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Author Archive
6 Steps to Successful FCC Testing & Certification of Electrical Products
by admin on Feb.04, 2016, under EMC
Electrical/electronic equipment manufacturers planning to sell their products in the United States must ensure that their equipment won't electromagnetically interfere with other products or cause harm to the public. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) oversees and enforces this requirement, per Title 47 of CFR.
Most products that can emit radio frequency energy need to be tested and certified to be marketed or sold in the U.S. The best rule of thumb is that any electronics device with the ability to oscillate above 9 kHz must get an FCC authorization, but there are exceptions. When manufacturers sell equipment without the appropriate approval, they can be fined and could have their products and profits seized.
Products that need authorization are either intentional or unintentional radiators of radio frequency energy. Intentional radiators are devices – like a smartphone – that must broadcast radio energy as part of their operation. Unintentional radiators are electronics – like a digital camera – that can create radio signals and broadcast them through space or power lines, as an unintentional byproduct of their operation.
Digital devices are broken down into two testing classes: Class A and Class B. Class A covers devices that are used primarily in industrial, commercial and engineering settings. Class B is reserved for consumer devices and it has stricter limits.
The FCC authorization process is begun once your product is ready to be mass-produced and sold to consumers. Your device is tested to see if it may cause interference with other equipment, broadcasts in the correct radio frequency range, and meets other telecommunications requirements.
The FCC has three options for authorization:
- Verification
- Declaration of Conformity
- Certification
This procedure is used for Part 15 digital devices that either do not contain a radio, or that contain a radio that has been preapproved and is being integrated within the guidelines set forth in its grant of authorization. These devices can be tested by the manufacturer or laboratory to see how much radio frequency energy is radiated by the device. When these devices are found to be compliant, they can be marketed and sold without FCC approval. An example of a device that may only require verification is a TV receiver.
Declaration of Conformity
This stricter procedure is typically required for Part 18 devices, or devices that are considered a personal computer or personal computer peripherals. It requires an accredited laboratory like MET Laboratories to measure radio frequency energy from your device to ensure that it meets relevant technical standards. A compliant product features the FCC logo on its label.
The most stringent authorization is FCC certification. This procedure is for equipment that is most likely to interfere with other equipment, signals, and emergency information. FCC Certifications are issued by Telecommunication Certification Bodies (TCBs) like MET Labs. A compliant product features an FCC ID on its label.
Obtaining FCC certification is straightforward if you are careful and take it step by step.
Step 1: Select Radio Frequency and Design Equipment
Start by learning about what frequencies are legally open to you and your equipment by referencing the FCC's current guidelines on radio spectrum allocation. Factors you'll want to consider: radio range, propagation, size, power consumption, and optimization.
Step 2: Test During Development
As the product is being developed, perform as many 'pre-compliance' tests in-house as you can, or utilize a 3rd party lab like MET. These tests don't 'count,' but they ensure that there won't be any major (read: expensive) surprises later on.
Step 3: Register with FCC
You need a free FCC Registration Number (FRN) if you want to obtain certification authorizations for devices that use the radio spectrum. Go to the FCC's CORES page to provide your business address and contact information. You'll get a FRN and the ability to request a mandatory grantee code (nominal fees apply).
Step 4: Select Test Lab
Once you have your FRN and grantee codes, it's time to contact an FCC-registered testing facility. Your lab partner should be experienced, responsive, and able to handle all of your testing needs. Lab quality, testing facilities, and capabilities can vary significantly, so we recommend working with MET, the responsive choice for FCC testing and certification.
Step 5: Compliance Test
Deliver a production-ready prototype and its technical specifications to your lab partner. You might want to have a representative witness the tests, but it is not necessary. Testing can run from a couple days to a couple weeks, depending on product complexity.
Step 6: Certification & Filing
After completing testing successfully, a TCB will review the test documentation and issue your certification on behalf of the FCC. Once the TCB uploads your information to the FCC database, the FCC will list your product on its approved list. The TCB will send you a Grant of Equipment Authorization, which allows you to legally market and sell your product in the U.S.
Have questions about the FCC authorization process or requirements? Ask Pat, our electrical testing compliance expert.
MET Labs is accredited for both FCC testing and FCC certification, and deeply experienced in RF approvals for global market access.
IEC Developing Test Standards for Wireless Power Transfer Products in Two Committees
by admin on Jan.18, 2016, under Product Safety
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology has been around since the early 1900s (Nikola Tesla), but it has become increasingly more popular within the last decade. Consumer awareness of wireless charging doubled to 76% in 2015, according to IHS Inc. The company predicts that by 2019, wireless charging for wearable technology alone could be worth USD $1-1.2 billion.
Due to this increase in popularity, two consortia are developing industry specifications and standards for wireless power transfer systems, as explained in a recent Compliance Today blog post.
Independently, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is developing international standards in two separate WPT Technical Committees (TCs), because of the wide variation in the power demands of various devices and systems ranging from cars to smartphones:
- IEC TC 100/Technical Area (TA) 15: Wireless power transfer of multimedia systems and equipment
- IEC TC 69: Wireless charging of electric vehicles, including industrial trucks, buses, and scooters
An IEC Subcommittee (SC) 21A was also developed to create test and measurement standards for secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes used in mobile applications and electric vehicles.
Learn more about the Emissions & SAR Requirements your Inductive Wireless Charging Products must comply with or request a free quotation for WPT product testing today
How the Hoverboard Industry Could Have Dodged a Product Safety Crisis
by admin on Jan.11, 2016, under Product Safety
Once, the hoverboard was the hot new toy. Now, all too often, it is too thermally hot – catching on fire and destroying homes and property. According to a recent CPSC tweet, there are 28 fire investigations in 19 states attributed to hoverboards.
Like your laptop, tablet or phone, hoverboards use lithium ion batteries as their power source. These types of batteries are highly volatile, and can explode or start a fire if there is a short circuit.
So why does your phone not catch fire while your hoverboard might? Because smart phones have been advance engineered over a number of years, and are subject to safety testing and certification by MET Laboratories or another Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL).
Hoverboards have been rapidly engineered due to their sudden popularity, and because they are a new product, there is no safety standard designed for it. And because hoverboards are not generally utilized in the workplace, there is no U.S. requirement for them to be safety certified; OSHA only requires safety certification for workplace products.
Retailers, on the other hand, may have much stiffer requirements than OSHA. Amazon stripped most hoverboards from its website, only allowing a few that had demonstrated some level of safety to remain.
There are a couple strategies that a hoverboard manufacturer could take to reassure consumers and retailers that their toys are safe.
One approach is to safety test and certify components (batteries, power supplies, etc.) of the hoverboards but not the assembly. Note: This does not count as a full product safety certification, but it is better than nothing. Here are some safety standards that would be relevant for hoverboard components:
- UN/DOT 38.3 Transportation Testing for Lithium Batteries
- UL 1012 Standard for Power Units Other Than Class 2
- UL 1310 Standard for Class 2 Power Units
- UL 1642 Standard for Lithium Batteries
- UL 2271 Light Electric Vehicle Batteries
A second approach is to safety test and certify the hoverboard assembly to a similar product category standard. Here are some safety standards that are relevant for this approach:
- UL 73 Standard for Motor-Operated Appliances
- UL 2595 General Requirements for Battery-Powered Appliances
- UL 60950-1 Information Technology Equipment – Safety – General Requirements
Want to demonstrate the safety of your hoverboard or other electrical product? MET is accredited to NRTL safety certify products in over 180 product categories and to perform many types of battery safety or performance testing. Contact us to get your questions answered or for a free quotation.
Top 10 Compliance Today Blog Posts for Electrical Compliance Engineers in 2015
by admin on Jan.04, 2016, under EMC, Product Safety, Wireless
Each year we see a significant rise in readers and subscribers for our Compliance Today Blog posts. The following were the most viewed posts in 2015.
- ETSI EN 300 328 Version 1.9.1 Contains Important Updates to V1.8.1
- FCC Incorporates ANSI C63.4-2014 and ANSI C63.10-2013 into Rules for Unintentional and Intentional Radiators
- External Power Supplies Must Meet Level VI Energy Efficiency Requirements for U.S. DoE by February 2016
- FDA Adds 4th edition of IEC 60601-1-2 to EMC Consensus Standards List
- Top 12 Facts about CE Marking of Electrical and Electronic Equipment
- New MIL-STD-461G Draft for Military EMI Control Is Released
- IEC 60601-1 Edition 3.1 Introduces New Product Safety Requirements for Medical Electrical Equipment
- R&TTE to RED Transition Period Changes for Radio Equipment CE Marking
- Marijuana Farms Skirt Laws – EMC & Product Safety Laws, That Is
- More Products Are Subject to FCC and R&TTE Wireless Module Compliance
To receive an email of each blog post when it publishes (about once a week), subscribe on the right side of this page.
Want more in-depth information on one of these topics? Check to see if we are planning a seminar or webinar on it.
Need electrical product testing? Fill out an RFQ.
For ITE KC Approvals in Korea, KN32/KN35 Replacing KN22/KN24
by admin on Dec.21, 2015, under EMC, Korea
Beginning on January 1, 2016, Korea standards KN32 and KN35 will be replacing KN22 and KN24 for KC EMC approval of IT equipment. After December 31, 2015, KN22/KN24 will no longer be accepted by Korea.
For customers with products that have been KN22/KN24 approved previously, no action is required. Permissive change applications using KN22/KN24 reports will still be accepted until the end of 2017.
For customers expecting to have testing done in 2016, testing will have to be conducted according to the KN32/KN35 standards, test methods and limits. This typically requires a modest amount of additional testing to meet the new requirements:
- Radiated immunity: Additional spot frequencies
- Conducted Immunity: Test Levels are lower in some frequency ranges
- Surge I/O: Only applies if EUT has outdoor cables
Note: Any product or products containing audio ports and/or containing TV broadcast receivers, FM receivers or modulators are not considered IT products; however, they will still fall under KN32/KN35 as MME, and will require more testing than an IT product.
Now is the time to reserve January 2016 lab time. Contact us today to guarantee your preferred schedule. MET Labs is a long-time trusted provider of Korea KC certifications, as well as approvals for over 65 other economies.
ENERGY STAR Large Network Equipment Version 1.0 Specification Effective March 2016
by admin on Dec.07, 2015, under ENERGY STAR
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has released the Final Version 1.0 ENERGY STAR Large Network Equipment (LNE) Specification. The effective date of the new spec is March 1, 2016.
EPA designated large network equipment as a new category to help IT and data center operators select products that will save them money on their energy bills, assist manufacturers of efficient equipment in increasing sales, and drive down the energy use of data centers and server closets – estimated to be more than 2% of total U.S. electricity consumption.
The ENERGY STAR Large Network Equipment Specification enhances the suite of ENERGY STAR data center specifications which currently includes Computer Servers, Data Center Storage, and Uninterruptible Power Supply specifications – all of which MET Labs is EPA recognized to test and/or certify for.
In its LNE letter to manufacturers, EPA further notes that the spec:
- Allows for certification of a wide range of enterprise grade switches and routers not covered in the ENERGY STAR Small Network Equipment Specification
- Introduces an approach to product families for modular products that allows both homogenous and heterogeneous module configurations to be certified
- Includes requirements focused on power supplies, energy efficiency features, and standard performance data measurement and output
This final specification includes a modest change in scope regarding products with numerous high speed ports and finalizes the revisions to the test method discussed during EPA's November 16 webinar.
Next Steps:
Manufacturers new to the ENERGY STAR program should submit a Partnership Agreement to email@example.com to initiate the application process for the Large Network Equipment program.
Existing partners should Contact MET to schedule testing and certification. Don't delay – available lab time is expected to fill early.
MET Labs is your efficient one-stop-shop for energy efficiency approvals, including ENERGY STAR, Natural Resources Canada, California Energy Commission, EU Directives, and U.S. Department of Energy requirements.
Wireless & Telecom Regulatory Compliance for Top 5 African Economies
by admin on Nov.23, 2015, under Wireless
This post is an overview of the wireless and telecom compliance requirements for the 5 largest population countries in Africa. As with any electrical product compliance issue, regulations can change rapidly, so check in with MET's Global Market Access Group for the latest requirements.
The most populous country in Africa, Nigeria accepts EU R&TTE Directive reports and CE Declarations of Conformity (DoCs) as proof of compliance.
- Required: Local company representative, regulatory marking
- Not required: Product test samples
Certificates have no expiration date, but they must be updated if the approved product is modified.
The Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) website is available in English. It lists what categories of telecom and wireless technologies are affected.
The 2nd most populous country in Africa, Ethiopia accepts FCC grants and test reports or EU R&TTE Directive reports and CE DoCs as proof of compliance.
- Not required: Product test samples, local company representative, and regulatory marking
Certificates have no expiration date, but they must be updated if the approved product is modified.
The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT) website is available in English. It lists what categories of telecom and wireless technologies are affected.
The 3rd most populous country in Africa, Egypt has compliance requirements for EMC, health and safety, wireless, and telecom. The National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority (NTRA) accepts EU R&TTE Directive reports as proof of compliance.
- Required: Product test samples (telecom only)
- Not required: Local company representative
Certificates have no expiration date, but they must be updated if the approved product's critical components are modified.
The NTRA website is available in English. It includes information on type approvals and categories of products covered.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
The 4th most populous country in Africa, DRC accepts FCC grants and test reports or EU R&TTE Directive reports as proof of compliance.
- Required: Local company representative
- Not required: Product test samples, regulatory marking
Certificates are valid for 10 years, assuming no change to the product.
The Congolese Post and Telecommunications Agency website is in French only and has limited information.
Note: The U.S. government places some restrictions on certain 'dual-use' (military and non-military application) technologies for export to DRC.
South Africa
The 5th most populous country in Africa, South Africa accepts FCC grants and test reports or EU R&TTE Directive reports and CE DoCs as proof of compliance.
- Required: Local company representative, regulatory marking
- Not required: Product test samples
Certificates have no expiration date, but they must be updated if the approved product is modified.
The Independent Commissions Authority of South Africa (ICASA) website is available in English. It provides information on relevant regulations and certification programs.
Our dedicated Homologations Team and extensive network of international labs can help you get your products certified in over 65 countries. Contact Us today for a free quotation or to ask a question.
To learn more about gaining approvals to sell your product around the world, register for a free webinar on Global Market Access.
FDA Issues Guidance on EMC of Electrically-Powered Medical Devices
by admin on Nov.18, 2015, under EMC, Medical
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has released a draft guidance document containing a list of recommendations for medical device companies who want to claim electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electrically-powered products for premarket submissions. Typically, the review of EMC information in a submission is based on the risk associated with EMC malfunction or degradation of the device, as well as the use of appropriate FDA-recognized standards.
EMC as defined by FDA includes immunity to electromagnetic disturbance (interference), and being free of excessive electromagnetic disturbances (emissions) that might interfere with other devices.
In premarket submissions, manufacturers of electrically-powered medical devices typically reference IEC 60601-1-2 (read about the new 4th edition here) or the equivalent U.S. version. In addition, there are device-specific consensus standards, or "particular" standards (e.g., IEC 60601-2-X, where X denotes a particular device standard). These particular standards may augment or supersede the requirements in the IEC 60601-1-2 standard. There are also other consensus standards for electrically-powered medical devices that include information on EMC (e.g., ISO 147083 for active implantable devices).
According to FDA's guidance, a claim of EMC for a device should be accompanied by this information:
- Summary of the testing that was performed to support EMC
- The specifications of the standard that were met
- The device-specific pass/fail criteria used
- The specific functions of the device that were tested (including essential performance) and how these functions were monitored
- The performance of the device during each test
- An identification of and a justification for any of the standard's allowances that were used
- A description of and justification for any deviations from the specifications of the referenced standard
- The device labeling and evidence of compliance with the reference standard's labeling specifications
- A detailed description of all changes or modifications that were made to the device in order to pass any of the EMC tests.
FDA will accept written or electronic comments and suggestions on this draft through mid-December. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.gov
FDA's guidance documents do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency's current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited.
Have questions about this guidance, or any other electro-medical device regulatory issue? Ask Pat, our compliance expert. Pat (and MET) have been skillfully performing medical product testing and certification for decades.
Inductive Wireless Charging Products Must Comply with These Emissions & SAR Requirements
by admin on Nov.11, 2015, under Wireless
Manufacturers of new technologies often struggle to determine what electrical compliance regulations apply to their products. Here is a basic guide for inductive wireless power products, like the wireless mobile phone chargers that are gaining more market penetration.
This post is derived from an Intel Corporation presentation given at the recent FCC TCB Council Workshop in Baltimore, MD. As a leading FCC TCB, MET Labs attends this workshop annually.
With the merger last week of the Alliance for Wireless Power and the Power Matters Alliance into the new AirFuel Alliance, the inductive wireless power product industry has been reduced to two competing technologies. (Wireless Power Consortium, owner of the Qi wireless standard, controls the other one). These two technologies sometimes vary in their compliance requirements, as noted below.
|Emissions: 6.78 MHz
|Emissions: 100-400 KHz
|RF Exposure (SAR)
|United States
|FCC Part 18
|FCC Part 15C or Part 18
|FCC Part 1.1310
|RSS 216, RSS gen or RSS 210
|EN 300 330 or EN 55011
|MIIT No. 423, Type C
|MIIT No. 423, Type A or D
|RRA Notice 2013-9
|RRA Notice 2013-9
|FCC Part 1.1310
|In development
|In development
In many of these markets, standards and regulations are in transition, so contact MET to determine the latest requirements.
Global Electricity Meter Sales Will Accelerate in 2016
by admin on Oct.29, 2015, under Meters
Global electricity meter sales (excluding China) will exceed 173 million units in 2015, accelerate in 2016 and hit a 22% increase by 2020, according to a report by UK-based research firm Statplan.
According to the company, 99% of global electricity meter stocks were electromechanical in 1985, declining to 66% this year. By 2020, it is expected to decrease to 44%, as utilities replace legacy meters with prepayment and smart metering systems.
The report forecasts an increase in the global sales of low
-voltage (LV) smart meters from the current 35.4% to 45.7% in 2020.
Prepayment meter sales – for use where electricity theft is common – will rise from 11.2% in 2015 to 14.9% in 2020
According to a September Market Forecast report from Northeast Group, smart meter sales are growing especially fast in Mexico. The country has recently issued a number of tenders for installation of smart meters, with vendors being shortlisted for the supply of 30.2 million smart meters from 2015-2025.
In parallel with this activity, recent Mexico CFE meter standards revisions have transitioned toward general harmonization with IEC requirements:
- CFE G0100-05 (April 2015) – Advanced Metering Infrastructure System (AMI)
- CFE GWH00-09 (January 2015) – Interactive System Infrastructure and Measuring Electricity
The Mexican movement toward IEC requirements is a drift away from U.S. standards, which rely on ANSI C12.1 and C12.20.
Meter manufacturers rely on MET Labs for the meter approvals they need to sell in different markets around the world, including Mexico and the U.S.
Utilities rely on MET Labs for an objective independent assessment of meter failures in the field, or meters they are considering for purchase.
To find out more about MET's #1 meter certification program, contact us today.


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Months of work to improve the safety of a busy junction near a Tottenham school is complete.
Work started in March to West Green Road to improve the layout of the junction near Park View School in Philip Lane by pedestrianising the north side and reinstating two-way traffic to the south side.
Pavements have been widened and pedestrian crossings and bus stops have been moved to improve safety.
Councillor Nilgun Canver, Cabinet Member for the Environment, said: "This redesign will help cyclists and pedestrians and make the area safer for children leaving local schools who need to cross at this busy junction."

subset: commoncrawl


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Synaptic Package Manager 0.81.1 Is Out
Synaptic is a graphical package management program for apt. It provides the same features as the apt-get command-line utility with a GUI front-end based on GTK+. Most importantly, users can install, remove, upgrade and downgrade single and multiple packages.
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A New Artifact Emerges!
Michael âFinnâ Finnegan, bearer of the Glacier Stone, and Glorianna âGloriâ Silver, bearer of the Ember Stone, have been told that they are predestined to fight and destroy each other. When a charismatic cult leader named Elias Legion moves to remake the world using a lost Artifact known as Pandoraâs Box, will Finn and Glori be able to set aside their differences to combat a larger threat or will fate dictate their inevitable clash?
Collected in this volume are issues #1-6 of the world-spanning, pulse-pounding sequel to Broken Trinity Volume 1. Written by the Pilot Season: 7 Days From Hell team of Bryan Edward Hill and Rob Levin with art by Alessandro Vitti (Secret Warriors) and Facundo Percio (Anna Mercury). Featuring behind-the-scenes sketches, script pages, and cover gallery by Tommy Lee Edwards (Turf).
ââ¦grand action and.. a visual treatâ¦â â Broken Frontier
ââ¦religious zealots, ninja, mystical creatures, and a high body count, so what else could you ask for?â â Comic Attack
âThe âtwo enemies somewhat united by a shared enemyâ angle isnât new⦠But it is the execution here that makes the difference.â â Best Shots @Newsarama


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Skip to comments.What Crime Van Jones Was Charged With During the Rodney King Riots? MUG SHOT?
Posted on 09/07/2009 8:55:13 AM PDT by joinedafterattack
Anyone know what specific crime Van Jones was jailed for during the Rodney King riots. Is he on video going after Reginald Denny, the trucker beaten by a mob? Does anyone have a Mug Shot of Van Jones? Please post if so.
(Excerpt) Read more at freerepublic.com ...
Bringing more cinderblocks to bash on Reginald Denny's head???
That would take something along the lines of investigative journalism wouldn't it?
Bad Music?:
leave it to FR
From what I've read he was jailed for participating in the riots after the verdicts came down.
He was arrested a second time years later for crashing through a police barricade at a different protest.
No doubt there were "more" but if they didn't get on film they didn't get caught.
Why do I get the feeling the professional criminals had immediate and easy access to a lawyer ~ Van Jones perhaps?
You're drilling a dry hole with this one. A simple search shows he was in San Francisco acting as a legal observer and was illegally arrested a week after the riots as part of a pre-emptive mass arrest of the marchers.
This is a typical display of the liberal's inability to process the reality of a situation.
For example, Glenn Beck did not ask Obama if Van Jones was a communist. Glenn Beck asked Obama if he knew that Van Jones SAID he was a communist before he hired him.
"In an essay he wrote soon after the rioting and republished in The Huffington Post in May 2007, Jones said he "just marched around and chanted slogans" as other protesters set trash cans afire, smashed car windows and threw rocks at passing motorists."
There were two protests. That one and the one he was arrested at.
Are all liberals just unable to process reality?
Van Jones arrest is not the issue. The issue is that he said, "I was a communist".
After graduating, Van Jones became involved with a group explicitly committed to revolutionary Marxist politics.
The current concern over his previous words and deeds are because he has the ear of the President and access to $30 Thousand Million taxpayer dollars.
Running down the street carrying a TV without a receipt.
So far that's it for any evidence that he was in San Fran. On the other hand when Van Jones says he gets locked up after a march and then becomes a Commie, that's a lie ~ he must have already been a Commie to get a job with the Lawyers Committee.
A guy who will lie to you about when he became a Commie will probably lie about everything.
I'm sure there are court records available in San Francisco that document the class action suit he was part of and received a settlement from. Maybe someone in the Bay Area can go do the research.
"Our moment had finally come! We were righteous, fired up, weren't takin' no more!" Jones wrote. "We were one thousand strong on Market Street, with the Bay Bridge shut down in rush hour traffic and the grounds around the state building swarming with angry mobs! Our rallying cry was for justice; our demand was that the System be changed!"
Jones continued, "Yes, the Great Revolutionary Moment had at long last come. And the time, clearly, was ours! So we stole stuff. Y'know, stole stuff. Radios, tennis shoes. Well, not everybody, of course."
Wow — what a scumbag!
Who is vetting these appointments?
In other words, he was acting as a cheerleader for those who were rioting. He kept his hands relatively clean and can deny any wrongdoing.
exactly what Fidel Castro did in Bogata in 1948 — an attmept to overthrow the government there.
he was acting as a cheerleader for those who were rioting. He kept his hands relatively clean and can deny any wrongdoing.
You're making the assumption that Van Jones is a lawyer. Is he? Just because he graduated from law school doesn't make him a lawyer. He has to pass the bar exam. I've not seen a report that says he has.
"In other words, he was acting as a cheerleader for those who were rioting. He kept his hands relatively clean and can deny any wrongdoing."
The Obama definition of 'community organizer'.
Busted for B&A.
I remember very clearly that the left made those same accusations about Dick Cheney, Halliburton, and Blackwater for years. I wonder if she ever told the moderators and administrators at huffpo that they know nothing about our legal system. Anybody want to guess? :)
May we please just charge him with wasting oxygen by continuing to breathe?
Obama is actively recruiting communists for the cause. Vetting is irrelevant. He is not trying to keep communists out of the WH, he is actively seeking them out.
His own boss clearly indicates Van didn't even get an overnighter.
All too many people are of the impression the Obamistas just hate white folks ~ actually, reading between the lines they hate Asian anti-Communists.
That's who they hate. The rest of us? They despise us.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Fax: (713) 745-5235
Original Article
Response of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer to neoadjuvant therapy is not reflected by radiographic indicators
Version of Record online: 17 MAY 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27636
Copyright © 2012 American Cancer Society
Volume 118, Issue 23, pages 5749–5756, 1 December 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Katz, M. H. G., Fleming, J. B., Bhosale, P., Varadhachary, G., Lee, J. E., Wolff, R., Wang, H., Abbruzzese, J., Pisters, P. W. T., Vauthey, J.-N., Charnsangavej, C., Tamm, E., Crane, C. H. and Balachandran, A. (2012), Response of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer to neoadjuvant therapy is not reflected by radiographic indicators. Cancer, 118: 5749–5756. doi: 10.1002/cncr.27636
Publication History
- Issue online: 19 NOV 2012
- Version of Record online: 17 MAY 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 9 APR 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 6 APR 2012
- Manuscript Received: 6 MAR 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- pancreatic cancer;
- borderline resectable;
- pancreaticoduodenectomy;
- neoadjuvant therapy
Experience with preoperative therapy for other cancers has led to an assumption that borderline resectable pancreatic cancers can be converted to resectable cancers with preoperative therapy. In this study, the authors sought to determine the rate at which neoadjuvant therapy is associated with a reduction in the size or stage of borderline resectable tumors.
Patients who had borderline resectable pancreatic cancer and received neoadjuvant therapy before potentially undergoing surgery at the authors' institution between 2005 and 2010 were identified. The patients' pretreatment and post-treatment pancreatic protocol computed tomography images were rereviewed to determine changes in tumor size or stage using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (version 1.1) and standardized anatomic criteria.
The authors identified 129 patients who met inclusion criteria. Of the 122 patients who had their disease restaged after receiving preoperative therapy, 84 patients (69%) had stable disease, 15 patients (12%) had a partial response to therapy, and 23 patients (19%) had progressive disease. Although only 1 patient (0.8%) had their disease downstaged to resectable status after receiving neoadjuvant therapy, 85 patients (66%) underwent pancreatectomy. The median overall survival duration for all 129 patients was 22 months (95% confidence interval, 14-30 months). The median overall survival duration for the patients who underwent pancreatectomy was 33 months (95% confidence interval, 25-41 months) and was not associated with RECIST response (P = .78).
Radiographic downstaging was rare after neoadjuvant therapy, and RECIST response was not an effective treatment endpoint for patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. The authors concluded that these patients should undergo pancreatectomy after initial therapy in the absence of metastases. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The ability of preoperative therapy to reduce the size and anatomic extent of locally advanced breast and rectal cancers with the objective of improving resectability has been well described.1, 2 Similar treatment strategies have been used in an attempt to downstage locally advanced pancreatic cancers, which cannot be resected de novo because of their proximity to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), celiac axis, and/or aorta.3 In practice, however, significant downstaging of locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation is uncommon.4
Primary pancreatic cancers with radiographic characteristics suggesting limited involvement of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), portal vein (PV), SMA, or celiac axis in the absence of metastatic disease have recently been defined as borderline resectable.5, 6 High rates of successful pancreatectomy and favorable survival in patients with borderline resectable PDACs have led to the assumption that such tumors often can be reduced in size and converted to anatomically resectable tumors with preoperative therapy.7-9 However, in part because stage definitions, staging algorithms, clinical decision-making processes, and technical procedures differ among pancreatic cancer treatment centers, the extent to which this assumption is justified is unclear.10 Such ambiguity may cause both patients and physicians to have unrealistic expectations about the results of preoperative therapy for borderline resectable PDAC.
The primary objective of the current study was to determine the rates at which neoadjuvant therapy is associated with a reduction in the size and anatomic extent of borderline resectable PDACs. To meet this aim, we used well defined, anatomic disease stage classifications and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and re-evaluated the imaging studies of all patients with borderline resectable cancers who received treatment at our center over a 6-year period.
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MD Anderson) Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study. We used a prospectively maintained institutional pancreatic tumor database to identify all patients who were evaluated for localized, biopsy-proven PDAC at MD Anderson between 2005 and 2010 and reviewed their clinical data.11 We excluded patients who received chemotherapy or chemoradiation before referral and patients whose final diagnosis was invasive adenocarcinoma arising in an intraductal, papillary, mucinous neoplasm or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.
Radiographic Staging and Rereview
Anatomic disease staging before and after chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation was accomplished with multidetector computed tomography (CT) using a 16-detector or 64-detector row scanner (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis) and a standard protocol optimized for imaging pancreatic tumors. Oral contrast material was administered orally 90 to 120 minutes before imaging, and 120 to 150 mL of iodinated contrast was administered intravenously immediately before imaging at the rate of 4 to 5 mL per second. The pancreatic parenchymal and portal venous phases were obtained 35 to 40 seconds and 50 to 70 seconds, respectively, after the start of the contrast injection. Images were reconstructed at either 0.625-mm or 1.25-mm slice thickness for analysis. Multiplanar reconstructions were used as necessary to identify vascular anatomy.
For the current study, we sought to evaluate radiographic changes in patients with borderline resectable disease using as broad a definition for this disease stage as possible. Therefore, we identified patients with primary tumors that either abutted (≤180 degrees of the circumference) or encased (>180 degrees of the circumference) the SMV, PV, or common hepatic artery and—at most—abutted the SMA or celiac artery before treatment. Such tumors met the anatomic definition of borderline resectable disease proposed by the Americas Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (AHPBA), Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO), and Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (SSAT) and endorsed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)12, 13 and/or the anatomic definition of borderline resectable disease proposed by MD Anderson (Table 1).5, 8 We included patients with venous occlusion but excluded those in whom a sufficient cuff of patent vein suitable for reconstruction both above and below the primary tumor was absent. We identified all patients who had received chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation with curative intent before potential surgery.
|AHPBA/SSO/SSAT Classification: Callery 200912
|MD Anderson Classification: Varadhachary 2006,5 Katz 20088
|Potentially Resectable
|Borderline Resectable
|Locally Advanced
|Potentially Resectable
|Borderline Resectable
|Locally Advanced
|No abutmenta or encasementb
|Abutment, encasement or occlusion
|Not reconstructible
|Abutment or encasement without occlusion
|Short-segment occlusion
|Not reconstructible
|No abutment or encasement
|No abutment or encasement
|No abutment or encasement
|Abutment or short-segment encasement
|Long-segment encasement
|No abutment or encasement
|Abutment or short-segment encasement
|Long-segment encasement
|Celiac Trunk
|No abutment or encasement
|No abutment or encasement
|No abutment or encasement
Patients who were staged or restaged using a CT scanning protocol other than that described above were excluded from analysis. The CT images of the remaining patients were rereviewed for this study by a faculty-level gastrointestinal radiologist (A.B.) who was blinded to patient treatment and outcome. The radiologist measured the interface between the tumor and each mesenteric vascular structure and characterized this interface as either abutment or encasement. To characterize the changes in tumor size and disease stage associated with preoperative therapy, the radiologist compared the greatest dimension of the primary tumor and each tumor-vessel interface depicted in pretreatment images with those in post-treatment images. Changes were described using the anatomic staging definitions described above and modified RECIST (version 1.1).14 Progressive disease (PD) was defined as either the development of metastases or an increase ≥20% in the greatest dimension (with a minimum increase of at least 5mm) of the primary tumor. A partial response (PR) was defined as a decrease ≥30% in the greatest dimension of the primary tumor. Stable disease (SD) was defined as neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient growth to qualify for PD. A complete response (CR) was defined as complete disappearance of the primary tumor.
Neoadjuvant Regimens
Two primary neoadjuvant treatment strategies were used: 1) gemcitabine-based, systemic chemotherapy followed by planned chemoradiation (external-beam radiation with 30 grays [Gy] in 10 fractions or 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions with concurrent gemcitabine, fluorouracil or capecitabine) or 2) chemoradiation alone.
Surgical and Histopathologic Techniques
Standardized indications for pancreatectomy after the completion of neoadjuvant therapy included a Karnofsky performance status ≥70, adequately evaluated and optimized comorbidities, and no radiographic or intraoperative evidence of tumor progression to locally advanced or metastatic disease as defined using our anatomic criteria (Table 1). Patients underwent pancreatectomy with standardized techniques,15 and surgical margins were designated in accordance with the criteria of the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual.3 The closest distance to the nearest millimeter between cancer cells and the SMA margin was measured microscopically and prospectively recorded.15 The grade of neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment effect was assessed on permanent sections.16
After surgery, patients underwent physical examination, chest radiograph, and an abdominal CT scan every 4 months. For patients who had no evidence of disease after 2 years and 5 years of follow-up, the intervals between these evaluations were increased to 6 months and 12 months, respectively.17
Statistical Analysis
We defined overall survival (OS) as the interval between the date of histopathologic diagnosis of PDAC and the date of death from any cause, and progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the interval between the date of histopathologic diagnosis of PDAC and the date of either first recurrence or death from disease, whichever occurred first. Patient data were censored at last follow-up. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate OS and PFS probabilities and the log-rank test to assess differences among subgroups. All statistical tests were 2-tailed, and P values < .05 were considered statistically significant. We used SPSS statistical software (version 17; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Ill) for all statistical analyses.
Patients and Initial Staging
One hundred forty patients had borderline resectable PDAC and received chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation before potential pancreatectomy. A pancreatic protocol CT scan was not performed at the initial or restaging visit in 6 and 5 of these patients, respectively. The remaining 129 patients met all inclusion criteria of the current study.
Radiologic rereview confirmed that all 129 patients had initial tumor anatomy consistent with borderline resectable PDAC. Of the 122 patients whose PDAC met AHPBA/SSO/SSAT criteria for borderline resectable disease, 52 (43%) had cancers that neither approximated an artery nor occluded the SMV or PV and, thus, were characterized as potentially resectable according to MD Anderson criteria. Of the 77 patients whose PDAC met MD Anderson criteria for borderline resectable disease, 7 (9%) had cancers that abutted the celiac artery and, thus, were considered locally advanced according to AHPBA/SSO/SSAT criteria (Fig. 1). The demographic and pretreatment characteristics of and initial treatment strategy used for the 129 patients are reported in Table 2.
|No. of Patients (%)
|No. of patients
|129 (100)
|Age: Median [range], y
|65 [34-81]
|Radiographic greatest tumor dimension: Median [range], mm
|3.4 [1.8-5.8]
|Evaluable pretreatment serum CA 19-9 levela
|84 (65)
|Evaluable pretreatment serum CA 19-9 level: Median [range], U/mL
|218 [11-4546]
|98 (76)
|84 (86)
|Gemcitabine with or without other
|14 (14)
|113 (88)
|51 (45)
|62 (55)
|EBRT dose
|30 Gy
|17 (15)
|96 (85)
Clinical Course
One hundred twenty-two patients (95%) were restaged after undergoing preoperative therapy. Of these, the clinical assessment indicated that 98 patients (80%) had no radiologic evidence of disease progression. The CT images of the remaining 24 patients (20%) were assessed as representative of metastatic (n = 21) or locally advanced disease (n = 3).
Ninety-two of the 98 patients without disease progression were brought to the operating room for intended pancreatectomy; 5 patients had a performance status insufficient for surgery, and 1 patient chose not to undergo resection. Intraoperatively, intended resection was aborted because of the identification of metastases (n = 4) or local tumor anatomy that reportedly precluded safe resection (n = 3). The remaining 85 patients (66% of the 129 patients included in the current study) underwent pancreatectomy; their clinicopathologic profile is included in Table 3. Eighty-one of those resections (95%) achieved negative resection margins (R0). There was no perioperative mortality.
|No. of Patients (%)
|No. of patients
|85 (100)
|Neoadjuvant therapy
|65 (76)
|56 (86)
|Gemcitabine with or without other
|9 (14)
|81 (95)
|40 (49)
|41 (51)
|EBRT dose
|30 Gy
|13 (16)
|68 (84)
|76 (90)
|Distal pancreatectomy
|8 (9)
|Total pancreatectomy
|1 (1)
|Vascular resection
|51 (60)
|44 (86)
|1 (2)
|6 (12)
|Greatest tumor dimension: Median [range], mm
|2.5 [0-6.0]
|Treatment effect score
|2 (2)
|32 (39)
|35 (42)
|12 (15)
|2 (2)
|Not assessed
|Resection status
|81 (95)
|4 (5)
|SMA length if R0, mm
|18 (26)
|44 (63)
|8 (11)
|Not assessed
|No. of lymph nodes assessed: Median [range]
|22 [3-55]
|Lymph node status
|41 (48)
|44 (52)
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Response and Change in Tumor Stage by Radiographic Rereview
Upon rereview, 84 patients (69%) had SD according to RECIST: 15 patients (12%) had a PR, and 23 patients (19%) had PD because of an increase in the greatest dimension of the primary tumor (n = 2) or the development of metastases (n = 21). No patient had a CR.
According to AHPBA/SSO/SSAT criteria, PDAC was downstaged in 1 patient (1%) and upstaged in 23 patients (19%) after treatment, and the tumor stage in 98 patients (80%) remained the same (Table 4). According to MD Anderson criteria, PDAC was downstaged in 1 patient (1%) and upstaged in 26 patients (21%) after treatment, and the tumor stage in 95 patients (78%) remained the same.
|No. of Patients (%)
|Post-Treatment Stagea
|Pretreatment Stage
|No. of Patients
|Metastatic Disease
|No. Resected
|No. Resected
|No. Resected
|Total No. Resected
|AHPBA/SSO/SSAT classification
|20 (17)
|1 (1)
|1 (100)
|92 (80)
|77 (84)
|2 (2)
|2 (100)
|1 (14)
|0 (0)
|0 (0)
|0 (0)
|0 (0)
|6 (86)
|5 (83)
|MD Anderson classification
|8 (16)
|37 (74)
|36 (97)
|5 (10)
|3 (60)
|0 (0)
|0 (0)
|13 (18)
|1 (1)
|1 (100)
|58 (81)
|45 (78)
|0 (0)
|0 (0)
The interpretation of CT images differed significantly in only 3 patients between the clinical assessment and the radiographic rereview. These were the 3 patients who were assessed by the operating surgeon with locally advanced disease after preoperative therapy according to MD Anderson criteria; none of their tumors changed in stage according to the radiographic rereview, and all had SD according to RECIST.
All 15 patients who had a PR underwent resection, as did 70 of the 84 patients (83%) who had SD. No patient with PD underwent resection. One patient (100%) whose disease was downstaged, 2 patients (100%) whose disease was upstaged in the absence of metastases, and 82 of the 98 patients (84%) in whom disease stage did not change according to AHPBA/SSO/SSAT criteria underwent resection. One patient (100%) patient whose disease was downstaged, 3 of 5 patients (60%) whose disease was upstaged in the absence of metastases, and 81 of 95 patients (85%) in whom disease stage did not change according to MD Anderson criteria underwent resection.
At the time of last follow-up, 82 of the 129 patients (64%) who were included in the current study had died. Their median overall survival duration was 22.0 months (95% confidence interval, 13.8-30.2 months). Of the patients who underwent resection, 57 (67%) had recurrent disease and/or died of disease recurrence. The median PFS and OS for the patients who underwent resection were 17.6 months (95% confidence interval, 12.0-23.2 months) and 33.0 months (95% confidence interval, 25.4-40.6 months), respectively. RECIST response was not associated with a longer median OS duration (P = .78). The median OS duration of patients who did not undergo resection was 12.0 months (95% confidence interval, 9.5-14.5 months).
In this study, we rereviewed the pancreatic protocol CT scans of all patients with borderline resectable PDAC who were treated at our institution with curative intent over a 6-year period to determine the rate of radiographic downstaging after preoperative therapy and to describe any association between radiographic response and OS. We observed that only 1 of the 129 patients (<1%) included in the study had radiographic evidence of a reduction in vascular involvement sufficient to improve their anatomic stage and that only 15 of the 122 patients (12%) whose PDACs were restaged after preoperative therapy had disease that met established RECIST for treatment response. Nevertheless, margin-negative (R0) pancreatectomy was achieved in 81 of the 101 patients (80%) in whom metastatic disease was not observed after treatment, and the median OS duration of the patients who underwent resection and had no radiographic evidence of disease response to therapy was similar to that of the patients who did respond.
Several groups have reported that radiographic downstaging of unresectable PDAC may occur after preoperative therapy and have suggested that such therapy may be used to improve resectability—just as it may for patients with advanced breast and rectal cancers. However, those studies were limited, because they lacked standardized metrics of therapeutic response, resection criteria, surgical techniques, and staging definitions and algorithms.10 Two small, single-institution series recently demonstrated that OS after preoperative therapy and pancreatectomy in highly selected patients initially believed to have unresectable disease was similar to that of patients with resectable disease, but neither study reported the total number of patients treated or used standardized definitions or methods of staging.18, 19 A systematic analysis of 13 studies in which patients with unresectable PDAC were uniformly evaluated for resection after preoperative therapy reported that resection rates varied from 8% to 64%, suggesting that disease staging and/or surgery indications were inconsistent.20 A meta-analysis of retrospective and prospective studies of neoadjuvant therapy in patients with localized PDAC reported that 35% of patients with unresectable disease had PRs or CRs to preoperative therapy and that 33% of patients underwent resection.21 Fifty-three percent of the studies that were included in the meta-analysis did not state the criteria used to stage disease, and only 40% of the studies reported the criteria used to measure treatment response. In addition, the studies' preoperative regimens were inconsistent, and the studies did not evaluate the precise indications for surgery after therapy. Nevertheless, the authors of the meta-analysis concluded that approximately 33% of unresectable cancers were downstaged to resectable after neoadjuvant therapy.
On the basis of strict anatomic definitions of disease stage, however, we report here that radiographic downstaging is rare after chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation, even among patients with borderline resectable PDAC—a highly selected population of patients with limited vascular involvement in whom such an event might be expected. Indeed, after preoperative therapy, a borderline resectable cancer was converted to a resectable cancer with no radiographic evidence of vascular involvement in only 1 of 129 evaluated patients. Nonetheless, 84% of the patients who did not have metastatic disease after therapy underwent resection. Resection and reconstruction of the SMV, PV, and/or hepatic artery was required in 60% of the operations performed—a rate that reflects not only the complex tumor anatomy and vascular relationships that remain after neoadjuvant therapy but also our aggressive use of both venous and hepatic arterial resection in patients in whom we suspect relatively indolent cancer biology exists after selection with chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and time.22 Both the infrequency with which radiographic downstaging is observed after neoadjuvant therapy and the frequency with which complex vascular reconstructions need be performed to achieve the margin-negative resection rate reported here must be recognized by oncologists who plan to treat patients with borderline resectable PDAC successfully.
Although changes in the critical anatomic relationships of patients' primary tumors after therapy were rare, it would be a mistake to conclude that the neoadjuvant therapy regimens administered were ineffective or unnecessary. Indeed, our histopathologic review of the pancreatectomy specimens revealed a histopathologic grade III or IV response—a metric we previously associated with a favorable prognosis—in 17% of patients who underwent resection.23 Furthermore, although CT images revealed that a close relationship between the tumor and mesenteric vasculature (often the SMA) remained after neoadjuvant therapy in all patients, only 1 patient's pancreatectomy specimen had a positive SMA margin, and the distance between the primary tumor and the inked SMA margin was >1 mm in 74% of patients whose pancreatectomy specimen had a negative SMA margin. These findings suggest that clinically significant cytotoxic activity may occur at the peripheral tumor-vessel interface despite the absence of radiographic findings indicating changes in the tumor.
RECIST are well accepted criteria for treatment response in many clinical settings. In this study, however, we observed no association between RECIST response and OS duration. Given this finding and the infrequency with which radiographic downstaging occurs, we conclude that: 1) aggressive surgery should not be withheld from patients with borderline resectable PDAC whose CT studies do not reveal a reduction in the size of the primary tumor after chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation, and 2) such changes should not be viewed as an endpoint of therapy (ie, that treatment should not be administered until such changes are observed or maximized). We typically treat borderline resectable cancers with systemic chemotherapy for 2 months to 4 months followed by chemoradiation and deviate from this course only in the event of radiographic evidence of disease progression or a decline in the patient's performance status.
The current study had several potential limitations. The treatment regimens these patients received were similar but not identical. Moreover, although the patients in the current study had received modern, gemcitabine-based regimens, no patient had received combined oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRINOX),24 which has been associated with a higher therapy response rate than gemcitabine in patients with advanced disease; however, the activity of FOLFIRINOX in the preoperative setting is unknown. Furthermore, given the toxicity profile associated with this regimen, gemcitabine-based treatments likely will remain routine for the foreseeable future. The current study also was clearly subject to institutional bias, and the extent to which the therapeutic strategies reported here can be exported to treatment centers at which the physicians have less experience treating PDAC patients with preoperative therapy and vascular resection is unclear.
The current study also had several fundamental strengths. The study was conducted using an intent-to-treat analysis, and we evaluated all patients who were treated with curative intent for borderline resectable PDAC, whether or not they underwent resection. All patients had disease that met objective anatomic staging definitions, and all patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation before disease restaging and potential surgery. Furthermore, all patients were evaluated using an identical, high-quality vascular imaging protocol. We used standardized indications for surgery after treatment, standard operative techniques, and uniform methods of histopathologic analysis of the surgical specimen. Finally, all imaging studies were rereviewed for this analysis by a single, faculty-level gastrointestinal radiologist.
In summary, although radiographic downstaging of disease in patients with borderline resectable PDAC after neoadjuvant therapy is rare, margin-negative pancreatectomy with favorable long-term results can be achieved in these patients with aggressive multimodality therapy. Furthermore, current radiographic measures of treatment response in patients with borderline resectable PDAC appear to be of little clinical value. Therefore, we recommend the aggressive use of surgery in patients who have borderline resectable PDAC with a suitable performance status, completely optimized comorbidities, and an absence of metastatic disease after neoadjuvant therapy.
This work was supported by the Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation and by the Various Donor Pancreatic Research Fund at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
The authors made no disclosures.
- 1Breast conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005; 12: 480-487., , , et al.
- 2Can we increase the chance of sphincter saving surgery in rectal cancer with neoadjuvant treatments: lessons from a systematic review of recent randomized trials. Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012; 81: 21-28., , , et al.
- 3American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010: 241-249.
- 4Does neoadjuvant chemoradiation downstage locally advanced pancreatic cancer? J Gastrointest Surg. 2002; 6: 763-769., , , .
- 5Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006; 13: 1035-1046., , , et al.
- 6Combined modality treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009; 16: 1751-1756., , , , , .
- 7Preoperative capecitabine and concurrent radiation for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011; 18: 619-627., , , et al.
- 8Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: the importance of this emerging stage of disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2008; 206: 833-846., , , et al.
- 9Defining venous involvement in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010; 17: 2822-2838., , , et al.
- 10Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: what have we learned and where do we go from here? Ann Surg Oncol. 2011; 18: 608-610., , , .
- 11Development of an integrated biospecimen bank and multidisciplinary clinical database for pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008; 15: 1356-1366., , , et al.
- 12Pretreatment assessment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009; 16: 1727-1733., , , , , .
- 13National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2012.
- 14New Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009; 45: 228-247., , , et al.
- 15Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgical technique on recurrence of localized pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011; 16: 68-79., , , et al.
- 16Preoperative chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Arch Surg. 1992; 127: 1335-1339., , , et al.
- 17Yield of clinical and radiographic surveillance in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma following multimodal therapy. HPB. In press., , , et al.
- 18Downstaging chemotherapy and alteration in the classic computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging signs of vascular involvement in patients with pancreaticobiliary malignant tumors: influence on patient selection for surgery. Arch Surg. 2011; 146: 836-843., , , et al.
- 19Downstaging in pancreatic cancer: a matched analysis of patients resected following systemic treatment of initially locally unresectable disease [published online ahead of print December 1, 2011]. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011., , , et al.
- 20A systematic review of resectability and survival after concurrent chemoradiation in primarily unresectable pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010; 17: 194-205., , , et al.
- 21Preoperative/neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of response and resection percentages [serial online]. PLoS Med. 2010; 7: e1000267., , , , .
- 22Defined clinical classifications are associated with outcome of patients with anatomically resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy [published online ahead of print January 19, 2012]. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012., , , et al.
- 23Histologic grading the extent of residual carcinoma following neoadjuvant chemoradiation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a predictor for patient outcome [published online ahead of print October 25, 2011]. Cancer. 2011., , , et al.
- 24FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 1817-1825., , , et al.


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The Science Honors Research Program has been a two-year research program for undergraduate students majoring in a discipline within the College of the Sciences. The program provided an opportunity for eligible students to design and conduct high level research in close collaboration with a Science Honors Faculty. Success in the program represented an unparalleled opportunity to prepare for graduate school and successful scientific careers.
The Science Honors Research Program experience culminates in a written honors thesis. Students were expected to present their work at SOURCE and at a professional conference, and were encouraged to submit their work for publication in a scientific journal.
We are proud of the success of our SHRP students. In the past 10 years, SHRP students have been co-authors on 11 articles in peer-reviewed journals, and have presented their research at over 50 professional, scientific conferences! This is an amazing feat, and is a testament to the scientific curiosity and hard work of SHRP students. Our alumni have very successful scientific careers, with the vast majority entering graduate/medical/dental school, or moving directly into careers in their scientific discipline.
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In addition to providing an outstanding research opportunity, the Science Honors Research Program provided financial support for both the student and the faculty mentor.
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* AC voltage: 400mV±3.0%, 4/40/400V±0.8%, 750V±1.0%
* DC current: 400µ/4000µ/40m/400mA±1.2%, 10A±2.0%
* AC current: 400µ/4000µ/40m/400mA±1.5%, 10A±3.0%
* Resistance: 400/4k/40k/400k/4MO±1.2%, 40MO±2.0%
* Capacitance: 4nF±5.0%, 40n/400n/4µ/40µ/200µF±3.0%
* Frequency: 10/100/1000/10k/200kHz±2.0%
* hFE: 1~1000
* Diode test
* Continuity test
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* Relative measurement
* Auto power off
* Resettable fuse inside
* Data hold
* Back light
* Power: AAA (1.5V) x 3
* Size: 195mm x 92mm x 55mm
* Weight: Approx. 380g(including battery)
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Web application security is the major security concern for e-business and information sharing communities. Research showed that more than 75% attacks are being deployed at application layer and almost 90% applications are vulnerable to these attacks. Various security mechanisms in the form of signature base models, anomaly detection, scanner, firewall and intrusion detection has been proposed but ineffective to provide complete security solution at application level. These provide partial solutions are ineffective to provide defense against zero day attacks with low false positive rate. We have introduced a novel approach for effective defenses against the application level attacks. Our system use the Bayesian filter to mitigate the context base attacks which are easily eludes packet level inspection. Our intelligent system is ontology base which analyze the input semantically and capable to detect zero day attacks with negligible false positive rates. The ontology base system can be refined and extended over time. Ontology base system also help in focusing on specific portion of network packet where attack is possible, thus reduce the research space and avoid sequential search.
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The "Fast Money" traders give their thoughts on the "old tech" space in the light of Intel's earnings release. » Read More
To find an answer, you have to look back to the Nasdaq circa 2003.
The stock market is no longer like a falling knife. It's become a whole drawer full of flying cutlery.
The House's vote Friday on the $700 billion financial bail out package hangs over a market increasingly worried the credit crunch is stalling the economy.
Here's our Fast Money Final Trade. Our gang gives you tomorrow's best trades, right now!
The Senate's approval of the $700 billion financial markets bail out package should give stocks a short-term shot of confidence.
Once more, it's the noise coming from Washington Wednesday that could drive markets. Hope that the bill would be resuscitated before the end of the week is sending stocks higher.
Tuesday promises more treachery for investors as they navigate markets held captive by politicians and the promise of a rapidly faltering economy.
The House rejected the Wall Street bailout bill and the market screamed, selling off frantically until the Dow was left with its biggest one-day point drop ever. "This is panic and ... fear run amok," Zachary Karabell, president of River Twice Research told CNBC. "Right now we are in a classic moment of a financial meltdown," he said.
It was bailout or bust for the markets , but now that Congress has reached agreement on the $700 billion package the focus will shift to the weak economy.
The state of the financial markets' bailout and the credit crunch are dual concerns for investors in the week ahead.
Wall Street's wild ride promises to continue as Congress wrangles over details of a financial markets bailout, and investors assess the government-brokered deal for Washington Mutual.
It's never pretty on Wall Street when the action in Washington rules the markets. That's certainly been the case this week, while Congress wrestles with the merit and shape of the $700 billion financial markets rescue package, proposed by Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson
Stocks got an early boost from Buffett's vote of confidence in Wall Street but the meandering hearings on the bailout sucked the air out of the trading floor. By the closing bell, financials had fallen and only techs were left carrying the torch of hope.
Stocks made a modest advance Wednesday, boosted by Buffett's investment in Goldman Sachs and optimism that a bailout could boost tech spending.
Warren Buffett is driving the latest ambulance to show up on Wall Street, and his first aid may in fact give a boost of confidence to the market and Washington's rescue process.
The scorching volatility ripping through financial markets is not likely to let up while details of the government's rescue plan are being worked out.
Some traders think this might be a good day to spend on the sidelines. Not Scott Black. He says investors should snap up value stocks -- right away.
For the historic week ending Friday, September 19, 2008, the major U.S. Indices managed to close mixed and almost flat after one of the most volatile trading weeks ever, driven by the collapse of investment bank, Lehman Brothers, enormous government actions around the globe, and billion dollar deal making. In one week, the government bailed out AIG, pumped funds into money markets, and banned short selling of financials - all while keeping the Fed Funds target unchanged and taking unprecedented actions to halt the liquidity crisis. The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) surpassed the benchmark level of 30, hitting an intraday high of 42.16 on Thursday, its highest level since 10/2002. The major indices were all up and down +/- 3% for 4 of the past 5 days. The Dow posted a 2 day point move of more than 778 points as of Friday's close, after plummeting 811 between Monday and Wednesday and hitting 10,609.66, its lowest level since 11/9/2005. On Friday, The Nasdaq Composite recorded a 2-day point move of greater than 175 points after it closed down 109.05 points on Wednesday, its first triple digit decline for one day since it began trading after the 9/11 attacks. The S&P 500 flirted with record territory closing up 98.7 over the last two days, marking its biggest 2-day point move since 3/16/2000, the largest 2-day point move ever.
Where there was dread, there's now a ray of hope: At least that's how some traders were talking at the end of the day Thursday, after the stock market rocketed 300 points in the final hour, the mirror opposite of Wednesday's frightening performance. Going into Friday, traders say there may be some positive follow-through, based on the course of news from Washington overnight.
The Dow surged higher on Thursday on optimism about a possible government resolution to the financial crisis. But the traders might have found the next shoe to drop.


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When you're at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, whether you have an hour to kill before a flight or a several-hour layover, it's like they have you right where they want you. You want a burger and a beer? That'll be 20 bucks, thanks s'much. Gonna buy a book to read? Be prepared to pay full price for that paperback. Perhaps a less likely way to waste some time: Do some shopping. Better known as the "everything is $10 store," Bijoux Terner in the T and C terminals is a great place to lose track of time and come perilously close to missing your flight. A wonderful mix of ghetto-gold costume earrings, cute sunglasses, watches, floppy straw hats, and every color pashmina you could ever imagine, Bijoux Terner is so fun to browse and even to buy a last-minute gift for the friend you'll be crashing with during your time out of town. Now if only it sold burgers and beer.
© 2016 Creative Loafing Atlanta


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Stock Upgrades: E*TRADE Babies Enjoy Mother of All Rallies
Trust the
Koch brothers
to gatecrash a week that was meant to be all about
Lehman Brothers
and the
Manning Brothers
. The siblings' $7.2 billion acquisition of
) sent that stock up 31.66% to top the
S&P 500 Index
(INDEXSP:.INX) and set the tone for another ebullient session in
equities. Brothers in Arms may mercifully not now be needed in
Syria, so babes in arms were once more the way to go. This as
) continued its recent advance to hit a fresh 52-week peak. (It's
about time someone Pampered their celebrity toddler spokespeople,
Procter & Gamble
) is certainly
short changing them
.) Elsewhere
General Motors
(GM), fresh from last week's 6.1% surge, gained another 0.91%. The
car company's halo effect apparently now even extends to its
iconic building
in Gotham, where the first get-a-life guys
Apple Inc.
iPhone fanboys began lining up long ago
. And
Estèe Lauder
), which also calls 767 Fifth Avenue home, jumped 2.83% on a
broker boost
No top-tier economic data due today, but Restoration Hardware (RH) and Texas Instruments (TXN) are each expected to announce earnings.
BioMed Realty (BMR): Morgan Stanley moves the stock to Overweight from Equal-Weight.
E*TRADE Financial ( ETFC ): The tiny tots of E*TRADE will be well cared for in old age at this rate. Shares, on a tear since an upgrade at Goldman Sachs late last week , are now Outperform from Neutral at Macquarie.
Five Below (FIVE): The stock, surging some 12% before the bell, is now Neutral from Sell at MKM Partners.
Fusion-io (FIO): Piper Jaffray juices the data stora ge stock to Overweight from Neutral.
Jabil Circuit (JBL): Shares are now Strong Buy from Buy at Needham.
Marvell Technology (MRVL): JPMorgan moves the stock, a 4.23% gainer on Monday, to Overweight from Neutral. Its price objective, previously $14, increases to $16.
Masco (MAS): The homebuilder is hoisted to Outperform from Perform at Oppenheimer, whose new target price is $25. The broker's channel checks suggest continued strength.
Mylan Labs (MYL): Sanford Bernstein gives the generic drugmaker an Outperform-from-Market Perform upgrade.
National Oilwell Varco (NOV): Credit Suisse increases the oil and gas name to Outperform from Neutral.
Pernod-Ricard (OTCMKTS:PDRDY): Shares are upgraded to Overweight from Neutral at HSBC Securities.
SABMiller plc (OTCMKTS:SBMRY): The brewing behemoth, whose other brands include Grolsch and Pilsner Urquell, is boosted to Overweight from Neutral at HSBC Securities.
TIBCO Software (TIBX): Janney takes TIBX to Buy from Neutral.
Zoetis (ZTS): Shares are showing strength this morning after being to the US 1 List of favored equities at Bank of America-Merrill Lynch.
(See also: New Stock Coverage: Bank of Ireland Cries Into Its Guinness and Stock Downgrades: D.R. Horton Hears a Boo .)
Disclosure: Minyanville has a business relationship with E*TRADE.


text:
Selection of my Bryce and DAZStudio pictures
An awesome, splendid calendar
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John Schlesinger, 77, Dies; Directed 'Midnight Cowboy'
By MEL GUSSOW
Published: July 26, 2003
John Schlesinger, the Academy-Award-winning director of ''Midnight Cowboy'' whose other films -- including ''Billy Liar,'' ''Sunday, Bloody Sunday'' and ''Darling'' -- often captured the plight of individuals grasping for life support in contemporary society, died yesterday in Palm Springs, Calif., where he lived. He was 77.
The cause of death was not announced. Mr. Schlesinger had been in poor health after suffering a stroke in 2000, The Associated Press reported.
More than many directors of his rank, Mr. Schlesinger was equally adept in dealing with American and British subjects. As an Englishman, he made his early reputation with three small, bold films in the 1960's, ''A Kind of Loving,'' ''Billy Liar'' and ''Darling.''
During this period he was very much a leader of the British New Wave, but in contrast to the neorealism of Karel Reisz and others, his films left room for the dreams as well as the aspirations of the working class.
The dreamers were exemplified by Billy Liar (Tom Courtenay) who created an illusory world called Ambrosia in which all things were possible. In an essay in The New York Times in 2000, A. O. Scott wrote that ''Billy Liar'' was ''one of the great movies of the 1960's,'' adding that ''in spite of its bitter edge,'' the film was ''pure Ambrosia.''
Speaking about the themes in his movies, Mr. Schlesinger said his characters ''try to reach out and contact other humans'' and fall into ''a kind of compromise, making the best of a situation while retaining the safety valve of fantasy.'' He also said: ''I love the feeling of things underneath, of things not spelled out. In 'Darling,' under the guise of a smart woman is someone who never settled and always hoped that something better would come along.''
The stories and screenplays for Mr. Schlesinger's films were written by celebrated authors (Keith Waterhouse, Willis Hall, Frederick Raphael, Waldo Salt, Penelope Gilliatt), but they were identifiably the work of the director: emphasizing character in a chiaroscuro with sometimes surprising depth.
Mr. Schlesinger's films were beacons for actors, who gave some of their finest performances in his work: Mr. Courtenay, Julie Christie as the star model in ''Darling,'' Peter Finch as the homosexual doctor left by his lover in ''Sunday, Bloody Sunday,'' Dustin Hoffman as Ratso Rizzo, that abrasive and colorful denizen of New York streets in ''Midnight Cowboy.''
The director's Hollywood phase began with ''Midnight Cowboy'' in 1969, in which Mr. Hoffman's Ratso and his cowboy companion (Jon Voight) discovered a kinship as outsiders in a rootless society. ''Midnight Cowboy'' won an Oscar as best picture and for Mr. Schlesinger as best director. His next film was ''Sunday, Bloody Sunday'' in 1971.
With ''The Day of the Locust'' (1975), he attempted the monumental task of dramatizing Nathanael West's Dantesque vision of Hollywood. He followed that with the William Goldman thriller ''Marathon Man,'' starring Mr. Hoffman and Laurence Olivier, in a provocative matching of acting styles -- naturalistic American and classical British.
Mr. Schlesinger was born in London in 1926. His father was a pediatrician who played the cello; his mother played the violin, their son, the piano. Although music continued to be a strong interest, as a young man he thought about becoming an architect.
During World War II he served in the British Army and entertained his fellow soldiers with a magic act. His interest in magic, he said, ''may well have been the first glimmering of my ambition to translate images and illusions of life onto the screen.'' This was a period he later evoked in ''Yanks,'' a movie about American soldiers stationed in Britain during the war.
After the war he studied English literature at Oxford University and joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society, where many other future actors and directors had their first theatrical training. He acted at Oxford and after graduation appeared on the stage and in several films. It was said that his experiences as an actor was helpful in enabling him to draw striking performances from others.
He worked on documentaries for the BBC's Monitor program and then made his first film, ''Terminus,'' about a day in the life of London's Waterloo station. That led to directing features, beginning with ''A Kind of Loving'' in 1962, in which Alan Bates and June Ritchie played a couple trapped in their working-class life in Manchester.
''Billy Liar,'' his version of the Waterhouse-Hall play, added to his growing reputation, further certified by ''Darling.'' For her performance in the title role, Ms. Christie won an Academy Award as best actress as well as other prizes. The New York Film Critics named it the best movie of the year.
With ''Far from the Madding Crowd,'' Mr. Schlesinger looked to the past and the Thomas Hardy novel in a film starring Mr. Bates, Ms. Christie, Mr. Finch and Terence Stamp. For his first Hollywood movie, ''Midnight Cowboy,'' Mr. Schlesinger shattered preconceptions. The film, in common with the original James Leo Herlihy novel, depicted a harsh urban landscape, filled with a far different madding crowd.


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"After my accident I thought I would never enjoy a day without pain again. Due to the attentive care of the entire staff at LivingWell, I am enjoying a pain free recovery."
–Steve L.
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Medion Erazer X7611 notebook features Core i7-4700HQ CPU and NVIDIA GTX 765M GPU
Computer marker Medion has announced a new notebook computer aimed at gamers looking for a machine with performance that is also thin and portable. The new notebook is called the Erazer X7611. Medion says that this machine is suited for mobile gaming and portability thanks to its thin profile.


text:
Gunflint Trail Potpourri
Here I have attempted to show photos of interest that were taken all along the Gunflint Trail and in the Quetico-Superior Region. I will attempt to locate most of the photos on the accompanying maps where it would be helpful to the viewer.
Jan 30, 2008
Photos: 20
Hungry Jack Lake Specific Photos
In this album I am showing historical photos from Hungry Jack Lake and the immediate area. Multiple generations of the Fink Family have been visiting Hungry Jack Lake regularly since 1944. I, myself, have been there every summer since my first visit with my parents in 1944, and I have been there many a winter, spring, and fall as well. Hungry Jack Lake is highly treasured by the Fink Family.
Photos: 36
Hungry Jack Lake Cabin
This series of photos documents the construction of the Fink Family Cabin on Hungry Jack Lake over the winter of 1945-46.
Jan 16, 2008
Photos: 32
Gunflint Trail Personalities
This is a collection of historical photographs taken of personalities who inhabited the Gunflint Trail from the mid-1940s on. They are representations that I have selected from the collection accumulated through the photographic efforts of my father, James Russell Fink, MD.
Photos: 13
Road Lake Cabin
This is a photographic history of the first cabin on Road Lake, thirty miles up the Gunflint Trail from Grand Marais Minnesota. This cabin was originally owned by Dave and Ann Clark. The date of its construction is unknown at this time. In 1945, Dr. and Mrs. James Russell Fink purchased it from the Clarks. The Fink Family shortly thereafter built a log cabin on nearby Hungry Jack Lake, but they kept the Road Lake Cabin for guests for many years before selling it. It was later sold again, this time to Mr. and Mrs. Herb White, well-known stone mason and wolf trapper. Mr. White made major renovations on the cabin, incorporating a lot of stone work in the process. It has subsequently been sold to others. The cabin and the outbuilding are still standing as of this writing in January 2008.
Jan 15, 2008
Photos: 12


text:
SOURCE: Live Science
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Medieval Graves Disturbed For Surprising Reasons?Breaking News
Once laid to rest, the remains of many who died in medieval Europe were not left in peace. As much as 40 percent of graves from the mid-fifth to mid-eighth centuries appear to have been disturbed after burial.
Grave robbers, searching for wealth buried along with the dead, have frequently born the blame from archaeologists.
"This sort of behavior has always been described as grave robbery," said Edeltraud Aspöck, a postdoctoral researcher at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. "It has always been thought that it was criminal gangs and foreigners that have been plundering, and it was all about material gain."...
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Wednesday, August 29, 2012
As the community tries to make sense of the death of Dana Woods, her mother has reached out to The Independent to share her thoughts about her child, who had the best of her life ahead of her.
Dana is a sharp kid, said Jennifer Hill on Wednesday morning. My daughter is a good girl.
Hill said her daughter was out on Saturday night doing a favor for her taking her cousin home to the childs mother in Pinopolis and then picking up her friend June Guerry to give her a ride home.
(Dana and June) werent going out, Hill said. Dana doesnt do that sort of thing. She was actually doing a favor for me.
June and Dana loved each other so much. And I know Dana wants June found. Dana would have done anything to protect June so she could go home to her baby, and were all praying that June is found safe. I know Dana would want that.
Woods, 18, had finished her final year of high school as a home schooled student with Berkeley Countys K-12 Virtual Charter School program. She was simultaneously taking college courses at Trident Tech.
She is a sharp kid, her mother said. She had already finished two years of college courses. Dana wanted to go to law school eventually, at South Carolina. She was just beginning to get all the things shes wanted in life, a new car, a phone, a computer. She has so much to look forward to and so much ahead of her.
Hill continually called her daughter a good girl, a techie, one who had to have the latest, the newest and the best in technology.
Dana has three computers in her room, her mother said. A desktop, a laptop and a tablet, and was often on at least two of them at the same time.
She also has a Smart Phone. And thats how I knew something was wrong because she is never off that Smart Phone.
Hill remembered her daughter as one who would go out of her way to help and protect others and would often put their needs ahead of her own.
She would often get off work at 8 p.m. when she worked at Burger King, come home and take a nap and then be back up there at 1 a.m. because there was a boy she worked with who needed a ride home and she would go back to give him a ride home all the way to Cross, Hill said.
Dana Woods was loved by many people, her mother said.
She was stubborn and hard headed and often she was a pain in the butt, but she worked her butt off so she could get ahead in life, Hill said. She was driven and ambitious and had so much ahead of her.
Hill said at 18, Dana had just received her first credit card.
She came up to me and said, Look Mama, I have a credit card. She was so proud of that and so responsible with her money. She didnt just take life by the horns. Dana was the bull that was charging ahead.
Hill remembered a story about Dana in her class finals review and how her daughter was always one to play the practical joke: In class before the teacher came in, Dana had grabbed the remote for the projector and while the teacher was giving instructions Dana was changing the image size on the screen. The other students were laughing and the teacher didnt know what the problem was with the projector.
Dana couldnt help it and busted out laughing on the joke she played on the teacher. She was a prankster. She liked to mess with people like that. Her teacher said shed be sure to get her back next semester.
As a mother now deals with the void left behind by her daughter and struggles to cope with every parents horror, Hills thoughts turn to hers and Guerrys families. Hill wants people to know about her daughters love for June Guerry.
Dana had this need to protect, her mother continued. Dana would do anything to protect those she loved. I suspect thats what happened to her. She was protecting June.
The days now have lost their color for a mother struggling to make sense of the loss of a daughter she loved more than anything in the world.
Dana was all set to get her life going, she said. She had so much to look forward to out of life. Dana was such a good girl.
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In her tailored navy-blue blouse and dark pinstriped trousers, Minjeong Kim looks all business — muted, buttoned-down. But then you notice her shoes. Sitting at her desk in Milam Hall, she lifts her foot to show off the wedged sneaker with its hidden two-and-a-half-inch heel.
Tag » Design
May 13, 2015
Faux Snakeskin and Power Suits
From sweatshops to high-fashion runways, contradictions abound in the apparel industry
October 26, 2011
The Apparel Industry's Higher-Ed Partner
OSU is tightly linked with the Portland area's apparel community. Examples include: The OSU Design Network The network brings together professionals across the industry for informal gatherings and annual events in Portland, like last year's Recycled Fashion Show — the longest-running fashion show of designs made from recycled materials in the country. OSU's Apparel Research […]


text: I have installed the podpress plugin version 8.8.4 on my wodpress 2.9.2. I am using media temple to host. I have uploaded my podcast mp3 files to wp-content/uploads then when I make a post I choose the file and make the post. The problem is the plugin shows up in the post but when I play it just says "Loading...." and doesnt do anything. I am new to wordpress and podpress and any help would be greatly appreciated..