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Plugin worked fine until I upgraded to 2.7 <sigh>.
Plugin's author site(s) don't appear to have been updated in many moons and I found nothing there about any incompatibility issues (or anything else of a curent nature!).
When I go to add a Q&A and click on the appropriate link to do so, I'm taken to the "Pending Questions" page which is not where that link should go.
Anyone else experiencing the same? Any hacks to fix it in lieu of waiting on the author to surface?


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Cosimo Bruno Model
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If u are interested in working with me or if u have any question (rates or anything else) please contact me sending a message through MM in-box.
Thanks for visiting my profile page and most of all for taking your time reading it.
If you are willing to test your model skills, request TFCD; I will consider it; approval will depend primarily on availability; and on if I think it will help me to improve my portfolio.
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Energy and Global Warming News for November 16: Brazil announces 'historic' drop in deforestation; Russias President warns of "catastrophic consequences" of inaction on climate; Solar is cheaper than coal today — Jigar Shah
Brazil announces "historic" drop in deforestation
Deforestation of the world's largest tropical rain forest, in Brazil, fell by the largest amount in more than 20 years, dropping 45 percent from nearly 5,000 square miles to some 2,700 square miles this past year, the Brazilian government announced yesterday.
From August 2008 to July this year, deforestation fell to the lowest it has been since Brazil's Space Institute began monitoring the destruction with satellite technology, said Gilberto C¢mara, the institute's head.
"This is a very happy moment — to note that the efforts of Brazilian society to contain the deforestation of the Amazon have reached a very satisfactory level," he said.
The new figures were reportedly rushed out ahead of the U.N. climate talks in Copenhagen next month. Earlier this week, Brazil said it would take a proposal to the summit that would see it voluntarily reduce carbon emissions by up to 42 percent by 2020, partly by continued efforts against illegal deforestation.
Environmental groups welcomed the news, but also pointed out that the falling trend coinciding with a worldwide recession, which resulted in a reduced demand for products linked to deforestation.
"We must stay alert so that this falling trend becomes consolidated and allows us to achieve the dream of zero deforestation in the Amazon," said Paulo Adario, Greenpeace's Amazon director. "It is an important drop — but a lot of forest is still coming down"
Russia's Medvedev warns of climate catastrophe
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev warned on Monday that climate change posed a "catastrophic" threat in some of the sharpest comments yet on a subject the Kremlin has often seemed reluctant to confront.
Although the United States said that the consensus amongst the 19 leaders at the weekend Asia Pacific summit in Singapore was that a climate change deal this December was unlikely, Medvedev made clear he felt it was a top priority.
"If we don't take joint action, the consequences for the planet may be very distressing to the point that the Arctic and Antarctic ice can melt and change ocean levels," he said shortly before leaving Singapore.
"All of this will have catastrophic consequences."
Russia signed up the Kyoto protocol after years of haggling about its implementation, but has been criticized by environmental groups for not offering more ambitious emissions cuts ahead of December's Copenhagen summit.
In the past, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin had appeared to shrug off the threat from climate change, joking that Russians would welcome warmer weather and would need to buy fewer fur coats.
Some prominent Russian scientists argue that climate change is a natural phenomenon.
Is solar power expensive, or competitive?
"Solar is cheaper than coal today," asserts Jigar Shah, the founder of Sun Edison who now heads the Carbon War Room, a new nonprofit group.
This is a provocative statement, given that "" as my colleague Matthew L. Wald reported this year "" studies by the Electric Power Research Institute and elsewhere show that solar thermal technologies are far more expensive than coal, and photovoltaic rooftop solar panels, in turn, generally produce more expensive electricity than solar thermal.
Mr. Shah's argument in fact relies on combining solar with several other technologies: smart grid, energy efficiency and energy storage.
Together, he argues, those four technologies can substitute for a large, base-load coal plant that provides power around the clock "" at a lower cost.
"All of the four technologies can be employed in small bits and chunks, it can be done on a scalable basis to meet exactly the need but not more than we need," Mr. Shah said.
Technologies like energy efficiency, solar and wind, Mr. Shah noted, may have high up-front costs but their running costs are low, because (in the case of solar and wind) the fuel "" the air or the sun "" is free.
However, "we insist on continuing to invest in technologies that are exactly the opposite "" high capital costs, subject to volatile fuel prices," Mr. Shah said.
(Of course, if coal plants are subject to carbon pricing in the coming years as part of the nation's effort to combat global warming, their costs will go up, too.)
Mark Pinto, the chief technology officer of Applied Materials, a company that makes equipment for solar projects, offered another vision of the price of solar.
"Solar competes against peaking," Mr. Pinto said. In other words, because the sun shines during the day, when air conditioners and lights are cranked up and demand on the grid is heavy, solar power competes directly against natural gas plants that only get turned on to meet that peak demand.
"When you compare solar costs to other peaking electricity costs," in some cases solar is ahead of gas, Mr. Pinto said.
But Mr. Shah argued that the solar-is-good-for-peaking argument "just pigeonholes us" as meeting only a particular need. Solar power, he said, can be positioned as part of a broader solution.
Shell calls for global expansion of cap-and-trade system
Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Europe's largest oil producer, said regional mechanisms to reduce carbon dioxide output should be expanded into a global cap-and-trade system to ensure more companies are forced to curb emissions.
"We need cap-and-trade mechanisms to come up in more parts of the world; we need these mechanisms to be linked to each other," Ranjit Prasad, global head of CO2 trading at Shell International Transport & Trading, said in a video posted on the company's Web site. "We need project-based mechanisms for those parts of the world where we don't have mandatory caps."
Under cap-and-trade programs, emitters are permitted to release a certain quantity of polluting gases and are allotted permits for that amount, which can be bought and sold as required. The European Trading Scheme, mandatory for heavy industry and power generators, is the world's largest such system. There are also voluntary cap-and-trade programs such as the one operated by the Chicago Climate Exchange.
Shell and BP Plc are among companies supporting cap-and- trade. Industries that aren't subject to obligatory emissions limits must commit to curbing their carbon output, Prasad said.
On the Copenhagen agenda, saving forests may still work
This month, the journal Nature Geoscience published a study calculating that deforestation is responsible for about 15% of global carbon emissions, down from earlier estimates of 20% or more. Most of the world's deforestation is concentrated in a few tropical nations, like Brazil and Indonesia where trees are disappearing fast "" when these trees die or are burned, they release into the atmosphere all the carbon they've sucked up while they were alive. According to the Nature Geoscience study, the problem of deforestation is becoming a lot less dire than previously thought.
Unfortunately, the study's findings couldn't be further from the truth. The authors' recalculation had less to do with a reduction in deforestation than with an unexpected increase in emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. Indeed trees are still being lost at an alarming rate, at about 13 million hectares per year as of 2005, according to the U.N. Exacerbating the deforestation problem is that there is no global system in place to discourage it. (The global carbon market created by the Kyoto Protocol, by contrast, offers carbon cap and trading as a way to begin reducing carbon emissions from energy or transportation.) "Forests are worth more dead than alive," says Russell Mittermeier, the president of the green group Conservation International.
There is some hope that valuation will shift, as the world stumbles toward the U.N. climate change summit in Copenhagen next month. Negotiators are trying to include a system to protect forests "" called Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) "" in the international treaty that is meant to be hammered out at the summit. Broadly speaking, REDD would allow countries to trade on the carbon value of their forests. If successful, it could be a relatively inexpensive way to quickly reduce deforestation, cut emissions and preserve the habitats of some of the most endangered species on the planet. "Forests are a part of the climate problem, so they need to be part of the solution," says Kevin Conrad, the lead climate negotiator for Papua New Guinea and a major advocate of the REDD process.
Here's how it would work in detail: developing nations would accept some kind of limit on deforestation rates, and in exchange for preserving those forests, they would receive compensation from developed countries, which would then be able to use the carbon they're saving to meet their own carbon caps. It's as simple as that, a recognition that rich nations will have to provide developing countries an economic rationale to stop cutting down trees. The benefits would be global (reducing climate change) and local (helping conservation efforts). Loss of habitat is the No. 1 cause of extinction, and the tropical rain forests that hold the most carbon are also home to the most diverse collection of species. "REDD is a new, exciting opportunity in conservation," says Brett Jenks, the CEO of RARE Conservation.
But it's not an easy opportunity. Tropical forests are vast, so it might be expensive and time-consuming to accurately track which trees are being cut down and which are being saved, although better satellite technology is making that easier. If REDD is implemented on a project-by-project basis, rather than across entire nations, there's a real risk of leakage; deforestation would be stopped in one area, only to bleed somewhere else, and carbon emissions wouldn't be reduced. Activists for indigenous groups "" the native people who actually live in tropical forests "" worry that they won't benefit financially from the REDD process, or even be forced to move off their land. If the preserved trees are burned or cut down later, the carbon would be lost. And it doesn't help that countries with high rates of deforestation aren't exactly well governed, which could make the implementation of REDD on the ground a real headache. "The cost is not going to be cheap to do," says Nigel Sizer, RARE's vice president for Pacific and Asia operations. "There is legal uncertainty at every level of this."
The upcoming Copenhagen summit is meant to clear up that uncertainty, and there is real hope that REDD could be a bright spot in a meeting that might otherwise be considered a failure. While the larger negotiations remain deadlocked between developed and developing countries over future carbon-emission cuts, both sides have an interest "" environmentally and financially "" in reducing forest loss. There's already progress being made: on Nov. 12 provincial governors from Indonesia, Laos and the Philippines agreed to back REDD. In Brazil, new statistics show the country has cut deforestation rates in half, signs that the government is finally taking the problem seriously. The South American nation stands to be a major beneficiary of REDD "" the head of the Brazilian Carbon Markets Association estimated that the country could earn $16 billion a year from REDD.
For that to happen, some version of REDD must become a part of a new global climate deal "" and, of course, there must actually be a new global carbon deal. Although preventing deforestation won't be the solution to climate change, it's a necessary start.
Britain urges neighbors to adopt UK-style climate law
The British government has teamed up with a number of green groups to promote the UK's Climate Change Act across Europe as part of a campaign to get other countries to introduce similar legislation.
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office is working closely with Friends of the Earth, which masterminded the original campaign for a UK climate change act, to stage a series of workshops at Embassies across Europe to provide civil servants and business execs with an introduction to the legislation.
Events have already taken place in Budapest, Madrid and last week Berlin, while a workshop is also scheduled for Dublin later this week, with further meetings planned for Poland, The Hague and several other European capitals (full disclosure: BusinessGreen.com presented at the Berlin event).
Officials said that the workshops have been well received, and growing numbers of countries are continuing to emulate the UK's approach and passing carbon emission targets and budgets into law.
The UK Climate Change Act was passed in 2008 and binds successive governments to delivering against the target of cutting emissions 80 per cent by 2050. It also enabled the formation of the independent Committee on Climate Change, and requires governments to set five-year carbon budgets, which they are required to comply with.
Speaking at the Berlin event, Mike Childs, head of climate campaigns at Friends of the Earth, said that versions of the successful Big Ask campaign that preceded the UK Climate Change Act were now up and running in 16 EU countries and Japan. He added that the campaigns were being well received and that support for the wider rollout of climate change bills was building.
"It is very difficult for reasonable people to oppose the introduction of a climate bill," he said. "We know climate change is happening, the bill is structured in a way so that it is not draconian, and it gives businesses the certainty they need to invest in low carbon."
Germany in particular is seriously considering developing a climate change bill, with WWF leading a campaign to see the country's voluntary target of cutting emissions by 40 per cent by 2020 placed on the statute book.
Although the recession has emptied shopping malls and filled jobless centers, the call has only gotten louder for renewable energy, environmentally gentle products and eco-friendly practices — and for people to make all of that happen.
President Obama has said that he hopes to create 5 million green jobs within a decade. The U.S. Conference of Mayors estimates that the "green economy" could account for as much as 10% of job growth over the next 30 years.
The job description casts a wide net. The green ranks can include autoworkers making hybrid cars, building consultants, home energy auditors, environmental studies professors, wind turbine engineers, lawyers for biofuel companies and many more.
Some will be new positions; others will involve workers from traditional industries tweaking their former skills.
So here's a look at where to find green jobs, how to prepare for them and how to land a spot.
The rundown
Even before the recession, the green-jobs market was growing at a faster pace than overall employment in most states, with California leading the trend, experts say. The growth rate of green jobs nationwide was 9.1% from 1998 to 2007, compared with a 3.7% increase for all jobs during the same period, according to a recent report from the Pew Charitable Trusts.
A UC Berkeley study concluded that "the renewable energy sector generates more jobs per megawatt of power installed, per unit of energy produced and per dollar of investment, than the fossil fuel-based energy sector."
Even bastions of traditional industries, including the United Steelworkers union, support teaching green skills to preserve manufacturing and combat outsourcing.
Billions of dollars from clean-tech venture capitalists have poured into California — $3.3 billion in 2008, more than double the amount in 2007, according to Palo Alto research group Next 10.
There's room for workers of all backgrounds and income brackets on that rising tide. In 2007, the nearly 125,500 clean-energy workers in California were pulling in $21,000 to $111,000, Pew found.
Daniel Morabito, 29, who was recently hired as a solar panel installer, said his salary at SolarCity is competitive with and far more stable than his paycheck from his previous commission-based job closing film deals. Now he has full benefits, stock options and more potential for long-term growth, he said.
After spending three years wearing a suit and tie in a downtown Los Angeles office, the Hermosa Beach resident recently toiled with two co-workers on top of a Westwood home.
Since June, the Foster City, Calif., company has hired 120 people, 41 of them in Southern California. An additional 180 hirings are expected in the next three months.
Morabito had no experience working with electrical wiring, but he researched the company and marched into the SolarCity warehouse with his resume, he said.
"Everyone's talking about solar these days," he said. "I missed being outside and really wanted to work with my hands. But I didn't know what to expect."
Faith-based group plugs pulpit power into climate activism
Christians, Muslims, Buddhists and Jews may have their religious differences, but climate change is a cause they can all get behind.
Members of a dozen California religious groups congregated at San Francisco's Grace Cathedral last week for a friendly competition. Held to highlight congregations' efforts in green building, education, energy efficiency and advocacy, it also served to showcase several leaders who are making inroads in the political arena.
Advocating for climate action is a natural arena for the religious movement, said the Rev. Canon Sally Bingham, environmental minister at Grace Cathedral and founder of Interfaith Power and Light, an environmental movement that has drawn 10,000 congregations in 28 states since it began in 1998.
"Every major faith tradition calls on its followers to be faithful stewards of creation, the web of life that surrounds us and binds us to each other and to our planet," she said. "It's amazing how it brings together religious beliefs that are sometimes at odds."
Now in its third year, the contest — known as the "Energy Oscars" — drew almost 200 applicants, up from about 60 last year. The finalists this year represented several major faiths, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Unitarian Universalism.
Camp Stevens, an Episcopal camp and retreat center north of San Diego, won in the education category for its sustainable farming and gardening classes, while Congregation Emanu-el in San Francisco won an energy efficiency award for retrofitting its synagogue lighting to save up to 10 tons of emissions and $4,000 per year.
'Interfaith Power and Light' connects with 30 states
IPL has chapters in 30 states, but only one — Georgia — has an energy competition similar to California's.
Sponsors include Pacific Gas & Electric, New Resource Bank, SunPower, and SolarCity, which has installed solar panels on at least two churches in San Francisco.
Bingham said she had just returned from a climate meeting at England's Windsor Castle, hosted by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Alongside U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and other world leaders from nine major religions, she pledged to spread the message that climate change is a moral issue.
"You can establish green religious buildings, invest ethically in sustainable products, purchase only environmentally friendly goods. You can set an example for the lifestyles of billions of people," Ban told religious leaders, stressing the need to protect poorer and more vulnerable countries. "Your actions can encourage political leaders to act more boldly in protecting our planet Earth."
Bingham is a member of a task force that is advising the Obama administration on faith- and neighborhood-based partnerships that can promote awareness of energy and climate change. The group's recommendations, due to the administration by February, include creating a Web site to show people how to go about retrofitting their buildings, as well as a program to connect low-income people to churches looking to retrofit their facilities.
She also published a book earlier this year, "Love God, Heal Earth," that is a collection of essays by Muslim, Christian, Buddhist and Jewish leaders on protecting the Earth by acknowledging the interconnectedness of all life.
Another spiritual leader at last week's awards made the case that to get a viable solution to climate change, one must first change one's own morals — and then change the political system.
12 Responses to Energy and Global Warming News for November 16: Brazil announces 'historic' drop in deforestation; Russias President warns of "catastrophic consequences" of inaction on climate; Solar is cheaper than coal today — Jigar Shah
Can I encourage you to purchase some EUAs. (I think there might be a UK organization also, but haven't found it yet).
Its about $18 per ton at the moment.
Visit …
TheCompensators* » What we do
If we can get a few thousand, dear I say million, to purchase a few, then this will have an immediate direct big impact on reducing CO2 emissions and making a big splash in the media.
BTW this is also a better mechanism for offsetting personal emissions than say purchasing airline offsets. It is more direct, transparent and immediate.
Please pass on the link to anyone who you think might be interested (or not:),
Apparently the liquid coal plant in this clip produces diesel cheaper than oil!
The two faces of China's giant coal industry
The Guardian is the first western media organisation to visit the other facility, in Ordos, which pioneers a direct liquefaction technique that "cracks" carbon with hydrogen extracted from water to produce clear diesel.
I'd like to see more specifics on Shah's claim about solar being cheaper. For example, it doesn't make sense to include smart grid and increased efficiencies, since they are equally available to coal plants.
Thin film PV is making strong claims about cost these days, in the $1.50 a watt range (though I'm not clear what they're calculating). Lazard and ethree place CST within a few cents/kwh of coal within a decade, with parity possible if there is a charge for carbon or other externalities. Current hard and reliable numbers would be appreciated.
We have to switch to renewables, but I don't see what's so terrible about conceding that they will cost a little more, at least for a few years.
Positive news overall fortunately. Hopefully we are finally going in the correct direction, which is necessary to avoid a catastrophy. Act now, for a sustainable future.
For more info on the environment, have a look at this Green News.
Pests on move worldwide as climate warms
AP, November 16 – A look at some other pests that are benefiting or could benefit from global warming.
250,000 Australian homes at climate risk: report
AFP, November 14 – Rising sea levels caused by global warming could inundate up to 250,000 homes in Australia, according to a new study that warned airports, hospitals and power stations were at risk.
Arab experts predict Mideast water wars
UPI, November 13 – (…) two views reflect a widely held fear in the Middle East that global warming, dwindling water resources and burgeoning populations will trigger wars over water in the not-too-distant future.
JR:I have posted a post with doesn't appears published
I repost it , and appeared a mesage saying "oops duplicate post".
maybe too many links?
[JR: 3 links or more automatically goes into Spam folder. Just let me know when that happens.]
Don't celebrate brazil reduction so fast: see commodity prices:
In particular, the bigger drivers of deforestation:
Palm oil:
Now select the time options(1month,6 months,1year,5 years,10 years,etc)
Now select the time options(1month,6 months,1year,5 years,10 years,etc)
And of course, the Oil(petroleum), the damned Oil!
Enjoy the party while lasts.
Commodities are rebounding, we are entering a moderate-to-strong El Niño, (here I link sub-surface heat anomalies,that unlike SST anomalies,are less influenced by wind fluctuations and represent the whole warmwater front)
Consecuences of it: droughts in India, Indonesia and the Amazon.
In the case of INDIA,it is burning:
As that wasn't enough, a forgotten civil war in India is dangerously approaching a ethnic-caste-class struggle:
http://southasiarev.wordpress.com/ (it is a news blog that is pro-maoist, but it mainly post news, not maoist-political proaganda)
Let's hope that India does't become a new Darfur, a country that is a NUCLEAR POWER, considered a so-called "emerging country" and "the biggest democracy in the world".
Sorry for INDIA in NASA OBSERVATORY.
Typing error.The second link wanted to be:
India is aproaching a climate-social-political POINT OF NO RETURN.
HELL: widespread Himalayan drought, that fueled thousands of fires and produced a giant smoke plume that cover almost Half the Subcontinent.(see Nasa above)
HIGH WATER: Heavy rains flooded the South India instead, killing hundreds and displaced thousands.
MORE HELL: The government is planning and executing a so-called "Operation Green Hunt", a massive operation against Maoist-Naxalite insurgents. Here millions of aboriginal Adivasis(i.e. not Aryans as most Hindus)could be killed.
The anti-insurgent forces are not regular police or army officers, but a local state-sponsored militia called Salwa-Judum. Human Right Watch organizations, narrate their brutalities, torturing, raping, mutilating people before murdering them.
There is a video in the blog above,
called "When the State Declares War on the People"
Gandhian Himanshu Kumar, a Human Rigths Activist who is a follower of Mahatma Ghandi non-violence said that
"Green Hunt will result in genocide of Adivasis(…) Salwa Judum saw a 22-fold increase in Maoist numbers. Green Hunt will result in genocide of Adivasis. Those who survive will become Naxalites."
That is. After "When the State Declares War on the People", the maoists , with their files reinforced by millions of refugees, will call to a "Full scale nation-wide People's War", or in non-maoist terms, A FULL SCALE CIVIL WAR.
That in a country that is a NUCLEAR POWER.
Could be anything worse the people of South Asia?


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We just rebuilt a 10+ year old static site which had *lots* of static content on WordPress. About 60% of that content didn't make it, yet. We prioritized moving and
301ing anything with more than N referred hits over the past 6 months and we've 307'd the parts of the site with low traffic to a sub domain that has the all of the old content intact (archive.mysite.com/blah). Decided to 307 because we sill want http://www.mysite.com/blah to be the known/canonical url and don't want to follow our tails with having to add 301s to the archive domain every time we get a piece of content moved over to the new site.
Anyway. I was trying to think of a way to redirect to the archive site if:
1) there is no existing redirect
2) it 404s on the new site
3) if it even exists on the archive site
The third one is the key. If someone lands on
mysite.com/this/never/existed I don't want to automatically dump them to the archive site.
I was thinking I might add some php or js code to my 404 template and ping the archive site with the bit from the original request. If it doesn't 404, redirect them there.
Is this an awful idea? Is there a better way?


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Storrs RoadChesterfieldDerbyshire, S40 3PYTel: 01246 568065
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Please see the document below for our Practice Charter. Our charter is a statement of what you, as patients can expect from this practice and what we feel we can expect from you in return.
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We have started by all our staff becoming "Dementia Friends".
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There are two parking bays designated for disabled persons attending the surgery. There is level access from here to the front door of the surgery which is an automatic sliding door. The surgery also has a ground floor accessible toilet. One row of the seating in the waiting room is raised and has arms to make it easier for patients with mobility problems to get up and down.
If you require any assistance whilst at the surgery please ask the receptionist or make your needs known to one of the practice team and we will be happy to help.
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Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the prion protein (PrP) exhibits a dual behavior, with two possible transition routes, upon protonation of H187 around pH 4.5, which mimics specific conditions encountered in endosomes. Our results suggest a picture in which the protonated imidazole ring of H187 experiences an electrostatic repulsion with the nearby guanidinium group of R136, to which the system responds by pushing either H187 or R136 sidechains away from their native cavities. The regions to which H187 and R136 are linked, namely the C-terminal part of H2 and the loop connecting S1 to H1, respectively, are affected in a different manner depending on which pathway is taken. Specific in vivo or in vitro conditions, such as the presence of molecular chaperones or a particular experimental setup, may favor one transition pathway over the other, which can result in very different monomers. This has some possible connections with the observation of various fibril morphologies and the outcome of prion strains. In addition, the finding that the interaction of H187 with R136 is a weak point in mammalian PrP is supported by the absence of the residue pair in non-mammalian species that are known to be resistant to prion diseases.
Author Summary
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which include the "mad cow" disease and the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are related to the abnormal folding of a host protein termed the prion protein (PrP). Many aspects of the underlying molecular mechanism still remain elusive. Among the hypotheses that have been put forward in the past few years, it has been suggested that PrP could be destabilized by the protonation of a specific residue, H187, when the protein passes through acidic cell organelles. We have modeled PrP at the atomistic level, with the neutral and protonated forms of H187. Our simulations show that the destabilization process can follow two alternative pathways that could lead to different final structures. This discovery may shed some light on one of the most puzzling aspect of prion diseases, the fact that they exhibit various strains encoded in the structure of misfolded PrP. In addition, the atomistic details provided by our model highlight a key interactions partner in the destabilization process, R136. The residue pair is not present in non-mammalian species that do not develop prion diseases.
Citation: Garrec J, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U (2013) Two Misfolding Routes for the Prion Protein around pH 4.5. PLoS Comput Biol 9(5): e1003057. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003057
Editor: Michael Gilson, University of California San Diego, United States of America
Received: August 26, 2012; Accepted: March 27, 2013; Published: May 16, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Garrec et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Swiss NSF Grants No. 200020-130082 and 200021-137717 are acknowledged for funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The misfolding of the prion protein (PrP), which is a key aspect of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), has been the subject of intense research during the past decades. Nonetheless, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. One serious hurdle remains the determination of the structure of the resulting misfolded isoform () [1]. As a consequence, various models have been suggested with substantially different packing arrangements and monomer structures, and a consensus about the structure of is far from being reached [1]. A particular subject of controversy is about the actual region of PrP that undergoes a deep refolding during the PrP conversion. According to the so-called "spiral" [2] and "" [3], [4] models, extended are formed in the N-terminal region and at the beginning of the C-terminal domain up to H1 (H1 is kept intact in the former and is refolded in the latter model). However, it has been recently shown that the H2H3 core is also highly fibrillogenic by itself [5], [6]. Finally, it has also been suggested that could be entirely refolded in an in-register extended [7].
Many in vitro [5], [8]–[11] and computational [2], [12]–[16] studies have tackled this issue using acidic conditions. They have consistently shown that low pH destabilizes PrP and favors its misfolding. This represents biologically relevant conditions insofar as endosomal organelles, whose typical pH is about 5 but can be as low as 4.3 [17], have been highlighted as possible locations for growth [18]–[20]. Importantly, mammalian PrP contain one slightly buried residue, H187, that titrates right in the range of endosomal pH [11], [13]. Several lines of evidence indicate that its protonation [13], or more generally the addition of a positive charge at site 187 [11], destabilizes the protein fold.
Whereas many theoretical studies have been performed on the globular C-terminal domain (residues 121–231 using the numbering of the human sequence) of mouse PrP (mPrP, Fig. 1-A), it is worth noting that the cellular form of PrP () also contains a long unstructured N-terminal tail (residues 23–120) [21]–[29], a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor [30]–[32] and can be mono or diglycosylated [27], [33]. Nevertheless, previous MD simulations have suggested that the structure and dynamics of the globular domain of is rather independent of the anchoring to the membrane and the glycosylation [34]. In addition, our previous study of the misfolding propensity of mPrP using extensive REMD simulations [16] has revealed that various monomers can be formed from the C-terminal domain alone, which is also consistent with the results of Ref. [5], [6].
(A) Detailed structure showing the secondary structure elements (following the sequence, S1, H1, S2, H2 and H3). The yellow and purple dashed arrows indicate, respectively, the direction of the S1,S2 elongation and the partial unraveling of H2 that we observed in our simulations with a protonated H187 (see text). The disulfide bridge is represented in orange sticks. (B) Zoom on the H187,R136 pair and the loop (residues 154–158). H187 and R136 are colored in cyan and magenta respectively. Only polar hydrogens and hydrogens of the P158 ring are indicated for clarity. (C) van der Waals surface of the protein arround the solvent-exposed cavities hosting H187 and R136.
Here, we have performed microsecond MD simulations of the structured C-terminal domain of mPrP at pH 4.5, which corresponds approximately to the lowest pH value observed in endosomes [17]. To this end, we assigned the protonation state of all titrable residues with the program PROPKA [35] (see also Materials and Methods section). The only buried residue for which the protonation state cannot be uniquely assigned is H187. The quantitative evaluation of its is challenging, because the protonation/deprotonation of a buried residue usually affects the protein structure drastically [36], [37]. Nevertheless, several semi-quantitative estimates of the of H187 have been obtained [13], [38] and they all indicate that mPrP coexists in both, neutral and protonated-H187 forms at pH 4.5. Thus we have performed two sets of acidic pH simulations, with H187 in either its neutral or protonated form. It is worth noting that other residues in mPrP also titrate at pH 4.5. However, they are all located at the protein surface, so that their electrostatic effect on the global structure of the protein is much less important than that of H187. Thus, we have considered only one protonation state for these residues (see Materials and Methods section).
Our micorsecond simulations show that the mechanism of mPrP destabilization upon protonation of H187 involves R136 as a key partner (Fig. 1-B,C). There is an electrostatic repulsion between the imidazole ring of the protonated H187 () and the guanidinium group of R136 (), to which the system responds by pushing away either or . Because R136 and H187 belong to two very different structural regions of the protein, namely the loop connecting S1 to H1 () and the C-terminal part of H2 (H2(Cter), Fig. 1-A), the effect on the structure is different depending on which of the two transition routes is taken. It is possible that specific in vivo or in vitro conditions may favor one route over the other, which could lead to completely different structures. Our findings thus seems to provide some rational to the various conclusions reached by different authors regarding the actual region of the protein that is refolded upon misfolding.
Conformational changes of the backbone
Fig. 2 shows the effect of protonating H187 on the backbone of mPrP. The structure is very stable and remains close to the NMR structure when H187 is neutral, whereas simulations with the protonated H187 exhibit important backbone fluctuations and reorganizations. As depicted in Fig. 2-C, these enhanced fluctuations are mainly located in two specific regions of the protein, namely H2(Cter), which hosts H187, and .
(A,B) and (C,D) Simulation frames extracted every 50 ns from simulations with a neutral and protonated H187, respectively. The atoms of H187 and R136 are represented with cyan and magenta spheres, respectively. The two regions of high fluctuations when H187 in protonated, H2(Cter) and , are represented by dashed red arcs in panel C. In panels A,C frames were extracted from two independent simulations of 1 with a neutral H187 and two independent simulations of 1 with a protonated H187, respectively, and colored according to the . Note that this corresponds to a subset of all our simulation, aimed at providing comparable data between panels A and C. We provide the same representations for each individual simulation in Figure S2. (E) Bivariate distribution of the in H2(Cter) and . The contour plots are constructed from all the simulations with a neutral (blue) or protonated (red) H187. The reference structure used to compute the RMSD is the average structure calculated from all our simulations with a neutral H187.
Fig. 2-E shows that the protonation of H187 induces a drastic change in the free energy surface. The projection of the free energy on the of H2(Cter) and shows a single minimum when H187 is neutral, which corresponds to the native structure of PrP, and a complicated multiple minima landscape when H187 is protonated. The new free energy basins are located Å away from the native basin, thus corresponding to substantial conformational changes.
The two example snapshots provided in Fig. 2-B,D show that this reorganization is accompanied by a significant modification of the secondary structure of the protein. We will provide a more detailed analysis of the secondary structure changes later in the following sections. For the time being, it is interesting to rationalize how the perturbation that is introduced at one side of the protein (the protonation of H187 located in H2(Cter)) is transmitted through the macromolecule and affects strongly the structure at the opposite side ().
Reorganization of charged residues around H187
In order to understand the mechanism by which the protonation of H187 induces the reorganization of the protein structure, it is necessary to have a closer look to the environment of H187 in PrP. It is particularly interesting to focus on nearby charged residues because they are expected to play a major role in the reorganization of the protein when H187 gets a positive charge upon protonation. In the NMR structure of mouse PrP, the closest charged residues are R136, R156, K194, E196 and D202 (Fig. S5-A). R136 is somewhat isolated in terms of proximity with charged residues other than H187 (when protonated), whereas K194, E196, R156, and D202 form a network of salt-bridge interactions. These four latter residues have been pointed out has possible key residues in the misfolding of PrP [13], [39]. As shown in Fig. S5-B, our simulation provide a consistent picture with that of Ref. [13], because the protonation of H187 leads to the disruption of the salt bridge between E196 and R156 and the transient formation of a new salt bridge between the protonated E196 and H187, while a tight salt bridge is maintained between R156 and D202 (K194 is highly solvated, independently of the protonation state of H187, and never interact strongly with E196). Nevertheless, the fact that R136 does not have any close alternative partner makes it more sensitive to the positive electric field created by the protonated H187, as we shall see in the next section.
Dual response of PrP, vs
The observation of structural rearrangements in , which is located far from H187, has motivated us to perform a thorough analysis of the mobility of each residue in this region. It turns out that R136 is a key partner of H187 in the destabilization of mammalian PrP upon protonation of H187. In the NMR structure of mPrP (Fig. 1), and are about 8 Å apart and loop (residues 154–158) is located in between. is stabilized by a series of dipole-charge interactions with four peptide bonds while is H-bonded to one carbonyl group and establishes van der Waals contacts with the ring of P158 (Fig. 1-B).
Because of the proximity of and in the native structure of mPrP, the protonation of the former should induce an electrostatic repulsion between the two groups. A discussion of the corresponding energetics is provided in Text S1. Fig. 3 shows the effect of the protonation of H187 on the position of (or ) and . When H187 is neutral, and are mostly located in their respective native cavities, whereas they cover a much wider portion of conformational space upon protonation of H187. We define four conformational states according to the position of (or ) and inside or outside their respective native cavities. To do so we consider the bivariate histogram of the distances between (or ) and from their respective cavities (Fig. 3-C). The conformational state in which both groups stay close to their original location will be termed , and we define states and according to the departure of or , respectively. Interestingly, the state is almost not populated. The picture that is the most consistent with these data is that PrP exhibits a dual response to the protonation of H187, by pushing away either or (but not both at the same time), thus decreasing the electrostatic repulsion between them. Because H187 and R136 are attached to H2(Cter) and , respectively (Fig. 1-A,B), the local reorganization of either or affects the global structure of these two regions (Fig. 2). We stress that, once H187 is protonated, the dynamics of the system proceeds smoothly through a series of locally thermalized states giving rise, in a reproducible way, to either the or state. Fig. S6 and S7 show that and remain in their native pockets during at least 100 ns before one of the two moves out.
(A) Positions of the and atoms in cyan and magenta, respectively. The positions were extracted every 400 ps from two independent simulations of 1 with a neutral H187. Note that this figure is aimed at showing general trends and only represents a subset of all our simulations. We provide the same representations for each individual simulation in Figure S3. (B) Same as (A) but with a protonated H187. (C) Bivariate distribution of the distances between (or ) or and their respective cavities (). The contour plots are constructed from all the simulations with a neutral (blue) or protonated (red) H187. and are defined as the distance between the atom and the R156(O) atom and the distance between the atom and the Y157(O) atom, respectively. The conformational basins (, and , see text) are defined according to the cutoff distances represented by dotted rectangles. The regions with intermediate value are excluded.
A similar electrostatic repulsion can be expected for the H187R mutation, for which the positive charge of the introduced arginine has been suggested to destabilize the overall fold of human PrP [11], [40], [41]. An interesting aspect of this finding is that none of the non-mammalian PrP exhibit this specific spatial arrangement (Fig. S4). In other words, these non-mammalian proteins do not have this pH-sensitive "weak point" in there structure and this probably explains the fact that non-mammalian species do not exhibit TSEs.
Due to the buried character of H187 and the fact that its protonation induces a substantial modification of the protein structure, the quantitative evaluation of its (and the corresponding contributions of other residues) during the misfolding is challenging [36], [37]. Nevertheless, PROPKA calculations [35] provide physically sound estimates that can help to rationalize the underlying physics. Such calculations for representative snapshots of our simulations are provided in Fig. S8. The of H187 is systematically shifted up as soon as the protein starts to misfold, independently of the pathway ( vs ) that is taken. This is in agreement with the fact that the proximity with the positive charge of in the native structure of mPrP induces a down-shift of the of H187 (this is supported by the fact that our PROPKA calculations report R136 as a key residue in the electrostatic environment of H187, see the corresponding PROPKA output file for a representative structure in Dataset S1). As soon as moves out of its cavity ( state) the electrostatic repulsion between and decreases and the protonated form of H187 becomes much more stable ( shifted up). When the protein adopts a state, is much more solvated by water and the of H187 approaches the corresponding value in water ().
S1,S2 elongation
The positioning of (or ) and has a strong influence on the length of the S1,S2 , as shown in Table 1. Typically, both and states correspond to structures with a short native , while the state is characterized by the preference of an elongated . This is illustrated by the simulation depicted in Fig. 4. At the beginning of the simulation, the protein is in its native conformation. As depicted in the insets of Fig. 4, the native location of at is a key aspect of the protein fold because it forms a sort of "clip" that forces the backbone to remain packed against the rest of the protein (Fig. 1-A) in a specific conformation. The permanent departure of out of its cavity at ns induces an important release of backbone constraint and the system is consequently more prone to reorganize in this region. Then the system relaxes during about 400 ns, and and come close together. The number of hydrogen bonds between the two strands increases concomitantly and the elongates (Fig. 4-A,B).
The data are taken from a simulation in which a state is formed permanently. (A) Time evolution of the number of residues in a conformation. (B) Time evolution of the number of backbone hydrogen bond between and (the backbone atoms of these two loops are represented with sticks in the two MD snapshots shown in panel C). (C) Time series of (same definition as in Fig. 3) and the distance between the extremities of the two strands (represented with a thick green line in the two MD snapshots).
H2 unraveling
As shown in Fig. 5, both and states are characterized by an unraveling of H2(Cter). However, the underlying mechanisms (and the corresponding transition pathways) differ substantially. The portion of the helix that undergoes an unraveling is represented by a dashed purple arrow in Fig. 1-A (see also the example snapshot depicted in Fig. 2-D).
(A) Distribution of in the cluster extracted from simulations with a protonated H187 (red) compared to the cluster extracted from simulations with a neutral H187 (blue). (B) Distribution of in the state extracted from simulations with a protonated H187 (red) compared to the state extracted from simulations with a neutral H187 (blue). The populations are in % of the corresponding cluster.
The departure of ( conformation) out of its cavity obviously destabilizes H2 because the helix looses a key tertiary contact with loop (Fig. 1-A). The unraveling of H2(Cter) in the state has its roots in the polar interactions of with the nearby residues. A closer look to the shape of the cavity (Fig. 1) reveals that it is a narrow groove at the bottom of which lies the carbonyl group of T183. The contact analysis shown in Fig. 6 reveals that the neutral is H-bonded to R156 only, consistent with the NMR structure of mPrP [21], whereas new contacts are formed with the CO group of T183 when H187 is protonated. A key aspect of these extra contacts is that they involve not only the group of H187, but also the group. They reflect dipole-charge interactions between the extra positive charge of and the dipole moments of the 156–157 and 182–183 peptide bonds. In other words, the imidazole ring can take two conformations around the bond and still maintain a significant interaction with one of the two nearby backbone CO groups, which results in four stable conformations inside the pocket.
(A) Number of contacts () between (or ) and the CO groups of R156 and T183 in the cluster extracted from simulations with a protonated H187 (red) compared to the cluster extracted from simulations with a neutral H187 (blue). (B) Example snapshot showing interacting with both CO groups when the systems is in the state. Note that can interact with R156(CO) alone, T183(CO) alone, or both.
The formation of new contacts between and T183(CO) has two effects that explain the loss of helical character in H2(Cter). First of all, it weakens the tertiary contact between H2(Cter) and . Second, the native intra-helix H-bond between T183(CO) and H187(NH) is lost. The tighter the interaction between and T183(CO) the weaker the local stability of H2.
Concluding remarks
In this paper we have shown that the protonation of H187 in mPrP at pH 4.5, which corresponds approximately to the lowest pH observed in endosomes [17], leads to extensive conformational changes on the microsecond time scale. The picture that emerges from our simulations is that the protonation of H187 leads to an electrostatic repulsion between the positive charges of and , which results in conformational transitions in the regions to which H187 and R136 are linked, namely H2(Cter) and respectively.
Our findings hence highlight two possible routes for PrP misfolding with either the unraveling of H2(Cter) alone ( route) or the unraveling of H2(Cter) with simultaneous elongation of S1,S2 ( route). This dual behavior seems to reconcile the various observations and proposals that have been made regarding the actual PrP region that undergoes a deep refolding upon conversion to [2]–[5]. It is indeed possible that a particular computational or experimental setup favors one of the or substates at the beginning of the misfolding process. Such conformational shift could be assisted in vivo by molecular chaperones such as polyanionic molecules [1], [42]. This variability in misfolding pathways may also be connected to the fact that prion exhibits a variety of strains, because it is believed that changes in conformations of encodes for strain properties [30], [43], [44].
Finally, it is interesting to note that the pattern is not present in those non-mammalian species who are known to resist to TSEs. This is a possible explanation for the observed resistance to TSEs in these species.
Materials and Methods
Initial structure and protonation state
All simulations were started from the NMR structure of mPrP published by Riek et al. (PDB code 1AG2). We aimed at modeling mPrP with a neutral or protonated H187 at pH 4.5.
The protonation state of titrable residues apart from H187 was first estimated from PROPKA [35] calculations. The protonation state of most of them can be determined without ambiguity. All buried or semi-buried residues other than H187 are all aspartic or glutamic acids whose side chains are hydrogen-bonded to other groups in the protein. This has the effect to shift up their above the typical values of that they adopt in water, i.e. significantly above the pH we want to model. Hence they are expected to be protonated. The solvent-exposed histidines are expected to exhibit a of so they can be considered protonated at a pH of 4.5. The remaining solvent-exposed aspartic or glutamic acids are more ambiguous because their is close to the pH we want to model. Nevertheless, their solvent-exposed character makes them much less important for the global fold of the protein. We chose their protonation state according to the estimated with PROPKA [35]. The relevance of this choice was verified a posteriori by observing that the fold of the protein is very well conserved over microsecond simulations with a neutral H187.
Simulation setup
Two topologies (one with H187 neutral and one with H187 protonated) were built with the GROMACS 4.0.7 [45]–[47] suite of programs. For each of them, the protein was immersed in a rhombic dodecahedral water box. The size of the box was chosen so that the distance between the protein and the edge of the box was Å. The system was neutralized by adding 2 or 3 chloride counterions (depending on the protonation state of H187). The resulting system contained about 30000 atoms.
The AMBER99SB force field [48] was used to describe the protein and the TIP3P model [49] was employed for the water molecules. The force field was included in GROMACS thanks to the ports provided by Sorin and coworkers [50], [51]. The particle mesh Ewald method [52] together with a Fourier grid spacing of 1 Å and a cutoff of 12 Å was used to treat long-range electrostatic interactions. A cutoff of 12 Å was used for van der Waals interactions. The water box was first relaxed by means of NpT simulations with restraints applied to the positions of the heavy atoms of the protein. Then the system was optimized in a series of energy minimization runs in which the restraints on the protein were progressively removed. Finally, we run eight simulations with a time step of 2 fs. Three and five of them were conducted with a neutral or protonated H187, respectively.
Each simulation was initiated with a set of velocities taken at random from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution corresponding to a temperature of 10 K. Then the system was heated up to 300 K in 300 ps using two Berendsen thermostats [53] (one for the protein and one for the solvent) with a relaxation time of 0.1 ps each. The simulation was prolonged for 100 ps and the Berendsen barostat with a relaxation time of 2 ps was switched on during 100 ps. Finally, we switched to production phase using a Nose-Hoover [54], [55] thermostat and a Parrinello-Rahman barostat [56] with relaxation times of 0.5 and 10.0 ps, respectively. The total simulation lengths were 1.9, 1.3 and 1.6 for simulations with a neutral H187, and 1.9, 1.5, 1.6, 1.2 and 1.2 for simulations with a protonated H187. The plot of each simulation is provided in Figure S1.
Molecular visualization and analysis
All the representations were done with the program VMD [57]. Secondary structure assignments were done using the STRIDE algorithm [58].
Supporting Information
Text S1.
Energetics of the - ion pair in the native structure of mPrP. Estimation of the electrostatic interaction between and using a Coulomb-type expression [59]–[61] and the typical dielectric constant inside a protein [59], [61], [62]. Discussion of the strength of this interaction and its implication on the protein stability.
Dataset S1.
PROPKA [35] output file obtained from a representative structure of a state (same structure as Fig. S8-A.).
Dataset S2.
PROPKA [35] output file obtained from a representative structure of a state (same structure as Fig. S8-B.).
Dataset S3.
PROPKA [35] output file obtained from a representative structure of a state (same structure as Fig. S8-C.).
Figure S1.
. Each panel corresponds to one individual simulation, differing by the initial velocities extracted at random from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. (A–C) Three individual simulations in which H187 is neutral. (D–H) Five individual simulations in which H187 is protonated.
Figure S2.
Backbone fluctuations. Each panel corresponds to one individual simulation, differing by the initial velocities extracted at random from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. (A–C) Three individual simulations in which H187 is neutral. (D–H) Five individual simulations in which H187 is protonated. Simulation frames are extracted every 50 ns. The atoms of H187 and R136 are represented with cyan and magenta spheres, respectively. The backbone is colored according to the (same scale as Fig. 2).
Figure S3.
Position of (or ) and . The positions of the and atoms are represented by cyan and magenta spheres, respectively. Each panel corresponds to one individual simulation, differing by the initial velocities extracted at random from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. (A–C) Three individual simulations in which H187 is neutral. (D–H) Five individual simulations in which H187 is protonated. Simulation frames are extracted every 400 ps.
Figure S4.
Mammalian VS non-mammalian species. The upper panel of the figure shows the sequence alignment in the H2(Cter) region. H187 is represented in cyan in the sequence and is conserved throughout all mammalian PrP. The lower panel represents the charged residues in examples of mammalian (mouse) and non-mammalian (chicken) PrP. The geometric center of positively and negatively charged groups are represented by blue and red opaque spheres, respectively. The two transparent spheres in cyan and magenta correspond to the position of and in mPrP, respectively. Sequence and structural alignments were done with the MultiSeq plugin [63] implemented in VMD [57].
Figure S5.
Charged residues around . (A) Relative positioning of the residues. All charged groups around fall approximately within the same range of distance, which is represented by a transparent sphere of 8 Å diameter centered on the geometric center of . (B) Population of salt bridges in our simulations with a neutral (blue) or protonated (red) H187.
Figure S6.
Distance of (or ) from its cavity as a function of time. (A–C) Three individual simulations in which H187 is neutral. (D–H) Five individual simulations in which H187 is protonated. The distance is defined as in Fig. 3-C. The magenta box represents the cutoffs used in Fig. 3-C to define , , and states.
Figure S7.
Distance of from its cavity as a function of time. (A–C) Three individual simulations in which H187 is neutral. (D–H) Five individual simulations in which H187 is protonated. The distance is defined as in Fig. 3-C. The magenta box represents the cutoffs used in Fig. 3-C to define , , and states.
Figure S8.
of H187 as a function of the relative positioning of and . Representative snapshots of (A) a state (equilibrated structure before or moves out of its cavity), (B) a state, and (C) a state. Water molecules that are within 3 Å of or are represented in cyan and magenta, respectively. The number close to H187 in each panel indicates the of this residue, as estimated by PROPKA [35] from the corresponding structure. The calculations were performed using the PDB2PQR software [64], [65]. We also provide the PROPKA output files corresponding to panels (A), (B) and (C) in Dataset S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JG IT UR. Performed the experiments: JG. Analyzed the data: JG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JG. Wrote the paper: JG.
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Up 2.2% in pre-market. This will shoot to 60 shortly after the open.
FED made comments the yesterday comments were BS, good news from Europe, major short squeeze about to happen.
kinda doubt going to 60 shortly after open. There is still too much nervousness regarding DDD being priced to perfection already.


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This is still a new school (it was founded in 2003), so they do not have all of the majors, however they are adding majors every year, so it is still growing in this area.
Adding new majors every year, becoming quite diverse.
I haven't had an internship but plan on one, the staff is there to help you. They'll do everything they can, and that's something great about the university.
Getting more majors each year
My major is Music. Always has and always will be. I love music and I feel that Ave Maria University has the best music department in Southwest Florida. I hope to start my degree in Music this fall.
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CARACAS, Venezuela - Free-agent pitcher Ugueth Urbina has been arrested for allegedly firing gunshots into the air in an upscale Caracas neighborhood.
Police arrested Urbina early Friday morning for firing a gun out the passenger window of an SUV, Chacao police chief Leonardo Diaz Paruta said in comments published Saturday in El Nacional newspaper.
Diaz Paruta said Urbina and a friend, Cesar Diaz, were intoxicated when they were detained. Police seized a 9 mm revolver from the pair, who were charged with possession of a weapon without a license and misuse of a firearm.
Published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Sunday, January 25, 2004.
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Nicholls art gallery showcases nationally-renown artist
Published: Thursday, January 27, 2005 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, January 27, 2005 at 10:33 a.m.
Internationally recognized ceramic artist, Heidi Preuss Grew, is currently the subject of an exhibition of recent work at the Lula Ameen Art Gallery at Nicholls State University on display through February.
The show includes more than 20 sculptures and a portfolio of pastel drawings.
Grew's highly accomplished work is based on a variety of sources of inspiration, including literature, proverbs, art and personal experience. Grew writes of her quest, "to reveal the vulnerable and pathetic side of the human condition as well as the heroic and beautiful."
Animal and human elements interact in Grew's work and with the surrounding space to produce symbolic forms, frequently of intense psychological presence. The effect is productive of a poignant mixture of emotions, at time confrontational, absurd, exuberant, and haunting.
Professor Grew received her masters of fine arts from Ohio University and currently teaches at Willamette University in Oregon. Grew has exhibited, held artist's residencies and lectured widely in the United States and in Central Europe and has received numerous awards including the Hewlett Foundation Grant (Ceramic Materials) and the fellowship of the Oregon Arts Commission. Her work is represented in collections in the United States, the Czech Republic, Japan, Korea and Poland.
There will be a reception for the artist in the Gallery on Thursday, Feb. 4 at 3 p .m.
Gallery hours are Monday through Friday 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Admittance is free and open to the university community and public.
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N.O. Aquarium reopens for first time since Katrina
Published: Friday, May 26, 2006 at 1:29 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, May 26, 2006 at 1:29 p.m.
The summer season in New Orleans saw the return of a pair of beloved Downtown tourist attractions as the Aquarium of the Americas and IMAX Theatre opened their doors Friday for the first time since Hurricane Katrina.
Thousands of fish were lost after the Aquarium lost electricity in the aftermath of the storm and 200 employees were let go while officials struggled with recovery. Many of the fish have been replaced and some employees were also rehired since then.
The Aquarium was the number one visited tourist attraction in the state before the storm, said Karyn Noles Bewley, managing director of the aquarium, and families in New Orleans need something else to help take their minds off their own struggles to return to their pre-Katrina lives.
We need things to be proud of in our city. We need places to go where we can spend time with our family and friends, maybe forget about our troubles for a little while and maybe become a kid again, she said.
The Aquariums new hours of operation will be Tuesday through Sunday, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., but will be open on Monday for Memorial Day. Admission is $16 for adults, $9.50 for kids and $13 for senior citizens.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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In this paper, we propose a method, using multivalued decision diagrams (MDDs), to obtain motion representation of humanoid robots. Kanoh et al. have proposed a method, which uses multiterminal binary decision diagrams (MTBDDs), to acquire robot controller. However, nonterminal vertices of MTBDDs can only treat values of 0 or 1; multiple variables are needed to represent a single joint angle. This increases the number of the non-terminal vertices and MTBDDs that represent that the controller becomes complex. Therefore, we consider using the MDD, in which its nonterminal vertices can take on multiple output values. To obtain humanoid robot motion representation, we propose evolutionary MDDs and show experimental results comparing evolutionary MDDs and evolutionary MTBDDs through simulations of acquisition of robot motion in this paper. Moreover, we verify whether the evolution of MDD using a memetic algorithm is effective.
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QE Trade Returns! Bond Geeks Weigh In
The QE trade returned in force this afternoon as Jon Hilsenrath's story about the Fed weighing another round of long-bond buying circulates on Wall Street trading floors. The Fed's already done plenty to prop up the markets, most recently via its Operation Twist program, in which it sold short-term Treasurys and used that cash to buy longer term government securities.
But as Mr. Hilsenrath reports this morning, the Fed could now be printing new money to buy long bonds, "but restrict how investors and banks use that money by employing new market tools they have designed to better manage cash sloshing around in the financial system. This is known as 'sterilized' QE."
Readers will remember that when Fed chairman Ben Bernanke appeared before Congress as part of his semiannual monetary policy report last week, he seemed slightly less gung-ho on QE than people expected. That caused a big sell-of in the markets, as the QE trade was priced out.
Here's how some market watchers are interpreting today's headlines emanating from the central bank.
David Ader, CRT: I think this is apropos as BOTH a sense of what the Fed is considering vis a vis QE3 and keeping that hope alive and to acknowledge they're still musing the topic. As such it's a heads up that we should expect nothing on this score in next week's meeting and indeed to suggest they will acknowledge the economic improvement again. But it's also a heads up that if QE3 is coming they'll make efforts to limit the negative side, inflation fears. Curiously this could be a bit of a risk-off angle, certainly for commodities.
Fidelio Tata, Societe Generale: It appears that the Fed wants the market to think about the potential of further bond-buying programs, which contradicts the notion that QE3 is off the table.
Brett Rose, Citigroup: I don't see that this breaks any new ground on QE thoughts. However, it does address the lack of mention of QE in HH last week which several markets reacted negatively to.
Jason Evans, NineAlpha Capital Management: The more specifics that make it into the press and the WSJ the greater the probability of enactment of policy – Fed letting us know that it has more tools at the ready if the oil shock / Iran / Europe becomes an issue.
Carl Lantz, Credit Suisse: The market has been backing off expectations for fresh bond purchases so the Hilsenrath story should be bullish to the extent it signals that the Fed is still actively exploring the options. Sterlized QE would be effective although it raises questions about how the Fed views reserves. If high reserve balances are not a problem why drain those created from a new purchase program? If they are a problem why only drain the incremental reserves while leaving the current large balance in place? The answer seems to be that the Fed doesn't view reserves as an issue – and I agree – but is worried that some investors have a different point of view and so the Fed is willing to make some concessions to "conventional monetarists".
Sterlized QE would also tend to push up short-term rates including the Fed funds rate itself potentially further confusing the message. At the end of the day the balance sheet would still growing and stimulus increasing. Its unlikely that long-run inflation expectations would behave much differently under a sterlized or unsterlized program, in my view. The best argument for sterilization may be that it allows the Fed to demonstrate the effectiveness of its reserve-draining tools. This may win over a minority of skeptics that doubt the Fed's ability to pull back from stimulus down the road.
Joseph Abate, Barclays Capital: I'm a little puzzled with the point of sterilization — however accomplished, either via term deposits, reverses or asset sales. I'm not quite sure what the logic is behind keeping the level of bank reserves constant — other than the fact that the Fed might have some concern about the ability to drain balances when the time comes to raise interest rates. But with $1.6trn in reserves does an additional couple hundred billion dollars really increase the marginal cost of draining them at some point in the future?
Russ Certo, Gleacher & Co.: The immediate takeaway would be weaker USD impacts and consequent lift to commodities. More generally, the actual bond purchases may give greater luster to other investment classes. Until it doesn't.
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Date: 1923
Description: Label submitted to the state of Wisconsin for trademark registration. The triangular shaped label for Blatz Malt Syrup is printed in black and red. At the...
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I am moving a php website to one run with WordPress and have one thing standing in my way. I can't pull a dynamic list of employees and their affiliated teams from my existing software. I had been using cgi based software (listing manager) from http://www.InteractiveTools.com which allows me to log in to a CMS which modifies a flat-file database. This software also dynamically builds the list of employees, generates a page per employee and does the same for the teams.
I would prefer to use a plugin but was not able to locate one that listed people who were not current members or posters of the blog. I don't want these people to post, just to have the ability to generate a list of them, generate a page per person and the same per team. It would also be a bonus if they could log into a CMS not in WordPress and modify their personal information.


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GraphicsMagick provides a set of commandline tools and programming APIs for manipulating, editing, and converting raster and vector images. It is derived from ImageMagick, with the objective of providing better stability and performance than ImageMagick.1,665 weekly downloads
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âX-Men Legacyâ is having something of a hard time of late. Originally a core book, the title was repositioned during the last X-office shake-up to serve as a Professor Xavier solo title, of all things. Xavierâs story was due to wrap up after around a year, but a crossover with "Wolverine Origins" delayed that. Then, with Xavierâs story complete, it was due to change names, but didnât. Now itâs buzzing around the outskirts of this yearâs X-event story âUtopia,â eager to be involved, but without much to actually do. For a title about characters in search of an identity, âX-Men Legacyâ has sure had enough trouble finding its own.
Still, the second wave of the book appears to be about Rogue taking a few of the younger, trainee X-Men under her wing, and in that sense, at least Carey has managed to tie âUtopiaâ into the bookâs overall arc as well as could be expected. As a character, Rogue doesnât seem like an instant fit to be the new âden motherâ of the X-Men -- though with her powers now under control, there is a fair argument that itâs time to take her personality into new territory as well. Similarly, a lifetime spent dealing with her powers, identity, and a difficult family situation leaves Rogue experienced in dealing with any number of issues, so perhaps it makes sense that sheâs seemingly being positioned to help young mutants through similar difficulties.
Although the plotting feels weak, Careyâs strengths lie in his character work, and that, at least, is faultless â- although Iâll have to take his word for it in some instances, because the vast majority of the cast seems to be comprised of secondary characters from the late âNew Mutants/New X-Men,â few of which Iâm familiar with. This issue seems ripe with possibility, but little of it is realized. A perfect example is the scene between Rogue and Moonstone. Their mutual connection to Carol Danversâ âMs. Marvelâ identity wouldâve been the perfect basis for a scene, but their meeting is superficial, written off more as a sly nod to Rogueâs past than any explicit reference.
Hopefully the tonal shift is largely a result of the crossover because âX-Men Legacyâ has been generally good up until now, and Iâd hate to see it run aground immediately after it chooses to spotlight one of my favorite X-Men characters -- but issues like this do make me wonder where it thinks itâs going.


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Gina B.
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Great laid back atmosphere, Very friendly waitress!
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The vibrant blues, greens, reds, and yellows of The Oasis Cafe's exterior reflect the playful, casual vibe of the outdoor eatery's staff and menu. In the fresh air, bands take to the stage, and DJs spin tunes that send the locals into fits of spontaneous fist-pumping and working up their nerve to ask one of the potted palms for its digits. To complement the comfort fare—cheesesteaks, house-made burgers, wings, and hand-cut fries—bartenders pour frosty drafts or pop the tops off a selection of bottled brews.