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Fourth Week of Development
The fourth week of gestation is characterized by the flexion of the superior portion of the neural tube to create the mesencephalon.
Learning Objective
Describe the fourth week of embryonic development
Key Points
- This flexion patterns future neural development, including positioning and differentiation of the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon, as well as the optical vesicle.
- Important changes occur to the embryonic heart as well, including development of the branchial arch.
- At the end of the fourth week the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle) opening into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct.
A part of the brain located rostral to the pons and caudal to the thalamus and the basal ganglia, composed of the tectum (dorsal portion) and the tegmentum (ventral portion).
optical vesicle
The eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles.
mandibular arch
The first branchial arch, also called the first pharyngeal arch and mandibular arch, is the first of six pharyngeal arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development.
Full Text
Late in the fourth week of gestation, the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain—the mesencephalon. Superior to the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon (future forebrain) and inferior to it is the rhombencephalon (future hindbrain). The optical vesicle (which will eventually become the optic nerve, retina, and iris) forms at the basal plate of the prosencephalon.
The embryonic heart attains functionality and starts beating at 22 days after conception (about five weeks after the last menstrual period). It can sometimes be seen as a flickering in the embryonic chest by an ultrasound performed during the fourth week after conception.
During the fourth week of development, the first branchial arch, also called the first pharyngeal arch and mandibular arch, is the first of six pharyngeal arches that begins to develop. It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove.
Trophoblast cells surrounding the embryonic cells proliferate and invade deeper into the uterine lining. They will eventually form the placenta and embryonic membranes. At the end of the fourth week the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle) opening into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct. The embryonic cells flatten into a disk, two cells thick. If separation into identical twins occurs, 2/3 of the time it will happen between days five and nine. If it happens after day nine, there is a significant risk of the twins being conjoined. The chorion undergoes rapid proliferation and forms numerous processes, the chorionic villi, which invade and destroy the uterine decidua and at the same time absorb from it nutritive materials for the growth of the embryo. Until about the end of the second month of pregnancy the villi cover the entire chorion, and are almost uniform in size, but after this they develop unequally.
Embryo brain at four weeks
At four weeks the embryo's brain can be differentiated into the proscephalon, mesencephalan, and rhombencephalan.
Assign just this concept or entire chapters to your class for free.
Key Term Reference
- basal plate
- Appears in these related concepts: Neurulation, Vagus (X) Nerve, and Oculomotor (III) Nerve
- chorion
- Appears in these related concepts: Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom, Chorionic Villi and Placental Development, and Characteristics of Amniotes
- chorionic villi
- conception
- Appears in these related concepts: Infertility, The Role of Genes in Prenatal Development, and Prenatal Brain Development
- decidua
- Appears in these related concepts: Anatomical Changes, Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle, and Premature Infants
- differentiation
- Appears in these related concepts: WBC Formation, Considering the Environment, and Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
- flexion
- Appears in these related concepts: Lever Systems, Muscles of the Wrist and Hand, and Muscles of the Humerus that Act on the Forearm
- heart
- Appears in these related concepts: Adherens Junctions, Overview of Urine Formation, and Anatomy of the Heart
- nerve
- Appears in these related concepts: Cervical Plexus, Axon Bundles, and Submucosa
- neural tube
- Appears in these related concepts: Spina Bifida, Spinal Cord Grey Matter and Spinal Roots, and Anencephaly
- optic nerve
- Appears in these related concepts: Brief Overview of Cranial Nerves, Embryonic Development of the Brain, and Optic (II) Nerve
- placenta
- Appears in these related concepts: Fetal Circulation, Placenta, and Human Gestation
- process
- Appears in these related concepts: Company Capabilities, Parts of a Vertebra, and A Study of Process
- retina
- Appears in these related concepts: Anatomy of the Eye, Introduction to Sensation, and Vision: The Visual System, the Eye, and Color Vision
- trophoblast
- Appears in these related concepts: Blastocyst Formation, Cleavage of the Zygote, and Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation
- uterine decidua
- villi
- Appears in these related concepts: Implantation, Trophoblast Development, and Absorption in the Small Intestine
- yolk sac
- Appears in these related concepts: Sinusoid Development, Development of Metabolism, and Yolk Sac Development
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Cite This Source
Source: Boundless. "Fourth Week of Development." Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 25 Jul. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/fourth-week-of-development-264/fourth-week-of-development-1300-1946/


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Watch House Season 7 Episode 18 online via TV Fanatic with over 5 options to watch the House S7E18 full episode. Affiliates with free and paid streaming include Amazon, iTunes, Vudu, YouTube Purchase, and Google Play.
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Thirteen has been in jail?!? Olivia Wilde returns to House this week and we learn where her character has been.
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Nestled in the tranquil hills but still just moments from the colourful buzz of Luang Prabang, Belmond La Résidence Phou Vao is a mesmerising venue for meetings and celebrations.
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Todd Rundgren
To casual fans, the cult of Todd Rundgren may seem a bit ludicrous. He scored a few pop hits in the late '60s and early '70s, including infectious nuggets like "Hello, It's Me," "We Gotta Get You a Woman," and "I Saw the Light," then formed Utopia, whose sometimes grandiose progressive rock was often flayed by critics, and since has been largely estranged from the pop charts. Except, just below the surface, Rundgren has been astonishingly prolific all along in many different musical guises, and often as an innovator, especially on the technological front. When he wants, he can be a quintessential popmeister, but he's also a musical chameleon who has dabbled with everything from hard rock to Philly soul to garage stuff and symphonic rock. As a producer, he's covered an astounding range, from Grand Funk to James Cotton, Patti Smith, Meat Loaf, Shaun Cassidy, and XTC. Then, a couple of years or so ago, he took over from Ric Ocasek as lead singer of the New Cars, covering Cars hits as well as adding new automotive tunes. This tour appears to be Rundgren as Rundgren, with a new solo album reportedly in the works for this summer. The band will include guitarist Jesse Gress, longtime bassist Kasim Sulton, and former Tubes drummer Prairie Prince. All ages.
Tue., Jan. 22, 7:30 p.m., 2008
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MONTGOMERY, Ala. (AP) - Alabama Gov. Bob Riley has scheduled a
news conference to discuss a possible special session of the Legislature on ethics and campaign finance legislation.
Riley's spokesman says the news conference will be at 3 p.m. Wednesday at the state Capitol.
Some of the legislation the outgoing governor is considering for a special session would ban the transfer of money between political action committees, require full disclosure of lobbyists' spending on public officials, and give subpoena power to the Alabama Ethics
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Kane was the floor general for Iowa St last year, they had so much talent but Kane was the glue that put it together. They surrounded him with shooters (Niang, Ejim, Long, Thomas, Hogue) in which he...
Type: Posts; User: CalJo1617
Kane was the floor general for Iowa St last year, they had so much talent but Kane was the glue that put it together. They surrounded him with shooters (Niang, Ejim, Long, Thomas, Hogue) in which he...
get over it people. Lebron will NOT come to LA.
What has happened in this forum? Nothing interesting anymore
Trading up for Trufant and Rhodes would be a better option IMO
But...still, its Revis Island. would be nice to see him in red and gold
if Gore had any break away speed left, we wouldve gone up atleast by 1. Sorry guys but as much as I love Frank, Kendall Hunter needs to be a starter
umm no. harvin can line up in the back-field, as another dynamic in the pistol. cant say the same for the other 3
Super Bowl Bound and you guys are already looking ahead trying to upgrade for next season. Love it Rap
the defense is overrated (allowed 0 points in the 2nd half)
the OL is overrated (best in the league)
put it in Alex Smith (wow)
game over after 1Q (another wow)
read option doesnt work...
a current division rival or an old-division rival...bring it
bouncing back from that pick 6 I believe was more impressive than the 180+ rushing yards he had. considering it was his 1st postseason start, he brushed it off like any great QB would. so much...
Havent posted in a awhile but im pumped. The "KAEP" era has arrived
Anybody but Dixon
Idc. I just want him to get a ring. Or two
Non-Dwight Howard news...spectacular
What game were you watching?? Metta inbounded the ball. And yes it was an open look. Let it go old-timer
Unless he's signed, it's not thread worthy. Too many thread that start "lakers have shown interest"...
Bulls declined to match. Chi signed hienrich instead
Thanks Luke for all the high-fives and the fist pumps that were so instrumental in all those title runs
:laugh2: @ this thread
Can't wait for October. Big ups for the share
Man I miss listening to chick
Watching him play 3/4 times (all vs LA) this season doesnt give some of you the validity of saying the guy is worse than mayo n lee. I rather have rush than any of those 2. The guy can light it up,...
You got to take the good with the bad. Kobe gave us 5 rings. And hopefully more. Us laker fans are spoiled. We got to cheer on many of the greats such as wilt,jerry, magic shaq. That's why Jordan's...
Shammond Williams, John salley, Ira newble, Jim Jackson, Horace grant :laugh2:


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Thomann NB 4.0
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I'm no profesional photographer. I just like to share pics of my beautiful island, Puerto Rico, and of other places I have had the privilege to visit. I am fascinated with this website cause there are so many great pictures that give me the chance to see other amazing places of the World.
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Mar Chiquita
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Manatí, Puerto Rico
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Atlantic City: One Hundred Twenty-Five Years of Ocean Madness (Paperback)
ATLANTIC CITY features the High-Diving Horse, Mr. Peanut, Lucy the Elephant, and generations of Americans running amok under (and over) the Boardwalk.
About the Author
Vicki Gold Levi is co-founder of the Atlantic City Historical Museum. Steve Heller is senior art director of the New York Times and an internationally renowned graphic design historian. Together Levi and Heller authored Cuba Style. Both authors live in New York City.
Lee Eisenberg, most recently the author of Shoptimism: Why the American Consumer Will Keep on Buying No Matter What" (2013). The Number" was a New York Times" bestseller and was cited by Business Week" as one of the best books of the year. Eisenberg is also the former editor in chief of Esquire". Under his stewardship the magazine won National Magazine Awards across a number of writing and design categories. He currently lives in Chicago.


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Book your room at Aneka Lovina Villas and Spa
Get an overview of this hotelBeachfront villa with calming spa services
This Buleleng villa is on the beach, 0.9 mi (1.4 km) from Lovina Beach, and within 9 mi (15 km) of Banjar Hot Springs and Brahma Vihara Arama. Puri Jati Beach and Puri Jati Dive Site are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Property Features
Catch some rays at the beach or spend the day relaxing at Aneka Lovina Villas and Spa's full-service spa. Then enjoy a meal at one of the villa's 2 restaurants.
Room Amenities
All 59 villas provide conveniences like sofa beds and refrigerators, plus free WiFi and TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find balconies, minibars, and room service.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Aneka Lovina Villas and SpaJalan Raya Kalibukbuk Lovina Beach Buleleng Bali 81153
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a full-service spa, Aneka Lovina Villas and Spa features an outdoor pool and a children's pool. Dining is available at one of the villa's 2 restaurants and guests can grab coffee at the coffee shop/café. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the villa's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
This 3-star property offers access to a business center and a meeting room. This beach villa also offers spa services, a terrace, and tour/ticket assistance. For a surcharge, the property provides a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) and an area shuttle. Complimentary self parking and valet parking are available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Business center
- Children's pool
- Coffee shop or café
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free breakfast
- Free self parking
- Free valet parking
- Free WiFi
- Full-service spa
- Garden
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of floors - 2
- Number of restaurants - 2
- One meeting room
- Outdoor pool
- Poolside bar
- Porter/bellhop
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Spa services on site
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 59
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Year Built 1994
Family Friendly Amenities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Children's pool
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Outdoor pool
- Refrigerator
- Sofa bed
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, Free valet parking
Room Amenities
- Access via exterior corridors
- Air conditioning
- Balcony
- Bathtub only
- Cable TV service
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Free WiFi
- In-room massage available
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator
- Room service (limited hours)
- Sofa bed
- Television
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
Restoran Purnama - This restaurant specializes in Indonesian cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available.
Seafood Grill - This restaurant specializes in seafood and serves dinner only.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a children's pool are on site.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Scuba diving nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Snorkeling nearby
- Playground on site
Spa Services
Aneka Spa has massage/treatment rooms and couples treatment room(s). Services include massages, body scrubs, and manicures and pedicures.
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body scrubs
- Massages
- Couples treatment rooms
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 1 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 12:30 PM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Tourism fee: USD 65 per accommodation, per night
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: USD 60 per vehicle (roundtrip)
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 25 per night
Hotel Name
- Aneka Lovina Villas
- Aneka Villas
- Aneka Villas Villa
- Aneka Villas Villa Lovina
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the villa prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Milan Buy Here Pay Here Car Lot InventorySearch Milan buy and pay here inventory from in-house financing dealers around Milan, TN.
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Type Information
Type locality: "in mari Indico"
Rhodymenia cinnabarina
Rhodymenia cinnabarina is a species of red algae first described in 1841.[1]
- ^ Paul C. Silva; Philip W. Basson; Richard Lee Moe (1996). Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Press. p. 368. ISBN 0520098102.
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Susie Lyman
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Genealogy and cemeteries are my hobbies,along with scrapbooking. I've done 25 photo albums,some with our ancestors,so I love the hunt for families and their locations. I will go all over Cass and lancaster counties to help find headstones for you. I love the older cemeteries in Cass county. I also will transfer ownership of people I put on find-a-grave,if a family wants to do more editing.
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Ray Hutton
Thanks so much for the transfer of my ancestor...it was so kind of you!
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on Jul 12, 2016 11:20 AM
Lahna Neely
Peterson grave stone photos
Hi Susie,
Thank you for the excellent photos of the grave markers for Marion and John Peterson.
My cousins and I are grateful for your help in completing these memorials.
Lahna Neely
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Lahna Neely
on Jul 10, 2016 10:00 AM
Curtis Wolbert
Edna Green
Susie, thanks so much for the wonderful photograph of Edna Green's gravestone. I appreciate that very much.
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on Jul 09, 2016 11:55 PM
James Odland
Honey Hessee
Thank you for adding her grave marker photo.
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James Odland
on Jul 03, 2016 5:00 PM
Velda Olding
Lincoln Memorial
Thank you for the recent pics from Lincoln Memorial
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Velda Olding
on Jul 01, 2016 11:27 PM
James Odland
Robert Thomas Hessee Senior (#163297195)
Thank you for the grave marker photo for Robert.
I see that his wife' name, Honey, is on the same marker. I have created a memorial for her just now
and connected the two memorials together.
Would you please add that same photo onto Honey' memorial?
Honey Hessee (#166257312).
Thank you,
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James Odland
on Jun 30, 2016 4:57 PM
Thank you!
Dear Susie,
I see that you have added a very beautiful cemetery photo to the memorial page of George Alexander - thank you so much - I am very grateful for your kindness.
Wishing you a blessed a beautiful day,
Added by
on Jun 30, 2016 3:50 PM
Pamela Hoffman Winkler
RE: Laura Godrey
You are quite welcome.
Added by
Pamela Hoffman Winkler
on Jun 26, 2016 7:16 AM
Thank you so much for posting the photo of Rose Kloepper. Have a great day !!
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on Jun 14, 2016 8:18 PM
Larry Steen
RE: Elizabeth Steen #154379181
Since the memorial company replaced the stone with the correct death date, would you please delete the incorrect picture, which you had added for us. Thanks. Larry Steen
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I was somewhat disappointed with Hedi's womenswear collection for SLP. It felt too conservative in the sense that most girls are already wearing the looks he presented. Everything was well done but it was too boring. A lot of it looked liked something Taylor Swift would wear.
10/23/12 at 1:10pm


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Skip to comments.Sandy Berger: What Did He Take and Why Did He Take It?(Sandy Burglar)
Posted on 01/15/2007 7:33:10 AM PST by kellynla
Some things cry out for explanation. Like finding $90,000 in marked bills in a Congressman's freezer. Or finding out that a blue-chip lawyer who held one of the most important jobs in the nation was willing to risk his career, his livelihood, and his liberty to steal, hide, and destroy classified documents.
We all have a pretty good idea what the money was doing in Representative William Jefferson's freezer. But the questions about President William Jefferson Clinton's National Security Adviser, Sandy Berger, just keep piling up.
It's time we got some answers.
(Excerpt) Read more at realclearpolitics.com ...
Fat Sandy will never serve a day behind bars because he is covered by the Clinton "J.Edgar Hoover" insurance policy.
"Honey, I knew those F.B.I. files would come in handy."
Why the huge difference in prosecution of Scooter Libby and Sandy Berger under the Republican watch?
This is yet another example of why America is in free fall on it's way to being a minor power, a la Great Britain.
Everyone knows Berger did something outrageous. Worse than Nixon's Watergate. Yet the media has no desire to press this because it would damage their party, and Clinton's legacy. So, it dies from lack of interest.
To compound this, most Republicans lack the spine necessary to push an issue that the MSM and Democrats want to die.
A country can't function properly with such corruption.
And what did Clinton(s) know and when did he/they know it???
The guy will never be held accountable and the secrets he destroyed will never be known except to the Clintons.
***To compound this, most Republicans lack the spine necessary to push an issue that the MSM and Democrats want to die. *******
I would say ALL Republicans lack the spine.
Burglar was rushed to make his guilty plea and get a light sentence toclose down this case with double Jeopardy. Probably the best plea bargain ever given. Surely there must be some aditional charge they could bring Berger up on,if someone had the courage to push it.
I think we all know what it was done for. He was sent there by Clinton to clean up the mess. Clinton belongs in jail not touring the country making millions.
The media does not want to cover this story.
They do not want to speculate about it like they do anything Republican.
For example, the papers which contained handwritten notes in the margins, MIGHT have had Clinton stating that we should not take out Osama Bin Laden because we cut a deal with him...no more terrorism and we will let him live.... we don't know and we never will.
The accumulated outrages of the past several administrations and congresses --- will surely and soon cause the appearance of a "star chamber"...
Hopefully, it will "try and convict" and sentence to "sanctions with extreme prejudice"........those animals among us who are "more equal than others."
In a sane world.......the "system" should work..
In our insane world, it isn't..
Semper Fi
Excellent summation. This indeed seems to be the fate of the United States. We may be on our way to becoming inconsequential, or worse yet, conquered and dominated.
That, in a nutshell, is the precise reason we have the current circumstance.
It's time we got some answers.
Never, not now, not ever. It is living in the movie "Devil's Advocate". It stinks to high heaven, acquital after acquital, the ultimate back stage pass, attorneys, guns blazing, etc etc etc.
"Why the huge difference in prosecution of Scooter Libby and Sandy Berger under the Republican watch?"
Because one is a Leftie covered by a "J.Edgar Hoover" insurance policy and the other a Rightie
"the Powerful protect the powerful".
It's all about self preservation you know.
Yes, I think the real evidence that the administration is only playing at war is the Berger incident.
Burglar should be surreptiously whisked off the street, piled into a black van, and taken to an environment which would be, how you say, conducive to his telling all.
If those documents were ever found, the people of this nation would have screamed for Clinton and Gore to get the death penalty.
Scumbags all.
The apathy of the electorate on this is stunning, imo. Even here. This post won't reach 90 posts.
Heck. I can answer that and it won't cost millions of dollars and thousands of hours of FBI gumshoe time and head-scratching only to shrug my confused shoulders...
What? - Top Secret records
Why? - To destroy them and cover up for his own and Bubba's criminal negligence/purposes in ignoring deadly threats to America so they wouldn't get exposed by the 9/11 Commission
There. That was quick and easy, wasn't it? I won't even bill the government for my valuable time!
The stolen documents are worth a ton of money which is the primary reason for the theft. How many copies did burglar make and how many did he sell. I suspect millions were involved.
I wonder if Buckhead has skills beyond typefaces and proportional spacing...
The cover up is to keep peoples faith in our government. I believe Washington feels it's better we don't know how far Clinton, the President of the United States, was willing to go for that kind of power. Clinton does not represent presidents of the past nor of the present. He was a criminal, dictatorial fluke that managed to deceive a nation.
Remember, the left always accuses the right of doing what it itself is doing. They scream "Bush knew." That is an indication I'm right. They knew.
A left wing attack is a mirror of the left itself. It always is and always has been.
I have no doubt that what you say is closer to the truth.
But I differ entirely on your conclusion.
Exposing the Clinton administration and the anti-American Democrats sycophants would and could prevent them from ever holding power.
The consequences directly affect me, my family, my friends and for that someone will pay.
Marcus Tullius Cicero - Roman Statesman
Speech in the Roman Senate - 42 BC
A nation can survive its fools, and even the ambitious. But it cannot survive treason from within. An enemy at the gates is less formidable, for he is known and carries his banner openly. But the traitor moves amongst those within the gate freely, his sly whispers rustling through all the alleys, heard in the very halls of government itself. For the traitor appears not a traitor; he speaks in accents familiar to his victims, and he wears their face and their arguments, he appeals to the baseness that lies deep in the hearts of all men. He rots the soul of a nation, he works secretly and unknown in the night to undermine the pillars of the city, he infects the body politic so that it can no longer resist.
To this day, 7 years later, they still despise George Bush for taking away their ultimate power and glory. He destroyed the plan of a life time. They'll never forgive him for it.
I hope you're wrong about this. fh
(1) Berger was on-duty when top-secret US technology was sold to China.
(2) Berger was on-duty when the US bombed the aspirin factory; lamebrain Berger advised Clinton it was manufacturing deadly chemicals.
(3) Berger was on-duty during Somolia, and Kosovo, and Hatti, and all the other wonderful military success stories of the Clinton administration.
(4) And then there's the infamous Clinton pardons Berger aided and abetted, and did nothing to stop. Mark Rich was and is the biggest tax cheat in US history, who absconded, then renounced his US citizenship to evade prosecution.
(5) Clinton also pardoned 16 terrorists---members of the FALN---- so Hillary could get Latino votes for her Senate run in NY's large Puerto Rican population. The Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN) was involved in more than 100 bombings in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s." Berger did nothing to stop it.
(6) And let's not forget the bombing of the Chinese embassy.
(7) Remember when then-Pres Clinton went to Norfolk making a "solemn promise" to the families, friends and shipmates of the USS Cole to avenge their deaths. But when the opportunity presented itself, he squandered it. Clinton flunky, Berger, conveniently blamed the misstep on the Pentagon.
As if anyone in the Pentagon would pass up the chance to avenge the sailors of the USS Cole.
Berger stole classified security documents because he knows revelations about his activities as Clinton's National Security Adviser would expose him as a complete incompetent..........or worse.
Berger is apparently covering-up and shredding crucial info that reflects upon US national security failures, and possibly unauthorized transfers of classified info to foreign countries.
It's chilling for patriots to read that Berger was a "workaholic" as Clinton's National Security Adviser----Berger was always seen surrounded with top-secret documents---and he often worked late, when no one was around to see what he was doing.
A study of his Clinton-era phone records and computer emails to see who Berger was talking to should prove interesting. God knows how much info Berger stole then, where he hid it, and where it ended up.
Except their star is tarnished.
"The apathy of the electorate on this is stunning, imo. Even here. This post won't reach 90 posts."
Well the WSJ editorial I posted Saturday on Berger hit 133 Posts & over 1,980 hits.
But the fact that the Left controls & has the backing of the MSM, not to forget my belief that the Clintons have copies of F.B.I. files, does make me believe that Berger won't see one day behind bars.
At this point, all we can do is make sure that another Clinton NEVER darkens the doorway of the Oval Office.
He obviously took something that was very damning to the Clinton presidency. Probably proof of Bill's failure to act when offered Bin Laden by Saudi Arabia.
Thanks for posting the refreshers!
As for why the DoJ let him skate who knows? He even gets his clearance back in 2008. Ahem!
And right you are. The kinder, gentler way of losing most standards that made us great.
Or why Republicans like Delay and others drop out of the House while people like William Jefferson are still in? Its because they are the stupid party. The GOP fights by the Queensbury Rules while the other side is street fighting.
Our democracy depends on choice. If the right were to have ultimate, absolute power, how far would it go?
The politicians have great power, and with great power comes responsibility. Power has a tendency to corrupt. People aren't infallible.
As much as I'd like to see the left gone from the scene forever, there has to be a balance. For example: If it weren't for the Religious right (a restrainer) keeping our moral fabric in check, what kind of nation would we be living in now? How defiled and diseased would the human race become? How far would the right to kill go?
If it weren't for a few necessary programs, how many elderly or disabled people would die from lack of care?
The problem with our system today is 40 years of democrat power. It'll take 40 years of Republican power to bring the nation back to it's original balance and the founders intent. The Republicans wasted their chance by going too far left. They went the wrong direction.
Keep them coming.
Because our elected representatives are not interested in us or this cover-up at all and are scared to provoke The Democrats & Big Media.
...disgusting, isn't it!
Those who see the assassination as a conspiracy were thwarted for a long time because of lack of access to relevant evidence.
They were eventually successful in gainly access to the information ( or most of it) they wanted through the Freedom of Information Act.
Could this work in this case?
Don't Americans have a right to know what happened?
I too am puzzled by the lack of public outrage over this..........it was an infuriating act and a high crime.
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14 May
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14 May is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years). There are 231 days remaining until the end of the year.
- 1997: Much of Hogwarts gossips about Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley's new relationship.
- 2014: The second match of the 427th Quidditch World Cup takes place, between Fiji and Nigeria. The Fijian side suffer a bruising defeat after their Seeker, Joseph Snuka, catches the Snitch in the 141st minute, when his team was trailing 400-10. Fijian manager and trainer Hector Bolobolo's only comment after the match was "I'm going to kill him".[1]
Behind the scenes
- 1991: Chessie Healy, who played a Gryffindor student in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film), born.


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Miniature mastiff puppies to sale. Mother- Cane Corso, father- French Bulldog. Eight weeks old. Up-to-date on shots. All blue color. Males and females. Lovable, Family raised. Looking for good homes. $300 - $450.
Call for info. (865)457-5907.
Jun 16 -
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Best Fried Chicken In NYC: Buttermilk Chicken, Legs, Thighs, MoreThis singular Southern staple has popped up in some unexpected New York City restaurants lately, and some might say that NYC has gone full-blown, fried chicken-crazy.
NYC's 8 Best Oyster BarsCool off with chilled seafood and a cold drink tonight. The city is full of restaurants that are serving some of the freshest, briniest selections in the country. These are the best oyster bars in New York City.
The 8 Best Falafel Spots In New York CityFalafel—it's portable, affordable, and probably the healthiest (and tastiest) deep-fried street food around. Here's a look at some of the best falafel vendors in New York City.
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Aston Villa Message Board
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Agreed!!! I just saw a replay of the 4-4 at Stamford Bridge last year and he looked a different player. I know this years long season has taken a toll. So two choices...sit him down for a match or two or...let him play through it...Nothing like a brace at Man C to get him back "in the mood".Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
It is going to be a difficult time for the lad as he moves from 'Youngster with potential' to '23 year old International footballer with expectation. You can see this on TV, Hansen, Shearer, and god knows who on Sky are now starting highlight technical flaws rather than focus on the good.
This is where the coaching staff and the senior players have to help the lad fulfill his obvious potential. Who know better the pitfalls of moving from promising youngster only to struggle with expectation than Emile Heskey. There is enough at the club to help him hone his technical ability and build his confidence and hopefully that is what they are currently doing.
I am not believer in the 'drop a player, to build his confidence' school of thought. If he is fit he should play, this is the only way to build confidence and with the support of O'Neill and his staff I'm sure he will become the player he has the talent to be. But he does need to stand up, because you can't live on 'potential' for ever or you become another Lee Hendrie!
- 1 Reply to Villaman
I think its amazing how well the club has done without his production. He is still our leading scorer and we need him now, more than ever, to help stop this tailspin and produce in the most critical time of year. I wish the lad all the best and I know that more expectations have been put his way...but surely as a player, this is what you want...the top four finish...Champions League spot...the England Jersey...and eventually, some nice silver trophies to put on your shelf.


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8 Reviews
I have been making a similar recipe for awhile now. I too am unwilling to spend $8 a pound for the dip made at that chain store. I found it to be inexpensive and easily made with just 3 ingredients. *8 oz. shredded mozzarella *1 medium sweet or red onion minced *1 C (give or take) mayonnaise. yield: over 1 lb. cost: about $2.50
Kathy, I thank you for the money a very large group of us is about to save. A local chain grocer sells this for $8. a lb. and it's made with non fancy swiss. Followed this recipe but I cheated and went with the cheap swiss, Kraft mayo, 1/2 & 1/2 and yellow onion. SUPERB! Will sub green for the yellow onion next time...which will be this coming weekend! Made for 2008 cookbook tag.
I used sweet onions and added some pepper and a little sour cream. The flavor is really good, but I'm not sure about the grated cheese, it makes it a little awkward to scoop. Overall really tasty though, thanks!
This is a great dip & spread ~ I spread some on a piece of whole wheat toast before setting it out to be used as a dip! Flavorful without being overly spicy, & thus a dip that adds a nice diverson from the usual! Thank you for posting this recipe!
I wasn't at all sure that this would be so great, based on the sparse ingredient list, but it was stellar! I made it the day before, which allowed it to mellow, and added the minced onions (I don't think this would be nearly as good without). The bowl was emptied long before the party was over, a sure sign of a keeper. Thanks, Kathy for such an easy and delicious recipe. I'll be making it a lot.
I needed to add some sour cream because mine came out too runny and I added grated onion. Other than that it was fantastic, got the Emergency Department seal of approval and disappeared fast.
Absolutley great! I pureed an onion and added it to mayo and a touch of cream. I only added enough liquid to make a thich dip and used it as a sandwich filling instead. It was so very, very tasty!
Man sooo good! I didn't add the onions, but will try next time. Tastes better the next day... I added some fresh ground black pepper and about 1/8 tsp of chipolte pepper...yum! I had it in celery sticks...


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NEW YORK (July 8, 2013)--Stocks closed higher Monday as companies prepared to start reporting their second-quarter earnings.
The Dow Jones industrial average rose 88.85 points, or 0.6 percent, to close at 15,224.69 on Monday.
The Standard & Poor's 500 climbed 8.57 points, or 0.5 percent, to end at 1,640.46.
The Nasdaq composite was up 5.45 points, or 0.2 percent, to close at 3,484.83.
Wall Street is now turning its attention to the performance of companies during the recent second quarter.
Alcoa,, which was expected to kick off the reporting Monday, closed up 11 cents, or 1.4 percent, at $7.92.
Small-company stocks, which do best when investors are confident about economic growth, hit a milestone.
The Russell 2000 index closed at an all-time of 1,009.25.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 1, 2001
|Filing date
|Mar 7, 1997
|Priority date
|Mar 7, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Didier Daniel Claude Bardon, Richard Edmond Berry, Scott Harlan Isensee, John Martin Mullaly, David John Roberts
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (16), Classifications (5), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is related to the following applications which are copending: Ser. No. 08/813,891 and assigned to the same Assignee as the present application and claims a method and system for determining the best navigation path to a preferred face view of an object.
The present invention relates to user interactive computer supported display technology and particularly to such user interactive systems and methods which are user friendly, i.e. provide even noncomputer literate users with an interface environment which is easy to use and intuitive.
The 1990's decade has been marked by a societal technological revolution driven by the convergence of the data processing industry with the consumer electronics industry. This advance has been even further accelerated by the extensive consumer and business involvement in the internet over the past two years. As a result of these changes, it seems as if virtually all aspects of human endeavor in the industrialized world requires human-computer interfaces. As a result of these profound changes, there is a need to make computer directed activities accessible to a substantial portion of the world's population which, up to a year or two ago, was computer-illiterate, or at best computer indifferent. In order for the vast computer supported market places to continue and be commercially productive, it will be necessary for a large segment of computer indifferent consumers to be involved in computer interfaces. Thus, the challenge of our technology is to create interfaces to computers which are as close to the real world as possible.
Industry has been working towards this challenge and there is presently a relatively high degree of realism possible in interfaces. This presents a need and an opportunity for even more realistic interaction techniques to better match the visual metaphors used and to achieve a higher level of ease of use for computer systems. We are striving towards the representation of object as photo realistic, three-dimensional (3D) models rather than as the icons and two-dimensional desktops of conventional computer technology.
Some examples of current technology for the creation of virtual three-dimensional workspace display interfaces are copending application Ser. No. 08/753,081, entitled "CREATING REAL WORLD OBJECTS" and Ser. No. 08/753,076, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAINTAINING SIZE AND POSITION RELATIONSHIPS FOR NONRECTANGULAR REAL WORLD OBJECTS", assigned to the Assignee of the present application.
A 3D virtual workspace display environment is also described in an article entitled, "RAPID CONTROLLED MOVEMENT THROUGH A VIRTUAL 3D WORKSPACE", Jock Mackinlay et al., Computer Graphics Publication, Vol. 24, No. 4, August 1990, pp. 171-175, as well as in its related U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,785.
It is clear that current technology in virtual three-dimensional workspaces has provided environments which are user friendly, i.e. make the casual computer user feel more comfortable and at home with the interface. However, researchers in human factors have found downsides to three-dimensional virtual reality displays. Because of the many choices that the user has in wandering down various "streets and roads" or visiting a wide variety of "buildings or stores" or going through many possible "doors", the user may wander through this reality and perhaps get lost from the track or goal he is pursuing.
The present invention addresses this problem, i.e. that of helping the interactive user in three-dimensional graphic environments to stay focused and relate to the objects he is seeking to relate to in the manner he is seeking to relate to such objects even when these objects are arranged in 3D space in what appears to be infinite configurations.
It is understood that in order to navigate through three-dimensional space, view the space or relate to objects within the space, a viewpoint is determined within that space. That viewpoint is the virtual position of the viewer or person who is navigating within the three-dimensional space. The viewpoint is commonly defined by its position and its orientation or direction. For purposes of describing this invention, we will use the metaphor of a camera to understand the viewpoint. The camera's position and orientation are where it is and which way it is pointing. Let us refer to another property of a viewpoint which is "field of view"; this is effectively the resulting view from a given viewpoint. A key need of a viewer navigating through virtual three-dimensional space is to stay focused. In order to stay focused, when the viewer addresses an object to which he is trying to relate, he must be presented with a view of that object which best suits the nature of the interaction with the object which he is approaching or addressing. For example, it should be understood that when the viewer is trying to interact with the object in order to appreciate or understand the objects aesthetic qualities, he may require a different view of the object than if he were approaching the object in order to make some changes in the object or input/output specific data in this object.
Copending application, Ser. No. 08/813,891, assigned to the common Assignee of the present application entitled "Viewer Interactive Object in Virtual Three-Dimensional Workspace, Didier D. C. Bardon et al. , provides a solution to this need by providing a display of virtual three-dimensional objects within a workspace together with viewpoint interface means for navigating within the workspace and further provides for means for storing along with each of a plurality of virtual objects which the viewer is to relate to a face view of the object. These views have predetermined angles with respect to the object. The face views are tailored to provide to the viewer a face view of the object best suited to the viewer's interactive purpose.
The above-referenced copending application, Ser. No. 08/813,891, permits a fixed predetermined face view to be stored with each object so as to be available irrespective of relocations of the associated object.
However, one fixed face for each object may not adequately serve the interactive viewer's or user's needs. The user will often need a variety of face views. Such face views may be presented at a variety of angles with respect to the object as well as at a variety of apparent distances for the object from the view point.
A particular face view may be displayed at predetermined apparent distances from the object. These apparent distances being determined by the nature and content of the face view. For example, if the face view is to be presented to the viewer for its aesthetic image content, e.g. a picture of an object, then the particular face view is presented to the viewer at some intermediate distance so that the viewer may appreciate the aesthetic qualities of the image without getting to close. On the other hand, if the face view to be presented to the interactive user is a face view within which the user is to read the material and to make selections, then the images which are presented to the viewer should be at an apparent close distance so that the user may read the textual material and make his choices.
The present invention provides for a data processor controlled display system for displaying a virtual three-dimensional workspace in which three-dimensional objects are represented by stored data which also includes associated data representative of a plurality of different face views for each object, each different face view is at a different predetermined angle with respect to the object.
Interactive user selection means are provided for the user to select one of said plurality of face views associated with each of said objects.
The present invention may be structural so that dependent on the direction of a pointer in the display or even the direction of the field of view with respect to the object or other selecting means provided to the interactive user, the system selects and displays the face view most appropriate to the interaction which the viewer wishes to have with the object. Simply stated, it is within the purview of the present invention to have an object with several sides. Each of the sides has views which are respectively appropriate for different kinds of user action; then, dependent on the above selection, one of a plurality of stored face views which is most appropriate for the user's intended interaction is presented on the display for that purpose.
In accordance with a more particular aspect of the present invention, as the viewer navigates through the virtual 3D workspace, a moveable viewpoint interface tracks the viewer's position. This interface is positionable at virtual distances with respect to the particular objects being addressed and the above-mentioned face view angles are relative to the positions of said interface.
The present invention is also applicable wherein the viewpoints are relative to groups or sets of objects and it is intended that the viewer be interactive with such sets of objects. In such a case, the stored face view would be relative to the object set and the predetermined face view angles would also be relative to the object set.
The predetermined face views are stored with respect to particular objects. Thus, even if the objects are moved within the virtual 3D space, the face views will remain the same unless the predetermined face views are changed and restored. It should be further understood that dependent on the viewer or user's needs, it may be desirable to change face views with respect to particular objects. In such a case, the system of the present invention comprehends the changing of the face view and then storing the new face view relative to the particular object.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system including a central processing unit which is capable of implementing the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a typical virtual reality work place in accordance with the present invention at a selected viewpoint;
FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are several face views of a selected object in FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 is a representation of a face view of a selected object from the virtual reality workspace of FIGS. 2 with an associated pull-down menu; and
FIGS. 4A and 4B are flowcharts of the process implemented by the present invention for developing a virtual reality layout program in accordance with the present invention and for navigating through the virtual reality layout of the present invention.
Before going into the details of specific embodiments, it will be helpful to understand from a more general perspective the various elements and method which may be used to implement the present invention. The present invention is implemented in three-dimensional virtual workspace. A three-dimensional workspace is a workspace that is perceived as extending in three orthogonal directions. Typically a display has a two-dimensional display surface and the perception of a third dimension is effected by visual clues such as perspective lines extending toward a vanishing point. Distant objects are obscured by nearer objects. The three-dimensional effect is also provided by showing changes in objects as they move toward or away from the viewer. Perspective shading of objects and a variety of shadowing of objects at different distances from the viewer also contribute to the three-dimensional effect.
A three-dimensional workspace is typically perceived as being viewed from a position within the workspace. This position is a viewpoint. This viewpoint provides the virtual interface between the display user and the display. The viewpoint's direction of orientation is the direction from the viewpoint into the field of view along the axis at the center of the field of view.
In order to present a three-dimensional workspace, a system may store data indicating "coordinates" of the position of an object, a viewpoint or other display feature in the workspace. Data indicating coordinates of a display feature can then be used in presenting the display feature so that it is perceptible as positioned at the indicated coordinates. The "distance" between two display features is the perceptible distance between them, and can be determined from their coordinates if they are presented so that they appear to be positioned at their coordinates.
Techniques for providing and handling three-dimensional objects in a three-dimensional virtual workspace have been developed in the art and are available to display user interface designers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,785 (Mackinlay et al., Jan. 4, 1994) is an example of the design techniques available to such three-dimensional workspace interface designers.
The description of the present invention often refers to navigation within the three-dimensional virtual workspace. The workspace or landscape is navigable using conventional three-dimensional navigation techniques. A user may move around or navigate within the three-dimensional data representation to alter his perspective and view of the displayed representation of the data. Thus, a user may be referred to as a navigator. The navigator is actually stationary, and his view of the display space changes to give him the sensation of moving within the three-dimensional graphical space. Thus, we speak in terms of the navigator's perceived motion when we refer to changes in his view of the display space. As the user moves, his view of the data changes accordingly within the three-dimensional data representation. Some navigation modes include browsing, searching and data movement. U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,354 (Strasnick et al., Sep. 10, 1996) describes some known navigation techniques.
The three-dimensional objects which will be subsequently described in embodiments of the present invention may be best implemented using object oriented programming techniques, such as the object oriented techniques described in the above-mentioned copending application Ser. No. 08/753,076 assigned to the Assignee of the present invention. The objects of that copending application are implemented using the C++ programming language. C++ is a compiled language.
The programs are written in human readable script and this script is provided to another program called a compiler to generate a machine readable numeric code which can be loaded into, and directly executed by the computer. The C++ language possesses certain characteristics which allow a software developer to easily use programs written by others while still providing a great deal of control over the reuse of programs to prevent their destruction or improper use. The C++ language is well known and many articles and text are available which describe the language in detail.
While the embodiment of the present invention, which will be subsequently described, can be implemented using object oriented techniques involving the C++ programming language, we found it preferable to use SCL as used in VRT: the Virtual Reality Toolkit developed and marketed by Superscape Ltd. having U.S. offices in Palo Alto, Calif. Extensive details of these programming techniques may be found in the Superscape VRT, Reference Manual, Version 4-00, 2d Edition, Jan. 29, 1996.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that object oriented programming techniques involve the definition, creation, use and instruction of "objects". These objects are software entities comprising data elements and routines, or methods, which manipulate the data elements. The data and related methods are treated by the software as an entity and can be created, used and deleted as such. The data and functions enable objects to model their real world equivalent entity in terms of its attributes, which can be presented by the data elements, and its behavior which can be represented by its methods.
Objects are defined by creating "classes" which are not objects themselves, but which act as templates which instruct a compiler how to construct the actual object. For example, a class may specify the number and type of data variables and the steps involved in the functions which manipulate the data. An object is actually created in the program by means of a special function called a constructor which uses the corresponding class definition and additional information, such as arguments provided during object creation, to construct the object. Objects are destroyed by a special function called a destructor.
Many benefits arise out of three basic properties of object oriented programming techniques, encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance. Objects can be designed to hide, or encapsulate, all or a portion of, the internal data structure and the internal functions. More particularly, during program design, a program developer can define objects in which all or some of the data variables and all or some of the related method are considered "private" or for use only by the object itself. Other data or methods can be declared "public" or available for use by other software programs. Access to the private variables and methods by other programs can be controlled by defining public methods which access the object's private data. The public methods form an interface between the private data and external programs. An attempt to write program code which directly accesses the private variables causes a compiler to generate an error during program compilation. This error stops the compilation process and presents the program from being run.
Polymorphism allows objects and functions which have the same overall format, but which work with different data, to function differently to produce consistent results. For example, an addition method may be defined as variable A+variable B, (A+B). The same format can be used whether the A and B are numbers, characters or dollars and cents. However, the actual program code which performs the addition may differ widely depending on the type of variables which comprise A and B. Thus, each type of variable (numbers, characters and dollars). After the methods have been defined, a program can later refer to the addition method by its common format (A+B) and, during compilation, the compiler will determine which of the three methods to be used by examining the variable types. The compiler will then substitute the proper function code.
A third property of object oriented programming is inheritance which allows program developers to reuse pre-existing programs. Inheritance allows a software developer to define classes and the objects which are later created from them as related through a class hierarchy. Specifically, classes may be designated as subclasses of other base classes. A subclass "inherits" and has access to all of the public functions of its base classes as though these functions appeared in the subclass. Alternatively, a subclass can override some or all of its inherited functions or may modify some or all of its inherited functions by defining a new function with the same form.
The creation of a new subclass borrowing the functionality of another class allows software developers to easily customize existing code to meet their particular needs.
Although object oriented programming offers significant improvements over other programming concepts, program development still requires significant outlays of time and effort, especially if no pre-existing software programs are available for modification. Consequently, a set of predefined, interconnected classes are sometimes provided to create a set of objects and additional miscellaneous routines which are all directed to performing commonly encountered tasks in a particular environment. Such predefined classes and libraries are typically called "frameworks" and essentially provide a prefabricated structure as a basis for creating a working application program.
In object oriented programming such as the previously described VRT software platform, there is provided for the user interface a framework containing a set of predefined interface objects. The framework contains predefined classes which can be used as base classes and a developer may accept and incorporate some of the objects into these base classes, or he may modify or override objects or combinations of objects in these base classes to extend the framework and create customized solutions in particular areas of expertise.
This object oriented approach provides a major advantage over traditional programming since the programmer is not changing the original program, but rather extending the capabilities of the original program.
The above-described Superscape Virtual Reality Toolkit (VRT) provides the architectural guidance and modeling, but at the same time frees developers to supply specific actions unique to the particular problem domain which the developer is addressing.
Therefore, those skilled in the art will understand how the present invention is implemented using object oriented programming techniques as described above.
Referring to FIG. 1, a typical data processing system is shown which may be used in conjunction with object oriented software in implementing the present invention. A central processing unit (CPU), such as one of the PowerPC microprocessors available from International Business Machines Corporation (PowerPC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation) is provided and interconnected to various other components by system bus 12. An operating system 41 runs on CPU 10 and provides control and is used to coordinate the function of the various components of FIG. 1. Operating system 41 may be one of the commercially available operating systems such as DOS, or the OS/2 operating system available from International Business Machines Corporation (OS/2 is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation). A program application such as the program in the above-mentioned VRT platform 40 runs in conjunction with operating system 41 and provides output calls to the operating system 41 which implements the various functions to be performed by the application 40.
A read only memory (ROM) 16 is connected to CPU 10, via bus 12 and includes the basic input/output system (BIOS) that controls the basic computer functions. Random access memory (RAM) 14, I/O adapter 18 and communications adapter 34 are also interconnected to system bus 12. It should be noted that software components including the operating system 41 and application 40 are loaded into RAM 14 which is the computer system's main memory. I/O adapter 18 may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with the disk storage device 20, i.e. a hard drive. Communications adapter 34 interconnects bus 12 with an outside network enabling the data processing system to communicate with other such systems over a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), or the like. I/O devices are also connected to system bus 12 via user interface adapter 22 and display adapter 36. Keyboard 24, trackball 32, mouse 26 and speaker 28 are all interconnected to bus 12 through user interface adapter 22. Display adapter 36 includes a frame buffer 39 which is a storage device that holds a representation of each pixel on the display screen 38. Images may be stored in frame buffer 39 for display on monitor 38 through various components such as a digital to analog converter (not shown) and the like. By using the aforementioned I/O devices, a user is capable of inputting information to the system through the keyboard 24, trackball 32 or mouse 26 and receiving output information from the system via speaker 28 and display 38.
There will now be described a simple illustration of the present invention. When the images are described, it will be understood that these may be rendered by storing a virtual reality three-dimensional image creation program such as the previously described VRT of Superscape in the RAM 14 of the system of FIG. 1. Also stored on the RAM will be a suitable operating system such as DOS or Windows. The operating system of the VRT application is diagrammatically shown in FIG. 1 as operating system 41 in application 40.
The embodiment of the present invention will be described with respect to the diagrammatic virtual reality three-dimensional workspace shown in FIG. 2. The workspace 42 is shown as a three-dimensional image of a supermarket having racks of shelves 43 in which various products 44, 45 and 46 are stacked. The three-dimensional workspace which uses the supermarket metaphor. The viewer who is using the display for shopping purposes is presented with a viewpoint interface 47 which would be shown to the viewer on a display monitor such as monitor 38 of FIG. 1. In accordance with conventional techniques, the user may control the viewpoint 47 through conventional I/O such as mouse 26 of FIG. 1 which operates through user interface 22 to call upon the VRT programs in RAM 14 cooperating with the operating system 41 to create the images in frame buffer 39 of the display adapter 36 to control the display monitor 38. Using conventional virtual three-dimensional workspace navigation techniques, the viewpoint interface of the user shown in FIG. 2 is changeable as the user moves closer or backs away from objects in the workspace or moves to the right or left in the workspace. All this may be controlled by a suitable I/O device such as mouse 26 of FIG. 1.
The three-dimensional workspace 42 contains objects. Since the representation is one of a supermarket the objects are shelf racks 43, as well as the individual product items on the shelves such as stacked soda cans 44, soap bars 45 or cat food boxes 46. All of these items are comprehended by the user's field of view. The images for these various objects are stored as data from which the objects may be created on the display in RAM 14 of FIG. 1 in connection with the VRT program. Let us assume that a user is navigating through a three-dimensional workspace in which the viewpoint of FIG. 2 is a stage. Assuming that this interface is a virtual reality metaphor for helping a viewer make a selection of grocery items which are to be purchased, the system provides for the viewer selection of a particular one of the objects through a pointing device such as mouse 26 in FIG. 1. Let us say that the mouse controls a pointing device such as pointer 48 in FIG. 2. The above-referenced embodiment teaches that along with the respective images of objects such as those of objects 44, 45 and 46 of FIG. 2, there is stored in connection with each of the objects a particular face view of the object selected by the designer to present the most optimum view for the user to relate to. The present invention involves storing along with each of the objects a plurality of face views. Thus providing to the user the means for selecting the face view most appropriate to the user's needs.
Let us assume that the user is navigating through the virtual reality workspace 42 and has stopped at viewpoint 47, FIG. 2. The user browses the shelves 43 of products and decides to consider the purchase of an item, let us say soda can 44. With a suitable pointing device such as cursor 48 or another visible indicator, controlled by mouse 26 of FIG. 1, the user points to an object, the soda cans 44 on shelves 43 of FIG. 2. The designer of the system has decided that if the user selects any product on the shelves, the user will be presented with a predetermined face view, which is the front portion or product design portion of the soda can and this is presented to the viewer as the predetermined front face view 49 in FIG. 3. Simultaneously, there is presented along side of the face view in FIG. 3 a pull-down type of menu 50 showing front view indicator 51 as the selected view followed by a list of alternative views including back view 52, top view 53. The front view 49, FIG. 3, is the designer selected predetermined view which presents a product package in full view to the user. The user has the additional option by cursoring down pull-down menu 50 to the back view in cases where nutritional information is on the back of the can or the top view so that the user may obtain price information, expiration date information or even information concerning the type of opener available on the can, i.e. snap open, tab open or fully closed.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, instead of the view being selected by the user through the use of a pull-down menu as shown in FIG. 3, the user may select a view dependent upon the direction from which the user is pointing within the three-dimensional workspace, such as the workspace 42 of FIG. 2. Going back to FIG. 2, for example, if we consider pointer 48 as being vector-like, i.e. having a direction, we note that based upon the direction in which the faces of the soda cans 44 in stacks on shelves 43 are arranged relative to the direction of pointer 48. If pointer 48 is clicked on at the point shown, the front face of the soda can is shown in fragmented view in FIG. 2B will be the face view. On the other hand, if pointer 48 were pointing at the soda cans 44 from the complete opposite direction, i.e. rotated 180 degrees, pointer 48 would be pointing to the rear of the cans when clicked on and the rear of the can with nutritional information shown in fragmentary view in FIG. 2C would be the face view shown. On the other hand, if pointer 48 were facing the front of shelves 43 when it was clicked on with respect to soda cans 44 then the half or side view in which the soda cans are arranged in on the shelves as shown in FIG. 2A would be displayed. Finally, if pointer 48 were rotated so as to be pointing down at the tops of the cans when clicked on, then the top view shown in FIG. 2B would be the face view displayed. In this embodiment, the pointer 48 need not touch the cans. The virtual space around the cans could be arranged in spacial segments, then the position of the pointer cursor 48 in a particular spacial segment would be determinative of which view would be shown when the view selecting means would be clicked on.
As noted above, the multiple face views of the present invention may be stored together with their associated objects using the above-described object-oriented programming techniques involving object-oriented languages such as OpenGL, MRML or the above-described preferred VRT using the SCL programming language. In this manner, the multiple face views are permanently associated with their particular object so that even if the position of the object is substantially changed in the workspace, or even if the object itself is moved to a different virtual workspace environment, the predetermined face views will remain unchanged in association with the object. It should also be noted that while the above embodiment involves object-oriented programming to construct the object entities on the display, the objects with their associated face views may be implemented in more traditional languages such as "C" or "Basic".
Now with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B, we will describe a process implemented by the present invention in conjunction with the flowcharts of FIGS. 4A and 4B. The flowcharts are in two parts (FIGS. 4A and 4B). The steps in FIG. 4A relate to the development of the virtual reality landscape, objects, and their respective face views in accordance with the present invention using the previously described Superscape VRT object oriented programming toolkit.
First, step 54, FIG. 4A, the desired virtual reality three-dimensional workspace, for example, workspace 42, FIG. 2, is created and stored. Next, step 55, the virtual reality objects are laid out or created. These would be based upon stored representations of the objects in the landscape such as shelves 43 or various products 44, 45 and 46 shown in FIG. 2. Next, step 56, the programmer designs and lays out for each object, such as soda cans 44, a series of views. In the present example, these would be the front, back and top views of soda can 44 as referred to in FIG. 3 or the views of soda can 44 shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D. Next, step 57, in the case of each of the objects 44, 45 and 46, FIG. 2, the plurality of face views for that object are stored associated with it's respective object so that each object has several face views which may be selectively presented or selected by the viewer. Next, step 58, for each of the objects, the designing programmer designates a predetermined face view which will be presented to the viewer who has selected the object in the absence of the viewer interactive selection of an alternative face view. This preselection or designation of a particular face view is, step 59, also stored in association with the objects and the objects' respective group of face views. Next, step 60, the above-described program assigns and stores for each object a starting coordinate position in the above-described virtual reality workspace of FIG. 2. Then, step 61, a conventional means is provided for navigating the virtual reality workspace through a user viewpoint interface.
The process now proceeds to point A in FIG. 4B at which the created virtual reality workspace program is run, step 62. The program initially sets up the workspace layout on the display as well as the object layout and the relative positions of these objects in the workspace, step 63. Initial viewpoint data is also entered, step 64, and the following navigation steps ensue.
First, in decision block 65, the system determines whether the viewer has selected any object by conventional pointing means, such as mouse 26 in FIG. 1. If no object has been selected, the process flow then proceeds to decision block 66 where a determination is made as to whether the viewer has selected any further moves. If none has been selected, the viewer appears to be finished and the program may be ended, step 67. If the viewer has selected a further move of the viewpoint, then, step 68, further movement is generated by the program and the process is returned to block 65 where a determination is made as to whether any further object has been selected. Now, if turns out from decision block 65 that an object has been selected, then the process proceeds to decision block 69 where a determination is made as to whether the viewer has selected a particular face view. This selection of a face view by the viewer may be made, as previously described, either through the pull-down menu shown in FIG. 3 or by the direction of pointing by pointer 48 as described with respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D. If the viewer has not selected a face view, then the process proceeds to block 70 where the face view predetermined by the designer of the program, as previously described with respect to FIG. 4A, is the face view displayed, and the process returns to decision block 69 awaiting an interactive selection of a face view by the viewer or user. If, in decision block 69, the viewer does select a face view by one of the methods previously described, then the process proceeds to step 71 where the user selected face view is displayed. Next, at decision step 72, there is a continual monitoring to determine whether the viewer has completed selection of the chosen face view. This determination may be provided from the viewer through a suitable device such as the I/O mouse in FIG. 1. If the viewing of the face view is not completed, the system loops back to decision block 69. With respect to block 69 at this point, so long as the viewer continues the existing choice of face view, there will be no change and the system will loop through block 71 where the viewer's choice will be continued via a no output from decision block 72. On the other hand, the viewer may change the selected face view by making another selection, decision block 69, in which case the newly selected face view will be displayed, block 70, and the monitoring of the viewer's choice will continue via decision block 72. Upon the completion of the viewer's interest or viewing of the face views associated with a particular object, then decision block 72 will provide a yes output and the process will loop back to decision block 65 where a determination is made as previously described as to whether there is any further selection of another object by the viewer.
Although certain preferred embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood that many changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope and intent of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Feb 18, 1997
|Fujitsu Limited
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|Xerox Corporation
|Transporting a display object coupled to a viewpoint within or between navigable workspaces
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|Nov 18, 1997
|Xerox Corporation
|Coupling a display object to a viewpoint in a navigable workspace
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|Dec 9, 1997
|The Walt Disney Company
|Method and apparatus for providing animation in a three-dimensional computer generated virtual world using a succession of textures derived from temporally related source images
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|May 19, 1998
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Virtual environment display apparatus and method
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|Three-dimensional workspace interactive display having browsing viewpoints for navigation and work viewpoints for user-object interactive non-navigational work functions with automatic switching to browsing viewpoints upon completion of work functions
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|Jul 27, 1999
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|Walk-through rendering system
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|Oct 26, 1999
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|Method and system for providing preferred face views of objects in a three-dimensional (3D) environment in a display in a computer system
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|Geometrix, Inc.
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|Dec 11, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Providing scalable, alternative component-level views
|Jul 20, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Autonomic content load balancing
|Oct 3, 2007
|Mar 25, 2014
|Brian Mark Shuster
|Virtual environment for computer game
|Mar 29, 2001
|Aug 8, 2002
|Roman Waupotitsch
|Interactive try-on platform for eyeglasses
|Sep 30, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Providing scalable, alternative component-level views
|Sep 30, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Client-side processing of alternative component-level views
|Jul 6, 2006
|Jan 11, 2007
|Naoyuki Satoh
|Selection of a part in image showing three dimensional object
|Oct 3, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Shuster Brian M
|Virtual environment for computer game
|Nov 21, 2008
|Mar 12, 2009
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|Generation of a three-dimensional virtual reality environment from a business process model
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|Ginger Casey
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|U.S. Classification
|345/419, 345/427
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 7, 1997
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
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A method is described for monitoring intermodulation distortion employing program material in place of the usual sinusoidal test signals, with this arrangement it is possible to monitor non-linear distortion under actual operating conditions.
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When I click on register, it takes me to a page to register for inbound writer.
It pre-fills the email address field, which CANNOT be changed with a different email address than the one I used to register for inbound writer.
Should I just create a new account as work-around?
Why isn't their an option to connect with an existing account?


text:
I have one HTML page containing one form as given below and a javascript to submit that form. When I submit that form, in wireshark I can see that it is sending filename as entire path to the file selected but I want only filename to be passed. I am trying this with IE9.
Wireshark log looks like below,Code:function onSubmit() { if(document.getElementById("myfile").value != "") { var frm = document.forms["myForm"]; frm.setAttribute("method","post"); frm.encoding = "multipart/form-data"; document.forms["myForm"].submit(); return true; } else { alert("Please select a file."); return false; } } <form id="myForm" > <input type="file" name="myfile" id="myfile" size="30" /> <input type="button" onclick="return onSubmit()" id="btnSubmit" value="Submit" /> </form>
How can I achieve this?Code:Content-Disposition: form-data; name="myfile"; filename="c:\image.jpg" Content-Type: application/x-gzip-compressed .................


text:
Man charged with smuggling marijuana into jailJuly 27,2014Jailed man faces
smuggling charge
A Fair Haven man jailed on a charge of felony domestic assault had another criminal charge added when he was allegedly caught smuggling marijuana into the Rutland jail, where hes being held on $75,000 bail.
Henry Lewis, 44, was arrested last weekend after Fair Haven police say he assaulted a woman inside the Liberty Street Discount Beverage Store. Lewis pleaded innocent this week in Rutland criminal court to a charge of aggravated domestic assault in the first degree and misdemeanor counts of disorderly conduct, providing false information and resisting arrest.
But before he was arraigned on those charges, Vermont State Police issued him a citation for two additional offenses transporting regulated drugs into a jail and providing false information to a police officer.
Those charges stemmed, police say, from the discovery of roughly 0.3 ounces of marijuana hidden in Lewis body cavity when he was taken to the jail.
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