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Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Boss
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Jun 26, 2006 | 2:11 PM EDT
- File Info
- Loop
- 30 sec
- Score
- 4.30 / 5.00
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You may not use this work for commercial purposes without making specific arrangements with the artist UNLESS your work is a web-based game or animation, in which case you may use this freely.
- Score:
- Rated 4.30 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 3,740 Plays | 418 Downloads
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- Genres:
- Electronic - Video Game
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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
It is so short. Why made it so worthless, made it longer please!
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Well done, dude.
If you could make an even more epic version of this track, I'll be your eternal fan!!!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Short, saucey, OUTSTANDING!
Brings me back to the days where i used to camp at the Lava reef boss just to listen to this track before i learned the stage select code for sonic 3 and S&K.
Absolutly well done!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Nice 8-bit remix here. This will ALWAYS be my favorite Sonic boss battle theme here next to the Sega Saturn version of Sonic 3D Blast's boss.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Nice remix. Im a big fan of Sonic too! I give to this thy 10!

subset: commoncrawl


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Acne Studios
Era Fur-Collar Wool Coat
Product Actions
Acne Studios black virgin wool-blend melton Era coat styled with a removable blue lamb fur collar.
Style # 503432099
- Wide notched lapels, button-off lamb fur collar, side-seam pockets
- Asymmetric button-front
- Lined in silk twill, one button-and-loop pocket at interior
- Available in Black
- Wool/nylon; collar: dyed lamb fur
- Dry clean
- Imported; fur country of origin: Lithuania
Founded in Stockholm, Sweden, "Ambition to Create Novel Expressions" Studios was birthed by Jonny Johansson, who created 100 pairs of raw denim jeans with red stitching for his friends and family. Still aligned with his original artistic vision, the line now boasts men's and women's garments that are uniquely tailored with eclectic materials for those who don't believe in conventional fashion.
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text:
Separate names with a comma.
Is there a way to highlight or change font in an email?
Ideally, text downloaded via Instapaper, or from the web generally. GoodReader & EverNote? For non-pdf files?
Many thanks for any help.
Is it possible to email your highlighted notes from iBooks. It would be nice to use them as a printed document if i can get them out of the iPad....
I am doing a Spanish course and am writing up my notes in pages on my iPad and I want Spanish to be in one font
colour and English another, is...
Can you do this ?
Please tell me how to highlight in ebooks
...webpage on its home website, called Your Verse, where it highlights the iPad's role in many situations. The latest additions showcase a...
...has updated its iPad app with a new right-hand column that highlights news and games and other areas of interest relevant to users. At the...
How do I highlight ? ?
click on the file to highlight then press delete
How would that app allow people to highlight Pages documents?
highlight it in iTunes, right click, select "delete."
My highlight from today's walk
I tried that , the delete button doesn't highlight . I press down the photo I want to delete and delete button doesn't highlight. I restarted many...
The Kindle app has highlighting and search...
To highlight, press and hold a word and a pop up appears with a highlight option and 'drag...
I'm looking for an app that I can take notes with and highlight with different colors.
Thank you,
Is there a way to highlight a selected word or future date.?
You cannot highlight. All you can do is change the color of the text itself.
Adobe Reader for iPad let's you highlight text in about a half dozen colors, in PDF's.
Change iPad name in iTunes. Select (highlight) the existing name and change it.
How do I highlight ??
Highlight/select the information that needs to be removed, and select "Cut":
This is my highlight! Something I drew on " Draw Something" [ATTACH]
Keep it up its the highlight of my day so thank you kindly sir she said!!
Chinese banquet. The highlight for me: Peking duck. It wasn't much fun for the duck, though.
Please look here.
Is it possible to highlight text using pages on the iPad ?
iBook is the better option, in my opinion. The highlight feature is awesome.
How do I highlight pdf ebook on iBooks & add notes? I press on the word to highlight it; however, the options given are "copy, define or search."...
But if the text is not recognised, can PDF expert still highlight?
That's the problem with iAnnotate - when it recognises text it works perfect,...
Cool. The highlight/comment feature is new. Or I somehow missed it being added in the older version of Pages.
Odd, after updating, the airplane mode won't respond to touching/selecting. It won't highlight or engage when tapped.
Yes rob correct just give it a click and it will highlight and then you can change it.
What does "indicate text" mean? If you mean highlight text or word search text, iBooks does both quite well.
so should I highlight universal or ipad on the devices pad on the right hand side
Mental note is great. You can type, record and insert pictures. You can also highlight and draw everywhere.
Is there a way to highlight words or phrases on the notepad? I use it constantly and sometimes I print my notes just so I can manually highlight them.
Doesn't work.
Can she write her reports on here and when reading can she highlight words to see the definitions thanks


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Capitol Hill Critics Second-Guess Agencies Using...
Keep the Opportunities, Lose the Opportunists
Co-Sourcing Improves Pharmaceutical Laboratory Productivity
Loss of Lives in Clinical Trials...
An international team of scientists today reports that they have successfully short-circuited immune responses that attack pancreatic insulin-producing cells, presenting a novel approach to treating type 1 diabetes (T1D). Their "reverse vaccine," a plasmid engineered to turn off gene sequences that stimulate the immune system and switch on gene sequences that suppress it, could help T1D patients preserve these cells and help treat this autoimmune disease, the scientists suggest today in Science Translational Medicine.
T1D is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells and requires lifelong treatment with multiple daily insulin injections. This autoimmune response is in part mediated by CD8+ T cells against various islet cell antigens including preproinsulin (PPI), the molecular precursor to insulin and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP). These cells have been detected in the blood and in the pancreatic islets of individuals with T1D.
Lead author Bart O. Roep, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Leiden along with his colleagues elsewhere noted that therapy for T1D that targets the specific autoimmune response in this disease while leaving the remainder of the immune system intact, has long been a goal of diabetes researchers.
For this study, the investigators said they attempted to modulate, in an antigen-specific manner, the adaptive immune response to proinsulin with an engineered DNA vaccine encoding proinsulin. The vaccine was engineered to reduce the immunogenicity of the encoded proinsulin by substituting CpG hexameric motifs, which stimulate the innate immune response, with GpG hexameric nucleotide sequences, known to modulate innate immunity.
The investigators tested the effects of the vaccine in 80 subjects over 18 years of age who had been diagnosed with T1D within the past five years. Patients were randomized to receive intramuscular injections of BHT-3021 or BHT-placebo weekly for 12 weeks, and then monitored for safety and immune responses in a blinded fashion.
Results of the study demonstrated that an engineered plasmid that expresses proinsulin could preserve B cell function in T1D patients. In patients, C-peptide, a marker of b cell function, rose, and as the peptide increased, a deletion of CD8+T cells reactive to proinsulin, with no effect on other antigen-specific T cell responses, also occurred. No serious side effects among patients treated with the DNA vaccine were observed, the researchers report.
The findings indicate that by targeting the root cause of T1D, reverse vaccination could potentially change the course of events that lead to severe disease, and that the approach may also be helpful for treating other autoimmune diseases.
"This is the first demonstration of a DNA vaccine targeting type 1 diabetes in humans," said Richard Insel, M.D., chief scientific officer of JDRF, formerly known as the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.
"Plasmid-encoded proinsulin preserves C-peptide while specifically reducing proinsulin-specific CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes" was published online in Science Translational Medicine June 26.
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MDMA (commonly known as the empathogen "ecstasy") is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which is reserved for compounds with no accepted medical use and a high abuse potential. Two researchers from Stanford, however, call for a rigorous scientific exploration of MDMA's effects to identify precisely how the drug works, the data from which could be used to develop therapeutic compounds.Do you agree that ecstasy should be studied for its potential therapeutic benefits?
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avatron software
Turn Your iPad Into A Pressure-Sensitive Drawing Tablet With Avatron Software's Air Stylus
Air Stylus can turn your iPad into an intelligent drawing pad for your Mac computer.
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Have you ever wanted to have dictation on your Mac without having to cough up for expensive software? If you have an iPhone 4S, you're in luck.
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text:
expr~ is the first music release of 0xA, consists of retro sounding tracks made almost entirely with the [expr~] object in Pure Data. No tweaking of number boxes and sliders, no clever generative algorithms, just switch the audio on and listen.
The source code for this release (implemented in Pure-Data) is free software distributable under the terms of the GNU General Public License (version 3 or greater). For repository, see: http://gitorious.org/0xa
Copyleft: This is a free work, you can copy, distribute, and modify it under the terms of the Free Art License.


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mega jump
AppAdvice Daily: Mega Jump Maker Scores With Storm Casters, Our Game Of The Week
Jumping Jellies! Watch out for your fingers as we play the best new games of the week on today's show.
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AppAdvice Daily: Jump And Slash Through The Best Games Of The Week
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| January 24
Despite The Baddies, Mega Jump 2 Comes Packed With Goodies For Everyone
Mega Jump 2 is very similar to its predecessor, but that hardly means it's not worth the download.
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| January 16
Get Set, Go! Get Set Games Officially Launches Mega Jump 2 In The App Store
Mega Jump 2 has just officially bounced into the App Store.
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| January 16
Mega Jump 2 Gets Official Gameplay Trailer Ahead Of Its Worldwide Release This Week
In the run-up to the sequel's worldwide release, the official gameplay trailer for Mega Jump 2 has been unveiled.
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Jump In: Get Set Games Soft-Launches Mega Jump Sequel In New Zealand App Store
Mega Jump 2 has landed, but only in the New Zealand App Store.
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| May 8


text:
I'm kind of hoping it's not going to be a python 2.7/3.0 thing, but I thought I might find someone "in the know".
It's not a Ubuntu decision, its a Debian decision. It's to maintain backwards-comparability, at least until 1.8.7 is end of lifed in June 2012 (for normal bugfixes) and then in June 2013 when security fixes stop (so at time of updating, it is already EOLed). source and source2
You can install ruby 1.9.2 via the ruby1.9.1 package, so its not really that big of a deal - you can also setup a alias so /usr/bin/ruby will run /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1. (or one of the many other options out there)
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So, this is me: On Google this morning trying to decide which way is up for tomato cages.
Speaking of the garden, Doug's been really getting a kick out of the strawberries. It's the first plant to actually yield any fruit. The kids and I come in really excited whenever we have ripe strawberries. What makes Doug laugh though is that we only have two small plants and the most berries we've had ripe at one time has been three. Normally, it's the 5 of us cutting one tiny strawberry into fifths so we can each have a sliver. I keep picturing great things made with strawberries but I think we actually need a bed full of strawberry plants for any of those recipes to occur! The zephyr squash and lemon cucumbers are chugging along happily as are the bell peppers. The eggplants apparently have some little pesty that have been working on them. The leek and cantaloupe plants have seen better days but at this point are still living. I'm just amazed that I have anything left alive at this stage.
Lots to share about the past few days: Doug and I celebrated our 11th anniversary and attended a Brooks & Dunn concert. I had new teeth put in and Jacob is busy growing a few more of his own. We've finally found the right fabric for our family room curtains and they're being made as we speak...err..write and read. I was offered the opportunity to photograph a wedding in Grass Valley (I'm over the moon about this. It sounds amazing!) I finally have a craft room although you can't actually walk in it yet, it's still mine and will hopefully someday soon be functional. Doug told me I could refresh my wardrobe if I cleared some of the old stuff out. Ever compliant I cleared out my closet and we took 6 XL bags of clothes to Goodwill. I still had outfits from our honeymoon and Anna's baptism. It felt good to lighten the clutter but will feel even better to do a little shopping. YAY! Jacob has been learning to dance and apparently has inherited his Daddy's mad dancing skills. Video to follow soon. Lastly, I'm busy planning birthday parties and trying to get gifts ready for Mother's Day. More to write about but my smallest assistant has toddled up and is busy tugging on my camera strap, trying to get to the keyboard to check his e-mail and periodically head-butting me in the chest. I guess I'll close for now. What have you guys been up to this past week??


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Adds a shortcode and a widget which lets you easily add pretty sticky style notes to your WordPress site.Visit http://www.sms-affiliate.co.uk/stickypo
No, You can just use # if you dont want an external link
Not directly from the plugin but you can amend the css by editing the plugin file.
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text: Bulldog Drive-In Restaurant ADD TO Trip Planner Homemade food including daily specials; burgers, sandwiches, entrees, salads, sides, desserts including homemade pies; fresh strawberry shortcake in season; family owned and operated Get Directions Gas Calculator The pet-friendly icon means that any portion or all of the listing accepts pets. Please check with each individual property for rules and regulations. The handicapped accessible icon notates listings that are either partially or fully accessible. Please check with the property or properties you're interested in for specific information. Details Phone: 501-724-5195 Address: 3614 Highway 367 NBald Knob, AR 72010 Payment Accepted: VisaMasterCardAmerican Express Facilities & Features: Dining Type of Service: Menu Follow: Facebook Things to Do In Bald Knob EXPLORE


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Detail of a core memory plane. Magnetic core memory was an early form of random access computer memory and a precursor to semiconductors like those engineered by Blank. The fine mesh grid had to be assembled by hand under a microscope. CHF Collections, Photo by Gregory Tobias.
October 21, 2011 | Hilary Domush
Julius Blank, a co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor, passed away last month. In his obituary The New York Times described Blank as one of the two key engineers who built the microchip machinery that continues to power our world.
Born in 1925, Blank received much of the training he later employed at Fairchild while working his way through school. Blank's first job, as a fifteen year old college student at CCNY, was in a factory. The work motivated him to expand his education; in his 2006 oral history he explained, "I decided I needed to get a little bit more knowledge about practical matters and I wanted to become a machinist. While I was going to school I went to another school at night at Brooklyn Tech where I learned how to operate lathes, machines, read blueprints, and that kind of stuff. I got a job as a machinist after that."
With little spare time between his job, classes at City College, and classes at Brooklyn Tech, Blank still found some time to learn informally about chemical processes and chemical engineering. He did not have time to choose a major, however; the U.S. had entered Word War II in 1941, and, Blank remembered, "On my eighteenth birthday I got a letter in the mail, 'Please report for active duty on 5 July 1943,' which I did."
Blank's enlistment in the Army provided him with more engineering opportunities. After being injured in December 1944 during the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, Blank was transferred to the Air Corps to serve as a machinist for airplane parts at what was then the biggest engine overhaul base for radial engines in the world, based in the Midlands. He was transferred numerous times, including a stint as store-room manager. The breadth of the roles he held during his service, Blank explained, taught him much about general engineering, especially the importance of interchangeable parts.
When he finally finished his education in 1950, ten years after he started, he earned a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, which he described as "probably the broadest one of all the engineering disciplines. Since I didn't have any particular fondness for chemical, mechanical, electrical, or civil, and I figured that's the mother of all of them anyway."
Seven years later Blank put all his experience to a grueling test: engineering, along with Eugene Kleiner, the mass production of silicon chips from the ground up.
Hilary Domush is a program associate in oral history at CHF. "First Person," which highlights one of CHF's over 400 oral histories, appears the third Friday of every month.
First Person: Donald Noyce [Periodic Tabloid]
First Person: Ernest H. Volwiler [Periodic Tabloid]
Posted In:
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Ein-O's Box Kit, 1990s
©2010–2016 Chemical Heritage Foundation


text:
Main Content
- Material: 100% Polyester
- No pockets
- Inseam for shorts measures approximately 3.5"
- Printed and embroidered graphics
- Shirt has contrast color piping for a tapered look
- Socks have ribbed 3.25" cuff
- Socks: 79% Cotton/19% Polyester/2% Elastane
- Three piece set - includes Shirt, Shorts, & Socks
- Tonal sublimated fabric
- Machine wash
- Officially licensed
- Imported
- Brand: Warrior
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Fax: 602 827-2212
Bone Biology
Mutations in the Notch Pathway Alter the Patterning of Multifidus
Version of Record online: 18 NOV 2011
DOI: 10.1002/ar.21488
Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Anatomical Record
Volume 295, Issue 1, pages 32–39, January 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Fisher, R. E., Smith, H. F., Kusumi, K., Tassone, E. E., Rawls, A. and Wilson-Rawls, J. (2012), Mutations in the Notch Pathway Alter the Patterning of Multifidus. Anat Rec, 295: 32–39. doi: 10.1002/ar.21488
Publication History
- Issue online: 14 DEC 2011
- Version of Record online: 18 NOV 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 9 AUG 2011
- Manuscript Received: 20 MAY 2011
Funded by
- NIH-NIAMS. Grant Number: RO1 AR050687
- Hitchings-Elion Fellowship. Grant Number: 1000336.01
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- idiopathic scoliosis;
- multifidus;
- Notch;
- lunatic fringe;
- delta-like 3
Clinical studies have suggested that defects in the epaxial muscles, particularly multifidus, may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. While the epaxial muscles and the vertebrae derive from the same embryonic segmentation process, the mechanisms that pattern the multisegmental back muscles are still unclear. The process of segmentation is regulated by the Notch signaling pathway, and mutations in the modulators delta-like 3 (Dll3) and lunatic fringe (Lfng) are genetic models for spinal disorders such as scoliosis. Osteological defects have been characterized in these genetic models, but myological phenotypes have not previously been studied. We analyzed the multifidus muscle in the mouse (Mus musculus) and observed intriguing changes in the cranio-caudal borders of multifidus in Dll3 and Lfng models. Statistical analysis did not find a significant association between the majority of the multifidus anomalies and the vertebral defects, suggesting a previously unappreciated role for Notch signaling in patterning epaxial muscle groups. These findings indicate an additional mechanism by which DLL3 and LFNG may play a role in the etiology of human idiopathic scoliosis. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The vertebral column is composed of alternating vertebrae and intervertebral discs that are supported by spinal ligaments and the paravertebral musculature. All of these tissues are derived from somites, clusters of paraxial mesoderm that are deposited in a metameric pattern on either side of the neural tube early in development. Each somite differentiates into four cell lineage-specific compartments, including the sclerotome (vertebrae and ribs), syndetome (axial tendons), myotome (axial skeletal muscle), and dermomyotome (dermis and skeletal muscle progenitor cells). As each of these compartments give rise to key elements of the spine, disruptions of somite differentiation may result in debilitating spinal defects.
The importance of properly coordinated spinal development is underscored in patients with scoliosis. Scoliosis affects up to 3% of the general population and is defined by the presence of a lateral curvature of greater than 10° (reviewed in Kusumi and Turnpenny, 2007; Alman, 2010). In actuality, scoliosis is often a complex, three-dimensional defect with deformation occurring in the frontal and sagittal planes along with a rotational component (Meier et al., 1997). Congenital scoliosis is difficult to manage clinically, as the curves are resistant to correction and tend to progress into debilitating deformities (McMaster, 2001). Malformation of the vertebrae can produce the lateral curvatures of congenital scoliosis (Erol et al., 2004). However, the majority of scoliosis deformities are classified as "idiopathic," with an unknown etiology. Gao et al. (2007) found that 2%–3% of school-aged children have idiopathic scoliosis. In these cases, it is possible that disruptions of the paravertebral musculature could result in decreased stability of the vertebral column, and increased lateral flexion and rotation of the spine.
Stabilization and movements of the vertebral column are dependent on the precise patterning of paravertebral muscles and their attachments to skeletal elements through tendons. In tetrapods, the paravertebral musculature is arranged in a series of longitudinal columns, innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves. These muscles are divided into four layers in humans, including a superficial splenius layer, the erector spinae, the transversospinalis, and a deep layer including the levatores costarum, intertransversarii, and interspinales (Fig. 1). The transversospinalis group is itself comprised of three subdivisions: the semispinalis, rotatores, and multifidus (Fig. 1B). In cases of idiopathic scoliosis, structural and electromyographic asymmetry of the paravertebral muscles has been documented (Riddle and Roaf, 1955; Zuk, 1962; Butterworth and James, 1969; Spencer and Zorab, 1976; Alexander and Season, 1978; Yarom and Robin, 1979; Reuber et al., 1983; Sahgal et al., 1983; Zetterberg et al., 1983; Mannion et al., 1998), and a number of studies have reported asymmetry in the multifidus muscle in particular (e.g., fiber type distribution, hypertrophy, atrophy, centralization of nuclei, and disruption of sarcotubular and myofibrillar elements; Fidler and Jowett, 1976; Khosla et al., 1980; Ford et al., 1984; Bylund et al., 1987; Meier et al., 1997; Chan et al., 1999). Whether this asymmetry is responsible for the initiation of idiopathic scoliosis, its progression, or both, remains unclear.
Currently, little is known about the signals that direct the patterning of the paravertebral muscles (reviewed in Rawls and Fisher, 2010). Embryonic muscle masses are responsive to signals that establish the general body plan. The best described are the Hox genes, which impose regional identity along the cranio-caudal axis of both the body and limbs (Hashimoto et al., 1999; Alvares et al., 2003). At the level of the limbs, migrating myogenic cells respond to Hox signaling from the surrounding lateral plate mesoderm. In other regions, there is evidence that Hox genes are able to instruct myoblasts in a cell autonomous manner (Alvares et al., 2003). The interplay between signaling factors contributing to dorsoventral and proximodistal pattering in the limb bud, including FGFs, SHH, and BMPs, also impose identity on muscle masses (Riddle et al., 1995; Vogel et al., 1995). The further segregation of muscle masses into anatomically distinct muscles is dependent on signals from neighboring tissue. In the limb, muscle patterning requires reciprocal interactions with the adjacent tendon primordial (Kardon, 1998). Additional signals from the surrounding mesoderm have been described that are dependent on the expression of TCF4 (Grim and Wachtler, 1991; Kardon et al., 2003).
The Notch signaling pathway is a candidate for regulating skeletal muscle patterning. This pathway has been associated with the regulation of the segmental clock and the differentiation of skeletal muscle. Genetic disruptions in the modulators of Notch signaling, lunatic fringe (Lfng) and delta-like 3 (Dll3), have been shown to produce severe segmental defects affecting the vertebrae and ribs in both mouse models and in the autosomal recessive congenital vertebral disorder, spondylocostal dysostosis (Fig. 2; Evrard et al., 1998; Kusumi et al., 1998; Zhang and Gridley, 1998; Bulman et al., 2000; Dunwoodie et al., 2002; Sparrow et al., 2006). While both mutations produce segmental defects, the effects of segmentation and vertebral malformations are distinct due to their differing roles in Notch regulation (reviewed in Turnpenny, 2010). Both Lfng and Dll3 continue to be expressed in the rostral and caudal compartments of somites, respectively, after segmentation, and the significance of this somitic expression is not clear (Dunwoodie et al., 1997; Aulehla and Johnson, 1999). While studies have described the osteological malformations due to Lfng and Dll3 mutations, the effects on the paravertebral musculature have not been reported. We analyzed the multifidus muscle in the mouse (Mus musculus) and observed defects due to null mutations in two different genes in the Notch signaling pathway, Lfng and Dll3. The observation of global changes in multifidus in both Lfng and Dll3 mutants suggests a previously unappreciated role for Notch signaling in the patterning of epaxial muscles.
Mouse Dll3pu, Dll3tm1Rbe (referred to as Dll3neo), Lfngtm1Rjo (null animals referred to as Lfng–/–), C57BL/6J, and CD1 lines were used for analysis. All animals were maintained in an AALAC certified facility with standard light cycles and an ad libitum food and water regimen under protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Arizona State University. Dll3neo and Lfngtm1Rjo mutations were maintained on a C57BL/6J background, having been backcrossed 10 generations or greater onto this strain. Since homozygous mutants are not viable neonatally on a C57BL/6J background, outcrosses to the CD1 line were required to produce viable adult mutants. Lfngtm1Rjo were also maintained by intercross with CD1 for viability. Dll3pu animals were maintained by intercrosses of heterozygous animals for this inbred line. Homozygous animals were generated by an intercross of heterozygous carriers. Euthanasia was carried out by carbon dioxide inhalation. Genotype was determined using PCR-based assays, as described previously (Evrard et al., 1998; Kusumi et al., 1998; Dunwoodie et al., 2002).
Analysis of Multifidus
While the myology of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is well documented (e.g., Hebel and Stromberg, 1976; Brink and Pfaff, 1980; Wingerd, 1988; Chiasson 1994; Walker and Homberger, 1997), detailed muscle descriptions are largely lacking for the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus; e.g., Hummel et al., 1975; Cook, 1976; Feldman and Seely, 1988; Popesko et al., 1992; Komárek, 2004). Origin and insertion data are available for a limited number of paravertebral muscles, including multifidus, but these data are confined to the T12 to L6 vertebral levels and the number of specimens sampled is relatively small (Cornwall et al., 2010, N = 3; Hesse et al., 2010, N = 5). As a result, we first examined the multifidus muscles in 12 wild-type specimens from our colony of C57BL/6J-CD1 hybrids. We then analyzed littermates who were homozygous null for Lfng and Dll3. All dissections were carried out bilaterally on adult animals (6–8 weeks) using a Nikon SMZ800 stereodissecting microscope and photodocumented using a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera. For each specimen, we noted both the origins and insertions of multifidus, or its unilateral or bilateral absence.
Analysis of Vertebrae
After the analysis of multifidus was complete, specimens were prepared for osteological analysis by fixation in ethanol followed by staining with Alizarin Red/Alcian Blue, as described previously (McLeod, 1980; Kusumi et al., 1998). In wild-type and mutant specimens, vertebral malformations were assessed at muscle origin and insertion sites, including the spinous processes, transverse processes, mammillary processes, and cranial and caudal articular processes. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae were disarticulated from each other, and from the cranium and sacrum. The processes of each vertebra were then visually inspected, and any defects were recorded. Vertebral malformations were treated as a dichotomous variable in which defects at each attachment point were scored as present or absent for each vertebral level.
Statistical Analyses
A Yates corrected chi-squared (χ2) test with the α level set at 0.05 was conducted to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between the frequencies of multifidus defects in mutant versus wild-type littermates. This analysis was also conducted separately for Dll3 and Lfng mutants. Although it has been reported previously that mutations in the Notch signaling pathway lead to osteological segmentation defects (Evrard et al., 1998; Kusumi et al., 1998; Zhang and Gridley, 1998; Dunwoodie et al., 2002), a second chi-squared test was performed between the frequencies of vertebral defects in the mutant and wild-type specimens to statistically test these observations in the current sample.
Several statistical tests were conducted using Statistica 4 to assess whether a significant association exists between the multifidus defects and the vertebral defects. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent Tukey post hoc comparisons were used to test whether differences in the levels of vertebral defects exist between genotypes or multifidus defect category. In this analysis, multifidus category was treated as a categorical variable with four possible states: normal, reduced, expanded, or absent. Regression Analyses were also conducted for the cranio-caudal extents of vertebral and multifidus defects. Significant correlation coefficients (P < 0.005) were interpreted as evidence of a relationship between the levels of vertebral defects and the vertebral levels of defects in multifidus.
In the mouse, the multifidus muscles originate on a mammillary (lumbar region) or transverse process (thoracic region) and insert onto a spinous process two to four vertebrae craniad to the site of origin. These muscles span from the L5 to T2 vertebral levels. In Lfng mutants, 13/15 specimens displayed multifidus anomalies. Anterograde shifts were observed in both the cranial and caudal borders of this muscle group (Fig. 3). The most common anomaly was a unilateral or bilateral anterograde shift of the cranial multifidus border to C2 or C1 rather than T2 (N = 6/15; Figs. 3 and 4). This anterograde shift was associated with the addition of new muscle segments rather than an increase in muscle fiber length with novel insertion sites craniad to T2. In addition, the presence of multifidus in the cervical region was not associated with a reduction or loss of the epaxial muscles that normally populate this region.
Posterograde shifts of the cranial multifidus border were also observed bilaterally or unilaterally, with a cranial insertion point at only T6 or T9 rather than T2 (N = 3/15; Fig. 3). In three specimens, both cranial and caudal borders were shifted in an anterograde fashion, with cranial borders at C2 and caudal borders at T6, T12, or L1 (N = 3/15; Fig. 3). In one Lfng mutant specimen, there was a complete bilateral absence of the multifidus muscle (N = 1/15; Fig. 3). Yates corrected χ2 analysis revealed highly significant differences in the frequency of multifidus defects in Lfng mutants (χ2 = 19.55, P < 0.0001) compared to their wild-type littermates. Significant changes in the cranial border of multifidus were also observed in Dll3 mutants (Fig. 3; N = 9/12; χ2 = 13.67, P < 0.0001).
While the developmental processes regulating muscle and bone formation are clearly distinct, defects in underlying osteological structures could lead to alterations in muscle attachment sites and patterning. To distinguish between muscle defects that are secondary to skeletal anomalies versus those that may arise from a role for Notch regulation in muscle patterning, we carried out an osteological analysis on all specimens. Mouse mutations of Lfng and Dll3 have been previously described to display widespread vertebral and rib defects (Grüneberg, 1961; Evrard et al., 1998; Kusumi et al., 1998; Zhang and Gridley 1998; Dunwoodie et al., 2002). We confirmed that defects occur at almost all vertebral levels in Dll3 and Lfng homozygous mutants (Fig. 2). In addition, the Lfng and Dll3 mutant mice exhibited rib fusions and bifurcations that led to highly variable intercostal distances. Osteological defects were not observed in any of 12 wild-type littermates analyzed.
In mice, the multifidus muscles course between a transverse or mammillary process and a spinous process. If the multifidus border shifts observed in the Lfng and DII3 mutant mice are secondary to vertebral defects, then defects in these processes should correspond with the vertebral levels of myological interruption. The vertebral defects were much more severe in the lumbar region than in the thoracic and cervical regions in both the Lfng and Dll3 mutant mice. Though fusions were observed between vertebrae, the axial level of individual transverse and spinous processes could be distinguished in the cervical and thoracic regions. Importantly, the spinous process at T2 was morphologically distinct and consistently present in both mutant strains. A two-way ANOVA of the vertebral levels of skeletal defects by both genotype (wild-type, Lfng−/−, Dll3−/−) and muscular category (normal, reduced, expanded) revealed no significant differences overall in the level of vertebral defects among normal, reduced and expanded muscles (P = 0.486). However, breaking down the analysis by side and cranio-caudal extent revealed that for the right caudal-most extent, muscular defect categories (normal, reduced, expanded, and absent) were significantly different overall (Table 1). Additionally, a regression analysis between the cranio-caudal extents of the multifidus muscle and vertebral defects revealed a significant correlation between the caudal-most osteological defect and the caudal-most myological defect in the DII3 mutant mice (Table 2). However, for the majority of cases, there was no statistical association between the cranio-caudal borders of the multifidus muscle and defects in its attachment points on the vertebrae.
|Right cranial-most defects
|Left cranial-most defects
|Right caudal-most defects
|Left caudal-most defects
|Multifidus defect categories
|Significant Tukey tests
|Reduced vs. normal (P = 0.0138)
|Right cranial-most defects
|Left cranial-most defects
|Right caudal-most defects
|Left caudal-most defects
The epaxial muscle groups that span adjacent vertebrae (e.g., rotatores) are derived from individual somite myotomal compartments. However, when epaxial muscles span multiple vertebral levels, the cells from multiple myotomes contribute to individual muscle fibers (Huang et al., 2000). Studies performed in rat embryos indicate that these transversospinalis muscles first attach at the craniad insertion point and extend caudally (Deries et al., 2010). This requires large scale patterning cues, which are still largely unknown, that delimit the cranial and caudal borders of these muscles. Here we report abnormalities in the cranial and caudal boundaries of the multifidus muscles in adult mice deficient for either Lfng or Dll3. Although osteological defects are observed in the ribs and vertebrae of these mice, alterations in the muscle borders do not simply map onto these deficits. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of the Notch pathway in the proper patterning of epaxial muscle groups.
The Notch pathway has been implicated in regulating the embryonic development of the musculoskeletal system. It functions as a key component of the segmental clock that controls the periodicity of somite formation and ultimately the segmental organization of the axial skeleton (reviewed in Kusumi et al., 2010). Notch1 and Dll1 have been implicated in the inhibition of muscle differentiation of myogenic progenitor cells during embryonic development (Hirsinger et al., 2001; Schuster-Gosser et al., 2007). Inactivation of Dll1 results in precocious muscle differentiation and hypomorphic fetal muscles associated with depletion of progenitor cells (Schuster-Gosser et al., 2007). This is in contrast to the muscle anomalies observed in the Dll3 and Lfng deficient mice, where the anomalies were restricted to a small number of muscle groups and led to either the gain or loss of muscle. This predicts that Notch signaling can assume multiple roles in myogenesis, as demonstrated by different phenotypes from disruptions of Notch activation (Dll1 and Notch1) versus mutations in Notch inhibitors (Dll3 and Lfng).
Specification along the cranial-caudal axis has typically been associated with Hox genes, both in the development of the hindbrain as well as specifying vertebral identity (reviewed in Alexander et al., 2009). We observed that mutations in the Notch pathway genes Dll3 and Lfng led to a cranial shift in the normal multifidus T2 boundary towards C1–C2. In comparing these findings with Hox mutation phenotypes, single gene mutations in the Group 4 genes (Hoxa4, Hoxb4, Hoxd4) produced axial phenotypes in C2–C3 levels while mutations in Group 5 genes (Hoxa5, Hoxb5) produced phenotypes in C6–C7 levels (Fig. 5). Disruption of the entire Hox paralogous Group 5 set of genes led to axial disruptions ranging from C3 to T2 levels. Thus, the extension of the cranial multifidus border in Notch mutants corresponds to a region where Hox Group 5 genes play a key functional role in the paraxial mesoderm. Similarly, the caudal border of the multifidus is shifted cranially in Lfng mutant animals, in a zone corresponding to the lumbar region where Hox paralogous Group 9 plays a functional role (Fig. 5).
Genetic interactions between the Hox and Notch pathway genes have been investigated. In the paraxial mesoderm, Notch signaling regulates Hoxd1 cyclical expression (Zákány et al., 2001) leading to changes in Hox gene expression and vertebral identity (Cordes et al., 2004). Evidence of converse Hox regulation of Notch pathway genes has been found in hindbrain rhombomeres, where Hoxb1 activates Notch regulation of neural stem cells (Gouti and Gavalas, 2008). Further analysis will be required to determine the mechanism by which Notch signaling regulates the cranial-caudal borders of epaxial muscles such as multifidus. These investigations may also help elucidate the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, as disruptions of the normal development and patterning of these muscles could result in decreased stability of the vertebral column and increased lateral flexion and rotation of the spine. Evidence that Notch signaling plays a role in patterning the multifidus muscle indicates that the genes DLL3 and LFNG may play a role in the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis.
The authors would like to thank Brent Adrian, Brian Beres, Rajani George, and Allanceson Smith for technical assistance. We are also grateful to Brent Adrian for producing the illustrations in Fig. 1. The authors would like to thank Sally Dunwoodie, Randy Johnson, and Susan Cole for their gift of the Dll3tm1Rbe and Lfngtm1Rjo mouse mutations, respectively. In addition, we would like to thank Stephen Pratt for reviewing the manuscript.
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Todd Rafuse
I love BPL Football, soccer to some, actually all football. My life revolves around music, very interested in technology and activist for Human & Animal rights. Avid player of FIFA 14 on PS4, top 10 Defender of all players.
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LA County Board Of Supervisors To Possibly Vote On Motion To Ban Major Music FestivalsLos Angeles County Board of Supervisors could vote on a motion Tuesday to end major music festivals on county property.
LA County Supervisor Calls For Ban On Music Festivals After Overdose DeathsTwo women died from suspected drug overdoses at a popular weekend music festival, prompting calls for an investigation and concern over the use of narcotics at youth-oriented events.
2 Young Women Die Of Apparent Drug Overdoses At Hard Summer Music FestivalTwo women have been pronounced dead after collapsing at the Hard Music Festival in Pomona on Saturday.
Best Fall Concerts In Los Angeles 2013These musical experiences around Los Angeles will be sure to contribute to happy memories this fall for you and your family or special someone.
LA Music Festival Sees 17 Arrests, 31 Medical CallsPolice say they arrested 17 people and firefighters say they treated 31 at an overnight music festival at Los Angeles State Historic Park near Chinatown.
Paramedics Transport 16 To Hospitals Following Rave DowntownAnother big overnight music party held Saturday in downtown Los Angeles required 16 transports to local hospitals.


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A Bank of Japan Policy Board member on Thursday warned of downward risks for the Japanese economy, citing uncertainty regarding emerging economies.
"Basically, I believe the economy's positive cycle will be maintained" even with the planned sales tax hike in April, Takahide Kiuchi said in a speech in Kushiro, Hokkaido. "But personally, I consider (the impact of) downward risks will be slightly bigger, mainly because of heightening uncertainty about overseas economies, especially emerging economies."
While overseas economies are expected to pick up as a whole, Kiuchi said, uncertainty remains over whether the United States and other developed economies can make up for a slowdown in emerging economies and fully support the global economy.
From this perspective, Kiuchi said, he is paying attention to the movement of U.S. long-term interest rates, crude oil prices as well as the U.S. labor productivity rate, which has been low.
On the domestic front, he is monitoring the level of increase in corporate spending, which has been lagging behind public investment, consumption and housing investment, as well as gains in wages and how they will help to stimulate consumption at a time when the pace of yen weakening and stock rises appear to have been slowing down, Kiuchi said.
On the central bank's goal to achieve 2 percent inflation in about two years, Kiuchi called for changing the time frame to "medium- to long-term," saying there is "major uncertainty" about achieving the goal.
He also said that the bank should flexibly review its monetary policy after conducting the current easing policy for about two years following its introduction in April, citing a risk of the policy's side effects exceeding the positive effects if the large-scale easing is prolonged or strengthened.
"If expectations heighten that quantitative and qualitative monetary easing will continue for the long term, it could lead to the forming of imbalances in financial aspects, as the measure entails asset purchases on an unprecedented scale," he said.
At the bank's policy board meeting on Sept. 4-5, Kiuchi proposed that the BOJ should aim to achieve the 2 percent inflation target in the medium- to long-term and designate the current monetary easing policy as an intensive measure with a time frame of about two years, but it was turned down by a majority vote.


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One of the holiday traditions in our home is eating waffles on Christmas morning after all the presents have been opened. In past years, I have always used the waffle recipe from Nourishing Traditions cookbook. I dutifully soaked the freshly ground, whole wheat or spelt flour in buttermilk, yogurt, or kefir the night before and whipped up the batter in the morning.
While the NT recipe is delicious, my husband always felt like the waffles were a bit heavy on his stomach and didn't find them all that easy to digest even when soaked overnight in some sort of cultured dairy. I even tried soaking for a full 24 hours one year, but this did not seem to improve the digestibility at all as compared with an 8 hour, overnight soak.
This time I tried something different. I followed Rami Nagel's suggestions on how to prepare wheat for optimized digestibility. Rami is the author of Cure Tooth Decay fame. The method I used was based on a conversation Rami and I had at the Wise Traditions 2010 Conference last month. That conversation really set me back on my heels as Rami told me that whole grains actually contribute to cavity issues and that soaking flour in cultured dairy really does not break down the phytic acid and other anti-nutrients or improve digestibility that well according to his research. Soaking in water plus an acidic liquid such as lemon juice, vinegar, or liquid whey apparently breaks down these little nasties much much better.
According to Rami, "Calcium when souring reduces how much phytic acid is removed. So if a grain is soured with too much calcium, such as milk or yogurt, not as much phytic acid will be removed."
Below is the recipe I came up with using Rami's suggestions for super digestible, nutrient dense, healthy waffles.
The verdict? The kids said the waffles tasted the best ever and my husband said they were very light and easy on his stomach! In fact, he said that waffles prepared this new way were as easy to digest as his typical, non grain based breakfast.
Looks like I will be preparing my waffles using this new and improved method from now on! One other tip from Rami to keep in mind is that when soaking grains, the temperature needs to be kept at 70-85F otherwise phytic acid breakdown will be hindered.
Want to try this even more digestible, traditional waffle recipe on your family? Here's how I incorporated Rami's suggestions using the Nourishing Traditions' basic waffle recipe as a guide:
Super Digestible, Nutrient Dense, Healthy Waffles
Approximately 4 cups freshly ground flour (sources)
2 cups filtered water
2 TBL lemon juice (fresh is best but not necessary) (sources)
2 pastured or free range egg yolks, lightly beaten
2-4 TBL Grade B maple syrup (sources)
2 TBL melted butter (sources)
1 tsp vanilla extract (sources)
1 tsp plus pinch sea salt (sources)
4 egg whites
coconut oil (to oil the waffle iron) (sources)
Sift 4 cups of fresh flour to remove most of the bran. This should result in about 2 1/2 cups of sifted flour. Add the discarded bran to your compost pile or feed to your chickens or other birds.
Mix 2 1/2 cups of sifted flour with 2 cups filtered water plus lemon juice. Cover with a cloth secured with a rubber band and let sit on the kitchen counter for 8 hours or overnight.
After soaking is complete, drain off any excess water that has come to the top. Blend in maple syrup, egg yolks, vanilla, salt, and melted butter.
In a separate bowl, add pinch of sea salt to egg whites and whip them until stiff peaks form. Pour whipped egg whites into batter and blend until smooth.
Cook in a hot waffle iron oiled with coconut oil.
Serve with plenty of raw, grassfed butter and Grade B maple syrup.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
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Comments (57)
I soaked flour, water, & apple cider vinegar over 24 hrs,for pancakes, & let it out for closer to
34 hours.The yellow color that appears in some areas on top & the sour smell is leading me
to ask you if it is edible.What is the longest time you have left flour soaking ? The temp was
probably less than 65 degrees .I think I will simplpour off that top layer with the excess water & give it a try.Thanks so very much for all the great info you share.
Hi- I'm loving your blog! I'm pretty healthy but still have some changes to make. As of right now, I use bobs red mill unbleached white flour. So I would like to change that, because I have also read- cure tooth decay and I now realize it's just dead and contributes to my tooth decay.
So, I saw where you have resources- where you can buy flours. So, what do u do? Or you might already have a tutorial for this. But do you grind the fresh grains and get your flour that way (is that what you mean by freshly ground flour in this recipe? Or do you buy already freshly sprouted flour?
I guessim just confused, cause I'd like to eat fresh flour, but I also would like to buy things in bulk and follow your tips from your other post on how to save money.
If you can just help guide me into choosing the right flour and how to properly handle it, I would greatly appreciate it
I have made this recipe about 4 times now, and it never seems to disappoint, even my picky husband loves them. I just make them with store organic spelt flour!
Marina Bershadski via Facebook
thanks for tomorrow's breakfast idea, Sarah!
thehealthyhomeeconomist via Facebook
@regina I have never made this with store flour. I imagine it would taste very different though.
Regina Normandy via Facebook
Unfortunately, I don't have my own grain mill…I tried making this recipe with store-bought whole wheat flour, and I think I did something wrong…it tasted wierd, (but I really think I did something wrong). My question is…can/should you soak store-bought flour the same way as freshly ground flour? Until I get a grain mill I'm going to have to use store bought…
When I make Liege Waffles, I make my own pearl sugar. Quite fun. I take my weekly fratsrutions out on poor sugar cubes! If you're feeling french one day, you should try a Ge2teau Breton. Lots of butter, but lots of delish'!
Just thinking…but could you use a heat pad on low covered with a dish towel to keep temp warm enough in winter months?
I sifted using a nut milk bag (paint strainer) because I didn't have anything else and it really took out a lot of bran. Isn't that the healthiest part? They turned out great and all but do we really need to take the bran out?
My south Louisiana kitchen was 69 degrees this morning. My husband hates the central heat at night. I went around my kitchen trying to find the warmest spot. Inside my oven was as cold as the room. My empty microwave was warmer! Maybe another use for many now dormant microwave ovens. Putting something warm in an ice chest made me think of it.
I know this is a waaay old post, but in winter I put a hot water bottle on the bottom shelf of my oven and my kefir and soaking stuff on the top shelf. In summer I do the same with freezer blocks. The oven is a perfect thermal cabinet when not in use as a cooker.
Angle Cummings
One question before I get rid of my waffle maker. I see from the picture that the waffle maker you use is non-stick. I thought this was a no-no. I have mine set out to go to goodwill. Is this type of coating OK? Thanks, Angie
So this is an old post… but when I sift my flour, none of the bran gets left behind. Is there a different way of sifting? I'm a little confused, and no one else seems to have mentioned this… Thanks!
We had the same issue until we got an ultra fine mesh strainer. It works beautifully.
When soaking, is it okay to use a loose fitting lid instead of the towel and rubber band? I have them for the bowls I typically use for this. Didn't know if there was a particular scientific reason.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
You can use a lid.
We use a fantastic waffle recipe that is made of oats, water, coconut milk, raisins, flax seeds, cinnamon, and grapeseed oil. Lately, I have been adding cashews, almonds, and sunflower seeds. Really, you can add whatever you like. You just blend all the ingredients in a blender and then pour on to the waffle maker. Then we put real butter and honey to top it off. Yummy!
If you would like, I can post the recipe.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Love it! Please do post, Melissa or send to me by email with a picture and I can put up as a guest blog. email@example.com
pharmacy tech
nice post. thanks.
another option for non-teflon waffle irons is to try to find an old one (before they started using teflon, but after cast iron) on ebay. i got mine for less than $20 and it was used very little. not sure how great the metal is, i think it's either aluminum or some kind of stainless blend or something, but whatever it is, it's better than teflon to me, and easier to use than the cast iron ones over the stove. those early electric appliances are like energizer bunnies – they never wear out!
Thanks so much for the reply, Sarah. Yes, there is always soooo much to learn…and adjust. I think I'll give your cereal recipe a try today!
Thanks again!
Hi, Sarah. I love your blog; you always have such informative posts –thank you!
I just watched your homemade cereal videos and was wondering if what you're saying here would apply to the soaking for your cereal. Meaning, are you planning to stop soaking your flour in soured milk and start using water with acidic medium (lemon juice, liquid whey, etc.)?? Just curious before I get started making it myself.
Many thanks!
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi Christi, yes – I do plan to start sifting the flour for my cereal and soaking in water plus lemon juice or whey instead of clabbered milk. We are always learning, aren't we!
I want to try this, but have just gotten home from vacation. I have a question about sifting the flour to remove the bran. When I grind white wheat in a NutraMill, it all has the same consistency, so how does the bran separate out? Since no one else questioned this, maybe I am missing something very obvious. I will try sifting my flour, but I think it will all go through the sifter.
Thanks for all your information – it is greatly appreciated. I keep going back to articles you have written when I start questioning. Thanks again.
Sandrine Hahn
The Nourishing Our Children campaign's Facebook supporters had ideas for non-teflon waffle irons: http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=178494982171575&id=165679030171
When I started soaking flours, my husband was convinced that looking at raw milk would kill him (he has since tried it twice- the first time being straight cream since he didn't know to shake it… his reaction was priceless!), and I'm rather uncomfortable with using pasteurized dairy even if cultured. So, I used coconut milk with whey. It makes for a rather heavy pancake, but OMG so good! Neither of us ever liked pancakes much, but these are a super special treat every few weeks or so.
I don't think coconut milk has much if any calcium, so I guess that's ok? Even if it's not, it's the best pancakes I've ever had, and we only have them occasionally.
April@The 21st Century Housewife
I learned so much from this post, not least of all how to make nutritious waffles which is wonderful! Thank you!
I was wondering, could we use apple cider vinegar instead of the lemon juice in this recipe?
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Yes, cider vinegar is fine as a sub for lemon juice.
Hi Sarah,
I wish you a Happy and Prosperous New Year!
I would like to get away from grains/flour a little bit and see what happens. I
have a weakness for bread though. Would you know of any good recipes that would be
good substitutes for bread? Maybe even something that I can make sandwiches
with? Really anything without grains would be great even if I cannot make sandwiches
with it but I would prefer it to be savoury.
I have seen a lot of recipes using flax seed meal and nut flour. I worry that
once baked the nut flour and flax meal might not be very healthy because of the
heated up, delicate oils. Especially flax seed, which I know that you are not
supposed to cook with. It just seems like a waste to me to damage these flax and nut oils
like that but maybe there are not that many substitutes? Do you think that it is OK to use flax seed flour and nut flour when baking? Would you know to what extent the oils get damaged?
Thank you very much for your response.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi Alina, flax, brazil nuts and walnuts should not be heated as the oils are too delicate but almonds, macademias, peanuts and most other nuts can be.
I have a recipe for coconut flour bread on this blog (click on categories and select "recipes") that you might like as a substitute for bread. Not good for sandwiches though. Most folks I know who are grain free use lettuce as the "bread" for the sandwich wrap.
I always make my waffle/pancake batter using a sour dough starter, letting it sour 12 to 24 hours. According to your research would this remove as much phytic acid and as many anti-nutrients as the lemon soaking?
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Souring is as good as soaking .. a most excellent method for reducing antinutrients! Thanks for adding this idea!
How do you do this with whole grains? I have only seen it made with white flour.
Found these two websites for cast iron waffle irons
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hey All, just got an email from Rami Nagel who read my blog post and had a clarification. He writes
"Calcium when souring reduces how much phytic acid is removed. So if a grain is soured with too much calcium, such as milk or yogurt, not as much phytic acid will be removed. I am not sure if the calcium content of real buttermilk, would be to high to make an excellent fermentation. Maybe 50% buttermilk / 50% water? The other tip is that when soaking / souring grains, they need to be kept 70-85 degrees F. So most people's kitchen counters are not that warm overnight especially in the winter. "
Since I live in FL, my kitchen is pretty much always 70F or above, so those of you in colder climes will need to take this into account when soaking your grains.
Why dud you use lemon juice instead of whey? Do you think whey would work as well? Same amounts? Thanks for this! I recently got my first waffle iron and have been excited to try some soaked recipes and this one looks great!
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi LeaG, I used lemon juice as I thought this would make for a better tasting waffle than water/whey which can produce a rather sour tasting result. I'm also out of whey at the moment and the lemon juice made an excellent stand in. I also wanted to post a non-dairy alternative for folks allergic to dairy.
Sandrine Hahn
Hi Sarah,
Do you have a recommendation for a waffle iron that is not coated with teflon?
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi Sandrine, I don't know of one that isn't made of teflon. The best protection and the method I follow is to coat the waffle iron with coconut oil before cooking each waffle. The oil protects the teflon from overheating and giving off any fumes etc. I always use wooden utensils when using my waffle iron (never use metal) so that there are no nicks, chips in the teflon. And, it gets a wipe down with a damp cloth and mild soap after use.
Sandrine Hahn
Thanks, Sarah. I appreciate all of the tips, yet I am still not inclined to use teflon so … I'll search for alternatives and let you know what I find!
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Please do let me know what you find out!!
you could try to find the old cast iron wafle iron maybe try Lehmans web site
Hope this helps
I have a wonderful cast iron waffle maker and it makes the BEST waffles ever. It was inexpensive and is fun to use, the waffles have a crispy outer crunch and a soft fully cooked interior. I bought mine on Amazon, and the brand I bought is Rome. I think I paid 12 bucks for it. Go get your self one, you wont regret it!
You can sometimes find cast iron ones. Mine has cast iron plates but it is kind of old (heavy as heck!). When I decided I wanted a new one so I could make more at a time, I was shocked they were all non-stick, teflon coated, which stink when being used (the one I did buy, I brought back before even using because it was so stinky).
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Mine never stinks, but I take great care to keep it coated with oil at all times to keep it from giving off fumes. I only have teflon on this one appliance .. I never use it for my cooking pots and pans of course. I wish I could find a titanium waffle iron. If anyone knows of one, please post!
Here is a link to some cast iron waffle makers. I don't have one but looking into getting one. Just scroll down a bit. Hope this helps!
We use a seasoned cast iron waffle iron. They are available on Amazon.
Thank you for posting on Rami Nagel's suggestions and research on your blog. I regret that I wasn't able to attend the Conference and hear him personally because it sounds like he did a great job presenting. I actually read his book and have to respectfully say that the information it offered is much easier to apply as introduced on your website than directly from the book. So thank you for making it available and user-friendly!
So how to do this?
Also should we make our almond flour this way also?
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi Carol, almonds are prepared differently as they are not starchy like grains. Almonds should be soaked/dried before grinding into flour.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Oh, and soaking almonds required soaking in salt water NOT water plus lemon juice as described in this recipe. See my almond flour pancakes recipe for details.
I don't really understand. If you remove the bran, then what is the need for soaking? Also, fully fermented yoghurt, buttermilk, kefir, etc are acidic liquids. So what's the difference with soaking with water and lemon? Did you really find the lemon soaking tastier? Did you add extra maple syrup to disguise the taste? There is another way which we used to do for cereals and nuts. Soak in the medium of your choice the whole grain, dry it and grind into flour without needing to presoak. Would that be good according to Rami? Sorry for the many questions but I'm concerned!
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Hi Mara, Rami says that the acidic nature of the cultured dairy just doesn't break down the antinutrients as well according to his testing. Perhaps there isn't enough liquid – not sure the reasons yet. Rami fully discusses this issue in his new version of Cure Tooth Decay which has just been released. I haven't read it yet .. I got the executive summary during our conversation at the Conference. There are antinutrients in the starch portion as well which need to be broken down through soaking and sifting does not remove all the bran, so soaking is still definitely required.
Soaking/drying the actual wheat kernels before grinding into flour is not the same and would not break down the antinutrients sufficiently according to what I understand from Rami. Traditional cultures he studied sifted and soaked the actual flour, not the grain itself before grinding.
Soaking with the lemon juice results in a very tasty less sour waffle than when you soak in cultured dairy. You can leave out the maple syrup for sure if you like. I just do this as my kids like to eat the waffles with no maple syrup for dipping and also we sometimes turn the waffles into crispy waffles by drying out in the oven and having a little sweetness already in there works well.


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Key to her role as Business Manager is Cath's in depth knowledge of just about everything.
Having been involved in farming, teaching, political science, yachting and many things in between, means she's never short of a conversation starter.
"I think one of the best parts of my job is taking the time to get to know the huge range of people we work with.
In addition to managing Trust Administration for our clients, my job is essentially to ensure things run smoothly and to take innovative steps wherever possible to make improvements to both our business and theirs."
Wellington Office
Josh Bruce
Josh is an innovative thinker with a broad range of skills in design, business development, research and strategy.
Having worked in several industries he is easily able to adapt to new projects and identify new opportunities for innovation whatever your requirements may be.
"I love developing ideas. As long as you have a good grasp of what you are trying to achieve, I will help you improve your concept and develop a solid strategy for achieving your objectives.
I can also assist in helping to make it a tangible reality, through design, website construction, brand development and feasibility or market viability assessment."
Join Our Team...
If you have a passion for business, community and sport + some skills to offer we would love to hear from you... contact us.
Advice when you need it - without extra cost...
Upfront Pricing
All our projects (including annual accounts are priced upfront). This means you know ahead of time what it is going to cost and can even pay monthly to improve cash flow. No huge hourly rate or massive end of year bill.
Strategy Meetings Included
We believe in helping your business grow. Because of this, we include strategy meeting in all our standard accounting packages to ensure you understand your accounts and highlight opportunities for growth or sale / succession planning if you are looking to move on.
Unlimited email and phone contact within the scope of your proposal
Other accountants charge for every minute on the phone. We think unlimited email and phone contact is a good idea. It is quite simple, we are here to help and often 5min talking something through beforehand can save you considerable time and money further down the track.
What if my questions are about a new business or something outside of my proposal?
If the discussion is in relation to a new project or something outside of the scope of your current proposal we will provide an outline or get your approval prior to starting work on it. For all new activities we offer a free scoping meeting to ensure we can provide an accurate service outline to help you achieve your objective.
Get in touch... Or phone (03) 477 8777.
Considering Upgrading Your
Changing accountants easier than you might think. We take care of all the paperwork and even talk to your existing accountant on your behalf.
We believe in offering straightforward accounting and consulting solutions that are reliable and practical. We also believe in personal service and adding value to your activities to help you achieve your objectives.
Many new clients have come to us through referrals from existing clients who are pleased with the trusted relationship we have developed with them and the services they receive from us.
New clients are always welcome ph. (03) 477 8777.