text:
Cushing's Disease.
—H. P. Klotz and co-workers (Sem Hop Paris38:3189 [Oct 14] 1962) discussed two cases of dramatic recovery from Cushing's disease. The authors reminded the reader that the customary treatment by total bilateral adrenalectomy gives relatively good results, but the diencephalic hypophyseal hypertonia, which is at the root of the syndrome, remains unchanged and may even worsen through surgical intervention. A cutaneous pigmentation may occur after operation and even a macroscopic adenoma of the pituitary body may be found.The authors treated two patients with intrahypophyseal implantations of radioactive products. The first patient was a 17-yr-old Algerian woman who had a clear case of Cushing's syndrome. This patient was administered 25 mc of radioactive gold intrahypophyseally. This procedure does not totally destroy the hypophysis but causes partial destruction and acts as a brake on the function of the hypophysis and also on that of the diencephalon. Improvement
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text:
Peanut Butter Tart
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 12 mins
Tempting looking peanut butter tarts...got chocolate and peanut butter filling with peanut butter dough. Definitely for peanut butter fans!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 236.59 ml butter
- 236.59 ml sugar
- 236.59 ml brown sugar (firmly packed)
- 236.59 ml peanut butter
- 2 eggs
- 4.92 ml vanilla extract
- 591.47 ml all-purpose flour
- 7.39 ml baking soda
- 4.92 ml salt
- 40 miniature peanut butter cups (unwrapped)
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees F.
- In a medium bowl, cream together the brown sugar, sugar and butter. Stir in the peanut butter, then the egg and vanilla. Sift together the flour, baking soda and salt, stir into the peanut butter mixture.
- Shape into 1 inch balls and press them into the cups of mini muffin pan.
- Bake for 12 minutes in the preheated oven. As soon as the cookies come out of the oven, press a mini chocolate covered peanut butter cup down into the center of each cookie, be sure to leave the cup a little indented.
- It is important that you let the cookies to cool completely before removing from their pans or they may break apart.
Most Helpful
Scrumptious! Followed recipe exactly and they were done in 12 minutes as posted! I loved the way they indented for the peanut butter cup! Going into my "Sweets" cookbook right away. Thnx for posting a very tasty cookie? tart?, Poison_Ivy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
well, i have a little problem. i use this plugin and it works excellent, execpt the wallpaper-link doesn't work.
Maybe it's a problem with z-index? i don't know. I tried several things, but nothing worked.
So, i hope, there is any solution.
Plugin is in use on http://www.gameothek.com/
thanks in advance


text:
Related Regions:
Northern Vermont,
New England,
North America,
United States
103 Resort Reviews
Write New Review
http://www.jaypeakresort.com (800) 451-4449
There is really only one way to describe Jay Peak accurately, and that is 'Hidden Gem of the Northeast'. As an avid snowboarder and part-time skier, I have toured most of the mountains in the Northeast trying to find the perfect one. Jay Peak is located so far North, that a lot of the big city skiers and boarders (New York and Boston mostly) will not dare to take their SUV's further than a 2 to 3 hour drive. So that covers perk number one; not a huge crowd on any given weekday/weekend.
Perk number two would have to be, hands down, the cost. The first time I went to Jay, I was still in college. Not many mountains will cater to the bankroll of the typical college student, that is, the typical college student who is not funded by mommy and daddy. Although you will find an occasional mountain, and I stress how rare this is, that will offer college discounts, Jay Peak is one of them. They are a mountain that is not caught up in the rising cost of snowmaking, but rather the essentials to an avid skier; good people and good snow at an affordable price.
Perk number three, and by far the most important aspect of this 'Hidden Gem', would have to be the snow. Jay Peak is located far enough North that most of the New England garbage weather that ends up being rain/snow wintry mix will almost always be huge pow pow flaky gold at Jay. Although Jay experiences its fair share of windy days, as most mountains do, Jay has a great safety net for all the powder to blow into; the gorgeous and numerous glades. The glades are everywhere on this mountain, whether you like the open tree skiing or the tight, fast pace, triple black diamonds tree skiing, Jay has it covered. Additionally, the snow is not like any snow in the Northeast. I found it to be very similar to the snow in Utah; dry, light and fluffy.
With a dual-gondola that runs to the to top every 10-15 minutes that holds a capacity close to 30-40 people along with express quads, you will not be doing much waiting around in lines.
And for all of those college students out there reading this review and getting excited, I have one last bit of advice for you; Grandpa Grunts. Located about 20 miles from the base, Grandpa Grunts is an old school community lodge that easily ranks up there for best bang for your buck. For 25 bucks a night, you can get your own room with any type of bed you would like. Heating is great, cleanliness is great, and what tops it off is waking up at 7:30 am to Grandpa cooking up some eggs, waffles, and grits in the community basement/party room which also has a bar, poor table, and kitchen.
So, to sum it all up, Jay Peak is an amazing resort with the BEST snow on the East cost at the cheapest cost. It is worth the extra 2 hour drive to get real snow. All that I ask is that you keep this a secret, because it will not be a 'Hidden Gem' if everyone keeps bragging about it like I have. Enjoy!!!!
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text:
Collaborative Legacy Re-Engineering through Componentization of Tools and Resources (COLECTR)
Award Information
Small Business Information
3085 Woodman Drive, Dayton, OH, 45420
Principal Investigator:
Mary Lou Fricke
(937) 299-5999
(937) 299-5999
Business Contact:
() -
Research Institution:
AbstractThe consolidation of Air Force Laboratories into the single Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) integrates organizations in New York with organizations in Ohio. This consolidation, coupled with declining defense budgets and personnel, increases the urgency of implementing the AFRL Collaborative Engineering Environment to support collaboration on C4I research. In order for the CEE to support mission requirements, the CEE must be integrated with existing research models and simulations (M&S) and analysis tools. S*R proposes to develop the COLECTR tool set to automate much of the task to integrate legacy applications with the CEE Core Processing System (CPS). Integration with the CEE will be supported by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation (Ball); as Ball is developing the CEE infrastructure. COLECTR will incorporate a set of software re-engineering tools in a CEE compliant agent called the Legacy Introspection Agent (LIA). LIA will seamless integrate with the CPS to support integrating legacy applications. In Phase I, S*R will integrate a prototype of COLECTR and integrate it as an external CEE application to demonstrate the system functional capabilities. The LIA will then be designed and implementation of Java tools to support Phase II implementation will continue during the last six months of Phase I.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
I have postfix and dovecot on a machine and I don't want anonymous sasl.
This is my main.cf
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination
(As you see I'm not using smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous)
In dovecot I don't have anonymous as auth_mechanisms as I don't want it:
auth_mechanisms = plain login
Is there any point in having smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous in postfix as well?
Don't these two settings sort of overlap?
I still don't understand.
1) According to the above configuration,
when I RECEIVE via MUA(Thunderbird) the process is:
MUA(Thunderbird) -> (POP/IMAP protocol) -> Dovecot's SASL -> new emails downloaded by MUA(Thunderbird)
when I SEND via MUA(Thunderbird) the process is:
MUA(Thunderbird) -> (SMTP protocol) -> MTA(Postfix) -> Dovecot's SASL (because of smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot) -> new email sent with MTA(Postfix)
2) As Dovecot's SASL is being used I guess all the directives in 10-auth.conf are and among these there is auth_mechanisms.
It looks to me as though when I SEND via MUA, because postfix comes first:
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
is run first.
Then Dovecot's SASL comes and so:
auth_mechanisms = plain login
It looks to me as though smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous is not really necessary because later on I only allow "plain" and "login". Can you see what I mean?


text:
Which sex is the worst about washing up? Why is it so important? We've got the dirty truth on how and when to wash your hands.
Bone Scan
What To Think About
- A bone scan does not distinguish between normal and abnormal bone growth by itself. So bone scan results must be interpreted along with your symptoms and the results of X-ray tests. In addition, other tests such as a CT scan, an MRI, blood tests, or a biopsy may also be needed to further evaluate abnormal bone scan results.
- Some types of cancer or diseases cannot be identified on a bone scan.
Other Works Consulted
Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical ReviewerAnne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine
Specialist Medical ReviewerMyo Min Han, MD - Nuclear Medicine
Current as ofSeptember 9, 2014
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Last Updated: September 09, 2014
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
© 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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text: Looking for Ski Doo for Sale? PennySaverUSA's classifieds can help you save money on Ski Doo for Sale in Michigan! PennySaverUSA has classifieds for Ski Doo for Sale & more! Shop our classifieds to find cars for sale, dogs for sale, apartments for rent, sporting goods, part-time jobs, and classifieds for home improvement and other local services!


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Universal Emblem ID Leather Wallet$11.99Special design features an interior 3-slot cardholder. Full-size exterior ID window has thumb-slide feature for quick removal. Genuine fine-grain red leather embossed with the BSA® Universal Emblem. A great gift for anyone, this wallet includes a split-style key ring and hook-and-loop closure. 3" x 4½" when closed. Learn More
Tiger Wallet$9.99Made of Cordura® nylon, this youth-sized wallet is machine washable and durable enough to hold up through every adventure! Popular Velcro®-closure design includes a cash pocket, photo/card holder, three large pockets, and zippered coin pocket. In bright Orange with new Tiger logo. Made in the USA. Learn More
Tiger Drawstring Backpack$5.99Bold new Tiger design puts more power in your pack! A great value, this orange polyester bag features the new tiger-face print on front... complete with 3D ears. Includes "These are my Tiger stripes!" lettering along with the Boy Scouts of America® logo. 14" x 15". Imported. Learn More
Tiger Cub Wallet$9.99Made of bright orange Cordura nylon, this youth sized wallet is sturdy enough to really take a beating. With a zippered billfold pocket, separate coin pocket, photo/card holders, three large pockets for other things, and secure Velcro® closure. Machine washable Learn More


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Art Dimensions 10 Years Anniversary
October 21, 2011, Art Dimensions of St. Louis, Missouri celebrated their 10 year anniversary. It was a night of and celebration of art, music, food, and community. This was celebrated at their home of 2720, the two together are a pivotal and early part of the Cherokee St. scene here in South City. The excitement continues for more years to come as they keep on celebrating these essentials of life day in and day out.
Music by Michael Franco


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Skip to main content
River Falls Journal
While landlocked, new River Falls/Ellsworth reporter finds new waters to chart
WinField business projects continue to meet with city approval
Sheriff's office: Initial attack report a hoax; no suspects being sought
Seized dogs from closed puppy mill can now be adopted
New county shop enters design phase
More Topics
crime and courts
Legion state baseball tournament underway
Northland Outdoors TV goes in search of monster trout
How has the past affected today's outdoors heritage?
Even in retirement, ex-superintendent's wheels keep on turning
Fish all alone atop St. Croix Valley League
More Topics
high school
RFMU thanks customers with food, fun in the sun
Community Band to do free 'Chill on the Hill' gig
VIDEO: A night at the St. Croix County Fair
River Falls, beware: A new breed of hunters is fanning out
VIDEO: St. Croix County Fair opens its gates
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arts and entertainment
TOWN OF KINNICKINNIC: 8/2/16 Town Board Meeting
TOWN OF PLEASANT VALLEY: 8/4/16 Town Board Meeting
RIVER FALLS SCHOOL DISTRICT: 8/1/16 Educational Program Committee Meeting
TOWN OF RIVER FALLS: 8/4/16 Public Test of Voting Equipment
TOWN OF CLIFTON: 8/2/16 Town Board Meeting
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Editorial: Following tragedies, memorials bring us together
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June 29, 2016
State could get $13M to fight heroin, opioids; Walker unsure if he'll speak at RNC; Wisconsin boasting nation's top crops; nine more state news stories
Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett supports a proposal in the next federal budget to give Wisconsin up to $13 million to fight heroin and prescription drug abuse. Federal and local officials highlighted the subject during a conference call with reporters on Tuesday. President Barack Obama's...
June 29, 2016 - 8:47am
June 27, 2016
Statewide gas prices dip; state's poverty numbers steady; Wisconsin farmer creates milk aimed at solving digestion issues; nine more state news stories
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text:
Penfolds Koonunga Hill Chardonnay 2012
Chardonnay from South Australia, Australia
Winemaker's Notes
Pale straw color. Ripe nectarine and stonefruit aromas dominate with hints of kaffir lime leaf and citrus blossom in the background. Complexing scents of creamy nougat and wafts of gun flint complete the intriguing nose. Citrus, lemon curd and stonefruits carry through to the palate which is showing lovely mineral acid linearity and providing wonderful length of flavor.
Koonunga Hill Chardonnay reflects Penfolds' multi-region, multi-vineyard blending policy, which enables winemakers to source the best parcels of fruit to produce consistently high quality wines from each vintage. A light to medium bodied Chardonnay with distinctive primary fruit characters, sustained intensity and a subtle underlay of moderate oak.
Critical Acclaim
Vinous / Antonio Galloni - "Light yellow. Honeysuckle, poached pear and tangerine on the nose, with a subtle vanilla quality in the background. Fleshy, palate-coating pear nectar and anise flavors show good depth braced by juicy acidity. Finishes smooth and supple, with a touch of peach and good cling."
Penfolds Wines Winery
Penfolds has been producing remarkable wines since 1844 and indisputably led the development of Australian fine wine in the modern era. The introduction of Penfolds Grange in 1951 forever changed the landscape of Australian fine wine. Since then a series of stand-out wines both white and red have been released under the Penfolds masthead.
Peter Gago, Penfolds Chief Winemaker and only the 4th custodian of Grange, relishes the opportunity to bring Penfolds to the world stage and is an enthusiastic ambassador and natural educator. Penfolds came to the attention of the US market when 1990 Grange was Wine Spectator's 'Wine of the Year'. Since then, Penfolds Grange has become one of the most collectable wines of the world and was honored to grace the front cover, once again, of Wine Spectator, with declarations of Grange as Australia's Icon
About South AustraliaView a map of South Australia wineries McLaren Vale, Coonawarra and Barossa Valley, South Australia produces some of the finest red wines of the country, and some say in the world. White wines gain their reputation from the distinctive Rieslings of Clare Valley and Eden Valley.
About AustraliaLike the United States, which is about the same size, Australia's winemaking regions are huddled into one or two pockets of the country. The state of South Australia, which produces about 60% of the country's wine, also has the most wineries and sub-regions, including McLaren Vale, Clare Valley, Coonawarra and Barossa Valley. New South Wales is home to the Hunter Valley, while the smaller, southern state of Victoria is best known for theYarra Valley. Head way west to the very large state of Western Australia and you'll find the tiny region of Margaret River at the southern tip.
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I saw a statistic today that 42 percent of people have a New Year's Resolution to lose weight. Some may not seek weight loss, just avoiding weight gain. Either way, maybe an Anti-Fat Club could help you and your buddies?
Awhile back, four of us decided we wanted to keep winter weight from creeping on to our fannies, so we formed the Anti-Fat Club. Some are already below goal weight and others want to lose a few pounds to get to winter goal weight.
If you and your buddies want to help each other keep fanny-fat from accumulating the next few months, you too can form your own Anti-Fat Club. Here's how it works:
Checking in with the group encourages accountability. Seeing other people maintain or lose weight helps others get back on track.
Happy New Year and may all your dreams and resolutions come true – even the anti-ones.
Gale Bernhardt
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ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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Re: Biz CC With No PG?
You should receive your key card in week to 10 days. If you dont get it after 10 days give them a call.
Harpo wrote:
I also was approved the for the Key Bank Card way before the Staples incident and I have not received the Key Card yet. How long does it take for them to send you the card?
(13,766 Views)


text:
In this preview video for Week 7 of Football Focus, host Joe Aguilar highlights the Saxons of Schaumburg who are 6-0 on the season. Schaumburg will honor former player Eric Von Schaumburg on October 25th, Von Schaumburg is suffering from ALS.
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17 posts tagged with gtd and resolved.
Displaying 1 through 17 of 17. Subscribe:
Help me GTD: Analysis Paralysis Applications & GTD
Help me implement GTD in a manageable fashion. I get lost in details, and need help keeping track of the pieces. I have access to web apps and a shiny new ipad air. Snowflakes inside. Tell me what has worked for you, and please offer practical advice. [more inside]
How to tackle multiple large personal projects?
I need some advice on getting things done. I have several large personal projects I've been trying to work on for a long time, but I am having trouble making even the smallest dent in each. [more inside]
Help me find a GTD website I used to use
A few years ago, I used to frequently use a website I liked that implemented Getting Things Done. I stopped using it, and I don't know why. I think it would be useful to start using it again. I remember aspects of the interface, but I've been unable to find it, unfortunately. Please help me find it. [more inside]
Not just get things done, but find out what I did...
In short: I need to track a couple of hundred tasks over 10-15 projects (in any of 7 areas) on the go at any one time. In a month, when I am asked, I currently have only a vague notion which project took up the most time. Currently using Things for Mac and iphone, but am open to moving if it is for a better solution (i integrated time tracking with no loss of functionality). Am ok with paying for it. [more inside]
What's a good to-do app for Mac & iOS that syncs with iCal/Google Calendar?
I am using an iMac with Mountain Lion as my desktop, and an iPhone 4S with iOS6 as my cell phone. I use OSX's and iOS's native apps for email, contacts, and calendar, which are provided by Google Apps. What I need is a GTD (to do) application for the Mac, which a) has an iOS version, and b) supports syncing to iCal or Google Calendar. I currently own Omnifocus, but as of Mountain Lion, it no longer supports iCal sync. I want to be able to sync deadlines and tasks to my calendar, this really is a pretty basic feature that seems to be missing from a lot of GTD applications. Wunderlist doesn't support this. I've looked at Things, but it doesn't seem to support it either. Any recommendations?
Something well-designed to get me well organized
Tell me of the most beautifully designed, paper-based gtd / organizers / planners in the land! I want nice typography, attractive materials and maximum usability in one package. Is this possible? [more inside]
Using Apple's Native Notes and Reminders for GTD with Mountain Lion
GTD Question for Apple users: Is anyone using the baked in notes and reminders apps successfully for their GTD workflow? I've used a lot of third party apps, but with Mountain Lion it now seems worthwhile to use the apps Apple syncs automatically. Thoughts? Links? Suggestions? Thanks.
How do I force Outlook to send/receive on MY schedule?
Outlook - How do I force a send without also refreshing the receive? [more inside]
Looking for a site similar to Todoist.
Looking for a site similar to Todoist. [more inside]
How do you track & use ideas from your previous sketch books, journals & diaries?
For those that keep a journal/diary/sketch book: When you start a new book, how do you continue to track and use the good ideas and projects in your old books that you'd like to pursue? [more inside]
Using context to get more things done?
How important is context to getting work done? What are effective ways to manipulate context to get more done? [more inside]
Help me manage my multiple interests and hobbies, aside of my personal and professional life
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Append to text file?
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text:
Till the update to Wordpres 3.5.1 last week I could use your nice plugin very well. After updateing I just want to put some html code in the text area of the widget. I got this error message (if I activate the plugin in the admin panel or if I try to use it):
"TypeError: tinyMCE.get(...) is undefined"
All themes and plugins are on the actual version. No idea what happend?
It would be nice to get a solution.
thx and best regards


text:
Threaded View
12 Apr 2012 6:02 AM #1
Unanswered: How to show the content of a 3rd - Party Website
Hi everybody!
Whithin my application I want to show the content of a 3rd party website (actually it's mine... )
In GXT 2x I used a ContentPanel and .setUrl("http://...") to get this working.
In GXT 3 RC there is no .setURL
How can I get this done in GXT 3x?
Kind regards


text:
Train Destroyed
|Awarded for destroying strategic enemy assets.
You need to capture the armored train on level 7. You will see a train on your left moving along the track. Use your train's cannon to destroy the enemy train.
|Rate this achievement
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 22, 1977
|Filing date
|Jul 20, 1973
|Priority date
|Jul 28, 1972
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hans-Joachim Wolf, Franz Meier, Hans Ulrich Baumgartner
|Original Assignee
|Kistler Instrumente Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (30), Classifications (19)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A fundamental problem occurring in metrology and control engineering is the amplification of a very small electrical variable into one that can be exploited for measuring, recording and control purposes and in this regard various types of measuring amplifiers are employed. As an important secondary function in such operations, every measuring amplifier must be adjusted to a certain value at the beginning of a measurement, usually zero if the measured value at the transducer is zero.
Only after this does the phenomenon to be measured commence. Upon its completion, when the measured value is zero again for example, the measuring amplifier is set to the initial value of zero once more and kept there until a new measuring operation is initiated. In most cases, the measuring amplifier delivers a voltage as an output signal, usually of the order of 0 to + 10 V.
With such measuring amplifiers, therefore, before starting a measuring operation the amplifier output must be adjusted to 0 V by means of a switching operation known as zeroing or resetting.
Further consideration here will be directed mainly to an electrometer and charge amplifiers as are used, for example, in piezoelectric metrology to convert relatively weak signals from piezoelectric transducers into proportional measuring and control voltages. For initiating reset, mechanical relays are employed in such transducers. On account of their operational reliability and small dimensions so-called reed relays as described in Swiss Pat. No. CH 502 690 have won acceptance for this duty. On all such relays the switchover is performed by means of mechanically operated conductors, which are moved by building-up or removing magnetic or electric fields, with attendant disadvantages and undesirable side effects.
In the first place these zeroing operations take a relatively long time. Secondly there are always disturbing charges in the proximity of these relays, which are located on the glass surfaces near to the melted-in contacts and cannot be led off again. After a "zeroing" of this kind the result is a residual voltage set up by static induction, which cannot be removed even by repeated resettings. While a variety of proposals have been made for overcoming this difficulty, no satisfactory solution has emerged.
Considerable difficulties are experienced in the design of miniature amplifiers owing to the mechanical variable and the need to operate the relays mechanically. When such miniature amplifiers are to be combined with piezoelectric transducers to form a unit, however, the problems become almost insurmountable. For the industrial application of piezoelectric transducers in particular, the miniature amplifier has to be located in the immediate proximity of the transducer, so that the signal leads to the evaluating instruments may consist of simple, uncritical cable connections involving no particularly stringent requirements in the way of insulation.
In view of all these problems this invention adopts a new approach, eliminating the use of mechanically operated relays or switches for zeroing miniature amplifiers. Instead, controllable semiconductor elements are employed, controlled not by the magnetic action of a current, but by a voltage, for instance. By eliminating all mechanically moved elements, all static induction is prevented, and the energy required for resetting is incomparably smaller. In particular, however, the time taken is shortened by orders of magnitude. Entirely new possibilities are opened up by this, especially where the circuitry has to be accommodated in a miniature amplifier which is to be fitted in the immediate proximity of the transducer or actually inside it. In one major embodiment of the invention, the current supply, signal transmission and triggering of a reset can be transmitted via a lead of the cable, allowing a simple plug-and-socket and cable connection to be used.
An important advantage of the zeroing device using a semiconductor is that the semiconductor protects the input transistor, which is usually a field effect transistor with insulated control electrode, against overvoltages. Because the inputs of electrometer and charge amplifiers have input impedances of the order of 1014 ohm, the electrostatic charges often caused by friction are enough to set up voltages of several hundred volts at the input of such amplifiers, leading to a breakdown of the insulation in the input transistor and a destruction of it.
The semiconductor in the zeroing circuit is also exposed to this static charge, and if the voltage at this element exceeds a certain limiting or breakdown voltage it becomes conductive, leading the static charge away without being destroyed by it if a suitable current limiting resistor is included. Semiconductor elements can be found for the zeroing device having a breakdown voltage below the destruction voltage of the input transistor, so that the latter is protected (see FIG. 9).
The present invention will be more fully explained with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a commercially available measuring amplifier assembly on the charge amplifier principle.
FIG. 2 shows a commercially available measuring amplifier assembly on the electrometer amplifier principle.
FIG. 3 shows the voltage versus time diagram of a zeroing operation by the usual systems.
FIG. 4 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention, with semiconductor zeroing device for switching on and off.
FIG. 5 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention, with semiconductor zeroing device for a stepless operation.
FIG. 6 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention, with a semiconductor zeroing device using an opticoelectrical arrangement.
FIG. 7 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention using an electrometer amplifier with semiconductor elements.
FIG. 8 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention with an electrometer amplifier and light transmission onto counter-connected diodes.
FIG. 9 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention using a charge amplifier circuit.
FIG. 10 shows a piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention with coaxial transmission to the signal processing unit.
FIG. 11 shows a variant of FIG. 10 with light transmission to open the negative feedback circuit.
FIG. 12 shows a typical piezoelectric pressure transducer application with an amplifier and a zeroing device formed as a thick film or hybrid circuit.
FIG. 1 shows a commercially available measuring amplifier assembly consisting of a piezoelectric crystal 1 on which the forces P act, and the collector electrodes 2 and 3 connected to ground 10 and to direct-current amplifier 4. This amplifier constitutes a charge amplifier with negative feedback capacitance 5 and an input impedance of 1014 ohm. Usually, the measuring lead 12 is connected to the piezoelectric transducer, which consists of the crystal 1 and electrodes 2 and 3. The charge amplifier 4 is based on the principle of the integrating amplifier (see F. Kohlrausch: "Praktische Physik," 1968, Vol. 2, p. 56), which is also known as a Miller integrator. Compared with the usual Miller integrators, however, it is distinguished by high input impedance and high gain.
Charge amplifiers in conjunction with piezoelectric transducers for measuring mechanical variables are described also in "Electrorevue" No. 48, Nov. 1967p. 2222, among other references.
Usual capacitances of the negative feedback capacitor 5 lie between 10 pF and 0.1μ F. To obtain a large time constant R � C of, for example, 1000 sec. with almost static measurements, in the case of the 10 pF capacitor the total effective insulation resistance, represented by resistance 6, must amount to at leas 1014 ohm.
Before starting a measurement, the negative feedback capacitor is discharged by closing a parallel switch 7, for which the switch is set briefly to the reset position. For the measurement that follows, this switch 7 remains open, i.e., in operation. It will be apparent from the mode of operation that switch 7 must have very high insulation.
FIG. 2 shows an alternative piezoelectric measuring system operating on the voltage amplifier or electrometer principle. By means of the capacitance 22 in parallel with the piezoelectric transducer 21 the sensitivity of the amplifier 25 wired as an impedance transformer is fixed.
In this case, also, the capacitance 22 is short-circuited by means of a relay 24 before measuring commences. Here again, the relay contact 24 must have very high insulation in the opened state. The direct-current amplifier 25 is provided with a difference input and follows the voltage changes produced at the input 26 by the piezoelectric system.
The mechanical switches or relays usually employed for this purpose are mostly of the reed relay type on account of the high insulation resistances demanded. These relays incorporate reeds melted into glass, which are actuated by an externally applied magnetic field.
These reed relays correspond to the latest state of the art and give high insulation values and relatively short switching times; nevertheless, however, they have a number of major disadvantages for this application. For example, the magnetic field needed to trigger them requires a relatively large amount of energy, while on the other hand it gives rise to undesirable induction effects and disturbing charges. Upon resetting relays 7 and 24 for operation, these disturbances cause the notorious zero jump, which is irregular and may have positive or negative voltages. The main cause of these disturbances are charges on the inside wall of the glass tubes of the reed relays customary in the trade. Owing to these disturbing charges, the desired starting position at the commencement of measuring, i.e., voltage at the negative feedback capacitor 5 and 22 = 0 and thus, in the case of an ideal amplifier the initial amplifier voltage, 0V, is in error by an amount corresponding to a few 0.1 pC at the input. Since the charges on the inside of the glass wall of the reed relay which cause the zero jump in the manner described are variable compensation by appropriate zero displacement in the amplifier, for example is ruled out in practice.
FIG. 3 shows a zeroing operation plotted against the time scale as may be recorded with an oscillograph. The initial signal Ua, represented by the line 34, drops to zero during the zeroing phase 32 when the relay contact 7 or 24 is short-circuited, i.e., switched to Re. Upon switching-back, i.e., opening to the operating position, the zero jump takes place with a partly irregular and partly reproducible value 35, which may be positive or negative. The measurement which now follows is in error by this initial error, which in the case of small measured variables often leads to unsatisfactory measuring results.
The invention eliminates the cause of these difficulties by replacing the mechanical relays 7 and 24 with controllable semiconductor elements, which are influenced without magnetic fields and can be actuated much more rapidly and with much less energy expenditure due to the elimination of all mechanical contacting. Interruption is less abrupt, minimizing the errors caused by noise. Similarly, eliminated are errors caused by frictional electricity and thermoelectric voltages.
Moreover, the much smaller dimensions of the semiconductor element in the piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention make it possible to construct miniaturized amplifiers on both the charge amplifier and the electrometer amplifier principles. The piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system may be accommodated in a single housing, or else in two housings joined by a cable suited for the arduous temperature and vibration conditions under which the transducer must operate.
FIG. 4 illustrates the idea of a controllable semiconductor element for zeroing the charge amplifier. The piezoelectric transducer 41 is connected by the lead 50 with the charge amplifier 44. The latter is equipped with a negative feedback capacitor 45, which is short-circuited with the controllable semiconductor element 47 or is open. The control impulse for opening (Op) or closing (Re) is given to the semiconductor element through the lead 48. As with the reed relay, the semiconductor element 47 requires very high insulation of the order of 1013 ohm, at least; this is technically achievable with field effect transistors.
Of paramount importance, however, is the fact that the zero jumps with the semiconductor elements are absolutely reproducible and therefore compensatable. This can be accomplished by feeding in an appropriate compensation signal at point 46 via the lead 49.
FIG. 5 shows another piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system according to the invention, with piezoelectric crystal 51 and charge amplifier 54. Instead of a semiconductor element operated as a switch, one is used which can be adjusted to any intermediate stages between short circuit and maximum resistance, e.g., 108, 109, 1010, 1011 to 1013 ohm. The magnitude of the effective resistance can be regulated by the control signal 58. With dynamic measurements, this possibility is exploited to determine the lower frequency limit.
FIG. 6 shows another alternative piezoelectric transducer and amplifier system with transducer 61 and charge amplifier 64. Instead of a controllable semiconductor element an optico-electronic switching element 67 is used here, for complete or partial short-circuiting of the negative feedback capacitor 65. This switching element 67 consists of two photodiodes 69 in opposition, which can be illuminated by one or two light-emitting diode 68 via the control lead 66.
Other semiconductor elements are conceivable, however, for zeroing the piezoelectric transducer and amplifier according to the invention. Their resistances may be influenced by field effects, light effects or magnetic effects.
To begin with, apart from the bipolar transistor, the thyristor and the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, the surface barrier field effect transistor is particularly suited because it enables especially high resistances to be obtained in the blocked state. A circuit using one of the above-mentioned transistor types as a zeroing device can be varied in accordance with the invention so that after switching-off the operating voltage of the amplifier the zeroing device assumes a low resistance, automatically short-circuiting the negative feedback capacitor. With appropriate circuitry it is then possible to transmit the power feed, signal and reset command with only a two-pole connection between the input amplifier and signal processing part. These possibilities are explained more fully in the other figures.
The piezoelectric transducer and amplifier systems in accordance with the invention described hitherto can be applied without reservation to existing charge or electrometer amplifiers for piezoelectric transducers on which the transducer and amplifier form separate units connected by highly insulating plugs and leads. For industrial applications, however, highly insulating connections are not desirable on account of the greater susceptibility to disturbances.
For such applications it is therefore advantageous if miniature amplifiers can be constructed, which can be located immediately in or on the piezoelectric transducer. They should be equally suited for the charge and electrometer amplifier principles, and whenever possible coaxial long-distance lines to the evaluating instruments should be feasible. Obviously, such a miniature amplifier can be realized only if the size and mode of operation of the zeroing device will allow it, unless short-term static measurements are eliminated.
FIG. 7 shows an electrometer amplifier circuit suitable for combination with the piezoelectric transducer in miniature design. This would include all components inside the rectangle 77. The matching electronics with power supply and signal evaluation output Ua are shown in the rectangle 79, while 78 represents the coaxial transmission line. The piezoelectric transducer 71 is shown in parallel with a capacitance 72. In certain cases this will consist merely of the inherent capacitance of the transducer and its parts.
The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor 75 serves as impedance converter, and the p-channel field effect transistor 74 for short-circuiting the capacitance 72 or the piezoelectric transducer 71 directly. The field effect transistor 74 is controlled by switching the supply voltage on and off via the lead 78 from the matching and power supply unit 79. The field effect transistor 74 is thus arranged so that when unit 79 is switched off any charges that might arise due to the action of force on the piezoelectric transducer 71 are short-circuited constantly. Only upon switching-on is the transistor 74 blocked by the voltage. If necessary, this opening can be delayed by the capacitance 73 until the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor 75 is in full action. This ensures that no residual charges from previous measurements are added to the new measurement at the commencement of measuring. If displacements from zero due to other influences become noticeable, such as major temperature variations, these can be easily eliminated if the measurement is interrupted briefly by switching-off the supply voltage.
Instead of the switched field effect transistor 74, one may be used with an adaptable intermediate position similar to FIG. 5, which gives a resistance of 1010 ohm in the blocked state. For certain changes this enables disturbances due to temperature variations to be corrected automatically, especially with dynamic measurements.
FIG. 8 shows a variant of FIG. 7, differing in the use of an assembly of two diodes 86 in opposition and controlled by the light source 85, instead of the controllable semiconductor element 74.
FIG. 9 shows a configuration operating on the charge amplifier principle similar to FIGS. 4 and 5. The operational amplifier 92 is connected to the piezoelectric transducer and is powered via the leads 96 and 97. To short-circuit the negative feedback capacitor 93 the n-channel field effect transistor 94 is employed, which blocks when the supply voltage is switched on and thus brings the operational amplifier 92 into action. Resistance 95 serves to protect the field effect transistor 74.
The measuring signal is tapped via leads 98 and 99. On account of this the system requires a four-core connection between the combination 100 and the matching electronics not shown. In many cases, especially for industrial applications,, the dimensions of the transducer, plug and cable are so large that four-core transmission lines present no particular problems.
FIG. 10 shows a varient of FIg. 9 in which the charge amplifier circuitry is used once more but a two-core or coaxial transmission line 110 is employed. A configuration of this kind will admit a higher degree of miniaturization, though a somewhat greater outlay is required. The piezoelectric transducer has a direct connection with the operational amplifier 103 and an indirect connection via the Zener diode 102. In another variant, however, it can be connected direct to the + and - input of the operational amplifier 103 as well.
The discharge of the negative feedback capacitor 104 is controlled in turn by the p-field effect transistor 105, which can be operated with a time lag via capacitor 106. By switching-on the current supply via leads 111 and 112, field effect transistor 105 is blocked, bringing the operational amplifier 103 into action. The signal from the piezoelectric transducer 101 is superimposed upon the constant feed current supplied via leads 111 and 112. The signal is then separated from the feed current in the signal processing unit 108.
FIG. 11 shows a variant of FIG. 10, differing in that the field effect transistor 105 is replaced by the circuit 115, in which two light-controlled diodes are arranged in opposition so that they release the negative feedback capacitor when the feed current is switched on. The signal is evaluated as in FIG. 10, converting the variation of the feed current into a voltage variation by means of an operational amplifier.
Finally, FIG. 12 shows a typical spatial layout of a miniature charge amplifier 120 fitted in a piezoelectric transducer 121. The transducer is suitable for measuring pressure, force or acceleration, depending on whether the force introduction part 123 consists of a diaphragm, force plate or seismic mass. The crystal array delivers its + and - charge to the amplifier 120 via contact springs 130. The amplifier with the plug 124 forms a single housing. Fitted in the amplifier housing 120 is the carrier plate 128, on which the various semiconductor elements and amplifiers are mounted with their associated components and interconnected by known methods.
The amplifier housing 120 is insulated from the transducer housing 121 by a glass or ceramic part 127. The plug socket 126 is likewise separated from the threaded part 125 by an insulator 131. The entire amplifier unit 120 is designed so that it can be fully assembled and tested outside the piezoelectric transducer 121, after which it is inserted in the transducer and seal-welded at the annular parts 132. A low-resistance cable connection can then be led to the current supply unit and signal processing.
From the foregoing description it will be clear that the invention opens up new possibilities in piezoelectric metrology. The use of controllable semiconductor elements constitutes an important step towards the replacement of the reed relays and switches hitherto employed in measuring instruments of this kind. This advance can be realized in existing measuring amplifiers, but in particular it makes possible the design of miniature amplifiers for installation in the immediate proximity of the piezoelectric transducer or actually inside it.
With the piezoelectric transducer and amplifier configuration proposed in accordance with the invention, systems are obtained which are applicable equally for charge and electrometer amplifiers. In addition it allows two-core or multi-core connections between the transducer/amplifier system and the matching power feed unit. The inaccuracies formerly associated with the notorious zeroing jump can be eliminated. When measuring rapid cyclic phenomena, such as pressure diagrams on internal combustion engines, it is quite possible to zero briefly after each operation. This eliminates any errors due to outside influences like temperature gradients etc.
Consequently, the invention not only makes possible more accurate and more reliable measurements, but also greatly simplified designing, with a favorable effect on both price and operational reliability. Besides this, however, it also permits entirely new approaches to measuring problems.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 1958
|Sep 18, 1962
|Richard Robert H
|Device for measuring the root mean square value of a slowly varying voltage
|Nov 21, 1961
|Apr 14, 1964
|Systems Inc Comp
|Reset operational amplifier
|Aug 22, 1963
|Dec 21, 1965
|Richards William J
|Constant output amplifier including light responsive feedback means
|Feb 8, 1965
|Jun 10, 1969
|Towson Lab Inc
|Reversible analog-digital converter utilizing incremental discharge of series connected charge sharing capacitors
|Dec 28, 1967
|Nov 17, 1970
|Rca Corp
|Apparatus for measuring low voltages and currents with amplifier protective means
|Dec 23, 1970
|Jan 16, 1973
|Gen Electric
|Division with pulse width modulation
|Aug 28, 1971
|Sep 18, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Digitally controllable variable active rc filter
|Mar 22, 1971
|Oct 16, 1973
|Siemens Ag
|Flow measuring device
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 1978
|Jul 15, 1980
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Hydrophone preamplifier and calibration circuit
|Aug 2, 1978
|Jul 22, 1980
|Contact Communication Corporation
|Low noise-high gain JFET amplifier for a piezoelectric transducer
|Jul 28, 1978
|Aug 12, 1980
|The Singer Company
|Digitally controlled gain reduction in a positioning system
|Apr 20, 1995
|Jun 4, 1996
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|External force measuring system and component mounting apparatus equipped with same
|May 4, 1999
|Apr 17, 2001
|K.K. Holding Ag
|Circuitry for measuring piezoelectric signals
|Jan 29, 2001
|Apr 6, 2004
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus having a support structure and actuator
|Feb 20, 2003
|May 18, 2004
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus having a pair of opposing surfaces driven by a piezoelectric actuator
|Mar 27, 2002
|Jul 6, 2004
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus for moving folded-back arms having a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|May 14, 2004
|Mar 22, 2005
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus for moving a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Nov 27, 2001
|Mar 29, 2005
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Power amplification circuit and communication device using the same
|Feb 6, 2002
|Apr 12, 2005
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus for moving a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Nov 24, 2004
|Dec 13, 2005
|Viking Technologies, L.C.
|Apparatus for moving a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Apr 5, 2004
|May 6, 2008
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|Apparatus and process for optimizing work from a smart material actuator product
|Jun 20, 2005
|Jul 21, 2009
|Parker-Hannifin Corporation
|Apparatus and process for optimizing work from a smart material actuator product
|Apr 28, 2005
|Aug 24, 2010
|Kistler Holding, Ag
|Measuring system comprising variably sensitive outputs
|May 2, 2007
|Dec 13, 2011
|Kistler Holding, Ag
|Piezoelectric measuring element with transverse effect and sensor comprising such a measuring element
|Nov 27, 2001
|Jul 18, 2002
|Keiichi Sakuno
|Power amplification circuit and communication device using the same
|Feb 20, 2003
|Jul 10, 2003
|Jeff Moler
|Apparatus having a pair of opposing surfaces driven by a piezoelectric actuator
|Feb 6, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Jeff Moler
|Apparatus for moving a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Mar 27, 2002
|Jul 1, 2004
|Bugel John Anthony
|Apparatus for moving folded-back arms having a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Mar 15, 2004
|Sep 23, 2004
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Amplifier for converting charge signal
|Apr 5, 2004
|Dec 30, 2004
|Jeff Moler
|Apparatus and process for optimizing work from a smart material actuator product
|Nov 24, 2004
|Apr 7, 2005
|Jeff Moler
|Apparatus for moving a pair of opposing surfaces in response to an electrical activation
|Apr 28, 2005
|Dec 4, 2008
|Leo Amstutz
|Measuring System Comprising Variably Sensitive Outputs
|May 2, 2007
|Sep 3, 2009
|Kistler Holding Ag
|Piezoelectric measuring element with transverse effect and sensor comprising such a measuring element
|Apr 25, 2014
|Aug 21, 2014
|Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Displacement detection device and displacement detection method
|Mar 26, 2013
|Nov 12, 2014
|Electronic circuit for a weight-in-motion sensor
|Mar 18, 2004
|Sep 22, 2004
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Amplifier for converting charge signal
|Sep 15, 2004
|Mar 30, 2005
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Combustion pressure data collection system with multi-cylinder engine with charge amplifiers with correction circuits
|Mar 26, 2013
|Oct 3, 2013
|Kistler Holding Ag
|Electronic circuit for a weight-in-motion sensor
|U.S. Classification
|330/110, 310/314, 330/59
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
'Virtual Factory' of Fraud Discovered in LIRR Credit Card Scam
"Thousands of dollars of losses on more than 50 accounts."
When police arrested a couple for planting cameras and credit card skimmers on Long Island Railroad ticket machines, they discovered a "virtual factory" for credit card fraud. An apartment the couple allegedly worked from contained cameras, skimmers, memory cards, credit cards, and two flash drives full of account numbers, the New York Times reports. "It was unclear how much money was stolen. At least one bank has reported thousands of dollars of losses on more than 50 accounts, the authorities said." Basically, the only safe way to handle your money is to keep all of it on you at all times.