar limitations in terms of antigen preparation, and in addition requires the use of special microscope equipment [36]. On the other hand, ELISA has been extensively used for serological diagnosis in VL. However, the sensitivity and specificity of this test is variable depending upon the antigen chosen for use [29], [35], [37]. More recently, third generation tests for the serodiagnosis of VL have utilized two basic formats: ELISA and immunochromatography [2], [36]. A 2003 comparison of 11 defined recombinant or synthetic proteins with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) in an ELISA format revealed that the best antigen was rK39 with 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity in the diagnosis of VL [38]. The recombinant protein K39 (rK39) is a repeated 39-amino acid sequence derived from a gene cloned from L. chagasi and expressed in E. coli. The protein is related to the kinesin family of proteins, has a high epitope density, and is present in high amount in the amastigotes forms of L. donovani complex [39]. rK39 was first demonstrated to be an indicator of disease in L. chagasi infected patients [40]. More recently, the rK39 antigen has been developed into a strip test for the serodiagnosis of VL [10], [19], [41], [42], [43].
When comparing the rK39 strip test and the DAT, several issues arise. The DAT has the ability to detect low levels of antibodies due to the mosaic of antigens present in the extract. This sensitivity can come at a cost in specificity, as some of these antigens are cross reactive, and therefore careful attention needs to be placed on determining the cut-off values for a positive test [44]. Strip tests also have limitations, as with other serologic tests, patients can have antibody present for months after cure of disease, and also the tests can detect antibodies in the sera of asymptomatic patients [24]. False negative results have been reported and may vary from location to location [36]. In this review, 154 out of 1884 stored samples from clinically ill patients with positive amastigotes in bone marrow aspirate did not react with the strip test. This finding could potentially be explained by variations in sample storage protocols [45].
A previous meta-analysis comparing the DAT and strip test including 30 papers evaluating the DAT 13 evaluating the rK39 strip found that tests are comparable. The DAT was found to be 1% most sensitive and 2% more specific than strip test, but this analysis did not report ROC comparison of sensitivity and specificity because not all studies selected performed both techniques [46]. One important criteria of our meta-analysis study was the inclusion of only studies that compared both methods in each individual study. In addition our meta-analysis included comparison of ELISA and IFAT. In our study the best performance of the strip test were from those studies carried out in Europe, different from Chappuis's meta-analysis which found that sensitivity seemed higher and more homogenous in studies carried out in South Asia [46].
A newly developed assay based on the detection of antibodies to the rk28 fusion protein reported a very promising sensitivity and specificity (96% and 98% respectively) of ELISA to detect anti-Leishmania antibody in sera from VL patients. However, both the rK39 and rK28 antigens demonstrated similar areas under the ROC curves [47], [48].
Meta-analysis is an important tool that drives direction for best evidences in medicine by comparing studies done in different places, environments and populations as long as the same question was used by different investigators. But, unfortunately when we focus the meta-analysis on sensitivities and specificities of serological tests the heterogeneity introduced by variations in diagnostic thresholds becomes an important limitation of this analytic tool [49]. We suggest that investigators in endemic areas should consider using both rK39 strip test and DAT prior to initiating anti-Leishmania treatment when demonstration of the parasite in bone marrow or spleen aspirate biopsies is not available.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: ZM ML SM CMCM RB. Performed the experiments: ZM ML. Analyzed the data: ZM ML SM CMCM SRM RB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZM RB. Wrote the paper: ZM SRM RB.
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- 40. Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, et al. (1996) rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173: 758–761.
- 41. Goswami RP, Rahman M, Guha SK (2007) Utility of K39 strip test in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV co-infected patients: an early report from Eastern India. J Assoc Physicians India 55: 154–155.
- 42. Rouf MA, Rahman ME, Islam MN, Ferdous NN, Hossain MA (2009) Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of immunochromatographic strip test in diagnosis of childhood kala-azar. Mymensingh Med J 18: S1–5.
- 43. Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW (2002) Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 19–23.
- 44. Veeken H, Ritmeijer K, Seaman J, Davidson R (2003) Comparison of an rK39 dipstick rapid test with direct agglutination test and splenic aspiration for the diagnosis of kala-azar in Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 8: 164–167.
- 45. Diro E, Techane Y, Tefera T, Assefa Y, Kebede T, et al. (2007) Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 908–914.
- 46. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M (2006) A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333: 723.
- 47. Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, Moulton GG, et al. (2010) Design, development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:
- 48. Vaish M, Bhatia A, Reed SG, Chakravarty J, Sundar S (2011) Evaluation of rK28 antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in India. Clin Microbiol Infect.
- 49. Deeks JJ (2001) Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. BMJ 323: 157–162.


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The 2004 Toyota Prius is the first hybrid vehicle to Receive the Coveted Golden Calipers Award

November 20, 2003
Motor Trend magazine, the world's #1 automotive authority and part of the PRIMEDIA Consumer Automotive Group, today announced the selection of the as the 2004 Car of the Year. Now in its 55th year, the title of Motor Trend Car of the Year is the most coveted and most recognized award in the automotive industry.
"We realize the selection of a hybrid vehicle is going to stir controversy, but we believe the performance, engineering advancements, and overall significance of the Prius merits the distinction of Motor Trend's Car of the Year," said Kevin Smith, editor-in-chief of Motor Trend. "The Prius is a capable, comfortable, fun-to-drive car that just happens to get spectacular fuel economy. It also provides a promising look at a future where extreme fuel-efficiency, ultra-low emissions, and exceptional performance will happily coexist. That makes it meaningful to a wide range of car buyers."
After weeks of exhaustive testing, Motor Trend editors found the Toyota Prius to be a user-friendly gas/electric hybrid capable of delivering an impressive 60 miles per gallon in city driving. It is the first of such vehicles to move into the automotive mainstream, with performance, style and quality. Spacious enough to be classified as a midsize sedan, the Prius' futuristic bodywork, innovative Hybrid Synergy Drive, pleasing interior and five-door hatchback design, clearly placed it above the competition.
"We're thrilled Motor Trend magazine has chosen the Toyota Prius as the 2004 Car of the Year," said Don Esmond, senior vice president and general manager, Toyota Division. "This may be the first hybrid vehicle to win the award, but it won't be the last. The Hybrid Synergy Drive in the Prius is cutting-edge technology and we applaud the editors of Motor Trend for recognizing its significance in the evolution of the automobile."
This year, the editorial staff of Motor Trend conducted testing on 26 new vehicles, from sports cars to minivans, searching for the automobile that best represented exceptional value, superiority in its class, and the most significant development on the new-car scene for 2004. All truly new or substantially revised cars were considered with the condition that they be available for public sale by January 1, 2004.
For the 2004 Car of the Year competition, the following models were included: , Acura TSX, L, 5 Series, , , and Maxx, Chevrolet Aveo, , , /XJR, , , /Ralliart/Evolution, , , Pontiac Grand Prix, Pontiac GTO, , , /WRX/STi, Suzuki Verona, Solara, Toyota Prius, , and the Volkswagen Phaeton.
"Our readers trust the Motor Trend brand to provide the most authoritative and unbiased vehicle evaluation for the Car of the Year award," said Smith. "Each year our staff dedicates hundreds of hours to vigorous testing and focuses on identifying the best and most noteworthy automobile to receive the award. We are very proud of the credence and trust placed in our selection by our readers and the automobile industry. "
The Motor Trend Evaluation Process
Each year, the editorial staff of Motor Trend evaluates the eligible vehicles based on three key categories: Significance, Superiority, and Value. Significance refers to impact on the market and looks for mastery and innovation in engineering, technology, design, safety and packaging, as well as envisioned sales forecasts for that model line. Superiority levels the playing field and looks for class-leading levels of performance, style, and value within its specific competitive set–not among all new vehicles. Finally, the all-important Value question asks, "What does this vehicle deliver in relation to what the consumer has to pay to purchase and own it?"
In making the selection, vehicles are taken to task through thousands of miles of on-track and on-street driving, in a wide variety of weather and road conditions to evaluate many factors, including styling and design; fit, finish and materials; engineering and technology; interior; safety; performance; and value. Additional aspects evaluated included handling balance, response, predictability, and power delivery.
The complete report on the 2004 Car of the Year can be found in the January 2004 issue of Motor Trend, on newsstands December 2, 2003. Multimedia coverage of the testing and selection process will appear on Motor Trend Television, hosted by feature editor John Matthius. Motor Trend Online will post a behind the scenes photo gallery and wallpaper in December.

subset: commoncrawl


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We'll be happy to gather information, negotiate prices, set up trials, and explore options with you.


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Check in for the event and grab your badge before heading to the Welcome Reception at 5:00 P.M.
Catch up with colleagues and make new connections during the Welcome Reception. Enjoy cocktails and appetizers to kick-off Explore 2016.
The Solutions Expo is a great time to learn more about our sponsors' products and services and how they can enhance your results with QAD.
CP and F&B Industry Kickoff
Join us for an informative session on QAD in the Consumer Products and Food & Beverage industries today. First, Bickford's Australia will discuss their plans to implement Trade Activity Management TAM and their EE upgrade. Then we will have an interactive panel to discuss current trends and issues in the Consumer Products and Food & Beverage industries.
Steve Dombroski, QAD
Greg Brown, Bickford's
Kimberly Knickle, IDC Manufacturing Insights
Michael Amaladhas, Scosche Industries
Andy Schmidt, Sun-Maid Growers of California
Explore Training is an opportunity to work together with QAD experts in a hands-on environment. Explore 2016 training is geared toward a range of customer roles, from finance managers and end users to IT business analysts and developers. You will walk away with new ideas on how to optimize your QAD ERP solutions to better meet your business needs.
QAD Enterprise Edition Upgrade Workshop - Boulevard B
QAD QMS System Overview - Boulevard A
EAM – Leap Forward Training at Explore - Pullman Boardroom
QAD Packaged Inventory & Item Serialization - Boulevard C
For a full description of each training course, please see the Training page
Industrial & High Tech: ERP & MES
ERP and MES – apples and oranges in the same fruit salad. Join us for this interactive panel with useful information regarding best practices and trends in MES.
Glenn Graney, QAD
Bob Engelmann, US Tsubaki Holdings
Charles E. Wierzbicki, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics
Gary Mintchell, Manufacturing Connection
AUTO: Securing the Supply Chain
General Motors, an affiliate of the US Government, and QAD will discuss supply chain transparency and cyber security which are viewed as two of the most pressing risks. The session will conclude with a panel discussion.
Terry Onica, QAD
Kevin Schantz, QAD
Dan Howe, General Motors
Chris Buthe, CMTC
Join us to hear directly from CoorsTek about their exciting implementation of QAD QMS. Learn about the challenges that made them decide to implement this enterprise quality management system, their implementation approach and integration with ERP and the lessons they learned during their implementation.
Tim Burke, CEBOS
Shibu Korula, CoorsTek Medical
Automation Solutions Demo
Progress – Technology that empowers the Effective Enterprise
Is your database administration good enough when it comes to protecting your QAD and OpenEdge mission critical production data? We know a lot of QAD and Progress clients may have "good" database staff admins and contractors providing managed services but will that be enough when there is a critical crash or security breech? This is certainly not the time for "on the job training". Originally founded in 2005 and the first to offer the service, Progress MDBA is universally recognized as the best in the business. We have received numerous awards like Progress Software's Collaboration Partner of the Year and the QAD Consulting Partner of the Year. Why not leverage the expertise of the best Progress DBA's in the business? Come see how we can manage your QAD environment for the fraction of the cost of an on-site DBA. We'll show you why our team is trusted to manage over 1800 databases, 65 TBs of data and over 128,000 users.
Welcome to Explore 2016 — hear from our keynote speakers on the state of the business and manufacturing trends.
As a business decision maker you want to have real-time insight in the state of the business, analyze your area of responsibility, be proactively informed by the system about things that need your attention. Learn how the new Channel Islands Action Centers provide insight and empower you to actively collaborate and make informed decisions. With Channel Islands you can get insight everywhere, at any moment and immediately act on it! This session includes a demo of Channel Islands.
Luc Janssen, QAD
Alban Bentein, QAD
LS: Insights and Innovation -
Join us for this interactive customer panel of Life Sciences professionals from QAD, Exactech and Axendia. The panelists will be discussing how innovation is impacting manufacturers, suppliers and regulators as well as exchanging insights about the challenges and transformations in the dynamic and evolving Life Sciences industry.
Bart Reitter, QAD
Dan Matlis, Axendia
Randy Buckner, Exactech, Inc.
Exploring Cyberquery - Powerful and easy-to-use Reporting and Data Visualization for your QAD system
Discover why most QAD customers are already using Cyberquery for their Business Intelligence and reporting needs. In this session you will see a live demonstration of the Cyberquery suite of products, including areas such as report development, web based reporting and dashboards.
Join us as we share the common factors we see in successful customer projects. Ranging from strong executive sponsorship and clear KPIs, to understanding the reality of ERP upgrades and implementations. The talk will be based upon information and experience gathered from many QAD projects.
Robin Riordan, QAD
The Solutions Expo is a great time to learn more about our sponsors' products and services and how they can enhance your results with QAD.
Learn how Channel Islands gives your users a jumpstart in effectivity. Understand how the Channel Islands enables users to be much more responsive and react more quickly to customer requests. See why Channel Islands is all about being more effective. Includes a demo of Channel Islands.
Mary Ann Guthrie, QAD
Frank Feustel, QAD
Planning an upgrade to a new version of QAD Enterprise Applications? Learn about the reasons to upgrade, things to consider, potential benefits and decisions to be made. These things will help in determining the proper approach to your upgrade. In addition, you will learn about QAD's methodologies and tools that can be applied to make your transition smooth.
Carol Cvitkovich, QAD
Benefits of DSCP
Creating value is every company's objective and even more so today with open and globalized markets where competition is ever more intense. One of the most important predictors of a manufacturing company's success is its supply chain because customer satisfaction hinges on delivery performance. In this session, we will discuss how Demand & Supply Chain Planning solutions integrated to your ERP will increase your supply chain visibility and how an effective planning solution allows manufacturers to increase operational margin and revenue, reduce lead time and become an Effective Enterprise.
Pascal Garsmeur, QAD
Steve Banker, ARC Advisory Group
Michael Bowen, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics
Luc Janssen, QAD
The Benefits and Value of Transitioning to a Paperless Payments System
The majority of QAD users are still paying most of their vendors with paper checks. Given that the average costs to process, print, and mail a check is around $5.96 and involves many manual steps. Many are interested in ways to do more with electronic payments but struggle with the efforts and costs required to get their vendors to change.
Please join us for this informative session with ACOM Solutions for a discussion on the current payment processing market and the move to electronic payments. We'll also go over the challenges with transitioning vendors to ePayments and what the advantages can bring in productivity and cost savings.
We will also introduce the ACOM Paperless Pay offering: the first "Zero Cost", "Zero Risk" QAD payment program that is guaranteed to eliminate 100% of your AP checks saving your company money, time, and resources.
QAD Operational Metrics provides a dashboard of the company's vital signs, helping you make decisions for leaner and more efficient operations. It provides a way to review performance and data quality, allowing you to see problems in any number of key areas and trace them back to root causes.
Tracking and tracing product genealogy through operations is critical in many industries (UDI, DCCSA,Honda)
Learn how to gain full visibility into the detailed genealogy of each product, from capturing inspection results during receipts of materials, stock movements in warehouse using Unique Pack ID's, capturing, tracking & tracing critical specifics of lot characteristics which help to control conformance of materials used in production as conformance of products compliant with special customer specifications.
Learn about the Internet of Things (IoT) from two industry powerhouses discussing the coming changes and how the IoT will affect the future of manufacturing. Let us guide you on your journey to the new world of connected devices.
Peggy Smedley, Star of the Peggy Smedley Show and Editor in Chief of Connected World Magazine
Tony Winter, QAD
Harris Corporation's Analytical Instrumentation business took on the big challenge of getting inventory under control upon completion of a facility move and keeping it that way. They will discuss how to run a physical inventory effort from the QAD steps to the time frame. Once their Inventory was in sync, both physically and in QAD, they implemented the QAD formal cycle counting. They are currently maintaining cycle counting at >98% accuracy, which has eliminated the need for annual physical inventories to ensure accuracy. They will also discuss the QAD inventory reports that are keeping inventory in control.
Jason Herbst, Harris Corporation
Joan Profetta, Harris Corporation
Deploying Eagle's Automated Data Collection Solution in a QAD Cloud Environment
Eagle is QAD's strategic partner in Automated Data Collection and bar coding. Eagle's product, RF Express™ for QAD, has been deployed around the world in both on-premise and QAD Cloud environments. Eagle's proven ability to provide fault-proof, real-time data to its customers makes it easy to move to the cloud with confidence. All standard Eagle software modules are available in the cloud as well as on premise. All current hardware is supported by Eagle, and all label printing is maintained. Learn how it all fits together in a QAD Cloud environment.
Progress® OpenEdge® Analytics360™ - The Complete BI and Analytics Solution
Progress® OpenEdge® Analytics360™ isn't your ordinary business intelligence tool. Not by a long shot. It's the one tool that provides your manufacturing organization with a truly complete business intelligence SOLUTION. Our session will highlight why Analytics360 is the leading business intelligence tools on the market focused on QAD. In this session we will:
• Review what is included with Analytics360 and explore a few sample applications.
• Discuss how OpenEdge Analytics360 will reduce the risk from a BI project.
• Demonstrate how data can be extracted from any number of operational data sources, cleansed, transformed, and then loaded into the data warehouse for cross-organizational views.
• Share our product roadmap and new features.
The IoT, additive manufacturing and the connected supply chain are all touted as technologies that will completely change manufacturing. Hear from the world's foremost expert on lean about how these new technologies may--or may not--change manufacturing as we know it.
Dr. James P. Womack
Do you know what you don't know? Join us for a guided exploration of all the resources available to you to learn more about QAD Enterprise Applications. You'll discover how to enroll in classroom training, locate online training by product or role, access virtual learning environments for hands-on practice and become your own Learning Center administrator. In this session you'll discover how to navigate our extensive Document Library where you'll find the latest product release notes, user guides, training guides, and technical documentation from eB9 to 2016.
Bernadette Bagley, QAD
Dr. Thomas Blumer, QAD
Learn how Nexteer acheived success with flexibility and synergy in project management, establishing "one voice" for the project.
John Polich, QAD
Dave Mitchell, Nexteer
Cyber Security
From the smoky ruins of the past, the mainframe returns. Dr. Doug White of Roger Williams University talks about weak links (that would be you); how cloud based security emulates the dark/great days of evil mainframe sysops controlling your every move; and how much fun it is to use semicolons. This session shares stories from companies corrupted, empires fallen, and well, you know, cyber scams.
Dr. Doug White, Security Consultant
Transportation will be provided from 6:00 - 6:30 p.m.
Hear from our keynote speakers on the state of the business and manufacturing trends.
Are your planners overwhelmed by thousands of action messages from each material requirements planning (MRP) system regeneration? Do they manually sort the significant messages from the trivial ones before taking action? If the answer is "yes," then you have a nervous MRP system—and it's probably preventing you from effectively executing business plans. This educational session will explore the root causes of these problems, their impact on performance, the costs and benefits of regaining stability and proven strategies for achieving lasting calm.
Dave Turbide, Consultant
Technology and applications must work in alignment to get maximum value from your IT investment. Join QAD and Progress as they jointly share how these respective solutions are addressing such timely issues as digital transformation, cloud computing and business intelligence.
Kevin Schantz, QAD
Colleen Smith, Progress
Second Sight Medical, a manufacturer of retinal prosthesis that restores vision to subjects blinded from outer retinal degenerations, completed a very successful upgrade of their QAD system in 2015, moving from from SE to EE in 6 weeks including FDA validation. We will share the timeline, methodology and lessons learned.
Walter Little, Second Sight Medical
Explore Training is an opportunity to work together with QAD experts in a hands-on environment. Explore 2016 training is geared toward a range of customer roles, from finance managers and end users to IT business analysts and developers. You will walk away with new ideas on how to optimize your QAD ERP solutions to better meet your business needs.
QAD Enterprise Edition Upgrade Workshop - Boulevard B
QAD QMS System Overview - Boulevard A
EAM – Leap Forward Training at Explore - Pullman Boardroom
QAD Packaged Inventory & Item Serialization - Boulevard C
For a full description of each training course, please see the Training page
Learn how CoorsTek managed the implementation of 14 medical device sites in a short time.
Helmut Oehring, CoorsTek
Join us to hear directly from FEI about their successful global implementation of QAD Cloud EDI and the 3 PL solution. Learn about the different QAD Interoperability solution elements and how they work together.
Carlos Garcia, QAD
Mark Farley, FEI
Learn about global compliance initiatives and regulatory changes that can affect your day-to-day operations, including the new converged revenue recognition standard (ASC 606/IFRS 15) released by the FASB and IASB, and the potential business implications for manufacturing companies.
We will also share other planned developments in QAD Financials.
René Bergkamp, QAD
Ian Hornabrook, QAD
How to Move Mountains: Successful Modernization and Customization for Your Systems
"Our business would benefit if our QAD could ____." Want your QAD applications working smoothly with other processes, including mobile? Get this inside look at fast, non-invasive development in action.
Real-time special presentation: Five solutions made DURING Explore from YOUR requests at ProStar's Expo booth. After attending, participants will be able to:
- Identify 5 ways to modernize a system and maintain critical operations.
- Describe the path to success for eliminating costly work-arounds.
First 5 at the door given Mountain Top gifts! Especially encourage participants from Finance, Ops, IT and Sales. Geared for management as well as technical teams.
Trade Activity Management (TAM) Overview Demonstration and Development Status
Please stop by to see a live demonstration of Trade Activity Management and learn about the current development status.
Session will include brief TAM walkthroughs of:
- Promotional areas such as Bill-backs, Rebates, Lump Sum, Free/Bonus Goods deals
- TAM Contract areas such as maintaining Group Membership, Indirect Sales Upload, Contract Pricing, Chargebacks, and Admin Fees.
Financial S&OP and Collaboration with QAD Demand and Supply Chain Planning Solutions
Every decision made by a corporation in the Sales and Operations Planning process has financial impacts and require participation and agreement of cross-functional departments. Best-in-Class organizations understand the importance of collaborative processes and how one decision impacts almost all other departments in the chain of operations as well as profitability. See how you can visualize the possible outcomes of your decisions and keep track of your financial goals with QAD's Demand and Supply Chain Planning Solution.
Explore Training is an opportunity to work together with QAD experts in a hands-on environment. Explore 2016 training is geared toward a range of customer roles, from finance managers and end users to IT business analysts and developers. You will walk away with new ideas on how to optimize your QAD ERP solutions to better meet your business needs.
QAD QMS System Overview - Boulevard A
QAD Enterprise Edition Upgrade Workshop - Boulevard B
QAD Automation Solutions - Boulevard C (Thursday & Friday only)
For a full description of each training course, please see the Training page
Learn how Entellus Medical went live on QAD Cloud ERP last year in a fully validated and qualified environment in just six months, bringing the project in on time and on budget.
Robert Straub, Entellus Medical
Learn from a real life company about operational improvements in accuracy, efficiency and reliability achieved after implementing a new data collection system. See and hear about the latest capabilities and functions for data collection and label printing in QAD Automation Solutions, and understand the real world experience and solid implementation methodology behind the improvements.
Astrid Rommens, QAD
Brent Shooltz, QAD
Bobby Yeomans, Facet Technologies
Join us for an overview of the looming skills gap and discussion of innovative ways to overcome it and attract people to careers in manufacturing.
Kaye Swanson, QAD
Sharon Ward, QAD
Bob Ferrari, Supply Chain Matters
Nick Castellina, Aberdeen Group
Join us for an interactive Q&A discussion with Comvita and hear first hand about their exciting journey to the cloud. Learn why they decided to upgrade to Enterprise Edition and become an Early Adopter of Channel Islands and how cloud, Enterprise Edition and Channel Islands are changing the way they expect to leverage technology to meet their strategic goals.
Frank Feustel, QAD
Dan Waugh, Comvita
Rob Jeremiassen, QAD
JCI has implemented a logistics solution involving automated/manual Pick Up Sheets. This application, code-named Apollo, has consistently provided multi-million dollar annualized savings. Apollo now allows for streaming consumption and other QAD transactions to the same process, eliminating the need for manual/operator intervention to the process of collecting consumption signals, and providing self-regulation of the same. This Consumption Based Pick Up Sheets solution provides substantal annualized savings involving operator, freight, inventory and floor space reductions.
David McCarthy, JCI
Learn how to employ, adjust and easily use QAD solutions tailored to your evolving and specific business needs to simplify, automate and continuously improve your daily supply chain and manufacturing operations while ensuring compliance with local governments, industrial regulators and specific customer mandates.
Nicole Groves, QAD
Guido Van den Broeck, QAD
Mobile Solutions for QAD
See why Broom Street Software was the QAD 2015 Solution Partner of the year for its mobile technology Mobile Desk. Watch in real time how Mobile Desk will allow you to update and retrieve your QAD data anytime/anywhere using any mobile device. www.broomstreet.com
Explore Training is an opportunity to work together with QAD experts in a hands-on environment. Explore 2016 training is geared toward a range of customer roles, from finance managers and end users to IT business analysts and developers. You will walk away with new ideas on how to optimize your QAD ERP solutions to better meet your business needs.
QAD QMS System Overview - Boulevard A
QAD Enterprise Edition Upgrade Workshop - Boulevard B
QAD Automation Solutions - Boulevard C
For a full description of each training course, please see the Training page
If you are APICS certified, you need continuing education credits to keep your certification. Explore offers an excellent opportunity to attend select sessions that provide APICS credit. View the agenda to find out which sessions are eligible for APICS credit.


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I just want to inform everyone that this plugin has a few security holes if you intend to limit access to forum categories for different user groups.
Click on a topic in a forum that you have access to then change the topic id to 0 (zero) in the url (http://....viewtopic&t=0) then all topics in all forum categories are shown including those you're not supposed to see.
In a similar way. Click a forum. Change the forum id to 0 in the url. All topics in all forums are shown.
You don't even have to be logged in to view the topics with the methods above (if you know the url format that is)!
Click the link "Show new topics since last visit" - all topics are shown including those you're not supposed to see.
However. Clicking a topic you should not see, results in "Sorry you don't have access to the forum".
PS: Anyone knows why the forums at the plugin page at vasthtml.com are broken? Can't post there. No message field.


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London, January 6 -- Russell Brand is engaged to Katy Perry. The two sealed their relationship by making it official with an engagement ring, just five days ago, while they were vacationing in India.
Brand and Perry have been dating each other only for the past four months. They had first met at the MTV VMAs in September and hit it off right from there.
Though, going by Brand's notorious history, nobody was initially taking the relationship seriously, but the comic has proved that he is well over his past.
Loving it in India
Brand, 34, and Perry, 25, have been touring India over the Christmas holidays.
The two seemed to be having a great time together in the Asian country as they kept posting pictures of their trip on Twitter. Perry also got a lovely henna tattoo, which she showed off on Twitter along with some shots of monkeys, a cow and a picture of the couple in front of the Taj Mahal.
"(The trip) was his Christmas gift," according to a source close to Perry. "She told him how much she loved Indian culture while they were eating curry in England, so he surprised her."
Russell Brand's engagement to American singer/songwriter Katy Perry is being speculated since last month after the British comedian was spotted looking for that perfect ring in Cartier's West London store.
Eventually, he settled on a large, square-cut diamond set in a platinum band that was present to his lady love in a splendid style.
After taking his girl to the country that intrigues her, Russell got down on one knee and proposed to the gorgeous singer, while they were both attending a spiritual ceremony in Jaipur city on New Year's Eve.
Happy to be together
No wonder, the 'I Kissed A Girl' singer is absolutely elated about it all. A rep for the singer could not be reached but she expressed her happiness via Twitter.
She wrote: "...So when do I start walking the streets naked singing that Alanis song?" referring to the song Thank You by Alanis Morrissette.
Brand is also totally besotted by the singer. Late November, he even took a trip to Austria to meet her parents and probably convince them that he's good for their daughter.
"I'd love to marry Katy - hopefully it's heading that way and I'm really happy," he had reportedly told Daily Mail's Nathan Kay, in a recent interview.


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I have a site hosted on a Zeus server via Namesco and have this rewrite script in my main web directory:
[ Moderated - please do not post more than 10 lines of code. Use pastebin.com instead. ]
And the following in my admin panel for permalinks custom structure:
But I still have the index.php part in all my URLs. Is this code wrong or is it not possible with namesco/Zeus to remove index.php?


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Read an Excerpt
Chapter One
The Essential Challenge:
Does Theology SpeakTo Women's Experience?
In 1895, toward the end of a long and distinguished feminist career, Elizabeth Cady Stanton set about writing and editing The Woman's Bible, a series of commentaries on biblical passages pertaining to women. The project was a product of Stanton's firm conviction that the political and economic subordination of women has deep ideological and religious roots. The degradation of women is basic to the biblical view of creation and redemption, she felt. Therefore the emancipation of women is finally impossible unless the Bible is understood from a feminist perspective and repudiated as revelation. While Stanton thus saw a feminist biblical commentary as urgently necessary, her sister feminists did not share her estimate of its importance. In 1896, the twenty-eighth annual convention of the National American Women Suffrage Association, which Stanton had cofounded, officially repudiated any connection with The Woman's Bible. It faded into oblivion, to be rediscovered by feminist scholars of religion in the last decade.
What must strike us today about The Woman's Bible is the depth and pertinence of the issues Stanton raises. Stanton was asking what feminists and religion scholars call "nonquestions." She was questioning such deeply held convictions as to the order of things that it was difficult for others even to hear her. It must have taken tremendous courage for her to see and proclaim the biblical roots of sexism when so few people shared her vision.
The three articles in this sectionare products of this same "courage to see." Reading or rereading them, one becomes aware of how recently it is that Stanton's nonquestions concerning the role of religion in perpetuating sexism have been squarely confronted. These essays raise the fundamental theological issues in women and religion: the importance of women's experience, the tenacity of dualistic thinking, the dangers of male God language. They raised them before the area had acquired any legitimacy, and yet two of them Ruether's and Daly's were written only in 1971.
Saiving's essay, a landmark in feminist theology, was ten years ahead of its time. Published in 1960 before the second wave of the women's movement, its author seems to have been aware of her own audacity in criticizing theology from the perspective of "feminine experience." "I am a student of theology," Saiving begins her article, "I am also a woman. Perhaps it strikes you as curious that I put these two assertions beside each other." Curious; it was revolutionary! In putting the two statements together, Saiving set forth what was to become the basic premise of all feminist theology: that the vision of the theologian is affected by the particularities of his or her experience as male or female.
Saiving develops this point in relation to the theologies of Reinhold Niebuhr and Anders Nygren. She argues that, in defining sin as pride and grace as sacrificial love, they not only fail to illumine women's experience, but they also reinforce what might be considered "women's sin" of self-forgetfulness and selfnegation. She thus questions the claim of two major theologians to have established a universal definition of sin and grace. Their supposedly generic doctrines of "man" turn out on closer examination to be doctrines of male experience. She suggests that the sex of the theologian matters and from this all later feminist work follows. She opened the door both to fuller criticism of "male" theology and to thorough exploration of theology from the perspective of women's experience.
While Saiving raised a fundamental issue for feminist thought, her work was not immediately followed by a burst of feminist writing. Her article was reprinted once, and then, like The Woman's Bible, was forgotten. For most of the 1960s there was little writing on women and religion. When we began graduate work in theology at Yale in the late 1960s, we were taught nothing about feminist or even feminine theology. When Rosemary Ruether came to speak at Yale in the spring of 1970, her presence seemed almost miraculous. We had read Saiving's essay and knew from our own experience that the material in our courses left out and belittled our experience as women. But we had never heard an articulate woman set out the problems that a purely male perspective had visited on Western theology and culture. That night Ruether outlined her important theory, also developed in her essay in this volume, that sexism is rooted in the dualistic world view that grew out of the dramatic religious changes that swept classical civilization in the first millenium B.C.E. The breakdown of tribal culture in that period led to the disruption of the holistic perspective that characterized early human societies. Woman and man, nature and culture, body and spirit, Goddess and God, once bound together in a total vision of world renewal, became split off from each other and ordered hierarchically. When male culture-creating groups appropriated the positive side of each of these dualisms for themselves, the age-old male-female polarity was given a newly oppressive significance. Women were identified with nature, body, the material realm, all of which were considered distinctly inferior to transcendent male spirit. A new language of female subordination was forged, a language that eventually was applied to other oppressed groups such as the carnal Jew and the sexual Negro and that was also used to justify exploitation of despised nature.
Ruether's argument at once specifies and broadens Saiving's claim that theology is a product of male experience, for it describes the nature of sexism and shows that it has deep roots in the Christian tradition. This analysis has profound implications for feminist thought. It suggests that the liberation of women is finally contingent on overcoming those dualisms that have for centuries molded Western consciousness. It links the women's movement with the movement for ecological sanity. It suggests that women because their oppression is a model for the oppression of others have a special role to play in the struggle for planetary liberation. And it implies that one key to the construction of a new holistic and world-affirming ethic may be the uplifting and reevaluation of those qualities dispised in women.
Although some of these implications have been amplified and explored by Ruether herself, aspects of her thought have been seized on by others and developed in new and original ways. While Ruether believes the Christian tradition has a liberating core that can be used to transform oppressive dualisms, Mary Daly used Ruether's analysis of hierarchal dualism to launch a full-scale attack on the Christian tradition. Daly entered the feminist theological arena in 1968 with the publication of her first major work in women and religion, The Church and the Second Sex. This book, a product of Daly's early and brief reformist period, described the history and nature of women's exclusion from full participation in the Catholic Church. Its thesis was that such exclusion, although real and deep seated, represented a distortion of the church's essential affirmation of the worth of every human being. The book was written in the hope that Catholicism would shuck off its sexist trappings and, in the spirit of modernization that began at Vatican II, move toward a future in which all persons could become whole.


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Vi/Vim Software
- Programming Language: C++ ×
VIM Pal
VIM Pal is a separate application providing a file tree for VIM1 weekly downloads
ViVi ver 5.0 Free
ViVi is a Text Editor for Windows/Mac/Linux, which is powerd by Qt and supports vi commands. ※ Although ViVi is a proprietary software, only this version is Open Source and FreeWare.1 weekly downloads
lightweight portable vi compatible editor1 weekly downloads
tvim is a gui wrapper around gvim's remote interface, it does two things 1). lets you open files in any already running copy of gvim (lets you select which). 2). opens the files in tabs TVim is released under the GPL version 31 weekly downloads
vimper IDE
Vimper is a Vim based IDE, a set of plugins to enable creation of development projects. There are a lot of useful plugins available, but you need to run around to gather them. Vimper gathers a lot of these plugins into one package and extend or add new.1 weekly downloads
ViVim is a branch of Vim whose goal is to integrate Vim editor into Visual Studio IDE
Vim in C++. Not necessarily strictly vim or vi compatible or designed to be highly portable. Project will make heavy use of STL and the Boost library. Probably no support for vimscript. Instead, python will be the scripting language of choice


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British Academy
Wiley Prize in Economics
The Wiley Prize in Economics, worth £5,000, is awarded annually for achievement in research by an outstanding early career economist. The award is sponsored by publisher Wiley. The Prize was first awarded in 2013.
Eligible nominations can be for research in any field of economics or economic history, provided that the nominee is a UK national or resident, and received their doctorate after 1 January 2010. Nominations may only be made by Heads of Departments of Economics (or equivalent) in UK HE institutions, or by relevant learned societies. Only one nomination per nominating department/society is permitted.
Nominating body: Section S2.
Nominations for the 2016 prize are closed
Previous Winners
2015 Dr Johannes Spinnewijn, London School of Economics and Political Science
2014 Dr Vasco Carvalho, University of Cambridge
2013 Professor Philipp Kircher, University of Edinburgh


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Big Dig update: Short week of work for Luck Bros.July 01,2013
For the week of July 1-3 you may see some small items being attended to on Main Street. We will not be working on July 4 or 5. Some of the tasks remaining include pavement marking touch-ups, pedestrian crossing pole alterations, and traffic signal adjustments.
Please continue to pay attention to traffic signs, advanced warning signs, uniformed traffic officers, and flaggers who may be posted at strategic locations for traffic control. There is still the possibility of a minor delay from time to time. If you have any questions or concerns regarding the Barre "Big Dig" you can contact me by cell at (518)-578-9629 or by email to firstname.lastname@example.com. The office number is (802)-479-5775.
Luck Brothers wishes a happy and safe Fourth of July to all. Travelers use caution on this very busy holiday.
— Beth LeClair, Luck Brothers Inc.MORE IN This Just InCASTLETON Rutland Post 31 pitcher Andy Kenosh called it mojo. Full StoryRUTLAND More than 26,000 people were without power when severe thunderstorms rolled through the... Full StoryNORTHFIELD A Norwich University professor has been awarded a research fellowship to support her... Full Story
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it is with TREMENDOUS pleasure that I say we've released the version 1.0 of VSTS roll bases skus to manufacturing and you can immediately (if the servers aren't buried anyway) download them from the MSDN subscriber section. We've also released a matched set of TFS server (beta 3 refresh) which will allow the RTM clients to connect to the server. The server also has a few setup issues addressed to continue to improve that scenario. We continue to be very confident that the server RTM will be in Q1 '06 to complete the release v1 wave of the entire Team System.
This has been a long 5+ year journey for many of us on the team to expand the way Microsoft views developer tools and we could not have done it without the support and encouragement of our customers. Whenever it felt like we'd never finish up and get this out the door, we were reminded about the excitement in the community among our customers anticipating the value that this tool set would drive for them and we pushed on.
I am very proud of the team and all of the hard work they've put in over the years to start from an idea and some internal tools and turn it into something truly special. We hope you all enjoy it!


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One-A-Day, Women's Formula, Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplement, 200 Tablets
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Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
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- Product Code: OAD-07412
- UPC Code: 016500074120
- Package Quantity: 200 Tablets
- Dimensions: 5.7 x 3.1 x 3.1 in, 0.95 lbs (0.43 kg)
- With 100% Daily Value of All 8 B-Vitamins†
- Complete Multivitamin with More
- Does Not Contain Aspirin
Formulated to Support:
- Bone Strength
- Heart Health††
- Immunity
- Healthy Skin
A complete women's multivitamin that helps support bone health with Calcium and Vitamin D, plus B-Vitamins and Chromium to support physical energy by helping convert food to fuel.
††Not a replacement for heart medications.
†Refers to Daily Values for Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, Niacin, Folic Acid, Biotin and Pantothenic Acid
Suggested Use
Adults: One tablet daily, with food.
Other Ingredients
Calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, ascorbic acid, ferrous fumarate; Less than 2% of: Beta-carotene, biotin, cholecalciferol, chromium chloride, croscarmellose sodium, cupric oxide, cyanocobalamin, d-calcium pantothenate, dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, FD&C blue #2 lake, FD&C yellow #5 (tartrazine) lake, FD&C yellow #6 lake, folic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium oxide, manganese sulfate, niacinamide, phytonadione, polyethylene glycol, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, silicon dioxide, sodium selenite, stearic acid, thiamine mononitrate, titanium dioxide (color), vitamin A acetate, zinc oxide.
Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under 6. Keep this product out of reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or poison control center immediately.
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Child resistant cap
Do not use this product if printed safety seal bearing "Bayer HealthCare" under cap is torn or missing.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: One tablet
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Vitamin A (20% as beta-carotene)
|Vitamin C
|60 mg
|Vitamin D (as Vitamin D3)
|Vitamin E
|Vitamin K
|25 mcg
|Thiamin (B1)
|1.5 mg
|Riboflavin (B2)
|1.7 mg
|20 mg
|Vitamin B6
|2 mg
|Folic Acid
|400 mcg
|Vitamin B12
|6 mcg
|300 mcg
|Pantothenic Acid
|10 mg
|Calcium (elemental)
|500 mg
|18 mg
|150 mcg
|15 mg
|20 mcg
|2 mg
|2 mg
|120 mcg
Just like the name says One-A-Day is enough.
Great Product
Posted by 4649086728183231559 on May 19, 2016
Good stuff
Awesome! Value for money!
Posted by 5741415395133691872 on May 02, 2016
Bought both the men and womens supplement and it was good! Felt more energise and fresh throughout the day. Had used 21st Century previously and when that became unavailable due to country restriction, had to find another supplement. This product is better than 21st Century though price wise, 21st Century wins hands down! Will repeat purchase!
Thank you
Posted by 5197396766703282996 on Feb 25, 2016
Very very good
very good
Posted by 5349736735748138783 on Jan 28, 2016
Just what I wanted.. No after taste
Wife loves it
Posted by Melvin on May 10, 2015
This product is super good and always out of stock, what should I say more


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Steve Smith, also known as "Steve-O", was a Michiana resident, swim coach, teacher and World Champion Triathlete. He is known as one of the most decorated amateur triathletes of all time with over 250 triathlons completed. A few of achievements include:
- 12-time Kona Ironman competitor (4 of these he was in the top 5 in his age group)
- 6 World Champion Titles
- 15-time All-American by USAT (Ranked #1)
- 5-time Grand Master Champion by USAT
- 14 USAT National Championship titles
- 2-time Ironman 70.3 World Champion
- Long Course World Champion
- Short Course World Champion
- Boston Marathon Finisher
- Member of the Indiana High School Swimming & Diving Hall of Fame
- Featured in Sports Illustrated "Faces in the Crowd".
He has been a huge inspiration to many!
April 24th, 2012 he was diagnosed with a deadly brain tumor called Glioblastoma. In true "Steve-O" style, he battled this cancer with determination, strength and courage for over 28 months before passing away September 4th, 2014.
Steve's vision for the Racing For Steve-O Foundation is to help our Michiana special needs community become more healthy and active by providing individual scholarships for recreational activities, camps and sports. We also donate funds to Michiana charities that share our mission.
2014 was our 1st full year of operation and we were able to give back over $15,000 to our Michiana special needs community!! 28 scholarships were awarded to help individuals attend Camp Millhouse, Reins of Life, Logan Center Summer Camps, Camp Riley and Loveway Therapeutic Horseback riding. Many of these individuals would not be able to attend these activities without these scholarships! We were also able to help donate to the building of Freedom Park (all abilities park in Plymouth), SOLO Ski Club, Challenger Little League, Elkhart & Michiana Down Syndrome Advocacy Groups and Logan Center.
Please join us August 27th, 2016 for the 3rd Annual Barron Lake Triathlon. Please visit website for event details and registration! www.barronlaketri.com
Meet Our Board:
Executive Director: Sarah (Smith) Cira
President: Tim Legge
Vice President: DJ Hanback
Secretary: Nick Weiler
Treasurer: Donald Hammond
Advisory Board:
Joshua Diehl
Stacey Weirich
Stephanie Krol
Amy Kuitse
2016 Barron Lake Triathlon and Kids Triathlon:
2015 Racing For Steve-O Foundation donates $15,000 to Michiana Challenged Athletes:
2015 Racing For Steve-O Foundation Gearing Up for 2nd Annual Barron Lake Triathlon & 5K Benefiting Challenged Athletes:
2014 Barron Lake Triathlon:


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From Booklist
"A whole new twist on trans-Atlantic romance-sexy, fresh, and delightfully different." - Susanna Kearsley, New York Times bestselling author of Mariana
"I adored this book. Megan Mulry is a must-read author. Highly recommended!" - Jennifer Probst, New York Times bestselling author of The Marriage Bargain
"Megan Mulry's vivacious Bronte is every Englishwoman's nightmare-the straight-talking, hot-blooded all-American girl who bags the Duke! Now, if only all English aristos could be as delicious as Max..." - Hester Browne, New York Times bestselling author of Swept Off Her Feet
"Sex and the City Goes to London. A Royal Pain is often laugh-out-loud funny with super sexy overtones. Filled with urban, rich, and royal characters, it is a wonderful debut that shouldn't be missed. I anticipate spectacular things from this author in the future." - Catherine Bybee, New York Times bestselling author of Wife By Wednesday
"Megan Mulry gives us a sexy and witty tale in a sophisticated urban setting." - Miranda Neville, author of The Importance of Being Wicked
"With fashion and flare, Mulry mingles American ambition and English aristocracy in this tale of savvy skeptic Bronte Talbott and the delectably eligible duke who shows her that fairy tales can indeed come true. A dazzlingly stylish and dreamily satisfying read." - Katharine Ashe, author of How to be a Proper Lady
"A delightfully fresh spin on a classic fairy tale...a sassy American heroine and a twenty-first century duke meet, duel it out, and fall in love in a trans-Atlantic romance that will win your heart. I can't wait for the next Royal!" - Anne Calhoun, author of Liberating Lacey
"A delightful love story... worth reading again and again. Starred Review" - Publishers Weekly, starred review
"A Royal Pain is a fabulous debut! Megan Mulry brings together an iridescent American woman and her irresistible British gentleman with pitch-perfect dialogue and a keen eye for the dynamics of modern relationships. Equal parts romance and psychological drama, this book kept me up late and had me dipping back for more. I loved it!" - Beatriz Williams, author of Overseas


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I had a blast at my birthday party. I brought several of my closest friends up with me to Woodbury ski area on December 11th. We all were a lager enough group to receive a group discount and we paid in cash for an even further discount. My friends and I rented equipment in the newly renovated main lodge. Some of us boarded and some of us skied. Our package included a lesson which was a bonus because none of us came up really knowing what we were doing. There were lots of choices at the snack bar. It was like going to a ski resort without the intimidation of long lines and lots of skiers racing around you as you try and balance with all your might.
There was this snowboard competition going on that day that was really fun to watch. For a small mountain Woodbury ski area has so many things for snowboarders to play on. Those kids spent all day catching air and sliding on these rails and other things. They had music playing all day and a fire in the fire place.
This will defiantly go down as my best birthday yet.
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Definition of lippy in English:
adjective (lippier, lippiest)
1Insolent; impertinent.
Example sentences
- She's lippy and rude, and she's obsessed with breaking all my rules.
- The lippy critic was given a 'put up or shut up ultimatum' by four fans who appeared on BBC 1's Football Focus earlier in the season.
- In a provincial war office, a young woman, Eve, placidly attacks her work (she is a coder), her days enlivened by the gossip of her female colleagues and the joshing of the Big Bad Wolves, a couple of lippy sergeants.
Words that rhyme with lippychippy, clippie, dippy, drippy, grippy, hippy, Lippi, Mississippi, nippy, slippy, snippy, tippy, trippy, whippy, Xanthippe, zippy
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: lip·py
Definition of lippy in:
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Escape From Bug Island
Bring on the exterminator. Our review of horrid Wii bug hunting.
Vampire bats, canine men, carnivorous plants...for fans of kitschy camp fare, that's the perfect lineup for a schlocky survival-horror adventure game. Couple that with some genuinely cheesy dialogue ("Thanks.... Maybe you're not such an asshole after all."), and you have all the makings of a B-movie-style, dumb-fun romp. Hell, given the recent trend of quality campy undertakings -- Grindhouse in theaters, Earth Defense Force 2017 on Xbox 360 -- Escape From Bug Island is hitting at an ideal time on a system with a seemingly endless upside. A shame, then, that the game is an unequivocal failure in every respect besides its premise.
While EDF revels in its over-the-top premise while getting enough right to keep fans satisfied, Bug Island lumbers through the paces while missing every possible mark. The horror starts with the controls, which inexplicably utilize the adrenaline-deflating tank style, which has you spinning unfortunate protagonist Ray before moving forward rather than simply pressing your desired direction to run. Putting up an effective attack proves even more cumbersome. To swing a stick, pitchfork, or other weapon, you need to hold a button on the Wii Remote (which annoyingly stops Ray in his tracks) and then swing it, with a swipe coming out a moment later. The big disconnect comes from the attacks not happening with your motion, but after a short hesitation as you dial in weak combos. And when a swarm of critters surrounds you, you'll often be stuck swinging at nothing, rotating, then swinging haphazardly again as they buzz around you and suck away your health. EDF succeeds because it makes the mere act of taking out one or 100 enemies easy to control and satisfying; Bug Island absolutely fails in this endeavor. Sadly enough, the control woes get worse. Thrown weapons (grenades, rocks, and the like) require you to hold the A button to enter first-person mode and the B button to lock on to a location before swinging the Remote to chuck the object. Wanna guess how smoothly that comes together when you've got some giant vampire moth bearing down on you?
|[Click the image above to check out all Escape From Bug Island screens.]
It's not like the graphics make up for any of the control deficiencies, either. Visuals suited for the PS1 era teem with embarrassing gaffes, such as your character walking through pieces of walls and a camera that tends to get caught on backgrounds (especially in tight spots), leaving you looking at bizarre views with no shot at the action. As an added insult, an ugly fog blankets almost all the action. You could argue this adds to the supposed creepy effect...but, well, you'd be wrong. It just feels suffocating.
As for progression of the game itself, the action mostly involves flailing at or running away from enemies as you piece together the reasons behind the island's oversized inhabitants. Finding friends and hunting down keys make up the bulk of the progress, while one big twist will have fans of backtracking thrilled. If only such people existed.
|[Click the image above to check out all Escape From Bug Island screens.
A couple of moments do feel inspired when compared to the rest of the wreckage. Traversing crevice-spanning logs requires you to keep balance by twisting the Wii-mote to remain aligned with a finicky meter. Also, not to spoil the closest thing to a puzzle, but logs again come into play in a mildly clever way (again, that's all relative to the rest of game). Unfortunately, you'll probably play these sections, as well as the countless bad ones, far too often thanks to the shoddy save system (you can save only after completing a level or at the sparse save lamps). Likewise, a several-seconds load between the pause screen and inventory and equipment access is just long enough to make the simple act of switching to a gun or eating a health-replenishing mushroom a chore.
Bug Island fails and frustrates so thoroughly throughout its 10-plus-hour playtime that its greatest feat may be fooling someone into finishing it who isn't paid to do so. It's easily the Wii's worst showing yet.
See all Escape From Bug Island Reviews >
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- Release Date:
- 07/31/2007
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1UP Editor Score: F
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