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Developing for success and sustainability
Adding value to real estate
Growing a solid portfolio
Widening our reach in growth markets
Mapletree was ranked 8thin the APAC Fund Manager Guide
Mapletree was named Asia's Capital Raise of the Year by Global PERE
MGCCT lists on the Singapore Exchange
International attention for sustainable design
One of the top five Consistent Performing Closed-End Private Real Estate Fund Managers
MIT lists on the Singapore Exchange
Build-to-suit, commercial mixed-use, business park and industrial developments
MBC @ Binh Duong, Vietnam; and more on MICF
Mapletree partnerships
Opening of VivoCity Singapore, St James Power Station and groundbreaking of Merrill Lynch HarbourFront
Mapletree and CIMB launch CIMB-Mapletree Real Estate Fund 1; Mapletree enters Japan and Vietnam markets
CIMB Mapletree Management Berhad, TIC Tech Centre and VivoCity
Mapletree reopens revamped World Trade Centre as HarbourFront Centre
Mapletree celebrated the groundbreaking of Noda Logistics Centre in Chiba, Japan. This is a joint development with ITOCHU Corporation under the private real estate fund, MJLD.
Mapletree was ranked 8th in the 2014/2015 APAC Fund Manager Guide, and 5th among Asia-based fund managers by PERE Magazine.
Private real estate fund, MJOF held its final closing in January 2015 and brought total capital commitments of the fund to JPY65 billion.
Mapletree Industrial Trust obtained the Temporary Occupation Permit for its build-to-suit development for Equinix Singapore. The data centre has been awarded the prestigious BCA-IDA Green Mark (Platinum) Award for New Data Centres.
Festival Walk was named the 'Top 10 My Favourite Mall' and 'Best Fashion Mall' at the inaugural Apple Daily Mall Awards 2014.
Ahead of obtaining its occupancy certificate, Global Technology Park in Bangalore, India achieved strong pre-leasing with about half of its approximately 79,100 sqm of NLA in Phase 1 taken up by four Nasdaq-listed multinational corporations.
Private real estate fund, MJOF acquired GA Tama Building, a multi-tenanted office building with GFA of 10,398sqm, located in Greater Tokyo, Japan.
Mapletree was awarded the SG Mark Award 2015 for its Mapletree Business City II development. Awarded by Design Business Chamber Singapore, the award recognises MBC II's innovative and exceptional design.
Mapletree acquired its second Silicon Valley asset with the purchase of an apartment complex for US$84.0 million. The 141-unit development will cater to world-leading technology and healthcare
Mapletree awarded the construction of the second phase of Mapletree Business City (MBC II) to Shimizu Corporation, also the main contractor for the first phase of Mapletree Business City, which was completed in 2010.
Mapletree was awarded a prime commercial site in Kwun Tong, Kowloon (Hong Kong SAR) for HK$3.769 billion.
Festival Walk was named 'Top 10 Favourite Shopping Malls in Hong Kong' at the 'Shopping Mall Awards 2013' organised by Hong Kong Economic Times and Sky Post.
Mapletree received a certificate of outstanding merit for its pioneering efforts as one of the first business entities to set up in Binh Duong New City, Vietnam.
Mapletree obtained the Certificate of Compliance and Completion for Jaya Shopping Centre in Malaysia following a MYR400 million transformation.
Mapletree received international recognition for its expertise in capital management when the 2013 Global PERE Awards named it 'Asia Capital Raise of the Year'.
Mapletree Industrial Trust announced the acquisition of a four-storey light industrial building for approximately S$14.1 million in the Changi North Industrial Estate.
The Group celebrated the groundbreaking of Mapletree Wuxi New District Logistics Park in Jiangsu Province, China.
Mapletree Industrial Trust inked an agreement with Hewlett-Packard Singapore to develop a new build-to-suit facility at its existing Telok Blangah Cluster.
Mapletree obtained the LEED precertification Gold level by the Indian Green Building Council for Global Technology Park in Bangalore, India.
Mapletree commenced the construction of Mapletree Logistics Hub Tsing Yi, a 11-storey ramp-up Grade-A logistics facility located in Hong Kong SAR.
VivoCity was voted 'Best Family-Friendly Mall' and 'Top 3 Best Shopping Centre (City)' at the AsiaOne People's Choice Awards.
Mapletree expanded into the global corporate lodging/serviced apartment business with the signing of a joint venture with Oakwood Worldwide to acquire/develop corporate lodging/serviced apartment assets.
Mapletree acquired a 49% stake in Oakwood Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Oakwood Worldwide's business in Asia.
Mapletree celebrated the opening of its second retail development in China, VivoCity Nanhai located in Foshan, Guangdong.
Mapletree celebrated the groundbreaking of Nanhai Business City Phase 4 located in Foshan, Guangdong. The mixed-use development comprises residential and commercial components, as well as an international education hub.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquired Flex Hub, a warehouse in Iskandar Malaysia from Mapletree Industrial Fund for MYR88.5 million. The property consists of seven blocks of single- and double-storey warehouses and an office block.
Mapletree China Opportunity Fund II successfully bid for a prime mixed-use site in Ningbo City, Zhejiang province. The 8.5 hectare development will comprise residential and retail/lifestyle components as well as a medical centre.
Mapletree launched private real estate fund, MJLD, which held its first and final close with total committed capital of JPY51 billion. MJLD will primarily invest in logistics development assets in Japan.
Mapletree launched private real estate fund, MJOF, which held its first close with JPY56.5 billion in capital commitments. The fund targets high-quality office space located at the fringe of the Tokyo central business district (CBD) and within Greater Tokyo.
SC VivoCity achieved strong pre-leasing commitment ahead of its soft opening in April 2015. It will offer 62,000 sqm in GFA of retail space spread over five storeys.
Mapletree Logistics Trust received the Silver award for 'Best Investor Relations' in the REITs and Business Trusts category at the Singapore Corporate Awards 2014.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquired Daehwa Logistics Centre (renamed Mapletree Logistics Centre- Baekam 2) in South Korea for KRW25.5 billion.
Mapletree Logistics Trust Management Ltd was named one of Singapore's 'Top 50 Brands' by Brand Finance for the third year running, achieving a consistent Brand Rating score of A.
Festival Walk was the winner of the 'Yahoo! Emotive Brand Awards' in the shopping centre category. It is also the first mall in Hong Kong SAR to receive the award for two consecutive years.
Mapletree acquired a 184-unit freehold apartment complex in Sunnyvale, situated at the heart of Silicon Valley, California, marking Mapletree's first corporate lodging/serviced apartment acquisition in USA.
Mapletree acquired Arca Building in Beijing, a three-storey research and development office building, located in Zhongguancun Software Park, also known as the Silicon Valley of China.
Mapletree acquired SII Makuhari Building, a 26-storey office building located in Chiba, Japan. The property is MJOF's maiden acquisition following the private real estate fund's first closing in June 2014.
Mapletree completed the divestment of Mapletree Yangshan Bonded Logistics Park and Mapletree Zhengzhou International Logistics Park to Mapletree Logistics Trust for RMB197.2 million and RMB205.6 million respectively.
Mapletree Logistics Trust Management Ltd was named Frost & Sullivan's 2014 'Asia Pacific Logistics Infrastructure Developer of the Year' for the third time.
VivoCity was recognised for 'Outstanding Efforts in Advertising and Promotions' at the 2014 SRA Retail Awards by the Singapore Retail Association.
Mapletree Industrial Trust Management Ltd was runner-up for the 'Singapore Corporate Governance Award' (REITs and Business Trusts category) at the SIAS Investor's Choice Awards 2014.
Mapletree Commercial Trust Management Ltd was runner-up for 'Most Transparent Company Award' (REITs and Business Trusts category) at the SIAS Investor's Choice Awards 2014.
Moody's Investors Services upgraded Mapletree Commercial Trust's issuer rating from Baa2 to Baa1.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquired 190A Pandan Loop in Singapore for S$34 million. The 10,400 sqm GFA building is a four-storey purpose-built food distribution centre with chiller and freezer facilities.
VivoCity Nanhai was named the 2014 'Commercial Landmark in Foshan City' and the 'Most Influential District Shopping Mall' by Guangzhou Daily.
Mapletree acquired a six-storey Grade-A office building, 144 Montague Road, in South Brisbane, Australia, for A$93 million. This marked Mapletree's first acquisition in Australia.
Festival Walk was named 'Hong Kong Consumers' Most Favoured Shopping Mall' and 'Mainland Consumers' Most Favoured Shopping Mall in Hong Kong' at the Prestigious Corporate Brand Awards co-organised by Ming Pao and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
In the inaugural Building Energy Benchmarking Report 2014 by the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore, Mapletree Business City was named one of the Top 10 Performing Office Buildings (Private), and HarbourFront Centre was one of the Top 10 Performing Buildings (Mixed Development) for their energy efficiency.
Mapletree Business City Shanghai and VivoCity Shanghai were awarded Best Chinese Futura Mega Project- Bronze at the MIPIM Asia Awards 2014.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquired Smart Logistics Centre (renamed Mapletree Logistics Centre-Majang 1) in Gyeonggi province, South Korea, for KRW21.4 billion.
Mapletree acquired a 232-unit apartment property in Dallas, Texas (USA) for approximately USS$60 million. The property is renamed as Oakwood Dallas Uptown.
VivoCity Nanhai was named 'Top 10 Commercial Real Estate' by Winshang.com and 'Top 10 Commercial Landmark' by Pearl River Times. Pearl River Times also awarded Mayfair, the residential component of NBC Phase 1, 'Top 10 Residential Landmark in Foshan.'
Mapletree celebrates the groundbreaking of South Station Enterprise City in Sanshan New City in Foshan, China, the first and largest premium business development to be built within Guangzhou South Railway Station economic circle.
Mapletree Logistics Trust makes further headway into the China market with the acquisition of Mapletree Wuxi Logistics Park (MWLP) from its sponsor, Mapletree at RMB116 million.
Mapletree Commercial Trust makes its maiden acquisition with Mapletree Anson, a 19-storey Grade-A premium office building strategically located within Singapore's CBD.
Jaya Shopping Centre, a redeveloped seven storey neighbourhood mall managed by CIMB-Mapletree Real Estate Fund 1, signs agreements with 12 new anchor and key tenants prior to its soft opening scheduled in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Completed in February 2013, Menara CIMB is a 41-storey Grade-A office building with a NLA of 56,578 sqm and 10 levels of carpark. It is located at KL Sentral, Kuala Lumpur and is designed to meet the standards of Singapore's BCA Green Mark Gold and Malaysia's Green Building Index.
Mapletree hosts 'Arts in the City', a series of arts performances and arts-based workshops at Mapletree Business City that aims to bring arts to the working community.
Mapletree celebrates the topping-out of VivoCity Nanhai in Foshan, China which is scheduled to open by 1Q 2014.
Expected to be completed in 2017, the design of Marina One is unveiled in the presence of Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and the Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak.
Mapletree successfully lists its fourth REIT, Mapletree Greater China Commercial Trust on the Singapore Exchange on 7 March 2013. Priced at S$0.93 per unit, the IPO was 29.5 times subscribed and raised more than S$1.6 billion, making it the largest REIT IPO in Singapore to date.
Mapletree celebrates the groundbreaking of Mapletree Minhang Development Project in Shanghai. Spanning a total GFA of 297,000 sqm, the mixed-use commercial centre incorporates two signature Mapletree brands – Mapletree Business City and VivoCity.
Mapletree Industrial Trust signs an agreement to develop a new data centre for Equinix in Singapore. The S$108 million build-to-suit development has an estimated GFA of 385,000 sq ft and is located in Southwest Singapore within the one-north development.
Mapletree Commercial Trust issued S$70 million of 3.20% Fixed Rate Notes due in 2021, under its S$1 billion Multicurrency Medium Term Note Programme established in August 2012.
Mapletree Industrial Trust celebrated the groundbreaking of a S$108 million build-to-suit development for Equinix's third International Business ExchangeTM data centre in Singapore.
VivoCity Singapore was named Best Shopping Centre by the AsiaOne People's Choice Awards.
Mapletree acquired CentrePoint, a premier office building in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Mapletree Business City garnered the BCA Universal Design Mark GoldPLUS Award, which is a voluntary certification scheme introduced to raise the bar on Universal Design adoption in developments.
Mapletree clinched a prime site in Tsing Yi, Hong Kong SAR, for HK$1.69 billion, to develop a modern multi-storey ramp-up logistics facility.
Mapletree Greater China Commercial Trust established a US$1.5 billion Euro Medium Term Securities Programme together with issuers including Mapletree Greater China Commercial Trust Treasury Company Pte. Ltd. and Mapletree Greater China Commercial Treasury Company (HKSAR) Limited.
CIMB-Mapletree Real Estate Fund 2 Shariah, a Shariah-compliant private real estate fund established through Mapletree's joint venture with CIMB in Malaysia, announced that it will commit to a total project value of MYR450 million after its first closing.
The Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Mapletree Greater China Commercial Trust beat four rivals to win the title of 'Best Capital Raising Strategy of the Year' at the 2013 Real Estate Investment World Asia Awards for Excellence.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquired The Box Centre in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, for KRW28.75 billion.
Mapletree completed the construction of Odawara Centre 2 in Japan, an extension of Odawara Centre 1 which was completed in January 2013.
Mapletree completed the construction of its sixth logistics development in China – Mapletree Zhengzhou International Logistics Park.
Mapletree China Opportunity Fund II closed at its hard cap of US$1.4 billion.
Festival Walk received the Yahoo! Emotive Brand Awards (Shopping Centre Category) 2012-2013.
Mapletree Anson emerged as first runner-up at the ASEAN Energy Awards 2013, in the Energy Efficient Building – New and Existing category.
Mapletree Industrial Trust successfully completed the development of K&S Corporate Headquarters, a build-to-suit project for Kulicke & Soffa.
Mapletree Logistics Trust Management Ltd was named Frost & Sullivan's 2013 Asia Pacific Logistics Infrastructure Developer of the Year.
Partnering the Health Promotion Board, Mapletree Business City was named Singapore's first 'Healthy Workplace Ecosystem' at the launch of the National Healthy Lifestyle Campaign 2013.
MBC II was awarded the LEED precertification Gold level for its sustainable building design.
Mapletree Business City Shanghai and VivoCity Shanghai gained international recognition in building sustainability, receiving the LEED Gold and Silver levels precertification respectively, marking the Group's first LEED pre-certified overseas development.
Mapletree Benoi Logistics Hub, Mapletree Logistics Trust's first redevelopment project in Singapore, was completed with a 100% lease commitment.
Mapletree Greater China Commercial Trust's IPO was named 'Best REIT' at The Asset Magazine's Triple A Regional House and Deals Awards 2013.
Mapletree clinched a prime industrial site in Singapore for S$120 million to develop a modern high-specification industrial facility with office space and a retail centre.
Mapletree steps up its presence in South China with plans to develop an integrated office and business park development within the Sanshan New City in Foshan, Nanhai.
Mapletree celebrates the groundbreaking of SC VivoCity, its first VivoCity mall in Vietnam.
Mapletree Logistics Trust expands its presence in South Korea with the acquisition of two cold storage warehouses for KRW63.5 billion.
Mapletree Business City receives international attention for sustainable design when it emerges as runner-up in the Green Building Category of the Federation Internationale des Administrateurs de Bien-Conselis Immobiliers (FIABCI) Prix d'Excellence Awards.
Mapletree is conferred the Patron of the Arts Award by the National Arts Council for its efforts to promote artistic endeavours in Singapore.
Mapletree Industrial Trust secures a S$50 million build-to-suit project for Kulicke and Soffa to develop its new global headquarters in Singapore.
Mapletree successfully establishes a US$3 billion Euro Medium Term Note Programme, increasing its access to the international debt capital markets outside the USA. This further diversifies and broadens Mapletree's funding sources to support its business growth.
Mapletree Logistics Trust Management Ltd. is ranked 45th of Singapore's Top 100 Brands by Brand Finance, a leading independent intangible asset and brand valuation consultancy, up from 110th position in 2011.
As the Project Manager for Marina One, Mapletree Project Management Pte Ltd celebrates the groundbreaking of the integrated development at Singapore's new Central Business District at Marina South.
Mapletree expands presence in China's logistics real estate space with the groundbreaking of Mapletree (Zhengzhou) International Logistics Park in Henan.
Mapletree Commercial Trust successfully sets up a S$1 billion Multicurrency Medium Term Note Programme and subsequently issued S$160 million in principal amount of 3.60% Medium Term Notes due 2020 under the Programme.
Mapletree Logistics Trust acquires Hyundai Logistics Centre in Gyeonggi-do of South Korea for KRW22.5 billion.
Mapletree Industrial Trust issues S$45 million in principal amount of 3.65% Fixed Rate Notes due 2022, the second issuance under its S$1 billion Multicurrency Medium Term Note Programme established in 2011.
Mapletree is named Best Industrial/Warehouse Developer in Singapore at Euromoney's Real Estate Awards.
At the ASEAN Energy Awards 2012 – Energy Efficient Building Competition, HarbourFront Centre emerges winner in the Retrofitted Category, whilst Mapletree Business City is second runner-up in the New and Existing Category.
VivoCity Nanhai in South China secures its first batch of anchor tenants, with UA Cinemas and LOTUS Hypermarket signing their leases at the marketing launch of the four-storey retail mall.
The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore certifies HarbourFront Centre as Green Mark Platinum under the "Existing Buildings" category – the highest rating for buildings with green features in Singapore.
Mapletree's third REIT, Mapletree Commercial Trust is successfully listed on the Singapore Exchange on 27 April 2011. At S$0.88 per unit, the IPO raises a sizeable S$949.5 million, making it the largest REIT IPO in Singapore.
Mapletree Logistics Trust makes its largest investment in South Korea to date with the acquisition of KPPC Pyeongtaek Centre in Gyeonggi-do for KRW75.6 billion.
Mapletree celebrates the groundbreaking of VivoCity Nanhai, its second VivoCity mall in China.
Mapletree Industrial Trust acquires a portfolio of 11 properties from Singapore's JTC Corporation for S$400.3 million. This brings the total number of MIT properties to 81 with a portfolio value of S$2.6 billion.
Mapletree makes the largest real estate transaction in Hong Kong's history with the acquisition of Festival Walk, its first commercial property in Hong Kong SAR, for HK$19.3 billion.
Mapletree Business City wins the FIABCI Singapore Property Award for Sustainable Development as well as the Skyrise Greenery Award (Merit) by the Singapore Institute of Architects and National Parks Board.
Mapletree Logistics is named Asia Pacific Logistics Park Developer of the Year by top market research and consulting firm Frost & Sullivan.
VivoCity Xi'an (China), Mapletree's first VivoCity to debut outside Singapore, officially opens its doors.
Mapletree acquires its first asset in India, Global Technology Park, a 5.3-ha IT park in Bangalore.
Mapletree India China Fund wins a tender to develop a mixed-use retail and office development in the Minhang district of Shanghai, China.
Mapletree commences construction of Odawara Centre 1 in Japan's Kanagawa Prefecture under a Build-to-Suit arrangement with ITOCHU Japan.
The Alexandra Retail Centre (ARC), the converted retail podium of PSA Building in Singapore's Alexandra Precinct, welcomes its first visitors.
Mapletree is ranked among the top five Consistent Performing Closed-End Private Real Estate Fund Managers by leading private equity information provider Preqin.
Mapletree India China Fund acquires Beijing Gateway Plaza, a premium office development in Beijing's Chaoyang District.
Mapletree acquires IXINAL Monzen-Nakacho Building, its first industrial asset in Japan from ITOCHU Japan.
Mapletree Logistics Trust establishes its presence in Vietnam by acquiring Mapletree Logistics Centre, a single-storey multi-tenanted logistics and warehousing facility with mezzanine offices at the Vietnam Singapore Industrial Park in Binh Duong province.
Nanhai Business City (China) launches the first phase of Mayfair, a residential component of the integrated development, with all 270 apartment units fully sold.
The residential component of Future City in Xi'an comprising over 800 apartments is completed.
Mapletree Industrial Trust is successfully listed on the Singapore Exchange on 21 October. The IPO raises S$1.19 billion, making it Singapore's largest REIT IPO in 2010 with an initial portfolio of 70 properties valued at S$2.1 billion.
Phase 1A of Mapletree Business City @ Binh Duong (Vietnam) comprising five units of ready-built industrial space, a Build-to-Suit data centre and supporting infrastructure is completed.
Alexandra Retail Centre (ARC) at PSA Building is conferred BCA's Green Mark Gold Award.
Tata Communications appoints Mapletree Industrial Fund to develop Tata Communications Exchange, a new generation data centre in Singapore. The building's sustainable features garner it the Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Award (commercial interiors) and the BCA's Green Mark Gold Award.
Mapletree celebrates the topping-out of Mapletree Anson, a 19-storey prime office building in Singapore's Central Business District.
Mapletree partners the Saigon Co.op group to develop Saigon South Place complex, its first mixed-use development in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
VivoCity is conferred BCA's Universal Design (Silver) Award. The award promotes universal design that provides good accessibility and connectivity, catering to the needs of different user groups. Three other developments – Mapletree Anson, Mapletree Business City and Bank of America Merrill Lynch HarbourFront – are given Green Mark awards.
Mapletree Industrial Fund acquires its first asset in Japan. The Sun East Shinonome Building in Tokyo is a light industrial building located in the district of Shinonome in Koto Ward.
VivoCity receives the highest five-star award and is named Regional Winner for Best Retail Development at the 2009 CNBC Asia Pacific Property Awards. Mapletree Business City is awarded four stars in the Best Redevelopment category, while Bank of America Merrill Lynch HarbourFront receives four stars for Best Architecture Design.
Mapletree Industrial Fund acquires its first industrial asset in China, an industrial park located within the Shanghai Baoshan Industrial Zone.
Mapletree Business City, Mapletree's flagship office and business park development in Singapore's Alexandra Precinct, is completed.
Mapletree breaks ground for Phase 1 of Nanhai Business City, its first commercial mixed-use project in China under the Mapletree India China Fund. The planned 42-ha mixed-use development is located in Foshan City of Guangdong province.
Mapletree and ITOCHU sign an MOU to develop US$300-500 million worth of Build-to-Suit development projects for logistics tenants in Japan.
Mapletree begins development works for Mapletree Business City (Singapore), its flagship office and business park project in Singapore's Alexandra Precinct.
Mapletree India China Fund, a total return fund to invest in and develop commercial, residential and mixed-use real estate in China and India, secures US$600 million in committed capital. Future City, an integrated mixed-use development in Xi'an, is one of its seed assets.
Mapletree India China Fund jointly develops Nanhai Business City with a local partner. The mixed-use development located in Nanhai District of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, is Mapletree's first integrated project in South China.
Mapletree and Arcapita jointly form a private fund, Mapletree Industrial Trust, to acquire 64 properties in the first tranche of JTC's divestment, for S$1.71 billion.
Construction commences on the Mapletree Shah Alam Logistics Park, its first logistics park development in Malaysia.
Mapletree is conferred first and runner-up status in Euromoney's Liquid Real Estate Awards for Investment Management in Vietnam and China respectively.
Mapletree India China Fund's final closing raises US$1.157 billion.
Mapletree India China Fund acquires Motorola Tower, a Grade-A office building in Beijing's CBD, and renames it Mapletree Tower.
Mapletree announces its plan to develop Mapletree Business City @ Binh Duong, a 75-ha industrial and business park development in the new City Centre of Binh Duong Province in South Vietnam.
The 68-ha Mapletree Binh Duong Logistics Park in Vietnam is completed.
Mapletree Industrial Fund, a private real estate fund focused on investing in industrial assets in Asia, completes its initial closing, securing US$310 million in committed capital, with Bahrain-based Ahli United Bank's AUB Pan Asian Industrial Fund as a cornerstone investor.
Mapletree acquires a 10-ha site in the Malaysia Shah Alam industrial estate to develop the Mapletree Shah Alam Logistics Park, its first logistics park in Malaysia.
Mapletree enters a joint venture to develop Future City, its first mixed-use project in China. The 200,000-sqm development, comprising four residential towers and a VivoCity retail mall, is located in Xi'an, the capital city of Shaanxi Province.
Mapletree scales up in Vietnam by announcing its plans to develop Bac Ninh Logistics Park, its third logistics park in Vietnam.
Mapletree partners a leading local port operator to develop Mapletree Tianjin Port HaiFeng Bonded Logistics Park in the Dongjiang Bonded Harbour Area in Tianjin Port – its fourth logistics development in China.
Mapletree partners Indonesian property group Lippo Karawaci to list and co-manage Lippo-Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust (LMIRT), which holds a portfolio of Indonesian malls and retail spaces. Mapletree subsequently divests its interest in LMIRT in 2011.
Mapletree acquires its first property for Mapletree Industrial Trust – an industrial building at Changi South, Singapore.
Mapletree enters the China market by inking an agreement with Lingang International Logistics Development Co. Ltd to invest in warehousing space in Lingang Free Port, Shanghai.
The Beacon, Mapletree's first residential development is launched. The 99-year leasehold project, located along Singapore's Cantonment Road, is fully sold out within a month of its launch.
Mapletree celebrates the groundbreaking of Merrill Lynch HarbourFront, its premium office development in Singapore's Harbourfront Precinct. The building is pre-leased to global investment bank Merrill Lynch and is later renamed Bank of America Merrill Lynch HarbourFront.
VivoCity Singapore is officially opened on 1 December. Offering a vibrant mix of retail and lifestyle concepts, the mall is one of Singapore's most popular retail and lifestyle destinations.
St James Power Station, Singapore's largest one-stop multi-concept entertainment hub located next to VivoCity, officially opens its doors.
Mapletree's maiden private real estate fund, Real Estate Mezzanine Fund 1, is set up with a committed capital of S$90 million to invest in property-linked mortgage and mezzanine loans in Asia.
Mapletree lists its first real estate investment trust, Mapletree Logistics Trust, on the Singapore Exchange. The Asia-focused logistics real estate investment trust has an initial portfolio of 15 assets in Singapore valued at S$422 million.
Mapletree enters the Vietnam market with the development of the US$110 million Mapletree Binh Duong Logistics Park within the Vietnam Singapore Industrial Park II near Ho Chi Minh City.
Mapletree enters the Japan market by partnering ITOCHU in logistics and industrial real estate projects throughout Asia.
Mapletree and CIMB launch CIMB-Mapletree Real Estate Fund 1, securing a committed capital of RM327 million after its first closing. The private real estate fund invests directly in development and/or investment assets, real estate investment products and listed real estate securities.
Mapletree begins construction of VivoCity. Designed by renowned Japanese architect Toyo Ito, the 1.5 million sq ft development is envisioned to be a prime retail and lifestyle destination mall in Singapore's HarbourFront Precinct.
Mapletree acquires its first logistics asset, the TIC Tech Centre in Singapore.
CIMB Mapletree Management Berhad, a partnership between Mapletree and CIMB, is established to develop and manage private real estate funds focused on the Malaysia market.
Mapletree reopens revamped World Trade Centre as HarbourFront Centre. The revamp is one of the first important steps taken by Mapletree to transform the old Maritime Square into the thriving HarbourFront Precinct in Singapore today.
Mapletree Investments is established to hold non-port properties transferred from PSA Corporation to Temasek Holdings.


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Confirmed: Geoff Johns Is the New President of DC Entertainment
Comic Books, Film, TV
Showing results 1-3 of 3
Hasbro and Sideshow celebrated May the Fourth with new Star Wars announcements, and Marvel also had some big reveals for fans.
Mattel & Hasbro get Comic-Con International in San Diego attendees excited early with exclusive announcements, plus lots of merchandise from "Iron Man 3," "Man of Steel" and even the Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers!
Premiering Monday, A&E's "Bates Motel" is a modern prequel to "Psycho" that delves into the complex, and downright creepy, mother-son relationship that helped to transform teenage Norman into a serial killer.
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics

subset: commoncrawl


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Poppy Delevingne
Poppy Delevingne in J Brand 485 Skinny Jeans in Black Velvet
Model Poppy Delevingne wore her beloved J Brand 485 Velvet Super Skinny jeans in Black again, this time with their Jade Tee in Pale Blue Heather, a printed kimono and glitter boots while out and about in Belgravia London, England.
We have spotted Poppy out in these jeans countless times now, I can definitely see her wearing them more and more as the weeks go by and styling them in various different ways. I think velvet for Autumn is perfect. It's so classic and rich, it always feels luxurious and warm! Buy J Brand online at Shopbop.com.
Images courtesy of Pacificcoastnews.com.
Poppy Delevingne in J Brand 485 Skinny in Black Velvet
Poppy Delevingne was spotted heading for a night out at the Chiltern Firehouse in London. The model wore her current favorite pair by J Brand, her 485 Skinny in Black Velvet, with a silk shirt and some velvet loafers.
These jeans must be comfortable as we have had three sightings in a row of Poppy in them. I think the styling this time is a great mix of smart and comfortable. I love the pairing of the silk shirt and even though the shoes are also velvet, it doesn't feel like an overload. How many of you will pair together multiple velvet pairs? You can click here to purchase these jeans from the J Brand website for $216.
Image Courtesy of WENN.com
Poppy Delevingne in FRAME Denim Le High Flare Overalls in Eton Avenue
Poppy Delevingne was spotted arriving at Chiltern Firehouse in London to meet up with her sister Cara. The model wore a pair of the FRAME Denim Le High Flare Overalls in Eton Avenue with her Missoni x Chuck Taylor sneakers and a lace shirt.
I find this look to feel very retro, right down to the ponytail. It is very reminiscent of the iconic image of Farrah Fawcett on the skateboard. Though with a vintage vibe, I think the overalls fit her amazing and it is refreshing to see not only a new cut of overalls, but a flare instead. What do you think of these overalls? Are you daring enough to don a flared pair? You can click here to purchase this pair from Net-A-Porter for $300.
Image Courtesy of WENN.com
Poppy Delevingne in J Brand 485 Skinny in Black Velvet
Poppy Delevingne was spotted out with sister Cara in London. The model wore a pair of the J Brand 485 Skinny in Black Velvet with a fur coat and some Missoni x Converse sneakers.
I like that we have caught Poppy wear these both dressed up and casually, like here. I have to admit that I do prefer the casual way that she has worn them. Which way of styling do you prefer? Click here to purchase these jeans from the J Brand website for $216.


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here is another link...
This is a discussion on DHS memo: Assassins headed to Arizona within the In the News: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly forums, part of the The Back Porch category; Looks like the Mexican cartels are beefing up security. http://www.azfamily.com/news/DHS-mem...105069019.html...
Looks like the Mexican cartels are beefing up security.
OEF Veteran
OEF Veteran
This is why you shoot them in the head!
NRA Member
Glock 26 XD9sc
Ruger SR9c Ruger LCP
It's not a matter of if, but when. I'm confident the obama administration will call the first encounter a one-off affair, and we shouldn't all jump to conclusions. After all, we have to embrace diversity, right?
Monsters are real and so are ghosts. They live inside of us, and sometimes they win.
~ Stephen King
This is a national security issue and needs to be handled as such, you guys in AZ need to be ready and know that you have friends in TX who can/will help if called.
"Don't hit a man if you can possibly avoid it; but if you do hit him, put him to sleep." - Theodore Roosevelt
So if they know about this, what are they planning to do about it?
"I cannot undertake to lay my finger on that article of the Constitution, which granted a right to Congress of expending, on objects of benevolence, the money of their constituents." -1792, James Madison
There are always too many Democratic, Republican and never enough U.S. congressmen.
here is an interview with Pinal County Sheriff Paul Babeau...
OEF Veteran
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
...assassins are being hired by drug cartels in an effort to improve drug trafficking through Arizona.
Several Marine snipers, strategically placed along the troubled area would solve the problem.
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
"Don't hit a man if you can possibly avoid it; but if you do hit him, put him to sleep." - Theodore Roosevelt
The lack of border enforcement by this, and previous administrations, is why the chickens are coming home to roost.
Is it any wonder that I support shooting known illegal aliens on site? The Puzzle Palace on the Potomac has created this situation, and we have now come to drastic times. As it has been said, "drastic times calls for drastic measures." Mexico has invaded our country, with numbers and arms, to further their illegal means. It is now time for our leaders to do something about the problem instead of bowing to leaders of other nations. Defending the border with lethal force would be a good first step in furthuring our nation and it's people, and force Mexico to deal with it's problems in their own country instead of using the United States as their welfare system.
Of course I don't think our esteemed leaders will do anything to solve the problem, or fix the issue. Nor do I think that shooting illegal aliens just for being illegal will ever come to pass. I don't know if the latter makes me sad, or makes me breath a sigh of relief. I just know that the problem has gotten out of hand and will require hard, and maybe unfavorable solutions.


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Placer SPCA Ranked 4-Stars for Eighth Consecutive Year
Roseville, CA - Placer SPCA is proud to announce that for the eighth year in a row, we have received four out of four stars from Charity Navigator, America's largest independent charity evaluator, for our sound fiscal management practices and commitment to accountability and transparency.
Placer SPCA ranks in the top 1% of charities that has received 4-stars for eight consecutive years, indicating that our organization outperforms most other charities in the country.
"Placer SPCA's coveted 4-star rating puts them in a very select group of high-performing charities," according to Ken Berger, President and CEO, Charity Navigator. "Out of the thousands of nonprofits Charity Navigator evaluates, only one out of four earns 4-stars. Placer SPCA's supporters should feel much more confident that their hard-earned dollars are being used efficiently and responsibly."
Founded in 1973, the Placer SPCA has continued to play an active role in serving the animals and the people of our community. We are dedicated to facilitating the humane treatment of animals in Placer County as well as a safer, healthier community overall. The Placer SPCA is funded solely by donations, grants, bequests and fees for service.
"It's important for those who invest in our organization - our donors - to know we are responsibly managing our resources." says Leilani Fratis, CEO, Placer SPCA. "Our transparency also provides a clear picture of the impact our donor dollars have on the people and animals we serve."
The Placer SPCA is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, not affiliated with any other entity and does not receive funding from the ASPCA or HSUS.
For more information, visit www.placerspca.org.
Rocklin, Roseville Yellow Pages -Automotive | Business | Community | Education | Finance | Health | Home Improvement
Pet Care | Real Estate | Restaurants | Tech | View All | * Add/Upgrade Business
Placer County News HeadlinesPediatric Dialysis Center Opens at UC Davis Children's HospitalUC Davis Children's Hospital recently opened a new pediatric dialysis center, where patients and their families will be trained on home-based peritoneal dialysis.
Marriage Insight from a Sports ColumnistLast column, I featured Paul Daugherty, nationally acclaimed Cincinnati Enquirer sports columnist, whose daughter Jillian was born with Down syndrome.
County Views Infrastructure Program as a Win-WinAUBURN, Calif. -- Community development and public works projects in Placer County will soon be cheaper and faster after the county board of supervisors voted unanimously
Real Estate: We Still Want to Own Our Home!Roseville, CA- Realtor, Julie Jalone of MagnumOne Realty in Roseville, writes about the recently released Housing Report from Harvard University.
Senior Softball Championship in Roseville and LincolnRoseville, CA - Senior Softball is heating up Placer Valley August 2-7 when the 16th Annual Western National Championships swings into Roseville and Lincoln.
Solitary Cellars 2014 Barbera WineRoseville, CA- What better way to start our new Wine Section than with a wine that is famously friendly in its ability to easily pair with a wide variety a foods.
Rachel Constantini named WJU's Interim Women's Soccer CoachROCKLIN, Calif. - William Jessup University Athletic Director Lance Von Vogt announced recently that Rachel Constantini will be taking over as Interim Head Women's Soccer Coach.
Let's Get Uncorked: Wine Review SectionRoseville, CA- Election Day is rapidly approaching and the time is ripe for serious discussion. In California, few things are as serious as wine.
Dead & Company: Perfect Dose of Party Unity Wheatland, CA- With 105 degrees in the forecast, it's going to be a hot show. Weather aside, Dead & Company continue racking up one incredible performance after another
Baby Boomer Festival and Expo in Roseville on August 13thRoseville, CA- The Baby Boomer Festival and Expo is scheduled for Saturday, August 13th at the Placer County Fair and Events Center in Roseville.
Treating Addiction: Placer County Seeks New ApproachPlacer County is developing a new approach to addiction treatment that treats addiction as a disease, and coordinates addiction services across county departments
Sierra College's Tech Ed Skills on ABC's BattleBotsRocklin, CA - Sierra College Mechatronics Professor Tony Osladil and his former student Jeff Gomez were invited to be on a team for this summer's BattleBots
NEWS: In Case You Missed It


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bardzo dobre zdięcie ...ciekawie skadrowane ,,,dla mnie złota gwiazda pozdrawiam. Marek . Polska
dziekuje bardzo za tak mily komentarz,
zapraszam dalej do mnie na ogladanie moich obrazkow...
Marilyn Whiteley: thank you for the great comment. I'm honoured.
And in real the beautiful colors of the autumn-trees in that small hole of the great gray station were so amazing, that one couldn't look somewhere else...
Beautiful, "zen" atmosphere ! did you ever visit the "Shogun Palace" in Kyoto... same light. Very good picture Regards Annick
Annick Restle: noooooo, but take me there please!!!
Evangelos: and "zen"?
I almost thought like this...
Very cool pictures Roland1! 1975 I was born, it's funny to see a different world which I don't know!!!
Very nice autumn view against the industrialized city. 真的很好看!(Really Nice Shot!) Greetings from China.
thank you very much... :)
Nice City. Newly built since the war and very modern, contrasts with older buildings built before the war. Very spacious and well designed.
Photo taken in Schöneberg, Berlin, Germany


text:
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All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on oreilly.com are the property of their respective owners.


text:
SILVER CITY, N.M. (AP) - A judge ruled Friday that a 12-year-old boy accused of killing a student at Deming Middle School may hire his own psychologist to determine whether he is competent enough to stand trial.
Victor Manuel Cordova Jr. is accused of shooting Araceli Tena, 13, on Nov. 19 in the lobby of the middle school both of the children attended. The girl died the next day in an El Paso, Texas, hospital.
The court ruled last month the boy should undergo an evaluation of his mental fitness to stand trial, his sanity at the time of the shooting and his amenability to treatment. Border Area Mental Health, a nonprofit group, was hired to do the evaluation.
But defense attorney Alan Wagman said the state Public Defender Department has funds to hire its own psychologist to conduct a more extensive evaluation.
Children's Judge V. Lee Vesely agreed, ruling after an hour-long hearing that the boy has a right to hire his own doctor for self-evaluation.
"The child has found another source of money and wants his own evaluator," Vesely said.
Wagman said Las Cruces psychologist Thomas Thompson would be hired to conduct the competency tests on Jan. 20. He would not disclose how much Thompson would be paid.
Victor, who was not in the courtroom Friday, will be transported by the Luna County Sheriff's Department to the tests in Las Cruces. The boy is being held in the county's juvenile facility in Deming.
District Attorney Jim Foy argued that Wagman was "trying to dominate the evaluation process so there would be no other finding than incompetency. I have a problem with that."
Border Area Mental Health psychologist Anthony Scalise testified his organization could conduct the same kind of tests any other psychologist can.
But Wagman said Thompson was a neural psychologist and could go beyond broader tests offered at Border Area Mental Health to determine whether the boy suffered from any neurological deficits.
Wagman also said he told his client not to answer questions from Border Area Mental Health because he is concerned about his rights to confidentiality, privilege, due process and equal protection.
Amarillo Globe-News © 2016. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy / About Our Ads


text:
I'm not a font expert, nor am I an expert in any kind of font-smoothing. I do, for better or worse, have an eye for fonts that aren't smoothed and just look out of place. It was a surprise to me to see how differently various browsers render text in the HTML5 Canvas element. Some browsers do better than others and some just do a terrible job.
Now, there may be a way to force the mechanism of font-smoothing for each browser but in the little time I spent browsing for a solution I couldn't find anything substantial. For each of the results below the canvas was not scaled in any way and a custom font was used. All rendering was done on Windows 8 RC Build 8400.
JavaScript code:
function Draw() {
var canvas = document.getElementById("output");
var dc = canvas.getContext('2d');
dc.font = "48pt SweetlyBroken";
dc.fillStyle = "black";
dc.fillText("does font smoothing work?", 10, 100);
If anyone knows how to force font-smoothing on different browsers, please leave a comment below.


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on January 19, 2014 - 12:01 AM
The Town of Newstead Board is not holding a work session this week due to Monday being a holiday for Martin Luther King Jr. Day. In a work session last Monday, board members decided they would have their final recommendations on the proposed Special Events Law in writing to Town Supervisor David Cummings by Thursday. The plan is to have the law hashed out by the end of the next meeting on Monday, Jan. 27, with a public hearing on the law to follow in February.
Also this week:
• The Akron Central School Board of Education meeting scheduled for Wednesday at 7 p.m. has been cancelled. The next meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, Feb. 5 at 7 p.m. at Akron High School, 47 Bloomingdale Ave., Akron.


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A second shot from a soon to be short animation that myself and a friend are making..like, very short. 3mins or so. And it won't be the smoothest as we don't have time to take thousands of photos. Haven't really animated properly before, so, hopefully its an alright start for us! Hope you like it
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Show and tell for designers
What are you working on? Dribbble is a community of designers sharing screenshots of their work, process, and projects.
Copyright © 2009–2016 Dribbble LLC. All screenshots © their respective owners. Shipped from Salem, Mass. USA.


text: Seville was extra 'fantastique' because of these two wonderful people (Nadia and Jean Claude) who made our stay perfect. From being greeted at the airport, to being given brilliant top tips and ideas, they went out of their way to make sure we had a good time! Our room 'balcon' was lovely and clean, with a proper duvet and slippers... 更多


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HOUSTON COUNTY - An employee at Farley Nuclear Plant in Houston County died Friday after getting hit in the head with a tent pipe.
Houston County Sheriff Andy Hughes said the man was at the plant Friday afternoon, helping others set up for an employee picnic scheduled for Saturday. That's when a storm moved through the area with strong winds. Sheriff Hughes said the winds ripped a pipe out of one of the picnic tents. The pipe reportedly hit the man on the head, killing him on impact.
Sheriff Hughes said the man's family had been notified, but he would not release his name. We've called the coroner for that information.


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All things bright and beautiful, all creatures great & small, All things wise and wonderful, the Lord God made them all.
We are small time dog breeders and with the help of our children strive to provide good quality small breed puppies. Our goal is to provide a quality, healthy puppy and to bring joy to loving families. Our puppies are well socialized and lovingly cared for. We are inspected and licensed by the USDA and the State of Iowa.
Our puppies have been seen by a vet and have current vaccinations and dewormings. They come with registration papers, a 3-generation pedigree, a microchip (if you plan to microchip), a sample of Nutri Source puppy food & their vaccine records. You can see our vet's contact information on our Health Warranty page and read about training puppies and health care on the Puppy Care page.
You'll find feedback on our Guest Book page & see photo's of previous puppies from the puppies page links .
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text:
REGISTER NOW for AAR's 90th Annual Convention & Trade Show Sept. 11-13 in Huntsville! https://t.co/t4SHVBUuKV
9 days ago
Grievance Committee
Committee Charge:
(According to AAR Bylaws Article VIII, Section 1.I and Article XIII)
To receive from local boards and members-at-large, when appropriate (as provided for in the NAR Code of Ethics & Arbitration Manual), ethics complaints and arbitration requests, to determine if, taken as true on their face, a hearing is to be warranted.
(According AAR Bylaws Article VIII, Section 3)
Committee Chairs and members shall have such duties as their titles indicate, and as the Board of Directors may assign. All actions of the committees relative to the association's budget, policy and procedures documents, governmental and political affairs, and to decisions which would have long-term impact on the association shall be subject to the approval of the Board of Directors.
(According to AAR Bylaws Article VIII, Section 1. I)
AAR's president appoints two persons from each of the five AAR regions. Membership in this committee is restricted to Alabama's NAR-trained professional standards (procedural) instructors: local board officers, directors, grievance committee members, professional standards committee members and executive officers.
(According to AAR Bylaws Article VIII, Section 8)
The chair of the standing committees shall charge and appoint their respective Task Forces and Action Groups to function as authorized by these Bylaws or the Policy & Procedures Manual. The AAR President may appoint special Task Forces and Action Groups as necessary. Committee Chairs and the President shall coordinate these appointments.
Committee Members:
Mary Merritt, Chair
Cy Cain, Vice Chair
Jimmie Ann Campbell
Jerry Gray
Chris Lee
Dot Mash
Anne Powell
Patti Stone
About Us
The Alabama Association of Realtors® (AAR) is the largest statewide organization of real estate professionals comprised of over 13,000 members. United by adherence to a Code of Ethics, our members work as real estate professionals in the sale, lease, appraisal, management and development of residential, commercial, rural and resort properties throughout Alabama.
Get In Touch
522 Washington Avenue
Montgomery, AL 36104
Tel (334) 262-3808
Fax (334) 263-9650
Free | 1-800-446-3808


text:
Re: 5% Points or Cash back on airlines all the time
My experience with Chase Sapphire Preferred is very good.
I use Kayak.com to identify which flights are most suitable and best prices and write down flight numbers. Close Kayak and go to Chase ultimate rewards.
I then transfer all Freedom points to Sapphire Preferred and then buy identical kayak flight numbers for identical prices.
That way, I get best deals as well as 25% bonus from CSP by which I get $500 worth ticket with worth $400 points.
Plus I get 2% on purchase amount for future.
(3,641 Views)


text:
Surrounded by the stunning mountain scenery of South Tyrol, our youthful head chef Christoph Terschan creates hearty gourmet cuisine on the highest niveau. Deeply enrooted in the Alpine region yet with long-standing experience as a chef in legendary restaurants in Portugal, Holland and South Africa, Christoph's unmistakable style is characterized by a rare fusion of the Alpine and the Mediterranean. His compositions combine the familiar with the unexpected in a manner that is as passionate as it is graceful, beguiling even the most seasoned palates.
So goes the old saying, and it's one we've taken to heart. Our royal buffet is our pride and joy. It goes without saying that all our specialities are fresh and homemade. We offer everything you could wish for: mouth-watering bread, croissants fresh from the oven and South Tyrolean pastries, served with fruit jams and chutneys, creamy nut spread or delicacies from the cheese counter with antipasti – or would you prefer muesli, nuts and fruit from the fresh fruit bar?
It's all accompanied by freshly pressed juices and teas made with herbs and flowers from our garden. And there's also prosecco for anyone who would like to get the day off to a sparkling start. A selection of three warm dishes can also be ordered from the gourmet menu.


text:
oh do add mine as well ! ( i love bandwagons :D ):
-- michael
Uhm... here's mine ^^;
this is a great idea!
would it be possible to set it up so that people could ping the site, then we could have the list of 'recently updated' blogs that all the MT ex-users really miss :)
Sure add me, http://www.theright.tk/ :D
Mine, http://premrara.com
and another to the list
add me to the list. http://www.skylab.ws
Where is this list of WP blogs ?
I can't find it...........
Visual Grammar
mine here...
Palm, PDA, Politics, and other. In Spanish only, currently. Cheers.
Love WP!|
Baaaa baaaaa baaaaa
Organic Shadows @ http://www.os42.com
Thank you :)
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
- Aims and Scope ·
- Annual Issues ·
- Article Processing Charges ·
- Articles in Press ·
- Author Guidelines ·
- Bibliographic Information ·
- Citations to this Journal ·
- Contact Information ·
- Editorial Board ·
- Editorial Workflow ·
- Free eTOC Alerts ·
- Publication Ethics ·
- Reviewers Acknowledgment ·
- Submit a Manuscript ·
- Table of Contents
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 878595, 10 pages
Self-Optimization of Coverage and Capacity in LTE Networks Based on Central Control and Decentralized Fuzzy Q-Learning
Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 18 July 2012
Academic Editor: Yiqing Zhou
Copyright © 2012 Jingyu Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
To reduce capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) in network operations, self-organizing network (SON) has been introduced as a key part of long-term-evolution (LTE) system. Self-optimization of coverage and capacity is one of the most important tasks in the context of SON. This paper proposes a central control mechanism that utilizes the fuzzy Q-learning algorithm in a decentralized fashion for this task. In our proposed approach, each eNB is a learning agent that tries to optimize its antenna downtilt automatically using information from its own and its neighboring cells, and the initialization and the termination of the optimization processes of all agents are in the control of the central entity. The simulation results verify that our proposed approach can achieve remarkable performance enhancement as well as fast convergence, indicating that it is able to meet different levels of demands defined by 3GPP for coverage and capacity optimization.
1. Introduction
In order to achieve higher network performance and flexibility, while reducing capital expenditures and operational expenditures, 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) introduces the concept of SON in [1]. In the context of SON, LTE systems have self-organizing capabilities of automating the configuration and optimization of the wireless network by introducing functionalities of self-configuring, self-optimizing, and self-healing [2, 3].
The research and development of online algorithms are vital parts in self-optimization process due to the challenges existing in realistic networks. Usually there is no definite mapping function from the input vector and adjustment parameters to the optimization objective, and thus it is difficult to solve the optimization problem directly. Besides, the input space and the parameter space can be very large, thereby full search algorithms are computationally prohibited. Furthermore, the information about the input may be incomplete and partly incorrect, which may cause negative impact on decision making.
The simulated annealing algorithm may be one of the candidates for solving the above optimization problem. It is a probabilistic heuristic searching solution to combinatorial optimization problems by simulating the physical process of annealing where a substance is gradually cooled to reach a minimum-energy state [4]. It has been widely applied in the network planning and optimization. For example, Siomina et al. [5] adopts the simulated annealing as an automated optimization engine with the aim of minimizing CPICH power by adjusting antenna parameters. However, it achieves optimization of service coverage in the offline mode with hypothetical network settings, and it does not run in the SON entity, a realistic node with self-optimizing functionalities in the network. The idea of simulated annealing algorithms is applied to the coverage and capacity optimization task in the context of SON by Cai et al. [6]. In his study, the optimization is achieved by controlling downlink transmit power with the Annealed Gibbs Sampling method in a decentralized SON manner. His approach relies on the accurate information about the interferences the evolved Node B (eNB) will bring to its neighboring cells at its all transmit power levels. However, as for adjusting antenna parameters, such as downtilt angles, this application of simulated annealing algorithms is limited, since such information cannot be predicted due to the ill-defined influence of changing downtilt angles on users' received signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR). Admittedly, simulated annealing algorithms can overcome these difficulties if they are utilized in a centralized way, in which the central entity runs the algorithm to search for the global optimal solution. Nevertheless, the change interval (i.e., the time needed between two successive iterations) has to be relatively large due to long operating time for collecting the global information.
In this paper, we apply Q-Learning technique in a decentralized manner for the joint optimization of coverage and capacity task. Q-Learning is a practical form of Reinforcement Learning (RL) which is an important subfield of machine learning. RL is a type of learning involving an agent learning behavior that achieves a goal by directly interacting with its uncertain environment and by properly utilizing past experience derived from previous actions [7]. And we combine the fuzzy rule with the Q-Learning to deal with the realistic problem whose input and output variables are continuous. In addition, we introduce the central control mechanism which is responsible for the initialization and the termination of the optimization process of every learning agent deployed in every eNB.
The rest of the paper is outlined as follows. In Section 2, we describe the SON concept including its basic framework, use cases, and architectures. In Section 3, we discuss about the implementation of our approach with the hybrid architecture for the coverage and capacity optimization task. In Section 4, we present the details of the learning technique applied into our approach with the decentralized multiagent manner. In Sections 5 and 6, we show the simulation setting and the corresponding results. In Section 7, we conclude the paper.
2. SON Concept
2.1. Basic Framework and Use Cases
Aiming at reducing CAPEX and OPEX, self-organizing functions have highly automatic features requiring minimum manual intervention. It consists of self-configuring, self-optimizing, and self-healing functionalities. Figure 1 depicts a basic framework for these functionalities [8].
Self-configuration provides the capabilities for newly deployed eNBs to finish the configuration with automatic installation procedures for obtaining the basic configuration information to operate the system. This process works in preoperational state, which is known as the state from when the eNB is powered up and has backbone connectivity until the RF transmitter is switched on. The use cases for self-configuration include automatic configuration of physical cell identity, neighbor-list configuration, and coverage/capacity-related parameters [2].
Self-optimization offers the benefits of the dynamic optimization in the operational state, which is known as the state where the RF interface is switched on, as shown in Figure 1. This functionality reduces the workload for site visit and analysis of network performance manually, resulting in reduction of OPEX. The main use cases for self-optimization are coverage and capacity optimization, energy savings, mobility robustness optimization, mobility load balancing optimization, RACH optimization and interference reduction [2].
The introduction of self-healing process is to solve or mitigate the faults that could be solved automatically by activating proper recovery actions in the operational state. It includes not only the automatic detection as well as localization of the failure, but also the recovery and the compensation actions. The use cases of self-healing are cell outage detection, cell-outage compensation, cell outage recovery, and return-from-cell-outage compensation [3].
2.2. SON Architecture
Regarding the SON entity allocation, there are three basic ways to implement the SON architecture, namely centralized SON, decentralized SON and hybrid SON, as shown in Figure 2 [9].
In the centralized architecture, the SON entity (i.e., the optimization algorithms) resides on the network management system (NMS) or a central SON server that manages all the eNBs. With the global information from all the eNBs, centralized architecture can readily approach the global optimum. However, the updates of parameters are rather slow, and the optimization process would cost much time because of the large operating interval to collect all the information from all the eNBs who also need to receive the measurements from their UEs (user equipments). Therefore, the applicability of many effective algorithms with slow response time is restricted, that is why the purely centralized architecture does not gain much support from the vendors.
In the decentralized architecture, each eNB has a SON entity, which means each eNB runs the optimization process and gives the decision autonomously based on its UEs' feedback information as well as other information from some other eNBs via the X2 interface. This decentralized architecture allows for ease of deployment and optimization on faster time scale. However, with such decentralized manner, there may be challenges on the stability of the network as well as the overall optimization performance.
The hybrid architecture, as its name indicates, is a combination of the centralized and the decentralized SON, which means part of a SON entity is located in the eNB, while the other is deployed in the NMS. Thus, it provides a tradeoff between the two architectures. For example, the selection of eNBs participating in the optimization, the initial parameter setting, and the objective setting is done in the central NMS, while the core optimization algorithm runs within the involved eNB.
Each architecture has its own advantages and disadvantages on implementation. Which is the most suitable approach depends on the requirement of the use case, the optimization objective, the infrastructure deployment, and other specific conditions.
3. Joint Optimization of Coverage and Capacity under Hybrid Architecture
Optimizing coverage and capacity of the network is one of the typical operational tasks of SON. The automating of this task can minimize human intervention in the network by discovering the coverage and capacity problems through the eNB and UE measurements and by optimizing RF parameters through intelligent algorithms automatically. Its objectives include coverage optimization, capacity optimization, and joint optimization of coverage and capacity. The challenges of joint optimization of coverage and capacity include the tradeoff between coverage and capacity, the SON architecture implementation, the selection of indicators to observe and parameters to optimize, and so forth.
3.1. The Hybrid Architecture
For this task, the coverage and/or capacity problem is usually regional, and thus, only one or two cells are usually involved in the optimization; even if more than two cells are involved, antenna-parameter adjustment causes only local impact, which means only neighbors' information is required to ensure stability and convergence. Hence, it is possible to run the algorithm in a decentralized manner to achieve the optimization. In addition, requiring only the information from its own UEs and from its neighboring cells, such manner can provide fast timescale of operation, as discussed in Section 2.2.
On the other hand, the capacity and coverage problem detection, the selection of eNBs, when to start/stop their optimization, and initial parameters of the algorithm need to be chosen in a central entity that can obtain the global information.
Based on the above considerations, we use hybrid architecture in our approach, which means we implement the control functionality including optimization activation/deactivation and initial parameter setting in a central entity, and deploy the optimization algorithm in every eNB in a decentralized manner.
3.2. Indicators
For self-optimization tasks, many indicators for observation, such as UE signaling reports, pilot-strength measurements and traffic counters, are recommended in [2].
The spectral efficiency (SE), referring to the information rate that can be transmitted per unit bandwidth, is a frequently used metric for evaluating system performance. We can use the CDF of 50% tile of the spectral efficiency distribution to denote the system capacity [10]. As for the system coverage, considering that the users on the cell edge experience significantly poorer performance and greater probability of outage than the others in the cell, their performance metric can be reflected by the CDF of 5%-tile of the spectral efficiency [11]. Given that the spectral efficiency can be easily predicted by the RSRQ information that each eNB collects from its active users, RSRQ is a good choice as the indicator for the joint optimization of coverage and capacity.
To balance coverage and capacity, we define a joint performance metric (JPM) as the weighted sum of the spectral efficiency CDF of 50% tile and 5% tile by a fixed factor
In addition, to take into account the impact of interference from neighboring cells, the optimization processes should be performed jointly. Hence, we use the key performance indicator (KPI) defined in formula (2) as the optimization objective of each eNB (cell). where is the joint performance metric for cell , is the weight for cell , and is the set of its neighbors. Each cell calculates its KPI with its own and its neighboring cells' JPM by formula (2).
3.3. Outputs
The outputs, which are the parameters to adjust during the optimization process, could be the transmit power, antenna azimuth, antenna downtilt, and so forth.
In the process of self-optimization, each eNB may tend to increase transmit power in order to improve its capacity and coverage, but it would cause serious interference to its neighboring cells, thereby making little improvement for the overall system performance. In addition, antenna azimuth is one of the antenna configuration parameters which have great impacts on the cell overlap, and adjusting it can reduce cell overlap significantly, thereby improving the performance of the edge users. However, adjusting antenna azimuth has to be done mechanically, which would require costly site visits and significant time consumption. Comparatively, antenna downtilt is a better candidate for self-optimization of coverage and capacity. On one hand, signal power levels from the home cell can be improved with interference to the neighboring cells being effectively reduced by increasing the downtilt angle; on the other hand, coverage problems on the cell edge can be alleviated by decreasing the downtilt angle. Thus, we can make a tradeoff between the coverage and capacity by adjusting the downtilt angle. And fortunately, the advances in electrical downtilting enable the automated optimization task without any costly site visits by utilizing remote electrical downtilt (RET) controllers [12]. Therefore, we choose antenna downtilt as the parameter to be optimized in this paper.
3.4. Process Flow
The flow chart of the decentralized optimization approach is shown in Figure 3. After mapping RSRQ to SE, the two statistics, that is, and , are both obtained. With its own and its neighbors' SE statistics, JPM is calculated by formula (1), and KPI is calculated by formula (2). The optimization algorithm tries to search for a better downtilt configuration with a certain learning technique based on the current KPI as well as some previous KPIs.
4. Learning Technique
Q-learning [7] involves an agent with the learning behavior of achieving a goal by interacting with its uncertain environment (i.e., performs an action and receives rewards from the outside) and by learning from the past experience. In the Q-learning algorithm, there is a set of states and a set of actions. Each time the agent selects one action from the action set according to a quality function which is the quality metric of a state-action pair. After performing the action, the agent moves into a next state, and obtains a reward from the environment, with which it updates its quality function. The goal of the agent is to maximize the total reward.
Fuzzy logic is usually introduced in RL algorithms as an approximate approach when realistic problems have input and output variables with a large or infinite number of possible values (e.g., continuous downtilt) [13].
In this paper, we propose the Fuzzy Q-Learning (FQL) algorithm which combines the fuzzy logic with QL algorithm in the decentralized manner where multiple agents aim at achieving their own optimal goal by interacting with the environment. And the factor considering the performance of the neighboring cells is introduced in the goal.
4.1. FQL Algorithm
Let be the state space, and be the action space. denotes the reward received at the state with the action performed. The objective of an agent is to find an optimal policy for the state to maximize the utility function which is defined as a long-term sum of discounted rewards. where and denote the state and the action of the agent at step , respectively, and γ is the discount factor.
The solution of this maximization problem uses the quality function that is defined as the expected sum of discounted rewards from the initial state under policy π as follows: The low discount factor means immediate rewards are optimized, while the high one counts future rewards more strongly.
The Q-learning algorithm solves this with the Temporal Difference (TD) scheme by updating the quality function iteratively, as indicated in the following equation: where is the learning rate. With higher learning rate, the agent would learn faster, taking shorter time to achieve the optimal, but it might violate the convergence condition if the learning rate is too high.
The introduction of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) enables the possibility to treat continuous state and action spaces. An FIS is described by fuzzy rules as follows [13]: where is the modal value corresponding to rule , and are potential actions whose quality values are initialized to zero.
For every rule , let be the subscript of the rule action chosen by an exploration/exploitation policy (EEP) using ε-greedy method as follows: where is the probability of taking a nongreedy action, less than but close to 1. It is a tradeoff factor between exploration and exploitation.
The inferred action for input vector and its quality are given by where , the degree of truth in the FIS for rule , is defined by a certain membership function which must satisfy and .
At time step , after performing action , the state becomes . The value of this state is defined as
The incremental quantity can be calculated by and the elementary quality can be updated by the quantity
The detail of the FQL algorithm is presented in Table 1.
4.2. Decentralized Self-Optimization Approach on the FQL
In our decentralized self-optimization approach, the multiple learning agents are the eNBs involved in the optimization process and each eNB runs its own process based on the FQL. In such a multiagent setting where each agent learns independently, we can regard the other agents as part of the environment. Although for such case the convergence to the optimal point could not be proved rigorously, this multi-agent learning approach has been shown to converge in multiple applications [14].
We adopt the current downtilt of each eNB as the state of the FQL for each agent, which is fuzzified by 5 membership functions (one function denotes one rule, i.e., ), as depicted in Figure 4. And the action is the angle modification applied to the current downtilt with the following settings:
The change of the KPI is chosen as the reward function (i.e., ). In brief, by adjusting the antenna downtilt and receiving the feedback of reward, each eNB tries to maximize the KPI with the learning technique.
5. Simulation Setting
The simulation results presented in this section are derived from a dynamic LTE-based system-level simulator developed with Matlab tool in the light of [15]. The simulation scenario is based on a hexagonal network deployment with a number of eNBs and UEs randomly distributed in the network area.
In the downlink, the received signal power of each UE in its serving cell is influenced by the thermal noise and interferences from its neighboring cells. The received SINR is calculated as where is the transmit power (in linear unit) of the cell (assuming the cell is the severing cell for user); is the path loss (in linear unit) from the cell to the user ; is the variance of receiver thermal noise modeled as AWGN; the spectral efficiency for each UE is mapped from the received SINR as follows: where Ω is a step function mapping SINR to the spectral efficiency, which is derived from LTE link-level simulation results and illustrated in Figure 5 [16].
The key parameters for scenario configuration are listed in Table 2, many of which are from 3GPP reports [17]. Three use cases defined by 3GPP [9] are considered in our simulations. In the use case shown in Figure 6(a), there are coverage holes among the cells, and the RF parameters are to be adjusted to expand the coverage area of each cell. In the use case shown in Figure 6(b), LTE systems are deployed with islands of coverage, but due to poor RF planning, the deployed network may fall short of the designed footprint. As a result, the whole coverage is to be enlarged by adjusting the RF parameters of the eNBs. In the last case shown in Figure 6(c), a new site is added into the existing coverage. In such case, the new site and the surrounding eNBs need to automatically adjust their RF parameters to minimize interference in the area, while maintaining the service coverage.
In this paper, each site has three sectors, and we call sector as cell. Each eNB controls one cell, and it is an SON entity that runs the FQL algorithm. The central entity is in control of all the decentralized entities, deciding when to start/stop the FQL algorithms running in each SON entity, as well as the setting of the FQL algorithm parameters listed in Table 3.
Considering the total delay to be at the level of 100 ms, we set the time-step size as 200 ms in this simulation. And at each time step, only one agent is activated, in order to ensure the validity of the approximation that the other agents are considered as part of the environment. For comparison, we find the optimal solution by searching all possible downtilt angles (from 4.0° to 20.0°, with 0.5° as the step) for all eNBs in the three use cases respectively.
6. Results and Discussion
In practical application, when to stop the optimization process should be decided by the central entity who compares the average of all the JPMs reported by the involved eNBs with preset threshold, for example, the initial one minus an expected gain from the optimization process. But in order to illustrate the convergence of the FQL algorithm, we run all the simulations for 2000 steps in the three cases.
Figure 7(a) shows the convergence curves for the proposed approach and the global optimal value searched offline in the Isolated Island Case; and Figure 7(b) presents the spectral efficiency distribution before and after the optimization process in this case. Figures 8 and 9 indicate the results in the coverage hole case and the newly added site case, respectively.
From Figure 7(a), we can see that in the isolated island case, our proposed approach obtains remarkable gain (about 34%), and it is close to the global optimal value which has about 38% gain. Figure 7(b) illustrates that the system coverage (i.e., 5% tile of the spectral efficiency) and capacity (i.e., 50% tile of the spectral efficiency) are improved by roughly 67% and 27% from the initial coverage and capacity performance, respectively.
In the coverage hole case as shown in Figure 8, the final JPM obtained by our proposed approach is very close to the global optimal as well, and the system coverage improvement is about 380%, which is much more remarkable than the capacity improvement. It is because in this use case, the coverage performance is rather poor at the beginning due to the large coverage hole at the cell edges, and in the optimization task the coverage is greatly emphasized with the JPM factor .
In the newly added site case, the coverage problem is relatively not so serious while the capacity problem may be notable due to the newly added site which would cause great impact on the central users in the cells close to the new site, so we emphasize more about the capacity (with ). As depicted in Figure 9(b), our approach achieves 13% capacity improvement and the similar coverage improvement.
In sum, the results in all these cases demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to achieve high-performance gain in terms of coverage and capacity, which is close to the optimal. And the tradeoff between coverage and capacity can be easily balanced by setting the factor λ. Besides, from the results we claim that 1000~1500 steps are enough for the convergence in these three cases, since there is little improvement of the average JPM after 1500 steps in Figures 7(a) and 9(a), and after 1000 steps in Figure 8(a). Yet the actual time for reaching the optimal is determined by the time demanded for the eNB to perform the adjustment, and the time for the user equipment to feedback measurement. Considering the total latency is at the level of 0.1 second, we set the time step to be 0.2 second in the simulations, and thus the total time for 1000~1500 steps is 200~300 seconds. Hence, the convergence rate of the proposed approach can meet the need of practical applications.
7. Conclusion
This paper presented an online approach for optimizing coverage and capacity autonomously in LTE networks, which is based on the central control mechanism, and the decentralized fuzzy Q-learning algorithm. All learning agents are in the control of the central entity, and try to optimize its antenna downtilt automatically using information from its own and its neighboring cells.
From the simulation results obtained in different use cases, we can draw the conclusion that our proposed approach not only achieves remarkable performance gain in terms of coverage and capacity, but also has good characters of convergence rate and stability in the multi-agent system. In addition to coverage and capacity optimization, this automatic approach with the ability to learn from the changing environment may also provide other self-optimizing capabilities for LTE self-organizing networks.
This work was supported by 973 Project (no. 2012CB 31600), Beijing Natural Science Foundation Funded Project (no. 4110001), National S&T Major Project (no. 2010ZX 03005-003 and no. 2011ZX 03003-002-01).
- 3GPP TS 32.500, "Self-organizing networks (SON); Concepts and requirements (Release 9)," V9.0.0, December 2009.
- 3GPP TR 36.902, "E-UTRA; Self-configuring and self-optimizing network (SON) use cases and solutions (Release 9)," V9.3.1, March 2011.
- 3GPP TS 32.541, "SON; Self-healing concepts and requirements (Release 10)," V2.0.0, March 2011.
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- T. Cai, G. P. Koudouridis, C. Qvarfordt, J. Johansson, and P. Legg, "Coverage and capacity optimization in E-UTRAN based on central coordination and distributed Gibbs sampling," in Proceedings of the 71st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC '10), pp. 1–5, May 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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- 3GPP TS 36.300, "E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 9)," V9.9.0, December 2011.
- 3G Americas, "The benefit of SON in LTE: self-optimization and self-organizing networks," July 2011.
- ITU-Recommendation, "Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)," Rec. ITU-R M.2134, November 2008.
- IEEE 802.16m-07/004r4, "IEEE 802.16m Evaluation Methodology Document (EMD)," November 2008.
- W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
- P. Y. Glorennec, Reinforcement Learning: An overview, European Symposium on Intelligent Techniques, Aachen, Germany, 2000.
- L. Panait and S. Luke, "Cooperative multi-agent learning: the state of the art," Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 387–434, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- ITU-Recommendation, "Guidelines for evaluation of radio transmission technologies for IMT-2000," Rec. ITU-R M.1225, 1998.
- 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 R1-071987, "LTE downlink performance verification for frame structure type 2," Telephone Conference, April 2007.
- 3GPP TR 36.814, "E-UTRA; Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects (Release 9)," V9.0.0, March 2010.


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Emergency Nurses' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Precepting Undergraduate Nursing Students in the Emergency Department
Questions? Contact IENR at email@example.com or (847) 460-4119.
All researchers are encouraged to publish their findings in the Journal of Emergency Nursing.
The ENA Foundation is excited to offer research grant opportunities and scholarships to advance the specialized practice of emergency nursing. For more information, visit www.enafoundation.org.


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Ms. Higbee's practice primarily consists of commercial and real estate matters, including real estate litigation, real estate transactions, loan closings, landlord-tenant law, owners association law and property management matters.
She received her Juris Doctor from Brigham Young University, J. Reuben Clark School of Law. She graduated from Southern Utah State College with degrees in English, business administration and dance. Ms. Higbee was admitted to the State Bar of Nevada in 1989.
Ms. Higbee is a shareholder with the firm. She has an AV Preeminent® rating by Martindale-Hubbell®, the highest possible peer rating for ethical standards and legal ability. She is currently a member of the Nevada Justice Association and the Clark County Bar Association. Ms. Higbee teaches seminars on various subjects, including commercial leasing, residential landlord-tenant matters, and homeowner association matters and she has authored numerous articles on real estate topics.
Ms. Higbee was raised in Southern Utah. As a form of relaxation away from the law she enjoys boating, playing volleyball and spending time with her family.


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I'm a developer within Microsoft Consulting Services in the UK. Prior to that I was a freelance contractor for a number of years specializing in Microsoft technologies.
I don't expect to be a prolific blogger but I'll try and share the odd useful nugget of information for anyone who happens to be passing by.


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Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
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I have been suffering from chronic hives for almost 6 years. I have done extensive research on the potential causes of my symptoms, and I have always referred back to APD. Can you recommend a test that would confirm this as a diagnoses? Is a skin test the best option, or is there something that can be checked with a simple blood test? Do you know of someone who specializes in this disease? My husband and I are recently married, and I want to know if this is going to be a factor in our chances to conceive. Any help you could provide would be greatly appreciated. Click here for answer
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My site is the-wolf-and-i.com
I've been using the Pinboard theme and modifying things a bit, but am now having trouble with something quite simple. I'd like the 'news' page of my site to display the posts, and the homepage/frontpage to act like any of the other pages and be able to feature content/writing/photos, but not display any of the posts.
I've tried to achieve this - I've checked the 'front page displays static page' in the settings, and selected my 'news' page as the posts page, but at the moment that just makes both the news page and the homepage display the posts.
Can anyone give me some advice on how to achieve what I want?
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Hi guys, looking to get some feedback on this button, this is supposed to be a rubber coated button, the kind you get on waterproof equipment. Im still not 100% on it, everything's done in ps with custom shapes and layer styles, your thoughts.
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Construction spending has been slowing since the start of the year but the level remains higher than at this time last year. Total spending is up about 8% after last year's strong finish and a good start in Q1 this year. Private construction leads the way with some sectors showing gains in the double digits (hotels, housing, and offices), while public construction is off 5–7% in most categories. Labor costs are up 1.8% this year. Expect continued overall growth for the rest of this year.
After increases in 2012 of 5%, construction materials have slowed down to increases of 1–2% this year. This is the fourth year of increases after 5 years of declines.
After falling sharply in 2008 and 2009 then rebounding in 2010, hot rolled steel bar registered an increase of 4–5% in 2012. However, prices are again sagging. Rebar is 5% off last year's level and leads the overall decline in the steel categories.
Last year we said not to look for any increase in the price of concrete masonry block (CMU) until the housing downturn ends. Housing now seems to have turned the corner and concrete block is following. Prices are up 3–5% over last year. Crushed stone has flattened, finally easing its steady upward trend. Lack of public works spending may be having an effect on this component.
The price of glass had been flat but is now showing some signs of increasing. After steady price increases of 3–4% for the previous three years, precast concrete has an increase of just 1% this year.
Visit our website today to learn about the design flexibility of a Morton building and the endless possibilities of partnering with our designBUILD team.
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"For me, while it may be frustrating and/or disappointing to find out I was wrong about something, I have learned to balance that negative with what I think is a much more significant positive: Learning Something Better."
"I let anyone who asks me about defensive guns or bullets know how I feel today, despite years of recommending the .40 and talking about how it was a great compromise between the 9mm and .45. In the mid-90s I was wrong about the advantages of that round and I have definitely changed my mind about the inadequacies of the 9mm. Acknowledging that I was wrong in the past, is the only way that I can share what I now believe is the best recommendation I can give."


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I used to play GBA games at home with the Game Boy Player accessory for the Nintendo Gamecube. It connects to the bottom of the GameCube, adding a base to it. Is there any way that it could be connected to the Nintendo Wii?
No, a Game Boy Player is not compatible with the Wii directly, as the Wii lacks the required Hi-Speed port availble on the Gamecube.
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Dodge City has had its share of visitors over the years, but this one comes from a more unusual location: Australia. Sam Harma is a senior policy officer to the minister for regional development lands for the government of Western Perth, Australia. Currently he is on a fact finding mission to Dodge City. His goal: to research agricultural innovation and the challenge of population decline in rural areas. "There are many similarities between western Kansas and western Australia," Harma said. Both areas are agriculturally-driven economies and have a large beef industry. Both also experience the challenge of young people moving to more urban areas. Why choose Dodge over other rural areas? Harma said it was the area's implementation of central pivots, a popular irrigation method. "Center-pivot irrigation has helped increase food for the cattle industry," he said. On Harma's agenda was a visit to the Winter Livestock Sale Barn, a tour of Roto Mix, a tour of Servi-Tech Laboratories and a meeting with the CEO of Crop Quest. Aside from the central pivots, Harma said he has been impressed with some of the other methods used by area farmers, including the use of recycled water facilities. "I think that kind of ingenuity and thinking outside the box is what's needed for rural communities in an increasingly globalized world," he said. "Dodge is a dynamic, vibrant and innovative community that is facing the challenges of strong economic growth and certain rural challenges face on and seems to be succeeding in some of the challenges that are there," he added.
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