text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 2007
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 2006
|Priority date
|Feb 16, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Edward L. Palen, Gregory L. Wojcik, Lawrence C. West
|Original Assignee
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (54), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to the coupling of optical signals into and out of an IC chip.
Semiconductor fabrication technology is moving towards figuring out ways to combine both electrical signaling and optical signaling on the same IC chips. This drive to combine of the two technologies is in part fueled by the inherent advantages associated with optical signals in comparison to electrical signals both in terms of distributing information throughout a given IC chip and in terms of inter-chip communications. One application that is likely to be among early commercial implementations involves the use of optical signals to distribute clock signals throughout a very large IC chip, such as a microprocessor. This is because optical signals are typically characterized by smaller skews and they are less susceptible to jitter and other signal distortions to which electrical signals tend to be prone especially at the nanometer scales now being considered for IC chip design.
Getting the optical signals into and out of the IC chips in a way that is commercially practical and involves fabrication costs that are competitive presents one of the challenges the industry faces today. The embodiments described herein represent some answers to this challenge.
In general, in one aspect the invention features an optoelectronic circuit including: an IC chip comprising a substrate in which an optical waveguide and a mirror have been fabricated, the substrate having a first lens formed thereon, wherein the mirror is aligned with the optical waveguide and the first lens is aligned with the mirror to form an optical path connecting the first lens, the mirror, and the optical waveguide; and an optical coupler including a second lens, the optical coupler affixed to the substrate and positioned to align the second lens with the first lens so as to couple an optical signal into or out of the optical waveguide within the IC chip.
Other embodiments include one or more of the following features. The substrate also includes microelectronic circuitry fabricated therein. The optical coupler is made of a material that is transparent to the wavelengths of the optical signal. The second lens is an integrally formed part of the optical coupler. The microelectronic circuitry is fabricated in a first layer in the substrate and the optical waveguide and the mirror are fabricated in a second layer within the substrate that is below the first layer. The substrate has a backside and the first lens is formed on the backside of the substrate. The optical coupler is affixed to either the backside or the front side of the substrate. Alternatively, the first lens is formed on the front side of the substrate. In which case, the IC chip further includes a reflecting area formed on the backside of the substrate and the first lens, the reflecting area, and the mirror in the optical waveguide are aligned along the optical path with the reflecting surface between the first lens and the mirror. The optoelectronic circuit also includes an optical fiber connected to the optical coupler, wherein the optical coupler, the first lens on the backside of the substrate and the mirror in combination optically couples the optical fiber and the optical waveguide.
Some of the other embodiments also include one or more of the following features. The first and second lenses define an optical axis, wherein the optical coupler includes a mirror and a coupling surface against which the optical fiber is abutted, and wherein the optical fiber is aligned transversely to the optical axis. The coupler includes an angled surface and a metal film deposited on the angled surface to form the mirror in the optical coupler. The optical coupler includes a mounting structure. The mounting structure includes a tube-shaped extension which surrounds and extends away from the second lens in the optical coupler and defines at its distal end a flat surface which rests against the backside of the IC chip. The optical coupler including the integrally formed first lens is made of a glass (e.g. molded glass) or is made of a molded plastic. The optoelectronic circuit also includes an epoxy or a metallization bonding the optical coupler to the substrate. The substrate is made of silicon. The substrate further includes a pedestal extending away from the backside with the first lens formed on a distal end of the pedestal. The optoelectronic circuit further includes a chip carrier with the IC chip flip-chip mounted on the chip carrier and/or an AR film deposited on the second lens in the optical coupler. The optoelectronic circuit also includes an AR film deposited on the first lens.
Some of the other embodiments also include one or more of the following features. The optical coupler includes a cylindrically-shaped extension with the coupling surface at one end of the cylindrically-shaped extension. The optical fiber is fusion spliced onto the coupling surface. The first lens is formed by etching the substrate. The mirror is oriented at an angle of about 45� relative to the optical axis. The first lens is a focusing lens which is positioned to focus a received collimated beam into the optical waveguide. The second lens is a collimating lens which collimates a received beam and delivers the collimated beam to the first lens. The optical coupler includes an integrated light source. The light source includes a laser which generates the optical signal, a turning mirror which redirects the optical signal from the laser into the second lens. Alternatively, the optoelectronic circuit includes a light source mounted on the optical coupler, wherein during operation the light source generates the optical signal.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features an optoelectronic circuit including: an IC chip comprising a substrate in which an array of optical waveguides and an array of mirrors have been fabricated, the substrate having a first lens system formed thereon, wherein each mirror of the array of mirrors is aligned with a corresponding different optical waveguide of the array of optical waveguides and the first lens system is aligned with the array of mirrors to form an array of optical paths connecting the first lens system, the array of mirrors, and the array of optical waveguides; and an optical coupler including a second lens system, the optical coupler affixed to the substrate and positioned to align the second lens system with the first lens system so as to couple optical signals into or out of the array of optical waveguides within the IC chip.
Other embodiments include one or more of the following features. The first lens system is a first array of lens elements and the second lens system is a second array of lens elements. Each lens element of the first array of lens elements is aligned with a corresponding different lens element of the second array of lens elements. The second array of lens elements is an integrally formed part of the optical coupler. The substrate has a backside and the first array of lens elements is formed on the backside of the substrate. The optical coupler is affixed to the backside of the substrate.
The optical coupling configurations described herein includes optical elements that are both external to the IC structure and integral to the IC structure. They provide optical coupling from the light source or optical fiber to the IC waveguide. Likewise, the same optical coupling configurations provide optical coupling from an IC waveguide to an external waveguide or optical waveguide of a different IC. The optical coupling configuration, which includes a fiber pigtailed collimating lens mount structure subassembly, also referred to as a "Surface Mount Optical Coupler" or "SMOC", can be fabricated so that it is very low cost, is scaleable for high volume optical coupling to IC manufacturing, and is compatible with the optical design for coupling to IC waveguides that have the IC coupling optics described in this disclosure.
Some of the concepts described herein enable one to design the optical coupling alignment and attachment processing to be compatible with electronics industry automated assembly processing equipment of surface mount assembly using Flip-Chip automated assembly equipment. Also certain embodiments of the SMOC make it possible that many variances in optical coupling of the subassemblies can be greatly compensated solely by lateral displacement of the SMOC relative to the IC backside lens. This compensation requires that the beam not be perfectly collimated at the output of the SMOC so that other errors in beam tilt and position at image locations of the fiber and waveguide can be compensated by lateral movement of the SMOC. The less collimated the beam, the less movement is required by the SMOC to compensate for lateral tilt and position errors in other elements of the optical system. So a careful analysis needs to be made to determine the best non-collimation or beam divergence/convergence that fits the desired tolerances on the system. In that case, the SMOC design and assembly processing methods ensure that no tilt of the SMOC relative to the IC optics can occur to degrade the optical coupling. These advances, which are described herein, when combined together enable a low-cost, high volume production solution for optical coupling to ICs.
Using two lenses with one on the coupler and the other on the IC allows for larger placement tolerance between the collimated, or pseudo-collimated, light beams in between the "focusing lens" into the IC waveguide and the "collimating lens" from the optical fiber due to larger beam diameter. Optical coupling alignment tolerances on the order of 20 μm for 400 μm beam diameters and 5 μm for 100 μm beams can be expected. In addition, integrating the focusing lens into the IC by wafer level fabrication reduces the Bill of Materials (BOM) and assembly align & attach costs of this lens.
Choosing a small diameter for the collimated beam allows for both a shorter optical train length and smaller footprint area on the IC backside heat sink. This is also beneficial from an optics perspective due to the closer proximity of the focusing lens to the IC waveguide (partly due to IC wafer thinning factors), resulting in a smaller than normal (400-800 μm for traditional optoelectronic devices) collimated beam diameter.
At least some of the embodiments disclosed herein provide a means for optically coupling to optical waveguides within integrated chips that has low cost fabrication of components and has assemblies that are compatible with high volume production assembly. The theoretical optical coupling efficiency is 96% for some of these systems. Various disclosed design features allow for this high optical coupling efficiency to be realized in a production environment.
The optical coupling of at least some of the disclosed systems is achieved without resulting sensitivity to either the polarization state of the light or the wavelength of the light. Thus, polarization dependent loss (PDL) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are not limiting factors for at least some of the described optical coupling systems. Also, the performance of at least some of the disclosed optical coupling systems is not sensitive to the specific wavelengths used in any wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) configuration for optical communication.
It should be noted that competing optical coupling configurations for out-of-plane coupling to planar waveguides that are based upon diffraction grating or photonics crystal coupling schemes are very sensitive to the polarization state and the wavelength of light. This polarization state and wavelength dependence of optical coupling marginalize the performance of such competing optical coupling systems.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Embodiments are described herein that represent various structures for coupling optical signals to optical waveguides that have been fabricated on or in an IC chip. In general, in these embodiments the optical coupling to the IC waveguide is accomplished by directing a beam (which may be a diverging beam, a converging beam or a collimated beam) to a Si lens fabricated on and integral to the backside of the IC chip (i.e., silicon substrate). In at least some of the described embodiments, the beam will be a substantially collimated beam. The Si lens then focuses the light beam into the IC waveguide via a 45� mirror located at the IC waveguide. The collimated light beam between the external optics and the IC optics passes through dry air. The collimating lens and the Si focusing lens both have anti-reflection (AR) coatings to keep the optical coupling losses low.
One embodiment is illustrated in
Affixed to the backside of chip 10 and in alignment with lens 20 is a collimating lens subassembly or surface mount optical coupler (SMOC) 22. It is an integrally fabricating structure that includes: a collimating lens 24; a mirrored surface 26 angled 45� relative to the optical axis 28 of collimating lens 24; a short, rod-shaped extension 30 which has a flat optical surface 32 at its exposed end, and a cylindrically-shaped support or tube extension 34 which supports and aligns the subassembly against the backside of chip 10. Butted against flat surface of extension 30 is an optical fiber pigtail 38 that characteristically includes a fiber core 40, surrounded by fiber cladding 42 which is, in turn, surrounded by a fiber buffer layer 44 that protects the inner structure. A polymer boot 46 surrounds the end of optical fiber pigtail 38 and part of extension 30 and serves both to provide a means of anchoring the assembly to an extension arm 50 of chip carrier 12 and to protect the optical fiber from being damaged during handing. Polymer boot 46 is secured to the sidewall of the chip-carrier by low modulus adhesive. When lens subassembly 22 is mounted on the backside of chip 10, it aligns its collimating lens 24 with focusing lens 20 and maintains them at a predetermined distance from each other with an intermediate air gap 39 separating them. The footprint of the collimating lens assembly on the IC backside can be kept as small as 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, which is small enough to produce an acceptably small impact on the IC heat sink cooling and local thermal control requirements.
In the described embodiment, the wall of tube extension 34 is thick enough (e.g. 150 μm or larger) to provide adequate mechanical stability to hold the optical train securely. The lens subassembly mount surface is the flat end of tube 34. It is an annular shaped surface that abuts against the backside of IC chip 10 and is concentrically aligned with and surrounds Si lens 20 on the IC backside. Design clearances between the inside wall of tube extension 34 and the outer perimeter of Si lens 20 allow for optimal optical coupling alignment. The tube extension's flat end, mounting surface accommodates either epoxy bonding to the IC backside or metal bonding, if the two surfaces are metallized. The lens subassembly mount footprint area on the IC backside is small by the nature of the optical design.
A diverging light beam from optical fiber pigtail 38 enters collimating subassembly 22 through optical surface 32 of extension 30 and contacts angle mirrored surface 26 which redirects the beam downwards towards collimating lens 24. Collimated light (or substantially collimated light) from lens 24 passes through air gap 39 and into focusing lens 20 which focuses the collimated beam into optical waveguide 16 via mirror 18. Mirror 18 redirects the focused beam into optical waveguide 16.
In other words, the modulated light signal from optical fiber pigtail 38 enters the IC coupling optics (i.e., lens 20) as a collimated beam. The size of this collimated light beam is chosen such that its placement tolerances relative to the IC optics are within the placement tolerances of available standard electronics automated assembly equipment such as Flip-Chip. For example, a collimated beam diameter of 100 μm translates into placement tolerances of 5 μm to 10 μm for high optical coupling to the IC waveguide. The collimated beam is also chosen to be small so to minimize the impact on the IC heat sink.
Because the coupling beam (i.e., the beam that passes from collimating lens 24 to focusing lens 20 is collimated, the optical coupling is not sensitive to the z-axis alignment (perpendicular to the IC back-side) of the lens subassembly. So, only a minimal mechanical clearance distance between the top of Si lens 20 on the IC backside and the surface of collimating lens 24 is necessary. In addition, redirecting the light beam 90� in the collimating lens mount structure, as shown in
Of course, if the beam that is generated by lens 24 is not truly collimated, as might be desirable under some circumstances, then there will be some sensitivity to the z-axis alignment of the lens. And if the redirecting mirror 26 is not used but rather the light beam from optical fiber is directed straight down into collimating lens 24 by orienting fiber pigtail 38 vertically, then a clearance height of greater than 20 mm would be required to accommodate the optical fiber's minimum bend radius.
The mounting structure for these optical elements to the IC is configured as one integrated assembly to reduce subassembly BOM cost and assembly cost. The bond between the lens subassembly tube mount wall and the IC backside provides a seal of the exposed optical surfaces of Si lens 20 and collimating lens 24, protecting them from environmental contamination (such as dust, moisture, condensable species, heat sink thermal grease, etc.) that could degrade the optical coupling. If the mount structure is molded glass, the attachment method to the IC can be a metallic bond, which would produce an environmental seal of the collimated light path that is also a hermetic seal. However, alternative bonding methods can be used and might be preferable. For example, one could use an epoxy, which avoids the higher costs associated with metallization processing and it avoids the risk of breaking the IC as a result of the bending stress arising from metallic bonding to a thinned, fragile IC wafer. Those stresses are caused by the high modulus of metal joints and by the differential contraction of the metal relative to the silicon of the IC wafer from metal melt temperatures.
In the described embodiment, collimating lens subassembly 22, including lens 24 and mounting tube 34, is made of glass. Glass has a number of desirable characteristics. It has good optical transmission; it is dimensionally stabile; fusion splicing can be used to attach the optical fiber pigtail; it can receive an AR coating on the lens surface; and metallization can be used on the mounting surfaces if metal bonding to the IC back-side is desired. In addition, the differences in thermal expansions between the IC substrate and collimating lens mount structure (e.g. coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for borosilicate glass is about 3.2 ppm/� C. and for silicon CTE is 2.6-3.3 ppm/� C.) can be accommodated by standard bonding processes of electronic assembly and optoelectronic assembly processing.
Collimating lens subassembly 22 is fabricated by using a molding process to produce the shape shown more clearly in
Optical fiber pigtail 38 is attached to the molded-glass collimating lens and mount assembly by fusion splice processing. Fusion splice processing is a common fiber optics processing method that is inexpensive, achieves very low optical coupling losses (typically around 0.03 dB insertion loss for SMF (Single Mode Fiber) to SMF splicing), and can be integrated with automated assembly processing. In the described embodiment, the collimating lens mount structure attachment interface with the pigtail (i.e., rod extension 30) is of the same diameter as the outer diameter of the cladding of the fiber in the pigtail and it protrudes sideways a sufficient distance from the mount structure to allow the fusion arc heat to access the fusion interface. A standard SMF cladding outer diameter is 125 μm, which determines the fusion surface diameter shown in
An alternative material other than glass, such as such as a plastic or polymer, may be used for the collimating lens and mount structure. Plastics have an advantage in that they are more easily and less expensively molded into the desired shape.
The plastic material of which SMOC 500 is made may be a polycarbonate, a polyetherimide (PEI) such as Ultem�, or other injection moldable plastic or a thermal set plastic. These materials are compatible with: thin film evaporation and sputtering processing to apply anti-reflection (AR) coatings on the SMOC lens surface; thin film evaporation; sputtering and electroplating processing for metallization on the SMOC turning mirror to protect the mirror's total internal reflection (TIR) degradation from environmental contamination such as dust particles and thermal grease; and metallization on the SMOC for metal bonding to the IC surface. Adhesion of these coatings to the plastic SMOC over application environmental exposures is assured with normal process controls.
Plastic SMOC 500 incorporates substantial improvements over state of the art methods for optical coupling to single mode fiber (SMF) 502. Alignment of the SMF core, typically 9 μm in diameter, to the optical axis of the SMOC lens to 0.1 μm to 2 μm precision in lateral and depth axes is achieved by passive insertion into the SMOC fiber insert cavity 506. In this process, a controlled volume of index matching epoxy 504 with UV cure and secondary thermal cure is injected into SMOC fiber insert cavity 506 from a dispensing syringe. Typical SMF, having a 125 μm cladding diameter, is stripped of its protective buffer outer coating of jacket and cleaved to a preset protrusion of fiberglass cladding from the jacket. Particles and debris are removed from the cleave fiber tip by ultrasonic solvent cleaning prior to insertion into the SMOC. The fiber tip is inserted into SMOC tapered fiber insert cavity 506 until the fiber tip contacts a hard-stop end 508 of fiber insert cavity 506. As the fiber tip moves into tapered fiber insert cavity 506 of SMOC 500, the index matching epoxy 504 flows around the side of the fiber cladding to allow the fiber tip to pass completely to hard stop end 508 of fiber insert cavity 506. The hard stop end 508 and the fiber tip may be angled slightly, e.g. at 8�, to minimize optical back reflection in the optical system. Index matching epoxy 504 is cured to secure the fiber cladding, fiber buffer, and protective fiber boot (not shown) to the plastic SMOC to form a fiber pigtailed SMOC. The fiber insertion process is designed to be a passive alignment process without the need for optical testing of the assembled pigtailed SMOC or any means of active feedback to achieve the fiber's optical alignment.
It is possible to achieve these micrometer and sub-micrometer tolerances because of the precision tapered fiber insert cavity fit of the plastic SMOC and the method of fabrication to hold the fiber insert cavity tolerances. This is accomplished by using a precision diamond turned insert in the injection mold die to form the tapered fiber insert cavity. Fiber insert diameter tolerances of 1 μm to 2 μm are achievable by using this method; whereas, state of the art injection molding can, at best, hold 5 μm to 10 μm tolerances for ideal geometries. Precision alignment of the fiber is achieved by a three-point contact of the wall of the SMOC fiber insert cavity to the fiber cladding outside diameter. This three-point contact and gap for epoxy flow past the fiber cladding during the fiber insertion process is made by a "tri-lobal" shape fabricated by diamond turning. The minor axis of this tri-lobal shape may be slightly larger or slightly smaller than the fiber cladding outside diameter depending upon the amount of plastic compressive fit desired, and the major axis is approximately 155 μm in diameter to allow a 30 μm gap for epoxy flow along the fiber cladding. This SMOC fiber coupling method can make possible a reduction in device coupling costs by at least one order of magnitude over industry state of the art methods.
To achieve no tilt insertion, one should provide a length of the trilobal shaped region that is long enough to ensure that the optical fiber core is aligned to the SMOC optical axis and not tilted (e.g. a length of 100 μm provides for no tilt insertion of fiber into the SMOC). Also, if the throat for the fiber insert cavity is sufficiently wide, one can completely enclose the fiber's protection buffer layer. This will protect the glass fiber from breakage due to bending and the attachment insert of the SMOC. For example, a fiber insert cavity throat diameter of 446 μm will readily accommodate a standard optical fiber with 245 μm buffer diameter. In addition, by tapering the fiber insert cavity from the throat to the trilobal precision non-tilt length, the fiber will not snag or be prevented from being passively aligned the SMOC optical axes during fiber insertion.
Optimal optical coupling of SMOC 500 to the IC waveguide is possible by incorporating a precision bonding hard-stop cylinder (or spacer ring) 510 around SMOC lens 518. This hard-stop cylinder 510 not only acts as protective barrier to the light beam's optical path between SMOC lens 518 and Si lens 20 on IC chip 10 but it also eliminates SMOC-to-IC assembly tilt. SMOC bonding hard-stop 510 is fabricated to hold flatness to a tolerance of 1 μm over the cylinder end of 550 μm. This flatness is possible due to the use of precision diamond turning processing to fabricate the lens and hard-stop insert in the injection mold die.
The embodiment shown in
Alternatively, the bonding adhesive may be applied after SMOC 500 is aligned to IC lens 20, as shown in the configuration of
In the case of dispensing epoxy after the pigtailed SMOC has been aligned to the IC back-side, dispense time is important as it adds to cycle time on the expensive Flip-Chip automated assembly station. Techniques for enabling fast epoxy dispensing in a symmetric repeatable volume include: providing an injection flow port 519 (see
The shape around the SMOC hard-stop spacer ring shown in
Fast SMOC to IC bonding times are critical to meeting the low cost requirements of optical coupling to IC applications due to the high amortization rate of the Flip-Chip automated assembly equipment. The adhesive bonding configuration shown in
A key feature in achieving repeatable optical coupling to IC in a surface mount assembly environment is cavity 520 in SMOC 500 above 45� turning mirror 522. This insert cavity is centered on the SMOC lens axis and centered on the SMOC hard-stop spacer ring. The Flip-Chip actuator arm is fitted at its end with an appropriately sized metal sphere or ball 513 to press on the SMOC mirror insert during the SMOC to IC align and attachment processing. Machine vision of the Flip-Chip automated assembly station is able to position this metal sphere to within 10 μm of the SMOC lens optical axis. Pressure of this metal ball on the circular mirror insert on the top of the SMOC seats the SMOC onto the IC backside plane with no tilt in the optical coupling by pressing the SMOC hard-stop spacer ring firmly against the IC backside. The IC backside plane will vary from assembly to assembly due to different chip carrier dimensions relative to optical coupling tolerance and due to chip warpage from ball grid array solder bonding to the chip carrier.
It is desirable to incorporate a vacuum pick-up tool with the ball press tool so that only one actuator tool head needs be used in assembly align and attachment processing. The use of one actuator tool head instead of two results in fast assembly process cycle time. A ball press tool head incorporating vacuum pick-up is shown in
The shape of the plastic SMOC shown in
The injection molding stem can be used as holding tooling for the fiber insertion process. Because the SMOC is so small, complex tool fixturing would be necessary to orient SMOC relative to the fiber tip for correct insertion to the passively aligned tight tolerances in x, y and z axis. Using the much larger injected molding stem, attached to the SMOC at the injection gate, the SMOC and fiber tip may be held, aligned and pressed firmly together, either manually or by pick and place automated equipment.
Metal bonding of the SMOC to the IC is possible with the configuration shown in
The fabrication of silicon SMOC 600 shown in
8) Pattern photoresist on bottom side of bottom wafer 622 to form resist circle of SMOC lens. Requires front-side to back-side alignment of wafer. Thermally reflow resist to form spherical shape. Dry etch resist to form silicon lens and hard stop spacer ring. Use etch stop of SiN to allow the silicon lens shape to be etched as a recessed structure beneath the wafer surface.
Advantages of this silicon micromachined SMOC embodiment over an injection molded plastic SMOC embodiment are: (1) matching of thermal expansion of the SMOC to the IC silicon chip, (2) the ability to provide a hermetic seal of the optical path between the SMOC optics and IC optics. Both embodiments may use either metal bonding or adhesive bonding for SMOC to IC attachment.
Incorporating the collimating lens into the mount structure reduces fabrication costs relative to fabricating the two elements separately and it completely eliminates the cost associated with having to assemble the lens into the mount structure which would require current state-of-the-art methods for SOB (Silicon Optical Bench) optoelectronic packaging processing, such a SOBs with v-grooves, pits and pedestals.
Another embodiment is shown in
In the structure shown in
Yet another embodiment is shown in
The optical design shown in
Methods may be used to increase the numerical aperture of the IC waveguide throat (i.e., opening of the waveguide), or the receiving angle to propagate coupled light, by increasing the waveguide cross-section near the waveguide throat and adiabatically tapering the waveguide to smaller sizes for distribution around the optical ready substrate. Optical alignment tolerances are directly proportional to the size of the waveguide throat cross-section and larger waveguide throats allow for wider placement tolerances for coupling optical components. IC fabricated waveguides are not dimensionally constrained laterally for waveguide tapering due to lateral dimensions being lithography defined, however vertical waveguide tapering is constrained by deposition processing. Methods to increase waveguide throat dimensions involve transfer of three dimensional features in tapered photoresist reflow by selective etch processing as described above for fabrication of the IC turning mirror and IC lens, as well as by evanescent coupling between vertical waveguides.
Monitoring Optical Coupling from SMOC to IC:
Referring again to
An alternative method for measuring the optical alignment from the optical fiber of the "SMOC" to the IC waveguide is to use another turning mirror at the end of the waveguide or waveguide tap combined with a collimating lens in the IC above this end mirror. Light coupled into the IC waveguide exits out the IC backside (nominal configuration) at the end of the IC waveguide. This light exiting the IC backside may be easily monitored using a wide area photodetector placed above the exiting collimating lens. This method of monitoring optical coupling of the SMOC to the IC waveguide does not require the use of electrical input/output (I/O) pins of the IC, which are considered of high value in the IC and chip carrier pin-out of state-of-the-art ICs.
In both configurations for monitoring optical coupling from the SMOC to the IC, this optical coupling signal may be fed to the automated assembly motion controller in order to optimize the optical coupling during the align and attachment of the SMOC to the IC. Modulated light signals may be used to improve this feedback signal's signal-to-noise ratio.
In general, the process for fabricating an IC chip with a optical coupling involves the following phases. Referring to
The resulting structure includes a network of optical waveguides on the surface or buried beneath an overlying Si layer that is of sufficient quality to permit microelectronic circuitry to later be fabricated therein using conventional fabrication techniques.
Referring to
After the trenches 220 are formed, etch mask 208 is removed and the trenches are back-filled with a low index material 222, e.g. SiOx (
After the optical waveguide mirrors have been fabricated, microelectronic circuitry is fabricated into the topside of the wafer using conventional fabrication techniques, e.g. CMOS fabrication techniques. Then, standard Back End of the Line (BEOL) processing is used to interconnect the devices that were fabricated in the topside of the wafer.
At that point, the integrated Si lenses are fabricated in the back-side of the wafer using any of a number of different known techniques. One such technique is involves using gray-scale lithography in combination with wafer thinning. The Si lenses are located relative to the optical element at IC waveguide (e.g. 45� mirror) within the optical design x-y-z axes tolerances. Typically, patterning for IC back-side lithography will require alignment to IC front-side fiducials by a see-through-substrate method or by other alignment process methodology. Infrared cameras are one way of providing the required alignment tolerance for IC backside lithography to IC front-side fiducials.
To minimize lens diffractive characteristics allowing the higher optical coupling efficiencies of a purely refractive lens, one can minimize the number of gray-scale lithography steps. Methods to minimize lens gray-scale steps include photoresist reflow or other methods. If etch depths are constrained, the lens could be a diffractive Fresnel lens design. Another method to fabricate these lenses in the IC silicon is by photolithographic patterning of circular posts of photoresist, which are then reflowed thermally to form round structures on the IC with optically smooth surfaces. The shape of the lens is then transferred from the reflowed photoresist into the silicon wafer by etch processing, as described above, to leave a lens structures in silicon of desired optical prescription and qualities such as optically smooth and without optical aberrations.
As noted previously, optical element fabrication may occur either before or after IC substrate thinning. The amount of IC substrate thinning will vary from application to application and the techniques described herein allow for the optical design to accommodate different IC thickness and achieve the optical coupling requirements. ICs substrates are thinned for thermal conduction and 3d stacking reasons from initial substrate thickness in the range of 400 μm to 750 μm to a thinned range of 50 μm to 300 μm.
After the lenses have been fabricated, an optical test at the wafer level is performed. This involves shining a wide bright beam at the back-side lens on the wafer while probing the wafer front-side to detect the optical signal.
Assuming that the wafer passes the optical test, the wafer is then divided into individual IC chips. Each IC chip is then mounted onto a chip carrier using a ball grid array to make electrical contacts to the pads on the chip. When appropriate, a heat sink with an opening aligned with the integrated backside lens is also mounted on the backside of the chip.
Finally, the SMOC collimating lens subassembly is aligned with the lens and affixed to the backside using an appropriate bonding technique, e.g. epoxy or metal bond. During this process, active feedback from the monitored current signal generated by the biased IC monitor photodetector can be used to align the subassembly properly.
Alternative Geometries:
For the embodiments of
In the configuration of
In the third configuration shown in
Light Source:
An edge emitter laser diode is used in the described embodiment because edge emitters typically provide more optical power than other light sources. However, there is no restriction on the light source type that can be used. If a vertical surface cavity emitter laser (VCSEL) is used, it would be positioned directly underneath the collimating lens and during operation the light beam would be emitted from the VCSEL at the collimating lens focal point. In this case, no reflecting surface or mirror on the cavity sidewall mirror would be necessary. Other light sources that are easily accommodated by this packaging configuration are: Fabry-Perot FP lasers, DFB (Distributed Feedback) lasers, DFB-EAM lasers, CW lasers, light emitting diodes, VCSELs and others.
Light source 140 and platform 142 are bonded to the base (or walls) of SOB cavity 135, e.g. by metallic bonding. Additional components such as: monitor photodiodes; mirrors; modulators; optical isolators; electrical impedance matching circuitry; electro-static-discharge (ESD) protection elements; thermal control elements such as thermo-electric coolers (TECs), heaters, and thermistors; and other functional elements may also be enclosed within the SOB cavity. For example,
Collimating lens subassembly 122, which functions as a window for SOB cavity 135, is sealed hermetically to SOB 132 by metallic bonds or other types of bonding. Forming a hermetically sealed cavity addresses potential light source reliability concerns that exist for cavities that are not hermetically sealed. However, non-hermetically sealed cavities may certainly be used but at the expense of potentially lower reliability of the light source.
Electrical feed-throughs 144 extend into SOB cavity 135 and provide for electrically connecting to light source assembly 140. They are fabricated by Si wafer through-etch methods and filled with metal by plating, thin film sputtering or evaporation, thick film processing or other methods. These electrical feed-throughs can also form a hermetic seal to the SOB cavity.
The implementations are not limited to silicon-optical-bench materials or SOB processing. Alternative materials and processing to fabricate this light source packaging include: thick film processing with single or multiple layers; micro-machining processing including micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS) processing methods; low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) processing; and other methods and materials.
Though the illustrated embodiment of
It should be noted that there are other modifications that could be made to the embodiment shown in
Light Source for "Zero Level Packaging" and Optical Coupling to IC:
The above-described concepts, fabrication techniques, and processing can also be applied to light sources to allow "zero level packaging" as shown in
In the configurations shown in
In embodiments that involve a light source for "zero level packaging," a turning mirror is fabricated in the path of the laser waveguide to direct the light beam through the wafer and a collimating, or pseudo-collimating, lens is formed in the wafer to effectively make the light source a Surface Mount Optical Coupler "SMOC". Both the turning mirror and collimating lens are formed by the wafer level batch fabrication methods described above. Nominal design value for the turning mirror is 45�. The optical coupling interface and mounting attachment structure to maintain optical alignment are designed for automated surface mount pick and place attachment processing. Light sources are fabricated using III-V semiconductor materials and the methods for forming the turning mirror and collimating lens are from the same selection of methods described above with different optimization of etch rates, etch selectivity, and optical design for different refractive indices of GaAs, InP, and other light source materials.
Two configurations are shown. In
The laser beam from the cavity formed by reflectors 204 a and 204 b reflects off of turning mirror 200 and is directed down to a collimating lens 208 formed in the opposite side of laser source chip 200. The collimated beam from collimating lens 208 passes through a focusing lens 210 that is etched into the backside of an IC chip 218 onto which laser source chip 200 is directly bonded, in a way that is similar to what was previously described. The focused beam from focusing lens 210 then reflects off of a second turning mirror 212 and into an optical waveguide 214 of a optical signal distribution network that was formed near the front side of an optical ready substrate 218 (or IC chip). As before optical ready substrate 218, which has microelectronic circuitry (not shown) formed ion it s front side is mounted onto a chip carrier 219. Electrical connections 217 (e.g. wires, circuit traces, etc) electrically connect laser source chip 200 to a sidewall of chip carrier 219. Laser source chip 200 might also include an integrated back-facet power monitor diode (not shown) for monitoring and/or controlling the output of the laser.
It is desirable to incorporate planar reflectors for the ECL for lower cost fabrication and assembly. The external reflector may be a thin film reflector, an etalon, or other reflectors. These reflectors may be tuned to selectively reflect different wavelengths by various means such as thermal control, local heating of silicon membrane fabricated tunable etalons, liquid crystal cells, vernier resonance multiple gratings or filters, and by other means. Tuning of the external reflector tunes the wavelength of the light source. AR coatings may be applied to collimating lens 232 and to both sides of planar reflector structure 234.
Since light sources generate heat, the "zero level packaged" light source should have direct thermal cooling for more reliable operation. As shown in
If the light source is directly modulated this "zero level packaging" incorporates all that is needed for a laser source. If optical isolation is required to preserve the performance of the light source in the presence of optical back-reflections in the optical coupling path, planar optical isolators may be fabricated on the opposite side of the external reflector structure, i.e. outside of the laser cavity. Planar optical isolators have been recently introduced to the market by NanoOpto Corporation by applying polarizers formed by nano-imprint fabrication on two side of a Garnet crystal wafer. However, the costs for nano-imprint planar polarizers may be too high for application to optical coupling to ICs. Another possibility is to fabricate optical isolators using semiconductor processing equipment. A Garnet crystal wafer cut for 90� Faraday rotation of light polarization is metallized to 100 nm thickness on the wafer. Choices of metal include; Ti, W, Pt, and others. Photoresist of similar thickness is applied to the wafer and exposed to a line grid pattern using projection lithography to form metal line widths of 100 nm with 100 nm gap and pitch which create wire grid polarizers at different rotational angles on the Garnet crystals to form optical isolators. These dimensions ensure optical isolation of greater than 40 dB for the laser source. The external reflector is deposited one side of the Garnet crystal on top of a filler layer, such as silica, on top of the metal line grid. The wafer is then singulated to the device form factor and assembled using surface mount processing and either epoxy or metal bonds.
This above-described laser source packaging methods enable:
Other elements may be integrated outside of the SOB cavity including: electrical connections, thermal control elements, and other elements. In the described embodiment, the electrical connection is a flex-cable connection from SOB backside to the adjacent chip-carrier sidewall or to board mounts. Thermal control is achieved through use of: heat pipes or other thermal connections to the IC back-side heat sink; TECs on the SOB back-side for active cooling the light source through the SOB cavity wall (note that SOB cavity back-side thickness is thinned for thermal control considerations); and other means.
Light can also be coupled between two ICs in a stacked chip configuration. In such a configuration, two ICs with backside Si focussing lenses and 45� mirror at the IC waveguides are stacked backside to backside with a spacer in between the two ICs. The spacer provides a mount structure to attach the two ICs and prevent the backside Si lenses from touching. This can provide a way for multiple core CPU processors and parallel processors to communicate by optical coupling with each other and with their memory chips. The light beam between the two ICs is a collimated beam. The optical coupling between the two ICs is not sensitive to z-axis placement, i.e. separation distance between the two ICs.
Arrayed Optical Coupling to IC:
Optical coupling to IC applications may require optical coupling to more than one SMOC, waveguide, light source, or optical fiber to another IC. Configurations range from a single optical coupling, to one coupling into the IC and one coupling out of the IC, to any permutation of multiple couplings in and out of one IC. Optical clock signal distribution application may be limited to one optical coupling into the IC to two couplings for signal routing into ICs in series. However, optical signal inter-chip and intra-ship communication applications will likely need a larger optical routing network including arrayed optical coupling to the IC. Arrayed optical coupling to IC for wavelength division multiplexing configurations will be necessary to meet the very high communication rates, 10 Gbps to 100 Tbps, of next generation computers. In order to couple a large number of optical wavelengths, such as 32 channels at 2 nm channel spacing, arrayed optical coupling packaging solutions will be necessary to meet the low cost requirements of these applications. Hence, arrayed optical coupling solutions to the IC will be needed.
The optical coupling to IC concepts described herein apply directly to arrayed coupling to ICs. Multiple optical paths may be integrated together into a single SMOC comprising multiple optical fibers, multiple SMOC lenses, and multiple IC lenses, turning mirrors and waveguides. In such arrayed configurations, the alignment and attachment processing for the optical coupling of the SMOC is the same as for a single optical coupling. The assembly cost savings are in addition to the lower bill-of-materials (BOM) costs for arrayed coupling due to the nature of injection molded plastic SMOCs, batch fabrication silicon micromachined SMOCs, silicon wafer level fabrication of IC lenses, turning mirrors, and waveguides.
Arrayed optical coupling to arrayed light sources (such as discrete packaging, integrated in array packages, integrated as discrete SOB packages, integrated as arrayed SOB packages, integrated as discrete SOB SMOC packages, integrated as arrayed SOB SMOC packages, integrated as discrete zero level SMOC packages or integrated as arrayed zero level SMOC packages) will be necessary for cost effective channel wavelength multiplexing. The optical coupling solution described herein applies to coupling to discrete IC chips, arrayed parallel and serial IC chips, to optical multiplexing and demultiplexing chips such as planar arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer formed in silica on silicon, in organic waveguides, in optical ready silicon substrates, in III-V semiconductor substrates, in injection molded thin film filter wavelength multiplexers and demultiplexers assemblies, in Bragg grating and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) wavelength multiplexers and demultiplexers assemblies, in free space grating wavelength multiplexers and demultiplexers assemblies, waveguide mixers and splitters, and any other configuration or permutation of these configurations.
Anti-Reflection (AR) Coating of Si Wafers:
State of the art methods to apply anti-reflection (AR) coatings to substrates rely on thin film evaporation of dielectrics for controlled thickness and uniformity in a vacuum chamber. These operations are typically run in a batch mode with manual loading of substrates onto rotating planetaries, manual loading of planetaries into a single vacuum chamber, requiring long chamber pump downs prior to deposition, operator supervision during deposition and manual chamber unloading and chamber preparation. This method of AR coating is not particularly suitable for AR coating of Si wafers for optical coupling to IC applications because: the required cost per wafer is approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than state of the art methods, the cost of yield loss from wafer breakage due to manual handling, loading and unloading is too high for high value added 300 mm diameter Si wafers that have completed CMOS and BEOL processing, batch evaporation chamber AR coating would not be able to meet throughput requirements once optical coupling to IC solutions are accepted by the semiconductor industry for computer and CPU products.
AR coating of Si wafers by dielectric sputtering using load chamber airlocks, unload chamber airlocks, automated wafer handling, loading, chamber to chamber transfer, and unloading, and automated processing is necessary to meet the low cost and high throughput requirements for optical coupling to IC applications. Semiconductor in-line sputtering equipment can be reconfigured to meet the AR coating needs of this optical coupling to IC solution. In such configurations, multiple dielectric sputtering targets are located within one sputtering chamber configuration with atmospheric baffles separating deposition plasmas whilst allowing automated wafer transfer back and forth between deposition chambers for in-line continuous AR deposition. Deposition thickness and uniformity monitors in each chamber allow for continuous process control and quality assurance of the AR coating. Deposition layers for the AR coating typically include: silica, metal oxides, metal nitrides, other dielectrics and silicon. Reconfiguration of Applied Material's Endura™ automated in-line sputtering process equipment is ideally suited for these application needs.
MUX/DEMUX SMOC Optical Coupling to IC
The implementations illustrated in
As mentioned above, the SMOC shown in
Optical isolation is achieved by the spatial separation of the focused wavelengths at each SiGe waveguide. In the described embodiment, the wavelengths are in the range of about 1280-1300 nm and the SiGe waveguides have sizes that are in the range of about 1.5-3 mm with Si cladding (n=3.51) with a delta refractive index of 0.02. The waveguides are separated beyond the light's evanescent field. For a waveguide separation of 10 mm, this corresponds to a separation angle between the diffraction grating and SMOC lens of approximately arctan ( 10/500)=1.1� for a 500 mm thick silicon IC. Note that the SMOC lens and Si lens apertures can be made large enough to accommodate the range of wavelength multiplexing of the market applications.
The grating is optimized to diffract a diverging beam from a single mode fiber (SMF), with a numerical aperture NA=0.14, at 45� to diffract the beam efficiently 90� with a few degrees variation in diffraction angle depending upon wavelength and separation distance of SiGe waveguides for the given optical design.
The diffraction grating may be either inserted into the SMOC turning lens cavity as a separate piece or integrated into the SMOC injection molding process.
If the former approach is taken, a diffraction grating formed on glass is diced into a small, 0.5 mm by 0.5 mm (or smaller) chip with the edge angles clocked to the orientation of the grating. The grating chip is bonded to the plastic turning mirror surface and oriented passively to the edge of a recess pocket of the turning mirror. An index-matched epoxy is used for bonding the grating chip to the SMOC turning mirror. This method would be used, for example, for integrating diffraction gratings into silicon micromachined SMOCs.
The alternative method of fabricating the diffraction grating is by incorporating a diffraction grating structure into the turning mirror surface of the injection molding die mirror insert pin. This method has been commonly used to form diffraction gratings in plastic molded parts for visible light. The diffraction grating structure is typically formed in glass and incorporated into the injection-molding die. The SMOC turning mirror is then metallized with gold by sputter deposition processing. Sputter deposition of gold improves the diffraction grating efficiency. This approach has the advantage of resulting in a lower cost of integration.
Introducing the diffraction grating for wavelength multiplexing introduces a rotational alignment requirement of the SMOC relative to the IC. The SMOC pick'n'place interface of the ball end actuator and die bond collet configurations are designed to accommodate this requirement. It should be noted that active optical alignment of the SMOC to the IC now requires multiple optical couplings to be monitored. Optical design of the SMOC multiplexer can be such as to only require two optical channel monitors by symmetric design.
The upstream optical signal is delivered to the IC chip via another optical fiber 746. It is coupled into an optical waveguide 750 in the IC chip in the manner previously described and illustrated in
The same type of configuration apples to CDWM applications where four downstream optical signals are wavelength demultiplexed to four waveguides and four photodetectors. Four wavelengths are coupled from external light sources through the IC output SMOC. Transmission optical signals may be multiplexed onto a single optical fiber at the output SMOC diffraction grating, or into a single waveguide by SiGe waveguide directional couplers, or multiplexed external to the IC prior to coupling into the IC waveguides. Configurations for high-data-rate server transponders are the same as for CDWM configurations with more emphasis on higher level of integration in the IC chip and integration of external light sources onto the chip.
Note that light sources may be integrated into the SMOC configurations for reduced cost by the following options which were detailed above:
Other embodiments are within the following claims. For example, the various materials and features can be combined in different ways to produce different devices and structures. All such different combinations are within the scope of the following claims. In addition, though the lens in the SMOC has been described as a collimating lens or substantially collimating lens, there are advantages associated with making this lens produce a non-collimated beam (e.g. a diverging or converging beam). A non-collimated beam allows for lateral tilt and position errors closer to the focus of the waveguide or fiber to be more easily compensated by small movements of this lens. Furthermore, the optical coupling solution described herein is equally valid, and perhaps even more commercially valuable, for coupling of semiconductor laser waveguide light into an optical fiber. In that case, the IC chip would be a semiconductor substrate that includes a laser light source which delivers light via an optical waveguide to a turning mirror (or diffraction grating) that redirects that light up through lens 20 and lens 24 and into an optical fiber via another turning mirror (or diffraction grating).
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|U.S. Classification
|385/33, 264/1.24, 385/93, 264/1.26, 385/141, 264/1.1, 385/88, 385/49, 385/14, 385/92
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 20, 2006
Owner name: APPLIED MATERIALS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PALEN, EDWARD J.;WOJCIK, GREGORY L.;WEST, LAWRENCE C.;REEL/FRAME:017814/0754;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060519 TO 20060601
|Apr 22, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 2, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 20, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 12, 2016
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20151120


text:
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. -- One after another, the San Diego Chargers barreled into Greg McElroy and slammed him to the turf.
A whopping 11 times.
That's a lot of bruises for the New York Jets' new - and sore - starting quarterback.
Led by Kendall Reyes' 3 1/2 sacks, the Chargers made things downright miserable for McElroy, tying the team record for sacks in a 27-17 victory Sunday.
Defensive coordinator John Pagano will let loose the dogs on second-year quarterback Terrelle Pryor when the Chargers host the Raiders in the season finale this weekend. Pryor, preparing for the first NFL start of his life, is taking notice and the Raiders hope to protect their 23-year-old investment.
"You don't do anything different, but you know it is going to be tougher for him because of his lack of experience," Reyes said of McElroy, though the same words apply for Pryor. "You just want to get in his face."
That's exactly what San Diego did as Norv Turner awarded game balls to each one of his players that took McElroy down - and he sure needed a bunch of them. Shaun Phillips had 2 1/2 sacks, Corey Liuget added two more, and four other players helped the Chargers (6-9) finish one short of the NFL record set by a handful of teams, last by the Giants in 2007.
"A lot of those sacks weren't where they beat a guy quick and went," Turner said. "It was guys staying relentless and staying after the quarterback. You're playing a young quarterback. You'd like to be able to pressure him and disrupt it."
McElroy, the third-stringer, got the start for the Jets (6-9) in place of the benched Mark Sanchez. Rex Ryan announced after the game that McElroy will start in the season finale at Buffalo next Sunday.
He leapfrogged Tim Tebow on the depth chart, and the popular backup never took the field even though all three quarterbacks were active for the first time this season. Tebow also took no snaps in the team's wildcat package in which he is usually featured.
"Well, it's been disappointing," Tebow said of the season. "Obviously, it didn't go as we thought, as I had hoped, but sometimes in life you have that. Sometimes you have setbacks and you just have to look at them as another opportunity for you to step back up and keep working and figure out what to do."
Meanwhile, with Turner and general manager A.J. Smith facing uncertain futures - and lots of speculation that they'll be out after the season - San Diego matched the team sacks mark set against Dallas in 1986.
"The game plan was definitely was to get pressure on him, sack him and make him nervous," Liuget said of McElroy, "and make them want to run the ball."
With a chance to get New York back into it with less than 5 minutes remaining, McElroy was taken down by Phillips - the Chargers' eighth sack of the game - and lost the ball. Phillips recovered and San Diego sealed the win, but not before sacking McElroy three more times.
"I'm disappointed," McElroy said. "This team's goal was to finish 8-8 and win the last two games and we're disappointed we're going to finish short of that goal."
McElroy, the team's seventh-round pick out of Alabama last year, became the first Jets quarterback to be sacked 11 times since David Norrie by Dallas in 1987, a game played by replacements.
"It was great on their part," said Ryan, guaranteed his first losing season as Jets coach, "but ridiculous on our part.
"Offensively, you're not beating anybody when you play like that. It's just hard to put into words. You get sacked 11 times, it's extremely frustrating. I expected a lot better, but that never happened."
The Associated Press contributed to this report

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Peppers at 10, which seems low.
All Varsity sports
"Ross Academic Center turns away non-athletes" by the Michigan Daily
Filed under:
Take a look at the article, you should read the comments also, pretty funny. Thoughts? First time doing this so sorry if I messed this up!
messed up already. There it is though


text:
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$100 · Shawnigan Lake- may-sep nightly or weekly WATERFRONT!
Outside Sea-To-Sky corridor
This beautiful lake front property sleeps up to 4, is furnished with basics, complete kitchen, separate bedroom, WD, rental ...
Ad Id: 27425853
Posted: May 04, 2016
Details: New


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And away we go! The rooftop cargo box by Yakima offers plenty of space for your gear and sturdy protection from the elements with its sleek aerodynamic design. This spacious cargo box offers 14 cubic ft of storage and attaches to round, square, factory and Whispbar crossbars. It is ideal for SUVs, wagons and larger cars.
This rooftop cargo box provides plenty of room for camping gear, fishing gear, hiking equipment, and other luggage. The RocketBox Pro assembles quickly and offers easy access from either side of the vehicle with dual-sided opening and push button latches.
Safely carry up to 14 cubic feet of luggage on the roof of your vehicle with the Yakima RocketBox Pro 14. This spacious cargo box attaches to round, square, factory, and Whispbar crossbars and is ideal for SUVs, wagons, and larger cars. The RocketBox Pro assembles in minutes and features dual-sided opening for convenient access from either side of your vehicle. The rooftop cargo box opens simply with push button latches and includes SKS locks to keep your luggage secure. The RocketBox Pro 14 includes a limited lifetime warranty. Please note: Once the RocketBox Pro is assembled, it cannot be disassembled. Attempts to disassemble the box after assembly will void the warranty.


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Francis Henry Brennan: Larger Than Life
Published: October 7, 2001
At 6 feet 7 inches tall, Francis Henry Brennan could fill any room. But it was not just his stature that set him apart. He was good-natured, funny and generous.
The oldest of six children, he was larger than life to his younger brothers, said one of them, Brian. He had a soft hook shot that catapulted him to a starring role on the St. Agnes High School basketball team in Rockville Centre, N.Y., in the late 1960's. Teammates nicknamed him Zelmo, for Zelmo Beatty, a popular basketball player of that era, Brian Brennan remembered.
Mr. Brennan, 50, who lived in Oak Beach, N.Y., with his wife, was a senior vice president and limited partner at Cantor Fitzgerald, where he was a government securities broker for about 10 years. Before that, he owned several nightclubs on Long Island, among them Solomon Grundy's in Bay Shore.
Of all his successes, he was most proud of his affiliation with the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund, an organization headed by Rusty Staub, the former Mets player and a longtime friend. The night before the attacks, Mr. Brennan and Mr. Staub met to review plans for a November benefit for the wives and children of dead firefighters and police officers.


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SOURCE: NZ Herald
tags: New Zealand, Maori, Paul Moon, New Zealand Herald
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Historian bemoans 'snap-frozen' Maori cultureHistorians in the News
tags: New Zealand, Maori, Paul Moon, New Zealand Herald
Maori culture has been cheapened, the haka has become a corrupted spectacle and Maori tourism villages are degrading, according to one of the country's leading historians.
Paul Moon's criticisms come in his latest book, Encounters: The Creation of New Zealand, where the Auckland University of Technology academic takes a look at the changing New Zealand identity over the last couple of centuries.
Speaking on Firstline this morning, Dr Moon said it was about time someone took aim at the version of Maori culture we – and especially the tourism industry – present to the world.
"For a long time, we've had a snap-frozen version of Maori culture that's been around since the late 19th century," he says....
comments powered by Disqus


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Silver Works and More Gallery 785-842-1460
Visit website Lawrence, KS 66044 Open by appointment
Our Jewelry / Spectator's Bracelet Inventory
- Chickenscratch Jewelry by Lisa & Scott Cylinder
- Commissioned pieces by Jim Connelly
- SOLD ITEMS by Jim Connelly
- Spectator's Bracelet Inventory
- Spectator's Earring Inventory
- Spectator's Necklace Inventory
- Spectator's Pin Inventory
- Spectator's Ring Inventory
- Sterling silver bracelets by Jim Connelly
- Sterling silver earrings by Jim Connelly
Bracelet (JCB10) $490.00
Sterling silver forged bangle bracelet with hammered texture (approx. 2-10/16" X 2-5/16")
Bracelet (JCB4) $800.00
Two sterling silver interlocking bangle bracelets with high polish - forged (approx. 2-3/4" X 2-5/8")
Bracelet (JCB7.7) $385.00
Sterling silver forged bangle bracelet with high polish (2-10/16" X 2-5/16")


text:
Yakima Forklift Universal 1-Bike Roof Vehicle Rack
NOW: $99.97 (37% off!)
Was: $159.99*
Product Information:
The Yakima® ForkLift attaches directly to round and square crossbars, as well as most factory crossbars, making your life that much easier! The ForkLift accommodates most bike forks with disc brakes. The Forklift's sleek, modern design looks attractive on vehicles and helps you get stay in your riding routine when on the go.
- Fits round, square, and most factory crossbars
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- Sliding wheel tray allows you to easily position rear wheel
- Lockable skewer allows for 1-handed operation
- Modern design is attractive on vehicles
- 8002098
- Yakima
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 3997678


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Cream Cheese Filled Biscuits
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 15 mins
Saw this Paula Deen recipe on Foodtv.com and decided to try it. I never made biscuits before but thought I could do this, and I can. This is so easy.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 cups biscuit mix (suggest Bisquick)
- 3 ounces cream cheese
- milk, to moisten
- flour
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees F.
- Grease cookie sheet.
- In mixing bowl, cut cream cheese into biscuit mix until cornmeal consistency.
- Add milk until dough is moistened.
- Place dough onto floured surface and knead 2-3 times (do not overknead or biscuits will be tough).
- Use rolling pin to roll dough to desired thickness.
- Cut biscuits with a round cookie cutter or biscuit cutter.
- Place on cookie sheet.
- Bake until golden brown, approximately 15 minutes.
Most Helpful
Beautiful biscuits and perfect with some jam. I used a scant 1/2 cup milk and got ten 2 1/2" biscuits from the dough. The cook time was right on in my oven. I was happy to use up some of my homemade biscuit mix. Thanks, Ducky.
These are so good and so easy to make! I made them as regular biscuits and also used them as the wraps for Flaky Chicken Wraps. I also used a homemade bisquick mix (recipe (#35950) and it turned out just fine with that substitute. I will be making these often. Thanks for a great recipe, Ducky!
I saw this recipe on T.V. and I tried it right away. The biscuits where flaky and delicious. My family was confused about the flatness, but once they tasted them, they had no complaints.


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Grado SR80i Headphones
" Buying these, changed the way I listen to music I HATE THESE HEADPHONES, THEY TURNED ME INTO A AUDIOPHILE they taught me that there is more to music, then what I was listening to Before, on my Senn HD 201s, I could hear the music These, make me listen to the music I hear sounds and tones that before, I didn't know existed in the music the sound stage is..." --BotByte
Grado SR60i Headphones
"This review is an unbiased opinion. This post is coming from a consumer foremost as I can't really call myself an audiophile yet. With that said, there are definitely some things wrong with these headphones. First of all, they are really harsh which makes them uncomfortable for listening. I use headphones to relax, not to be keyed up which also means I can't imagine wearing..." --yrumiclarity
Grado SR325is Headphones
" When I first got these the sound was rather tinny, but over the initial 50 hours they really, really opened up and grew to have a very natural sound. I have them paired with an HRT MS2+ and a Schiit Asgard, which is apparently a good match for Grados. That sound became more warm and round when I switched out the normal pads for quarter-cut softies. I did lose some soundstage with that, but..." --Dicetrain
Grado SR-80
"Introduction The Grado SR80i is one of the entry-level models in a legendary lineup. It is the first pair of proper cans I have owned. I'm a big fan of metal but being a student didn't have enough cash to burn on high-end stuff and after a bit of lurking found that cans were being recommened by many for listening to metal. Also, I wanted a better set of cans to really enjoy my new source (FiiO..." --sandman1990
Grado SR225i Headphones
"If you want an introduction to the Grado sound look no further to the SR225i. The special Grado sound is liked by many but also hated by many as well. The best way for me to explain the Grado sound that it has characteristics of Warm sound with a nice touch of Brightness. It is bright but not to the point of hurting your ears. Because of this you will not find any of the Grado headphones to..." --HyperDuel
Grado RS1i Reference Series Headphones
"A few days ago, I posted in the Grado Fan Club an idea that sums up these cans as succinctly as possible: "Grados are the only cans I've ever heard that seem like they are designed to make you forget you're wearing headphones. Everything else I've ever listened to has some sort of coloration in a way that sounds unnatural or reminds me that it's been digitally enhanced through bass..." --JoeDoe
Grado SR60 Headphones
" Despite being overpriced out of the U.S. they are still worth every penny. They make everything sound energetic and rich. But most importantly the sound they produce makes me grin uncontrollably. Also as a side note, on my ears these (with bowl pads/'L' pads) are circumaural because I have small ears - which is an added bonus for me. " --GREQ
Grado PS1000 Headphones
"Why I spent so much time without testing any Grado ? I don't know. I used to have 2 R10 in my collection, one TH900, one D7000, one D7100, Sony SA5000, MDR-CD3000, HD800... I listened to the very best headphones on earth : Orpheus, Qualia 010, Abyss, Stax 009...etc. But I completely bypassed the grado brand... Maybe because in France that is not really popular... But..." --Modwright01
Grado SR-325i Prestige Series Headphones
"I may be off on the date but it should be close. SN#7405 :REVIEWED After owning the SR80 for a few years I thought the Grado 325i would just give you more of the same sound as the loved 80,they do not. What they do give you before break in with some source material is sonically smiler to diving naked into a 5 yard dumpster filled to the top with angry fire..." --goraman
Grado GR10 In-ear Headphones
" I am lost for words for 2 reasons, 1st: These in ears behave much more like over ears headphones in all the good ways. 2nd: these deserve to be much more popular than they are, I am simply shocked that there is not much more renowned! I currently own the Shure SE535's as well as Sennheiser IE8 and have used and owned many of the 500 and under earphones, such as Monster Turbine Copper Pro..." --Tenor123


text: I have a leopard concrete garden statue that was given to me by my neighbor that has a broken foot and log. I want to repair it and paint it. It also has been weather eroded so I need to recover it as well. I was wondering if I could mix up concrete, add sand and concrete glue in the mix? I know I will have to put concrete glue to the top of the statue to help bond the mix to it. I hope someone can answer my question.


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The Atlantis Casino Resort is a pet free hotel. We will continue to accept service animals.
Indulge yourself in the luxury of Tuscany Tower at The Peppermill Resort Spa Casino, a AAA Four Diamond Hotel Reno's newest and most exclusive all-suite
Located in downtown Reno, the Circus Circus is connected to the Eldorado and Silver Legacy by skywalks, creating Reno's largest entertainment resort complex.
The Sands Regency offers over 800 guestrooms, including the largest standard guestrooms in downtown Reno. All hotel guests receive valuable food, beverage
Located in the heart of downtown, Harrahs features Reno's hottest entertainment.
The Peppermill Resort Spa Casino, a AAA Four Diamond Hotel is a luxurious hotel and casino that offers fine dining, entertaining nightlife, a new health
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The Grand Sierra Resort and Casino is a spectacular 145 acre mega-resort featuring spacious and deluxe guest rooms in a 27-story tower that includes 1,995
There is a refundable deposit of 100.00. This deposit is payable upon check in by cash or credit card hold. Upon check out this deposit is refunded less
Elegant luxury in Downtown Reno. This Victorian-themed downtown hotel is connected to the Circus Circus and Eldorado Hotel Casino via skywalk.
Browse thousands of listings for Reno Nevada.


text:
Visit our Catalogue to check out our boats!
You can use the Contact Form, or you can always give us a call.
Toll Free: 1-877-659-4143
Local Phone: (250) 642-5300
Facsimile: (250) 642-6390
Online Application!
*Financing currently only available to Canadian residents.
Chinook Shores' Alaska Fishing Lodge in Ketchikan makes the most of saltwater fishing for salmon and halibut in the calm waters of Southeast Alaska. Unguided or self-guided fishing in Alaska is truly rewarding and lets you fish on your own schedule, at your own pace.
Ketchikan Alaska is known as the "Salmon Capital of the World" and is famous for huge runs of salmon, calm water halibut fishing, and many species of rock fish. You don't have to go far (15-30 minutes) to get into some truly awesome fishing. Whether you're unguided fishing in our 20′ North River bare-boats or guided fishing in our 28′ charter boat, you can enjoy same day combination salmon, halibut and rockfish trips. Some days the best salmon fishing is just five minutes away from our dock.
Katmai Wilderness Lodge is not a "bunkhouse" or a "tent camp" style facility. It is the only true lodge having modern and private bathrooms in every guest room, and providing truly gourmet meals on the wild coast of Alaska's Katmai National Park. The lodge features the high quality and personalized guided bear viewing and sports fishing experiences (without the crowds) on the coast of the 3.6 million acre Alaska's Katmai National Park. Kukak Bay, where the lodge is located, is well known and highly regarded by far-ranging commercial fishermen and other venturous Alaskans for its concentration of bears and salmon on which they feeds.
Welcome to Silver Streak Boats Ltd. - Canada! We are based out of Sooke, BC, Canada. We are a manufacturer of Canada's premier all-welded aluminum boats. There's nothing quite like a Silver Streak-- stop by or call your nearest Dealer to find out the difference!
Please note: We have just uploaded our new website and some information is still to come. Please stay tuned!


text:
Gnome Basic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gnome Basic (GB) was a software project whose goal was to provide Visual Basic compatible functionality for the GNOME project. Compatible functionality with Microsoft Office's Visual Basic for Applications was considered especially important.
The project has since been discontinued, and apparently never went beyond the development stage. The Mono project, which implements VB.NET, largely supersedes it.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
|This programming-language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This GNOME-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
I use RDP all the time at work to remote to my home pc. Trouble is that port 3389 is blocked by our company firewall so I tweaked the RDP service at home to listen on the telnet port (23). My old router (3 years ago) used to be able to change the port number when forwarding (e.g. from 23 to 3389) so I didn't have to change the RDP listening port, but my newish Netgear doesn't have this option.
I'm looking at changing my router to a ddwrt based one (Buffalo WBMR-HP-G300H-EU) but I wondered whether ddwrt has the option to change the port when forwarding (this might have a specific name but I'm not sure what it is!). If not would another gigabit router offer this?


text:
2016 Calendars
Online Order Form
Each year, the Young Lawyers Division of The Mississippi Bar publishes a calendar that includes:
County, Circuit, Chancery, Court of Appeals and Supreme Court Judges
U.S. Bankruptcy Court & U.S. District Court Personnell
U.C.C. Filing Fees
Current Year's Calendar (2016)
Future Planning Calendar (2017)
Federal & Mississippi Real Estate Taxes
Mississippi State Government
Mississippi Bar Organizational Directory
and more....
Cost: 1-4 books = $12 per book + $3 shipping & handling
5-9 books = $11 per book + $6 shipping & handling
10 or more books = $10 per book + $9 shipping & handling
If you have any questions, e-mail email@example.com.
To order a 2016 YLD Calendar today, go to our Online Order Form or print the PDF Order Form here.


text:
IMPORTANT: Please click "End Session" to clear your personal information. (Credit Card info is always hidden from view).End Session
Cookies are not enabled in your browser.
You must have Cookies enabled for the best experience on our site and to make a purchase.
Learn how to enable Cookies in your browser or call 1-800-426-8020 for assistance.
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text:
I am having a little difficulty understanding when a person should configure JIRA permissions using groups and when they should use project roles. I have read the online documentation, however, the difference between the two seems subtle.
group seems simple enough. Group users into a named bucket. Assign the
group to one or more permissions within a
permission scheme to enable access to functionality for any users within the group. Assign the
permission scheme to a
project to apply the permissions to that
project role seems very similar. It does all of the above except that you can also add
groups to
project roles. It seems that a
project role also allows a project administrator to add their own users to a project instead of requiring a system administrator.
However, I am not sure how I can leverage this. Here is an example of what I want to achieve.
- Have multiple projects created in JIRA.
- All of our managers, developers, etc. have the same permissions across all projects.
- Our clients have access only to their projects.
I think that the best way to accomplish this is to:
- Create an employees
groupto which I add all of our employees.
- Create one or more
project rolesto which I add the appropriate clients.
- Assign permissions to the Default Permissions Scheme using the employees
- Copy the Default Permission Scheme to a new project specific scheme, e.g., client-scheme
- Assign the client-scheme to the client specific project.
However, it seems that I am not leveraging
project role membership. How does this come into play?
What is the best practice for using JIRA
groups and
project roles? What is the different between the two?


text:
You Make a Difference
Do you know that ticket sales account for half of the true cost of sustaining a ballet company the size and renown of Alberta Ballet? The generosity of donors is vital.
As non-profit organization, Alberta Ballet relies greatly on individuals, corporations and foundations who share a love of art and who appreciate the achievements of this world-renowned Canadian ballet company. Your donations ensure that Alberta Ballet remains a world leader in dance.
Alberta Ballet is a registered charity.
Charitable Registration Number: 118780378 RR0001
Membership requires you to be a subscription holder, 18 years of age or older, and have donated a minimum of $1,500. As a member you will receive benefits such as free parking for all productions at the Jubilee Auditorium, access to the VIP Lounge for you and your guest, a taxable donation receipt for the full amount of your donation in the year of donation, and much more.
Our range of memberships are below:
Dance Circle - $1,500-$4,999
Emerging Artist - $5,000-$14,999
Dancer Spotlight - $15,000-$24,999
Creator's Circle - $25,000-$49,999
Production Builder - $50,000+
Producers' Circle - $50,000+ (for each of three years)
Corporate partnerships deliver exceptional impact to hundreds of thousands of Albertans and beyond. We take pride that each partnership is as unique and individual as the corporation itself. Let us make YOUR partnership come ALIVE.
Our Education and Outreach interactive initiatives allow us to reach out and engage audiences and communities throughout Alberta.
Legacy giving is an investment in Dance ensuring critical and sustainable sources of funding that guarantees Alberta Ballet's future financial stability.
Consider joining our family of personal underwriters who support the magnificence of what you see on stage.
The School is a leading training institution in Canada with an annual enrolment of more than 500 students under the leadership of Artistic Director Edmund Stripe. The School also boasts its own private junior and senior high academic program alongside its full-year residence.
Alberta Ballet's Special Events provide occasions to celebrate WITH the company. From intimate gatherings to epic galas– we offer something for everyone.
Donate online today by clicking the link below.
Every gift ensures that Alberta Ballet consistently achieves excellence and every gift, regardless of size, is greatly appreciated.
Upcoming Performances
albertaballet It's only 2 months until the amazing @Pilobolus kicks-off our 50th season. Best seats https://t.co/wXE7y6XACo https://t.co/3JHZrWluUo
2 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet RT @SchoolAlbertaBa: .@tatemcrae invites you to audition for the @SchoolAlbertaBa Professional Division. Come dance with us! #TateMcRae ht…
5 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet ABII will perform choreography by Jean Grand-Maitre & Edmund Stripe w/ @BalletKelowna & @artsumbrella this season! https://t.co/y06QQP4rBJ
6 days ago from Hootsuite
albertaballet @lavergnem_ please contact our box office, we have a deal geared towards new subscribers this year! 403.245.4549
6 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Alberta Ballet II will perform with @balletkelowna & @artsumbrella this coming season: https://t.co/ADNQUSmpJM
6 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet #TeamTate @SchoolAlbertaBa https://t.co/z8ZLngA2uW
6 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet RT @tatemcrae: Tonight's the 2nd live episode of SYTYCD!! Catch us on danceonfox at 7/8c ✨ Please vote for me… https://t.co/PbpafUZnKF
7 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet RT @ahung: My beautiful @albertaballet boys dancing w/umbrellas in water, in the final Grandstand show of 2016. #fixated #wowsa https://t.c…
7 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Calgary Stampede Talent Search win gives performers an early career boost https://t.co/wtcnOTXJLB
10 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet The glory of @banffcentre combined with the music of @Lightfoot365 resulted in a new ballet https://t.co/0HKVeVYwXe https://t.co/YTneLVeHwM
10 days ago from Hootsuite
albertaballet We're amazed by our subscribers. Thx for subscribing and supporting the arts in #Alberta https://t.co/g06WYj64FN https://t.co/f2i9NiRzvI
11 days ago from Hootsuite
albertaballet RT @kenthehr: Fabulous chatting with the folks at @albertaballet while waiting in line for pancakes today. #yycArts #Stampede2016 https://t…
11 days ago from Twitter for iPhone
albertaballet Thx to our valued subscribers who've made our 50th subscription season one of our best ever! Single tickets on sale https://t.co/g06WYj64FN
11 days ago from Hootsuite
albertaballet RT @TransAlta: #DYK there's 166 performers in the TransAlta Grandstand show this year? #stampede2016 @TYCCast @albertaballet https://t.co/z…
11 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Jean's returned from @banffcentre cabin, listening to @Lightfoot365 & dreaming a new ballet https://t.co/0HKVeWg7OM https://t.co/kr45um3Muy
11 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Tickets to next season's classics #Dracula #AliceInWonderland #GordonLightfoot are on sale https://t.co/g06WYjnFxl https://t.co/YpaH8jVrPK
12 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Get the best seats in the house! Single tickets now on sale for our 2016.17 season https://t.co/g06WYj64FN #yyc #yeg https://t.co/TqPolyypUn
13 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet @HPRodeo Agreed!! It's such a great collaboration
13 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet Vote for Tate! #TeamTate #SYTYCD @SchoolAlbertaBa https://t.co/sR6kmWcQIc
13 days ago from Twitter Web Client
albertaballet RT @DANCEonFOX: This is just the beginning for Tate! Such a moving performance tonight. #SYTYCD https://t.co/QesXK862GN" target="_new">#SYTYCD https://t.co/QesXK862GN
13 days ago from Twitter Web Client