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Preservation Briefs: 37 Appropriate Methods For Reducing Lead-Paint Hazards In Historic Masonry
- Procedure code:
- Source:
- National Park Service
- Division:
- Finishes
- Section:
- Painting
- Last Modified:
- 09/05/2012
The link immediately below connects with the latest version of National Park Service's Preservation Brief 37:
Sharon C. Park, AIA and Douglas C. Hicks
This standard includes the bulk of information contained in the
original Preservation Brief developed by the National Park Service.
To obtain a complete copy of this brief, including figures and
illustrations, please contact:
Superintendent of Documents
P.O. Box 371954
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954
Please call the Publication Order Information Desk at 202/783-3238
or FAX 202/512-2250 to verify price and availability.
Lead-based paint, a toxic material, was widely used in North
America on both the exteriors and interiors of buildings until well
into the second half of the twentieth century. If a 'historic'
place is broadly defined in terms of time as having attained an age
of fifty years, this means that almost every historic house
contains some lead-base paint. In its deteriorated form, it
produces paint chips and lead-laden dust particles that are a known
health hazard to both children and adults. Children are
particularly at risk when they ingest lead paint dust through
direct hand-to-mouth contact and from toys or pacifiers. They are
also at risk when they chew lead-painted surfaces in accessible
locations. In addition to its presence in houses, leaded paint
chips, lead dust, or lead-contaminated soil in play areas can
elevate a child's blood level to a degree so that measures to
reduce and control the hazard should be undertaken.
Readers should become familiar with terminology and basic levels
that trigger concern and/or action. Check with the appropriate
authorities if you have questions and to verify applicable action
levels which may change over time.
BLOOD LEAD LEVELS: Generally from drawn blood and not a finger
stick test which can be unreliable. Units are measured in
micrograms per deciliter (ug/dl) and reflect the 1995 standards
from the Centers for Disease Control.
Children: 10 ug/dl; level of concern; find source of
15 ug/dl and above; intervention, counseling,
medical monitoring
25 ug/dl and above; medical treatment
Adults: 25 ug/dl; level of concern; find source of
50 ug/dl; OSHA standard for medical removal
from the worksite
LEAD IN PAINT: Differing methods report results in differing units.
Lead is considered a potential hazard if ABOVE THE FOLLOWING
LEVELS, but can be a hazard at lower levels, if improperly handled.
These are the current numbers as identified by the Department of
Housing and Urban Development (1995).
Lab Analysis of Samples:
5,000 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) or 5,000
parts per million (ppm), or
0.5% lead by weight.
XRF Reading: In milligram per centimeter squared
1 mg/cm2
Lead Dust Wipe Test: In micrograms per square foot
Floors 100 ug/ft2
Window Sills 500 ug/ft2
Window Troughs 800 ug/ft2
Lead in Soil: High contact bare play areas, listed as parts per
million (ppm):
Concern 400 ppm
Interim Control 2,000 ppm
Hazard Abatement 5,000 ppm
The premise of this Preservation Brief is that historic housing can
be made lead-safe for children without removing significant
decorative features and finishes, or architectural trimwork that
may contribute to the building's historic character. Historic
housing -- encompassing private dwellings and all types of rental
units -- is necessarily the focus of this Brief because Federal and
state laws primarily address the hazards of lead and lead-based
paint in housing and day-care centers to protect the health of
children under six years of age. Rarely are there mandated
requirements for the removal of lead-based paint from non-
residential buildings.
Ideally, most owners and managers should understand the health
hazards created by lead-based paint and voluntarily control these
hazards to protect young children. A stricter approach has been
taken by some state and Federal funding programs which have
compliance requirements for identifying the problem, notifying
tenants, and, in some cases, remedying lead hazards in housing.
With new rules being written, and new products and approaches being
developed, it is often difficult to find systematic and balanced
methodologies for dealing with lead-based paint in historic
This Preservation Brief is intended to serve as an introduction to
the complex issues of historic lead-based paint and its management.
It explains how to plan and implement lead-hazard control measures
to strike a balance between preserving a historic building's
significant materials and features and protecting human health and
safety, as well as the environment. It is not meant to be a 'how-
to-guide' for undertaking the work. Such a short-cut approach could
easily result in creating a greater health risk, if proper
precautions were not taken. Home renovators and construction
workers should be aware that serious health problems can be caused
by coming into contact with lead. For this reason, there are also
laws to protect workers on the job site. Controlling the amount of
waste containing lead-based paint residue will also reduce the
impact on the environment. All of these considerations must be
weighed against the goal of providing housing that is safe for
The following summarizes important regulations that affect lead-
hazard reduction projects. Owners should be aware that regulations
change and they have a responsibility to check state and local
ordinances as well.
Federal Legislation:
Title X (Ten) Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of
1992 is part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
(Public Law 102-550). It established that HUD issue The Guidelines
for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in
Housing (1995) to outline risk assessments, interim controls, and
abatement of lead-based paint hazards in housing. Title X calls for
the reduction of lead in housing that is Federally supported and
outlines the Federal responsibility towards its own residential
units and the need for disclosure of lead in residences, even
private residences, prior to sale.
Interim Final Regulations of Lead in Construction Standards (29CFR
1926.62). Issued by Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), these regulations address worker
safety, training, and protective measures. It is based in part on
environmental air sampling to determine the amount of lead dust
generated by various activities.
Toxic Substance Control Act; Title IV. The Environmental Protective
Agency (EPA) has jurisdiction for setting standards for lead
abatement. Also, EPA controls the handling and disposal of
hazardous waste generated during an abatement project. EPA will
develop standards to establish lead hazards, to certify abatement
contractors, and to establish work practice standards for abatement
activity. EPA Regional Offices can provide guidance on the
appropriate regulatory agency for states within their region.
State Laws:
States generally have the authority to regulate the removal and
transportation of lead-based paint and the generated waste
generally through the appropriate state environmental and public
health agencies. Most requirements are for mitigation in the case
of a lead-poisoned child, or for protection of children, or for
oversight to ensure the safe handling and disposal of lead waste.
When undertaking a lead-based paint reduction program, it is
important to determine which laws are in place that may affect your
project. Call the appropriate officials.
Local Ordinances:
Check with local health departments, Poison Control Centers, and
offices of housing and community development to determine if there
are laws that require compliance by building owners. Rarely are
owners required to remove lead-based paint and most laws are to
ensure safety if a project is undertaken as part of a larger
rehabilitation. Special use permits may be required when an
environmental impact may occur due to a cleaning treatment that
could contaminate water or affect water treatment. Determine
whether projects are considered abatements and will require special
contractors and permits.
Owner's Responsibility:
Owners are ultimately responsible for ensuring that hazardous waste
is properly disposed of when it is generated on their own sites.
Owners should check with their state office to determine if the
abatement project requires a certified contractor. (National
certification requirements are not yet in place.) Owners should
establish that the contractor is responsible for the safety of the
crew and that all applicable laws are followed, and that
transporters and disposers of hazardous waste have liability
insurance as a protection for the owner. If an interim treatment is
being used to reduce lead hazards, the owner should notify the
contractor that lead-based paint is present and that it is the
contractor's responsibility to follow appropriate work practices to
protect workers and to complete a thorough clean-up to ensure that
lead-laden dust is not present after the work is completed.
Current worker safety standards were established by OSHA's 29 CFR
Part 1926, Lead Exposure in Construction; Interim Final Rule, which
became effective June 3, 1993. These standards base levels of
worker protection on exposure to airborne lead dust. They are
primarily targeted to persons working within the construction
industry, but apply to any workers who are exposed to lead dust for
longer than a specific amount of time and duration. The Interim
Final Rule establishes an action level of 30 micrograms of lead
dust per cubic meter of air (30 ug/m 3 ) based on an eight hour,
time-weighted average, as the level at which employers must
initiate compliance activities; and it also establishes 50 ug/m 3of lead dust as the permitted exposure level (PEL) for workers.
The standard identifies responsibilities before, during, and after
the actual abatement activity necessary to protect the worker.
Before the project begins, it requires an exposure assessment, a
written compliance plan, initial medical surveillance, and
training. The exposure assessment determines whether a worker may
be exposed to lead. OSHA has identified a number of work tasks
expected to produce dust levels between 50 and 500 ug/m 3 of air,
including manual demolition, manual scraping, manual sanding, heat
gun applications, general cleanup, and power tool use when the
power tool is equipped with a dust collection system. It is an OSHA
requirement that, at a minimum, a HEPA filtered half-face
respirator with a protection factor of 10 be used for these
operations. Initial blood lead level (BLL) base lines are
established for each worker. Actual dust levels are monitored by
air sampling of representative work activities, generally by an
industrial hygienist or an environmental monitoring firm.
Protective equipment is determined by the dust level. For all
workers exposed at, or above, the action level for over thirty days
in a 12-month period, BLLs are tested on a regular basis of every
two months for the first six months and every six months
thereafter. After completing a project, maintenance, medical
surveillance, and record-keeping responsibilities continue.
HEPA vacuums, HEPA respirators, and HEPA filters, which
substantially reduce exposure to lead dust, are available through
laboratory safety and supply catalogs and vendors.
Copies of 29 CFR Part 1926, Lead Exposure in Construction: Interim
Final Rule, are available from the Department of Labor,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or may be found in
any library with a current edition of the Code of Federal
Regulation (CFR).
This Preservation Brief is intended to serve as an introduction to
the complex issue of historic lead-based paint and its management.
It explains how to plan and implement lead-hazard control measures
to strike a balance between preserving a historic building's
significant materials and features and protecting human health and
safety, as well as the environment. It is not meant to be a 'how-
to-guide' for undertaking the work. Such a short-cut approach could
easily result in creating a greater health risk, if proper
precautions were not taken. Home renovators and construction
workers should be aware that serious health problems can be caused
by coming into contact with lead. For this reason, there are also
laws to protect workers on the job site. Controlling the amount of
waste containing lead-based paint residue will also reduce the
impact on the environment. All of these considerations must be
weighed against the goal of providing housing that is safe for
Lead compounds were an important component of many historic paints.
Lead, in the forms of lead carbonate and lead oxides, had excellent
adhesion, drying, and covering abilities. White lead, linseed oil,
and inorganic pigments were the basic components for pain in the
18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Lead-based paint was used
extensively on wooden exteriors and interior trimwork, window sash,
window frames, baseboards, wainscoting, doors, frames, and high
gloss wall surfaces such as those found in kitchens and bathrooms.
Almost all painted metals were primed with red lead or painted with
lead-based paints. Even milk (casein) and water-based paints
(distemper and calcimines) could contain some lead, usually in the
form of hiding agents or pigments. Varnishes sometimes contained
lead, Lead compounds were also used as driers in paint and window
glazing putty.
In 1978, the use of lead-based paint in residential housing was
banned by the Federal government. Because the hazards have been
known for some time, many lead components of paint were replaced by
titanium and other less toxic elements earlier in the 20th century.
Since houses are periodically repainted, the most recent layer of
paint will most likely not contain lead, but the older layers
underneath probably will. Therefore, the only way to accurately
determine the amount of lead present in older paint is to have it
It is important that owners of historic properties be aware that
layers of older paint can reveal a great deal about the history of
a building and that paint chronology is often used to date
alterations or to document decorative period colors. Highly
significant decorative finishes, such as graining, marbleizing,
stenciling, polychrome decoration, and murals should be evaluated
by a painting conservator to develop the appropriate preservation
treatment that will stabilize the paint and eliminate the need to
remove it. If such finishes must be removed in the process of
controlling lead hazards, then research, paint analysis, and
documentation are advisable as a record for future research and
Typical health department guidelines call for removing as much of
the surfaces that contain lead-based paint as possible. This
results in extensive loss or modification of architectural features
and finishes and is not appropriate for most historic properties.
A great number of Federally-assisted housing programs are moving
away from this approach as too expensive and too dangerous to the
immediate work environment. A preferred approach, consistent with
The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of
Historic Properties, calls for removing, controlling, or managing
the hazards rather than wholesale -- or even partial -- removal of
the historic features and finishes. This is generally achieved
through careful cleaning and treatment of deteriorating paint,
friction surfaces, surfaces accessible to young children, and lead
in soil. Lead-based paint that is not causing a hazard is thus
permitted to remain, and, in consequence, the amount of historic
finishes, features and trimwork removed from a property is
Because the hazard of lead poisoning is tied to the risk of
ingesting lead, careful planning can help to determine how much
risk is present and how best to allocate available financial
resources. An owner, with professional assistance, can protect a
historic resource and make it lead-safe using this three-step
planning process:
I. Identify the historical significance of the
building and architectural character of its
features and finishes;
II. Undertake a risk assessment of interior and
exterior surfaces to determine the hazards
from lead and lead-based paint; and,
III. Evaluate the options for lead hazard control
in the context of historic preservation
I. Identify the historical significance of the building and
architectural character of its features and finishes.
The historical significance, integrity, and architectural character
of the building always needs to be assessed before work is
undertaken that might adversely affect them. An owner may need to
enlist the help of a preservation architect, building conservator
or historian. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) may be
able to provide a list of knowledgeable preservation professionals
who could assist with this evaluation.
Features and finishes of a historic building that exhibit
distinctive characteristics of an architectural style; represent
work by specialized craftsmen; or possess high artistic value
should be identified so they can be protected and preserved during
treatment. When it is absolutely necessary to remove a significant
architectural feature or finish -- as noted in the first two
priorities listed below -- it should be replaced with a new feature
and finish that matches in design, detail, color, texture, and, in
most cases, material.
Finally, features and finishes that characterize simple, vernacular
buildings should be retained and preserved; in the process of
removing hazards, there are usually reasonable options for their
protection. Wholesale removal of historic trim, and other seemingly
less important historic material, undermines a building's overall
character and integrity and, thus, is never recommended.
For each historic property, features will vary in significance. As
part of a survey of each historic property, a list of priorities
should be made, in this order
- Highly significant features and finishes that should always be
protected and preserved;
- Significant features and finishes that should be carefully
repaired or, if necessary, replaced in-kind or to match all
visual qualities; and
- Non-significant or altered areas where removal, rigid
enclosure, or replacement could occur.
This hierarchy gives an owner a working guide for making decisions
about appropriate methods of removing lead paint.
II. Undertake a risk assessment of interior and exterior surfaces
to determine hazards from lead and lead-based paint.
While it can be assumed that most historic housing contains lead-
based paint, it cannot be assumed that it is causing a health risk
and should be removed. The purpose of a risk assessment is to
determine, through testing and evaluation, where hazards from lead
warrant remedial action. Testing by a specialist can be done on
paint, soil, or lead dust either on-site or in a laboratory using
methods such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers, chemicals, dust
wipe tests, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Risk assessments
can be fairly low-cost investigations of the location, condition,
and severity of lead hazards found in house dust, soil, water, and
deteriorating paint. Risk assessments will also address other
sources of lead from hobbies, crockery, water, and the parents'
work environment. A public health office should be able to provide
names of certified risk assessors, paint inspectors, and testing
laboratories. These services are critical when owners are seeking
to implement measures to reduce suspected lead hazards in housing,
day-care center, or when extensive rehabilitations are planned.
The risk assessment should record:
- the paint's location
- the paint's condition
- lead content of paint and soil
- the type of surface (friction; accessible to children for
chewing; impact)
- how much lead dust is actively present
- how the family uses and cares for the house
- the age of the occupants who might come into contact with lead
It is important from a health standpoint that future tenants,
painters, and construction workers know that lead-based paint is
present, even under treated surfaces, in order to take precautions
when work is undertaken in areas that will generate lead dust.
Whenever mitigation work is completed, it is important to have a
clearance test using the dust wipe method to ensure that lead-laden
dust generated during the work does not remain at levels above
those established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). A building
file should be maintained and updated whenever any additional lead
hazard control work is completed.
Hazards should be removed, mitigated, or managed in the order of
their health threat, as identified in a risk assessment (with #1
the greatest risk and #8 the least dangerous):
1. Peeling, chipping, flaking, and chewed interior lead-based
paint and surfaces
2. Lead dust on interior surfaces
3. High lead in soil levels around the house and in play areas
(check state requirements)
4. Deteriorated exterior painted surfaces and features
5. Friction surfaces subject to abrasion (windows, doors, painted
6. Accessible, chewable surfaces (sills, rails) if small children
are present
7. Impact surfaces (baseboards and door jambs)
8. Other interior surfaces showing age or deterioration (walls
and ceilings)
III. Evaluate options for hazard control in the context of historic
preservation standards.
The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of
Historic Properties -- established principles used to evaluate work
that may impact the integrity and significance of National Register
properties -- can help guide suitable health control methods. The
preservation standards call for the protection of historic
materials and historic character of buildings through
stabilization, conservation, maintenance, and repair. The
rehabilitation standards call for the repair of historic materials
with replacement of a character-defining feature appropriate only
when its deterioration or damage is so extensive that repair is
infeasible. From a preservation standpoint, selecting a hazard
control method that removes only the deteriorating paint, or that
involves some degree of repair, is always preferable to the total
replacement of a historic feature.
By tying the remedial work to the areas of risk, it is possible to
limit the amount of intrusive work on delicate or aging features of
a building without jeopardizing the health and safety of the
occupants. To make historic housing lead-safe, the gentlest method
possible should be used to remove the offending substance -- lead-
laden dust, visible paint chips, lead in soil, or extensively
deteriorated paint. Overly aggressive abatement may damage or
destroy much more historic material than is necessary to remove
lead paint, such as abrading historic surfaces. Another reason for
targeting paint removal is to limit the amount of lead dust on the
work site. This, in turn, helps avoid expensive worker protection,
cleanup, and disposal of larger amounts of hazardous waste.
Whenever extensive amounts of lead must be removed from a property,
or when methods of removing toxic substances will impact the
environment, it is extremely important that the owner be aware of
the issues surrounding worker safety, environmental controls, and
proper disposal. Appropriate architectural, engineering and
environmental professionals should be consulted when lead hazard
projects are complex.
Following are brief explanations of the two approaches for
controlling lead hazards, once they have been identified as a risk.
These controls are recommended by the Department of Housing and
Urban Development in Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of
Lead-Paint Hazards in Housing, and are summarized here to focus on
the special considerations for historic housing:
Interim Controls: Short-term solutions include thorough dust
removal; thorough washdown and clean-up of exposed surfaces; paint
film stabilization and repainting; covering of lead-contaminated
soil; and making tenants aware of lead hazards. Interim controls
require ongoing maintenance and evaluation.
Hazard Abatement: Long-term solutions are defined as having an
expected life of 20 years or more, and involve permanent removal of
hazardous paint through chemicals, heat guns or controlled
sanding/abrasive methods; permanent removal of deteriorated painted
features through replacement; the removal or permanent covering of
contaminated soil; and the use of enclosures (such as drywall) to
isolate painted surfaces. The use of specialized elastomeric
encapsulant paints and coatings can be considered as permanent
containment of lead-based paint if they receive a 20-year
manufacturer's warranty or are approved by a certified risk
assessor. One should be aware of their advantages and drawbacks for
use in historic housing.
Within the context of the historic preservation standards, the most
appropriate method will always be the least invasive. More invasive
approaches are considered only under the special circumstances
outlined in the three-step process. The greatest number of
residential projects fall well within the "interim controls"
section. Most housing can be made safe for children using these
sensitive treatments, particularly if no renovation work is
anticipated. Next, where owners may have less control over the care
and upkeep of housing and rental units, more aggressive means of
removing hazards may be needed. Finally, large-scale projects to
rehabilitate housing or convert non-residential buildings to
housing may successfully incorporate "hazard abatement" as a part
of the overall work.
In selecting appropriate methods for controlling lead hazards, it
is important to refer to Step I of the survey where architecturally
significant features and finishes are identified and need to be
preserved. Work activities will vary according to hazard abatement
needs; for example, while an interim control would be used to
stabilize paint on most trimwork, an accessible window sill might
need to be stripped prior to repainting. Since paint on a window
sill is usually not a significant finish, such work would be
appropriate. Other appropriate methods for controlling lead hazards
are summarized in the chart at the conclusion of this Brief.
The method selected for removing or controlling the hazards has a
direct bearing on the type of worker protection as well as the type
of disposal needed, if waste is determined to be hazardous. (See
the chart at the conclusion of this Brief.) Following are examples
of appropriate methods to use to control lead hazards within an
historic preservation context.
HISTORIC INTERIORS (deteriorating paint and chewed surfaces).
Whenever lead-based paint (or lead-free paint covering older
painted surfaces) begins to peel, chip, craze, or otherwise comes
loose, it should be removed to a sound substrate and the surface
repainted. If children are present and there is evidence of painted
surfaces that have been chewed, such as a window sill, then these
surfaces should be stripped to bare wood and repainted. The removal
of peeling, flaking, chalking, and deteriorating paint may be of a
small scale and undertaken by the owner, or may be extensive enough
to require a paint contractor. In either case, care must be taken
to avoid spreading lead dust throughout the dwelling unit. If the
paint failure is extensive and the dwelling unit requires more
permanent hazard removal, then an abatement contractor should be
considered. Many states are now requiring that this work be
undertaken by specially trained and certified workers.
If an owner undertakes interim controls, it would be advisable to
receive specialized training in handling lead-based paint. Such
training emphasizes isolating the area, putting plastic sheeting
down to catch debris, turning off mechanical systems, taping
registers closed, and taking precautions to clean up prior to
handling food. Work clothes should be washed separately from
regular family laundry. The preferred method for removing flaking
paint is the wet sanding of surfaces because it is gentle to the
substrate and controls lead dust. The key to reducing lead hazards
while stabilizing flaking paint is to keep the surfaces slightly
damp to avoid ingesting lead dust. Wet sanding uses special
flexible sanding blocks or papers that can be rinsed in water or
used along with a bottle mister. This method will generally not
create enough debris to constitute hazardous waste.
Other methods for selectively removing more deteriorated paint in
historic housing include controlled sanding, using low-temperature
heat guns, or chemical strippers. Standard safety precautions and
appropriate worker protection should be used. Methods to avoid
include uncontrolled dry abrasive methods, high heat removal (lead
vaporizes at 1100 F), uncontrolled water blasting, and some
chemicals considered carcinogenic (methylene chloride). When
possible and practicable, painted elements, such as radiators,
doors, shutters, or other easily removable items, can be taken to
an off-site location for paint removal.
In most cases, when interior surfaces are repainted, good quality
interior latex or oil-alkyd paints may be used. The paint and
primer system must be compatible with the substrate, as well as any
remaining, well-bonded, paint.
Encapsulant paints and coatings, developed to contain lead-based
paint, rely on an adhesive bonding of the new paint through the
layers of the existing paint. The advantages of these special paint
coatings is that they allow the historic substrate to remain in-
place; reduce the amount of existing paint removed; can generally
be applied without extensive worker protection; and are a durable
finish. (They cannot, however, be used on friction surfaces.) The
as less permanent interim controls.

subset: commoncrawl


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Artist: Joie De Vivre
Album: We're All Better Than This
A small piece of paper with your name written on it
Is all that's left from the box I found
I made something better before we left for the midwest
That I've saved for years
I could never miss anything quite as much as that summer ending
And you on the phone
I was living with my parents still
And you always driving everywhere we went
I can almost sing those songs the same
It wasn't fair for them to tell you all about me
It wasn't right for me to tell you all I knew
It wasn't fair for them to tell you all about me
It wasn't right for me to tell you all I knew
Yeah, I could call them right sometimes
But I'd never call myself fucking secure
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"Best & Worst of today?" This has become a frequent information extractor at our dinner table, a chance for each member—amidst crazy schedules—to share the highlight and low light of each day. Sometimes it feels like we answer in staccato form, but other times it leads to a rich discussion on a significant moment or life lesson, and/or allows us a chance to validate, support and celebrate each other. I love the focus on what to be thankful for ('bests'), and equally appreciate knowing the struggles, bumps and disappointments ('worsts') of those I love.
A best moment could be as simple as that extra snooze and snuggle in the morning, the shining sun or bites from that night's dinner. Bests could be a milestone or recognition at work, that email you were waiting for, appreciation from a teacher or a good mark on a test. It might be having a great soccer game, going for a long walk or an impromptu hug.
It isn't uncommon for my best to include an urban farming moment: pride in well-developed compost spread over raised beds, a new temporary coop to host our baby chicks (see pic above), tulips pushing their way up through the dirt—a promise that spring is here. A good moment may be as simple as an impressive number of eggs (good job girls!), progress on our home remodel, or a notch on our battle belt against slugs or bugs or rats and racoons.
With a few 'bests' and 'worsts' tucked in, here are some recent goings-on at our Seattle urban farm:
Why did the chicken cross the road? To become part of our flock. A neighbor walked two blocks to our house with a stray chicken, asking if it was ours. Nope, but we are happy to host until the owners are found. We put out emails to neighbor groups with no response—that was 4 months ago. Now 'Cinny' (short for Cinnamon b/c she is the color of a cinnamon stick) has finally and happily settled into the flock. She knows all the 'cattle calls' (I make noises when bringing treats, or to call them in from the yard at the end of the day) and I daresay has even made friends. Having Cinny join our flock is a easily a 'best' (see Cinny, below).
Is that drywall paste in your hair? Why yes, it is. We pushed hard the last few months to get our basement to 'habitable.' We are DIYers; my husband built walls and re-routed wiring and plumbing. Some walls are drywall (my job aka paste in my hair) and others are covered with recycled fence boards (finding these boards was a huge 'best' moment). We now have a farm-stocked pantry, and a place for our sons to hang out with friends. Though ironically, the first inhabitants were just-hatched chicks (to stay warm as they grow, and before we moved them outside).
Why don't the kitchen lights work? We disconnected them. Three months ago. Candles are a great invention. I am fortunate my husband is great at wiring (and a lot of other things). Truth: when you live in the middle of a remodel (this is our second), you often go without lights or water for a bit, disconnect heaters, move to a temporary room and well: wash dishes in the bathtub. I am proud to say: we have working kitchen lights again. A worst: drywall dust. No matter how hard I try to keep the mess to a minimum, that dust makes it everywhere in the house. And I like things clean;).
What do you have growing now & what did you plant for 'early spring'? February and March I planted outdoor seeds: spinach and braising greens, cauliflower and broccoli, arugula, beets, radishes, carrots and spring peas. I started seedlings (a bit late): eggplant, hot and sweet peppers and tomatoes. In the next week I will also shove potato starts into the ground. Each year is different, each year I learn something that works and doesn't. I am tickled that seeds I spread last fall (from plants that I let go to seed) successfully overwintered and grew: notably arugula, kale and broccoli. My celery is going strong, fennel is sprouting and I have a gorgeous bed of red, orange and yellow-ribbed chard. I also see early growth/spring buds of: rhubarb, raspberries, strawberries, blueberries, artichokes, chives and a pile of herbs.
March on the farm is so full of promise: apple tree and tulip buds and 'new' dirt (from my compost bin), baby chickens and rows of new seeds. The sunlit hours lengthen each day and it makes it easy for my turn at the dinner table: I have lots of 'Bests'. Where would you like me to start?


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There is no question that "the drug problem" has taken center stage in the American consciousness in recent years. Use of illegal drugs has gone from the questionably halcyon days of counterculture mind expansion to the current situation of mainstream drug use accompanied by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, violent crime, and other societal maladies, directly and indirectly touching all Americans. Government policies to combat the manufacture and distribution of drugs are increasingly prominent in domestic and foreign policy, and programs to recognize and treat substance abuse and dependence are being promoted by employers, educators, and even health insurers. Treatment of addiction seems to have become big business. In these times of attempts to cut back health care costs, a treatment modality that is growing is of some interest.
Dr Peele opens his provocative book with some incisive observations and questions. He disagrees with the idea that an addiction is a
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A pit bull ran onto the field during a softball game and started stealing gloves.
At least he wasn't rapping about Bud Light.
Everyone loves a dog running onto the field in the middle of a sporting event. With good reason; they're social animals who love to play, so when they see humans running around chasing balls, they naturally want to get in on the good times. It's a cute win for everyone. That said, when an 80-pound, male pit bull runs onto the field, it's another story, because there's a real possibility that things could go from aww to awful as quickly as you can say "he just bit my ear off."
That's why this pit bull with a glove fetish is probably a whole lot cuter on Youtube than he is running at you in person. Although it does look like he just wanted to have some fun. Either that, or he noticed it was an 8-to-nothing blowout in the second inning and was trying to bring an end to the game under the mercy rule.
(by Jonathan Corbett)


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"Suicide Squad" B-Roll Footage Reveals Harley Quinn's Classic Jester Costume
Comic Books, Film
Creators | Oni Press will republish Sophie Campbell's Wet Moon in a new edition with her correct name on the cover, and a new cover design by Annie Mok. Campbell, who announced earlier this year that she's transgender, says she's particularly happy to have a new edition coming out so soon: "I didn't think I'd get new editions this early, I thought I'd have to wait a couple years for the next printing to roll around to get my name fixed, so it's awesome getting it this soon after I came out. And having the new covers is really great too, I like that they differentiate the new editions from the old ones, for me it feels like a specific, clear divide between now and then." [Autostraddle]
Hello and welcome to What Are You Reading?, where the Robot 6 crew shares their picks for the Royal Rumble … I mean, talks about what comics we've read recently. Today our special guest is Landry Walker, writer of Danger Club, Supergirl: Cosmic Adventures in the Eighth Grade, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Little Gloomy, Tron and more.
To smell what Landry and the Robot 6 crew are cookin', click below.
Welcome to Food or Comics?, where every week we talk about what comics we'd buy at our local comic shop based on certain spending limits — $15 and $30 — as well as what we'd get if we had extra money or a gift card to spend on a splurge item.
Check out Diamond's release list or ComicList, and tell us what you're getting in our comments field.
Chris Mautner
If I had $15, I'd buy Boys #70 (only two issues until the big finale) and Classic Popeye #2, IDW Publishing's ongoing series of reprints devoted to Bud Sagendorf comics from the 1940s, as the first issue was much more fun than I expected it to be.
If I had $30, I'd put those comics back, but would be stuck between a couple of books. The first would be Aya: Life in Yop City, which collects the three previous Aya books by Marguerite Abouet and Clement Oubrerie in one volume. These are great, funny comics, full of life and observation regarding a culture — in this case African culture — most Westerners know nothing about.
There's also A Chinese Life, a massive doorstop of a memoir by Chinese artist Li Kunwu (with help from writer Philippe Otie) chronicling his life and times. Kunwu lives through some of modern China's most tumultuous periods, including the Cultural Revolution, and hopefully his book will, like Aya, humanize a time and culture that for many is just a few lines in their history book.
Finally, there's Message to Adolph, Vol. 1, one of Tezuka's final works, set during World War II, about three people named Adolph, one a Jew, the other a German boy living in Japan, and the third the fuhrer himself. Originally published by Viz about two decades ago, Vertical has taken it upon themselves to put out a newly translated version which is great news for those that missed this great manga the first time around.
Is there a greater splurge purchase this week that Dal Tokyo, the collected version of Gary Panter's off-kilter comic strip? I plugged this book last week, but it deserves another one. I've been waiting for this book for awhile.
For the scholarly comics type, the splurge of the week might be Crockett Johnson and Ruth Krauss, a look at the creator of Barnaby and Harold and the Purple Crayon and his wife, a children's author with whom he frequently collaborated.
Wet Moon creator Ross Campbell has been posting pages from the sixth volume of his series of graphic novels online for awhile now, which isn't due out from Oni Press until October. However, the always busy artist, whose work can also be found in Extreme's Glory revival, Shadoweyes and his Mountain Girl minicomics, announced that he will begin syndicating pages from the book on the web. He also plans to post "other Wet Moon-related stuff" on the blog, like "maybe in-progress drawings, process notes, stuff about volume 7, maybe some History of Wet Moon type stuff like the pre-comic origins of the series …" Look for pages to start appearing Feb. 4.
A whole new contingent of fans are getting to know Ross Campbell thanks to his work on the upcoming Glory, but whether you're a new or old fan of Campbell's work, there's one project you probably haven't seen: Mountain Girl. Originally only available directly from Campbell at conventions, Ross has agreed to share the second Mountain Girl minicomic here with us today for our anniversary.
Launched in 2006 as a self-published mini-comic, Campbell continued to produce new installments of Mountain Girl annually for two more years. A fourth installment was thumbnailed but never completed. The comic stars Naga, a savage warrior princess living in a post-holocaust world. The daughter of a tribute of mystic cannibal barbarians, Naga's story in the Mountain Girl comics shows the brutally muscled and tattooed badass fighting Beaver Gods, Shark Goddesses and other enemies. Thematically it's similar to Conan or Cavewoman, but Campbell's cartooning pulls no punches in its depiction of violence and savagery.
Although Campbell hasn't produced any new Mountain Girl comics in a couple years due to other projects, the artist recently self-published a book containing the three minicomics and the thumbnails for a fourth. Campbell says he has plans to do a "rebooted/revamped" Mountain Girl in the near future. This exclusive preview today is the first time any full-length Mountain Girl comic has ever been published online. Thanks, Ross!
Hello and welcome to a special holiday edition of What Are You Reading? Actually it's just a normal edition of What Are You Reading?, because changing the font color to red and green, and adding twinkling lights around the border just made it harder to read.
Our special guest this week is Andy Khouri, associate editor over at ComicsAlliance, where he drops comic news and commentary on a daily basis.
To see what Andy and the Robot 6 crew have been reading, click below.
News and reports from the New York Comic Con rolled out even after the lights were turned off on Sunday; here are a few of them, as well as some tidbits we missed the first time around:
• Marvel announced an ongoing Age of Apocalypse series by David Lapham and Roberto De La Torre, spinning out of the current "Dark Angel Saga" storyline in Uncanny X-Force. [CBR]
• Designer Chip Kidd is writing a Batman book called Batman: Death by Design with art by Dave Taylor. It's due out next summer. [ComicsAlliance]
• USA Today spotlighted Captain Brooklyn, due next May from Jimmy Palmiotti, Frank Tieri and Amanda Conner. The three-issue miniseries will be published by Image Comics. [USA Today]
• Following the convention, Marvel has released pages from the Prep & Landing story that will appear in a few of their upcoming November comics. [CBR]
Is it just me, or have comics become catnip for movie-makers? Well, this time the cat has gone outside the normal stomping grounds and found an unusual treat.
Wet Moon Cartoonist Ross Campbell posted on his DeviantArt blog that a film-making friend of his is working on a short film based on Campbell's 2010 superhero graphic novel Shadoweyes. Filmmaker Bo Bradshaw has been a prolific short film producer, and just wrapped work on a feature-length documentary that was just shown on PBS called 759 Dresden. The comic adaptation of Campbell's book is called Shadoweyes: Out of the Shadows, and on a website set up for the project Bradshaw outlines where they're at in the production and the current openings to staff the short film production. Bradshaw hopes to crowd-source the funding of the project in something akin to Kickstarter. This live-action film is planned to be shot in and around Orlando, Fla where Bradshaw is based.
Campbell will be involved in the short film project, while also finishing work on the book's sequel, Shadoweyes In Love.
Wait a minute — scratch that, reverse it. In an interview with Kelly Thompson of our CBR sister blog Comics Should Be Good, Ross Campbell, writer/artist of Water Baby, Wet Moon, and SLG's upcoming superhero book Shadoweyes, says that when people complain that his work over-sexualizes his mostly female protagonists…they're absolutely right:
Kelly: At the same time that you've been praised by many (both critics and fans) for your portrayals of women, you've also drawn some criticism from people that think you are fetishizing or over-sexualizing some of your female characters…what do you think about that?
Ross: I agree. Haha.
Kelly: You agree with the criticism?
Ross: Yeah. I think they're right, and I look back on my older stuff and I cringe. Which is normal, I cringe regardless when I look at my work, but I think I definitely got out of control with the sexualization, particularly with Water Baby. And what made it worse was that it wasn't even intentional, I wasn't sitting down to try to make a specifically "sexy" or titillating book like you'd see Milo Manara do or whatever, and that I didn't intend it makes it seem to worse to me.
Kelly: Yeah, that was my next question – intention vs. just natural evolution of art.
Ross: It just came out that way, like I didn't even realize it until I started becoming more aware of it and what I was doing. I just regret that it took me so many years to "get" it.
Kelly: So you have deliberately changed your drawing process…I actually think that's interesting and laudable. That you're more interested in the message you're perhaps sending then just, "this is fun to draw, and this is how my style looks right now".
Ross:At first it was kind of like that, yeah. Like I reached a point actually while I was greytoning Water Baby, I think, that I started freaking out and almost tried to keep the book from being released and not wanting to finish it, and I was like "what am I doing, look at these characters' boobs and everything, what is wrong with me?!" So after that I really had to train myself to draw how I wanted to draw, but I think it's become more natural now that I've been moving in that direction for a few years, but it's still a process.
Kelly: I find this fascinating…and admirable, I have to say. Few artists seem to have a vested interest in not contributing to exploitation. Especially to the degree that they'll train themselves not to do it.
Ross: Yeah, I just don't want to be part of that. And I think there's a big difference between having characters just be attractive or sexy in a "natural" way (natural in quotes because they're still drawn characters) than them being like…crazy sexpot male gaze characters for no reason. And I think there's a place for those types of characters, it's fine if an artist wants to do that, I still enjoy looking at some stuff like that, but not really in the types of stories I want to do.
For what it's worth, I actually disagree with Campbell about whether his stuff is exploitative. Obviously, his style isn't "natural" per se — on some level he's choosing to draw attractive characters. But the range of the characters he's rendered attractively — in terms of body type, weight, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, personal style, intelligence, personality, pretty much every variable — is so broad and impressive that, to me at least, it's a million miles away from a Supergirl upskirt shot or your average brokeback-pose sexy amazon-woman superheroine. Never does he single out an unrealistic ideal and present that as the one and only acceptable form of sexiness. It may not be "natural," but it feels like it comes naturally through Campbell's view of the world, and the characters with which he's chosen to populate it. Still, I'm happy to see a cartoonist considering this issue at all, you know?


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W. Sean Ford
Revolving Door
Who's coming and who's going. Tell us about your job move! Receive the Revolving Door Newsletter with expert analysis by email twice a week.
August 31, 2011: W. Sean Ford has been named chief marketing officer and chief operating officer at Zmags Corp.. He had been CMO at Syncsort. (mb)


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I did a quick and dirty review of this book. Check it out at TheBikeGeek.com
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I know that this question may seem strange, but it's hard to find a clear answer anywhere.
I currently have the following configuration
Core i5 2500k (Sandy Bridge) 16GB DDR3 RAM 2 x Radeon HD 6970 Graphic Cards (in Crossfire) ASUS Sabertooth Z77 Motherboard
From what I understand, when using Crossfire, the two PCIE3.0 slots will only run at 8x. However, shouldn't that mean that the PCIE2.0 Cards should still run at 16x since essentially PCIE3.0 = 2x PCIE2.0's bandwidth?
I know that there is some limitations with the actual processor that I'm using. I've ordered an Ivy Bridge Core i7 and should arrive tomorrow. Once I upgrade the processor, will I still be in the same boat or will both Radeon HD 6970 cards be used to their full potentials?
If my goal is to run both cards at 16x, did I simply get the wrong motherboard? Gut told me to go with dual 16x/16x, but I wasn't sure if it was going to be an economically sound move.


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Vensim Video Library
- Vensim's new partner – Ventity At the System Dynamics Conference in Delft, we showed a complementary new product – Ventity – that solves some problems that can be intractable in Vensim. Here's a quick preview: http://vimeo.com/vensim/ventitypreview There's a Ventity poster and more detailed white paper in the conference proceedings: Ventity Poster ISDC 2014 Entity-Based System Dynamics White Paper
- Running models with Vensim PLE and the Model Reader A brief tutorial on running models with Vensim PLE and the Vensim Model Reader.
- Causal Tracing in Vensim A tutorial on Causal Tracing™ – following the chain of causality through a model for insight and debugging.
- Lookups in Vensim A tutorial on building and using lookups (table functions) in Vensim models.
- Building a Simple Vensim Model A quick tutorial on building and running a new Vensim model.
- Vensim 6 Optimization Features A quick tour of new optimization & calibration features in Vensim 6:
- Vensim 6 Interface A quick tour of the new look of the Vensim 6 tools and equation editor:
- How to create web simulations with Vensim using Forio Simulate Vensim is ideally suited for creating sophisticated system dynamics simulation models, and Ventana UK's Sable tool provides desktop deployment, but how can modelers make the insights from models accessible via the web? Forio Simulate is a web hosting application that makes it easy for modelers to integrate Vensim models into end-user web applications. Webinar with ...


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As the national Top 100 prospect lists are published by the major baseball magazines & websites, the Brewers' reified climb into the Top Tier of MLB farm systems has resulted in much praise for GM David Stearns from Brewers fans. At the same time, the… [More]
Posts Tagged 'rebuilding '
Brewers Headed in the Right Direction
By Ryan Topp on July 31, 2015
The non-waiver trade deadline came and went on Friday afternoon, and when the dust had settled it was clear that the team has decided to go in a somewhat different direction than the path they have been on since Mark Attanasio took over as owner… [More]
Olney on Brewers: "We'll talk about that guy, but nah, you know"
By Ryan Topp on June 27, 2015
ESPN's Buster Olney stopped by the Jonah Keri podcast this week, and one of the teams they specifically talked about at length was the Milwaukee Brewers. The following comes from that conversation: "The one thing about the Brewers that you hear is that, yes, they're… [More]
Friday Round Up: Draft, Tanking, Biogenesis, Comeback Win
By Nicholas Zettel on June 12, 2015
Last night, the Brewers' hopes looked dismal during an error-plagued start by Matt Garza, but the bats answered each of the errant frames with runs against Tanner Roark to tie the ballgame. Newly recalled second-baseman Scooter Gennett supplied the game-winning RBI in the bottom of… [More]
Blowing It Up: A Survival Guide
By Ryan Topp on April 22, 2015
There is no need to mince words here, the Brewers have gotten off to a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad start. It seems as though the walls are caving in from all directions all at once. Even though it isn't strictly true that the… [More]
DoU Podcast Ep 29 – Estrada, Lind & Rebuilding
By Vineet Barot on November 10, 2014
Ryan Topp, Jonathan Judge and Vineet Barot discuss the Estrada/ Lind trade, how that effects the Brewers starting pitching and 1st base for 2015 and whether the Brewers should consider rebuilding in 2016. [soundcloud url="https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176165298″ params="auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true" width="100%" height="100″ iframe="true" /] You can rate, review… [More]
Christmas in July: Potential Prospect Targets
By Nicholas Zettel on July 4, 2013
FIRST, Happy Independence Day There seems no better way for me to begin my Independence Day than to write about baseball. Baseball captures much about the American spirit, both in its tenacious, grinding, strategic pace, and through its tumultuous labor history. So frequently, we leave… [More]
Rounding the Bases: Tony Bosch & Rebuilding
By Steve Garczynski on June 7, 2013
Normally at Rounding the Bases, we stick to one big topic per week. This was not a normal week for the Milwaukee Brewers, so welcome to pur first multitopic week! You can continue the discussion on Twitter with @RyanTopp and @SteveGarczynski. **Headline: MLB gets Bosch… [More]
Reconsidering Rebuilding: Trading at the Deadline and 2013
By Nicholas Zettel on July 24, 2012
After the flurry of right-handed pitching trades (or trades-to-be?) yesterday, the Brewers late-inning loss seemed a fitting accompaniment to fans' trade market inquiries and "sell 'em all" proclamations. Aside from the pending trade of Chicago Cubs righty Ryan Dempster for one of the Atlanta Braves'… [More]


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Here are 7 quick hits that could very well decide the fate of the Browns against the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Cleveland Browns name Brian Hoyer starter for Week 3 vs. Minnesota Vikings
CLEVELAND - The Browns will start third-string quarterback Brian Hoyer Sunday in Minnesota, replacing Brandon Weeden, who is out after injuring his thumb against the Ravens.
Head coach Rob Chudzinski informed Hoyer of his decision Wednesday, the team announced.
Hoyer was signed to a two-year deal by the Browns this offseason.
With the Arizona Cardinals in 2012, Hoyer started one game. He was undrafted in 2009 but signed by the New England Patriots, serving as Tom Brady's backup.
The 27-year-old North Olmsted native attended Saint Ignatius High School, where he played football and baseball. He then went to Michigan State.
Related Stories
Tim's Take: 7 things to watch on Sunday as Browns battle Steelers
Listen: 'The Ballad of Brian Hoyer'
A couple of die-hard Cleveland Browns fans have composed a song called "The Ballad of Brian Hoyer."


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State, Coast Officials Preparing in Case Storm Targets Miss.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - Officials stepped up monitoring and preparations as a storm system off the coast of Florida threatens to approach areas still recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - Officials stepped up monitoring and preparations as a storm system off the coast of Florida threatens to approach areas still recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
Updated: 09/20/2007 - Disc Jockey's from WTVY and KMX along with volunteer walkers are putting their feet to the pavement to raise awareness and funds for several local organizations.
Updated: 09/20/2007 - Getting a degree while serving in the military is becoming a little more stress-free, thanks to a military program.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - The Home and Garden Expo will be held at the Dothan Civic Center starting Friday.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - Escambia County deputies are investigating a shooting between two vehicles that left one person dead and another injured.
Updated: 09/20/2007 - The Department of Defense says two Florida soldiers and another from California were killed in Iraq.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - A Northwest Florida man, convicted felon, is being held in the Bay County Jail.
Updated: 09/20/2007 - Thousands of chanting demonstrators, including dozens from Alabama's nine historically black colleges, filled the streets of Jena, Louisiana, Thursday in support of six black teenagers initially charged with attempted murder in the beating of a white classmate.
Posted: 09/20/2007 - Attorney General Troy King had a murder victim's family by his side Wednesday as he accused district attorneys across the state of turning their backs on crime victims.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - At times, busy intersections around the City of Dothan can be an obstacle for emergency personnel, but the city has plans to make some intersections more emergency friendly.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Officials in one Wiregrass town say they can no longer subsidize low service rates for citizens.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - The city of progress appears to have weathered financially, due to the tragic deadly tornado from six-months-ago.
Updated: 09/19/2007 - An Enterprise man and an accomplice are behind bars in Northwest Florida following a strong armed robbery of a business.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Two Enterprise school resource officers received national recognition.
Updated: 09/19/2007 - The National Weather Service is fine-tuning its warning system to be more specific with issuing severe weather alerts. The system could also mean fewer false alarms for people who are near a storm, but not in its path.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Shareholders of the Pemco Aviation Group have approved the sale of its Dothan unit.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - O.J. Simpson has been released from jail after posting $125,000 bail. Simpson was arraigned earlier Wednesday in connection with the alleged armed robbery of sports memorabilia collectors at a Las Vegas hotel.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Fort Rucker is playing host to the only safety symposium held for the U.S. Army.
Updated: 09/19/2007 - A third suspect sought in the June slaying of a Dothan man has been arrested.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Rains from the remnants of Hurricane Humberto did not provide relief for the drought that has ruined crops and dropped lake levels to near record lows in Alabama and Georgia.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - About 40 citizen soldiers assigned to Huntsville based 1169th Engineering Group are expected back home this evening after serving a year in Iraq.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - A tier one supplier to Hyundai Motor Company and other auto manufacturers is expanding its production facilities in Opelika.
Posted: 09/19/2007 - Auburn University's newest president made a stop in Henry County yesterday.
Posted: 09/18/2007 - The city of Dothan is in the planning phase of a pilot program to bring curbside recycling back to city streets. City residents terminated the previous program due to limited participation.
Posted: 09/18/2007 - Authorities in one Northwest Florida city will keep a close eye on downtown businesses. Within the last 48-hours, there have been two break-ins' in Defuniak Springs.


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Movie: Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure with Dragonball Z: Battle of Gods at 1.5...but not #2, it's just too good to go down a full step.
Show: Dragonball Z totally awesome, Akira Toriyama never ceases to amaze me
Music: Alternative Rock(Coldplay), Avicii, and anything besides Country, I HATE COUNTRY WITH A PASSION!!!! because you can't get a good groove to dance to it
Food: Three Cheese Chicken Penne...from Applebee's, I nearly die everytime I taste that melty cheese and alfredo sauce(I actually made this at home once)
5. Manga
4. Anime
3. Music
2. Facebook
1. Videogames


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A Challenge to Critical Understandings of Race
Version of Record online: 15 MAR 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2012.00489.x
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour
Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 260–282, September 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
ANTHONY, R. M. (2012), A Challenge to Critical Understandings of Race. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 42: 260–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2012.00489.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 27 AUG 2012
- Version of Record online: 15 MAR 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- cognition;
- diversity;
- identity;
- ideology;
- race;
- multiculturalism
In this article, I demonstrate fundamental weaknesses in the ability of critical understandings of race to produce reliable knowledge of how social actors use social comparisons as a way to align self with ingroup. I trace these weaknesses to two sources: The first is relying on social status as an explanation for race-based assessments, ingroup motivations, and social constructions of otherness. This is opposed to leaning on assessments grounded in social psychological research that links properties of human cognition to the development and maintenance of social identities. The second weakness is an open support for activist research that is often situated in radical multiculturalism. Because critical race scholars openly side with racial minorities' interests, they tend to establish incomplete assessments of social behaviors and social constructs linked to racial identities in order to maintain their stated political allegiances. To demonstrate these and other weaknesses, I draw upon the theoretical insights of social identity theory which is used to reassess Bell and Hartmann's (2007) critical race analysis of diversity dialogue in American society.


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Tag Archives: Berkeley High Green Academy
Berkeley High celebrates graduations
Berkeley High School's all-school graduation is Friday, June 12 at the Greek Theatre. But in the last week, many of BHS's small schools and programs celebrated their own graduations, with a variety of different venues and styles.
Congratulations to all the students. You can see all the photos from all of the different ceremonies from the school district's page on the ceremonies. … Continue reading »
Farm-to-fork tours spotlight local green businesses
Three years ago, Marissa LaMagna started Bay Area Green Tours, a nonprofit, shoestring operation now headquartered in the David Brower Center (and largely staffed by eager, eco-conscious, unpaid interns) because she wanted to showcase the best sustainable farms and food, buildings and businesses, energy practices and employment opportunities in Berkeley and beyond.
The green tour business with a biodiesel bus takes people from near and far to see for themselves and hear the stories behind successful sustainable enterprises … Continue reading »
Tagged Acme Bread, Amanda's Feel Good Fresh Food, Bay Area Green Tours, Berkeley dining, Berkeley High Green Academy, Berkeley High School, Berkeley Unified School District, Cancun Taqueria, Country Cheese and Coffee Market, David Brower Center, Downtown Berkeley, Ecology Center, Five restaurant, Gather Restaurant, Marissa LaMagna, Phoenix Pastificio, Revival Bar + Kitchen, Shattuck Avenue, Slow Money, Venus restaurant


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Chhoti Si Zindagi - On LocationAdded on : Friday, May 13, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
On Location of Chhoti Si ZindagiAdded on : Wednesday, May 04, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
On the Sets of Chhoti Si ZindagiAdded on : Monday, April 18, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
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I am developing an iPhone application in which I need to show an image at a specific Latitude & Longitude on a Map. The requirement is - Even if the user zooms in or out on this map screen, the map control should automatically center itself after the zoom, to the same Lat & Long. I am using MKMapView.
I have tried to go through all available documentation. However, I could not come across any callback or other method that will allow me to achieve the objective.
One alternative is to handle touch events. However, I find that as a very complicated solution. And I hope that a simpler alternative exists. Any ideas on the above?
Can you please help? Any example will be appreciated.


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Two New Brave Images Surface
Two new images from Disney-Pixar's Brave showcase some of the action in the animated Highland fantasy adventure, which premieres June 22.
Two new images from Disney-Pixar's Brave showcase some of the action in the animated Highland fantasy adventure, which premieres June 22.
Disney's CinemaCon 2012 presentation featured lots of new footage and announcements, including details on Iron Man 3, Oz the Great and Powerful, Frankenweenie, The Muppets 2 and The Lone Ranger.
Disney-Pixar has released the third trailer for Brave, the epic Highland fantasy-adventure directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman. The film, which features the voices of Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Emma Thompson, Kevin McKidd, Craig Ferguson and Robbie Coltrane, opens June 22.
Disney has released the first TV spot for the epic Highland fantasy Brave, Pixar's 13th animated feature and first fairy tale. The movie opens June 22.
Disney has debuted a new trailer — well, a full clip, actually — and poster for Pixar's Brave, the epic Highland fantasy adventure about a defiant princess who inadvertently unleashes a curse on her father's kingdom.
As part of its 2012 preview, USA Today has unveiled the first look at Jeremy Renner in The Bourne Legacy, and new images from The Hobbit, Prometheus, Brave and Snow White and the Huntsman.
Disney has premiered the first full-length trailer for Brave, Pixar's fantasy adventure about a princess who must save her father's kingdom from the curse she inadvertently unleashed.
Disney-Pixar has released three new images from Brave, the upcoming fantasy set in the Scottish Highlands, where an unruly princess must lift a terrible curse on her father's kingdom.
Up storyboard artist Enrico Casarosa chats with Spinoff Online about making his directorial debut with Pixar's award-friendly short film La Luna.
At the D23 fan expo in Anaheim, California, Pixar announced its newest films and Walt Disney Studios premiered exclusive footage from its upcoming live and animated movies — including Marvel's The Avengers.
Marvel's The Avengers will be among the films showcased Aug. 20 during a look at Disney's upcoming film slate at the D23 Expo in Anaheim, Calif.
The next release from Disney-Pixar stars Kelly Macdonald as the voice of Merida, an unruly princess in the Scottish Highlands who inadvertently unleashes a curse upon the kingdom. Brave opens on June 22, 2012.


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Small business owners are being shortchanged, according to a study that says as much as 96 percent of state subsidy funds are going to big companies. » Read More
Extended jobless benefits derail employers' ability to hire, the head of Landry's restaurant chain told CNBC on Wednesday. See what other trends could halt Main Street job growth.
With bank loan competition still tight, more startups and small-business owners are turning to alternative lenders. So what's the downside?
The Small Business Administration has proposed rule changes that could make the agency's loan programs more accessible and popular, the New York Times reports.
Small-business owners' confidence edged up just slightly in February, but Main Street is showing signs of a surge in optimism or hiring.
A GOP-led panel has been listening to entrepreneurs vent about Obamacare. And boy do they have a lot to say.
More people are taking a moment to flip over an item or fish for a label and ask, is it "Made in the USA?"
BestParking.com conveniently centralizes parking garage rates. See how the young founder got started with a family loan - and a bicycle.
Small merchants and those in the e-commerce space are feeling let down by the initial hype of Groupon. Is the daily coupon model dead?
If mandatory federal spending cuts begin to take effect Friday, small employers are likely to experience a negative ripple effect of reduced business.
Peer-to-peer lender Prosper hopes to attract more investors, seeking yield. But is the emerging lending platform too risky?
Charge a fee to use your credit card? It's legal for merchants to do that, unless barred by state law. Ten states already ban such surcharges and more may join the list. The legislatures in 11 other states are currently considering bills that would prevent these so-called "check out" fees.
Fandeavor.com offers unique game-day experiences for fans, and was funded by the VegasTech Fund. Led by Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh, the fund is part of a broader push to revitalize downtown Las Vegas.
As striking as President Obama's recent State of the Union speech was in its vision, there was little said on support for Main Street. Guest columnist Beth Solomon makes the case for debt-refinancing.
This city, long known as a Rust Belt community, has transformed into a hub for advanced manufacturing and technology.
Under proposed rules for the Affordable Care Act, companies with 50 or more full-time employees will be required to offer benefit plans, or face fines. CNBC's Bertha Coombs takes a closer look at one small business, Batchbook, navigating Obamacare.
Karen Mills is departing as head of the Small Business Administration, opening another Cabinet-rank job for President Barack Obama to fill at the start of his second term.
Taking a cue from food trucks, savvy entrepreneurs are forgoing costly storefronts and instead running small businesses from their cars. So what's the downside?
Many small-business owners are pessimistic and expect the economy to remain stagnant or worsen in 2013 with little hiring, according to a new survey.
As President Barack Obama begins his second term, start-ups are hoping for on an immigration overhaul to help them attract highly skilled foreign workers.
Groupon launched free online analytics that help merchants gauge the effectiveness of their deals on the digital platform.


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© Benjamin Petit for AskMen.com
Keep Up: Rules For The Modern Business Owner
The 10 Rules That Separate Failure From SuccessThis article is presented by Autotrader.
This article is part of our Dream StateMENTs feature, providing advice and inspiration to men who are following their dreams, no matter what they may be.In the age of YouTube and Facebook, of endless smartphone apps and modes of communication, work has become a daunting task. Procrastination used to be a cigarette, now it's a four-hour navigation through your ex-girlfriend's "Cancun 2015" photo album. And though it's frustrating she didn't have that two-piece while you were dating, there are more important things you could be getting done. There are calls to make, reports to build, a loose screw under the sink, and you were supposed to start your Ironman training three months ago. Adrenaline and a couple of energy bars might get you through the last order of business, but for the other tasks, it's time to buckle down. So, without further ado, here are 10 career rules for the modern business owner.


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I am looking to change the length of time that the plugin stores the cookie and session. For example, some plugins will create a cookie that gets reset (destroyed) after 2 weeks. The same plugin might reset the cookie if the user's session is closed.
My question is: where in the code does it say the length of time that these cookies are stored for?
My goal is have the cookie in place for a preset amount of time regardless of whether the computer or browser has shut down.
As another question, does anyone know of a good method that would force a browser (and possibly the computer) to remember the cookie regardless of whether or not the browser or computer was shut down?


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I have recently upgraded to WP 2.9 from 2.8 and Atahualpa theme 3.4.4 from 3.3.3. Here is the url http://www.ginaabudi.com
The issues is with static pages and comments enabled on them. I have noticed that when the first comment is submited on any of the static pages after the upgrade the comment form disappears and no one can comment anymore.
However, I can reply from the dashboard as long as I have the right privilages.
I have the discussion settings to allow anyone to post comments.
Anyone else facing such a problem?


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The A to Z of SloveniaScarecrow Press 2010; US$ 39.99
The A to Z of Slovenia covers the history of Slovenia and its struggle to gain independence from communism. This is done through a detailed chronology, an introduction, appendixes, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on some of the more significant persons, places, and events; institutions and organizations; and political,... more...
The A to Z of the Ottoman EmpireScarecrow Press 2010; US$ 39.99
The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire is an in-depth treatise covering the political, social, and economic history of the Ottoman Empire, the last member of the lineage of the Near Eastern and Mediterranean empires and the only one that reached the modern times both in terms of internal structure and world history. more...
Abdullah Gul and the Making of the New TurkeyOneworld Publications 2014; US$ 49.99
Drawing on original research, including in-depth interviews with President Abdullah G�l himself as well as his wife and close circle of colleagues and friends, this fascinating account offers a portrait of a man who has been at the heart of the political, economic, and cultural developments that have brought Turkey to international prominence in recent... more...
After Ethnic ConflictAshgate Publishing Ltd 2014; US$ 149.95
After Ethnic Conflict: Policy-making in Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia investigates how sensitive policy issues can be resolved in the aftermath of war by investigating how political elites interact and make decisions in ethnically divided societies. Focussing on the interactions between political elites and attempts to reach agreement... more...
After YugoslaviaStanford University Press 2013; US$ 65.00
The book brings together many of the best known commentators and scholars who write about former Yugoslavia. The essays focus on the post-Yugoslav cultural transition and try to answer questions about what has been gained and what has been lost since the dissolution of the common country. Most of the contributions can be seen as current attempts to... more...
After YugoslaviaPalgrave Macmillan 2011; US$ 105.00
An investigation of recent developments and trends within the Yugoslav successor states since the signing of the Dayton Agreements in Autumn 1995. This book offers a distinctive and desirable perspective on the seven successor states, their cultures, politics and identities by providing an internal perspective on the region and its developments. more...
The Aftermath of WarAshgate Publishing Ltd 2013; US$ 149.95
At a time when most observers saw war in Europe as belonging to an ever more distant past, the wars of Yugoslav succession shattered this illusion. The direct and indirect consequences of these wars for people in the region are still not fully understood, but it is clear that the war has had far reaching social and political consequences for each... more...
AlbaniaI.B.Tauris 2005; US$ 14.95
Catapulted from totalitarianism to free market capitalism in 1991, Albania emerged from half a century of isolation to find itself an anomaly in Europe: a third world country economically, but first world in terms of education, literature and the arts. How has Albania transformed since then? Clarissa de Waal here explains Albania?s ?transition? from... more...
Albania Travel Complete ProfileWorld Trade Press 2010; US$ 14.40
Whether planning your own trip to Albania, or planning someone elses, youll be equipped with the all-inclusive travel reportboth of our Travel and Points of Interest reports rolled into one. more...
Albania's Mountain QueenI.B.Tauris 2014; US$ 14.95
Young ladies in the Victorian and Edwardian eras were not expected to travel unaccompanied, and certainly not to the remote corners of Southeast Europe, then part of the crumbling Ottoman Empire. But Edith Durham was no ordinary lady. In 1900, at the age of 37, Durham set sail for the Balkans for the first time, a trip which changed the course of her... more...


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Diesel VEKTR by Monster
I just bought these.
Why on earth would anyone want these? It's like when Denmark made it's first supercar; if you had supercar-type money, why wouldn't you just buy a Ferrari? Well, sometimes the aesthetic of something different makes you happier than proven function.
Let's recap the players first. Sennheiser is amazing but clunky and not great for travelling. Bose is so comfortable and great for noise-cancellation but they can be expensive. Beats is great for deep bass but I actually find them ugly. I hate the font of that 'b'. And I don't know about you guys but those in-ears buds never fit me properly.
So what about my DV?
You know what it looks like? A cross between cut obsidian and the black Lamborghini Aventador. It is a matter of taste but I really love the design and materials they chose. They're not as soft as Bose but they are really comfortable and sit quite nicely on small heads (like mine). They're light and fold away for travelling. The cord is triangular and is supposed to prevent tangles (so far it has lived up to this claim).
How is the sound quality? The bass is just deep enough but occasionally I find it a bit muffly. The clarity could be improved on. They're fairly good at noise cancellation but definitely not as good as Bose. The chaos of Avenged Sevenfold sounds great. The girly pop of The Bangles also sounds great. Hip-Hop and Rap sounds surprisingly good. Piano sounds lovely but strings are bit muted, which really disappointed me.
On the plus side, they are one of the most striking and best looking headphones I have seen. I actually want to wear them out. Honestly, they are gorgeous. But then again, I would say that about anything that is black, shiny and all sleek angles.
Usually I'd be advising everyone to go for sound quality over design but the DV is a nice compromise. What's the point of having something if you never want to wear it or look at it?


text: 4. U.S. Bancorp Shares of U.S. Bancorp ( USB) of Minneapolis closed at $31.65 Friday, returning 17% year-to-date, following a 2% return during 2011. Following its passing of the Federal Reserve's 2012 stress tests with flying colors, U.S. Bancorp last Wednesday announced it would U.S. Bancorp announced that it would increase its quarterly dividend to 19.5 from 12.5 cents and that it had authorized a new program to buy back up to 100 million shares, replacing the company's previous buyback program. Based on the new payout, the shares have a 2.46% dividend yield. The shares trade for 2.9 times tangible book value, and for 12 times the consensus 2012 EPS estimate of $2.69. The consensus 2013 EPS estimate is $2.92. While those valuations look high in the current environment, especially the price-to-book ratio, U.S. Bancorp has distinguished itself with strong, steady earnings performance through the credit crisis. The company's 2011 return on average assets of 1.51% was, by far, the highest among this group of 10 Midwest banks. Interested in more on U.S. Bancorp? See TheStreet Ratings' report card for this stock. Prev 7 of 11 Next


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ODT Online
ODT /directory
Contiki, which is set to celebrate its 50th anniversary,
announced last year it would return to Dunedin after an
absence of six years.
"Dunedin is going really well for us. Clients are loving it,"
Contiki New Zealand general manager Tony Laskey said.
The city was included in itineraries from October, after the
tours could no longer be accommodated on recently refurbished
vessels at Milford Sound.
"We went to a number of different areas and said 'what can
you offer us instead of doing this overnight at Milford?'
"Dunedin was successful, as they had the best options for our
young clients."
Those options include a visit to the Speight's Brewery,
Cadbury World, Baldwin St, and optional extras such as the
Death Rattle Ghost Walk.
Speight's Brewery tour manager Chris Snow said the tour
groups were "fantastic visitors" who were enjoying the city
and brewery.
Over the next 12 months, the Contiki visitors to the brewery
were expected to increase 15% and, coupled with the Rugby
World Cup, help improve on its 2010 visitor numbers.
"It is a good opportunity to showcase the brewery and the
brand and how it is connected to the South," Mr Snow said.
Mr Laskey said the tour company, which caters for 18- to
35-year-olds, performed well last year, despite initial
concerns over the Christchurch earthquake.
Travellers still wanted to visit the South Island, and the
company was expected to confirm extra days in the West Coast
and Queenstown areas.
Tourism Dunedin chief executive Hamish Saxton said Contiki
was a leader in the youth travel market, and it was
"terrific" the tourists were enjoying their time in Dunedin.
"It is such an established brand and, from a marketing
perspective, when as a destination you are included in an
itinerary, you find independent travellers use their
brochures and itineraries to make their own holiday plan."
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text:
X-Men director Bryan Singer never considered stepping back from show business amid last year's scandal in which he was accused of sex abuse.
"I love working, this is what I love to do," The Usual Suspects director told Entertainment Weekly. "Making films is something I've been doing since I was 13 years old."
Singer, 49, told the magazine that putting his career on hold over "some


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For Steven Soderbergh, directing "Haywire" was a way to alleviate some frustrations he felt as a filmgoer. "Why aren't action movies beautiful?" Soderbergh said following a sold-out screening of his new film at Lincoln Center on Tuesday night. "I see a lot of action films that I think are good action films, but they aren't beautiful to look at. That just doesn't make sense to me." To correct this industry… Continue reading 'Haywire': Steven Soderbergh Talks Gina Carano, 'Beautiful' Action Movies At Lincoln Center Screening
New 'Haywire' Trailer: Michael Fassbender, Ewan McGregor and Antonio Banderas are No Match for Gina Carano
Michael Fassbender played a badass superhero in 'X-Men: First Class.' Too bad his powers didn't transfer over to his upcoming movie 'Haywire.' In the new trailer for the Steven Soderbergh-directed film, Fassbender's character, Paul, lures Malory Kane (played by MMA fighter Gina Carano), a government agent, into a hotel room in an effort to neutralize her. Bad idea.
Unfortunately, things didn't go too smoothly for Fassbender while they were… Continue reading New 'Haywire' Trailer: Michael Fassbender, Ewan McGregor and Antonio Banderas are No Match for Gina Carano
Vanessa Hudgens: LAX Landing with Mom Gina!
Vanessa Hudgens wears a hat and shades while landing at LAX Airport on Tuesday (April 5) in Los Angeles.
The 22-year-old actress flew in from Europe with her mom Gina.
Vanessa was in London, where she and her Sucker Punch co-stars promoted and premiered their new action flick.
Vanessa and Gina then headed over to Paris for a quick visit before… Continue reading Vanessa Hudgens: LAX Landing with Mom Gina!


text: "Nice job. What did you get through, 18? I think we have 29 or 30 tonight." — State Bird Provisions chef Stuart Brioza speaking to diners after a meal about how many dishes were on offer that night, via trays and carts. Hearing this, one diner exclaimed, "We missed a dozen!?" [Serious Eats]


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As the summer baseball season winds down, let's take a look around the country to check in on our guys.
#Throwback Thursday: Allison Vogler, A Spider From The Beginning
On Friday, August 12th, the Spiderlings Kids Club will host its second movie night of the summer, as Disney's Zootopia will be shown on the Robins Stadium videoboard. Gates will open at 5 p.m., with fun activities for the family including a petting zoo, face painting, games, and more! The movie will begin at 6 p.m.
Germann earned the honor for the second year in a row.
Former Spider soccer standout Melissa Pacheco will return UR for the upcoming season as a volunteer assistant coach
Justice won one of the two qualifying tournaments for the 2016 U.S. Amateur Championship.
The Atlantic 10 Conference on Thursday announced the 2016-17 women's basketball conference schedule team pairings. The league's 14 members will once again play a 16-game conference schedule in the upcoming season, which allows teams to face each opponent once and three teams twice. The complete 2016-17 conference schedule with dates and times will be announced at a later date.
For the first time in program history, the Spiders finished in Top-25, finishing 21st in the men's standings.
Cline will work with Nike stars LeBron James, Kevin Durant, Kyrie Irving and Anthony Davis.
Erin Barry (swimming & diving), Amy Cooke (field hockey), Leslie Espenschied (women's lacrosse), Thomas Evans (football), David Germann (men's golf) and Michael Morman (baseball) were all honored for their accomplishments, both academically and athletically.
Athlon Sports named the Richmond, Va. native among the top-five FCS receivers in the country entering the upcoming 2016 season.
A pair of Spiders have shined during the first half of their summer seasons to earn spots on their respective league's All-Star rosters. Keenan Bartlett and Peter Bovenzi will represent their teams in All-Star games over the next week.


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A friend of mine said that goose tape should be used instead of duck tape. When I asked why he said" gooses are larger and tougher than ducks."
he ever try to shoot either one?????
MEN WHO DON'T LIKE GUNSHave a much greater chance of getting cervical cancer
Forum Rules


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The granddaddy of domestic range hoods has a custom-hood division that's been a sleeper—until now. "You draw it, they'll build it," says Vent-A-Hood's Monica Feid of the craftspeople in the company's custom department in Richardson, Texas. Many of the artisans have been in its employ for 30 years, graduates of an apprentice training program the company still maintains. Hoods made of copper, an increasingly popular aterial, particularly get the white glove treatment since the metal scratches so easily. Can't spring for a one-of-a-kind hood? Customize an off-the-shelf model with banding, rivets, pot rails, and even a warming shelf. From about $3,000.
Ask TOH users about Befores and Afters