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pretty self explanatory, no clue which medication to choose - Avonex, Copaxone, Betaseron, Rebif...
My Doc is giving "me" the choice of Px for MS and I've read till I'm ready to explodes. Please help?
- Posted:
- 19 Apr 2011 by jasadler19
- Topics:
- avonex, betaseron, copaxone, rebif, multiple sclerosis, medication
Answers (3)
19 Nov 2011
Hi, I was offered them all but first given what each one meant. One was everyday, but little side effects. Another had the potential for flu like symptoms but only three times a week. And yet another only once a week, but it was intramuscular.
I opted for the Copaxone, daily. I got in a much better routine. Right before bed, did the shot, then lights out. It became habit. Because of insurance I had to change to Rebif. I hate it. Copaxone I hardly felt. The Rebif stings and leaves red marks. And I forget half the time to take it and it ends up being later and later in the day. Finally, the intramuscular one just sounded more painful. Deeper. Subcutaneous not so bad. I know they are all different for everyone, but I would opt for the Copaxone based on personal experience. The support they offered as well was incredible. Like MS is so different for each of us, our reactions to the medications can be as well. Good luck. :)
*Martha* Dx in 2004
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Volume 36, Issue 7, July 2009
Bright young physicists should be advised to avoid careers in radiation therapy36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3152110View Description Hide Description
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Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: A method to evaluate geometric and dosimetric uncertainties using radiochromic films36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3134246View Description Hide Description
In the authors' hospital, stereotactic radiotherapy treatments are performed with a Varian Clinac 600C equipped with a BrainLAB micro-multileaf-collimator generally using the dynamic conformal arc technique. Patient immobilization during the treatment is achieved with a fixation mask supplied by BrainLAB, made with two reinforced thermoplastic sheets fitting the patient's head. With this work the authors propose a method to evaluate treatment geometric accuracy and, consequently, to determine the amount of the margin to keep in the CTV-PTV expansion during the treatment planning. The reproducibility of the isocenter position was tested by simulating a complete treatment on the anthropomorphic phantom Alderson Rando, inserting in between two phantom slices a high sensitivity Gafchromic EBT film, properly prepared and calibrated, and repeating several treatment sessions, each time removing the fixing mask and replacing the film inside the phantom. The comparison between the dose distributions measured on films and computed by TPS, after a precise image registration procedure performed by a commercial piece of software (FILMQA, 3cognition LLC (Division of ISP), Wayne, NJ), allowed the authors to measure the repositioning errors, obtaining about 0.5 mm in case of central spherical PTV and about 1.5 mm in case of peripheral irregular PTV. Moreover, an evaluation of the errors in the registration procedure was performed, giving negligible values with respect to the quantities to be measured. The above intrinsic two-dimensional estimate of treatment accuracy has to be increased for the error in the third dimension, but the 2 mm margin the authors generally use for the CTV-PTV expansion seems adequate anyway. Using the same EBT films, a dosimetric verification of the treatment planning system was done. Measured dose values are larger or smaller than the nominal ones depending on geometric irradiation conditions, but, in the authors' experimental conditions, always within 4%.
Dosimetric effects of rotational output variation and x-ray target degradation on helical tomotherapy plans36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3134262View Description Hide Description
In this study, two potential sources of IMRT delivery error have been identified for helical tomotherapy delivery using the HiART system (TomoTherapy, Inc., Madison, WI): Rotational output variation and target degradation. The HiArt system is known to have output variation, typically about ±2%, due to the absence of a doseservo system. On the HiArt system, x-ray target replacement is required approximately every 10–12 months due to target degradation. Near the end of target life, the target thins and causes a decrease in the beam energy and a softening of the beam profile at the lateral edges of the beam. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric effects of rotational output variation and target degradation by modeling their effects and incorporating them into recalculated treatment plans for three clinical scenarios: Head and neck, partial breast, and prostate. Models were created to emulate both potential sources of error. For output variation, a model was created using a sine function to match the amplitude (±2%), frequency, and phase of the measured rotational output variation data. A second model with a hypothetical variation of ±7% was also created to represent the largest variation that could exist without violating the allowable dose window in the delivery system. A measured beam profile near the end of target life was used to create a modified beam profile model for the target degradation. These models were then incorporated into the treatment plan by modifying the leaf opening times in the delivery sinogram. A new beam model was also created to mimic the change in beam energy seen near the end of target life. The plans were then calculated using a research version of the PLANNED ADAPTIVEtreatment planning software from TomoTherapy, Inc. Three plans were evaluated in this study: Head and neck, partial breast, and prostate. The of organs at risk, the for planning target volumes (PTVs), and the local dose difference were used to evaluate the changes in the modified treatment plans. Dosimetric effects from rotational variation were found to be low (less than 1%) for a typical variation of ±2%. Even using a variation of ±7%, DVH values and dose distributions were altered by less than 2% for all scenarios. The dosimetric effects of target degradation were found to be slightly more significant. For a model using data taken just before target failure, dosimetric differences of 2%–4% were observed in the recalculated plans when compared to the original plans. The largest effects (up to 4.5%) were observed for PTVs that were located at deeper depths as seen in the prostate plan. Overall, the recalculated plans show that the dosimetric effects of rotational variation and target degradation are on the order of 1%–4% for helical tomotherapy on the HiART system and do not pose a risk for significant deviations from the original treatment plan.
Field-size effect of physical doses in carbon-ion scanning using range shifter plates36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3140586View Description Hide Description
A field-size effect of physical doses was studied in scanning irradiation with carbon ions. For the target volumes of , , and , the doses along the beam axis within the spread-out Bragg peaks reduced to 99.4%, 98.2%, and 96.0% of the dose for the target of , respectively. The present study revealed that the observed reductions can be compensated for by adopting the three-Gaussian form of lateral dose distributions for the pencil beam model used in the treatment planning system. The parameters describing the form were determined through the irradiation experiments making flat concentric squared frames with a scanned carbon beam. Since utilizing the three-Gaussian model in the doseoptimization loop is at present time consuming, the correction for the field-size effect should be implemented as a "predicted-dose scaling factor." The validity of this correction method was confirmed through the irradiation of a target of .
An enhanced sector integration model for output and dose distribution calculation of irregular concave shaped electron beams36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3148583View Description Hide Description
A comprehensive method of output factor and dose distribution calculation for electron beams has been developed. It allows one to calculate the output factors and isodose distributions in water of arbitrary shaped electron fields with excellent accuracy even for the cases of concaved, small, elongated beams, and extended source to surface distances (SSDs). The method requires two sets of data: Depth dose distribution per monitor unit for circular cutouts and depth dose distributions per monitor unit for circular blocks (plugs), both for two SSDs, one reference of and second extended one. The method has been extensively tested using a combination of different irregular cutouts and various SSDs for the 6 and electron beams. The calculated values agreed with the measured data well within 1% for output factors and below 1 for (gamma test) for isodose distributions. The computer program has been developed to facilitate the method for practical application. The method has been used for almost considerably cutting workload in the department.
Differential dose volume histograms of Gamma Knife in the presence of inhomogeneities using MRI–polymer gel dosimetry and MC simulation36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3147256View Description Hide Description
Polymergeldosimeters offer a practical solution to 3D dose verification for conventional radiotherapy as well as intensity-modulated and stereotactic radiotherapy. In this study, EGSnrc calculated and PAGAT polymergeldosimeter measured dose volume histograms (DVHs) for single-shot irradiations of the Gamma Knife (GK) unit were used to investigate the effects of the presence of inhomogeneities on 3D dose distribution. The head phantom was a custom-built 16 cm diameter Plexiglas sphere. Inside the phantom, there is a cubic cutout for inserting the gel vials and another cutout for inserting the inhomogeneities. Following irradiation with the GK unit, the polymergel phantoms were scanned with a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Comparing the results of measurement in homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms revealed that inserting inhomogeneities inside the homogeneous phantom did not cause considerable disturbances on dose distribution in irradiation with 8 mm collimator within low isodose levels , which is essential for the dose sparing of sensitive structures. The results of simulation for homogeneous and inhomogeneous phantoms in irradiation with 18 mm collimator of the GK unit showed 23.24% difference in DVH within 90%–100% relative isodose level and also revealed that a significant part of the target (28.56%) received relative doses higher than the maximum dose, which exceeds the acceptance criterion (5%). Based on these results it is concluded that the presence of inhomogeneities inside the phantom can cause considerable errors in dose calculation within high isodose levels with respect to LGP prediction which assumes that the target is a homogeneous material. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the applied MC code is an accurate and stand-alone tool for 3D evaluation of dose distribution in irradiation with the GK unit, which can provide important, 3D plan evaluation criteria used in clinical practice.
General strategy for the protection of organs at risk in IMRT therapy of a moving body36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3132305View Description Hide Description
We investigated protection strategies of organs at risk (OARs) in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). These strategies apply to delivery of IMRT to moving body anatomies that show relative displacement of OAR in close proximity to a tumor target. We formulated an efficient genetic algorithm which makes it possible to search for global minima in a complex landscape of multiple irradiation strategies delivering a given, predetermined intensity map to a target. The optimal strategy was investigated with respect to minimizing the dosedelivered to the OAR. The optimization procedure developed relies on variability of all parameters available for control of radiationdelivery in modern linear accelerators, including adaptation of leaf trajectories and simultaneous modification of beam dose rate during irradiation. We showed that the optimization algorithms lead to a significant reduction in the dosedelivered to OAR in cases where organs at risk move relative to a treatment target.
Incorporating uncertainties in respiratory motion into 4D treatment plan optimization36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3148582View Description Hide Description
The purpose of this work is to investigate robust 4D optimization techniques which account for respiratory motion uncertainties. Two robust optimization techniques were applied to generate 4D optimized lung treatment plans. The probabilistic optimization approach minimizes the dose variance in the target volume while the worst case optimization minimizes a weighted combination of the nominal and worst case dose distributions which occur in the presence of respiratory motion variation. The two 4D optimization approaches were compared with a margin-based midventilation planning approach in five lung patients. Respiratory motion amplitude and baseline variations were quantified from tidal volume measurements during planning 4D CT acquisition. A similar target coverage was obtained for all three approaches, although the 4D optimization methods tended to be better at sparing the organs at risk. Both robust planning methods are suited for automatic determination of treatment plans which ensure target dose conformality under respiratory motion variations, while minimizing the dose burden of healthy lungtissue.
Monte Carlo modeling of small photon fields: Quantifying the impact of focal spot size on source occlusion and output factors, and exploring miniphantom design for small-field measurements36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3152866View Description Hide Description
The accuracy with which Monte Carlo models of photon beams generated by linear accelerators(linacs) can describe small-field dose distributions depends on the modeled width of the electron beam profile incident on the linac target. It is known that the electron focal spot width affects penumbra and cross-field profiles; here, the authors explore the extent to which source occlusion reduces linac output for smaller fields and larger spot sizes. A BEAMnrc Monte Carlolinac model has been used to investigate the variation in penumbra widths and small-field output factors with electron spot size. A formalism is developed separating head scatter factors into source occlusion and flattening filter factors. Differences between head scatter factors defined in terms of in-air energy fluence, collision kerma, and terma are explored using Monte Carlo calculations. Estimates of changes in kerma-based source occlusion and flattening filter factors with field size and focal spot width are obtained by calculating doses deposited in a narrow 2 mm wide virtual "milliphantom" geometry. The impact of focal spot size on phantom scatter is also explored. Modeled electron spot sizes of 0.4–0.7 mm FWHM generate acceptable matches to measured penumbra widths. However the 0.5 cm field output factor is quite sensitive to electron spot width, the measured output only being matched by calculations for a 0.7 mm spot width. Because the spectra of the unscattered primary and head-scattered photon energy fluences differ, miniphantom-based collision kerma measurements do not scale precisely with total in-air energy fluence but with . For most field sizes, on-axis collision kerma is independent of the focal spot size; but for a 0.5 cm field size and 1.0 mm spot width, it is reduced by around 7% mostly due to source occlusion. The phantom scatter factor of the 0.5 cm field also shows some spot size dependence, decreasing by 6% (relative) as spot size is increased from 0.1 to 1.0 mm. The dependence of small-field source occlusion and output factors on the focal spot size makes this a significant factor in Monte Carlo modeling of small fields. Changes in penumbra width with spot size are not sufficiently large to accurately pinpoint spot widths. Consequently, while Monte Carlo models based exclusively on large-field data can quite accurately predict small-field profiles and PDDs, in the absence of experimental methods of determining incident electron beam profiles it will remain necessary to measure small-field output factors, fine-tuning modeled spot sizes to ensure good matching between the Monte Carlo and the measured output factors.
The accuracy of the pencil beam convolution and anisotropic analytical algorithms in predicting the dose effects due to attenuation from immobilization devices and large air gaps36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3147204View Description Hide Description
When a photon beam passes through the treatment couch or an immobilization device, it may traverse a large air gap (up to 15 cm or more) prior to entering the patient. Previous studies have investigated the ability of various treatment planning systems to calculate the dose immediately beyond small air gaps, typically less than 5 cm thick, such as those within the body. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of the Eclipse anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm to calculate the dose beyond large air gaps. Depth dose data in water for a 6 MV photon beam, field size, and 100 cm SSD were measured beyond a range of air gaps (1–15 cm). The thickness of the water equivalent material positioned before the air gap ranged from 0.2 to 4 cm. Dose was calculated with the Eclipse PBC algorithm and AAA. The scattered and primary dose components were calculated from the measurements. The measured results indicate that as the air gap increases (from 1 to 15 cm) the dose reduces at the water surface and that beyond an air gap a secondary buildup region is required to re-establish electronic equilibrium. The dose beyond the air gap is also reduced at depths beyond the secondary buildup region. The PBC algorithm did not predict any reduction in dose beyond the air gap. AAA predicted the secondary buildup region but did not predict the reduction in dose at depths beyond it. The reduction in dose beyond the secondary buildup region was shown to be particularly relevant for air gaps of 5 cm or more when there was a 2 cm of water equivalent material positioned before the air gap. For these cases, where electronic equilibrium is established in the material positioned before the air gap, both algorithms were found to overestimate the dose by 2.0%–5.5%. It was concluded that the dose to depths of up to 15 cm beyond a large air gap is reduced due to a decrease in scattered radiation, produced in the material positioned before the air gap, reaching the point of interest. This effect is not well modeled by the Eclipse AAA and PBC algorithm and may result in dose calculation errors greater than 2.5%. Due to the contribution of other uncertainties in the radiation therapy treatment planning and delivery process, dose calculation errors of this magnitude are not consistent with the recommendation of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements that the absorbed dose to the target volume be delivered with an uncertainty of less than ±5%.
Field size dependence of the output factor in passively scattered proton therapy: Influence of range, modulation, air gap, and machine settings36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3152111View Description Hide Description
At the Francis H. Burr Proton Therapy Center field specific output factors (i.e., dose per monitor unit) for patient treatments were modeled for all beamlines (two gantries, fixed stereotactic, and fixed eye beamline). The authors evaluated the accuracy of dose calculation and output model for small fields. Measurements in a water phantom were performed in three of our beamlines quantifying the dependency of the output factor on the field size for a variety of proton ranges. The influence of snout size, air gap, modulation, and second scatterer was investigated. The impact of field size on output depends strongly on the depth of interest. The air gap has a notable influence on small field outputs. A field size specific correction factor to the output is necessary if the latter was modeled or measured without the custom hardware in place. The output was shown to be field size dependent even for large fields, indicating an effect beyond charged particle disequilibrium caused by lateral scatter.
An approach to multiobjective optimization of rotational therapy36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3151806View Description Hide Description
Multiobjective optimization is used in radiotherapy, especially IMRT, to generate treatment plans which meet different objectives to varying extents. Trade-off surfaces can be constructed representing the gains and losses of different objectives when switching from one plan to another, and the planner can interactively explore different treatment possibilities without the need for reoptimization. In this work a method for the multiobjective optimization of rotational therapy is introduced. The proposed method is applied slice per slice and uses the geometry of the slice directly to construct several arcs, each conformally irradiating the tumor and blocking a number of different organs at risk present in the treatment. The blocked arc dose distributions so obtained are quite inhomogeneous in the target. An algorithm, based on the iterative reconstruction of images from projections, has been developed to compensate for this inhomogeneity, leading to compensated blocked arcs which deliver more uniform target doses but still block critical structures. Different treatments can be obtained as linear combinations of these arcs, each involving different trade-offs among the objectives involved. The compensatory algorithm substantially improves the target dose uniformity of blocked arcs at the cost of slightly increasing the dose to the rest of the body, allowing delivery of good uniform dose distributions to the target without significantly irradiating the blocked organ(s). Trade-off surfaces are presented for slices containing a target and one or two critical structures. The method is directly implementable using axial or helical tomotherapy. Implementation for conventional linear accelerators will be more difficult because the number of arcs needed to deliver such treatments can be large, an issue to be explored in future work.
Tolerances on MLC leaf position accuracy for IMRT delivery with a dynamic MLC36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3134244View Description Hide Description
The objective determination of performance standards for radiation therapy equipment requires, ideally, establishing the quantitative relationship between performance deviations and clinical outcome or some acceptable surrogate. In this simulation study the authors analyzed the dosimetric impact of random (leaf by leaf) and systematic (entire leaf bank) errors in the position of the MLC leaves on seven clinical prostate and seven clinical head and neck IMRT plans delivered using a dynamic MLC. In-house software was developed to incorporate normally distributed errors of up to ±2 mm in individual leaf position or systematic errors (±1 and ±0.5 mm in all leaves of both leaf banks or in one bank only) into the 14 plans, thus simulating treatment delivery using a suboptimally performing MLC. The dosimetric consequences of suboptimal MLC performance were quantified using the equivalent uniform doses (EUDs) of the clinical target volumes and important organs at risk (OARs). The deviation of the EUDs of the selected structures as the performance of the MLC deteriorated was used as the objective surrogate of clinical outcome. Random errors of 2 mm resulted in negligible changes for all structures of interest in both sites. In contrast, systematic errors can lead to potentially significant dosimetric changes that may compromise clinical outcome. If a 2% change in EUD of the target and 2 Gy for the OARs were adopted as acceptable levels of deviation in dose due to MLC effects alone, then systematic errors in leaf position will need to be limited to 0.3 mm. This study provides guidance, based on a dosimetric surrogate of clinical outcome, for the development of one component, leaf position accuracy of performance standards for multileaf collimators.
A simple backprojection algorithm for 3D in vivo EPID dosimetry of IMRT treatments36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3148482View Description Hide Description
Treatment plans are usually designed, optimized, and evaluated based on the total 3D dose distribution, motivating a total 3D dose verification. The purpose of this study was to develop a 2D transmission-dosimetry method using an electronic portal imaging device(EPID) into a simple 3D method that provides 3D dose information. In the new method, the dose is reconstructed within the patient volume in multiple planes parallel to the EPID for each gantry angle. By summing the 3D dose grids of all beams, the 3D dose distribution for the total treatment fraction is obtained. The algorithm uses patient contours from the planning CT scan but does not include tissue inhomogeneity corrections. The 3D EPIDdosimetry method was tested for IMRT fractions of a prostate, a rectum, and a head-and-neck cancer patient. Planned and in vivo-measured dose distributions were within 2% at the dose prescription point. Within the 50% isodose surface of the prescribed dose, at least 97% of points were in agreement, evaluated with a 3D method with criteria of 3% of the prescribed dose and . Full 3D dosereconstruction on a grid and 3D evaluation took less than for one fraction on a standard PC. The method allows in vivo determination of 3D dose-volume parameters that are common in clinical practice. The authors conclude that their EPIDdosimetry method is an accurate and fast tool for in vivodose verification of IMRT plans in 3D. Their approach is independent of the treatment planning system and provides a practical safety net for radiotherapy.
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A novel flexible framework with automatic feature correspondence optimization for nonrigid registration in radiotherapy36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3134242View Description Hide Description
Technical improvements in planning and dose delivery and in verification of patient positioning have substantially widened the therapeutic window for radiation treatment of cancer. However, changes in patient anatomy during the treatment limit the exploitation of these new techniques. To further improve radiation treatments, anatomical changes need to be modeled and accounted for. Nonrigid registration can be used for this purpose. This article describes the design, the implementation, and the validation of a new framework for nonrigid registration for radiotherapy applications. The core of this framework is an improved version of the thin plate spline robust point matching (TPS-RPM) algorithm. The TPS-RPM algorithm estimates a global correspondence and a transformation between the points that represent organs of interest belonging to two image sets. However, the algorithm does not allow for the inclusion of prior knowledge on the correspondence of subset of points, and therefore, it can lead to inconsistent anatomical solutions. In this article TPS-RPM was improved by employing a novel correspondence filter that supports simultaneous registration of multiple structures. The improved method allows for coherent organ registration and for the inclusion of user-defined landmarks, lines, and surfaces inside and outside of structures of interest. A procedure to generate control points from segmented organs is described. The framework parameters and , which control the number of points and the nonrigidness of the transformation, respectively, were optimized for three sites with different degrees of deformation (head and neck, prostate, and cervix) using two cases per site. For the head and neck cases, the salivary glands were manually contoured on CT scans, for the prostate cases the prostate and the vesicles, and for the cervix cases the cervix uterus, the bladder, and the rectum. The transformation error obtained using the best set of parameters was below 1 mm for all the studied cases. The lengths of the deformation vectors were on average (±1 standard deviation) and for the head and neck cases, and for the prostate cases, and and for the cervix cases. Distinguishable anatomical features were identified for each case and were used to validate the registration by calculating residual distances after transformation: , , and for the head and neck, prostate, and cervix sites, respectively. Finally, the authors demonstrated how the inclusion of these anatomical features in the registration process reduced the residual distances to , , and for the head and neck, prostate, and cervix sites, respectively. The inclusion of additional anatomical features produced more anatomically coherent transformations without compromising the transformation error. The authors concluded that the presented nonrigid registration framework is a powerful tool to simultaneously register multiple segmented organs with very different complexities.
Multidivergent-beam stationary cardiac SPECT36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3134245View Description Hide Description
This article develops a stationary cardiacsingle photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)system using a novel multidivergent-beam collimator. This stationary SPECTsystem is inexpensive to build, small, and able to acquire true dynamic SPECT data. Stationary cardiacSPECTsystems with multipinhole technology already exist. The proposed approach is to replace the multipinhole collimators with the originally designed multidivergent-beam collimators. The motivation for replacing the pinhole technology by divergent-beam technology is based on the following facts. The resolution/sensitivity trade-off for the pinhole is excellent (good resolution and good sensitivity) only in small object (e.g., small animal) imaging when it operates in the image magnifying mode. However, in large object (e.g., human) imaging, the resolution/sensitivity trade-off is poor (poor resolution and poor sensitivity) when the pinhole operates in the image reducing mode. In a stationary system, the number of angular views is limited; thus, image reduction is necessary to obtain more view angles. In this image reducing situation, divergent-beam collimation is able to provide better resolution and detection sensitivity than pinhole collimation.Computer simulations are carried out to verified the claims.
Automatic lung segmentation from thoracic computed tomography scans using a hybrid approach with error detection36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3147146View Description Hide Description
Lung segmentation is a prerequisite for automated analysis of chest CT scans. Conventional lung segmentation methods rely on large attenuation differences between lung parenchyma and surrounding tissue. These methods fail in scans where dense abnormalities are present, which often occurs in clinical data. Some methods to handle these situations have been proposed, but they are too time consuming or too specialized to be used in clinical practice. In this article, a new hybrid lung segmentation method is presented that automatically detects failures of a conventional algorithm and, when needed, resorts to a more complex algorithm, which is expected to produce better results in abnormal cases. In a large quantitative evaluation on a database of 150 scans from different sources, the hybrid method is shown to perform substantially better than a conventional approach at a relatively low increase in computational cost.
An adaptive incremental approach to constructing ensemble classifiers: Application in an information-theoretic computer-aided decision system for detection of masses in mammograms36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3132304View Description Hide Description
Ensemble classifiers have been shown efficient in multiple applications. In this article, the authors explore the effectiveness of ensemble classifiers in a case-based computer-aided diagnosis system for detection of masses in mammograms. They evaluate two general ways of constructing subclassifiers by resampling of the available development dataset: Random division and random selection. Furthermore, they discuss the problem of selecting the ensemble size and propose two adaptive incremental techniques that automatically select the size for the problem at hand. All the techniques are evaluated with respect to a previously proposed information-theoretic CAD system (IT-CAD). The experimental results show that the examined ensemble techniques provide a statistically significant improvement in performance as compared to the original IT-CAD system . Some of the techniques allow for a notable reduction in the total number of examples stored in the case base (to 1.3% of the original size), which, in turn, results in lower storage requirements and a shorter response time of the system. Among the methods examined in this article, the two proposed adaptive techniques are by far the most effective for this purpose. Furthermore, the authors provide some discussion and guidance for choosing the ensemble parameters.
Optimal "image-based" weighting for energy-resolved CT36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3148535View Description Hide Description
This paper investigates a method of reconstructingimages from energy-resolved CT data with negligible beam-hardening artifacts and improved contrast-to-nosie ratio (CNR) compared to conventional energy-weighting methods. Conceptually, the investigated method first reconstructs separate images from each energy bin. The final image is a linear combination of the energy-bin images, with the weights chosen to maximize the CNR in the final image. The optimal weight of a particular energy-bin image is derived to be proportional to the contrast-to-noise-variance ratio in that image. The investigated weighting method is referred to as "image-based" weighting, although, as will be described, the weights can be calculated and the energy-bin data combined prior to reconstruction. The performance of optimal image-based energy weighting with respect to CNR and beam-hardening artifacts was investigated through simulations and compared to that of energy integrating, photon counting, and previously studied optimal "projection-based" energy weighting. Two acquisitions were simulated: dedicated breast CT and a conventional thorax scan. The energy-resolving detector was simulated with five energy bins. Four methods of estimating the optimal weights were investigated, including task-specific and task-independent methods and methods that require a single reconstruction versus multiple reconstructions. Results demonstrated that optimal image-based weighting improved the CNR compared to energy-integrating weighting by factors of 1.15–1.6 depending on the task. Compared to photon-counting weighting, the CNR improvement ranged from 1.0 to 1.3. The CNR improvement factors were comparable to those of projection-based optimal energy weighting. The beam-hardening cupping artifact increased from 5.2% for energy-integrating weighting to 12.8% for optimal projection-based weighting, while optimal image-based weighting reduced the cupping to 0.6%. Overall, optimal image-based energy weighting provides images with negligible beam-hardening artifacts and improved CNR compared to energy-integrating and photon-counting methods.
Dosimetric properties of an amorphous-silicon EPID used in continuous acquisition mode for application to dynamic and arc IMRT36(2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3148822View Description Hide Description
Dosimetric properties of an amorphous-silicon electronic portal imaging device(EPID) operated in a real-time acquisition mode were investigated. This mode will be essential for time-resolved dose verification of dynamic (sliding window) intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) and intensity modulated arc radiation therapy (arc-IMRT). The EPID was used in continuous acquisition mode (i.e., "cine" mode) where individual sequential image frames are acquired in real time. The properties studied include dose linearity, reproducibility of response, and image stability. Results of using the continuous acquisition mode with several example treatments including dynamic IMRT, arc treatment, and single-arc-IMRT are compared to results using the well-studied integrated acquisition mode (i.e., "frame averaging" or "IMRT" mode). Real-time EPID response was also compared to real-time ion-chamber data for selected points in the deliveries. The example treatment deliveries in both continuous and integrated acquisition modes were converted to arbitrary EPIDdose units via a calibration field. The summation of all acquired continuous mode images was compared using percentage dose difference to the single image acquired in the integrated mode using in-field pixels only (defined as those pixels of maximum, in-field signal). Using the continuous acquisition mode, the EPID response was not linear with dose. It was found that the continuous mode dose response corresponded approximately to dropping one image per acquisition session. Reproducibility of EPID response to low monitor units (MUs) was found to be poor but greatly improved with increasing MU. Open field profiles were found to be stable in the cross-plane direction but required several frames to become stable in the in-plane direction. However, both of these issues are clinically insignificant due to arc-IMRT deliveries requiring relatively large monitor units . Analysis of the five IMRT, arc, and arc-IMRT tests revealed that all examples compared to within 2% of maximum dose for more than 95% of in-field pixels. The continuous acquisition mode is suited to time-resolved dosimetry applications including arc-IMRT and dynamic IMRT, giving comparable dose results to the well-studied integrated acquisition mode, although caution should be used in low MU applications. Time-resolved EPIDdoseinformation also compared well to time-resolved ion-chamber measurements.


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Welcome to the home page for the Computer Science Department's Graduate Algorithms course CLA CS 530. This is the starting point for online course information and documentation.
Here is the most recent CS 530 Course News.
A practice final .
Here is the current homework, HW5 .
And here are a few pages of additional introductory reading on randomized algorithms (Part 1) , reading on randomized algorithms (Part 2).
and the powerpoint of some nice lectures on linear programming.
Here are past homeworks: hw0, HW1, Homework 2,HW3 , HW4 .
Here you can find some homework solutions. solutions for HW0, brief solutions for HW1, brief solutions for HW2,brief solutions for HW3, brief solutions for HW4.
CS 530 is the central graduate algorithms course in the computer science curriculum. It serves as the a core graduate theory course. It is the successor to the undergraduate algorithms course, CS 330, and has this course as a prerequisite. In CS 530 students will learn fundamental algorithm design and algorithm analysis at the graduate level. The following list of pointers provides access to information concerning the course, the students and the instructors.
Page prepared by Steve Homer


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Every day brings new revelations in the sex scandal involving Gen. David Petraeus, the CIA director who resigned last week. The director admitted an extramarital affair with a woman who was his biographer and who sent threatening emails to another woman who was close to Petraeus. Now there is speculation that the FBI withheld information about the general because of the presidential election.
The investigation now has extended to the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan, John Allen, and involves thousands of alleged inappropriate communications with the second woman involved in the scandal, the AP reported.
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Grilled Snapper with an Herb Salad
- 1 whole 3-pound fish such as snapper, bream, sea bass or porgy
- 3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided, plus extra for garnish
- 1/4 cup fresh basil leaves
- 1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
- 1/4 cup fresh fennel fronds
- 1/4 cup fresh sorrel
- 1/4 cup fresh parsley leaves
- 1/4 cup edible flowers, nasturtium preferred
- Juice and zest of 1 lemon
Preheat grill.
Clean and gut fish, remove top and bottom fins, scale and remove gills. Brush with 1 tablespoon olive oil and place on grill and cook until done, about 20 to 25 minutes, turning once.
Meanwhile, toss herbs and flowers into a mixing bowl. Add 2 tablespoons olive oil, lemon zest and juice and salt and pepper to taste. Toss and set aside.
When fish is done, remove to serving platter, garnish with herb salad and serve with oil and lemon juice.
Recipe Courtesy of Mario Batali
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Snapper with Fennel and Tomatoes
Recipe courtesy of Marc Murphy
Grilled Fruit Clafoutis
Recipe courtesy of Alton Brown
Grilled Radicchio with Honey and Pickled Shallots
Recipe courtesy of Alex Guarnaschelli


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'The Winds and the Waves' parallels pioneer, modern challenges
Jeff is a lifelong member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and likes to delve into the history and gospel, while Abby is a more recent convert and the only Mormon in her immediate family.
Will initially doesn't see much point to religion, but his family are members of the United Brethren, as is Elizabeth "Liz" Duncan, whom Will would like to marry but can't unless his situation improves, and her family. Missionaries, including one Wilford Woodruff, come to visit the congregation. Many are baptized and look to join with the Saints in America, particularly in Nauvoo, which would mean sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.
After Jeff's company downsizes, he is left without a job and the family moves in with his parents, until they are offered an opportunity to renovate a home in Nauvoo while the owners are serving a mission elsewhere.
Even after answers come at these two crossroads, both find there are still challenges and struggles, along with joy in the successes and friendships they make along the way.
Living in Nauvoo
Because of Hughes' mission assignment in Nauvoo and the time he and his wife have spent there, "every street means something to me."
The couple would take visitors across the Mississippi River to a bluff to see the rebuilt Nauvoo Illinois Temple, and the two missionaries experienced the historic town through all the seasons of the year.
As both Dean and Kathleen had ancestors in England who joined the LDS Church and came to Nauvoo, those pioneers were some of the last to receive the endowment in the Nauvoo Temple, during the last 48 hours it was open.
Sister Kathleen Hughes was called to serve in the Relief Society general presidency right before the dedication of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple in June 2002 and the two went to the dedication. And they were able to attend the second session for the newly dedicated temple.
"It was a just a beautiful experience for us," Hughes said.
With "The Winds and the Waves," Hughes hopes that he tells a good story that people enjoy and the book will show that in the journey of life, "we all have our own struggles — and we can do it."
"The Winds and the Waves" is currently in stores, and the second volume in the series is expected to be released in the summer of 2013.
Author Dean Hughes shares about writing
Author Dean Hughes, whose new book "The Winds and the Waves" is his 99th novel, shares about writing.
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Your brother drinks too much at a party and causes a scene.
Some kids seem unbothered by seeing adults drunk, while others are alarmed. Either way, you should talk about it. While you may feel unhappy that your child witnessed something ugly, it could be valuable. For teenagers, it can be hard to connect the apparently light-hearted drinking they see at parties with some of the serious, long-term consequences. You know differently.
- I'm really sorry you had to see that. Your uncle will be, too. Alcohol makes people lose control and do things that they'll regret when they sober up.
- Your uncle started drinking in high school and it just got worse from there. Not everybody who drinks becomes an alcoholic, but your uncle's addiction has devastated his life.
- Alcohol has made life really hard for your uncle. He had so much potential, but his addiction made it hard for him to finish school and hold onto a decent job.
Reading the paper, you notice that a local teenager got arrested for drunk driving or driving under the influence of drugs.
When it comes to who's abusing substances, your teen may be reluctant to talk about friends. But your teenager may be surprisingly open to chatting about the teen drug abuse of more distant acquaintances and peers. It's a way for both of you to connect. You can talk about the risks and consequences of teen drug abuse without turning a weekday breakfast into an interrogation.
- Do you know anything about the school this guy goes to? Is there a lot of drug use there?
- Now that this kid has a DUI, he won't be able to drive for months at least.
- He's really lucky he didn't get in an accident and hurt himself or someone else. That could really ruin a person's life.
Your daughter's reading a cover story about a former child star checking into rehab.
For teens, it can be unsettling to see someone they once idolized – or maybe still do – go through a very public struggle with drugs. Help them better understand the context of what's happened. You can draw the connection between seemingly innocent experimentation and addiction.
- Celebrities get surrounded by people who pretend to be friends but don't really care about them. They get drawn into a really unhealthy lifestyle.
- When she started using drugs, she probably thought it was fun, and that she could control it. But like a lot of people, she couldn't.
- It's sad that even people this young can develop addiction problems. Even with all her advantages and money, she'll be struggling with this for the rest of her life.


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IMDb > Young Yoshimi's Teacher (Character)
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Young Yoshimi's Teacher (Character)
from Dark Water (2002)
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Young Dahlia's Teacher
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- Dark Water (2005) Played by Debra Monk (as Young Dahlia's Teacher)
- Dark Water (2002) Played by Maiko Asano
... aka "Honogurai mizu no soko kara" - Japan (original title)
... aka "From the Depths of Dark Water" - International (English title) (literal title)
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1976 St. Mary's graduate, Mike Schumacher, was inducted into Minnesota Softball Fast Pitch Coaches Association Hall of Fame.
Twenty-eight Sleepy Eye FFA members attended Timberland Leadership Camp at Sibley State Park, near New London, June 6 to 9.
Daryn Pittman scored his fifth World of Outlaws Craftsman Sprint Car Series victory of the season when he swept the night at Jackson Motorplex on Friday.
The week of June 20th was one fraught with political oddities, to say the least. Donald Trump gave his loyal campaign manager Corey Lewandowski the boot on Monday to kick things off, and from that point forward the headlines just seemed to get...
In January 1968, Americans back at home watched in horror as General Westmoreland's troops in Vietnam engaged in a Tet Offensive that claimed between 10,000 and 15,000 Vietnamese lives along with 205 U.S. soldiers. The civil rights movement had hit...
Freeform's seasoned family drama The Fosters is an emotional roller coaster ride, and throughout...
Don't say...
Randy Hannagan became the sixth different Arctic Cat All Star Circuit of Champions main event winner in the last seven races on Friday night, taming Limaland Motorsports Park during night seven of Ohio Sprint Speedweek presented by Cometic Gasket.
No one wants to be the first person evicted from Big Brother, but
Sleepy Eye Directory
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Location, ST | website.com


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The Space Maker self storage facility in Plymouth is conveniently located just off the A374, making it ideal for those situated in and around Tavistock, Newton Abbott and Liskeard and with a wealth of units, suitable for all types of storage, from household to business, Space Maker is the perfect place for all your self storage requirements.
Our Lowest Price Guarantee means that we beat any comparable storage quote you receive (within a five mile radius).


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As it prepares to emerge from bankruptcy within the next few weeks as a new company run by Italian automaker Fiat, Chrysler has requested $224 million in loans from the Department of Energy to create electric and plug-in hybrid versions of some of its high-volume vehicles.
In three proposals, Chrysler outlined a planthat asks the DOE to match a $224-million investment Chrysler itself is making in electric versions of the Dodge Ram 1500 truck and the Chrysler Town & Country minivans. The combined $448 million would be used "to rapidly bring Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid-electric Vehicles to market."
$365 million of the funds would be used to create the Transportation Electrification Initiative. That program would produce 100 plug-in hybrid Dodge Ram trucks and 100 Chrysler Town & Country minivans to be tested by Chrysler customers and partners. An additional 165 Chrysler Town & Country cargo vans would be converted to electric vehicles through Chrysler's ENVI program and delivered to U.S. Postal Service locations for daily mail service in four regions throughout the country.
The remaining $83 million would be used to build a new vehicle electrification and manufacturing center in Michigan by 2010. The facility would develop and test electric-drive manufacturing components, as well as assemble range-extended electric vehicles. Chrysler says the location would produce more than 20,000 units each year.
Seeing how the DOE can only give loans for "green" technology to entities deemed financially viable, we have only one question about the proposal: Does this mean Chrysler now views itself as financially viable?


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From Publishers Weekly
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
It's been 52 years since scientists first considered the female orgasm a legitimate object of scrutiny (thank you, Dr. Kinsey). But they still can't settle on its raison d'etre...Lloyd knocks down all but one of the 21 existing explanations. Along the way, she makes a critical distinction between sexual arousal, which she says is critical in evolutionary terms because it makes women want to have sex (and thus results in pregnancy), and female orgasm, which she argues is merely a bonus...Lloyd settles on the unpopular but, she insists, most scientifically solid theory available...From an evolutionary perspective, female orgasm is superfluous...Lloyd hasn't written off the possibility that an 'obscure' and 'exquisitely designed' Darwinian function has yet to be discovered. But for now, she makes a convincing case that from an evolutionary perspective, female orgasm is just the icing, not the cake. (Sue Ferguson Maclean's 2005-04-29)
[Lloyd's] study of evolution and orgasm offers the most thorough and serious treatment of the subject to date--and strongly rejects the claim that orgasm in women serves an evolutionary purpose. Lloyd has scrutinized 21 evolutionary accounts of female orgasm and makes a convincing case for the single account that treats orgasm as a happy accident, a byproduct of the role that male orgasm plays in reproduction and the sharing of early embryonic tissue by the male and female genitalia. The other 20 theories she dismisses as illogical or incompatible with data on women's sexuality. This time the press has it right. Lloyd's analysis is worth all the attention. (Amanda Schaffer Slate.com 2005-05-26)
Okay, you have to be a science nerd to read this, a Stephen Gould fan, but what's here is [fascinating]. Really, the most radical book about how female orgasm has been so sensationally misunderstood and manipulated. Lloyd doesn't draw political conclusions--but you sure will. (Susie Bright susiebright.blogs.com)
Lloyd's book is penetrating and tantalizing, even intensely satisfying...Her findings about the scientific process really are something to scream about. (Alison Motluk Toronto Globe and Mail 2005-05-28)
The conclusion, Lloyd argues, must surely be that the female orgasm has no biological function. Rather, it's on a par with the male nipple--an accident of shared developmental pathways in the early embryo. Because women need nipples to suckle their babies, men end up with rudimentary versions too. They may not give milk, but like the female's they have erotic sensibilities. As for genitalia, because men need ejaculatory penises, women end up with clitorises capable of similar sexual pleasures. Lloyd reckons that biases in evolutionary thinking have blinkered generations of mostly male biologists. It is time to give up the adaptationist's fallacy and face facts. The late Stephen Jay Gould, who encouraged Lloyd's long-standing investigation, must be cheering from above. (Gail Vines New Scientist 2005-05-14)
The Case of the Female Orgasm is of particular interest because it offers a fairly accessible account of competing scientific theories, how they are presented (and accepted), and what evidence they are based on. The data on female orgasm is shockingly flimsy, and Lloyd nicely shows how even carefully conceived experiments (such as for testing the upsuck theories) present a host of problems. Far more troubling, however, is what the scientists do with that data, often using it as they see fit--or simply incorrectly using it...This is an important book, and highly recommended to all scientific practitioners (who might be reminded of the bias that can so easily creep into their work) as well as those who interested in everything from scientific methodology to the role of science in society. (The Complete Review)
Underlying biases exist throughout science, but surely nowhere in as extreme a form as in research into female sexuality...Elisabeth Lloyd neatly dissects the history of these biases and their results in The Case of the Female Orgasm. (Sarah Venis The Lancet 2005-09-03)
She has an interesting and important set of theses. On top of that, her argument has a straightforward, logical structure I recommend Lloyd's book to all philosophers of biology and students of human evolution. (Dr. Rob Loftis Metapsychology)
Lloyd asks whether female orgasm is really related to reproductive success. The search for an answer reads like a mystery story and involves the critical examination of 18 theories developed on the premise that the human female orgasm is an evolutionary adaptation. The author invalidates each of these theories by an examination of their assumptions and, in many cases, the frailty of their supporting data...With its 355 references, this book is a study of the power of a careful analysis of data to show the weaknesses of certain theories. (W. P. Anderson Choice 2005-09-01)
In this scientific review of the literature on women's ability to orgasm, Lloyd lined up thirty years' worth of studies designed to prove that women's orgasms evolved solely to make us better at reproducing and proceeds to demolish them all due to their crappy data, bogus assumptions, or fatal bias. She instead makes a case for men and women having separate, autonomous sexuality. Human orgasm evolved because men need it to reproduce, and women got it as a developmental byproduct. How women use that gift is ours to determine. Feminism and scientific theory can be uninspiring bedfellows, but Lloyd proves here that tenacity and hard work can bring them to a readable climax. (Beth Brown On Our Backs 2005-09-01)
Elisabeth Lloyd provides a comprehensive and critical review of evolutionary explanations of the female orgasm. Through her extensive analysis of 37 years of research on the topic, she argues against the prominent theory that the female orgasm is an adaptation that has evolved to improve reproductive success...Lloyd provides a careful and impartial analysis of the validity of the findings from cross-cultural, animal, and human sexuality studies. Contrary to the adaptation perspective, Lloyd supports the theory, originally proposed in the late 1970s, that the female clitoris and orgasm are by-products of the embryological development of the penis and orgasm in males...The work touches on many of the biases that negatively affect scientific rigor and consequently (mis)shape our understanding of women's sexual functioning. (Jayne E. Stake and Amy K. Silberbogen PsycCRITIQUES)
Lloyd is a philosopher of science interested in evolutionary biology, and she provides a measured scholarly evaluation of both the adaptive and nonadaptive explanations for human female orgasm...Her meticulously researched book examines 21 explanations for the evolution of female orgasm...The book becomes about much more than an aspect of human sexuality. It is an examination of how evolutionary biologists think, and how their system of gathering and evaluating knowledge can falter. Her reasoned approach is refreshingly free of jargon in a field that sometimes seems abstruse for its own sake; even if one does not agree with Lloyd's conclusion, the book provides a blueprint of how to critically evaluate scientific arguments. (Marlene Zuk Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
In this engaging and carefully argued account, philosopher Elisabeth Lloyd guides her readers through one of the most fascinating controversies in evolutionary theory. (Mark E. Borrello Quarterly Review of Biology)
In this closely argued study, [Lloyd] shows how the leading evolutionary accounts of the human female orgasm are based on two flawed assumptions: that the female orgasm evolved because it contributed to reproductive success ('adaptationism'), and that female sexuality is like male sexuality ('androcentrism'). This is an important book that casts light on the biases that can prejudice science. (PDS The Guardian 2006-12-09)
Upon your shelf...there probably isn't a book on evolution and the female orgasm. That's because it hasn't been written until now...Evolutionarily speaking, the female orgasm is 'for fun,' says Lloyd, and her theory...adds to its more intellectual joie de vivre. (Michelle Humphrey Bust 2007-02-01)
Lloyd, a biologist, philosopher and science historian, uses the human female orgasm (an evolutionary development unique among primates), and science's wholly inadequate explanations for it, to focus on the ways science can be led astray by the biases of those practicing it. (H. J. Kirchhoff Globe and Mail 2006-12-30)
Methodical and lucid, Elisabeth Lloyd's The Case of the Female Orgasm is an exemplar of accessible science writing. Those interested in evolutionary biology, philosophy of science, and feminism will find the book an interesting, if perhaps occasionally frustrating, read...Lloyd offers a rigorous case study showing how political and methodological biases have distorted the practice and results of evolutionary investigations of female orgasm....Although parts of the book are somewhat technical, Lloyd carefully explains most of the crucial concepts and educated readers will find it generally accessible. (Meynell Letitia Hypatia 2007-07-01)


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Tough Guy at Treasury; Rubin's Point Man on Policy Is in Tune On Economics, Off-Key on Politics
Published: November 5, 1997
(Page 2 of 2)
Many consider him a contender to become the next Treasury Secretary, should Mr. Rubin decide to return to New York before the end of the current term. Mr. Rubin himself is among Mr. Summers's boosters.
''He has an incredibly sensitive political mind, as well as being a brilliant economist,'' said Mr. Rubin, who first met his deputy when they worked on the failed 1988 Presidential campaign of Michael S. Dukakis. ''He is extraordinarily equipped to function at the intersection of economics and political reality.''
Should Mr. Rubin decide to call it quits, however, there are other contenders to become the next Treasury Secretary, including Franklin D. Raines, the director of the Office of Management and Budget. And there are still questions -- usually uttered off the record -- about whether Mr. Summers's sometimes impolitic style could prevent him from moving to the other side of the elegant, antique-filled suite he shares with Mr. Rubin. He is frequently the target of a lot of political vitriol, in part because he will say things in public that Mr. Rubin will not.
''Bob is legendary for speaking in an extraordinarily restrained way,'' Mr. Summers said, when asked to compare his style with Mr. Rubin's. ''But if you thought about my speech pattern, you'd go through a lot of other adjectives before you got to restrained and unprovocative.''
Mr. Summers, in short, is not one of those people about whom Washingtonians or economists have neutral opinions.
State Department officials fume that Mr. Summers seized the Mexican crisis, and now policy toward Southeast Asia, without adequately consulting them. In turn, Mr. Summers has offered blistering assessments of the State Department and Central Intelligence Agency's economic analysis in an age when currency devaluation can often be destabilizing.
He is also the subject of criticism in the economics profession. One longtime antagonist of Mr. Summers, Fred Bergsten, the president of the Institute for International Economics, calls him ''turf conscious'' and ''not a strategic thinker.''
Mr. Summers's style put him in conflict with another prominent Ivy League economist, Alan Blinder of Princeton, who came to Washington in 1993 as a member of the Council of Economic Advisers and then was named vice chairman of the Federal Reserve. Mr. Blinder holds views on economic matters similar to Mr. Summers's. Nevertheless, Mr. Blinder turned down an invitation from President Clinton to be chairman of the council in the second term. He did so in part because he would have found himself in almost daily policy discussions -- and confrontations -- with Mr. Summers.
The council job finally went to another university economics professor, Janet Yellen, who once taught economics to Mr. Summers. She works closely with him now but stays largely out of the limelight.
''He is a brilliant economist,'' says Laura D'Andrea Tyson, a former chairwoman of the council. ''He has strongly held views. He is ambitious. He debates down to the last minute. He gets exasperated with people who he feels don't understand. But finally he is a team player.''
Those arguments usually take place as the stout Mr. Summers downs Diet Cokes, apparently his main source of sustenance as he races between the White House and the Treasury. His staff is constantly feeding his voracious appetite, too, for statistics, and he is intolerant of what he calls ''standard, government-issue, we-should-have-a-partnership talking points'' when meeting finance ministers and other officials from around the world.
And Mr. Summers is often trotted out by the Administration to put its spin on the day's confluence of market tumult and political maneuvering. Usually those conversations begin with Mr. Summers's asking the first question, to gauge just how much he will have to reveal.
''So,'' he says casually, ''what are you hearing?''
Often, what reporters are hearing are tales about Mr. Summers. He outraged Republicans earlier this year when he declared that their effort to wipe out the inheritance tax amounted to ''utter selfishness.'' Mr. Rubin, who clearly agreed with him but would not put it so bluntly at a time the Administration was trying to cobble together a budget deal, stuck his head in Mr. Summers's office the next morning, unable to resist inserting the needle.
''I told him that I didn't really mind what he said,'' recalled Mr. Rubin, a man whose own sizable estate is nothing to sneeze at. ''But I said my son was really angry.''
On a long flight to Hong Kong last month, Mr. Summers's aides delighted in finding evidence of the policy wonk at work: a full page, in Mr. Summers's hand, of indecipherable equations, doodled during a meeting on computer encryption, an issue that has divided the Treasury, the intelligence agencies and the Commerce Department.
Instantly, the page was circulating from seat to seat. ''I was trying to work out some of the principles of encryption,'' he said, smiling sheepishly. It's a wiser way to pass the time, he suggested, ''than other things I could be caught doing at meetings, like rolling my eyes.''
Other participants in those meetings say there is no question Mr. Summers is a powerful voice, sometimes even disagreeing with Mr. Rubin. He pressed, over Mr. Rubin's initial objection, for inflation-indexed Treasury bonds, something many economists have been urging for years. He is a free trader, skeptical of the argument that competition from low-wage countries pulls down American wages. He argued for milder application of trade sanctions against Japan in the automobile dispute in 1995. He holds that America's labor force is fully employed today, and that long-stagnant wages are beginning to rise, although the statistical evidence is in dispute.
While his political antenna can sometimes miss signals, Lawrence Henry Summers comes to economics naturally. He is the child of economists and the nephew of two Nobel laureates in economic science -- Paul Samuelson on his father's side, Kenneth Arrow on his mother's. He earned his Ph.D at Harvard in 1982, and made his name with contrarian papers demonstrating how some previously held economic thesis was off base.
But academia is receding. Mr. Summers's life is increasingly rooted here -- his wife, Victoria, is a tax expert working at the I.M.F., and his weekends are spent between tennis games (''I'm better than you'd think, looking at me,'' he says) and playing with his children -- 7-year-old twin daughters and a 4-year-old son.
As for Mr. Summers's future, here is a leading indicator: He just sold his house in the Boston suburbs.
Photo: Lawrence H. Summers. (Carol Powers for The New York Times) Charts: ''Inside Player'' Lawrence H. Summers, the Deputy Treasury Secretary, left, in the rotunda of the Treasury building, has taken an aggressive role behind the scenes in trying to shape United States economic policy. Here are some of the issues that he has worked on recently. GLOBAL WARMING He helped persuade President Clinton, over the objections of the State Department and the Environmental Protection Agency, to scale back the commitment the United States is prepared to make in the global warming treaty to lower emissions of heat-trapping gases. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE He tried to stop the creation of an independent board to oversee the tax collection agency, but misjudged the proposal's political momentum in Congress. ASIAN ECONOMIC TURMOIL As Asian markets tumbled, he played a key role in designing an American response much more limited than the bailout the Treasury put together for Mexico two years ago. (pg. D1) ''Resume: Lawrence H. Summers'' BORN -- 1954 JOB HISTORY 1995-present -- Deputy Treasury Secretary 1993-1995 -- Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs 1991-1993 -- Chief economist for the World Bank 1983-1993 -- Tenured economics professor at Harvard University 1982-1983 -- Staff economist for the Council of Economic Advisers under President Ronald Reagan 1979-1982 -- Economics professor, M.I.T. AWARDS 1993 -- John Bates Clark Medal, given to the best American economist under 40 years old 1987 -- Alan Waterman Award for outstanding scientific achievement from the National Science Foundation EDUCATION 1982 -- Ph.D., Harvard University 1975 -- B.S., M.I.T. FAMILY -- Married, with twin daughters and a son. Nephew of two Nobel Prize winners in economics: Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow. (pg. D4)


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School's out for summer today for thousands of students in the Amarillo area.
At Margaret Wills Elementary in Amarillo, end-of-the-year celebrations began Thursday with a Texas Heritage Day party at Sam Houston Park for fourth-graders and a goodbye brunch for fifth-graders at a nearby church. This morning, students and parents will line the hallways to cheer for fifth-graders on their last day of elementary school.
More Photos
Coming up
Look for graduation coverage in the Amarillo Globe-News with photos of graduation ceremonies Sunday and Monday, and a "Best and Brightest" section Monday featuring valedictorians and salutatorians from area high schools.
"We like to see the growth they've made," fifth-grade teacher Lori Flores said.
While Flores will give students time for Twister and other board games, she still plans to squeeze in a bit of academics, with a discussion to compare books her students have read this year with the movies.
"We use every day," she said.
The excitement is evident among students and teachers at Oak Dale Elementary, said Ginny Smith, wrapping up her first year as principal. On Thursday, students took part in Circus Day. Activities for today include a celebration for prekindergarteners. The youngest students on campus will sing songs and receive certificates of completion.
Smith anticipates a few tears, especially among fifth-graders going to middle school next year.
"You always miss your class for a little bit in the summertime," Smith said.
And with summer comes a change to school zones.
"Most of them will be idle," said David Szmagalski, who oversees school traffic safety for the city of Amarillo.
Drivers should heed school zone speed limits when summer school is in session at more than dozen elementary schools, as well as at Austin, Bowie, Houston and Mann middle schools and Caprock, Palo Duro and Tascosa high schools.
Though the schedules vary, summer school for Amarillo Independent School District begins Thursday and ends July 2. Lights and posted school zones will be in force from 6:45 to 8:15 a.m. and then from about11:15 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. on weekdays.
Be sure to check out our video slide show for the end of school at
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Bio: Aaron Holder breaks the mold with his debut album "Something Stronger." Already being featured on reverbnation.com home page, a worldwide media outlet for all artists. This skillfully constructed album expands the boundaries between Jewish and mainstream music by using elements of Folk, Pop, Coun...See Full Bio
"Miami Beach resident Aaron Holder has made a name for himself in the Jewish community with his music for a few years. Now, he has his own debut album. Holder, 24, said his recently released album "Something Stronger" expands the boundaries between Jewish and mainstream music by using elements of folk, pop, country, rock and a hint of reggae laced with a deeply spiritual vibe. His musical influences for the album include Mumford & Sons, Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, The Beatles, Matisyahu, One Republic, Josh Groban, Bruce Springsteen and Shlomo Carlebach. Holder has performed songs for the Jewish community and even competed in the singing competition "A Jewish Star." He feels the album is a culmination of his musical growth. "It's very surreal because I was 18 when I first picked up a guitar and started writing songs and it was my dream to be able to just play for people," he said. "I feel blessed o have the album out because not many people are able to achieve this." .... go to link


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Call our experts: 888.808.FINE
Fall Wedding Favorites Save 15% off The Spotted Olive Products | Code: SpottedOlive15
Select a quantity and printing method. Changes are easily made later.
Stay organized in style with personalized notepads. This set includes six ecru 100-sheet pads, two measuring 5.5" x 3" and four measuring 2.75" x 5.5". Complete the look by adding your name in your choice of typestyle.


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Vintage Beach Pictures
A Vintage Day at the Beach
Photo 1 of 16
ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides)
A Vintage Day at the Beach
With Memorial Day comes the unofficial kickoff to Summer, so are you ready to hit the beach? We don't know what it is about old beach photos — maybe it's that, beside the swimsuits, not much changes — but we love looking at them. To get excited for the sandy, salty days of Summer, check out these old beach photos that date back to the turn of the 20th century.
Source: Shutterstock


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Donald Trump Knows Exactly How Many Congressmen We Have, He Just Doesn't Want to Say
That makes sense.
As Donald Trump prepares for a totally real run for president, he may want to spend less time ranting about President Obama's grandparents and more time honing an elementary-school-level understanding of American government, if this nugget from Time is any indication:
But could Trump actually corral Washington? Does he even know how many members there are in the House of Representatives? "Well, I don't want to answer your questions because this isn't a history class," he shoots back, adding that of course he knows the answer.
If this were a history class, Trump would dazzle you by rattling off all manner of facts and figures about American government. You'd be like, "Wow, I didn't even know it was possible for a human being to be so well informed." Alas.
This is the Donald. He may run for President of the United States. Welcome to The Big Show [Time]


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German Next-Day Electricity Rises on Nuclear Plant Delay
German next-day power rose as EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG delayed the start of its Neckarwestheim-2 nuclear power plant by three days.
Baseload day-ahead electricity, for supplies delivered around the clock, gained 1.7 percent as EnBW said its 1,310-megawatt unit would return from maintenance on Oct. 13.
The next-day power contract added 85 cents to 52 euros ($66.90) a megawatt-hour at 5:20 p.m. Berlin time, according to broker data compiled by Bloomberg. The contract settled at 52.69 euros in the daily auction on European Energy Exchange AG.
Cooler temperatures may boost demand for heating. The minimum temperature in Frankfurt is predicted to drop to 2 degrees Celsius (36 Fahrenheit) tomorrow, compared with a five-year average of 9 degrees, according to CustomWeather Inc. data on Bloomberg.
Solar generation is forecast to rise to 15 gigawatts tomorrow from 10 gigawatts today, according to MVV Trading GmbH. That's more than the average level of 3 gigawatts, according to data from Leipzig, Germany-based EEX on Bloomberg.
Wind generation will be below average at 1,400 megawatts tomorrow and close to average levels at 5,400 megawatts on Friday, Min Soo Park, a power trader at MVV Trading, said by telephone from Mannheim, Germany.
The 2013 power contract, a European benchmark, was little changed at 47.75 euros a megawatt-hour.
"The market hasn't much direction and the volume is quite low," Park said.


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Two Potato Moussaka
Total Time
Prep 25 mins
Cook 30 mins
I make moussaka with eggplant, but my husband tells me this is his favorite. I cut the recipe out of a magazine about 15 years ago.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 453.59 g red potatoes
- 453.59 g yams or 453.59 g sweet potato
- 453.59 g ground beef
- 411.06 g can Italian-style stewed tomatoes
- 7.39 ml ground cinnamon
- 4.92 ml ground cumin
- 473.18 ml milk
- 59.14 ml flour
- 29.58 ml butter
- 2.46 ml ground nutmeg
- salt and pepper
- 1 egg yolk
- 44.37 ml grated parmesan cheese
- Pre-heat oven to 400 degrees.
- Cook red skinned potatoes in microwave for 5-7 minutes.
- Cook yams in microwave for 7-9 minutes.
- In medium skillet, brown beef for 5 minutes.
- Add tomatoes, cinnamon, and cumin; Simmer 3 minutes.
- Combine milk, flour, butter, and nutmeg in small saucepan over medium heat, stirring constantly.
- Bring to boil and simmer for 1 minute.
- Season with salt and pepper.
- Remove from heat and whisk in egg yolk.
- Thinly slice potatoes.
- Place half of potatoes and yams on bottom of 2 quart casserole.
- Layer meat mixture, then remaining potatoes and yams.
- Pour sauce on top.
- Sprinkle with parmesan.
- Bake for 30 minutes.
Most Helpful
Perfect. I added a layer of zucchini and carrot near the bottom and a layer of eggplant near the top as well.
Fantastic! the only change I made was I sauteed an onion and garlic in with the ground beef and I added in some Parmesan cheese also, this will be a repeater! thanks Kel!...Kitten:)


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I am trying to get postfix (installed from blastwave) working on a Solaris 10 server, but only root is allowed to send mail. The problem appears to be permission related with postdrop.
postdrop: warning: mail_queue_enter: create file maildrop/905318.27416: Permission denied
I've checked that /var/opt/csw/spool/postfix/maildrop and /var/opt/csw/spool/postfix/public are both in the 'postdrop' group. main.cf contains setgid_group = postdrop.
ppriv on postdrop as non-root user reports:
postdrop[27336]: missing privilege "file_dac_write" (euid = 103, syscall = 5) needed at ufs_iaccess+0x110
I'm at a loss as to what to do next. I'm don't have much experience with Solaris; I use Linux daily. Any suggestions?


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HILLSBORO, Ore. -- It appeared as if Canada was going to cruise comfortably to the title of the 2009 Nike Global Challenge. Behind a shockingly inspired effort by 6-9 Tristan Thompson (Henderson, Nev./ Findlay Prep) and the dazzling point guard play of 6-2 junior Myck Kabongo (Patterson, N.J./St. Benedicts) Canada was in full control of the championship game.
However, while 6-6 Will Barton (Baltimore, MD./ Lake Clifton) kept USA East close heading into halftime with his scoring prowess, it was 6-2 point guard Kyrie Irving (Elizabeth, NJ/ St. Patrick) who led the comeback victory. He sliced and diced through the Canadian defense for lay-ups and a number of flashy assists to elevate his team to the championship. Irving's performance at this event demonstrated that it will be hard to find a more polished point guard in the country.
Standout player
Although Josh Selby (Baltimore/Lake Clifton)is the more spectacular prospect and put together a fine three-game performance, it was Irving who was the catalyst for USA East's championship run. His savvy and skill were on a completely different level than any of the point guards at the Nike Global Challenge. He has a sudden quick burst off the dribble to blow by his defender, but he also knows how to change speeds to keep defenses off balance. His crossover is tight, and he keeps his handle very low to the ground. Once he explodes to the rim, he can either finish with a nifty lay up or he can drop off a crafty pass to an open teammate. If defenses sag off of him, he is more than a capable shooter; he knocked in a quite a few 3s over the weekend. Although there appears to be a plethora of talented point guards in the Class of 2010, Irving appears to have the most complete game at of all the lead guards in the country.
Surprise player
After a lackluster summer and an up-and-down performance the first two games of the event, Thompson played with an urgency and efficiency that had not been seen out of him in quite some time. His frame has thickened each and every year and he doesn't have the bounce he once had, but he played with purpose in the championship game. He dominated the interior with his length and savvy and converted his shots at a high percentage. In addition, he has the skill to face-up his opponents and take them off the dribble. He utilizes the pivot very well and can convert with either hand. However, he needs to refine his jump shot because it is very stiff and mechanical. Thompson is not the elite level prospect that we thought he was at an early age, but due to his length and savvy around the basket, he should turn out to be a very good high-major 5/4 at the next level.
Nike Global notes
Ray shines
Ray McCallum (Beverly Hills, Mich./ Detroit Country Day), a 6-3 point guard, will not wow you with quickness and explosion, but he understands how to manage (makes few mistakes) a game. He can knock down the open jump shot and will pick his spots to get to the rim.
Making a big impressions
He doesn't have a refined offensive game, but 6-8 Okaro White (Clearwater, Fla.) is a relentless competitor. He is an extremely quick leaper as demonstrated by the number of rebounds and spectacular blocks he had.
The sharp-shooter
Kyle Wiltjer (Portland, Ore./ Jesuit), a 6-9 junior, has a feathery touch out beyond the 3-point line and is deceptively bouncy. He doesn't possess great lateral quickness, but he has improved as a rebounder since the regular season.
Payne shows his power
When big man Adreian Payne (Dayton, Ohio/ Jefferson) is assertive at both ends his upside is immense. He gets off the floor very quickly and he has extraordinary long arms. He is a diamond in the rough, but with coaching and willingness to play hard he has a chance to be an impact player as an incoming freshman.
After watching 6-9 Perry Jones (Duncanville, Texas) at the Amare Stoudemire Skills Academy, it appeared as if he was destined for immediate stardom. He played with assertiveness at both ends and possessed exceptional bounce. However, after evaluating him in Las Vegas and again in Portland, he has a ways to go before he will be an impact player at the next level. He needs to get more assertive at both ends -- he collected only five rebounds in 56 minutes over three games -- and develop a go-to move other than a 15-foot jump shot.
An up and down week
James Johnson (Lake Elsinore, Calif.), a 6-8 senior, struggled all three games to get into any kind of offensive rhythm. He has a nice frame with a solid amount of bounce, but he has very little savvy for the game, especially in the paint area. He has some intriguing skills, but he needs to get tougher.
Where there's a Will
Will Barton, a 6-6 spindly wing headed to Memphis, can score in a variety of ways. He is very potent in the open court where he can slash his way to the basket or hit the pull-up jump shot. When he gets to the rim he can contort his body to avoid contact and convert. He'll need to get stronger for the next level, but he is a talent who plays hard every possession.
Open Myck
If there is a faster player in transition than Texas commit Myck Kabongo (Patterson, NJ/St. Benedicts) I have yet to see him. He is a blur in transition and his passing is impeccable. He can break down defenders off the dribble and get to the rim at will. To take his game to another level, he'll need to smoothen out his jump shot because it's shaky at best.
Joel Francisco covers basketball recruiting for Scouts Inc.


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highest river gravel yet found in SMNW quad
Bouse marl
Bouse gravels at Manchester Beach
Bouse marl mega-drape, Mt. Manchester quad
Detrital boulder of Bouse tufa, Mt. Manchester quad
tufa-cemented colluvium--Bouse shoreline marker.
saddle cored by tufa-cemeted gravels
clast of Bouse tufa near large in situ tufa deposit.
in situ Bouse tufa, Mt. Manchester quad
in situ Bouse tufa
Bouse sandstone and beach(?) gravel at 1800. Mt . Manchester quad..found camel scapula near here
Bouse beach gravel in section of grussy gravels
section containing small beach gravel lens.
oddly wave-swept(?) fan gravels
Wave-swept (?) gravels mapped as Bouse. Contact with granite.
very fluvial-looking sand in the Bouse
Camel scapula, Mt. Manchester Quad
strongly developed paleosol overlain by Chemehuevi (by inference)
Bouse marl, sand, and mud in Granite Wash
massive, conchoidally fraturing Bouse marl in Granite Wash tributary
'north Newberry paleochannel'
cement typical of the 'north Newberry paleochannel'
Chemehuevi sediments overlying paleosol formed on erosional topography
Bullhead alluvium, mouth of Granite Wash, AZ
Pinch out of Tfn cross-axial fanglomerate in AZ; Granite Wash
axial facies of the Lost Cabin beds...intertounged seds from Black and Newberry Mtns.
axial channel facies of Lost Cabin beds
pod of Chemehuevi sediments in erosional niche overlain by Black Mtn Q fan
Stage 6 Bkqm soil on fan gravel over Bullhead
odd dark-stained Bullhead over Tfn
In saddle between ancient soil caps perched on otc of Bullhead
Chemehuevi seds with tephra at base
contact of Bullhead on Tfn--thin bedded and purple-brown variety
highest otc of Bullhead sand in Desolation wash, AZ
view down Desolation wash
Nevada side of lake Mohave
fault? Riverside beds?
East face of breadloaf--showing in situ gravel overlain by reworked Qch
Chemehuevi on palosol formed in erosional topography, Arrowhead wash area
Monkey Rock tephra bed


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SCOTUS-Watchers Say Things Didn't Look Great for the Health-Care Law Today
Insta-reactions to today's session.
After today's Supreme Court arguments over the constitutionality of the Obama administration's Affordable Care Act, things are looking less than promising for the government's case, say reporters who watched today's session. The court's liberals seem inclined to buy the argument that the law is supported by the commerce clause, but that's only four justices, after all. Paul Clement, the lawyer arguing against the law and the use of the clause, apparently gave a masterful performance, by general consensus. Here's the audio of the session.


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'Romana' Pump
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Woven-leather straps and decorative whipstitching add to the cool, handcrafted aesthetic of a gel-cushioned pump with a modest stacked heel.
- Approx. heel height: 1 1/2".
- Measurements taken from size 39 EU and may vary slightly by size.
- Adjustable strap with buckle closure.
- Hand-stitched.
- Leather upper and lining/rubber sole.
- By PIKOLINOS; imported.
- Women's Shoes.
'Romana' Pump
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