text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 2006
|Filing date
|Sep 28, 2001
|Priority date
|Sep 28, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Elrick Lennaert Cornelius, Paul Leonardus Clemens, Paul C. van Hal, Mike Geskus
|Original Assignee
|Sonionmicrotronic Nederland B.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (106), Referenced by (22), Classifications (6), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to electroacoustic transducers, and in particular, to a microphone or listening device having a dampened peak frequency response.
Miniature microphones, such as those used in hearing aids, convert acoustical sound waves into an audio signal which is processed (e.g., amplified) and sent to a receiver of the hearing aid. The receiver then converts the processed signal to acoustical sound waves that is broadcast towards the eardrum. A microphone generally a moveable diaphragm and a charged backplate for converting the sound waves into an audio signal. The diaphragm divides the inner volume of the microphone into a front volume and a rear volume. Sound waves enter the front volume of the microphone via a sound inlet.
For certain applications, it is desirable to dampen the peak frequency response of the microphone by increasing the inertance presented to the sound entering the microphone. Inertance may be increased by placing an obstruction near the sound inlet in the front volume of the microphone. The obstruction may be a damping screen made of a grid-like mesh material placed over the sound inlet or a shaped embossment or structure formed or placed inside the housing of the microphone near the sound inlet. However, the damping screen can become clogged as debris and foreign material accumulate on its surface. As the damping screen becomes increasingly clogged, the microphone's frequency response is altered from the desired specification. Similarly, the shaped structure depends on its shape to create the desired damping effect, so as debris accumulates around the shaped structure, thereby altering its shape, the microphone's frequency response is altered from specifications. In both cases, the accumulation of debris, such as dust, hairspray, pollen, and other particles adversely affects the peak frequency response of the microphone, and in some cases, causes microphone malfunction.
Unlike the front volume, the rear volume is typically sealed off from the front volume, creating an area within the microphone that is largely impervious to debris. If the damping mechanism were incorporated into the rear volume, the adverse effects of debris and other foreign matter could be significantly reduced. Therefore, what is needed is a microphone that achieves dampening of the peak frequency response by disposing a damping mechanism in the rear volume of the microphone instead of in the front volume.
The present invention is a microphone having a housing, a diaphragm, a damping frame, and a backplate. The diaphragm is disposed in the housing and divides the inner cavity of the housing into a front volume and a rear volume. A damping frame is positioned against the diaphragm and includes a damping slit which is formed along at least one inner edge of the damping frame. In one embodiment, the backplate is positioned within the damping frame and includes standoffs to position the backplate at a known distance from the diaphragm. The damping slit of the damping frame defines an aperture through which air may escape from the area between the diaphragm and the backplate to the rear volume of the microphone, thus dampening the peak frequency response.
In another embodiment, the backplate is positioned against the damping frame such that its thickness defines the distance between the backplate and the diaphragm. The damping frame includes at least one damping slit formed along at least one inner edge of the damping frame. The positioning of the backplate against the damping frame defines an aperture through which air may escape from the area between the diaphragm and the backplate to the rear volume of the microphone.
The backplate is electrically coupled to an electronic circuit, which processes the electrical signal transduced by the microphone. The aperture defined by the damping frame and the backplate causes the peak frequency response of the microphone to be dampened.
The present invention also contemplates a method of producing a cartridge for use in a microphone. A first production sheet containing a plurality of damping frames includes a plurality of registration holes. A second production sheet containing a plurality of diaphragms also includes a plurality of registration holes. A layer of adhesive is disposed on the surface of the first production sheet, and the first production sheet is urged toward the second production sheet to form a carrier sheet. The first and second production sheets are aligned via their respective registration holes. The carrier sheet is heated until cured, and a plurality of subassemblies are singulated from the carrier sheet to form individual subassemblies, each subassembly including a diaphragm secured to a damping frame. A backplate is installed onto each subassembly to form a cartridge. The placement of the backplate onto the subassembly forms an aperture between the backplate and damping frame of the subassembly. The assembled cartridge is placed into a housing, and the remaining microphone components are assembled.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to represent each embodiment, or every aspect, of the present invention. This is the purpose of the figures and the detailed description which follow.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The diaphragm 6 includes a frame 20 having a shaped opening 22 and a membrane 23 disposed across the upper surface of the frame 20. The frame 20 of the diaphragm 6 is disposed on the embossments 14 and creates a front volume between the lower surface of the diaphragm 6 and the floor 18 of the housing 4 and a rear volume defined above the upper surface of the diaphragm 6. The frame 20 of the diaphragm 6 is made of metal, such as a zinc/copper alloy, and the membrane 23 is made of mylar evaporated with gold. In alternate embodiments, the membrane 23 may be made of another semi-flexible material evaporated with any suitable electrically conducting material. The membrane 23 may also include a tiny pressure vent to equalize static pressures in the front and rear volumes.
Although the diaphragm 6 is shown positioned against the embossments 14 of the housing 4, in an alternate embodiment, the housing 4 does not include the embossments 14 and the lower surface of the diaphragm 6 includes standoffs (not shown). In another embodiment, the housing 4 does not include the embossments 14, and the diaphragm rests on the floor 18 of the microphone 2 with the membrane 23 a short distance above the floor 18.
The shaped opening 22 of the diaphragm 6 is shown in
As can be seen from
The damping frame 8 is positioned against the diaphragm 6, and is secured to the frame 20 of the diaphragm 6 by adhesive or other bonding techniques, such as those described below with respect to
A grounding slit 26 is also formed along one edge of the outer periphery of the damping frame 8. The grounding slit 26 permits the conducting layer of the membrane of the diaphragm 6 to be electrically connected to the inner surface of the housing 4. The electrical connection may be a wire, solder, conductive adhesive, or other suitable connection means.
The damping frame 8 also includes a damping slit 32 formed along an inner edge of the damping frame 8.
The damping frame 8 shown in
Still referring to
When the backplate 10 is positioned within the damping frame 8, a damping aperture 36 is formed (shown in FIG. 3). The edges of the damping aperture 36 are defined by the damping frame 8 and the backplate 10. The damping aperture 36 has substantially the same dimensions as the damping slit 32. The damping aperture 36 permits a small amount of air to "escape" from the area between the membrane 23 of the diaphragm 6 and the backplate 10 into the volume of the housing 4 behind the backplate 10. In this respect, the damping aperture 36 increases the inertance of the acoustical sound waves engaging the diaphragm 6, thereby dampening the peak frequency response of the microphone 2. As explained previously, additional damping apertures may be formed between the damping frame 8 and backplate 10 to achieve a frequency response curve according to the demands of a particular application.
The backplate 10 shown in
The wire 28 connects the conductive layer of the backplate 10 to the circuit board 30. In alternate embodiments, the wire 28 may be a conductive adhesive tape, conductive adhesive, a piece of metal, and the like. The diaphragm 6 and backplate 10 form a plate capacitor whose capacitance changes as the membrane of the diaphragm 6 undulates in response to changes in air pressure caused by acoustical sound waves entering the sound inlet tube 16. These changes in capacitance are detected by the circuit board 30 and are converted to an electrical signal. This electrical signal may be further processed by the circuit board 30. The processing may include any combination of amplification, filtering, shaping, and digitizing, for example. The circuit board 30 may include an integrated A/D converter to provide a digital signal output. The circuit board 30 may include a digital signal processor (DSP) for processing the electrical signal in the wire 28. The circuit board 30 may comprise a monolithic IC, one or more ICs disposed on a substrate or PCB, and/or it may be of a flip-chip design configuration. The pattern shown on the circuit board 30 in
The microphone 2 shown in
A cutaway view of an assembled microphone is shown in FIG. 2. In
In an alternate embodiment, the backplate 10 is not secured within the damping frame 8 with adhesive drops 46, 48. In this alternate embodiment, the clamping members 34 securely hold the backplate 10 in position without the further need of adhesive. In yet another embodiment, the production hole 38 may only be partially plugged or not plugged at all, leaving a small damping aperture in the middle of the backplate 10. This small damping aperture may, together with the damping aperture 36, further operate to dampen the peak frequency response of the microphone 2.
In another embodiment, the damping aperture 36 may be defined solely by the damping frame 8. In this embodiment, the damping frame 8 may include a channel that starts from an inner edge of the damping frame 8 facing the membrane 23 and ends on an upper surface of the damping frame 8. Thus, air travels from the surface of the membrane 23 through the channel and into the area behind the backplate 10.
The damping apertures 56 shown in
As explained in connection with
In an alternate embodiment, the thickness of the damping frame 50 may be decreased to achieve squeezed film damping. This squeezed film damping is in addition to the damping caused by the damping frame 50. In this embodiment, the thickness of the damping frame 50 is reduced to about 37.5 microns or smaller. As is known, the amount of damping is inversely proportional to the third power of the distance between the backplate 10 and the diaphragm 6. For some applications, this reduction in dampening effect may be acceptable. For other applications that require more dampening of the peak frequency response, the dimensions of the damping slits 52 may be reduced.
Turning now to
The production sheets 120, 130 also include a plurality of registration holes 126, 136 disposed along an unused portion of the production sheets 120, 130. The registration holes 126, 136 are used during production to align one sheet over another, as explained in connection with
The assembly of a cartridge for use in a microphone according to the present invention will be discussed with reference to
A force is applied to the carrier sheet at step 206 to ensure contact of the diaphragms 162 with the damping frames 152. At step 208, the carrier sheet is cured in an oven, for example, until the adhesive spray sets. The duration and temperature are determined by the curing characteristics of the adhesive.
At step 210, a machine or tool is employed to singulate each diaphragm 162 and damping frame 152 disposed on the production sheets 160, 150, respectively, into individual subassemblies containing a diaphragm adhered to a damping frame. At step 212, a backplate is positioned against each individual subassembly to form a cartridge. The production hole, such as the production hole 38 shown in
In one embodiment, the production sheet 150 includes a plurality of damping frames 152 such as the damping frame 8 shown in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, each backplate is clamped into the damping frame of the individual subassembly and is held in place by the backplate clamping members 34. Adhesive may be optionally applied to form a secure bond between the backplate and damping frame.
In another embodiment, the production sheet 150 includes a plurality of damping frames 152 such as the damping frame 50 shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, each backplate is secured to the damping frame of the individual subassembly by a layer or drops of adhesive disposed between the backplate and the damping frame of the individual subassembly. As mentioned previously, it is not necessary for the backplate to be centered precisely over the damping frame to achieve the desired dampening of the frequency response curve.
At step 214, the cartridge is placed into a microphone housing 4. If the microphone housing 4 includes embossments 14, the cartridge may be secured to the embossments 14 by an adhesive. Alternatively, if the damping frame includes registration members 24, the registration members 24 may secure the cartridge in tension against the walls of the microphone housing 4 to create a tight fit.
As noted in connection with
While the present invention has been described with reference to one or more particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Each of these embodiments and obvious variations thereof is contemplated as falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|381/369, 181/158
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 2, 2002
Owner name: MICROTRONIC NEDERLAND B.V., NETHERLANDS
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text:
Don't forget about the Northeast Counties Farm Bureau Fun Night, Thursday, November 1, 2012 at Sirna's Farm, 19009 Ravenna Rd (St Rt 44) in Auburn Township beginning at 6:00 pm. This is a pot luck dinner, everyone is asked to bring their favorite covered dish to share. Farm Bureau will provide beverages and table service. Bring the family for some good old fun. Dress appropriately for the weather. RSVP to the office at 800-410-4613 or [email protected].
StatewideHere's a glance at the OFBF Land and Living Exhibit!
StatewideHappy Fair Day!
Our OhioNew Farm Bureau president oversees changing times
StatewideFarm Bureau offers interactive agriculture exhibit at the Ohio State Fair
StatewideGrowing our Generation: Keeping Busy on the Farm
IssuesPolicy starts at the county level, works its way up
IssuesOFBF comments on plan to reduce phosphorus entering Lake Erie
StatewideOhio Farm Bureau awards $200,000 for county water quality projects
IssuesLegal with Leah: How line fence law addresses weeds along the fenceline
StatewideYoung Ag Professionals' T-shirt sale results in $8,823 donation to Mid-Ohio Foodbank

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Patient Comments: Pseudotumor Cerebri - Treatment
What kinds of treatment, including medication, did you receive for pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)?
Comment from: flowerbud, 45-54 Female (Patient) Published: December 30
I have had pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) for 35 years. It started after I gave birth 2 my oldest daughter. Since then I have had over 200 spinal taps, Chiari malformation eye surgery to drain the fluid from the back of my eye, 36 lumbar peritoneal shunt revisions. I am not over weight, I think I got it from high doses of prednisone. I had a morphine pain pump in for a year but made them take it out as I got tired of feeling like a zombie every day. My peripheral vision is gone. I live in pain every day but I have to push through. But some days that's impossible. I have to lay in bed sometimes up to a week. And please don't let the doctors bully you around, not them only you know your bodies. If I could only help us PTC suffers I would. Hope your journey with this horrible disease is short lived and not like mine that has lasted so long.
Comment from: rayofsunshine, 45-54 Female (Patient) Published: December 01
I have been fighting pseudotumor cerebri for about 10 solid years. I feel different from one day to the next. I only have painful headaches 3 to 4 times a year. However I am losing my right eye. I now know where my blind spot is and its getting bigger. I pop Tums for stomach upset. I am on 1000 mg Diamox and go to the gym. I get tremors and needles in my hands feet and face from the Diamox. I have stomach upset and am dizzy at times. I feel that this is never going away and I will always have to deal with this issue. My vision is blurry one day and could be a little clear the next. I got lost finding my way home once, and to my son's house. I am now training a service dog just in case it gets any worse. I share this with others to let them know they are not alone. I am thankful I read your post. It brought a little hope on some issues I have been having.
Comment from: sheri, 45-54 Female (Patient) Published: November 10
I had an episode of pseudotumor cerebri a few years back. I remember being given multiple fluid medications to get rid of the extra fluid. I also received a caffeine IV to help with the severe headache. I ended up needing a blood patch due to a spinal headache from the spinal tap.
Comment from: lotus1979, 35-44 Female (Patient) Published: April 29
I too was diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri back in 2006. I was put on a strict diet of only 800 calories a day to drop the weight. I was told if it doesn"t swim or doesn"t fly, don"t eat it because your system cannot handle it. Plus I was put on Topamax and Diamox plus a steroid. I keep reading Neurontin, I was told this is a big no-no for us pseudotumor patients, for one of the side effects is weight gain. They put me on this and I gained 12 pounds in a month. I was on 400 mg 3 times a day for nerve pain. I cannot express to you how much weight this made me gain over a period of time. I would seriously speak to your health providers about this and your pain specialist. Always check your labels about what side effect the medications they are giving you have. If any medicines say weight gain, speak with your health providers.
Comment from: ajatch, 25-34 Female (Patient) Published: January 23
I was diagnosed with PTC (pseudotumor cerebri) back in July 2013. Soon afterwards a blood clot was found in my brain. I take 1050 mg of Diamox every day (500 mg 3 times a day). I don't have many headaches anymore, and if I do, they're muscle tension headaches. However, the lower peripheral vision in my left eye gets blurry and distorted.
Comment from: Elizabeth, 25-34 Female (Patient) Published: January 14
I take Topamax 100 mg, 1 in the morning and 2 in the evening. I also have tramadol for my headaches during the day. I just found out that that I have papilledema that is caused by a pseudotumor cerebri, in November of 2013. I started having changes in my vision when I went to my family doctor. She sent me to an ophthalmologist, who then sent me to a neurologist. Their main concern is keeping me from losing my eye sight.
Patient Comments
Viewers share their comments
Pseudotumor Cerebri - Symptoms Question: What were your symptoms associated with pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)?
Patient Comments are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your physician or other qualified health provider because of something you have read on MedicineNet. The opinions expressed in the comments section are of the author and the author alone. MedicineNet does not endorse any specific product, service or treatment.
If you think you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.


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23,000 Members Strong - The Largest and Oldest Mom Blogger Social Network
Has anyone had any experience with either of these networks? Which might be more beneficial for me to put on my blog? I currently have about 20000 page views. Your input is really appreciated!
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text:
Raiders see McFadden, Jennings as rushing tandem
Allen: 'If Darren is fully healthy, both of 'em will play'
Darren McFadden has 98 carries this year for 352 yards and four scores; Rashad Jennings has 109 carries for 553 yards and two scores. (AP)
ALAMEDA -- Nobody's better than Rashad Jennings these days. The Raiders running back leads the NFL in total offense these past four weeks, flashing a mix of power and elusiveness rare among even elite rushers.
Jennings has been a true feature back, deserving of each carry he's given. The man has 553 yards total offense since Darren McFadden hurt himself Nov. 3 against Philadelphia. He's averaging 5.66 yards per carry and 3.5 yards after initial contact.
Taking touches away seems foolish. That's exactly what Raiders head coach Dennis Allen is going to do.
McFadden is healthy after missing three-plus games with a hamstring strain. Exactly how he fits into this offense remains in question. He does, however, have a place.
Head coach Dennis Allen has been saying Jennings earned carries for weeks. Until now, it's all been academic. Now Allen has to make the tough, yet rational choice.
His rationale: Jennings has fared extremely well, but McFadden is too good to sit on the shelf.
"If Darren's fully healthy, both of them will play and both of them will get their opportunities," Allen said. "You can't deny that Rashad Jennings over the last month of the season has led the entire NFL in yards from scrimmage. I think he's earned the right and deserves the right to continue to get his carries, continue to get his touches. We'll still do that."
Jennings has thrived, averaging roughly 21 touches per game. He grinds out tough yards and been a productive outlet in the passing game. McFadden is less consistent in every category, but his big-play ability could make his valuable later in games.
"We'll see on that," offensive coordinator Greg Olson said. "We're obviously excited about Darren being back and we're really excited about what Rashad Jennings has done here over the last month. It'll be nice to have a little bit of a two-headed horse back there with those guys running the football. We'll kind of see how the game plays out, but we'll be able to spell Rashad and we'll let the hot hand go, but it'll be nice to be able to have both of those guys healthy and have a chance to contribute."
McFadden practiced this week, for the first time since injuring his hamstring a second time this season. McFadden said his hamstring still catches and he remains uncertain for Thursday's game, but Allen said he's in line to play.
McFadden's hamstring isn't perfect, but he insists he's getting close.
"To me, I could have been back last week but I just have to take my time with it," McFadden said. "I don't want to but I know that if I rush it back again, this time it will probably be over for the season So I want to just be able to make sure it's all the way back before I get out there again."
McFadden needs to get back out there for personal reasons at least. The sixth-year veteran is entering a contract year, without much earning power on the open market.
The Arkansas alum might be playing his final season as a Raider, and a successful audition with Cowboys owner/GM and former Arkansas grad Jerry Jones couldn't hurt his chances for an overblown payday.
The main knock against McFadden is his injury history. The ailment list is long and distinguished, which has sapped his potential and his market value.
"It's been very hard," McFadden said. "There's always something. To me it's just like maybe something small, like an ankle or hamstring, turf toe or just something. But you just try to stay positive and just keep working hard and keep moving forward."
McFadden's next step is getting back into the regular rotation. His days as Raiders feature back are likely numbered, but he still can prove better than he's shown this season or last.
McFadden has tried to get healthy while outsiders sing his backup's virtue. That's been a grind he swears doesn't affect him.
"I've dealt with so much criticism for so long and you just have to turn your face to it," McFadden said. "You can't pay attention to it. You have to stay positive and focus on the task at hand."


text:
Posted in Uncategorized on January 3, 2006 |
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Common Courtesy and the Christmas Wars
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text:
Mexican- Meatball Salsa Soup
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 5 mins
a VERY good soup that I have tried before. An excellent soup to serve with any mexican dish.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 (14 ounce) cans beef broth
- 1 (16 ounce) jar hot salsa
- 1 (16 ounce) package frozen whole kernel corn, thawed
- 1 (16 ounce) package frozen meatballs, thawed
- 1 tablespoon minced garlic
- Gradually combine all ingredients in slow cooker, and stir very well.
- Cover and cook for 5-6 hours.
Most Helpful
Great simple soup! Used almost twice the amount of salsa for a more robust texture. I made this on the stove top and we actually had the first two bowls as soon as everything had heated up (we were hungry...) - very good! The rest of the soup is still simmering away and I can't wait to have another taste! Thanks for posting!
You just can't get any easier than this. In order to help make up for the Dec excess of goodies I used veggie "meatless" balls and the soup was scrumptious. I just went by the recipe and it came out mildly spicy and steamy. So good on a very cold January night.
HEALTHY & EASY, Yes Please! I am rating this recipe according to the variation that I made. As others suggested, I added jalapeno's and chili powder. Also, I added a few things that I had around: 1 bay leaf, a pinch of cumin, a pinch of salt, onion powder, chili flakes, and a dash of parm. cheese. As other's suggested, I cut the meatballs up a bit. I didn't cook it in the crock pot b/c of lack of time. It was delicious on the stove top. After cooking, I added sour cream and corn chips. I believe that next time I will add some orzo (cooking it separately and adding it in near the end of the cooking time). Thank you for such a versatile recipe!


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Graduate Destinations
How does a degree in Religions and Philosophies help with my career?
A degree in Study of Religions from SOAS enables students to follow many different careers. Study of Religions graduates leave SOAS with an important knowledge and understanding of peoples' different culture, history and beliefs concerning fundamental issues. Graduates are also equipped with a portfolio of widely transferable skills which employers seek in many professional and management careers in both business and public sectors. These include; the ability to research, amass and order information from a variety of sources ,often both in the original or other relevant languages; analytical skills to assess critically the materials relevant to a specific issue; written and oral communication skills to present, discuss and debate opinions and conclusions; and problem solving skills.
Former Department of Religion students have gone on to employment in a range of professional roles in business and public sectors, as well as continuing in the field of research either at SOAS or other institutions.
Destinations of recent graduates from this department (including combined degrees) immediately after graduation are listed below.
Example employers include:
- Edelman
- Indian Government
- Kensington and Chelsea Tutors Ltd.
- Luton Borough Council
- myHermes
- Notting Hill Souvenirs
- Penguin Books UK
- SOAS, University of London
- The ASHA Centre
- The Inter Faith Network for the UK
- The National Museum of Tajikistan
- University of Malawi
- University of Reading Careers Centre
- Wallpaper* magazine Thai edition
- Xavier School
Example job titles include:
- Assistant Account Executive
- Director of NGO
- Events Assistant
- Head of Collection Registration and Cataloging Department
- Editorial Intern
- Primary School Teaching Assistant
- Research Assistant
- Research Associate
- Sales Manager
- Staff Associate
- Translator
- Tutor
DLHE Statistics
Graduate Destination Surveys from 2014 show that the majority of graduates who could be surveyed are either in work, further study, volunteering or work and study.
Further information about DLHE is available on the Careers Service website.
What do Graduates do?
- LinkedIn Alumni
- Options with your religious studies degree
- Prospects: What do graduates do
- What London graduates do
Job Profiles and Careers Information
- Occupational profiles for 600 career areas on Prospects
- Postgraduate study information and database on Prospects
- For more information about careers, visit Careers Tagged
Relevant Links
- The National Association of Teachers of Religious Education
- World Council of Churches
- The Subject Centre for Philosophical & Religious Studies


text:
Hi everybody.
I recently installed W3 Total Cache and Setup A CDN for a client, the issue now is that when we try to log in to the dashbaord we are getting a
Error establishing a database connection error.
Site is running fine, the page load time has improved, so no complaints on site performace, thanks to W3 Total Cache and the CDN.
But, of course we need to be able to login.
I checked the config file, everything is correct, and the site loads on the front end so it can't be a database connection issue.
Is it possible that I need to list some admin related PHP files in the settings of W3 Total Cache so they are not chached? that is the only thing I could think of.
Any help and ideas are much appreciated.


text:
Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Jun 01st, 2005
Running Time: 155
Director: Denys Defrancesco
Company: Swank Digital
Cast: Mya Diamond, Lauro Giotto, Thalia (I), Evelyn Lory, Kristina Blond, Liana (I), Jennifer S., Vica Ryder, Viktorie, Simony (I), Sylvia Saint
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Specialty
The diversity of leg play should appeal to a wide variety of fetishists.
Lovers of legs and the sexy fun things associated with them will thoroughly enjoy director Denys Defrancesco's latest, stylish and occasionally romantic exploration of the fetish.
Simony sucks her own toes, a boss pays extra attention to a new hire's feet and pussy, a doctor tends an injured beauty, a couple indulges in a footjob, and a claw foot tub becomes a lover's bed.
This disk also includes bonus solo foot worship, an exhaustive interview, and a wide assortment of images.
Pre-Nom for Best Specialty Release - Foot Fetish.


text:
Bowing to the Goddess
SRK at India's Got Talent Show
B-Town glitters at GQ Men Awards
Caught on camera: SRK-Priyanka get cosy?
Esha Deol, Dharmendra and Hema Malini on the sets of India's Got Talent
SRK-Kareena sizzle in RA.One
Dharmendra honoured at Indian Television Awards
Bollywood was in full attendance at the premiere of Pankaj Kapur's directorial debut Mausam
Paris Hilton has finally come to India to launch the Paris Hilton handbag and accessories collection in the country.
As Mausam, Pankaj Kapur's directorial debut finally releases, Sonam-Shahid look set to woo audience with this good ol' romance
Deepika's tryst with time
Kareena Kapoor turns 31
Sonam-Shahid dazzle at Mausam promotions
After a box office dud Yuvvraj, Salman and Katrina will light up the screen again in Ek Tha Tiger
RA.One's music launch was full of glitz and glamour with SRK, Kareena Kapoor and Arjun Rampal dancing to the film's tracks.
We are passionate about Media and Bollywood. And we love our India and its rich and ancient culture. Welcome to our site, do contact us if you have any questions!
© 2014 Bollywood.com. All Rights Reserved. Powered by Sakshay Web Technologies Pvt. Ltd.


text:
Baluchistan Agency
|Baluchistan Agency
|Agency of British India (1877–1947)
Colony of the United Kingdom (1947)
|Signature of the Treaty of Mastung by the Khan of Kalat and the Baloch Sardars
|Balochistan Made Separate British Colony (British Balochistan)
|Independence of Pakistan
|"A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries"
|Princely state
|Individual residencies
The Baluchistan Agency (or Balochistan or Baloochistan or British Balochistan) was one of the agencies of British India. It was located in the present-day territory of Baluchistan.[2]
The territories of the agency covered an area of 208,262 km2 (44,345 square miles) and included areas which had been acquired by lease or otherwise brought under direct British control, as well as the princely states.
This political agency was established in 1877 following the 1876 treaty signed in Mastung by Baloch leaders by means of which they accepted the mediation of the British authorities in their disputes.[3]
Colonel Sir Robert Groves Sandeman introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in Balochistan that was in effect from 1877 to 1947. However the Government of India generally oppose his Methods and refused to allow it to operate in India's North West Frontier. Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence.[4]
The Baluchistan Agency consisted of three princely states, Kalat, including its Makran, Jhalawan, Kacchi and Sarawan administrative divisions, as well as its two feudatory states of Las Bela and Kharan. The Government of India maintained its relations with the states through its political agent in Kalat. The first agent in Balochistan was Robert Groves Sandeman (1835-1892), Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India, who was appointed by Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India.[3]
See also[edit]
- ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
- ^ Administration report of the Balochistan Agency for 1888–89: selections from the records of the Government of India, Foreign Department. 104pgs.
- ^ a b Balochistan Archives - Records of the Agent to the Governor General in Balochistan
- ^ Christian Tripodi, "'Good for one but not the other': The 'Sandeman System' of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier, 1877-1947." Journal of Military History 73#3 (2009): 767-802. online
Coordinates: 29°01′33″N 66°35′24″E / 29.02583°N 66.59000°E
|This Balochistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
What is the difference between
<Directory /var/www/>
Options All -Indexes
<Directory /var/www/*>
Options All -Indexes
The first does not work, the second does work, on my server. And there doesn't appear to be any other configuration files overriding the setting. I thought they meant the same thing.
Edit: It turns out there was another configuration file affecting the server that was overriding this one, so that was causing the unexpected result. I guess having * superseded the other configuration file.


text:
William H. Stewart, 82
Published: Sunday, September 28, 2008 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, September 27, 2008 at 10:42 p.m.
William H. Bill Stewart, 82, of Hendersonville died Sunday, Sept. 21, 2008, at Four Seasons Hospice and Palliative Cares Elizabeth House.
He was born in Maryland on Aug. 18, 1926. He served for 32 years with the Valley Hill Volunteer Fire and Rescue Service. During his tenure, he held the office of secretary of the department beginning in a volunteer capacity, later assuming a position as part-time paid secretary in 1987. He also served as president of the Henderson County Firemans Association from 1972 to 1981, and treasurer from 1989 until 1994. To honor his years of service, a reception was held at the Valley Hill Fire Department upon his retirement in June 1994.
His career as an educator included teaching history at Asheville Country Day School and adult education at Blue Ridge Technical Institute. He served in the military during World War II and the Korean War.
He was a much-beloved member of the Hendersonville Pentecostal Holiness Church. Many of the churchs Christmas pageants and dramas were enhanced by his resonant narrators voice. The church honored him in 2005 as Father of the Year.
He is survived by three children, William Henry Stewart and his wife, Karen, of Queen Creek, Ariz.; Frances Stewart and her husband, Norman Fickling, of Fayetteville, Ga.; and Laura Buell and her husband, Bill, of Woodleaf; seven grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.
A daughter, Anna Highsmith, and Sara, his wife of 57 years, preceded him in death.
A memorial service will be at 2 p.m. Thursday at the Hendersonville Pentecostal Holiness Church. The Rev. Anthony Craver will officiate. Memorials can be made to the Hendersonville Pentecostal Holiness Church, 991 Upward Road, Flat Rock, N.C. 28731. Online condolences can be made to the Stewart family at www.thosshepherd.com.
Thos. Shepherd & Son Funeral Directors and Cremation Memorial Center is serving the Stewart family.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article


text:
I have just released a new plugin called "Safe Include" that is an offshoot of my first plugin, "Static Jack".
It makes it possible to safely, quickly, and easily include static content of almost any type right into your posts and pages just by putting {{file_name}} in your post with curly brackets.
» Does not use eval()
» No new code to use
» The most common newbie errors made with PHP include() function are bypassed
» Static content and code blocks can even be injected into your theme layout wherever you want... great for adding contact forms to sidebars
» No changes to your permalinks necessary
» Designed to work beautifully with WP 2.0+


text:
Zack's Kernel News
Zack's Kernel News
The Linux kernel mailing list comprises the core of Linux development activities. Traffic volumes are immense, often reaching ten thousand messages in a given week, and keeping up to date with the entire scope of development is a virtually impossible task for one person. One of the few brave souls to take on this task is Zack Brown.
Our regular monthly column keeps you abreast of the latest discussions and decisions, selected and summarized by Zack. Zack has been publishing a weekly online digest, the Kernel Traffic newsletter for over five years now. Even reading Kernel Traffic alone can be a time consuming task.
Linux Magazine now provides you with the quintessence of Linux Kernel activities, straight from the horse's mouth.
Supporting More Real-Time Clock Chips
Steven A. Falco has added support for the ST M41T65 real-time clock chip. Because this is very similar to the M41T80, which already has a driver, it was decided to just extend the existing driver. Alessandro Zummo and Maciej W. Rozycki both pointed out that this would be best for code maintenance, although if larger changes were needed later, it might be OK to split out the drivers into a common portion and several satellite portions.
More Wifi Adapters Supported
Tomas Winkler of Intel announced that he'd modified the iwlwifi driver to support the Wifi Link 5000 and 5100 series adapters. This was very welcome news to Will Simoneau, whose new Sager laptop came equipped with a 5300 card; he helped Tomas track down a bug in the code that Tomas had known about but had been unable to reproduce on his own hardware.
Reporting BIOS Bugs
Thomas Renninger wants to introduce an interface to report BIOS bugs to the user. The basic idea is that ACPI, PCI, and other subsystems can introduce BIOS bugs that the kernel has to sanity-check.
Thomas wants to have the kernel log the results of these sanity checks. This way userspace programs would be able to respond better to BIOS bugs, vendors would have an easier time testing, and users would have a better sense of how to proceed when they encountered system problems, as Thomas pointed out.
Andi Kleen was in favor of the general idea and offered suggestions for some implementation changes, whereas Bjorn Helgaas felt the whole thing might be a case of over-engineering.
The work required to maintain all the specific log output would be intense and would also be prone to rapid aging. Andi just wasn't sure the benefits would be worth it. But his misgivings didn't prevent him from offering up a variety of implementation suggestions. So it does seem as though this idea will be going forward.
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Read full article as PDF:070-071_kernel.pdf (202.48 kB)
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules


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Is there any link between the law of maximum entropy and the principle of least action. Is it possible to derive one from the other ?
Yes, there is a link, both are examples of extremum principles. And yes it is possible to derive the principle of least action from the law of maximum entropy. The derivation is lengthy and I will only sketch the main steps needed:
[i] For non-isolated system entropy can increase, decrease or remain constant.
[ii] As reported in the Scholarpedia link there are some few special dissipative systems which can be described by an action principle. Those are open systems for which the production of entropy is compensated by an external flow of entropy to give a zero total variation $dS=d_iS+d_eS=0$. Moreover, the action principle only describes the average behaviour of these systems, but not the thermal fluctuations.
[iii] References on mechanics usually denote the action by $S$, but here it would be confused with entropy.
"Entropy" and "action" are two entirely different concepts. The first relates to a coarse-grained statistical description of a physical system at macroscopic scales, the latter to the underlying deterministic microscopic dynamics exhibited by the system.
Also note that: 1) the second law of thermodynamics tells us entropy doesn't decrease, it need not increase and certainly can attain non-maximal values, and 2) action is stationary and not necessarily minimal or maximal. Hence, when considered as fundamental physics laws, both 'maximal entropy' and the 'principle of least action' are misnomers.
Zooming in to the core of your question: 'entropy increase' and 'action stationarity' are unrelated, and even incompatible. One certainly can not be derived from the other. This is for the simple reason that 'action stationarity' describes a reversible physics, while 'entropy increase' presents us with an irreversible picture of evolution of physical systems. The difference, again, is in microscopic versus macroscopic.
As an analogy, think about two statements one can make about the physics of pool billiard. The first being that the balls collide according to Newtons laws which can be expressed by stating that the detailed balls trajectories render a quantity called 'action' stationary. The second being the coarse-grained statistical statement that as long as balls aren't pocketed yet, the mean distance between the balls doesn't decrease. Both statements are unrelated and apply to a description of pool billiard at different levels.
This old russian paper seemed to have discussed the problem without going much into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. I haven't read the entire thing. Soviet Physics Journal May 1991, Volume 34, Issue 5, pp 426-431. Moslov is the author. Check out their other papers too.
As Joannes says, the two principles belong to two different theories:
They are thus quite different beasts conceptually and, although there may be some overlaps between the two in some instances, I would not recommend, as a matter of principle, to think that these two things are closely related as it is not the case.
As for "deriving" one from the other, at the very least we should agree first about what are the axioms we start from.
For instance, some versions of Crook's fluctuation theorem enable one to get something very close to a maximum entropy principle (on average) "from" simply hamiltonian mechanics (which I would put on the same footing as the least action principle for now) but it is clear that the theorem relies a lot on probability theory (and possibly on Bayesian inference) which, in my view at least, is outside the scope of the least action principle alone.
I think that's an important shift to notice even when invoking Liouville's theorem which is a theorem that makes propositions about probability densities and not about trajectories.
protected by Qmechanic♦ Jul 1 '15 at 21:14
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
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Even a wallow in West Side Story can't clear Lisa's head with Matt on the verge of a return
When it comes to musicals, I certainly show my age. As a child I learnt every word of every song from a raft of Hollywood extravaganzas from High Society and Singin' in the Rain to Oliver! and The Sound of Music.
I don't know where I put my keys five minutes ago and I can't recall the name of someone who has just been introduced to me, but lyrics seem to live on in my memory. In the past week I have seen two such musicals, revived for the London stage.
The first was West Side Story, with the original Jerome Robbins choreography and Leonard Bernstein's soaring score, at Sadler's Wells; the second, Gigi, in the Open Air Theatre at Regent's Park.
The Jets and Sharks may have been more fey than ferocious in this new version of West Side Story, but it's pretty relevant stuff, with its emphasis on ethnic rivalry and knife culture. The show makes the point that no one wins when knives come into play.
Shakespeare may be disappearing from school curriculums but perhaps this modern version of Romeo and Juliet could find its way in. As for Gigi, I'm not sure what can be learnt from the story of louche Parisian playboys cavorting with courtesans, other than that true love sometimes wins the day.
As long as you don't end up living in the past, I think the occasional nostalgia-fest is jolly good for you. With our father having died so recently, my sister Anna and I have found wallowing in our happy childhood musical memories both comforting and uplifting.
My head is full of contradictory feelings, or rather not-knowing-quite-what-I'm-feeling feelings. In less than a fortnight, my husband Matt will be riding back into town after his gap-year travels. I've discovered that he's initially planning to stay with some mutual friends. He hasn't bothered to tell me this, and I find the lack of communication incomprehensible.
When I look around my home I am surrounded by all his belongings - I've moved nothing out of sight. Will it all stay here until we sell? Should I suggest he packs it up and puts it into storage?
Having been in a limbo since the beginning of the year I suppose now, finally, something is going to happen. I'm ricocheting between rage and the desire to tell my husband that we can, despite everything, remain friends.
And then there's the not inconsiderable matter of Mr B, the man I met at the English bookshop in Spain, and with whom I have agreed to spend three days in the Tuscan countryside over the Bank Holiday weekend. I've had the leg wax, the mani, the pedi and the facial.
Tomorrow, before I catch my plane, I will pay a visit to the hairdresser. I've been laying out my clothes, but I need help. I mean, what's a woman supposed to wear for a romantic assignation that also involves stomping up and down hills in 30-plus heat?
Three days of suspended reality is like the answer to a prayer. The words Maria sang in West Side Story were, "I feel pretty, oh so pretty…" Substitute the word "lucky" for "pretty" and that just about sums it up.


text:
We have an old Xserve dual G5 running Leopard client OS (don't ask).
Recently - after a few weeks of happy serving - it has started to shutdown overnight. The "Energy Saver" settings have been set to "never sleep" for everything.
Now the question is, is there a log somewhere I can check why this could be happening? No one in the office is owning up to doing it manually.


text:
Cornbread Hamburger Pie
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 15 mins
a one dish skillet supper, that is a real big hit with kids.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb ground beef
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 medium green pepper, chopped
- 1 (8 1/2 ounce) package cornbread mix
- 1 (10 3/4 ounce) can condensed tomato soup, undiluted
- 1⁄4 cup salsa
- 2 tablespoons ketchup
- 1 tablespoon steak sauce
- parsley
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
- In a 10 inch ovenproof skillet, cook the beef, onion, and green pepper over medium heat until meat is no longer pink, and drain.
- Prepare cornbread according to package directions, and let stand for 2 minutes.
- Put in a 9x13 casserole dish.
- Stir tomato soup, salsa, ketchup, and steak sauce into beef mixture.
- Bake uncovered at 400 degrees for 15 minutes or until lightly browned.
- Sprinkle with parsley.
Most Helpful
This is really good. I made cornbread from scratch (instead of jiffy mix) and I added a jalapeno diced and some diced chedar to the cornbread batter. I also added a can of mixed vegies to the meat mixture. It is very satisfying with a side of steamed broccoli. Thanks for the delish recipe!!
We don't have jiffy mix here but I received some from a swap partner so used it for this. I loved the meat base of the pie but found that the jiffy mix was really hard to spread evenly on top and when it should have been cooked there were a few places where the jiffy mix was still a little gooey. This is a great idea but I think I would have preferred a pastry top..loved the meat mix though. Thanks for posting!
Anything with cornbread is going to be well received in my house. I made half a recipe using ground turkey for the beef and homemade tomato sauce in place of the soup. Cornbread Mix was used for the cornbread topping. The half a recipe made 4 nice servings and a tossed salad completed the meal. Made for *Aussie Swap*


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Academic Legal Writing and Research
This course is designed for students who are already familiar with the basics of academic writing but aim to improve their authoring skills. Issues covered include: writing styles, managing readers' expectations, organizing and structuring texts, writing in different formats. The course is organized as an interactive workshop and will encourage students to both present samples of their own written work and to critique and edit the work of others.
|Sejal Parmar Mathias MöschelCharlotte Steinorth
Accountability for War Crimes
Individuals are increasingly subject to prosecution for violations of international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict), both in national courts and, now more prominently, in international tribunals. The case of General Pinochet of Chile is the most famous example of the first type of jurisdiction. The cases of Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia and Charles Taylor of Liberia illustrate the latter. Within the coming five years the International Criminal Court will effectively be the only international criminal tribunal.
|Richard Goldstone
Advanced Public International Law
The course takes an in-depth look at global contemporary issues from an international legal perspective and critically engages with the complex interaction of legal regimes regulating behaviour across borders and facilitating communal action. Substantive areas covered in this course include international legal efforts to respond to the threats posed by environmental degradation, the rise of piracy, and the use of weapons of mass destruction.
|Marjan Ajevski
Analysis of Antitrust and Industrial Policy in the USA and the European Union
introducing the students into some of the
|Ádám Török
Anglo-American Legal Concepts
The structure, methodology, and some institutions of the Anglo-American legal system differ considerably from the "civil law" of Europe, South America, and parts of Asia. Since the IBL program introduces many substantive law subjects from the perspective of American law, it is important to become familiar early with how a common law legal system works: the central role of the "case law," the analysis of cases to determine their actual "holdings," the reach of "precedent" and of "res judicata", as well the structure of the American court system.
|Peter Hay
Archives, Evidence and Human Rights
The Open Society Archives (www.osaarchivum.org), one of the most significant Cold War and human rights archives in the world, offers a two-credit interdisciplinary course to the students of the Human Rights Program of the Legal Studies Department. The course includes an introduction to the history and philosophy of preserving recorded memory and gives an overview of the basic functions and types of modern human rights archives.
|Iván SzékelyCsaba SzilágyiAndrás Mink
Article 8 of the ECHR: Core Concepts and New Dimensions
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights essentially guarantees the right to respect for private and family, home and correspondence. Despite the clear wording of the text, the European Court of Human Rights developed an immense and diverse jurisprudence encompassing several aspects of these rights that seemingly go beyond the scope of Article 8. The course aims at providing a case-based overview of this evolution and illustrate how the traditional understanding of the right to private and family life (e.g.
|Eszter Polgari
Asylum, Refugees
After a relative calm period in the early 2000s the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons is on the front pages of newspapers again. More than 3 million have fled Syria, the Southern shores and eastern borders of the European Union are crossed by tens of thousand of undocumented people undertaking extremely perilous (and often fatal) journeys.
Is universal refugee law offering an adequate answer? Can it, at all? Did the European Union remain faithful to its traditions of protecting the vulnerable, offering safety to the refugees of non-democratic regimes?
|Boldizsár Nagy
Banking and Financial Institutions
Introducing students to the economics of financial institutions and
|Steven Plaut
Capital Markets and Securities Regulation
The aim of this two-credit course is to provide the students with a solid understanding of the fundamental institutions, problems and solutions connected to the world of capital markets and in particular with the tasks imposed on the regulatory bodies in shaping and enforcing the related regulations in market economies.
|Tibor Tajti
Children's Rights and Juvenile Justice
The course will address the question if there is genuine need to have special human rights instruments for specific groups including children ? Further the universal/local dilemma will be discussed with regard to children's rights. Following an overview of the development of international instruments the unique nature of the Convention on the Rights of the Child will be discussed.
|Károly Bárd
Civil Rights and Liberties in the UK
This course examines the protection of human rights in the UK under the Human Rights Action 1998 (HRA) since its entry into force on 2 October 2000. The course analyses the core provisions of the HRA and the obligations (upon the judiciary and public authorities) that it established. Drawing on the case law of UK courts across a range of civil and political rights, the course assesses the impact of the HRA upon the protection of these rights in the UK.
|Sejal Parmar
Clinical Course
The Comparative Constitutional Law and the Human Rights Programs offer their degrees with a clinical specialization. Students participating in the clinical course will work closely with lawyers, providing comparative legal research as required by the progress of the case. Clinical courses are organized around two intensive workshops and require substantive individual research throughout the academic year.
|Károly Bárd
Comparative Antitrust Law
Antitrust/competition law is one of the most globalized fields of law, certainly because it uses the same world language: economics. Nevertheless, under the surface of superficial unity, competition laws diverge significantly in terms of legal thinking, analytical structure and burden of proof.
|Csongor Nagy
Comparative Bankruptcy Law
Bankruptcy law is often unduly neglected irrespective of its crucial role in times of economic growth as well as crisis. Its importance was, for example, noted by UNCITRAL solely in the second half of the 1990s (1997 Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency), though ever since heightened attention has been given to it (2004 – Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law and 2009 Practice Guide on Cross-Border Insolvency Cooperation).
|Tibor Tajti
Comparative Equality
Equality rights are potentially the most broadly encompassing among fundamental rights. This is because all laws classify. Either a person treated differently may claim an entitlement to being treated the same, or a person treated the same as others may claim that he or she is entitled to different treatment as an equal.
|Michel Rosenfeld
Comparative Freedom of Religion
The first part of the course will be taught by Professor Durham, and will introduce students to the international norms that provide for the protection of freedom of religion or belief. The course will analyze the key relevant norms in the UN system, under the European Convention, within the OSCE, and within other regional human rights systems. Particular attention will be paid to relevant decisions of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights.
|Cole DurhamBrett Scharffs
Comparative Law of Sales
The course will compare and contrast the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"), the Uniform Commercial Code, especially Article 2, ("UCC") from the United States, the common law, and various aspects of the civil law in the treatment of transactions for the sale of goods. There will be occasional references to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Transactions. The course is oriented around sets of problems, and each problem has been derived from a real case.
|Howard Hunter
Comparative Secured Transactions
The course is a comparative survey of leading secured transactions laws (known also as: credit-securing law or personal property security law), one of the sine qua non branches of law of developed market economies. Additionally, this branch of law has been in the center of interest on the international scene since the fall of the Berlin Wall and underwent reforms on all continents.
|Tibor Tajti
Comparative Social Protection
The special character of the course – bringing human rights and business law ideas and students into one class – is based on the close interrelationship between social protection and social security on the one hand and the sound operation of the market under guarantees of political democracy and the guarantee of human rights on the other.
|Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky
Competition Law of the EU
This course aims at giving students an insight in the fundamental principles and techniques of European competition law, with a focus on antitrust (restrictive agreements and dominant positions) and merger control. It will discuss some important cases of the European Court of Justice and decisions of the European Commission applying the competition rules as well as the most important pieces of legislation and quasi legislation in this field.
|Jules Stuyck
Computer Based Legal Research
Understanding legal language and terms of art is essential to success in all types of legal settings and endeavors. This course will help students understand legal terms in English by introducing and discussing fundamental concepts of the (mostly U.S.) common law system though reading court decisions. Students will develop and sharpen their skills required for taking notes on cases and writing case-briefs.
|SJD candidate
Computer Based Legal Research
This course consists of one session of presentation combined with on hand practise in computer labs. The aim of the session is to teach students how to conduct a research online, within a reasonable time frame.
|SJD candidates
Computer Based Legal Research
This course will develop the students' skill in understanding and using legal terminology in English by introducing and discussing fundamental concepts mostly through reading court decisions. In addition, students will develop skills required to recognize and understand case-law, that implies comprehensive understanding of court cases principally in common law and European legal systems.
|SJD candidate
Computer Based Legal Research
The course aims at providing an introduction to the use of key legal databases available through the library.
|SJD Candidate
Constitution Building in Africa
History has seen several waves of constitution-building in the 20th Century with an unparalleled bloom starting in the 1990ies after the fall of the Berlin wall. And while experts recently announced the end of this bloom in new constitutions after the Cold War, the world witnesses another wave of constitution-building, this time predominately in Africa. Quite prominent are the current dynamics in the Maghreb as a result of the Arab spring.
|Markus BöckenfördeGedion Hessebon
Constitutional Adjudication
The course will deal with the distinction between the scope of rights, their limits and the limits on the limits. We will discuss questions concerning scope of rights, definite or prima facia characters of the rights and the distinction between positive and negative rights.
|Aharon Barak
Constitutionalism and Rights Adjudication in South and South East Asia
This course seeks to provide an overview of the theory and practice of constitutionalism in four countries that are located in South and South East Asia: India, Indonesia, Singapore and Sri Lanka. Two of these are among the largest, most pluralistic nations in the world, while the remaining two are small island states. All four nations experienced long periods of colonial rule, which continues to have a decisive impact on their post-colonial legal and constitutional orders. Further, in each of these nations, discussions about constitutionalism have become enmeshed within larger societal
|Arun Thiruvengadam
Consumer Protection
A continuous, hefty expansion of mass distribution of goods and services, the increased volume of cross-border commerce, and the growing unbalance in the bargaining powers of producers and consumers engendered a heated debate on whether and to which extent legislators should intervene to regulate the market and protect weaker parties.
|Caterina Sganga
Contract Theory and Property Rights
The course introduces the main problems of the economics of property rights
|Ugo Pagano
Contracts - Introduction with a Focus on Civil Law
This course provides an introduction to the contract laws of two major civil law jurisdictions: France and Germany. By way of introduction, it discusses the historical development and principal characteristic features of the Code civil and the BGB. It then provides an overview of some fundamental aspects of French and German contract law including (1) contract formation; (2) requirements for contract validity; (3) the legal effects of contracts; (4) remedies for non-performance; and (5) exemptions from liability on the basis of impossibility and hardship.
|Markus Petsche
Contracts - Introduction with Focus on Common Law
The course covers the main features of common law contracts. After a glimpse back in centuries, useful to understand the origin of the great divide between the continental and the Anglo-Saxon approach to the subject, and an overview over general definitions and applicable laws, we will first analyze the distinction between enforceable and unenforceable promises.
|Caterina Sganga
Corporate Governance
Corporate governance has time and again been the subject of extensive scrutiny. This course will focus on the U.S. approach to corporate governance, control, and accountability. It will introduce students to the legal rules and principles, as well as some of the economic factors, that affect the conduct of productive enterprise in the United States. A principal focus will be on large, publicly-traded corporations that dominate much of the U.S. business environment – in particular, its control and the potentially conflicting interests that the corporate form must mediate.
|Charles Whitehead
Courts in Dialogue
International judicial dialogue has grown to become an essential feature of the international human rights regime. The course will explore the advantages and limits of international judicial cooperation through the lens of the European system. The course will allow first hand insight into the operation of the European Court of Human Rights and into judicial decision-making from numerous perspectives (from the bench as well as from the Registry). Organized in Strasbourg, at the seat of the European Court of Human Rights, the course is open to a select group of students.
|András Sajó
Courts in Dialogue
International judicial dialogue has grown to become an essential feature of the international human rights regime. The course will explore the advantages and limits of international judicial cooperation through the lens of the European system. The course will allow first hand insight into the operation of the European Court of Human Rights and into judicial decision-making from numerous perspectives (from the bench as well as from the Registry). Organized in Strasbourg, at the seat of the European Court of Human Rights, the course is open to a select group of students.
|András Sajó
Critical Perspectives on Human Rights
While the (success) story of human rights has generally been celebrated as one of moral progress, a growing body of critical literature is challenging this dominant narrative pointing to the limits and shortcomings of the human rights project. The course will explore diverse critiques of the contemporary human rights regime and highlight ambivalences and blind spots of human rights scholarship and practice.
|Charlotte Steinorth
Critical Race Theory: Race and Law from the United States to Europe
Critical Race Theory emerged in American legal academia at the end of the 1980s as a critique of the limitations both of orthodox liberal civil rights scholarship and of the failure to address race by scholars belonging to Critical Legal Studies. Since then, critical race theorists have developed a rich body of scholarship and critique.
|Mathias Möschel
Designing and Implementing Human Rights Projects
This course is a practical opportunity to conduct research on different human rights issues that OSI programs and other Budapest-based NGOs are dealing with and to develop advocacy strategies on how to remedy the situation from a civil society perspective with the help of mentors experienced in the field.
|Károly Bárd
Development of Legal Systems: Historical Context
This introductory course aims to provide historical background for understanding of influences on the development of major legal traditions. Students are invited to interpret legal documents as both outcomes and creators of historical processes. This approach strives to help students understand the dual nature of legal and constitutional texts - being historical text written in a particular historical situation, on the one hand, and being normative and timelessly conceived legally binding documents.
|Vladimir Petrovic
Drafting and Negotiating International Contracts
Drafting contracts, and in particular international contracts, is a risky business. It is rather a skill developed through experience and not something that can easily be acquired through reading textbooks. Drafting an agreement is often one of the most difficult tasks confronting a young practitioner. The same is true of negotiating such contracts. The course is structured as follows:
Part A:
|Hans-Eric Rasmussen-Bonne
Economics of Law
This course is mandatory for MA students in Economic and Legal Studies and elective for the other students.
|Andrzej Baniak
|Economics of Regulation
|Gergely Csorba
Elements of Comparative Constitutional Law
This course will look at the basic methodologies, notions and institutions of comparative constitutional law.
|Mathias Möschel
Energy Policy
This course introduces students to a global perspective on energy policy. Starting from the observation that the world will remain "hooked" on fossil fuels for decades to come, the course deliberately focuses on oil and gas, and developments affecting the consumption, production, trade or pricing of these commodities.
|Andreas Goldthau
Equal Opportunity Law
Traditional and recent views on the concept of "equality" and "equal opportunity" are confronted in the course. Starting from basic terms of equality protection it introduces students to the dynamics and developing layers of the concept from non-discrimination to substantive equality, of the progress from numerical to substantive diversity of societies and social groups.
|Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky
Equal Opportunity Law
The course on equal opportunity in employment confronts traditional and more recent views on the concept of "equality" and "equal opportunity". It describes basic terms of equal protection by the law (with particular respect to the possible grounds of discrimination) in an international prospective.
|Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky
EU Constitutional Law - Advanced
The course consists of fourteen class hours dedicated to providing an in depth analysis of the constitutional law of the European Union. The course is intended to focus on major themes within the Union's constitutional in order to answer the question "What kind of polity is the European Union?" The course will focus on two main areas: institutional and political matters (the role of the Court and relationships between the Union and Member States), fundamental values of the Union (democracy, citizenship, equality and secularism).
|Ronan McCrea
EU Criminal Justice
The course consists of fourteen class hours dedicated to providing a thorough and practical introduction into European Union criminal justice. The course is offered to comparative constitutional law and human rights law students. The course is embedded in the general framework of the balance drawn between human rights and civil liberties on the one hand and public order, public security, crime prevention and prosecution on the other.
|Petra Bard
EU Human Rights Law and Policy
The European Union's action for the protection and promotion of human rights operates within a complex normative and institutional environment. Despite an original lack of competence in human rights, the European Union has nonetheless gradually developed mechanisms for the protection and promotion of human rights by the Union and its member states. Yet, the EU often faces sometimes strong criticism over its handling of human rights matters.
|Marie-Pierre F. Granger
EU Non-Discrimination Law
The course presents the students with a short view of the development of non-discrimination law in Europe that has grown to a voluminous area of law (norms and case law) in the last one and a half decade not only the through progress of the European Union, but also the concept and scope of non-discrimination in the European human rights conventions, such as the ECHR (Art. 14) and the (Revised) European Social Charter. Protocol no. 12 to the ECHR has to be mentioned, the "Article 13 Directives" of the EU (let alone Art.
|Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky


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Losing Love Has Similarities to Addiction
July 9, 2010 -- Been jilted by your lover? Are you broken-hearted from being dumped? Researchers who've looked at the brains of the lovelorn say rejection by a romantic partner lights up areas of the brain that are associated with addiction, reward, craving, and depression. Romantic love may be linkRead Full Article
Couples Fight Due to Perceived Threat, Neglect
June 25, 2010 -- All couples in committed relationships have disagreements and arguments, and most fights are driven by two fundamental concerns, new research finds. One concern is perceived threat, which involves the idea that your partner is being hostile, overly controlling, critical, or is too qRead Full Article
Voice Is Key in Sexual Attraction
May 26, 2010 -- How can you tell if someone is attracted to you? A new study suggests lowering your voice can communicate sexual desire. While a great deal of sexual attraction may revolve around the visual, evidence suggests sounds are just as important. Voices can communicate a great deal of sociaRead Full Article
Cynthia Nixon on Love, Sex, and Women's Health
While it may be hard to believe, Cynthia Nixon insists that dressing up in fabulous threads and hanging out with your BFFs can actually be a dangerous job. Nixon, whom we all recognize as Miranda Hobbes from Sex and the City -- the cable TV series and the movies -- is sitting by the window of a sushRead Full Article
A Little Gratitude Keeps Relationships Strong
May 24, 2010 -- A new study suggests small thoughtful gestures and a little everyday gratitude toward one's partner can yield a great deal of happiness and help strengthen relationships. However, the researchers caution not to confuse gratitude with indebtedness, which, they said, does help maintainRead Full Article
7 Ways to Put Your Marriage First
By Ellen Seidman It's 8 a.m., and I'm caught up in the get-the-kids-to-school shuffle: shoes, breakfast, knapsacks, and no, you can't bring the vacuum cleaner for show-and-tell. Suddenly, I catch my husband giving me a funny look. "What?" I say, wondering if I have toothpaste on my cheek. "Do you knRead Full Article
He Hit You Once -- Should You Be Worried?
In every issue of WebMD the Magazine, we ask our experts to answer readers' questions about a wide range of topics. In our May 2010 issue, we turned to WebMD's mental health expert, Patricia Farrell, PhD, to discuss at what point being hit in a relationship counts as abuse. Q. During an argument lasRead Full Article
Most Young Adults: Oral Sex Is Not Sex
April 8, 2010 -- What is sex? Think you have that answer down pat? Well, if you have a teen or college-aged child, you might want to ask them what they think. Most young adults agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as "having sex,"Read Full Article
Jennifer Love Hewitt's 13 Real-Life Dating Dos and Don'ts
With Love as her middle name, how could Jennifer Love Hewitt not be in love with love? The Ghost Whisperer star who first broke out in the popular 1990s sitcom Party of Five has dated some of Hollywood's most eligible bachelors and lived to tell the tale of what not to do. She dishes her tried-and-tRead Full Article
March 9, 2010 -- Good health may not only help you live longer, but it could also help you enjoy a longer, more satisfying sex life. A new study shows people who are in good health are nearly twice as likely to be interested in sex in middle and older age and also more likely to report having a busyRead Full Article


text:
I would like to One way Sync My Events From WP-1 to Events on WP-2.
1) I have EVENT MANAGER installed on Both WP Instances.
2) I only want to retrieve the updated events automatically etc from WP-1 to WP-2
3) I do not want to update Events on WP-1 by WP - 2 However.


text:
Chantal joined the SAASA team on the 1st February 2015 and is the Accountant for all three of our sanctuaries and works in our Monkeyland offices.
Chantal has not worked for an animal sanctuary before and says that being around the monkeys is really special. She also says that all of her colleagues are awesome.
As well as working, Chantal is currently studying for her CFA (Certified Financial Accountant) and hopes to qualify in November 2015. Any free time she has, she likes to spend with her son and daughter.
Did you know.......? Chantal suffers from a fear of spiders.
Megan joined our team on the 1st December 2014 and works in the Monkeyland and Birds of Eden curio shops.
What she most enjoys about working here is the friendly staff she works alongside.
In her free time, Megan likes to go to her local church.
What she does in her spare time: go to church
Did you know.........? Megan is a great singer.
Nceba joined Birds of Eden on the 11th January 2015. His responsibilities include general maintenance, feeding and giving guided tours.
What he most enjoys about his role is that he is able to learn so much about all our different animals.
In his free time, Nceba enjoys playing soccer and watching TV, particularly Animal Planet.
Did you know...........? Nceba speaks five languages!
Nobesuthu joined our team in December 2014 and works in our farm kitchen, preparing all the food for our birds and primates.
She most enjoys being able to see all the different species of bird that we have at the sanctuary.
In her free time, Nobesuthu likes to go to church and enjoys having time to relax.
Did you know..............? Nobesuthu has a fear of snakes and lions.


text:
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|Mark Hindess <mark.hind...@googlemail.com>
|Re: [classlib] HARMONY-790 is not reproducible
|Fri, 25 Aug 2006 14:02:41 GMT
On 25 August 2006 at 15:47, "Alexey Petrenko" <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Committers, > > can anybody of you close HARMONY-790 issue please. Since it is not > reproducible on current build. Is the regression test also obsolete - i.e. covered elsewhere? If not, then perhaps that should be integrated before we close the bug. > We got a huge number of open JIRA issues which are has patches or not > reproducible... Thanks for helping by looking at these. If you spot others and send messages and/or add comments in JIRA I'll take a look at them. Regards, Mark. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Terms of use : http://incubator.apache.org/harmony/mailing.html To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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