text:
|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|28 Feb 1995
|Fecha de presentación
|14 Jul 1993
|Fecha de prioridad
|14 Jul 1993
|Número de publicación
|Rita Erilli, Regis Lysy, Patrick Durbut, Guy Broze
|Cesionario original
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (5), Citada por (71), Clasificaciones (45), Eventos legales (5)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to a stable microemulsion cleaning composition and to processes for manufacture and use thereof. More particularly, it relates to a stable aqueous microemulsion cleaning composition in concentrated or diluted form which is especially effective to clean oily and greasy soils from substrates such as bathroom fixtures and walls, leaving such surfaces clean and shiny without the need for extensive rinsing thereof. The described compositions comprise a mixture of anionic surfactants, a water insoluble organic compound has less than 1.0 wt. % soluble in water at 25 degrees C. and having an δH of about 0 to about 12 (MPa) 1/2 to about 14, δd of about 19 (MPa) 1/2, and δH of about 0 to about 6 (MPa) 1/2, water and a suitable co-surfactant system, which cosurfactant system adjusts the interface conformation to reduce interfacial tension at interfaces between dispersed and continuous phases of the emulsion to produce a stable normally clear microemulsion at room temperature. When the pH of the microemulsion is on the acid side, preferably in the range of 1 to 4, the invented compositions are useful for removing lime scale and soap scum from hard substrates.
Liquid detergent compositions, usually in solution or emulsion form, have been employed as all-purpose detergents and have been suggested for cleaning hard surfaces such as painted woodwork, bathtubs, sinks, tile floors, tiled walls, linoleum, paneling and washable wallpaper. Many such preparations, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,560,839, 3,234,138, and 3,350,319 and British Patent Specification No. 1223739, include substantial proportions of inorganic phosphate builder salts, the presence of which can sometimes be found objectionable for environmental reasons and also because they necessitate thorough rinsing of the liquid detergent from the cleaned surface to avoid the presence of noticeable depositings of phosphate thereon. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,409 and 4,244,840 liquid detergents of reduced phosphate builder salt contents have been described but such may still require rinsing or can include enough phosphate to be environmentally objectionable. Some liquid detergents have been made which are phosphate-free, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,130, but these normally include higher percentages of synthetic organic detergent which increased detergent content may be objectionable due to excessive foaming during use that can result from its presence. The previously described liquid detergent compositions are emulsions but are not disclosed to be microemulsions like those of the present invention.
Microemulsions have been disclosed in various patents and patent applications for liquid detergent compositions which may be useful as hard surface cleaners or all-purpose cleaners, and such compositions have sometimes included detergent, solvent, water and a co-surfactant. Among such disclosures are European Patent Specification Nos. 0137615, 0137616, and 0160762, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,448, all of which describe employing at least 5% by weight of the solvent in the compositions. The use of magnesium salts to improve grease removing performance of solvents in microemulsion liquid detergent compositions is mentioned in British Patent Specification No. 2144763. Other patents on liquid detergent cleaning compositions in microemulsion form are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,723,330, 4,472,291, and 4,540,448. Additional formulas of liquid detergent compositions in emulsion form which include hydrocarbons, such as terpenes, are disclosed in British Patent Specifications Nos. 1603047 and 2033421, European Specification No. 0080749, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,409, 4,414,128, and 4,540,505. However, the presence of builder salt in such compositions, especially in the presence of magnesium compounds, tends to destabilize the microemulsions and therefore such builders are considered to be undesirable.
Although the cited prior art relates to liquid all-purpose detergent compositions in emulsion form and although various components of the present compositions are mentioned in the art, it is considered that the art does not anticipate or make obvious subject matter disclosed and claimed herein. In accordance with the present invention a stable aqueous microemulsion cleaning composition, which may be in concentrated or dilute form, comprises at least two different anionic synthetic organic detergent, a water insoluble organic compound, water and a co-surfactant system, which co-surfactant system adjusts interfacial conformation to reduce interfacial tension at interfaces between dispersed and continuous phases of an emulsion to produce a stable concentrated microemulsion which is stable at temperatures in the range of 5° to 50° C. and which has a pH in the range of 1 to 11. Such concentrated microemulsions are dilutable with water to at least five times their weight, to produce diluted liquid detergent compositions which are often also stable aqueous microemulsions which are useful as all-purpose cleaning compositions. Both the concentrated and diluted compositions are effective for cleaning oily and greasy soils from substrates, and when the compositions are acidic they are also useful to remove lime scale and soap scum from hard surfaces, such as bathroom fixtures, floors and walls.
In addition to microemulsion concentrates, the present invention also relates to dilute microemulsions to processes for manufacturing such microemulsions and to processes for cleaning surfaces with them.
The present invention provides an improved liquid cleaning composition in the form of a microemulsion which is suitable for cleaning hard surfaces having greasy build-up deposited thereon, such as plastic, vitreous and metal surfaces, all of which may have shiny finishes. While the all-purpose cleaning composition may also be used in other cleaning applications, such as removing oily soils and stains from fabrics, it is primarily intended for cleaning hard, shiny surfaces, and desirably requires little or no rinsing. The improved cleaning compositions of the invention exhibit superior grease removal actions, especially when used in concentrated form, and leave the cleaned surfaces shiny, sometimes without any need for rinsing them. Little or no residue will be seen on the cleaned surfaces, which overcomes one of the significant disadvantages of various prior art products, and the surfaces will shine, even after little or no wiping thereof. Surprisingly, this desirable cleaning is accomplished even in the absence of polyphosphates or other inorganic or organic detergent builder salts.
In one aspect of the invention, a stable, clear, all-purposed hard surface cleaning composition which is especially effective in the removal of oily and greasy soils from hard surfaces, is in the form of a substantially concentrated or somewhat diluted microemulsion.
The compositions of the instant invention which are preferably microemulsions especially designed for superior removal of grease deposits on hard surfaces comprise approximately by weight:
a) 6 to 50% of a mixture of two different anionic surfactants, one of said anionic surfactants being a sulphonate and the other said anionic surfactant being a sulphate, a ratio of the sulphonate to the sulphate being about 10:1 to about 1:10, more preferably about 4:1 to about 2:1 and most preferably about 3.3:1 to about 2:7;
b ) 0 to 6% of a nonionic surfactant;
c) 1 to 20% of at least water insoluble organic compound having a δH of about 0 to about 12 (MPa)1/2, a δd of about 14 to about 19 (MPa)1/2, and a δp of about 0 to about 6 (MPa)1/2 ;
d) 0 to 8% of a solubilizing agent;
e) 0 to 14% of at least one water soluble hydroxy containing organic compound which is a co-surfactant; and
f) the balance being water, wherein the composition has a pH of about 1 to about 11, more preferably about 5 to about 9 and is optically clear having at least 90% light transmission, more preferably at least 95% and the interfacial tension between the lipophile droplets and the aqueous phase is less than about 10-2 mN/m, more preferably less than about 10-3 mN/m.
Preferred concentrations of the mentioned components of the concentrated microemulsion are 6 to 50 wt % of synthetic organic detergent, 1 to 20 wt % the water insoluble inorganic compound, 1 to 14 wt % of co-surfactant system, and the balance being water. At such preferred concentrations, upon dilution of one part of concentrate with four parts of water the resulting microemulsion will be low in detergent and solvent contents, which may be desirable to avoid excessive foaming and to prevent destabilization of the emulsion due to too great a content of lipophilic phase therein after dissolving in the suitable hydrocarbon or other solvent of the oily or greasy soil to be removed from a substrate to be cleaned. Because of the absence of builders when the cleaning composition consists of or consists essentially of the described components (with minor proportions of compatible adjuvants being permissible), a chalky appearance of the clean surface is avoided and rinsing may be obviated. Among the desirable adjuvants that may be present in the microemulsions are divalent or polyvalent metal salts, as sources of magnesium and aluminum, for example, which improve cleaning performances of the dilute compositions, and higher fatty acids and/or higher fatty acid soaps, such as sodium stearate at a concentration of about 1.0 to 5.0 wt. percent which act as foam suppressants as well as preserving the clarity of the product. Of course, if it is considered aesthetically desirable for the normally clear microemulsions to be cloudy or pearlescent in appearance, an opacifying or pearlescing agent may be present and in some instances, when it is not considered disadvantageous to have to rinse the builder off the substrate, builder salts, such as polyphosphates, may be present in the microemulsions, but it should be stressed that normally builders will be absent from them.
Some preferred "dilute" microemulsion cleaning compositions of this invention are those which are of formulas such as are producible by mixing four parts by weight of water with one part by weight of the concentrated microemulsion previously described. When other dilutions are employed, from 1:1 to 1:19 of concentrated microemulsion:water, the percentages of such ranges and preferred ranges should be adjusted accordingly. In some instances dilutions to 1:99 are feasible and such diluted compositions may be used as is or may be further diluted in some applications, as when employed for hand dishwashing (with rinsing).
Although most of the microemulsions of this invention are of the oil- in-water (o/w) type, some may be water-in-oil (w/o), especially the concentrates. Such may change to o/w on dilution with water, but both the o/w and w/o microemulsions are stable. However, the preferred detergent compositions are oil-in-water microemulsions, whether as concentrates of after dilution with water, with the essential components thereof being detergent, water insoluble organic compound, co-surfactant and water.
Another useful sulfonated anionic surfactant is a linear sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) which is characterized by the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is from about 9 to about 15
The concentration of the paraffin or linear alkyl benzene sulphonate in the instant composition is about 5 to about 30 wt %, more preferably about 15 to about 30 wt % and the concentration of the alkyl ether sulphate is about 1 to about 20 wt %, more preferably about 2 to about 12 wt %.
Among the advantages of the present invention over previously known liquid detergent compositions are the following:
1. Liquid detergent compositions embodying the invention can be produced having comparably efficacy and properties with lower percentages of active ingredients and comparable clarity with significantly lower percentages of solubilizers than are disclosed in previously known compositions for the removal of grease deposits.
2. Compositions embodying the present invention can produce foam as good or better than that produced by prior art compositions, both in quantity and durability.
3. Compositions embodying the present invention, when diluted to the same concentration for use as the prior art compositions, can give substantially better performance as to grease removal, particularly in dishwashing.
4. Washing solutions made with compositions embodying the present invention have significantly lower surface tension than solutions of the same concentration using prior art compositions.
Additional advantages of the present invention are improved and controlled performance such as foaming and dishwashing ability, viscosity and clarity, which are important features in consumer acceptability.
The paraffin sulphonates (A) used in the compositions of the present invention are usually mixed secondary alkyl sulphonates having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule; preferably at least 80%, usually at least 90%, of the alkyl groups will have 13-17 carbon atoms per molecule. Where the major proportion has 14-15 carbon atoms per molecule, optimum foaming performance appears to be obtained at varying concentrations and water hardnesses. Another useful sulfonated anionic surfactant is a linear sodium alkul benzene sulfonate (LAS) which is characterized by the formula: wheren n is from about 9 to 15. The sulphonates are generally present in amounts from 15% to 60%, preferably 20% to 35%, by weight of the composition.
The higher alkyl ether sulphates (C) used in the compositions of the present invention are represented by the formula:
RO(C2 H4 O)n SO3 X
in which R represents a primary or secondary alkyl group that may be straight or branched having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 12 to 15, X is a suitable water soluble cation, as hereinafter defined, and n is from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6. These sulphates are produced by sulphating the corresponding ether alcohol and then neutralizing the resulting sulphuric acid ester.
The cation of the paraffin sulphonate (A) and the alkyl ether sulphate (C) may be an alkali metal (e.g. sodium or potassium), an alkaline earth metal (e.g. magnesium), ammonium or lower amine (including alkylolamines). It is preferred to use the sodium salt of the paraffin sulphonic acid and a sodium salt of the alkyl ether sulphuric acid ester oxide, dodecyl phenol condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide, and dinonyl phenol condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide. These aromatic compounds are not as desirable as the aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates in the invented compositions because they are not as biodegradable.
The water soluble or water dispersible nonionic synthetic organic detergents that are optionally employed in the composition at a concentration of 0 to 6 wt %, preferably 0.1 to 6 wt % in the invented cleaning compositions are usually condensation products of an organic aliphatic or alkylaromatic hydrophobic compound and ethylene oxide, which is hydrophilic. Almost any hydrophobic compound having a carboxy, hydroxy, amido or amino group with a free hydrogen present can be condensed with ethylene oxide or with polyethylene glycol to form a nonionic detergent. The length of the polyethenoxy chain of the condensation product can be adjusted to achieve the desired balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, or HLB) and such balances may be estimated as HLB numbers.
Particulary suitable nonionic detergents are the condensation products of a higher aliphatic alcohol, containing about 8 to 18 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, condensed with about 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide. A 5 particularly preferred compound is C9-11 alkanol ethoxylate of five ethylene oxides per mole (5 EO), which also may be designated as C9-11 alcohol EO 5:1, C12-15 alkanol ethoxylate (7 EO), or C12-15 alcohol EO 7:1 is also preferred, such nonionic detergents are commercially available from Shell Chemical Co. under the trade names Dobanol 91-5 and Neodol 25-7.
Other suitable nonionic detergents are the polyethylene oxide condensates of one mole of alkyl phenol containing from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, with about 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 15 moles of ethylene oxide, such as nonyl phenol condensed with 9 moles of ethylene oxide, dodecyl phenol condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide, and dinonyl phenol condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide. These aromatic compounds are not as desirable as the aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates in the invented compositions because they are not as biodegradable.
Another well-known group of usable nonionic detergents is marketed under the trade name "Pluronics." These compounds are block copolymers formed by condensing ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The molecular weight of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule is of the order of 950 to 4000, preferably 1200 to 2500. The condensation of ethylene oxide with the hydrophobic moiety increases the water solubility of the molecule. The molecular weight of these polymers is in the range of 1000 to 15,000, and the polyethylene oxide content may comprise 20 to 80% thereof.
Still other satisfactory nonionic detergents are a condensation of a C10-16 alkanol with a heteric mixture of ethylene oxide and. propylene oxide. The mole ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide is from 1:1 to 4:1, preferably from 1.5:1 to 3.0:1, with the total weight of the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide contents (including the terminal ethanol group or propanol group) being from 60% to 85%, preferably 70% to 80%, of the molecular weight of the nonionic detergent. Preferably the higher alkanol contains 12 to 15 carbon atoms and a preferred compound is the condensation product of C13-15 alkanol with 4 moles of propylene oxide and 7 moles of ethylene oxide. Such preferred compounds are commercially available from BASF Company under the trade name Lutensol LF.
Also suitable for incorporation in the invented cleaning compositions are the nonionic detergents that are derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine. For example, satisfactory such compounds contain from about 40 to about; 80% of polyoxyethylene by weight, have a molecular weight of from about 5000 to 11,000, and result from the reaction of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base which is a reaction product of ethylene diamine and excess propylene oxide, and which is of a molecular weight in the range of 2500 to 3000.
Additionally, polar nonionic detergents may be substituted for the generally non-polar nonionic detergents described above. Among such polar detergents are those in which a hydrophilic group contains a semi-polar bond directly between two atoms, for example N--O and P--O. There is charge separation between such directly bonded atoms, but the detergent molecule bears to net charge and does not dissociate into ions. Suitable such polar nonionic detergents include open chain aliphatic amine oxides of the general formula R7 -R8 -R9 N--O, wherein R7 is an alkyl, alkenyl or monohydroxyalkyl radical having about 10 to 16 carbon atoms and R8 and R9 are each selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, ethanol and propanol radicals. Preferred amine oxides are the C10-16 alkyl dimethyl and dihydroxyethyl amine oxides, e.g. lauryl dimethyl amine oxide and lauryl myristyl dihydroxyethyl amine oxide. Other operable polar nonionic detergents are the related open chain aliphatic phosphine oxides having the general formula R10 -R11 -R12 P--O wherein R10 is an alkyl, alkenyl or monohydroxyalkyl radical of a chain length in the range of 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and R11 and R12 are each alkyl or monohydroxyalkyl radicals containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. As with the amine oxides, the preferred phosphine oxides are the C10-16 alkyl dimethyl and dihydroxyethyl phosphone oxides.
In dilute o/w microemulsion compositions of this invention, the nonionic detergent can be present in admixture with the anionic detergent. The proportion of nonionic detergent in such mixed detergent compositions, based on the final dilute o/w microemulsion composition, may be in the range of 0 to 6 wt %, preferably 0.1 to 6 wt %.
Many other suitable anionic and nonionic detergents that may be derisive components of the present microemulsion cleaning compositions are described in texts denoted to detergency, detergent compositions and components, including Surface Active Agents (Their Chemistry and Technology), by Schwartz and Perry, and the various annual editions of John W. McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers.
The viscosity and clarity control system for the composition comprises a solublizing agent such as urea and a lower aliphatic alcohol which is a co-surfactant, and optionally a water soluble hydrotrope which is effective in promoting the compatibility of the ingredients in the microemulsion composition and can be substituted for part of the urea or alcohol. Generally, the viscosity and clarity control system is required in concentrated liquid detergent compositions containing at least 30 wt % by weight of active ingredients, namely the sum of paraffin sulphonate and alkyl ether sulphate.
Suitable hydrotropic substances are the alkali metal organic sulphonated (including sulphated) salts having an alkyl group up to 6 carbon atoms. The preferred sulphonated hydrotropes are alkyl aryl sulphonates having up to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, e.g. the sodium and potassium xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene and isopropyl benzene (cumene) sulphonates. Sulphonates made from xylene include orthoxylene sulphonate, metaxylene sulphonate, paraxylene sulphonate and ethylbenzene sulphonate. Commercial xylene sulphonates usually contain metaxylene sulphonate as the main ingredient. Analysis of typical commercial xylene sulphonate products shows about 40 to 50% metaxylene sulphonate, 10 to 35% orthoxylene sulphonate and 15 to 30% paraxylene sulphonate with 0 to 20% ethylbenzene sulphonate. Any suitable isomeric mixture, however, may be employed. Sodium cumene sulphonate and sodium xylene sulphonate are preferred alkyl aryl sulphone hydrotropes for use in the compositions of the present invention. It is also permissible to use suitably alkyl sulphate salts having 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group such as alkali metal n-amyl and n-hexylsulphates.
The use of the viscosity and clarity control system imparts superior low temperature clarity of the liquid detergent composition and provides control of the viscosity of the product over a wider range for any particular concentration of active ingredients, as will be set forth in greater detail hereinafter. The alcohols preferably have 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Thus, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or propylene glycol can be used; preferably ethyl alcohol will be used.
The proportions of urea, alcohol and hydrotropic substance best suited for any particular composition depend on the active ingredient components and proportions and can be determined by the formulator by conventional tests. The weight content of this viscosity and control system based upon the total composition will vary from 0 to 22% and preferably is from 0.5 to 10%. Within that range solublizing will vary within the ranges of from 0 to 8.0%, preferably from 0.5 to 6%, and the cosurfactant will be from 0 to 14%, preferably 0.15 to 10%. The ratio of alcohol to urea is maintained below 1.3:1, preferably below 1:1 and most preferably is in the range from 0.37:1 to 0.85:1 when using an active ingredient content above 30% by weight, preferably 35 to 45%. Varying amounts of hydrotrope such a xylene sulphonate may be added or substituted in part for the alcohol or urea so as to form a ternary system with special properties such as markedly to increase the viscosity. The amount should be selected so as to maintain a satisfactory viscosity and cloud point and maintain other desirable properties. Generally, the hydrotrope may constitute up to 15% by weight of the total viscosity and control system.
The co-surfactant component plays an essential role in the concentrated and diluted microemulsions of this invention. In the absence of the co-surfactant the water, detergent(s) and water insoluble organic compound, when mixed in appropriate proportions, will form either a micellar solution, at lower concentrations, a microemulsion, or a conventional oil-in-water emulsion. With the presence of the co-surfactant in such systems in interfacial tension or surface tension at the interfaces between the lipophile droplets and the continuous aqueous phase is greatly reduced, to a value close to (10-3 MN/m). This reduction of the interfacial tension results in spontaneous disintegration of the dispersed phase globules or droplets until they become so small that they cannot be perceived by the unaided human eye, and a clear microemulsion is formed, which appears to be transparent. In such microemulsion state thermodynamic factors come into balance, with varying degrees of stability being related to the total free energy of the microemulsion. Some of the thermodynamic factors involved in determining the total free energy of the system are (1) particle-particle potential; (2) interfacial tension or free energy (stretching and bending); (3) droplet dispersion entropy; and ( 4) chemical potential changes upon formation of the microemulsion. A thermodynamically stable system is achieved when interfacial tension or free energy is minimized and when droplet dispersion entropy is maximized. Thus, it appears that the role of the co-surfactant in formation of a stable o/w microemulsion is to decrease interfacial tension and to modify the microemulsion structure and increase the number of possible configurations. Also it seems likely that the co-surfactant helps to decrease rigidity of the dispersed phase with respect to the continuous phase and with respect to the oily and greasy soils to be removed from surfaces to be contacted by the microemulsions.
The amount of co-surfactant employed to stabilize the microemulsion compositions will depend on such factors as the surface tension characteristics of the co-surfactant, the types and proportions of the detergents and perfumes, and the types and proportions of any additional components which are present in the composition and which have an influence on the thermodynamic factors previously enumerated. Generally, amounts of co-surfactant in a preferred range of 0 to 14%, more preferably 0.15 to 10%, and especially preferred 1 to 8%, provide stable dilute o/w microemulsions for the above-described levels of primary surfactants, water insoluble organic compound, and any other additives as described below, in the diluted microemulsions. Related ranges for concentrated microemulsions are obtained by multiplying the extremes of the given ranges by five.
The water insoluble organic compound of the instant composition can be one or more water insoluble organic compounds which have a molecular weight of less than 250, more preferably less than 175 and is less than 1.0 wt. % soluble in water at room temperature which have an average δH (hydrogen bonding solubility parameter) of about 0 to about 12 (MPa)1/2, an average δp (polar solubility parameter) of about 0 to about 6 (MPa)1/2, and an average δd (dispersion solubility parameter) of about 14 to about 19 (MPa1/2). When the water insoluble compound has these average solubility parameters, the microemulsion composition of the instant invention will exhibit maximum grease cleaning capacity for the removal of grease deposits of hard surface. The water insoluble organic compounds are selected from the group consisting essentially of D-limonene, Isopars sold by Exxon Chemical Co which are isoparaffenic hydrocarbons having 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Exxates such as Exxate 1000 and Exxate 1300 sold by Exxon Chemical Co., mixture of water insoluble aliphatic alcohols having about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms and an aliphatic or isoaliphatic hydrocarbons having about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms in a ratio of aliphatic or alcohols to aliphatic or isoaliphatic hydrocarbons of about 10:1 to about 1:10 mixtures of water insoluble aliphatic alcohols having about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms and water insoluble alkyl esters having about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms in a ratio of aliphatic alcohols to alkyl esters of about 10:1 to about 1:10. The concentration of the water insoluble organic compound is about 1 to about 20 wt %, more preferably about 2 to about 15 wt %.
The pHs of the final microemulsion, concentrated or diluted, will be dependent in large part on the identity of the co-surfactant compound, with the choice of the co-surfactant also being affected by cost and cosmetic properties, often particularly odor or fragrance. For example, microemulsion compositions which are to have a pH in the range of 1 to 10 may employ either an alkanol, propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol or propylene glycol ether or ester, or an alkyl phosphate as the sole co-surfactant but such pH range may be reduced to 1 to 8.5 when polyvalent metal salt is present.
In addition to their excellent capacity for cleaning greasy and oily soils, the low pH o/w microemulsion formulations of this invention also exhibit excellent other cleaning properties. They satisfactorily remove soap scum and lime scale from hard surfaces when applied in neat (undiluted) form, as well as when they are diluted. For such applications onto originally hard shiny surfaces having surface deposits of lime scale and/or soap scum, which may also be soiled with oily and greasy deposits, the microemulsions may be of a pH in the 0.5 to 6 range, preferably 1 to 4 and more preferably 1.5 to 3.5. For general cleaning of oily and greasy surfaces, without lime scale or soap scum deposits, the pH may be in the range of 1 to 11 and sometimes 6-11 or 6-8 will be preferred and more preferred, respectively (for mildness and effectiveness).
The final essential component of the invented microemulsions is water. Such water may be tap water, usually of less then 150 ppm hardness, as CaCO2, but preferably will be deionized water or water of hardness less than 50 ppm, as CaCO3. The proportion of water in the o/w microemulsion compositions generally is in the range of 15 to 85%.
The concentrated and dilute clear o/w microemulsion liquid all-purpose cleaning compositions of this invention are effective when used as is, without further dilution by water, but it should be understood that some dilution, without disrupting the microemulsion, is possible and often may be preferable, depending on the levels of surfactants, co-surfactants, water insoluble organic compounds, and other components present in the composition. For example, at preferred low levels of anionic dilutions up to about 50% will be without any phase separation (the microemulsion state will be maintained) and often much greater dilutions are operative. Even when diluted to a great extent, such as 2- to 10-fold or more, for example, the resulting compositions are often still effective in cleaning greasy, oily and other types of lipophilic soils.
It is within the scope of this invention to formulate various concentrated microemulsions which may be diluted with additional water before use.
The concentrated microemulsions, like other such emulsions previously mentioned, can be diluted by mixing with up to about 20 times or more, even sometimes to 100 times, but preferably about 3 or 4 to about 10 times their weight of water, e.g. 4 times, to form microemulsions similar to the diluted microemulsion compositions described above. While the degree of dilution is suitably chosen to yield a microemulsion composition after dilution, it should be recognized that during and at the ends of dilutions, especially when diluting from concentrated emulsions, microemulsion stages may be encountered.
Optionally, the o/w microemulsion compositions may include minor proportions, e.g. 0.1 to 5.0% preferably 0.25 to 4.0%, on a dilute product basis, of a C8-22 fatty acid or fatty acid soap as a foam suppressant. The addition of free higher fatty acid or fatty acid soap provides an improvement in the rinsability of the composition, whether the microemulsion is applied in neat or diluted form. Generally, however, it is desirable to increase the level of co-surfactant, as to 1.1 to 1.5 times its otherwise normal concentration, to maintain product stability when the free fatty acid or soap is present.
Examples of the fatty acids which can be used as such or in the form of soaps, include distilled coconut oil fatty acids, "mixed vegetable" type fatty acids (e.g. those of high percentages of saturated, mono- and/or poly-unsaturated C18 chains), oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and the like. Generally those fatty acids having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms therein are operative.
The composition can optionally contain 0 to about 5.0 wt % of an alkyloamide as a foam builder. Its presence results in a product which exhibits high foaming power in use, particularly in the stability of the foam generated during dishwashing or laundering operations. It should not be employed in an amount sufficient to impair the desired physical properties. The acyl radical of the alkylolamide is selected from the class of fatty acids having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms and each alkylol group usually has up to 3 carbon atoms. It is preferred to use the monoethanolamides of lauric and myristic acids but diethanolamides and isopropanolamides as well as monoethanolamides of fatty acids having from 10 to 14 carbon atoms in the acyl radical are satisfactory. Examples are capric, lauric and myristic and "heart cut" coconut (C12 -C14) monoethanolamides, diethanolamides and isopropanolamides and mixtures thereof. There may be employed also the alkylolamides which are substituted by additional ethenoxy groups; suitable examples may be the above amides condensed with from 1 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide.
The protein optionally employed in the compositions of this invention is a water-soluble partially degraded protein and may be a partially enzymatically hydrolyzed protein or a heat derived product of protein. This material may be employed as an agent to overcome the irritant effect upon the skin of the surface active compounds. When the partially degraded protein is applied together with or subsequent to contact with the surface active compounds, the prophylactic effect is found to be present. The partially degraded protein is characterized as having a gel strength of about 0 to about 200 Bloom grams. The partially degraded protein may also provide rinse and drain properties to the composition. Such hydrolysis, such as by the action of trypsin, or pancreatic enzymes on protein material. The partially degraded protein may also be a heat derived decomposition product of protein. Proteins partially degraded by heat and having the required Bloom strength for use in the compositions may be prepared by heating proteinaceous material such as bones, feet or skin of pork or beef which has been reduced to small pieces and immersed in water, by autoclaving. A preferred hydrolyzed protein is a partially enzymatically hydrolyzed protein derived from beef collagen. Typical proteins which may be partially hydrolyzed for use in the compositions include casein, gelatin, collagen, albumin, zein, keratin, fibroin, globulin and glutenin. Typical commercial partially enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins include Bacto-Proteose, proteose-peptone, casein-peptone, gelatin-peptone, Bacto-peptone, vegetable peptones, such as soybeans peptone, the solubilized collagen being derived by heating bones, feet or skin of pork or beef. The preferred proteins are solubilized beef collagen and solubilized pork collagen. The partially hydrolyzed protein may have a relatively broad spectrum of molecular weights in the range from about 500 to about 70,000, preferably from about 500 to about 10,000 for hand care effects and from about 25,000 to about 70,000 for good drain properties. The lower molecular weight proteins may contain some completely degraded polypeptides, such as dipeptides and tripeptides and even some amino acids as a results of the degradation process. The protein, where employed, will generally be used in amounts in the range from 0.1 to 2.0% by weight, preferably from 0.3 to 0.8% by weight.
The liquid detergent compositions of the present invention may also contain any of the additives used in other liquid. detergent compositions such as sequestrants, e.g. salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, such as the sodium and potassium salts, and salts of hydroxy ethyl ethylene diamine triacetate. If it is desirable to tint or color the liquid detergent composition, any suitable dyes may be used for this purpose. Perfume may also be added to the compositions to give them a pleasant odor.
In the final diluted form, the all-purpose liquids are clear microemulsions and exhibit satisfactory stability at reduced and increased temperatures. More specifically, such compositions remain clear and stable in the range of 5° C. to 50° C., especially 10° C. to 43° C. They exhibit a pH in the acid, neutral or alkaline range, e.g. 1-11, depending on intended end use, with acidic and neutral pHs, e.g. 2 to 7 or 2 to 8 being preferred and with acidic pHs, e.g. 1-4 or 2-3.5 being considered best for lime scale and soap scum removal applications. The liquids are readily pourable and exhibit a viscosity in the range of 5 to 150 or 200 centipoises, preferably 6 to 60 centipoises (cps) and more preferably 10 to 40 cps, as measured at 25° C. with Brookfield RVT Viscometer, using a No. 1 spindle rotating at 20 rpm. Usually the product viscosity, in the absence of thickening agent, will be no greater than 100 cps even for the lower microemulsions.
The liquid compositions are preferably packaged in manually operated spray dispensing containers of synthetic organic polymeric plastic, e.g. PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene, which may include nylon closure, valve and nozzle parts, but they can also be packaged under pressure in aerosol containers. Such products, including the dispensers provided, are especially suitable for so-called spray-and-wipe applications but in the present operations wiping may be omitted and relatively little rinsing may be substituted for it.
Because the compositions, as prepared, are aqueous liquid formulations and because often no particular mixing procedure is required to be followed to cause formation of the desired microemulsions. The compositions are easily prepared, often simply by combining all of the components thereof in a suitable vessel or container. The order of mixing the ingredients in such cases is not particularly important and generally the various materials can be added sequentially or all at once or in the form of aqueous solutions or each or all of the primary detergents and co-surfactants can be separately prepared and combined with each other, followed by the water insoluble organic compound. However, to avoid any problems with the microemulsions breaking or not forming properly one may make a solution of the synthetic detergent(s) in water, dissolve the co-surfactant therein, and then admix in the water insoluble organic compound, which thus spontaneously forms the concentrated or dilute microemulsion, which operations are conducted at a temperature in the 5° to 50° C. range, preferably 10° to 43° C. and more preferably 20° to 30° C. If fatty acid is to be employed for its antifoaming effect, it will preferably be melted and added to the surfactant-co-surfactant solution, followed by the water insoluble organic compound. Dilute microemulsions can be made from the concentrated microemulsion by dilution with at least 50% thereof of water, with both the microemulsion and the water being in the described temperature range. The products resulting are of dispersed lipophilic phase droplet sizes in the range of 50 to 500Å, preferably 100 to 500Å, with the smaller particle sizes promoting better absorption of oily soils from soiled substrates to be cleaned.
The microemulsion composition can be used as a prespotter which comprises 5 to 12 wt % of a paraffin sulphonate; 1 to 4 wt % of an alkyl ether sulphate; 35 to 65 wt % of 2-limonene; 15 to 25 wt % of butylcarbitol; and the balance being water.
The following examples illustrate liquid cleaning compositions of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, all percentages and parts given in these examples, this specification and the appended claims are by weight and all temperatures are in ° C. The exemplified compositions are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the invention.
The following examples were prepared at room temperature by dissolving the anionic and/or nonionic surfactants in the water, then dissolving the urea and then the alcohol solvents followed by admixing in the D-limonene, Isopar H, Exxate 1000, Exxate 1300, isooctanol, decane and/or C13 acetate into the water solution to form a stable homogenous o/w microemulsion. The formulas were tested for appearance, olive oil uptake, miniplates and volume of foam in ml at the start and end. The examples and test results are as follows:
__________________________________________________________________________ A B C D E F G H I J K L__________________________________________________________________________Paraffin sulphonate 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5Sodium salt C12-14 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5ether sulphateD-Limonene 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 9.0Ethanol 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Urea is 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0Isopropanol 3.0 3.0 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Propylene glycol -- 3.0 -- -- -- -- --Butyl carbitol -- -- 3.0 -- -- -- --Ethylene glycol mono -- -- -- 3.0 -- -- --butyl etherIsopar H -- -- -- -- 2.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --Exxate 1300 -- -- -- -- -- 2.0 --Exxate 1000 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4.0Water Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal BalAppearance Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear TurbOlive oil uptake 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.3 3.0 3.5 4.4 --Miniplate -- 43 46 -- 46 45 -- --Foam start (ml) -- -- 100 -- 75 75 -- --Foam end (ml) -- -- 250 -- 250 240 -- --Gardner dilute 24 27 13__________________________________________________________________________ M N O P Q R S T U V W X__________________________________________________________________________Paraffin sulphonate (LAS) 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5Sodium salt C12-14 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5ether sulphateD-Limonene -- -- --Ethanol 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Urea 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0Isopropanol 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Propylene glycolButyl carbitolEthylene glycol monobutyl etherIsopar H 4.0 6.0 8.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.4 4.8 3.6Exxate 1300 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 -- -- 3.0 1.2 2.4Exxate 1000 -- -- -- -- 4.0 6.0Water Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal BalAppearance Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Turb Turb Clear Turb Clear Clear ClearOlive oil uptake 2.1 3.0 3.5 1.2 1.8 -- -- 1.8 -- 4.0 5.0 4.0Miniplate 34 26 -- -- 43 -- -- 46 -- 4.3- 29 36Foam start (ml) 60 60 -- -- 75 -- -- 100 -- 80 65 70Foam end (ml) 110 115 -- -- 210 -- -- 250 -- 250 105 130Gardner dilute >150 >150 >150 24 >150 >150 >150__________________________________________________________________________ AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH II JJ KK LL__________________________________________________________________________Paraffin sulphonate 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5Sodium salt C12-14 8.5 8.5 8.5 6.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5ether sulphateD-Limonene -- -- -- 6.0 6.0Ethanol 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Urea 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0Isopropanol 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Propylene glycolButyl carbitolEthylene glycol monobutyl etherIsopar H 2.4 1.2 2.4 3.6 -- -- 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8Exxate 1300 3.6Exxate 1000 4.8 3.0 2.4 -- -- 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2Water Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal BalAppearance Clear Clear Clear ClearOlive oil uptake 4.0 3.5 4.3 3.4 2.2 2.7 1.8 1.7Miniplate 33 32 40 38 33 33 38 39Foam start (ml) 80 75 75 90 75 90 90 73Foam end (ml) 150 150 210 270 200 240 240 210Gardner dilute >150 >150 >100 >100 65 40 45 30__________________________________________________________________________ MM NN OO PP QQ RR SS TT UU__________________________________________________________________________Paraffin sulphonate (LAS) 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5Sodium salt C12-14 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5ether sulphateD-LimoneneEthanol 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Urea 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0IsopropanolPropylene glycolButyl carbitolEthylene glycol monobutyl etherIsopar H 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8Exxate 700 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2Exxate 1300 4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2Water Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal Bal BalAppearanceOlive oil uptake 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3Miniplate 35 36 38 39 42 32 35 36 35Foam start (ml) 83 100 100 90 98 78 83 75 78Foam end (ml) 195 225 265 255 216 165 175 190 180Gardner dilute >100 45 30 25 15 >150 65 70 >150__________________________________________________________________________
The test procedures are as follows:
A) Foam Longevity - Miniplate Test
The test aims at assessing the Foam Stability of a LDLD solution in presence of a fatty soil.
Vegetable shortening: Crisco (from us)
This fat is injected in the LDLD solution with a Syringe at a flow rate of 0.6 G/MIN.
Product Concentration
10 ML of a 5% LDLD Solution are added to 400 ML of water (+1.25 GR/L of LDLD)
Test Procedure
During 1 minute foam is generated with a brush (according a hypocycloidal pattern). The brush keeps moving to help fat emulsification. Fatty soil is then injected in the solution at a constant flow rate up to disappearance of the foam. Foam generation and disappearance are evaluated by photo electrical cell and recorded automatically.
Miniplate number: MP=(GC X GF X ΔT)/0.12 GC=Grease Coefficient
GF=Grease flow equal to (Total injected grease weight) (T2-T0)
δT=Time measured from the beginning of grease injection (T0) and the end of foam detection (T1)
0.12=Correlation coefficient to relate the calculated miniplate number to the number of dishes washed by hand in similar conditions
T2=End of test, grease injection is stopped
Actual plate number can be easily extrapolated from miniplate number by assuming that each large plate is soild with 3 GR of fat.
(Number of miniplates)×(weight of product)×0.08
B) Foam Test - Foam Volume
Produce foam by rotation of a graduated cylinder containing a detergent solution.
This method allows to define the speed of foam generation and the maximum foam height generated in presence of fat.
Corn oil
Product Concentration
0.75 G/L Detergent solutiohn
2 different products (including a reference) are simultaneously evaluated. 100 ML of a solution at 0.75 G/L of detergent at 47° C. is poured in a graduated cylinder.
1 Gr of corn oil is added to the solution.
The graduated cylinders are attached to the rotation assembly and allowed to turn 5 complete revolutions.
Foam height is recorded on the cylinder graduation.
The 5 complete revolutions are repeated 10 times. (Foam height is recorded after each 5 complete revolutions).
Start foam volume (ML)
End Foam volume (ML)
C) Dynamic Degreasing
Cleaning power under mechanical action of a LDLD in neat and diluted conditions.
Neat: A solution at 10% of fat (Beef tallow and hardened tallow) in chloroform (colored with dye for fat)
Diluted: A solution at 1% of fat (Beef tallow and hardened tallow) In chloroform (colored with dye for fat)
Soiling Procedure
The soil solution is uniformly sprayed on white formica tile.
Evaluation Procedure
2 Products are simultaneously evaluated.
Neat: 4 Gr of Product are put on the sponge.
Diluted: 10 Gr of a 1.2% LDLD solution per sponge.
The soiled tiles and the sponges are introduced in the carriers of The Gardner Machine.
The Machine operates until 95% of the soil is removed.
Expressed in number of storkes (back and forth) needed to remove 95% of the soil.
D) Olive Oil Uptake
Oil uptake of a dish liquid
Olive Oil
Product Concentration
Product as is
In 50 ML of neat product start to add drops of olive oil. After each drop addition let the solution become clear again under agitation with a magenetic stirrer. If after 5 minutes, the solution is not clear, stop the addition of olive oil and record the amount of olive oil added.
G of olive oil to reach saturation of 100 ML of product.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|510/417, 510/429, 510/365, 510/237, 510/236, 510/505, 510/290, 510/501, 510/461, 510/235
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|21 Nov 1994
Owner name: COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ERILLI, RITA;LYSY, REGIS;DURBUT, PATRICK;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007198/0350;SIGNING DATES FROM 19940805 TO 19941107
|6 Ago 1998
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|26 Jul 2006
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text:
Wound-healing potential of an ethanol extract of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) seeds
Version of Record online: 1 FEB 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00933.x
© 2012 The Authors. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and Medicalhelplines.com Inc
International Wound Journal
Volume 9, Issue 6, pages 650–655, December 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Nayak, B. S., Ramdeen, R., Adogwa, A., Ramsubhag, A. and Marshall, J. R. (2012), Wound-healing potential of an ethanol extract of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) seeds. International Wound Journal, 9: 650–655. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00933.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 26 NOV 2012
- Version of Record online: 1 FEB 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Carica papaya;
- Excision wound;
- Hydroxyproline;
- Wound area
Carica papaya L. (Linn) (Caricaceae) is traditionally used to treat various skin disorders, including wounds. It is widely used in developing countries as an effective and readily available treatment for various wounds, particularly burns. This study evaluated the wound-healing and antimicrobial activity of C. papaya seed extract. Ethanol extract of C. papaya seed (50 mg/kg/day) was evaluated for its wound-healing activity in Sprague-Dawley rats using excision wound model. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of six each (group 1 served as control, group 2 treated with papaya seed extract, group 3 treated with a standard drug mupirocin and papaya seed extract (1:1 ratio) and group 4 treated with a mupirocin ointment. Rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content were determined to assess the wound-healing activity of the seed extract. The group 2 animals showed a significant decrease in wound area of 89% over 13 days when compared with groups 1 (82%), 3 (86%) and 4 (84%) respectively. The hydroxyproline content was significantly higher with the granulation tissue obtained from group 2 animals which were treated with C. papaya seed extract. Histological analysis of granulation tissue of the group 2 animals showed the deposition of well-organized collagen. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus. Our results suggest that C. papaya promotes significant wound healing in rats and further evaluation for this activity in humans is suggested.


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Comment Policy: Please read our new comment policy before making a comment. In short, please be respectful of others and do not engage in personal attacks. Otherwise we will revoke your comment privileges.
Allen West did an interview with NewsMax today where they discussed everything from gun control to the debt ceiling to Afghanistan. Kinda the shotgun approach to get his opinion on as much as possible in 15 minutes – and it's a great interview.
But as far as gun control, West believes that it just won't fly with the American people and he doesn't believe that Obama has the populous mandate that he things he has. West says we're not talking about the real issues anyway, we're just talking about a political agenda:
NEWSMAX – "This is your gun control, this finger right here – your index finger,'' West told Newsmax TV in an exclusive interview.
"Nothing happens with that gun until you put that finger into the trigger well and you pull it. So my concern is that we're not talking about the real issue, we're talking about a political agenda.
"I don't [see Obama succeeding]. I think the president maybe believes he has some sort of populous mandate . . . but that's not going to fly very well.''
The Florida Republican, a retired U.S. Army colonel who's a tea party favorite, said there is "big concern'' across the country about Obama enacting an executive order to push through a firearms mandate.
"That's not in contra, as we are a republic with co-equal branches of government, separate of power — so that's what really concerns people,'' West said.
The lawmaker said when he studied the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Virginia Tech, Columbine High School,
and a Colorado movie theater "the real commonality is . . . that there were parental problems, there was a mental issue.
"And I think that's where we should start first and foremost.''
West said members of the military, police, and civilians are strongly responding to the possibility of a White House intervention.
"You look at the state of Wyoming, which has already proposed legislation saying they will not allow any federal agent to come in and try to register someone's guns or confiscates someone's gun,'' West said.
"And they're talking about in the state of Wyoming making that a two-year penalty, a crime actually.''
Read the rest at NEWSMAX or just watch the interview below:


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You have to sign up to the email newsletter, and install Adobe AIR. And Flash plugin. Oh, and you can't use Chrome to edit it - or I couldn't anyway. There's lots of guidance to help you do all this but to be honest, it would be better not to have to go through such a business in the first place.
However, once loaded and working, the plugin seems to work pretty well. But get a nice cup of tea before you sit down to set this one up. And a disposable email.
I followed all the steps to install it, made a sample slide deck and it was flexible but not beautiful. As it shrank the text slowly covered the whole image until mobile readers wouldn't see it at all.
So the image is flexible but the text isn't. No way to customize the font to match my theme using CSS. Right-clicking on it only talks about the slider and where to get a free copy.
Works wonderfully if you have no other needs beyond what they have in their templates.. otherwise not easily integrated with my theme, design and css.
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
- Posted:
- 12 Oct 2009 by mywifesse
- Topics:
- depakote, side effect
Answers (1)
14 Oct 2009
Sexual side effects haven't been noted as a known side effect of Depakote.
The known side effects are:
Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome when using Depakote Delayed-Release Tablets:
Change in appetite; constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; hair loss; headache; indigestion; nausea; stomach pain; trouble sleeping; vomiting; weight changes.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur when using Depakote Delayed-Release Tablets:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); abdominal cramps; abnormal thinking; change in menstrual period; changes in behavior; chest pain; confusion; dark urine; difficulty speaking; difficulty urinating or other urination problems; extreme tiredness; fast or irregular heartbeat; fever; general body discomfort; hallucinations; hearing loss; involuntary movements of the arms and legs; involuntary movements or chewing movements of face, jaw, mouth, or tongue; joint pain; lack of energy; loss of appetite; loss of coordination; loss of seizure control; memory loss; mental or mood changes; nosebleed; pounding in the chest; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain; sore throat; suicidal thoughts or actions; swelling of the arms or legs; tremor; unusual bleeding or bruising; unusual weakness; vision changes; yellowing of skin or eyes.
None of the reviews/comments indicate any sexual side effects either.
Further Information
- Depakote Information for Consumers
- Depakote Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Depakote (detailed)
Search for questions
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A quick intro.
I'm expecting my third bubby on the 28th going by US dates, but the 1st Oct by LMP. A surprise, but still very excited though.
Looking forward to getting to know you all
Hi everyone!
A quick intro.
Congrats! HH9M
Congrats and welcome! It is nice to have more ladies on this board!
Thanks ladies. I have noticed it's a bit quiet around here.
Yeah I notice that most of the boards this whole year are quiet. I enjoyed seeing everyone last time and love to see all the bellys when they start to pop. Welcome! and HH9M
Congrats and welcome! HH9M!
It has been rather quiet. I know for me I just have a lot going on, and I'm not feeling that great most nights. The 2nd trimester will be here in just 2 short weeks, so hopefully I'll feel better then.
Congrats and welcome!! I'm new to this board and expecting my 3rd also
"CristinaS82" wrote:
Congrats and welcome!! I'm new to this board and expecting my 3rd also
Cograts!!! welcome.
Congrats! There are a few of us on #3 here. Looking forward to sharing the journey with you!


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Dr. George Hoffman specializes in ophthalmology in Westlake Village, California.
Dr. George Hoffman has been compared 184 times. Details of Dr. Hoffman's 42 years experience as an MD, his 2 hospital affiliations and education at Tulane University are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. Hoffman
1220 La Venta Dr
Suite 203
Westlake Village, CA 91361
Patient Ratings and Reviews
Dr. George Hoffman has an average rating of 5 stars (out of 5) with a rating of Excellent based on 7 reviews.
Have you visited Dr. George Hoffman? Rate you experience below.
Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. George Hoffman has been identified as specializing in Ophthalmology.
Accepted Insurance
Insurance plans and networks accepted by a doctor are not necessarily universal across all locations at which the doctor practices. This can be affected by many factors such as different group practices, hospital affiliations and working arrangements at those locations. Checking that the doctor you are visiting and the facility they are at are in-network providers for your insurance plan can save you money and headaches later from surprise medical bills.
Dr. George Hoffman accepts the following plans at 1220 La Venta Dr, Westlake Village, CA
- Blue Shield California
- Blue Cross California
- Aetna
- United Healthcare - Direct
- Multiplan
Hospital Affiliation
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Hoffman is affiliated with 2 hospitals:
215 W Janss Rd
Thousand Oaks, California
Dr. Hoffman attended medical school at Tulane University School of Medicine and graduated in 1974 having 42 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
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1250 Laventa Rd, Suite 208 Westlake Village, CA 91361
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Retinal Consultants of Southern California, 1250 La Venta Dr, Suite 201 Westlake Village, CA 91361
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How could a team of hackers have gotten access to DNC emails? Filip Chytry discusses seven potential security gaps that could explain the recent DNC email leak.
Athletes aren't the only ones training for the Olympics, cybercriminals are also stepping up their game! Avast explains which threats you should watch out for!
Your online banking and shopping are kept safe and your activities are shielded from tracking when you use Avast's SafeZone Browser in Bank Mode.
If you couldn't wrap your head around the latest episode, eps2.1_k3rnel-pan1c.ksd, of Mr. Robot, don't panic -- Avast explains the technical terms.
Avast invites experienced users to a technology preview of Avast Software Cleanup.
The Pokémon Go augmented reality game has swept across the USA and is now continuing its journey around the world. Society has grown accustomed to people's noses being stuck in their smartphones all the time, but Pokémon Go brings the addiction to new levels.
Image via: USA Network @whoismrrobot
The two-part premiere of season two of Mr. Robot did not disappoint! The episodes focused more on the current state of the main characters than on hacking and a lot has changed since season one.
Mr. Robot is coming back to USA Network on Wednesday, July 13th at 9/10 pm Central (tonight!) for its second season and I cannot wait (especially since I missed Sunday's sneak preview)! Season one was full of complex hacks that were, for the most part, accurately portrayed. By speaking to various Avast experts, I learned a lot about the hacks on the show last summer and how they could affect consumers like you and I.
Image via: USA Network @whoismrrobot
Here's a recap of what we learned from the hacks in season one of Mr. Robot:
Happy (early) Independence Day! To most Americans, the 4th of July means fireworks, great food and celebrating the country's birthday alongside family and friends.
To make the most out of this year's holiday, it's important to take the necessary measures to stay safe online and free of digital threats.
Avast Home Network Security scans a user's home network and routers for potential security issues.
Avast is always looking to the future to both predict and solve tomorrow's biggest cyberthreats. As the world is growing more interconnected than ever before, with phones, TVs, home security and even thermostats being connected to the Internet, we acknowledge the importance of entire networks being properly secured.


text:
I want to create a URL on my site without the extension revealed. I know how to go about this normally, but not in WordPress. What I'm looking to create is:
I've looked through the forum and I'm not able to find a solid answer. I do know that simply creating a subdirectory will not accomplish this.
I'm new to WordPress, so I apologize if this is an easy question.


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NEW YORK The Federal Housing Finance Agency raised concerns on Wednesday about a private investor group's controversial aim to seize and restructure poor-performing mortgages.
The agency, which oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, said it has "significant concerns" about the use of eminent domain to condemn and restructure mortgages. The federal housing regulator said it is concerned about the program's constitutionality.
"FHFA has significant concerns with programs that could undermine and have a chilling effect on the extension of credit to borrowers seeking to become homeowners and on investors that support the housing market," the agency said in a statement.
It also questioned the plan's potential cost to taxpayers and the impact it could have on mortgage contracts.
Edward DeMarco, the acting director of the FHFA, has objected to principal reductions on mortgages and told reporters on July 31 that "the anticipated benefits do not outweigh the costs and risks."
The idea of condemning distressed mortgages to provide financial relief to cash-strapped homeowners is being pushed by Mortgage Resolution Partners, a San Francisco-based group backed by some prominent West Coast financiers.
Eminent domain traditionally has been used by local governments to condemn buildings and properties for public works projects.
Some public officials in San Bernardino County in California are considering using eminent domain to restructure distressed mortgages held in private mortgage-backed securities.
No one is currently proposing using eminent domain on mortgage-backed securities sold by Fannie or Freddie. But the FHFA issued Wednesday's statement because Fannie and Freddie guarantee the overwhelming majority of U.S. mortgages.
In a response to the FHFA statement, Mortgage Resolution Partners issued its own statement defending the proposal and its constitutionality.
"The use of eminent domain to purchase mortgage loans from private label securitization trusts is constitutional," said Steven Gluckstern, the group's chairman.
"We expect that the FHFA will, after due consideration, respect state and local sovereign powers of eminent domain over private property within their jurisdictions," he added.
Another key player, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, echoed the FHFA criticisms.
"SIFMA believes that this plan would likely significantly harm mortgage finance markets and reduce access to credit for mortgage borrowers," said Kenneth E. Bentsen Jr., executive vice president for public policy and advocacy for SIFMA.
California Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom has backed Mortgage Resolution Partners' plan, saying, "this may be an aggressive idea, but communities such as San Bernardino, Chicago and others have no choice in these desperate times."
SIFMA's criticism follows Newsom's call to the association to "cease making threats to the local officials of San Bernardino County" on July 27.
A rising chorus of mortgage investors are boycotting the plan, which is also being considered in Berkeley, California, and Chicago.
"We think it's a disastrous idea and would be a horrible precedent for the market," Stephen Walsh, chief investment officer of Western Asset Management Co, told Reuters in an interview on Tuesday.
"What might bring isolated benefit to a particular city across the board could be very negative for housing financing going forward in the United States," he said.
(Reporting by Sam Forgione; Editing by Matthew Goldstein, Jennifer Ablan and Dan Grebler)
Our top photos from the past 24 hours. Full Coverage
Trending On Reuters
Patents & Entrepreneurial Universities
Measuring and evaluating academic innovation


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ChalkArt Beach Boys + Beach School T-Bird by ISS51Watch
Drew this in my town's Chalk Art Festival. Designed it after a T-bird car like in The Beach Boys music. The school was having a 100 years of Beach Elementary Celebration so I wrote "Riding to Beach at 100" at the top (100 MPH). Took me 3 hrs to draw that morning.


text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide TOP 10 Top 10 Entertainment Become A Hero Share Tweet 0 Shares 5. Have The Proper Eyewear For Every Situation Paramount Pictures A major part of being an action hero is being prepared for any situation. And while throwing on a pair of sunglasses is great for when you want to look especially dramatic (or hide your hangover), they're not a cure-all. Instead, follow Ethan Hunt's lead and tailor your eyewear to fit your circumstances. Sometimes, that means switching to contacts, like when you need to covertly copy sensitive documents. When those pesky CGI sandstorms pop up, luckily Oakley also makes goggles. Because, while functionality may be paramount, that doesn't mean you should have to sacrifice style (or opportunities for product placement). Next Page TOP 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Entertainment Galleries 25 Ways To Look Hot During The Coldest Time Of The Year Read More Fashion Advice These Shades Were Designed By Shaun White. Enough Said? Read More Fashion Trends 25 Awesome Men's Sunglasses For 2013 Read More Fashion Advice Real-Life Looks: The Most Dapper Accessory Read More Fashion Trends 10 Sunglasses To Get You Through Winter In Style Read More Fashion Advice The Perfect Sunglasses For Fall: Style Q&A Read More Around the Web Special Features Guy Gear The Best Watches Under $500 Read More Special Feature The Ultimate Guide To Hooking Up Online Read More


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lol timing it with GW2 eh...
...should I repent? D:
Also I find it pathetic how people seem to get a virtual boner from seeing that Blizzard does something on the same day as another gaming company..."Omgosh it means they're afraid of this new game that hasn't even been proven a success yet"...kinda like Starship troopers, "IT'S AFRAID!!"...-_-. People.
Nostalrius was a "real wow community"...? Haha! Well, I'll stick to the official, real WoW community that actually supports the game instead of cirklejerking over 11 year old content and "how stupid everyone else is for playing Live!!!!1", thank you very much.
Releasing this the same day at G2w is a clear sign Blizzard is concerned with GW2 taking a bite out of them.
Ha ha, called it! Blizz just proved they are intimidated by GW2 and have done the cowardly thing of releasing the patch on it's release day to try and steal it's thunder, without having to worry about the their thunder being stolen for the release of MoP.
Personally, I'll be playing GW2 early release, then check out 5.0 on its release if the servers stay up. No conflict here...
To all WoW fans,
You guys should pray for GW2 to be good.
Without competition Blizzard will continue releasing content patches every 10 months or so...
Look at it another way, for those who will play in both games, it's just a great chance to "start"
All in one patch, but ofcourse it is a small, minor patch -.- Some people...
Currently playing MMO's: FF14:ARR --- Played MMO's before: WoW, Wildstar, Tibia, Meridian59, Ultima Online, EQ, Rift, Lotro, GW2, AOC, WHO, EQ2, SW:TOR, ESO, SW:G,
Each with his o2n but isn't Blizz launching the prepatch 4 days after GW2? Does that show fear,in my opinion it doesn't you must have a bit of time to test everything that is added in the 5.04 prepatch before MoP hits, and this gives you 3 weeks and some spare change so I don't think this pre patch launch is solely to counter GW 2 but to also give us some time to adjust a bit to everything,at least that's my take on things.
Havnt been on the beta, so really looking forward to the new talent system coming out


text:
To not be very skilled in the online world.
by Dr. PWN11111111111111111111111111111 June 08, 2007
Trending Now
Top Definition
What you tell newbies on forums or message boards that show you a website that has been reposted about 20 million times.
rodchunks - Go to funnyjunk.com. you will find awesome stuff that is funny as hell.
Blacksupra94 - Are you new to the internet?
MadDawg - You suck at the internet
Blacksupra94 - Are you new to the internet?
by Joe August 04, 2004


text:
Bocketts Farm Park
Bocketts Farm is a working family farm set in the beautiful Surrey countryside
This content has been supplied by Bocketts Farm Park
|Adult Ticket:
|£9.30 (USD12.23) per ticket
|Child Ticket:
|£8.20 to £9.95 (USD10.78) per ticket
|Concession Ticket:
|£7.40 to £8.80 (USD9.73) per ticket
Children under 2 enter free.
This content has been supplied by Bocketts Farm Park
Opening Times:
10:00 - 17:30 every day (except 25, 26 December and 1 January).
Venue Details & Map
Bocketts Farm Park
- Address
Young Street
FetchamLeatherheadKT22 9BS
- Telephone:
- +44 (0)1372 363764
- Attraction Facilities
- Outdoors
The animals here are seems happy and contented unlike other
zoos that I already visited. The Hackney Zoo is the best
way to spend your day with your family especially your kids. The place is good, it's a good way to relax
and unwind. You can take and see all the attractions that they offer in just
one day.This place is clean and neat with a selection of animals to see from
the smallest to...more
This was a great place to take the kids! We could have spent literally all day here: between the animals to visit and pet, completely different indoor and outdoor play areas - and a fabulous indoor slide, etc, there was TONS to do, weather permitting.
Entrance fees (when we went in fall 2012) for adults & kids 3-17yrs old: 9.20 pounds, Kids 2 yrs old: 7.60 pounds, and under 2 yrs old: free....more
I knocked off one star only because of the horrendous traffic one encounters upon trying to re-enter London.
Otherwise, if you have children (10 and under), you can't beat this place. Rain or shine, there is tons for the little ones to do. Indoor play areas, small animals inside that you can stroke, and big animals outside that you can feed. Huge outdoor play area, plus pony rides (age 3...more
My son's favourite place in the world until he reached 10! Everyone is very friendly and seems like they really enjoy what they do. Not that there is a best time to go, but if I had to choose, Spring is fun because of all the new baby animals.more


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5 Male Fashion Bloggers to Follow at New York Men's Fashion Week
Photo via CFDA The first-ever Men's New York Fashion Week is happening now! It runs from July 13 through July 16 and was organized by the Council of Fashion Designers of America. Designers including Thom Brow... Read More


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The latest résumé boost? Cosmetic surgery. In an increasingly rough job market, Judith Newman finds that it pays to look good.
The Career Lift
But instead of getting kudos for her makeover, Trisha may have garnered a little envy: "Even though I think I'm more attractive, I'm more of a threat, too. My female boss seems to like me less and isn't listening to me the way she used to."
Shortly after our interview, Trisha was let go.
Maybe the key is to be up-front about what you're doing. Don't pretend you've got miracle genes - just fess up to the fact that you want to shave off a few years.
Ultimately, appearance really isn't that important, at least not to me. To hide that I want to look better - younger, more appealing - is to give that desire more weight than it deserves. If I hired somebody to write my stories, I'd be ashamed. If I hired someone to suck out my fat, I'd give you his number. But then, I've never been such a fan of nature anyway. Nature gave us mosquitoes. Man gave us the Sistine Chapel. And silicone.
HIRING FREEZE: New, nonsurgical solutions that erase age.
- Lancôme High Résolution Eye Refill-3X, $55.
- RoC Retinol Correxion Deep Wrinkle Filler, $21.95.
- L'Oréal Paris Collagen Filler Lip, $19.99.
- Givenchy Radically No Surgetics Global Age-Defying Eye Treatment, $100.
- Clinique Youth Surge SPF 15 Age Decelerating Moisturizer, $48.50.
WORKPLACE ADVANTAGES: The latest "lunchtime procedures" let you perk up without sacrificing too much precious office time. Boston derm Dr. Ranella Hirsch gives us the scoop.
NAME: Evolence
WHAT IT IS: A porcine-derived collagen that fills fine lines, restores cheek volume, and lasts 12 months.
DOWNTIME: Minimal to none
COST: $500--$1000, depending on how much you need.
RISKS:: Bruising, swelling
NAME:Cynosure Cynergy
WHAT IT IS: A multiwavelength laser that primes skin before treatment so pigment, red spots, broken blood vessels, or hair can be removed with a safer, lower dose of energy.
DOWNTIME: Up to three days
COST: About $1000 per treatment, with two to three treatments typically required.
RISKS: Bruising, burns, discoloration
NAME:Alma Lasers Pixel 2940, Fraxel re:store
WHAT THEY ARE: Ablative fractional resurfacing lasers that treat brown spots, fine lines, sun damage, scarring, and melasma, with limited injury to the skin.
DOWNTIME: Three days
COST: Starts at $1500
RISKS: Burns, discoloration
Originally published on February 20, 2009


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Lifetime has revealed the official poster for the upcoming film, Liz & Dick starring Lindsay Lohan as Elizabeth Taylor. The poster has Lohan as Taylor on the left hand side, with the words, "Controversial, Love Affair, Diamonds, Provocative, Scandal, Tabloid, Front Page, Child Star, Beautiful, Leading Lady, Sexy, and Paparazzi" fill up the right. As you probably noticed, pretty much all of those words can be applied to Lindsay Lohan's life so it's actually quite brilliant in my opinion.
When Lohan was first cast in the film, she said, "I have always admired and had enormous respect for Elizabeth Taylor. She was not only an incredible actress but an amazing woman as well. I am very honored to have been asked to play this role." In the photo, Lohan wears bright red lipstick and is draped in diamonds. The poster can be seen below.
Now for the latest Lindsay drama. Last night, she was involved in an incident that TMZ is reporting got her arrested last night. Find out what exactly happened below.
Yesterday on his show, Anderson Cooper took a miniature stab at Lindsay Lohan during his segment, The First 15 Minutes. The topic of conversation was the recent tweets between Amanda Bynes & Lindsay Lohan regarding Bynes' recent behaviour patterns and traffic violations. If you missed the tweet, Lindsay said:
"Why did I get put in jail and a nickelodeon star has had NO punishment(s) so far? +,"
Anderson retorts by saying that he doesn't know Lohan personally, but he feels sorry for her. He states that she should focus on a comeback. I think he's right. The end of 2012 has certainly become the time for one. Just ask Christina Aguilera. Finally, Anderson finishes off his thoughts by saying Lindsay should "just do her job" to which the audience responds with roaring applause. Check out the video below.
Check out the video Anderson's Lindsay comment after the jump.
Amanda Bynes is the latest former child star to head into a downward spiral. She had her license suspended a while back (DUI charge and two counts of hit-and-run) but has since been photographed behind the wheel and on top of that, even smoking up in her car. I also recently read something about her talking to herself on the treadmill at the gym – not sure what that was all about but bizarre nonetheless. Her car was impounded on Sunday morning and she received a misdemeanor citation. On Sunday night, Lindsay Lohan (who has "sucked all the poison out of her life" and is finally on the straight and narrow after several years of being a trainwreck) had something to say about all of this.
Lohan tweeted, "Why did I get put in jail and a nickelodeon star has had NO punishment(s) so far? +," and then added in a second tweet, "These are the moments that I appreciate my life experiences, living without regrets and Disney for supporting me as an actress-night all". Lohan then retweeted Derek LLoyd Saathoff, formerly of The A-List New York who retweeted her tweet adding, "Couldn't agree more!"
Seeing this preview of Dina Lohan and her interview with Dr. Phil makes me feel sorry for Lindsay Lohan and realize perhaps why she's been in so much trouble over the past few years.
This coming Monday, September 17, 'The Lohans' episode airs where Dr. Phil sits one-on-one with Dina and asks her some tough questions. The bizarre part is that she seems either drunk or heavily medicated in her responses and Dr. Phil calls her on her strange behavior as well. Dr. Phil also chats with Michael Lohan over video and even Michael asks, "Was she drunk?!" in reference to Dina's behavior.
Seriously, you should watch this preview. Lindsay mustn't bee too thrilled about this interview, or perhaps maybe it is good so that people can show some empathy to why she has been in so much trouble the past few years. With no parents to keep her grounded or to keep her healthy (as evident by her parent's behavior), she was a loose cannon.
You've probably seen the photoshopped pics of Lindsay Lohan as Elizabeth Taylor or paparazzi pics snapped of the actress while filming on set. At last, we finally have the first official pics from the Taylor biopic, Liz and Dick. Lifetime released a trio of pics showing Lohan's transformation into the late actress. Let the judging begin.
In one of the promo stills, Lindsay is pictured with her co-star Grant Bowler playing the role of Richard Burton. It captures Linds in a yellow dress with flowers in her hair, depicting Liz's first wedding to Burton in 1964. They later divorced in 1974, but remarried in 1975, only to divorce again a year later in 1976. In another photo, LiLo is dressed as Cleopatra, one of Taylor's iconic roles. Lohan dons heavy dark makeup while wearing a cropped wig and gold dress.
When the 26-year-old was cast as the movie legend, floods of comments hit the internet voicing their disgust that the Mean Girls actress was miscast. Now that we have official images, I'm sure naysayers will say she looks horrible, while fans will proclaim Lohan has captured Taylor's essence. Check out the other pics below and judge for yourself.
This could really help seal the deal on a comeback! Things finally seem to be going write for Lindsay Lohan in terms of her career. Right now she's got Liz & Dick coming to Lifetime, another film called 'InAPPropriate Comedy', and lastly a role in 'Scary Movie 5'. Now, she's got one more big project to top all of this off courtesy of Mother Monster, Lady Gaga.
Lindsay Lohan will allegedly be starring in Lady Gaga's next music video from a song on her upcoming album 'ARTPOP'. A source told E! News, "She will be in Gaga's video. They've become good friends, they talk and text all the time. Gaga really likes Lindsay and Lindsay is really happy to be able to be part of it—she has a genuine respect and admiration for Gaga and her music."
Can Lindsay Lohan not just simply focus on her acting gig(s) for a while? Is it too much to ask? In a recent photo shoot with celebrity photographer Terry Richardson, Lohan is depicted with a gun in a handful of photos that look like she's about to commit suicide.
The controversial photos have since been taken down, but the above photo was one of those photos. I've included some of the less racy photos (even though she's in her underwear) from the shoot below. I'm guessing that since Terry took them down that he (or Lohan's people) thought it probably wasn't such a good idea to be drawing any more negative attention to the actress.
On a sidenote, I feel like there should be a documentary made about Terry Richardson's life. He shoots so many celebs and gets them to do pretty racy or controversial shoots. I'm just intrigued about how his mind works, what his life is like, etc. He seems like a pretty fascinating guy. Check out a few of the other photos from the shoot below.
While we are gearing up for Lindsay Lohan to play icon Elizabeth Taylor, she currently ready to appear in a new short film presented by Richard Phillips. The new short film titled "First Point" features a sultry Lindsay prepping to catch a few killer waves on her baby blue surf board. The film is set to debut at Art Basel in Switzerland next week. Here's a quick take on what the film is about.
"First Point" is a post-modern take on the surf film genre through an abstract framework of imagery in which the actress engages in cinema performance tropes inspired by contemporary film noir.
When watching the preview below, don't be impressed by Lindsay's surfing skills. Pro boarder Kassia Meador had most of those scenes on lock. Lindsay just looks pretty and handles the surfboard on dry land. Check out a quick preview of the new short film and share your comments and thoughts with us!
Check out Lindsay's surfing skills in "First Point" after the jump.