text:
, Volume 45, Issue 11, pp 1077-1097
First online:
Guidelines on Paediatric Dosing on the Basis of Developmental Physiology and Pharmacokinetic Considerations
- Imke H. BartelinkAffiliated withDepartment of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht Email author
- , Carin M. A. RademakerAffiliated withDepartment of Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center
- , Alfred F. A. M. SchobbenAffiliated withDepartment of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht
- , John N. van den AnkerAffiliated withDepartment of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Sophia Children's HospitalDivision of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Medical CenterDepartments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
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The approach to paediatric drug dosing needs to be based on the physiological characteristics of the child and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. This review summarises the current knowledge on developmental changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and combines this knowledge with in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic data that are currently available. In addition, dosage adjustments based on practical problems, such as child-friendly formulations and feeding regimens, disease state, genetic make-up and environmental influences are presented.
Modification of a dosage based on absorption, depends on the route of absorption, the physico chemical properties of the drug and the age of the child. For oral drug absorption, a distinction should be made between the very young and children over a few weeks old. In the latter case, it is likely that practical considerations, like appropriate formulations, have much greater relevance to oral drug absorption.
The volume of distribution (Vd) may be altered in children. Hydrophilic drugs with a high Vd in adults should be normalised to bodyweight in young children (age <2 years), whereas hydrophilic drugs with a low Vd in adults should be normalised to body surface area (BSA) in these children. For drugs that are metabolised by the liver, the effect of the Vd becomes apparent in children <2 months of age. In general, only the first dose should be based on the Vd subsequent doses should be determined by the clearance. Pharmacokinetic studies on renal and liver function clarify that a distinction should be made between maturation and growth of the organs. After the maturation process has finished, the main influences on the clearance of drugs are growth and changes in blood flow of the liver and kidney. Drugs that are primarily metabolised by the liver should be administered with extreme care until the age of 2 months. Modification of dosing should be based on response and on therapeutic drug monitoring. At the age of 2–6 months, a general guideline based on bodyweight may be used. After 6 months of age, BSA is a good marker as a basis for drug dosing. However, even at this age, drugs that are primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 2D6 and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase should be normalised to bodyweight.
In the first 2 years of life, the renal excretion rate should be determined by markers of renal function, such as serum creatinine and p-aminohippuric acid clearance. A dosage guideline for drugs that are significantly excreted by the kidney should be based on the determination of renal function in first 2 years of life. After maturation, the dose should be normalised to BSA.
These guidelines are intended to be used in clinical practice and to form a basis for more research. The integration of these guidelines, and combining them with pharmacodynamic effects, should be considered and could form a basis for further study.
Reference tools
- Title
- Guidelines on Paediatric Dosing on the Basis of Developmental Physiology and Pharmacokinetic Considerations
- Journal
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Volume 45, Issue 11 , pp 1077-1097
- Cover Date
- 2006-11
- 10.2165/00003088-200645110-00003
- Print ISSN
- 0312-5963
- Online ISSN
- 1179-1926
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Dr Imke H. Bartelink (1)
- Carin M. A. Rademaker (2)
- Alfred F. A. M. Schobben (1)
- John N. van den Anker (3) (4) (5)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Room HP D00.218, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- 2. Department of Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- 3. Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 4. Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- 5. Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA


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The Master of Education in Mathematics is ideal for secondary mathematics teachers. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for students to increase their knowledge of mathematics and to become aware of research and innovations in mathematics education.
Course requirements and electives come from several departments: Foundations of Education (FDED), Educational Psychology (EDSP), Counselor Education (COUN), Special Education (EDEX), and Mathematics (MATH, ELMA).
A minimum of 30 semester hours must be completed by each candidate for the Master of Education degree, according to the following:
*With special permission from the advisor, these courses are acceptable for fulfillment of the Mathematics Education requirement.
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text:
Mia Love became the first black woman to win a mayor's race in Utah's history Tuesday, when Saratoga Springs voters elected her by a margin of 861 votes to 594.
"I'm really excited," Love said. "The first thing I want to do is thank everyone. The second thing I want to do is get to work."
Love defeated candidate Jeff Francom.
For Saratoga Springs' City Council races, Michael D.S. McOmber and Jim Miller beat incumbent Cecil E. Tuley.
James H. Hadfield swept into the mayor's seat in American Fork, claiming 2,194 votes over sitting Mayor Heber Thompson's 1,380.
"I was surprised at the turnout and surprised at the percentages," Hadfield said. "I'd have been happy to win with 51 percent, but to win by two-thirds, that's almost outstanding."
Incumbents Heidi K. Rodeback and Dale O. Gunther were both re-elected to American Fork's two open City Council seats. Rodeback claimed 2,295 votes and plans to get to work on the city's roads and sidewalks. Gunther received 2,000 votes and wants to sell some of the fiber-optic assets the city owns to ease American Fork's tight finances.
In Lehi, Bert Wilson received 2,348 votes to defeat former two-term mayor of Lehi Kenneth Greenwood and incumbent mayor Lehi Howard Johnson, who filed as a write-in candidate.
Lehi's incumbent city Councilmen Stephen Holbrook will keep his seat with 2,132 votes and Kaye Collins will take over incumbent city councilman Johnny Barnes' seat with 2,169 votes. Barnes received 1,850 votes while Gordon Miner received 1,927 votes.
With three precincts in as of press time, Highland's incumbent Mayor Jay Franson was losing to Lynn Ritchie by 769 votes.
Running for Highland's city council, Thomas Butler, Roger Dixon, Scott L. Smith and Brent Wallace, were all new to campaigning, and faired pretty equally in the primary elections. But Smith and Butler were both leading toward the end of the night with over 1,200 votes each. Dixon and Wallace trailed with about 800 votes each.
In the faceoff between Pleasant Grove's mayoral candidates Bruce Call and Jeffery D. Wilson, Call claimed 2,274 votes while Wilson got only 1,576.
The City Council race was much closer, with incumbent Lee G. Jensen claiming 1,873 votes, losing his seat by one vote to challengers Milton Fugal with 1,874 votes and Kimberly Robinson with 2,107 votes.
Leadership was an issue in Spanish Fork where Mayor Joe Thomas' job often took him away from council meetings and city businesses. During his frequent absences when he was out of the country, G. Wayne Andersen took over as Mayor Pro Tem. Voters made Andersen mayor with 1,789 votes to challenger and former City Councilman Sherman Huff's 1,365.
Winning councilmen were incumbent Steve Liefson with 1,867 votes and newcomer Keir Scoubes with 1,690 votes. Former City Councilman Seth Sorensen lost with 1,666 votes along with Matthew McEwan with 1,015 votes.
Voters in Springville returned incumbents Ben Jolley and Mark W. Packard to their City Council seats. Jolley received 1,063 votes and Packard 1,464. Challengers were Colleen Hatfield with 519 votes and Christine M. Tolman with 949.
Wilford W. Clyde ran unopposed for the mayor's seat with 1,824 votes. Power and recreation were hot buttons in Springville.
Eagle Mountain's mayoral race is too close to call. After all precincts had reported, incumbent mayor Heather Jackson was ahead with 904 votes against Regan Bolli's 848. However, there are still 73 provisional ballots that won't be counted until Nov. 17. If she wins, Jackson will be Eagle Mountain's first mayor to be re-elected.
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3M Cuno Water Filtration Systems and Cartridges for Coffee & Espresso Machines
Keep your Espresso Machine Clean with a Water Filter System
Serve customers great-tasting beverages by using a coffee or espresso machine water filter for your brewing equipment. By having a filter in your brewer machine, hot or cold drinks won't be cloudy, and the life of your equipment will also be prolonged. Best of all, these filtration systems will ensure that you're selling drinks free of contaminants that may make your guests sick.Also make sure to check out other great items from 3M Cuno.


text:
Not far from Greenwich Park and the O2 Arena, where a wealth of Olympic activity will be taking place, and just a stone's throw from the Royal Artillery Barracks where this summer's shooting competitions will be held, the Woolwich Live Site big screen will offer fans a great opportunity to enjoy the best of the action in the shadow of some of the Games' major venues.
A new instalment for the borough, the ambience and relaxed atmosphere lend themselves perfectly to the Olympic spirit and create an idyllic setting thanks to trees and grass terraces. A newly landscaped square provides a haven of greenery in the heart of Woolwich, and will offer the perfect picnic spot for taking in the Olympic action with other fans. Built-in bench seating adds to the comfort of the surroundings.
Woolwich's Live Site will broadcast all the major events during the Games, with Team GB's opening football match against Senegal at Old Trafford on 26th July, the opening ceremony on 27th July, the men's 100m final on 5th August, the final of the men's football tournament on 11th August and the closing ceremony on 12th August all punctuating a lively and exciting roster of live coverage.
Woolwich will be one of five Live Sites in London, with the network of venues stretching countrywide to locations including Edinburgh, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle and Plymouth.
Find Woolwich Live Site, situated in General Gordon Square, on a map here.
How to get there? Woolwich's General Gordon Square is right next to Woolwich Arsenal station, which is on the DLR. National Rail services from London's Cannon Street and Charing Cross stations also stop there.
Been to the Woolwich Live Site for the Olympic celebrations?
Share your London 2012 experiences! Follow @Heineken_UK and use #celebratelondon2012 in your tweets to be a part of the Fan Hub!


text: Versatile Setting. The Martin collection creates a warm, stylish space that's as well suited for pizza-and-games night with the kids as it for big dinner parties with friends. This simple bench boasts a classic form, supported by tapered block legs. The design is made all the more inviting with faux-leather upholstery and thick, supportive padding ... read more


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Book Discussion on Wake Up America
Eric Bolling talked about his book Wake Up America: The Nine Virtues That Made Our Nation Great--and Why We Need Them More Than Ever, in which he looks at the values and virtues that helped…1 view
Eric Bolling talked about his book Wake Up America: The Nine Virtues That Made Our Nation Great--and Why We Need Them More Than Ever, in which he looks at the values and virtues that helped…1 view
Governor Bill Clinton accepts his party's presidential nomination at the 1992 Democratic National Convention in New York City.
Brent Glass talked about his book, 50 Great American Places: Essential Historic Sites Across the U.S. and explained the thinking behind his selection process.4 views
Dhonielle Clayton and Kwame Alexander discussed the need for diversity in children and young adult publishing and detail the work of their respective organizations, We Need Diverse Books…
Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards delivers the keynote address at the 1988 National Democratic Convention. The 1988 convention was held from July 18 to July 21 in Atlanta, Georgia.1 view
Representative Geraldine Ferraro (D-NY) accepts her party's nomination to be vice president at the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco, California.
Professor Carole Emberton talked about Andersonville Prison, the Confederate Civil War military prison where 13,000 Union soldiers died, and the trial of its commander, Henry Wirz. She…13 views
Professor Sean Wilentz talked about his book The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics, in which he looks at American political history through the lens…15 views
Former Representative Barbara Jordan (D-TX) delivers the keynote address at the 1976 Democratic National Convention.3 views
Senator John F. Kennedy (D-MA) accepts his party's presidential nomination at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles California.1 view
President Obama and Senator Elizabeth Warren delivered the weekly address.20 views
From1964, President Johnson's calls about the campaign and the Democratic National Convention. LBJ talks about the choice of a running mate, campaign strategy, and racial unrest…3 views
Historians talked about the ways society was fundamentally different after the Civil War. They described the importance of community organizing for freed blacks in the South, the role…35 views
The Czech Republic's Foreign Minister spoke to an audience in Washington on the impact of the U.K.'s "Brexit" vote on Europe. He dismissed rumors that the Czech…9 views
The National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) hosted a discussion on perceptions of police, including how officer training can build trust between officers and the…1 view
Professor Mitchell Duneier talked about his book, Ghetto: The Invention of a Place, the History of an Idea, about the origin and history of the "ghetto."43 views
Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton speaks to supporters at a rally in Miami ahead of this week's Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia.6 views
Federica Mogherini spoke about the European Union's foreign and security policy.
Former Representatives Nancy Johnson (R-CT) and Peter Torkildsen (R-MA) talked about their time in Washington, D.C. and how things have changed in the U.S. House of Representatives since…9 views
Following the first joint appearance of Hillary Clinton and her Vice Presidential Pick, Senator Tim Kaine, C-SPAN opened its phones for viewer calls and comments.127 views


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Energy Star Rated - No
Whirlpool Horizontal Axis Washer, Model GHW9100GR
Key Features:
Electrical Requirements: 120volts, 60Hz., AC, 15 or 20 ampere grounded electrical outlet is required.
This product is energy star® qualified:
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Manufacturer Model Number: GHW9200LW
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What a work saver
By BlueCollarGuy
from Appleton, WI
Our Duet washer/dryer is the perfect pair for our family of four. We wash three or four times a week and they run like we just bought them yesterday! Any Whirlpool product that we've ever owned has been a solid performer. I'm happy that Whirlpool has a full line of products. You know that you have the best when you have a Whirlpool!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Seems to work OK....
By jhenley
from New Hampshire
Have used this washer for 2 weeks now, appears to work OK. Have had 'issued' with error-messages appearing (one for Low/No water supply, another for drainage problem) but it's possible these may be due to our operating errors - will have to double-check Owners Manual for proper procedures before requesting service from technician.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By Powermom
from metro Atlanta GA
My Duet set is 9 years old. The washer gets clothes really really clean and removes MOST of the water so they can dry very quickly. The dryer - as long as you keep the vents cleaned out - works great too. Both offer plenty of options as to hotter or cooler air or water temperatures, length of cycle, wrinkle-free drying etc.The not so good: Keeping the machine absolutely level helps a lot but even so it is loud. If it's not level, items sitting on top will eventually fall off because of the vibration. I bought $35 "silent no-walk feet" and they help a lot.After 9 years the bearing and spider arms died causing damage to the back and front outer drum and stainless steel inner drum. These are in the process of being replaced under the ten-year warranty and I will have to pay for labor. Whirlpool is replacing the parts under warranty. So YAY for Whirlpool; thank you.I am giving this review in order for a chance at a new appliance, so I hope I win! Good luck to me!!
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Lemon and Dill Potatoes
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 25 mins
This dish is a variation on a Greek lemon potato recipe. Goes wonderfully with fish. Depending on the sweetness of the lemon you may not need the sugar.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 lbs white potatoes, cut into wedges
- 1 large lemon
- 2 tablespoons dill
- 2 teaspoons sugar
- Mix together the juice of the lemon, dill and sugar.
- Boil the potato wedges for approximately 10-15 minutes in salted water, until almost soft.
- Drain most of the water and place the potatoes back in the saucepan.
- Add the lemon mixture, stir and cover.
- Stand for about 10 minutes to allow the potatoes to absorb some of the lemon and soften slightly.
- Serve.


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Gesslers Celebrate 40th
Jim and Beth Gessler of Bridgeport are celebrating their 40th wedding anniversary today, June 17.
They were united in marriage June 17, 1972 at St. Michael Catholic Church, Wheeling, with the Rev. Charles Braun officiating.
Beth Gessler is the daughter of the late Harold and Helen Gramlich Breiding. She is employed by WesBanco in Wheeling.
Gessler is the son of the late Jim and Mildred Welling Gessler. He is employed by AVI Foods.
They are the parents of three children, Angie, Krista and Jimmy, all of Bridgeport. They have a granddaughter.
A family dinner will be held in their honor.


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Product Detail
Product Reviews
10/14/2013By horsemom
We ordered this show lead for my daughter & her horse for a recent horse show. The description said "dark oil", which is what we needed to match her show halter. However, we were extremely disappointed when the lead arrived, as it was a medium oil color, & definitely not a dark oil. It didn't match her halter, & we didn't have time to return the lead, or buy another one. Now we're stuck with a lead that she can only use for training & practice, & I'll have to order a new show lead, from somewhere else, next show season.


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Odyssey Fastpitch is hosting a 14U Open USSSA tournament on June 4-5, 2011. All games will be played at Plymouth Whitemarsh High School in Plymouth Meeting, Montgomery County. The fields are very convenient to PA turnpike and 476 (Blue Route). Bids to USSSA Nationals will be awarded. MVP medals, snack stand, clean bathroom facilities, and plenty of parking! For more info, contact Bill Miller at firstname.lastname@example.com or to register for the tourney, go to www.pausssaeast.com
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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The freshman coach wanted to know what was up. I told him I knew all the plays; there was no reason to practice them over and over; the endless repetition might be spiritually disastrous; we were becoming a nation devoted to human xerography.
Richard Morrison is going to be a receiver, not a quarterback for Arizona. Things are different under Rich Rodriguez.
Newcomers will be fighting for touches in the deep Arizona State backfield. The present pecking order at quarterback might surprise you.
Penn State transfer Khairi Fortt said he nearly ended up at California out of high school. Some practice notes.
When David Bakhtiari's Colorado teammates call him "Two-Face," that's a good thing. The Buffs pick up a commitment from a receiver.
Five questions for Oregon. A look at the Ducks' business, unfinished or otherwise.
A Q&A with Oregon State coach Mike Riley. Five questions for Oregon State.
Stanford linebacker Shayne Skov is back after a knee injury ended his 2011 season. Barry J. Sanders is his own man.
This is a thorough account of Day 2 of UCLA's practices. The Bruins offensive line intends to get physical.
Previewing USC's secondary, which should be very good. The Trojans looked stacked for a national title run.
Utah quarterback Jordan Wynn feels confident. Stanford has lured a recruit from the Utes' backyard.
A Q&A with Washington coach Steve Sarkisian. Breaking down the Huskies' roster.
It appears Washington State receiver Marquess Wilson is bringing nasty back. Some Coug notes, including a quick one on cornerback Damante Horton getting two clearly gifted, impossible not to grab interceptions (inside joke).


text:
If you are planning to take the PMI Risk Management Professional (PMI-RMP)® credential, then you'd be advised to get yourself some study materials. After all, the Practice Standard for Project Risk Management doesn't exactly make riveting reading, and PMI itself recommends that you review self-study materials as well. There are plenty of study aids onClick for more
Review: uCertify's PMI-RMP Prepkit
Project work is growing, but the profession is struggling to keep up
Project-related work and the number of project-related jobs are growing too quickly for our approaches to professionalism to keep up. You don't have to look to hard to see that the world of work is becoming more focused on projects. I don't think it's just project professionals who would say that – business leaders areClick for more
Is project management training really effective?
There's a whole industry around project management training. Job adverts declare that you have to be PMP certified or a PRINCE2 Practitioner. But does training actually make a difference to how you do your job? Training can make you about 26% more effective, according to research by PM Solutions (link broken as at 19/7/16). OnlyClick for more
Villanova Friday, Week 8: 3 Steps to Build Resiliency in Project Teams
This entry is part 8 of 9 in the series Villanova FridayIt's the last week of the Maximising IT/IS Team Effectiveness course that I am taking with Villanova University. The focus this week has been on managing others and establishing an environment that moves others through change. One of the lectures was on creating resiliencyClick for more


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Get noticed. Snickers high visibility trousers have a contemporary design. Advanced cut for a perfect fit when you're hard at work. Count on first-class protection and built-in functionality. EN 471- Class 1.
Advanced cut with Twisted Leg design that anticipates your next move
Two easy-to-access leg cargo pockets with separate mobile phone compartments and four pen/tool compartments on each pocket.
Leg pockets feature separate Velcro flaps for pocket and mobile phone compartment for easy opening and closing.
Two spacious front and back pockets.
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The Marineland C-220 canister filter is the ideal choice for aquariums up to 55 gallons. Engineered for virtually no bypass, and three stage filtration, the design of the Marineland C-220 canister filter creates sparkling clean water in your aquarium. Mechanical, biological and chemical filtration are accomplished through easy-access stack n' flow filter trays and Marineland's Rite-Size S ...
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Fluval C2 Power Filter The Fluval C2 Power Filter features 5 stages of filtration: 2 mechanical, 1 chemical and 2 biological stages for top performance. The C2 Power Filter is equipped with the Fluval C2 Poly/Foam, Activated Carbon, C-nodes and drip tray pad. An integrated trickle chamber filled with C-Nodes is where biological filtration is super charged for fast and efficient nitrification. ...
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We received the sad news today that Wally Bowen, one of the leading advocates fighting to bring affordable broadband to rural communities, especially in Appalachia, recently passed away.
In addition to many other contributions, Wally served as founder and executive director of the nonprofit Mountain Area Information Network in Asheville, North Carolina. He spoke on media reform at a number of venues, including the Aspen Institute, the New America Foundation, and the National Association of Telecommunications Officers and Advisors (NATOA).
Having collaborated with Wally, Chris understood his passion and dedication and gave this tribute:
Wally Bowen was an inspiration in many ways. He worked tirelessly to improve Internet access in the rural mountains of western North Carolina and for media justice. When I began working in this area, Wally was already a champion of community networks and incredibly welcoming.
Over the years, I always respected him and even enjoyed our occasionally friendly disagreements because I always knew we was thinking deeply about these issues and cared so very much about connecting people that the market was leaving behind.
Wally Bowen was an inspiration in many ways. He worked tirelessly to improve Internet access in the rural mountains of western North Carolina and for media justice. When I began working in this area, Wally was already a champion of community networks and incredibly welcoming.
Over the years, I always respected him and even enjoyed our occasionally friendly disagreements because I always knew we was thinking deeply about these issues and cared so very much about connecting people that the market was leaving behind.
Because we respected Wally's work, over the years we published a number of his pieces. We already feel the void left by the loss of Wally Bowen but are encouraged by the positive results he left behind.
Other coverage celebrating Wally Bowen:
Harold Feld's Tribute to Wally: In Memoriam: Wally Bowen — Internet Pioneer, Community Activist, and A Hell of God Guy.
Free Press: Mourning Wally Bowen, a Leading Light in Bringing Communications to All
Daily Yonder: Wally Bowen: He Put Rural On The Map – And On The Internet
Wally was honored at the 2015 Parker Lecture.
The United Church of Christ Office of Communications, Inc. (UCC OC), will hold its annual Parker Lecture on October 20th at 8 a.m. in Washington, D.C., at the First Congregational Church. This year's lecture will be especially meaningful because on September 17th, Rev. Dr. Everett C. Parker, known for his groundbreaking work with public rights in broadcasting, passed away at the age of 102.
This year's honorees are:
Parker is most widely known for his work in the 1960s, when he fought to establish the right for citizen groups to be heard before regulatory agencies such as the FCC. In 1962, WLBT from Jackson, Mississippi, refused to broadcast Thurgood Marshall who led the Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ at the time. Parker was already known for his work on human rights and freedom of speech and, having worked as a reporter, broadcasting executive, and advertising agency leader, black leaders asked him to take up the issue. The outcome revolutionized broadcasting as stations immediately began serving their entire diverse audiences. Read more about Parker's many contributions to the public interest on his online obituary at UCC OC.
You can register online to attend the October 20th lecture.
To honor Parker's life and his work, UCC OC will also host a tribute to Everett Parker at the Church In the Highlands UCC in White Plains, New York on Saturday, October 3rd, at 11:00 a.m. Learn more about this event at the UCC OC Tribute page.
On September 19th, the Urbana Champaign Independent Media Center (UCIMC) hosted "Models for Building Local Broadband: Public, Private, Coop, Nonprofit." Christopher Mitchell was one of several panelists who discussed local broadband options and challenges.
The presentors live streamed to 138 attendees with 93 watching remotely various locations and 45 at the Media Center. If you were not able to attend or stream the live event, you can now watch the archived version. You can learn a little about the event and watch it at the UCIMC website, or watch the YouTube video here.
Once again, we are reprinting an opinion piece by Wally Bowen, founder of the nonprofit Mountain Area Information Network based in Asheville, North Carolina. The op-ed was originally published in the Asheville Citizen-Times.
Once upon a time, Internet enthusiasts made the following comparison: the Internet is to 21st-century economies what navigable waterways and roads were to 19th and 20th-century economies.
But what if our rivers and highways were controlled by a private cartel which set tolls and dictated the make and model of our boats and vehicles? It's unthinkable, of course. Yet over the last decade, a cartel of cable and phone companies has gained this kind of control over more than 95 percent of Internet access in the US.
In response, many communities have built municipal broadband networks. The cartel, in turn, has persuaded legislatures in 19 states, including North Carolina, to pass laws prohibiting municipal networks.
Scholars call this the "enclosure" of the Internet, similar to the enclosure of rural commons by private owners in 18th and 19th-century England. This trend includes smart phones and tablets which are locked down and controlled by licensing agreements. By contrast, the personal computer is open to innovation. You can take it apart, experiment, and create new functionality. You can also download your choice of software, including free open-source programs.
The full impact of this corporate enclosure of the Internet is still to come, but evidence of it is growing. Consider e-books. When you purchase a real book, you enjoy "first sale" ownership. You can resell it or use it as a doorstop. You can do anything with it, except reproduce it. But when you purchase an e-book, your options are limited by a license that can be changed any time by the vendor without your consent.
With an enclosed Internet, we become renters rather than owners. Our freedom to experiment and innovate, while not totally lost, is governed by gatekeepers and licensing regimes.
But there is a way around the Internet gatekeepers: "open wireless" networks using unlicensed spectrum.
Most spectrum used for smartphones is licensed to, and controlled by, the telecom cartel. By contrast, the free Wi-Fi we enjoy in coffeehouses is unlicensed and free for anyone to use and experiment with. But this spectrum has a very limited range. In 2008, therefore, the FCC approved the "TV white spaces" (TVWS) for unlicensed use. Often called "Wi-Fi on steroids," this superior spectrum has a far greater range and capacity than conventional Wi-Fi.
Last December the FCC approved the first TVWS device. This new technology can provide seamless coverage throughout a city like Asheville, thereby creating a viable alternative to the cable/phone company cartel. Here's a sampling of what's possible via "open wireless" technology:
* "Buy local" advocates use open-wireless to run mobile payment systems that keep money in the local economy and reduce the burden of credit card fees on local merchants.
* "Green energy" advocates use open wireless to transform the corporate "smart-grid" to a "micro-grid" that empowers local innovators and entrepreneurs to promote conservation and new sources of energy.
* A hospital in Ohio is field-testing a TVWS network for its emergency room. When EMS vehicles are in range, patient information and vital signs are automatically transmitted ahead to the ER staff.
These creative and local uses of the Internet were possible because of open-wireless technologies. No one had to ask permission of a network owner or pay rent to a license-holder.
For "Smart Cities" and local self-reliance advocates, open-wireless networks are essential community infrastructure. "Community wireless protects our freedom to innovate and problem-solve in ways that keep money and jobs in the local economy," says Christopher Mitchell, director of the Telecommunications as Commons Initiative for the Institute for Local Self-Reliance.
Since 2003, the nonprofit Mountain Area Information Network (MAIN) has operated an open-wireless network, but its reach and capacity have been limited. With the imminent arrival of the TV "white spaces" technology, MAIN is launching a $50,000 capital campaign to convert its wireless network to TVWS. This new technology is estimated to have a range of 15-20 miles with speeds of 10-15 megabits per second.
As the telecom cartel tightens its grip on the Internet, MAIN and its partners envision Internet access for Asheville and WNC that protects civil liberties and preserves the freedom to innovate for local inventors and entrepreneurs. To learn more or to get involved, visit: http://www.main.nc.us/TVWS.
Wally Bowen is founder and executive director of MAIN. In 2010, he was diagnosed with ALS. He will be stepping down as executive director later this year, but will continue working on community broadband policy and advocacy.
Wally Bowen has again penned an op-ed that we gained permission to reprint. The original ran in North Carolina's Durham News Observer.
President Barack Obama said in his State of the Union address that he wants to upgrade the nation's "critical infrastructure," including our "incomplete high-speed broadband network that prevents a small business owner in rural America from selling her products all over the world."
The Green Bay Packers know how to tackle this problem.
Green Bay, Wis., population 104,000, and its National Football League franchise have much in common with communities left behind in today's broadband world. In 1923, the Packers faced a similar crisis. How to keep the team in Green Bay despite being in an "uncompetitive" market.
Green Bay took a page out of the playbook of rural electrification. It converted the franchise into a community-owned nonprofit. The move permanently tied the Packers to Green Bay and lifted the burden of generating profits for outside investors. In short, Green Bay found a business model in scale with its market.
Rural electrification via a community-ownership business model began more than 100 years ago when for-profit utilities bypassed rural areas. This self-help solution has deep roots in rural America, where nonprofit cooperatives have long provided essential services for local economies.
Yet the congressionally mandated National Broadband Plan omits nonprofit networks as part of a universal broadband strategy. Blair Levin, a former FCC official and Raleigh attorney, is the Plan's lead author. According to Thomas Friedman in a Jan. 3 column in The New York Times, Levin now believes that "America is focused too much on getting 'average' bandwidth to the last 5 percent of the country in rural areas, rather than getting 'ultra-high-speed' bandwidth to the top 5 percent in university towns, who will invent the future."
Levin leads Gig.U, a consortium of major research universities - including UNC-Chapel Hill, Duke and N.C. State - promoting "ultra-high-speed" Internet access. He has every right to advocate for Gig.U, but doing so at the expense of under-served rural communities raises concerns about his work with the National Broadband Plan.
Universal access to electricity was made possible by the 1936 Rural Electrification Act, later amended to help launch rural telephone cooperatives. Today, more than 1,400 electric and telephone cooperatives ensure universal access to electric power and telephone services in rural America. The vast majority of these networks are private nonprofits.
But the Broadband Plan rewrites this history, attributing rural electrification not to cooperatives, but to municipal governments. This revisionist history is likely due to the lobbying clout of incumbent cable and telephone companies, who would have us believe that only two rural broadband options exist: "government-owned" networks or private, for-profit carriers.
Meanwhile, the incumbent carriers have passed anti-municipal broadband laws in more than 20 states, including North Carolina. Indeed, the only community-based, self-help option mentioned in the Plan is municipal ownership, a straw man which the Plan immediately knocks down with this caveat straight out of a telecom lobbyist's policy brief: "Municipal broadband has risks. Municipally financed service may discourage investment by private companies. Before embarking on any type of broadband buildout . . . towns and cities should try to attract private-sector broadband investment" (NBP, Chapter 8.19).
Of course, anyone who has experienced life-without-broadband in rural America knows that the problem is not in "towns and cities"; it's in sparsely populated unincorporated areas where municipal broadband is not an option.
This blind-spot also appears in the Plan's call for a new Connect America Fund to disperse more than $15 billion in rural broadband subsidies over the next decade. These monies come from the $1-$2 monthly Universal Service fee paid by all telephone subscribers.
However, this CAF subsidy is only available to incumbent carriers. Existing, or planned, community-owned networks are not eligible for CAF support. Why does the Plan rely solely on incumbent carriers that have long argued that their for-profit business model doesn't work in sparsely populated rural areas?
No one would confuse the Green Bay Packers with a government-owned enterprise. Rural cooperatives and community-owned entities like the Packers belong to the private sector; they are not, as the telecom lobbyists would have us believe, "government-owned." Rural cooperatives have succeeded because, like the Packers, their nonprofit business model is in scale with the communities they serve.
The State of the Union theme was "An America Built To Last." Rural networks are "built to last" because they are owned and maintained by the people they serve. Absentee-owned networks, by contrast, may be minimally maintained and the last to be upgraded. It's a history that telecom lobbyists would have us forget.
Wally Bowen is founder and executive director of the Mountain Area Information Network (MAIN), a nonprofit broadband network in Asheville.
Wally Bowen, of North Carolina's Mountain Area Information Network, recently gave an excellent presentation that explained the importance of broadband and media infrastructure that puts community needs before the profit motive.
In 1889, Statesville, N.C., opted for self-reliance by building its own municipal power system after failing to attract an investor-owned utility. Half a century later, said Bowen, most American farms still lacked electricity, so Congress passed the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 to help finance nonprofit rural electric cooperatives.
In the 1980s, Morganton, N.C. opted for self-reliance by expanding its municipal power system to offer cable TV, after years of complaints – including the 1982 blackout of the UNC-Georgetown national championship game – about its commercial cable provider.
Bowen cautioned that corporate interests often oppose local communities which "self provision" critical infrastructure. Morganton's commercial cable-TV provider sued the city to block its cable venture. Only in 1993, after a decade-long legal battle, did Morganton win the right to self-provision cable TV. Today, Morganton's municipal cable system offers broadband Internet access at competitive rates and with no contract.
In 1889, Statesville, N.C., opted for self-reliance by building its own municipal power system after failing to attract an investor-owned utility. Half a century later, said Bowen, most American farms still lacked electricity, so Congress passed the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 to help finance nonprofit rural electric cooperatives.
In the 1980s, Morganton, N.C. opted for self-reliance by expanding its municipal power system to offer cable TV, after years of complaints – including the 1982 blackout of the UNC-Georgetown national championship game – about its commercial cable provider.
Bowen cautioned that corporate interests often oppose local communities which "self provision" critical infrastructure. Morganton's commercial cable-TV provider sued the city to block its cable venture. Only in 1993, after a decade-long legal battle, did Morganton win the right to self-provision cable TV. Today, Morganton's municipal cable system offers broadband Internet access at competitive rates and with no contract.
Unfortunately, the North Carolina Legislature has made it much harder for local governments to build the necessary networks (as a favor to Time Warner Cable, which just happened to have given massively to many of the candidates). But Wally has an answer -- nonprofit approaches that have been inspired by rural electric cooperatives.
MAIN is making important investments in western North Carolina and should be recognized as making a difference in a region the private sector has largely abandoned.
During the recent budget negotiations, one plan called for taking valuable wireless spectrum that is intended to be used as a commons and auctioning it off the massive corporations to monopolize. Rather than enabling a whole new generation of wireless technologies that would create countless jobs and ongoing opportunities for innovation (some have described it as Wi-Fi on steroids), it would have created a one-time cash infusion while further consolidating the incomparable market power of AT&T and Verizon. Preserving as much spectrum as possible as unlicensed commons allows communities, small businesses, and activists to build the wireless networks they need because they cannot afford to license spectrum for their sole use.
Wally Bowen wrote the following op-ed urging a more sensible approach. Fortunately, the spectrum auction was dropped from the plan - but it will undoubtedly come up again. This was originally published in the Charlotte Observer on July 31 and is reprinted here with permission.
U.S. House Republicans are pushing a proposal to sell off some of the nation's most valuable real estate as part of a debt-ceiling deal, apparently unaware of the harm it will do our economy.
This real estate is a portion of the public airwaves so valuable that it's been called the "Malibu beachfront" of the electromagnetic spectrum. This lower-frequency spectrum, previously reserved for broadcast radio and TV, is far superior to "Wi-Fi" frequencies used for Internet access - and for innovative devices ranging from microwave ovens and cordless phones to garage-door openers and baby monitors.
This prime spectrum can deliver broadband speeds that support high-definition video for telemedicine in rural and other underserved areas. This spectrum is especially plentiful in rural America, and could help connect millions of low-income citizens to affordable broadband services. It could also spark a new wave of high-tech innovation and job-creation far greater than the Wi-Fi boom of the last 25 years.
The genius behind the first wave of Wi-Fi innovation was unlicensed spectrum. Though these higher frequencies were once considered "junk bands" by radio engineers, designating them for unlicensed access gave innovators the freedom to experiment. It also gave investors incentive to take risks in launching new products.
Unfortunately, the GOP-backed plan would gut the huge market potential of this high-octane spectrum by selling it to the highest bidders: incumbent carriers more interested in shutting-out competition than in igniting the next great high-tech boom. Once auctioned, the spectrum would be licensed, creating enormous barriers-to-entry and disincentives for innovators, entrepreneurs and investors.
Oddly, House members pushing this auction plan - inappropriately called the "Spectrum Innovation Act" - acknowledge unlicensed spectrum's market advantage. But their mechanism for providing unlicensed spectrum is bizarre.
The bill would allow companies - and presumably the public - to place bids for this spectrum either as licensed or unlicensed. This never-before-tried auction would then pit the highest bid for licensed spectrum against the sum of all bids for unlicensed use. If the latter exceeds the former, the U.S. Treasury would reap the proceeds and the nation's economy would reap the rewards of the next unlicensed Wi-Fi boom.
But common sense should red-flag this auction scheme as unworkable. Even if companies and concerned citizens attempted to coordinate bids for unlicensed use, laws against collusion would have to be set aside. And why would smaller firms risk their money if they can assume larger firms like Google and Microsoft will do the heavy-lifting? Clearly, this proposed auction scheme is cover for a cynical spectrum-grab that would rob us and future generations of this prime electromagnetic real estate.
Let's hope lawmakers come to their senses quickly and dismiss the lobbyists pushing this self-serving scheme.
The amazing array of wireless devices developed over the past 25 years proves that unlicensed spectrum attracts investment, spurs innovation and unleashes the power of competitive markets. Unlicense this next-gen spectrum and let the innovators and job-creators get to work.
Wally Bowen, the Founder and Executive Director for the Mountain Area Information Network in Asheville, North Carolina, wrote the following op-ed with Tim Karr of Free Press. Wally gave us permission to reprint it here.
North Carolina has a long tradition of self-help and self-reliance, from founding the nation's first public university to building Research Triangle Park. Befitting the state's rural heritage, North Carolinians routinely take self-help measures to foster economic growth and provide essential local services such as drinking water and electric power.
Statesville built the state's first municipal power system in 1889, and over the years 50 North Carolina cities and towns followed suit. In 1936, the state's first rural electric cooperative was launched in Tarboro to serve Edgecombe and Martin counties. Today, 26 nonprofit electric networks serve more than 2.5 million North Carolinians in 93 counties.
Strangely, this self-help tradition is under attack. The General Assembly just passed a bill to restrict municipalities from building and operating broadband Internet systems to attract industry and create local jobs. Although pushed by the cable and telephone lobby, similar bills were defeated in previous legislative sessions. But the influx of freshmen legislators and new leadership in both houses created an opening for the dubiously titled "Level Playing Field" bill (HB 129).
No one disputes the importance of broadband access for economic growth and job creation. That's why five cities - Wilson, Salisbury, Morganton, Davidson and Mooresville - invoked their self-help traditions to build and operate broadband systems after years of neglect from for-profit providers, which focus their investments in more affluent and densely populated areas. Not coincidentally, all five cities own and operate their own power systems or have ties to nonprofit electric cooperatives.
(While the bill does not outlaw these five municipal networks, it restricts their expansion and requires them to make annual tax payments to the state as if they were for-profit companies.)
How does a state that values independence, self-reliance and economic prosperity allow absentee-owned corporations to pass a law essentially granting two industries - cable and telephone - the power to dictate North Carolina's broadband future? This question will be moot if Gov. Beverly Perdue exercises her veto power and sends this bill where it belongs: to the dustbin of history.
However, if the bill is signed into law, its passage could embolden the cable/telco lobby to take aim at the state's many independent, nonprofit broadband networks, primarily in the most rural areas. These networks, with little fanfare or publicity, have made real progress in addressing the rural broadband crisis over the last decade.
These nonprofits include traditional rural electric and telephone cooperatives as well as more recent start-ups such as Mountain Area Information Network (MAIN) and ERC Broadband, both based in Asheville. MAIN launched in 1996 to provide dial-up Internet access via a local call in some of the region's most remote communities. Prior to this, many mountain residents had to call long-distance to reach the Internet.
The catalyst for ERC Broadband's launch in 2003 was the possible loss of the National Climatic Data Center, which was looking to relocate to a community with more abundant and affordable broadband access. This homegrown fiber network helped keep NCDC and its high-paying jobs in Asheville. ERC's success helped spawn a second nonprofit fiber network, PANGAEA, serving Polk and Rutherford counties. Likewise, the Eastern Band of the Cherokee and a local software firm in Franklin joined forces to launch a third fiber network, BalsamWest, to serve the mountain counties west of Asheville.
This corporate assault on North Carolina's heritage of self-help and self-reliance is all the more bizarre because these out-of-state cable and telephone carriers have begun using the state's nonprofit networks, both rural and municipal, to supplement their network capacity and reduce their bandwidth costs. Common sense dictates that this corporate power-grab should end with a stroke of the governor's pen.
FCC Commissioner Copps spoke at the SEATOA Conference in Asheville, North Carolina, on Tuesday. He went out of his way to condemn legislation that would preempt the authority of local governments to build broadband networks, echoing a similar statement from his colleague, Commissioner Clyburn.
But he started with a discussion about the importance of broadband access to the Internet:
Getting broadband out to all our citizens is not just something that would be nice for us to do. It is something essential for us to do if we want to provide individuals the opportunity to live productive and fulfilling lives in the Twenty-first century and something equally imperative if we want our country to have a competitive edge in this challenging world.
But he moved on to highlight the importance of communities having the right to build their own networks, should they deem it necessary:
When incumbent providers cannot serve the broadband needs of some localities, local governments should be allowed--no, encouraged--to step up to the plate and ensure that their citizens are not left on the wrong side of the great divide. So it is regrettable that some states are considering, and even passing, legislation that could hinder local solutions to bring the benefits of broadband to their communities. It's exactly the wrong way to go. In this context, too, our previous infrastructure challenges must be the guide. The successful history of rural electrification, as one example, is due in no small part to municipal electric cooperatives that lit up corners of this country where investor-owned utilities had little incentive to go. Those coops turned on the lights for a lot of people! You know, our country would be a lot better off if we would learn from our past rather than try to defy or deny it.
We strongly support his comments, while emphasizing that an incumbent that simply provides DSL or cable services must not be construed as necessarily serving the broadband needs of communities. Many of the best broadband networks in this country were built by local governments who overbuilt existing DSL and cable systems -- precisely because these last-generation networks were not providing sufficiently reliable, affordable, and fast access to the Internet for all businesses and residents.
His comments, made in North Carolina, come as H 129 sits on the Governor's desk. This was a bill pushed through the legislation by Time Warner Cable explicitly to limit the authority of local governments to build broadband networks. Its language purports to exempt rural areas without adequate service but was deceptively written in such a way as to actually exempt no areas.
If Governor Perdue does nothing, the bill will become law on May 18 20. We cannot help but fear this is the Governor's plan absent more attention, so we continue to join many others in calling for the Governor to veto this job-killing favor to massive incumbents like Time Warner Cable (who just happens to have donated over $6.3 million to North Carolina politicians over the past four years.
Contact Governor Perdue and encourage her to veto this bill.
Wally Bowen and Tim Karr just published an op-ed calling on the Governor to veto the bill:
Below, we have again embedded the video we created to highlight the impressive community fiber networks already operating in North Carolina, offering the best services available in the state.
Wally Bowen, the Founder and Executive Director for the Mountain Area Information Network in Asheville, North Carolina, wrote the following piece after President Obama's State of the Union Address. He gave us permission to reprint it below.
Last night in the State of the Union address, President Obama called on Congress to help "win the future" by, among other things, rebuilding America's infrastructure.
On broadband Internet access, the president was unequivocal: wireless broadband is the way forward (item #1 below).
However, he did not mention the FCC's recent approval of "open Internet" protections that are widely believed to be unenforceable. Indeed, just a few days ago Verizon filed suit to invalidate these rules via a preemptive, knockout blow.
Congress is not likely to pass any meaningful net neutrality/open Internet rules. This means that the Internet is completely exposed to "corporate enclosure" by a handful of cable and telephone companies and their business partners (Apple, Google, FaceBook, et al).
Our only alternative for preserving an open Internet -- and the freedom to innovate and use applications of our own choosing -- is the creation of non-commercial, community-based broadband networks (item #2 below).
Fortunately, Asheville and WNC are ahead of the game with our nonprofit fiber networks (ERC Broadband, Balsam West, French Broad EMC, et al.) and nonprofit wireless networks like the Mountain Area Information Network (MAIN).
The way forward will be difficult. While the commercial carriers have been somewhat tolerant of nonprofit "middle-mile" fiber networks, they view nonprofit "last-mile" providers of broadband service to homes and businesses as "unfair competition."
Indeed, 15 states have already passed laws – pushed by cable and telco lobbyists – to prohibit "last-mile" municipal broadband networks. A similar law was attempted, but tabled, in the last two sessions of the N.C. General Assembly. This law will no doubt re-appear in the upcoming session.
Fortunately, MAIN is an independent nonprofit and card-carrying member of the private sector. While the big carriers cannot outlaw networks like MAIN, they will attempt to monopolize -- or block -- any federal subsidies for broadband deployment in underserved areas that might allow nonprofit networks to take root and grow.
The stakes couldn't be higher. Our online civil liberties, our freedom for grassroots innovation and small-business incubation, and our ability to bridge the broadband Digital Divide (item 3 below) will be seriously compromised if we fail.
As the recent Associated Press story details, our low-income citizens, rural neighbors, and people of color will suffer the most if we fail.
Photo, used under Creative Commons License, courtesy of Robert Couse-Baker
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INIFD graduate Kavita Sharma and Asaboy Kazingmei at Gen Next Show of Lakme Fashion Week 2012
World's one of the prestigious designer school INIFD graduate designers Kavita Sharma and Asaboy Kazingmei platformed their solo designer collections along with prominent designers of the country in the inaugural show Gen Next Designers at LFW 2012
Kavita & Asa were mentored by distinguished designer Aki Narula and helped them in their final collection to stand out on the LFW runway, which was showcased by top models like:
• Models for Asa: Kriti, Rema, Jyoti Priya, Kanika, Parul, Mitali, Diva.
• Models for Kavita: Reha, Surelee, Jyotipriya, Parul, Mitali, Karlla, Diva
INIFD Student Kavita Sharma's signature product "Kavvi", recites the easy and free flowing lifestyle of the people of city beautiful in a very distinctive and classy manner. She believes in the philosophy of sacred Bhagwat Gita, which has a famous saying "Soul is birth less, eternal, imperishable and timeless and is never terminated when the body is terminated". Kavita's collection "It's a beautiful Life" is inspired by a child's world. The collection is fresh, new, beautiful and full of wonder and excitement. Kavita has used nature inspired colours like green, blue, yellow, grey, red & rust on ivory white in her collection.
Kavita has applied a unique technique of burning the raw edges of pure silk fabric pieces that have been beautifully put together to create scenes from the surroundings. This encompasses the glory and joy of life in its full bounty, to create a rustic and charming look on the garments.
The burning technique creates a wonderful effect of the contrast and the frayed edges to give out a very raw yet elegant look to the semi - formal elegant range. Different techniques like appliqué work, tucks and hand painting have been used on fabrics like royal silk and silk jute. Surely, a chirpy collection with eye popping visual appeal by INIFDian Kavita Sharma has helped her collection to stand out of the general crowd.
In other hand, INIFDian Asaboy Kazingmei showcased his out of the ordinary designer collection "Immortal"
Asaboy's theme revolves around the mesmerizing beauty of the north east and the line is developed with the help of hand woven fabric. He has created a confluence of traditional & modernity by incorporating traditional motifs into modern chic evening wear/formal dresses for women. RAIVAT is the shawl which is very prestigious and is worn by the royal chief of the clan. The beauty of this shawl lies in the motifs which are hand woven as well as embroidered;
CHONGKHOM is the most beautiful shawl in thankful tribe the simplicity but still the beauty of the shawl inspired him to focus on the red and black colors which are the prime colors in his line. The beauty of his line lies in the weaves of the textiles which he has tried to use in a very contemporary style for today's women no matter which age group. A twenty something to a forty something can carry off the designs with much ease n élan.
Immortal is the line where the silhouettes are simple but very well constructed and structured. The colors are the traditional like red, black, green, maroon grey etc. the main feature of the line is the textiles of thankful tribe which is very rare to see and is beautifully hand woven with the traditional geometric motifs besides others.
7 INIFD students Kavita Sharma, Asa Kazingmei, Manoj Kumar, Vinod Bhardwaj, Sukhwant Bhuttar, Aastha Sharma, Sabah Khan have made it to main shows along with the renowned designers at Lakme Fashion Week – India's biggest fashion & trade event. These designers are keen to play their part in helping the Indian fashion industry go global and aim to reduce the gap between the country's and the world's fashion.
As INIFD is the 'Official Knowledge Partner' to Lakme Fashion Week, INIFD has made its students' dream of reaching out to the stars true by facilitating their entry in Lakme Fashion Week. INIFD has striven hard to take Fashion education to masses by opening centres in every nook & corner of nation and providing quality education to AAM ADMI right at their doorstep. INIFD have been providing eminent platform to its students from different parts of the country like Manipur, Malout near Ludhiana, small village Jhajjar or Akri town, etc. to present their collection at India's premiere fashion & trade event - Lakme Fashion Week and further gaining an opportunity at other Fashion Weeks of the world like London Fashion Week, Dubai Fashion Week and many more.
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Almas: 7738484808
Riyaz: 9820742668
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…sional discoveries of the Malleus Maleficarum in popular culture and rare editions of the work for sale on eBay and other sources. The one thing we can promise you is that you won't find a bunch of fluff on our Twitter feed. There's enough of that going around already. We'll stick to the facts, and […]
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…n their praise, in Proverbs x.: In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found. And again, The tongue of the just is as choice silver: the heart of the wicked is little worth. And again, The lips of the righteous feed many; but fools die for want of wisdom. For this cause […]
@TheMalleusBody parts of albinos are believed to bring wealth and good luck and used in witchcraft charms and magical potions. https://t.co/6zysFw7rm7
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2013 – On its 25th anniversary, Avast! antivirus reached an industry record by protecting over 200 million PCs, Macs, and Android devices worldwide – and it ranked the most-downloaded product on several major global software portals. AVAST Software acquired German company secure.me and USA-based startup Jumpshot, was awarded the Czech Republic's "Best Employer 2013" in the category of large companies, and finished the year as the most-profitable IT company in its home country, with just over 350 employees. New product launches included: Avast! 2014 series, with its new artificial-intelligence-driven DynaGen technology; Avast! SecureLine VPN (a virtual private network for encrypting and anonymizing web activity); and Avast! GrimeFighter for optimizing/speeding up PC functionality.
Avast Antivirus Features:
- Antivirus kernel based on certified antivirus engine.
- Boot-time scan — Users can schedule a boot-time scan to remove infections that load during Windows startup.
- Anti-spyware capabilities
- Anti-rootkit capabilities (Powered by GMER).
- Self-Protection — Prevents malware from terminating avast! processes and damaging avast! files.
- Automatic incremental updates — Updates of both the program and the virus database which is used to identify potential threats — Avast! updates its virus definitions on a regular basis (sometimes multiple updates daily) and this process is automated by default.
- Audible alarms — Vocal warnings and notices such as "Threat has been detected!" and "Virus database has been updated."
- Boot-time scan — Users can schedule a boot-time scan to remove infections that load during Windows startup.
- Virus Chest — Quarantine folder where infected files can be stored. The virus chest also stores vital system files to protect them from damage by malware. Users can also add their own files to the virus chest. Once in the chest, a file cannot be executed; double-clicking the file will instead display information about the file.
- SafeZone — SafeZone is a special web browser in avast! Pro Antivirus 6.x and avast! Internet Security 6.x based on Chromium web browser. It allows users to browse the web in a private, secure environment, invisible to the rest of the users' system.
- WebRep browser plugin — WebRep is a community-based website reputation ratings tool implemented in version 6.0 of Avast! Antivirus.
- Avast! antivirus monitor— Avast! antivirus monitor is a sidebar gadget for Windows 7 and Windows Vista. It comes with Avast! Antivirus 6 and 7.
- File System Shield — Real-time protection against viruses and other malware threats. Scans files as they run on your computer to keep viruses from being able to execute.
- Mail Shield — Scans messages and attachments in E-mail/Microsoft Outlook/Exchange for viruses.
- Web Shield — HTTP protection (local transparent proxy). Version 4.8 also allows the blocking of URLs. Scans URLs and incoming data for viruses, and aborts connections to the site if one is found.
- P2P Shield — Scans P2P files from file share programs.
- IM Shield — Instant Messaging protection. (Scanning of files transferred through instant messaging applications)
- Script Shield — Scans webpages for malicious scripts, and disables them from infecting your computer, though they can still be used (for example, a clickable button.)
- Network Shield — Basic protection against well-known network worms. Acts as an Intrusion Detection System.
- Behavior Shield — Reports suspicious behavior by analyzing the behavior of programs.
Avast Antivirus Available Platforms:
- Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1(32&64 bit)
- Mac OSX 10.4 or Later(32&64bit)
- Linux(32&64bit)
- Palm OS
- Windows Server Edition
- Android 2.2 and Up
- iPhone IOS 4.1 or Later
- Windows Phone 7 or Later
Recent Release: January 22 2014.
Serial Keys:
- Avast antivirus 30-days key (C4070541R9978A0911-Y1L2XNAR)
- Avast Antivirus Up to 2038 key (C9182178R9965A0910-BT5DZBPJ)
"These keys are work only on Windows and Mac,Linux only".
© 2014 – 2015, naveen Gnaveen. All rights reserved.


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Montpelier recognized for bicycling accomplishments
MONTPELIER The Capital City has been designated a bicycle-friendly community by the League of American Bicyclists.
The city has been recognized with the bronze level achievement after an application was submitted by the citys bicycle advisory committee. The award recognizes Montpeliers commitment to improving conditions for bicycling through investments in education programs, infrastructure and pro-bicycling policies. Montpelier joins Burlington as the only Vermont cities to be recognized for such a distinction.
Mayor John Hollar and city officials joined a group of cyclists in front of City Hall for a ceremony Tuesday, which was followed by a parade of cyclists pedaling down State Street and finishing at the high school.
One of the City Councils goals is for Montpelier to become a nationally known bike- and pedestrian-friendly city, according to a statement from the city. Since setting that goal, Montpelier has hosted a bike summit, formed a bicycle advisory committee and secured funding to develop a bicycle master plan. Designs are being finalized to extend the bike path from one end of Montpelier to the other, and bike lanes are being marked as city streets are repaved.MORE IN This Just In
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I have to go through some text and write UTF8 output according to the character patterns. I thought it'll be easy if I can work with the code points and get it converted to UTF8. I have been reading about unicode and UTF8 but couldn't find a good solution. Any help will be appreciated.
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Converting Unicode code points to UTF-8 is so trivial that making the call to a library probably takes more code than just doing it yourself:
Also, doing it yourself means you can tune the api to the type of work you need (character-at-a-time? Or long strings?) You can remove the error cases if you know your input is a valid Unicode scalar value.
The other direction is a good bit harder to get correct. I recommend a finite automaton approach rather than the typical bit-arithmetic loops that sometimes decode invalid sequences as aliases for real characters (which is very dangerous and can lead to security problems).
Edit: Even if you do end up going with a library, I think you should either try writing it yourself first or at least seriously study the UTF-8 specification before going further. A lot of bad design can come from treating UTF-8 as a black box when the whole point is that it's not a black box but was created to have very powerful properties, and too many programmers new to UTF-8 fail to see this until they've worked with it a lot themselves.
iconv could be used I figure.
But I fear that wchar_t might not represent Unicode code points, but arbitrary values.. EDIT: I guess you can do it by simply using a Unicode source:
Which platform? On Windows, you can use WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8,...)
Arguably, the source codepoint must be encoded in UTF-16, which means you must be able to do such encoding. In some cases (surrogate pairs), it's not trivial.
My understanding is that you have some text in a given codepage and you want to convert it to Unicode (UTF-16). Right? A MultiByteToWideChar(codePage, sourceText,...) / WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, utf16Text,...) roundtrip will do the trick.