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Wikipedia:Community enforceable mediation/Fangio and Nelson
Welcome to Community enforceable mediation. This page is for Jmfangio (talk · contribs) and Chrisjnelson (talk · contribs) to discuss their differences and reach an agreement. Other interested parties, please post to the outside comment page. The mediator Navou may move or refactor comments at either page as appropriate.
Jmfangio (talk · contribs) and Chrisjnelson (talk · contribs)[edit]
- Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 00:00, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
►Chris Nelson 23:25, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
Mediator acceptance[edit]
I'm ready to mediate. If both parties could state the dispute for the Template. Navou banter 03:05, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
- To expand, there are other outstanding issues, but we never had the opportunity to hash them out. Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 00:01, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
- Well I'm really only here to have the Pro Bowl links issue mediated, since it's been the biggest and longest-running one. Also, I'll probably write out my argument for the mediator if it gets picked up, but that probably won't be until Thursday.►Chris Nelson 00:08, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
*Do both parties understand WP:CEM and its associated faq? Navou banter 01:26, 1 August 2007 (UTC) Just noticed the signed request.
What is in dispute behind the pro bowl links template? Navou banter 02:43, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
- I plan on outlining this in my argument. Jmfangio can reply for now he if wants. I think basicaly, I want to link Pro Bowls as we had been doing it in the old infobox for the most part. That is, linking to the correct Pro Bowl but having the link show the year of the regular season. (Ex. [[2007 Pro Bowl|2006]]). See Junior Seau for this example in action. Jmfangio, I believe, feels that keeping both years identical, as in [[2007 Pro Bowl|2007]] is just as valid. As a compromise, Jmfangio wants only the number of Pro Bowl selections (see Brett Favre for an example).
I plan on outlining my reasoning in detail so I'd like to do that before any decision is made. Do you mind if I don't reply in depth until Thursday? I'm swamped with studying.►Chris Nelson 02:53, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
- I added a little more to my post, see above.►Chris Nelson 02:57, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
The main dispute occurred over the pro bowl issue. There are also some other issues that affect this mediation and the ability to have reasonable conversations moving forward. I would be happy to restate my observations of these problems. You can also view them at the talk page for the template. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jmfangio (talk • contribs).
- It might be helpful to restate them (the issues) briefly so that they can be identified. Navou banter 03:39, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
- I'm not really here to discuss other "issues". I was under the impression this was only about the Pro Bowl issue. Nothing else has gotten to such an insane level. (Not on his part, just in general). I won't be discussing anything other than the Pro Bowl issue here though.►Chris Nelson 03:54, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
- Yeah I mean I'm not saying I won't discuss other issues at all, but I wasn't really expecting to address anything else here and honestly I'm not even sure what these other issues are off the top of my head. But after this thing's done I'll put forth the effort to discuss anything else in a civil manner to we don't have to do this again. In my mind this is the only issue that absolutely needs mediation.►Chris Nelson 04:15, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
- Why is this in the see also section? I will agree to focus only on the "pro bowl" issue provided that once that is solved, the other issues I have with the other party, (WP:OWN, WP:NPA) do not return. Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 02:20, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
The WP:NPA issue I can do, although we're both guilty in that regard even if I have more of them under my belt. As for WP:OWN, to this day I don't believe I violated it so I can't promise you won't think I violate it in the future. I guess we'll cross that road if we come to it.►Chris Nelson 02:25, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
- I'll post my whole argument tomorrow, I promise.►Chris Nelson 02:56, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
My argument (Chrisjnelson)[edit]
First, I will explain the debate as I see it. I believe in listing out Pro Bowl years in a players' infobox. Further, I believe that the link should look something like this [[2006 Pro Bowl|2005]], or in other words, the link should show the regular season year and link to the Pro Bowl that took place the following calendar year. Jmfangio feels that this is confusing to some, and that there is an equally valid argument to keep the years the same, as in [[2006 Pro Bowl|2006]]. As a compromise, he feels all infoboxes should only list the number of total Pro Bowl selections, as in "Pro Bowl (x8) or something to that effect. It is my belief that the two sides Jmfangio feels to be valid are not in fact equal. It is my intent to show that my style of edit, the kind in my first example, is much more valid and accurate than the alternative (listing the year the Pro Bowl took place), and thereby showing a "compromise" to be unnecessary. Keep in mind that linking Pro Bowl years as I do has been a fairly common practice here at Wikipedia, and that this dispute only arose with this new template on which I collaborated with Jmfangio. To get a visual idea of each side, see these:
- Junior Seau – This is my style of edit in use. Each year link shows the year of the regular season, but links to the correct Pro Bowl.
- [1] – this is the side Jmfangio feels has equal validity to my own. You can see that years shown are identical to the ones in each Pro Bowl linked.
- Brett Favre – this is Jmfangio's compromise in use. Only the number of Pro Bowl selections is shown, with no individual years.
- Keep in mind that I'm not saying Jmfangio's method is wrong. What I'm saying is that the first example is a totally satisfactory edit and therefore has more depth than Jmfangio's suggested edit.
Now, a basic explanation as to why I link the Pro Bowls the way I do. As you may or may not know, the NFL's regular season begins in September and runs through the end of the year, usually culminating in early January. The Pro Bowl occurs in early February, after the postseason and Super Bowl. Therefore, the years of the regular season and corresponding Pro Bowl are not identical, but rather the Pro Bowl is in the calendar year after any given season.
Please note that I am not arguing against the naming of Pro Bowl articles or how they are referred. The 2007 Pro Bowl was in fact the one played this past February, and I think we can all agree on that fact. It should always be referred to as the 2007 Pro Bowl, and the same line of thinking goes for any Pro Bowl. But what I am saying is that, when listing Pro Bowl years in a player's infobox, one is not referring to the game itself. Rather, the years are there to list the SELECTIONS of that individual player. I personally feel that a list of Pro Bowl years in a player infobox is basically a sentence saying "Player X was select to the Pro Bowl in this season, this season, this season, etc." In that case, the year should correspond with the regular season in which the player earned the Pro Bowl selection.
For example: In the 2006 regular season, Peyton Manning was rewarded with a selection to the 2007 Pro Bowl. However, the regular season for which he earned he selection, and the selection process itself, occurred in 2006. As evidence, here is a link, dated December 18, 2006, stating that "The teams will be announced at 4 p.m. ET Tuesday, Dec. 19 on NFL Network." This proves that the selection for the 2007 Pro Bowl began, and was completed, during the 2006 season.
This is why it is factually inaccurate to list 2007 in Peyton Manning' infobox under Pro Bowl selections. He has not played in the 2007 regular season, and no voting or selecting has taken place in 2007. Peyton Manning was in fact a Pro Bowl selection in 2006, and played in the 2007 Pro Bowl. His selection was a REWARD for the 2006 season, and without that season he could not have played in the 2007 Pro Bowl. Essentially, it was the 2006 regular season that earned him the reward of a Pro Bowl selection – a selection which occurred in 2006 as shown by the link provided.
I must say I am astounded this has even become such a giant issue, because those that follow or cover the sport nearly always refer to it the way I do. Here are some examples of player bios on official NFL team websites, and how they convey the Pro Bowl information:
- Peyton Manning – Colts.com bio – The very first sentence states: "Started 16 games for ninth consecutive season in 2006 and earned seventh career Pro Bowl selection (1999-2000, 2002-06)." A look at the season-by-season highlights shows that these years mentioned in the first sentence correspond with regular seasons, NOT years of Pro Bowls.
- Michael Vick - AtlantaFalcons.com bio – The first section has a paragraph which states "Earned his second consecutive and third overall Pro Bowl nod in 2005" and the 2002, 2004 and 2005 seasons sections all indicate that the Pro Bowl selections occurred during these regular seasons.
- Jason Taylor – MiamiDolphins.com bio – Not far down this page, there is a section that states "CAREER PRO BOWL SELECTIONS: 5 (2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006)." As you can see by looking at the year-by-year highlights, these years correspond to regular seasons, not Pro Bowl years.
- Brian Urlacher – ChicagoBears.com bio – in the first paragraph there is a sentence that states: "Fifth player in franchise history to receive Pro Bowl selections in each of his first 4 NFL seasons." This sentence's wording clearly goes along with my style of edit, and there is further support of this on that page for you to see but I feel this is sufficient.
- Ray Lewis – BaltimoreRavens.com bio – Various evidence to support my kind of edit, for example: "Ray earned his 5th consecutive Pro Bowl in 2001 when he led the NFL in tackles (196)." Again, using the regular season year when referring to the selection.
I could go on and on, and if you are still unsure I urge you to look up any former Pro Bowler on any official team website and I'll wager you'll find more of the same. Google something like "earned Pro Bowl selection" and see what you find. I did, and what I found were various news articles from all kinds of sources referring to selections by the season. From ESPN to Yahoo to the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. This is common practice. The Pro Bowl may be the year after the regular season, but Pro Bowl selections refer to regular seasons themselves.
Furthermore, consider every postseason NFL award. Consider National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award, National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, National Football League Most Valuable Player Award or National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award. Every award. Each is announced early in the new calendar year, following the regular season from the previous calendar year. Here is an article announcing Jason Taylor earning the 2006 Defensive Player of the Year Award. It is dated January 5, 2007. Nevertheless, it is called the 2006 Defensive Player of the Year Award, because it is a reward for the 2006 season. A Pro Bowl selection is no different. The honor is "received" (or in the Pro Bowl's case, played) in 2007, but the award is given as a reward for a 2006 performance. Personally, I feel this part of the argument alone is reason enough why my kind of edit is perfectly fine and perhaps the most accurate.
I believe Jmfangio's objection to my method is that that it is confusing to the common reader. On this, I disagree. The common reader will see the years of selection and will, I believe, naturally assume it was those regular seasons that he was selected in. (Especially if they are unsure of when the Pro Bowl takes place.) But if he clicks on the links, he will also be taken to the correct Pro Bowl for those selections. I will admit that occasionally, someone will see my kind of edit in place and will change the years to match each Pro Bowl. But I do not believe it occurs enough to warrant tossing out years all together. I for one am willing to watch these pages, revert them if someone unknowingly changes the years to be incorrect, and I am also willing to post on their talk pages explaining why the original edit was correct. I do not believe that we should avoid putting in accurate information on the chance an uninformed person might come along every once in a while and change it. If we did that, there would be no Wikipedia. You could probably find articles here that contain edits I don't understand the reasoning behind, but does that mean they should not be there? Wikipedia is meant, at least I think, to inform, and my edit is the most informative and accurate of the three aforementioned methods.
I'm not saying Jmfangio's compromise of "Pro Bowl selection (x8)" is wrong. It's not, and there's nothing wrong with it. If a guy's been to eight Pro Bowls, he's been to eight Pro Bowls. This is fact, and informative. But it is my belief that having the years in the infoboxes enhances the articles, and as I have shown they are factually accurate and can be sourced as well. My proposal is to basically continue what we've been doing. This has been pretty standard practice for years and I see no reason to discontinue it based on what I feel is one person's misunderstanding of the situation. (I've also hear no other member of the community speak out against my style of edit.) No offense to you, Jmfangio, but I do feel you are incorrect in saying both my way and the way with matching years are equal. I believe my arguments above pretty much debunk the latter method. If there were differing and equally valid views on how to list years, then Jmfangio's compromise would definitely be satisfactory. And I suppose I can live with it if he ends up being favored in this mediation. It has not been my goal to disparage Jmfangio's valid compromise, but only to show that my edits are completely legitimate, accurate and informative. Thank you.►Chris Nelson 05:48, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- To be honest, I haven't read that. It's pretty simple: People debate whether or not the pro bowls should be displayed by year of the game or by year of the "regular season". This has been confirmed numerous times. In order to eliminate the "debate", I have proposed that we simply note the number of times a person was voted/played in the game. If someone has a better suggestion, I'm all ears, but again, as others have confirmed: there is a great deal of "variety" when one looks at the pro bowl issue. Simplifying the information is the way to go. Both sides are correct, that is why a compromise is needed. Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 05:32, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- I urge you to read it if you're going to offer comments on it, because a lot of the argument is about why both sides are not correct and how there is actually very little variety when it comes to this. You don't have to read it, although I hope Navou will.►Chris Nelson 05:48, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Chris - I've read enough of your recent comments on the talk page to understand where you are coming from. You believe you are correct and that everyone else is wrong. I appreciate your perspective, but many people have been inclined to disagree with you. You continue to assert WP:OWN and I feel my response is short and to the point. I will be happy to quote the numerous number of "independent" arguments made that support finding an unbiased solution. Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 05:56, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Nevermind then. I guess there's nothing left than to wait for the decision.►Chris Nelson 05:58, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
Discussion break[edit]
I do appreciate the open dialog between the both of you. It seems that both editors see each others viewpoint. Is there a way to reach a mutual compromise? There are a good deal of options available at this juncture. What we must avoid is reversions of a particular version of the template. So, if I understand the debate, what is being discussing is the particular notation style of the year. Fangio has suggested Abstraction of the information. In some cases, full abstraction can be misleading, or uninformative, in other cases abstraction is simpler, and a better way to present information. I encourage both parties to explore any set of compromises.
Also of note, community enforceable mediation, means, both of you may mutually agree on any type of ArbCom style remedies to include, revert limiting, editing restrictions, template parole, etc, or no restrictions at all. In order to keep the dispute from happening between the participants of community enforceable mediation.
The goal of this mediation is two assist both editors in reaching a mutual solution.
Let focus on trying to reach a mutual solution... Any ideas? Navou banter 06:48, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Can't say I thought that's how it worked. I came here because we were unable to agree. I believe I have proven my method to be totally accurate and acceptable, while he does not. I'm not budging on this, and I suspect he isn't either. So now what?►Chris Nelson 07:24, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- I'd also just like to say that as it stands right now, I don't think anyone can say that my way should not be utilized based on what we've discussed here. I wrote in detail why I feel my edit is much more valid than the other way Jmfangio feels is equal. On the contrary, Jmfangio has not stated why he feels both ways are valid.►Chris Nelson 16:16, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
Closing case[edit]
It does not appear this will work. I want to thank both participants as well as the outside participants on the outside comments page. It does not appear this form will work out. I am closing this now, and I hope everyone the best. Navou banter 17:25, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Since I'm not totally familiar with all the courses of actions here, what can we do to get someone else to give us a final ruling, so to speak?►Chris Nelson 17:27, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Be sure to read WP:CEM for what community enforceable mediation is designed to do. It is the participants job to find a solution basically. If you will not budge, and, if you do not understand CEM, mediation here cannot continue. I have closed the case based on these facts. Additionally, check dispute resolution for other areas and tools you can use to resolve this dispute. Best of luck. With regards, Navou banter 17:36, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Oh okay. So now what, Jmfangio?►Chris Nelson 17:39, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- I must say i'm very disapointed in Navou. Why have you taken this case is you were not prepared to put any effort into it. The opening line of the project page says the goal of this is to help "persistent conflicts between established editors where content disputes include user conduct elements." This is exactly the case here, yet you asked to have the conduct elements left out, then you closed the case without really offering any input whatsoever. Why was this case taken? Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 22:06, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- I just figured I misunderstood what this was. I really wasn't looking to discuss this with you since that had never worked. I just thought we'd each share our side then the mediator would decide. I guess I was mistaken in how that works. So is there a way we can do what I thought this was, if you'd be open to that?►Chris Nelson 22:10, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
(The other CEM mediator steps in). Actually Navou conferred with me before closing the case. There were concerns about the duration of full protection on the article and the rate of progress toward resolution, and I agreed. DurovaCharge! 23:13, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- I gotta say, I don't know what the hell we're talking about. How can we get someone to just look at both of our sides and decide?►Chris Nelson 23:21, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Durova - While I appreciate the additional information, I can't say I'm happy. Chris waited several days before finally posting his point. What else was I supposed to do? I have been attacked many many times and nothing was done about this. I have opened up every other DR process and nobody has stepped up. They all agree both chris' method and the alternative are appropriate and that my compromise is a good one. What do you expect me to do here? He continues to assert WP:OWN, despite overwhelming support for finding a neutral solution? Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 23:27, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Dude, move on. I haven't been the least bit hostile toward you in days.►Chris Nelson 23:30, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Stop calling me "dude". That statement is certainly confrontational and it doesn't excuse the fact that you have called me a lunatic and everything else under the sun. CEM was suggested because your behavior was prohibiting the community from discussion. You agreed, and then you asked to have the "criteria" adjusted as you saw fit. Juan Miguel Fangio| ►Chat 23:36, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Dude, move on. I haven't been the least bit hostile toward you in days.►Chris Nelson 23:30, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
- Dude, what criteria? What are you talking about, dude?►Chris Nelson 23:55, 5 August 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:Positron emission tomography
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
|Ideal sources for Wikipedia's health content are defined in the guideline Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) and are typically review articles. Here are links to possibly useful sources of information about Positron emission tomography.
- 1 "they would be exactly opposite in their center of mass frame
- 2 Are
- 3 PET results
- 4 New image
- 5 Data units for PET Images
- 6 Antimatter?
- 7 Kinetic Analysis of PET-CT scan
- 8 PET Reconstruction
- 9 Annihilation in body
- 10 Annihilation after some time?
- 11 Conservation of Momentum
- 12 Lead Paragraph Quibble
- 13 Brand names in illustration
- 14 Slight Problem
- 15 Duplication
- 16 Query -- scope of a PET scan?
- 17 Safety
- 18 Resource "seeing pain"
- 19 fluorodeoxyglucose
- 20 History section missing Michel Ter Pogossian
- 21 Add an image for the direction of detection
- 22 Ref 12 is a dead link
- 23 Proposed merge
- 24 Refs 22 & 39 are identical
- 25 Cost per scan
- 26 better image
- 27 Probable Typo Observed
- 28 Relationship to CAT scan
- 29 External links modified
- 30 External links modified
- 31 unsourced 1
"they would be exactly opposite in their center of mass frame[edit]
but the scanner has no way to know this".
This is unclear. Is it because of relativistic speeds?
If so, perhaps it should be mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 08:31, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
Are the scan times quoted for PET/CT machines correct? The machine I have experience of - it's a couple of years old - requires significantly longer - the CT part takes approximately 10 to 14 minutes for a H&N CT, the slow time mainly being a result of the fact that the CT is very much a low-grade CT scanner. I am not sure what other machines do, and obviously times are very much dependent on the protocol being used, area being imaged, etc., but (in my experience) the CT part takes significantly longer than 30 seconds. zebdee
Answer: With todays multi-detector helical CT scans, the scan time is much faster. We can do an "eyes to thighs" CT scan in less than a minute. NucsDoc
- And one should add in the context of combined PET/CT that this is always the case, since these are always the newer scanners and have the latest CT features, which are always VERY fast. The 1-minute full CT scan is typical there. It's the PET part that takes 10 or 15 minutes a section and will be much harder to speed up with future tech (though of course it will happen). SBHarris 09:33, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
PET results[edit]
What are the percentages of false positives for PET scans?
Answer: PET is not specific, it merely tells you which areas of the body have faster metabolism than others. This means it picks up inflammation, infection and injuries as well as tumors. For this reason, PET is only suitable for diagnosing tumors in conjunction with other tests. Its other main role is staging of tumors i.e. assessing the extent of a tumor that has already been found by other means.
For example, a CT scan of the chest finds a single nodule in one lung. The question is then, "is this cancer?". PET scanning in this situation can tell you whether this nodule is likely, or unlikely to be tumor.
There was a recent review of PET imaging in lung cancer[1]. In the case of the solitary pulmonary nodule scenario, the specificity of a "positive" PET scan was 82%-94% depending on the precise PET technique used.
For staging of lung cancer - the most important role for PET is determining whether a lung tumor has spread to the center of the chest (the mediastinum). However, even in this case there is a significant false positive rate (PPV : 74-93%; false positive rate: 44.6%). There is also a significant false-negative rate in this situation (up to 11.7%), so PET is usually used in conjuction with other tests, including exploratory surgery (mediastinoscopy). ChumpusRex 15:04, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
New image[edit]
Hello, I come from french Wikipedia, I upload a new image for oncology part. Enjoy !
Data units for PET Images[edit]
PET Images are measured in different units like Bacqurel per mili litre, SUV (Standard Uptake Value), Percentage and Counts/sec What does each of these units mean?
Answer: Becquerel per mililitre is a measure of the concentration of radioactity within a region. One Bequerel is one count/sec.
The problem with this unit is that the value depends on how much radioactive tracer was given to the patient, the size of the patient, how much time has passed since the injection (due to radioactive decay), etc.
The SUV is a method for partially compensating for this. It corrects for the total amount of radioactivity given, and the approximate volume of the patient (volume is very difficult to measure, so it is estimated from weight).
In words, the SUV is the uptake in the tissue divided by an estimate of the concentration in the body that was available to access the tissue. Concentration is approximated as the injected activity divided by body weight. The idea is to normalize the counts in the tissue to the counts that were available to be taken up by the tissue, or to "standardize" the uptake. Markssss (talk) 04:52, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
There are a variety of other methods used for calculating SUV, some correct for blood glucose concentration, some use lean body weight instead of total body weight, some estimate body surface area.
Percentage is a cruder method of correction. The voxel with the highest activity is found, and it's activity is called 100%. The activity in other regions is then presented as a fraction of that.
There still some debate as to whether the SUV is a useful measurement, from the point of diagnosis. Some abnormal areas (e.g. tumors), will have a higher uptake (and hence SUV) than normal tissues, and studies have suggested that the higher the activity of an abnormality, the more likely it is to be signficant. Some studies have looked at 'threshold' values of SUV, below which an abnormality is unlikely to be significant (or above which an abnormality is likely to be significant). E.g. if PET can be used to assess a nodule in the lung. If the SUV of the nodule is higher than 2.5, some studies have suggested that it's likely to be cancer.
However, given the different interpretations of SUV, different scan techniques, different times between injection and scanning at different hospitals, etc. some people argue that the SUV is relatively useless - as it's whole point is to allow comparisons between scans done at different times and at different sites.
ChumpusRex 21:43, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
I was just curious why there is a link to antimatter in the "See also" section. I couldn't see how the two were related, so I think there needs to be some mention of antimatter in the article if it relates, or the link should be deleted. cøøkiə Ξ (talk) 04:13, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
- Positrons are antimatter. This is clear if the wiki link to positron is followed. However, I see your point that it would be sensible to mention this in the article. ChumpusRex 12:14, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
Kinetic Analysis of PET-CT scan[edit]
right now i am working on a project.the topic is 'Development of a parameter which will distinguish between the TB n cancer' and this has to be done by kinetic analysis of PET-CT scan.
PET Reconstruction[edit]
I haven't seen anything in this page related to the reconstruction process, which is a very important component of PET, because of the low data quality of the process. Do you think that's worth including here? User:Sjayanthi November 3rd, 2006
- Absolutely, if you know something about it. If it's arcane, you can put it in its own section toward the end of the article, as something like "Image reconstruction techniques important to PET" and reference it higher in the section which first mentions how the scanner opperates in more general terms. Actually, there are many ways of doing this. The main article on PET scanning should probably not be too much longer, but long sections on ANY subtopic in PET scanning can be summarized in their own short sections, with a main article referenced there. Then, you can put in a lot more detail in that main article. This is how Wikipedia expands. The main rules here are: don't delete, improve! Next is BE BOLD in adding stuff. The worst that will happen if you know what you're talking about, (provided you don't hit a malicious delete-man), is that your section will be edited down, and the extra material offloaded to a subarticle. Don't worry too much about writing quality-- we need good information worst. Writing can be improved by secondary writers who have a lesser understanding of material. So go for it. SBHarris 09:14, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
Annihilation in body[edit]
I'm not much of an expert in these fields, being a year 9 science student, however in the article under the sub-heading 'How the scanner operates', it reads "the positron travels a few millimetres before encountering and annihilating with an electron." Could somebody clarify for everybody (especially me) which material (the body or any other material) the electron is a part of? Because I had always thought that an annihilation of a sub-atom in the body would result in the atom concerned becoming a positively charged ion, and causing disruption in the atomic structure of the organs being built from these atoms. Thanks. 188.8.131.52 09:28, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
- Electrons wiped out by such positrons come from any old atom out there, and they do indeed become cations (positive ions) as a result. However, we're not talking about large numbers compared normal amounts of cations in the body (look at all those Na+,K+ and Mg++ floating around in all your fluids!). So it's no problem. If you calculate the number of moles of ions created from a normal PET scan in an hour, it's tiny-- something on the order of 10^12, which is a picomole compared with millimolar concentrations of your normal cations. Or 100 nanocoulombs with assocated currents of 50 picoamps, compared with microamps produced in your heart and brain.
Far, far worse damage comes from the gamma, which is ionizing also, but the damage is not caused by the ion per se (it's called that only because this is how these things were DETECTED originally), but rather from the high energy interactions which provide enough energy to break DNA. A simple ion contacting DNA won't do that. DNA is ionized (lots of negatives) and associates with positively ionized histones to be stored. Lots of ions in water are not bad, and in biology are normal. By the way, the atom the positron come from becomes a negative ion also, but this is soon fixed, as it picks up an H+ from solution and becomes a sugar hydroxyl. Again, no sweat, and generally no damage (due to the very small amounts of stuff made). SBHarris 08:47, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
Great, thanks a million. A+, here I come! 220.127.116.11 09:28, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
There is another interesting potential decay pathway of the positron - instead of annihilating with a free electron, the positron may strip off and then bind with (by coulomb attraction) a weakly bound electron, with the consequent formation of positronium (Ps), which is also sometimes referred to as "a light hydrogen atom". Ps can exist in either of 2 quasi-stable states - a triplet spin 1 state (3S1) which eventually decays by annihilation with a spin opposed electron from a neighboring atom in a process known as "pick-off annihilation", or in a singlet spin 0 state (1S0) which eventually decays by self combination. Note that with the decay of the spin 0 state, the process occurs in approximately 100 ps with two gamma photons being created and emitted at 180 degrees, while the spin 1 state decay occurs much more slowly in approximately 100 ns, and creates 3 gamma photons. (see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=14761021&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum and http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/photo/people/leighton/thefinalcheck.pdf) Duedilly 06:12, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
Annihilation after some time?[edit]
i just want to know about the line that says "the positron travels a few millimetres before encountering and annihilating with an electron." but i thought that as soon as a positron encounters an electron, it annihilates...and electrons are present anywhere and everywhere.so how is that positrons are able to travel upto distances as large as milimeters inside the body...please somebody explain this...urgent ,specialy for me...i have a related project even...
- The distance any GIVEN particle travels in ANY material is related to its energy (all other things being equal), due to the fact the short wavelength particles, which of course are high energy particles, just "look" smaller, so have a smaller cross section. High energy electrons go a couple of mm in skin for radiotherapy, and Mev electrons up to several cm. A positron's no different. SBHarris 16:08, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
Conservation of Momentum[edit]
Hi I have a quick question about why the gamma rays emmitted by the positron-electron annihilation does not produce two rays exactly 180 degrees apart? Doesn't this break the law of conservation of momentum? Or does the initial velocity of the positron towards an electron before they annihilate cause the final gamma rays to not be 180 degrees apart? Thanks Ongy 09:41, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
You guessed it, the momentum of the electron and positron at the instance of annihilation causes the angle to not be an exact 180 degrees. The angle is usually close enough to 180 and the diameter of scanner bore is short enough that it doesn't considerably skew localization of the annihilation event. 14:51, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
Thanks for that!!! Ongy 00:49, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
- Yes, in short, if the initial momentum of the positron toward the electron it was to annihilate was zero, the angle would be 180 degrees exactly. But remember that these positrons have all just been shot out of a nucleus in beta decay, so they're moving at quite a clip compared to the electrons around them. SBHarris 07:24, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
- Okay. If the angle is not exactly 180 degrees, can the origin point be triangulated? And would this be the point at which the annihilation took place?
Lead Paragraph Quibble[edit]
Hello, in the lead paragraph it says PET produces images of "metabolic activity" or something along those lines a couple of times. While this is the most popular use of PET, it is not necessarily the only use correct? PET can be used to image any process providing you can make the right biomolecule into a positron emitter. It is true that FDG is by far the most widely used clinically, and it images metabolism, but theoretically PET can image anything. Is this too specific for the lead paragraph? I understand the desire to state the most popular use, but as it is worded I think it is a bit deceiving. CallipygianSchoolGirl (talk) 02:27, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
You are absolutely correct, which is why I added something to that effect in the "Radioisotopes" paragraph some time ago. It should be said, however, that not just any molecule can be radiolabeled and turned into a successful PET probe. For example, there are some pretty severe constraints in developing ligands that reversibly bind to neuroreceptors in the brain. The isotope of choice is usually C-11, and so the compound must be able to be synthesized, injected in the subject and reach and pass its peak uptake all in a relatively short time, due to the short half life. Additionally, as the ligand gets metabolized in the liver, the metabolites that contain the C-11 cannot cross the blood brain barrier, or they will create a confound in the analysis of the kinetics. The result is many failed research tracers, but there are many successful ones as well. Markssss (talk) 05:57, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
Another quibble: The lead states that the PET scan and CT image are done at the "same time." Correct me if I'm wrong but they are still two seperate scans that do not overlap temporally. They are done in one sitting, but it is not like the CT X-Ray tube is firing at the same time the PET scanner is picking up Gamma is it? CallipygianSchoolGirl (talk) 02:31, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
Right again! I Markssss (talk) 05:57, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
Brand names in illustration[edit]
I notice that the illustration showing how the process works shows the Sun Microsystems brand name prominently, which bugs me. Would it be possible to redo this picture and remove this text and logo to make it generic and to remove the plug for the computer manufacturer? I'm sure Sun isn't the only one making this equipment. +ILike2BeAnonymous (talk) 20:51, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
- On the subject of bugs, I can't find Sun Microsystems mentioned anywhere in any of the illustrations; I did, however, remove a reference to Siemens in a caption. - Neparis (talk) 03:19, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
Slight Problem[edit]
Under description, the picture obscures some of the text. Not sure how to fix it? Nrusse (talk) 18:04, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
- I believe that this is an error in the HTML, which shows up differently for different users, or under different conditions for the same user. I can usually work around this by enlarging my browser window (just press F11; press it again to return to "normal"). I wish the maintainers of the code would either fix this, or issue better guidelines for placing illustrations.
- -- Solo Owl 02:11, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
This article duplicates and overlaps with the PET-CT article, with which it should be combined. Fbarw (talk) 20:09, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
Query -- scope of a PET scan?[edit]
I was under the impression that a PET scan analyzes the patient's entire body, to find areas where the uptake of the tracer indicates possible cancer. A friend of mine has the impression that the scan is like an x-ray, in that it covers only a particular small segment of the body. Perhaps both types of scans are used, depending on the circumstances? I don't see the answer to this question in the article. My guess was that, to the knowledgeable editors working on the article, the answer was so obvious that it didn't occur to anyone to spell it out! JamesMLane t c 04:30, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
James, a PET scan is used to 'give an indication' whether an abnormal lump in the body is or is not an active 'cancer'. It isnt diagnostic. Any cell that takes up a lot of labelled glucose because it is rapidly metabolising sugar will show up as a bright spot on the PET scan. Your brain and liver, for example, use huge amounts of glucose all the time, consequently, both show up as positive on a PET scan. Unfortunately, when a part of the body has an active infection, the area becomes flooded with 'macrophage' cells normally - these are fighting the infection, and perfectly healthy, but will show up as PET positive. The theory goes that 'cancer' cells grow more rapidly than 'normal' cells, so take up more glucose than those surrounding them. In theory, therefore, if you have a CT scan of (say) the lung, and there is an abnormal lump in it, you cannot say whether it is a benign harmless lump or a cancer (unless you are treated on the NHS in the UK, and the MD you see chooses to save money and just guess). You need to actually grab a piece of the 'lump' and examine it under a microscope (ie have a biopsy and tissue diagnosis performed). If you have a CT scan with a lump in it, and then perform a PET scan, you end up with two superimposeable images: if the lump corresponds in space to an area on the PET scan that appears to be PET positive, you have an indication that the lump is undergoing rapid cell division (ie is cancerous) OR that the body has swamped the area with macrophage cells to fight a localised infection: so all in all, PET scans are not 100% diagnostic of cancer - you still need a biopsy. All in all, as they are currently used by HHS practitioners in the UK, PET scans are almost worthless, and tend to be used as an alternative to what NICE and SIGN guidelines describe as the 'gold standards' for diagnosis (ie physical biopsy and immunohistochemical laboratory work), in order to hide a) the general shortage of surgeons to perform biopsies because their waiting lists are too long, and b) the appallingly low standards of NHS Pathology laboratories, many of which lack full CPA Accreditation (Governments ' minimum Quality Control Standards) due to atrocious funding deficits. DrLofhouse —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 00:54, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
- The axial field of view (FOV) is the measure of what "length" of the body is being imaged at once in PET/CT, when you're doing just the PET part. That's about 8 inches right now, according to the literature http://jnumedmtg.snmjournals.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/48/MeetingAbstracts_2/46P-a. That means every 8 inches of your body must travel through the "ring" for a certain time, collecting gamma scientillations. I've been told (can't swear) that some of the newer scanners have 2 blocks of these 8 inch rings in a row, to give you more like 16 inches of height being counted at a time, so a "whole body" (they never count the body below the thighs-- nothing to see there usually) can be counted in just 3 sections. Usually a whole body PET does you from "eyes to thighs" that way, and takes 20 min to 40 min. The CT part is done in less than a minute and is over with, before you know it. It's the PET collection of radiation from the F-18 that takes all the time. And yes, usually if they'd bothered to get you into the machine and injected with isotope, they're not going to collect PET info for just a transverse slice 9 inches (or 18 inches) long! They usually go for the whole body, which is pelvis to neck, or might also include head. SBHarris 01:28, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
- SBHarris, thanks for the detailed information. Because you have a source you can cite, I hope you'll work that into the article. JamesMLane t c 19:47, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
Under safety the article says that a PET scan is non-invasive. Yet the proecdure requires the injection of a radioactive substance on a biologically active molecule. Doesn't that make the procedure invasive?VR talk 16:54, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
It is noninvasive in the sense that it shows internal processes in living animals without surgically exposing the tissues. This is true both in the research and clinical settings. In research, this allows chemical processes to be quantified without having to dissect tissues in order to measure tracers within them. In clinical applications, this means, for example, that tumors can be identified and localized without exploratory surgery. You are correct in the sense that there are some very small risks involved, but obviously not the same as surgical procedures. Markssss (talk) 04:44, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
Resource "seeing pain"[edit]
http://www.euronews.net/2011/11/23/x-rays-see-pain/ 23/11/11 13:07 CET
Some highlights: Torsetn Gordh of Uppsala University, Radioactive tracer mixed with D-Deprenyl, Rolf Jonsson (whiplash patient and chairman of Swedish Whiplash Society)
184.108.40.206 (talk) 23:57, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
There's a bunch of good stuff at fluorodeoxyglucose that could be merged here, including a cool animated 3-D PET scan of a human torso. Gbuchana (talk) 18:42, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
- Don't suggest merges to long articles. This article is already long, and if we merge all that stuff in, we'd just be under the gun to summarize out the fludeoxyglucose stuff again to a subarticle, per WP:SS. If you think there's some good stuff in the FDG article that needs summary HERE, feel free to do it, per WP:SOFIXIT. The balance between where info should go, and to what level of detail in main and subarticles is always tricky and subject to debate, and nobody will object if you tastefully copy stuff, or summarize stuff to here. Just so long as you don't MOVE anything wholesale, so it disappears THERE and REAPPEARS here. That's always bad when your target article is long, and the stuff you pilfer from is shorter. For example, the image you mention was once part of this article, and somebody felt the need to MOVE it to the FDG article, thus leaving nothing HERE. See the problem? I'll go and copy it, and leave a copy there. BTW, I agree with your taste, and like that image so much that it's been on my userpage for years! SBHarris 20:19, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
History section missing Michel Ter Pogossian[edit]
The current history section contradicts some facts, as apparently the first practical models were developed by Ter Pogossian and his team. From the NY Times obit: "Dr. Michel Mathew Ter-Pogossian, who led the research that turned the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner from an intriguing concept to a medical tool used in hospitals and laboratories everywhere... in the search for a workable model, great strides had been made by others over the decades, but it was Dr. Ter-Pogossian and his colleagues in St. Louis who produced a series of machines for commercial production and practical use in the 1970's... Early in his professional life, Dr. Ter-Pogossian built one of the first scanners to detect radioactivity concentrations in living material, as well as a tool for delivering radiation therapy for cancers of the cervix and uterus. In the early 1950's he recognized the potential of short-lived radioactive tracers, and he was one of the first to use them to find brain tumors and measure blood flow." http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/21/us/michel-m-ter-pogossian-71-led-research-on-pet-scanner.html Thinkfood (talk) 07:21, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
Add an image for the direction of detection[edit]
Can you add an image like http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/imgnuk/petscang.gif or http://www.whatisnuclearmedicine.com/upload/PET-SCAN-Brain.jpg ? It wasn't obvious to me that each detector can pick up activity within a cone, not a cylinder. In other words, each tube detector can see the entire head, not just a single point in the head. Otherwise it could only pick up events that occur in the very center of the circle, and I thought maybe the ring of detectors was translated around to scan other points in the head, or that there were multiple rings each focused on a different point, but now I see that's not how it works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 15:53, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
Ref 12 is a dead link[edit]
Maybe remove it or replace it with an appropriate alternate reference? 18.104.22.168 (talk) 06:51, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
Moved to the end
- To clarify, this is the ref in the Operation subsection of Descriptions for the phrase which reads:
"during which time it loses kinetic energy, until it decelerates to a point where it can interact with an electron."
SBaker43 (talk) 23:32, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
Proposed merge[edit]
The following articles are proposed for merge;
PET-CT has been proposed as a merge to this article for over a year, but this page hasn't been tagged. I have made this change and also propose that PET/MRI be merged here. This is because I believe the content would be better covered here, as the technology is very similar, as are the indications and outcomes. I think that coverage on this one page would improve the quality of the intended content of all three articles. LT90001 (talk) 09:30, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
- OPPOSE If we were to merge, should we merge PET/MR with PET, or with MR? A similar argument follows for PET/CT. As this is a rather niche field, in the case of PET/MR at least, I think it is better to keep separate articles. On an administrative note, it is much easier to consider the two proposed merges separately. GyroMagician (talk) 12:31, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
- OPPOSE I agree it should be kept in it's niche discussion. The technology is vastly different than PET and even quite different than PET/CT, specifically in the advantages of MRI (motion, soft tissue) and the challenges of AC (Attenuation Correction). While it appears to be a similar overall concept and technology, application of this technology has made it clear that it is vastly different. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kkadams115 (talk • contribs) 17:06, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
- Support Think this would be a very good move Iztwoz (talk) 20:41, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
- Oppose - These are different, related topics best covered in individual articles. The descriptions of PET, MRI, and CT in the combined procedure articles should indeed be brief and link back to the main articles for more detail but this does not mean a merge is warranted. VQuakr (talk) 18:02, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
- Oppose - there is plenty to be said that is specific to PET/CT in its own right, to warrant a specific article about it. Inclusion of that in the PET article makes it over-long. I came to the PET/CT article to find out exactly what the /CT part meant - I already knew a little about PET. The article helped me. This is absolutely useful encyclopaedic information, deserving its own article. Of course, all 3 articles can be considerably improved - but a merger will not help that. Instead, the PET/CT and PET/MRI should concentrate on the specifics of those, to avoid excess overlap. Looking further, I see there are plenty of entire books, and thousands of papers, and of course a great many magazine pieces that are specifically about PET/CT. I have no doubt there is plenty of information in reliable sources to support the separate article. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 04:58, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
- Oppose Agree so precisely with reasoning immediately above, that I won't repeat it. Leave summaries of PET-CT and PET/MRI here, if you want something here, and have the others as main articles, per WP:SS. That is done here (in this article) already, please notice. This section can be expanded a bit if you want more summary. But don't shoe-horn in stuff you'll just have to spin off again (as it expands) later. SBHarris 03:08, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
Refs 22 & 39 are identical[edit]
Can someone please help fix? Thanks! Deluxegourmet (talk) 02:24, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
- Fixed. If you see how I did that, you can do it yourself next time. You just name the reference something with a <ref name="NameHere"> tag, with full reference as usual and </ref> tag. Then, when you need to refer to the same reference again, you put in the front tag and no reference body, and add the end </ref> tag. You can put in the full reference name and tag anywhere in the article, as long as it's once and no more. The other tags are as described. SBHarris 03:31, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
Cost per scan[edit]
Cost per scan gives a figure of $1,100 for a PET scan which is woefully low and very misleading despite being properly sourced to a Cancer Care Ontario publication. I think this figure may be the cost to the government itself. In the U.S., I have seen many PET scan bills from multiple hospitals with several insurance co.'s as well as a few for individuals without insurance. The lowest by far was $2,000 for a bill with a 50% discount. However, this is an outlier and the cost typically is $4,000 to $6,000 to the insurance co. Unfortunately, my data falls under the heading of original research. Regardless, something needs to be done to not seriously mislead the reader as to the cost.TL36 (talk) 02:56, 2 April 2014 (UTC) I agree with TL36. My insurance company and I were just charged $8500 here in central Florida. kolia_w (talk) 08:33, 15 January 2015
- I think you guys are confusing the issue. The markup you Americans choose to pay doesn't affect the cost to the provider. Mine was free as in no money or insurance required, scarcely a useful datapoint. Greglocock (talk) 08:17, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
better image[edit]
I guess this is purely subjective, but to me, the images of equipment standing empty lack visual interest. I think we should have a picture showing a human being, especially near the top of the article. I would suggest replacing the first one with this image, which shows a patient receiving care: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PET_scan_image3699-PH.jpg --184.108.40.206 (talk) 20:21, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
Probable Typo Observed[edit]
Hello! There appears to be some erroneous text at the end of the first paragraph of the 'Descriptions -> Operations' section:
"To conduct the scan, a short-lived radioactive tracer isotope is injected into the living subject (usually into blood circulation). Each tracer atom has been chemically incorporated into a biologically active molecule. There is a waiting period while the active molecule becomes concentrated in tissues of interest; then the subject is placed in the imaging scanner. The molecule most commonly used for this purpose is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a sugar, for which the waiting period is typically an hour. During the scan, a record of tissue concentration is made as the tracer decays. aghdghsghfvhgf"
Presumably this text was left in by accident?
Relationship to CAT scan[edit]
It's my understanding that the desire to extend the CAT scan to puppies, gerbils, parrots—
External links modified[edit]
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unsourced 1[edit]
Moving this here as it is unsourced, per WP:VERIFY:
- Research
There are ongoing studies into using potassium 40 as this decays with a positron channel if an inexpensive way could be found to enrich the isotope into a pure form in order to scan human neural pathways for studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease. The technology is based on new advances in sensing radiation combined with advanced reconstruction algorithms running on a single board teraflop system.
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WARDERS at a top security jail have been ordered to bring in armed police to deal with a triple killer dubbed Britain's most dangerous prisoner.
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text: I LOVE the mini twitter feed plugin, however I just installed the media grid plugin and they conflict. I'm not sure what's conflicting as I'm just getting started with wordpress, however I am a programer and can try to give you any detailed info you would need to help resolve this conflict. Please don't make me choose between the two plugins! :)


text:
Use your student ID# and 4X4 to log into an Allen Database.
Your instructor may have asked you to use periodicals for referencing your research paper. If so, EBSCOhost is a great resource in which to do that. On EBSCOhost you'll find peer reviewed scholarly journals perferct for academic research. To find articles go to EBSCOhost advanced search.
How to search on EBSCOhost: A quick quide
1. You may choose different databases, or use Academic Search Premier, which has a large amount of resources.
2. Put a search term in the first box. Select a Field such as 'All Text' to bring in words from the whole article. Other words can be added to the 2nd and 3rd boxes, and even more. Sometimes less is better, so see what comes up. Remember spelling counts, it will look for what you type in.
3. Suggested limiters are always 'full text.' You may also include scholarly journals or publication date ranges, or others as needed. Then click on Search.
4. Hover over the text with the magnifying glass for a summary of the article. PDF articles are complete as seen in the article, HTML articles are usually words only. Click on the article title to view choices to print, email, save, etc. Clicking on PDF or HTML will take you into the article itself.
5. Setting up a free account with EBSCO will allow you to manage artciles by saving them in a folder and other options.
6. You may cite the articles by clicking on Cite in the right hand bar. You then may copy/paste the information into your works-cited page. Always check with your instructor as to which format you are to use.
EBSCOhost is a database with academic journal articles. It may be searched by topic or by publication.
When searching by topic select limiters such as using the field "TX All Text" - Full Text - Scholarly Journals -- etc.
When searching by Publication, select Publication in the upper blue bar. You may then search for journals or magazines by Title alphabetically, or by Subject - and search within a publication.
There is a very large help area within EBSCOhost, both in written form as well as 4-5 minute tutorials that will guide you through the features of EBSCOhost.
There are topics that cover, Language Translation, eBooks and Audiobooks, Searching, Browsing, Viewing Results, Personalization, Using Folders, Saving Searches & Alerts, Print/E-mail/Save, Citation, and others.
Go to EBSCOhost database link below and click on the 'Help' button on the upper right of the search page. EBSCOhost Help
You can also click on the 'New Features' button to learn about eBooks and Audiobooks.


text:
Arizona legislator sets sights on Remington firearms
PHOENIX — Arizona Republican Congressman Paul Gosar is suggesting that Remington Arms lock it up in New York state and load up for a move to Arizona.
Gosar has written Remington that New York's gun control laws, which are among the nation's toughest, should tell the business that it's no longer welcome there. Gosar has officially extended an invitation to the firearms giant to move to Arizona.
Glenn Hamer heads up the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and agrees with Gosar's assessment of New York.
"Why any company would do business in the state of New York is beyond me. It has a very hostile business environment," Hamer said.
Hamer said Remington has almost 900 employees at the New York manufacturing plant (corporate headquarters are in North Carolina and the company has three other manufacturing facilities) and generates about $250 million in sales each year. A relocation to Arizona would pump millions into the state's economy.
Arizona is home to more than 100 companies that make firearms and components, including Ruger in Prescott and American Spirit Arms in Scottsdale.
Gosar has suggested Remington set up shop near Buckeye, or in Gila, Mohave, Yavapai and Yuma counties.
Sponsored Articles
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- 3 most overlooked ways to keep your home healthy


text:
Dear developer.
I see you didn't upgrade the plugin since two years. Is it still working fine?
When I click a flag in one of my posts I am taken to a blank page, nothing in it.
Also, how can I actually make sure that the plugin is working?
Inside, it gives statistics that look fine, and connection is established fine with the translation server, but how can I see actual translated pages that real internet users might see if they search for something found in my translated posts?


text:
Index of content:
Volume 12, Issue 1, January 1983
Thermodynamic Properties of Steam in the Critical Region12(1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555676View Description Hide Description
An analysis is presented of the experimental data on thermodynamic properties in the critical region of steam. The model used is that of revised and extended scaling, as given by the modern theory of critical phenomena. All thermodynamic properties are given in closed (parametric) form. The model has, in addition to three universal constants that are given by theory, sixteen adjustable parameters that were obtained by least‐squares fit to P V T and speed‐of‐sound data. It is valid in the range 200–420 kg/m3 in density and 644–693 K in temperature. It accurately represents the experimental data for equation of state,vapor pressure,latent heat,specific heatsC p and C v and speed of sound. Our analysis permits new estimates of the critical parameters of steam, and has led to a number of conclusions regarding the mutual consistency of the experimental data. Tabulated values of the thermodynamic properties of steam are appended to the paper.
Heat Capacity and Other Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Macromolecules. VII. Other Carbon Backbone Polymers12(1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555677View Description Hide Description
The heat capacity of poly‐1‐butene, poly‐1‐pentene, poly‐1‐hexene, polyisobutylene, poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene), polybutadiene, c i s‐1, 4‐poly(2‐methylbutadiene), polycyclopentene, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polytrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(α‐methylstyrene), poly(o‐methylstyrene), poly(o‐chlorostyrene) and a series of poly(vinyl benzoate)s is reviewed on the basis of 62 measurements reported in the literature. A set of recommended data has been derived for each polymer.Entropy and enthalpy functions have been calculated for poly‐1‐hexene, polyisobutylene, c i s‐1, 4‐poly(2‐methylbutadiene), poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(α‐methylstyrene). This paper is seventh in a series which will ultimately cover all heat capacity measurements on linear macromolecules.
Heat Capacity and Other Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Macromolecules. VIII. Polyesters and Polyamides12(1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555678View Description Hide Description
Heat capacity of polyglycolide, poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene sebacate), polyglycine, poly(L‐alanine), poly(L‐valine),nylon 6, nylon 6.6 and nylon 6.12 is reviewed on the basis of measurements on 35 samples reported in the literature. All heat capacity data are compiled and a set of recommended data have been derived for each polymer. Crystallinity dependence is critically evaluated for poly(ethylene terephthalate). Enthalpy and entropy functions are calculated for amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate). This is the eighth paper in a series of publications which will ultimately cover all heat capacity measurements of linear macromolecules.
Heat Capacity and Other Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Macromolecules. IX. Final Group of Aromatic and Inorganic Polymers12(1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555679View Description Hide Description
In this final review, a series of polymers which include aromatic rings and/or inorganic chain atoms are treated. Heat capacities of poly(4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenylene carbonate), polyphenylenediamides, polyheteroarylenes, poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(diethyl siloxane), poly(trimethylsilyl ethylene), poly(dimethylphenylsilyl ethylene), poly(dimethylbenzylsilyl ethylene), poly(vinylene diphenylsilylene), poly(vinylene diphenylgermylene), poly(diethnyl diphenysilylene), poly(diethnyl diphenylgermylene), poly(2,3,4,5‐tetraphenyl‐1, 1‐diethylgermocyclopentadiene), poly(phenylsilsesquioxane), poly[ethylene ‐N‐(β‐trimethylsilylethyl)imine] and polysulfones have been reviewed on the basis of measurements on 36 samples reported in the literature. All heat capacity data are compiled and a set of recommended data are derived. Enthalpy and entropy functions are calculated for poly(4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenylene carbonate) and poly(dimethyl siloxane).
An Annotated Compilation and Appraisal of Electron Swarm Data in Electronegative Gases12(1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555675View Description Hide Description
Available data on the electron transport properties and electron swarm coefficients are discussed for the following electronegative gases: SF6, CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F1 0, CCl2F2, O2, air, H2O, CO2, F2, NF3, Cl2, Br2, I2, N2O, NO, HCl, NH3. Graphical presentations comparing measured and calculated data are given for the electron drift velocity, the ratio of diffusion to mobility, the electron attachment and ionization coefficients, and the electron growth constant as functions of E/N, the reduced field strength, for each gas. Graphs of the detachment and excitation coefficients are presented where these data are available. Data originally reported in terms of rate coefficients as functions of mean electron energy are graphically presented in that form. Recommendations concerning reliability are made.


text:
The Prepac 6-drawer dresser provides storage for all your clothes. Its drawers work on all-metal roller glides that offer smooth operation and built-in safety stops that keep the drawers from pulling out all the way. This double-drawer dresser has a painted black finish and contrasting brushed-nickel pulls. With a basic side-by-side design, profiled top, side moldings and an arched kick plate, this furniture looks classy in a contemporary or traditional bedroom décor.
Convenient side-by-side designideal for his and her storage or siblings who share a room
Profiled top, side moldings, arched kick plate and solid brushed nickel pulls
Drawers slide out on smooth all-metal roller glides and feature built-in safety stops
Constructed from high-quality wood composites and foil laminates
Features: Metal Glides, Easy Glide Drawers
Frame Material: Wood Composite
Hardware Material: Metal
Wood Finish: Natural
Surface Material: Laminate
Finish: Painted
Number of Drawers: 6
Safety and Security Features: Safety Stop
Care and Cleaning: Wipe Clean with a Dry Cloth
Overall Dimensions: 29.000 H x 60.000 W x 60.000 D
Weight: 108.000
Interior Drawer Dimensions: 5.000 H x 24.750 W x 12.500 D
Targeted Audience: All Ages
Assembly Details: assembly required
other Info.
Warranty Information
To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
- Online Item #: 538177
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 249-09-1620
- Made in the USA or Imported


text:
New | definition merriam-webster, They visited the new library. i saw their new baby for the first time. they planted new trees on the campus. a new kind of music. she couldn't afford a new car, so. New - latest trends pop culture technology, Read the most recent trends and releases on products, technology, entertainment, fashion, music and more.. New york daily news, Find breaking us news, local new york news coverage, sports, entertainment news, celebrity gossip, autos, videos and photos at nydailynews.com..
Cnn - breaking news, latest news videos, View latest news breaking news today .., world, weather, entertainment, politics health cnn... http://www.cnn.com/ Bbc news - home, Visit bbc news ---minute news, breaking news, video, audio feature stories. bbc news trusted world uk news local . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news New - definition free dictionary, New (͞, nyo͞) . ·er, ·est. 1. short time ; : law. 2. . fresh: coat paint.. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/new


text:
DECATURVILLE, Tenn. (AP) -- UPDATE: The original article posted had an incorrect picture attached to identify Holly Bobo. It has since been corrected. We apologize for the mistake.
A man accused of abducting and killing nursing student Holly Bobo is scheduled to appear in a Decatur County courtroom today to be arraigned on charges of kidnapping and murder.
Bobo disappeared on the morning of April 13, 2011, outside her home near Parsons, Tenn., about 120 miles northeast of Memphis. Her brother told police that he saw a man dressed in camouflage leading her away into the woods. She was 20.
Last week a Decatur County grand jury indicted 29-year-old Zachary Adams with especially aggravated kidnapping and first-degree felony murder.
It's not clear whether Adams has a lawyer. Before he was charged with Bobo's murder, Adams told The Jackson Sun "I'm not the one."
Prosecutors are considering asking for the death penalty.


text:
Haptic Automated Communication System (HACS)
Award Information
Small Business Information
8737 Colesville Rd, L203, Silver Spring, MD, 20910
Principal Investigator:
Jack Vice
President & CTO
(301) 495-0770
President & CTO
(301) 495-0770
Business Contact:
Carl Pompei
Executive Vice President
(301) 495-0770
Executive Vice President
(301) 495-0770
Research Institution:
AbstractUnder complementary Phase II efforts, ATinc and DI will improve and integrate the System for Tactile Representation of Advanced Patterns (STRAP) and the Team Status and Signaling System (TS3) prototypes to create a bi-directional Haptic Automated Communication System (HACS), which will enable real-time wireless transmission and tactile presentation of gathered status information and hand-signals for teams of infantry Marines. This work will validate the theoretical approach through extensive testing of the systems by end users. The primary objectives of these Phase II efforts are 1) STRAP and TS3 Core System Enhancements, 2) Enhanced STRAP and TS3 System Validation, 3) Integration of STRAP and TS3 into HACS, and 4) Lab testing and Validation. Additional option objectives will support further enhancement of the STRAP and TS3 systems, integration of HACS with current field systems, development of additional prototype systems to enable fire team and squad-level testing and validation, development of a multimodal commander interface (COMINT) to allow unit commanders to send and receive HACS information, and field effectiveness testing.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
Server is Windows 7 Ultimate, client is Windows 7 Professional.
Server setup: (from Network Connections screen)
> File -> New
> incoming connection Who may connect?
> Added a user How will people connect?
> Through the internet. Networking
> Software: IPv4, File and Print Sharing, QoS Scheduler checked, IPv6 unchecked
> Allow access
Client setup: (From Control Panel)
> Setup a VPN connection
> Type the address... dotted IPv4 address
> Type your user name and password... used the user added during server VPN setup
> Verifying username and password...
Then "Registering your computer on the network" fails with
Error 720: A connection to the remote computer could not be established. You might need to change the network settings for this connection.
Wireshark shows the connection request is received and authentication succeeds, but a PPP LCP Protocol-Reject packet is generated for IPCP and IP6CP protocols. Checking settings verifies that both sides are set to use IPv4. Removing IPv6 from the client didn't help either.
Does anyone know what "network setting" needs to be changed so that IPv4 is used on the VPN?


text:
Skip to comments.Brewer Slams Administration Over Smuggler Warning Signs in Arizona Desert
Posted on 06/30/2010 2:51:04 AM PDT by Bad~Rodeo
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer is slamming the Obama administration over government signs posted in the Arizona desert warning visitors to beware of illegal smugglers, saying the signs are hardly the kind of border security plan her state needs.
"This is an outrage," Brewer said in a new reelection campaign ad.
The ad shows the governor standing next to one of the warning signs in the middle of the Arizona desert, 80 miles from the border and, according to the ad, 30 miles from Phoenix. The signs have in recent weeks drawn attention from border-state lawmakers who say they demonstrate how unsafe the region has become. In the ad, Brewer noted that she recently met with President Obama, who "promised that we would get word" on the administration's border security plan.
"Well, we finally got the message -- these signs. These signs, calling our desert an active drug and human smuggling area. These signs warning people of danger and telling them to stay away," Brewer said in the ad. "Washington says our border is as safe as it has ever been. Does this look safe to you?"
The ad ended with a confrontational message: "Washington is broken, Mr. President. Do your job. Secure our borders. Arizona and the nation are waiting."
(Excerpt) Read more at foxnews.com ...
Think how bad it would be if Arizona were a border state.
Congress and Obama sleeps.
The "lawless border region" of Arizonastan.
I was watching Ken Burns Civil War again last night. Made me again realize what a pure stranger we have in the WH.
This guy was not educated here as a young boy.
He didnt go to Kindergarten and the early grades here. He didnt play little league....chase girls....
He didnt have teachers who taught him about our constitution, our early founding fathers...the civilwar.
It's doubtful that he understands Black Americans.
I dont relate therefore to what this man says...
Any wonder that this virtual nerd is lapping up the perks of being president. Hes more concerned about his addiction to golf than us.
Nov 2012 cant come fast enough...
Tick, tick, tick. Mexico is disintegrating, riddled with corruption, violence, drugs, the dregs of humanity. Coming to a neighborhood near you soon, since Mexico is migrating north. We already have a quarter of their population within our borders, and it looks like the last President of Mexico (Calderon?)was right. A year or so ago he laughed and said we either fix Mexico or Mexico's moving in. Lovely.
I would vote for vandersloot over obama in 2012.
"We" fix Mexico?
Why the hell is that our responsibility? Looks like we need a good fence and they need a good revolution...We COULD arrange both.
...you know something, that's not a bad idea...
I was laughed at by Libs before the election for saying that in many ways, he is not of this country. All I had done was come to the obvious conclusion that any American should have upon reading Dreams From My Father.
I went to grade school in Chicago in the 50s early 60s. Public schools were actually pretty good.
Many things in those early years were etched in our little minds, and made us who we are as Americans. It was like breathing in and breathing out...Mother, apple-pie, summer etc.
1963 we went through JFKs assasination and lost our innocence. We watched Shepherd and Glenn and the other space shots in school....
Where was Obama? In INdonesia....a loner....a stranger to the students there too. HOw did he communicate with them?
I'm not faulting the guy for the cards he was dealt in life... but the reality is...He's not of this land...in mind and spirit....
He's not and he never will be.....Is there any wonder that he probably wretches thinking of us killing other Muslims in wars....?
Is it any wonder of his overt anti Israel policies?
Just read the sign for the first time.
It seems that we've ceeded everything south of Interstate 8 to Mexico now.
Worst Pres__ent ever.
Call 911?
FWIW, I'll share a few vivid dreams I had about a decade ago, which upon awaking, didn't seem feasible, but today, trends and events are occurring which are pointed directly to them on multiply converging approaches.
Many of those dreams were apocalyptic in nature, as in tornadoes, earthquakes, meteor showers, tsunamis, volcanism, major tectonic movements.
A fifth column and Mexican invasion of the poor with communistic and socialistic influence would swell into the US from the US southwest.
Major volcanic activity would begin throughout the Palm Springs to Indio to Salton Sea to Sea of Cortez valley, terminating in a major land subsidence, and pyroclastic flow south of Joshua Tree National Park.
The continuing seismic activity would extend to Washington state, and a no-man's land would be declared from Walla Walla Washington, in a arced triangular area down to the Mexican border at the southeastern and southwestern corners of the Arizona-Mexico border.
Tsunamis would engulf the US NW coastal areas miles inland and flow from the south along rolling hills and low lying topography.
While the Aztlan and Mecha organizations would push from the south, they would form a new capital in CA in Alta, Ca.
The Chinese would strike into US Mainland traveling generally along the Hi 40 corridor in an easterly direction from the coast, using operational art similar to what the allies used in IraqII without a major front, but by maneuver and spearheaded thrusts into US territory.
Meanwhile, Polish and Romanian forces were patrolling with armor and helicopter and small infantry units in small air cavalry patrols south of Colorado Springs throughout New Mexico.
Texas became the new industrial complex for the US as it had the older industrial infrastructure to support American longevity.
The bloodiest battle in American History would occur at the Battle of Seven Palms.
Several revolutions in military affairs would become manifest in those times, including the obsolescence of artillery and the substitution of satellite based weapon systems for indirect fire support.
Many of these events would be portended by events at Mt Lassen, CA.
While all the above were from separate vivid dreams, none of them really had any validity in my waking moments upon investigating any similarities, but have recently begun to form and do not appear to be subsiding or diverging. For example the maps I saw of the 'no-man's land' flowed along the CA-NV border, which at that time had no significant historical trend in seismic activity. Today, that is a fairly common trace from USGS.
US forces from the SW US today are training with Romanians and Bulgarians, which hadn't been earlier conceived.
The nutty idea of Mexico invading the US from the southwest now appears to be in the middle stages of formulation from a bottom up Mexican grassroots level with somebody influencing them. (it isn't Mexican drug related any more than all Americans might be portrayed as wild run amok pistol toting vigilantes)
A decade ago, I simply recognized the dreams were so vivid, and shown by others in the spiritual domain, that I simply felt it better to place faith first in Christ, study what He provided in Scripture, and let Him guide me as to the best interpretation. Some of the dreams involved deception, some appeared true. I settled for simply taking the position that whatever they were, the issues had significance in the spiritual domain, be they true or demonically influenced, I simply placed veracity first in Christ.
Today, I must admit I wonder how much further current events will converge on those wild prognostications. They seem to becoming much more feasible today than a decade ago.
For those thinking of moving to Arizona, I suspect Texas is a better homestead. Above all, place faith continually in God, what He provides, and His Plan for each of us, again through faith in Christ.
Maybe some group should put up signs in Spanish facing the other way some 80 miles south that inform trespassers that the eintire region is now "our mobile, remote target range" and that we will be firing live rounds at remote drones that appear to be walking people and that anyone tresspassing on this range will be assumed to be a "remote walking drone" and not a human being. Lots of folks with rifles accross the front fender sort of randomly dotting the area might reinforce the notion. If our gummint won't do it, don't mean we can't. After all, our gummint has already ceded sovereignty of the territory in question.
If he really knew how to push J6P's emotional buttons imagine how much more quickly Obama could accomplish his mission.
The sad part of all this is that huge numbers of Americans aren't even aware this is happening. To them, this swath of Arizona land is so far from their existence they have no clue that it's formerly sovereign American territory.
Couple this with the fact we have an occupier of the White House who sees nothing through an American prism, but rather through that of a global one. Borders are inconsequential to people like 0bama, because to them the world should be one socialistic mass.
Yeah, I found that telling of this administration.
First of all, I would guess cell phone and any phone service is tough to come by in these isolated regions.
Second, if 911 service were available, what are the police going to do against heavily armed trafficing?
It is telling that an urban area solution was applied to near-war-like conditions. The administartion doesn't have a clue.
BTW, this sign is the stupidest thing I've ever seen. Who's the brainless bozo who came up with this?
There is very little that has happened that has surprised me after a close read of Dreams.
If the sign weren't real, it'd be a great joke.
If it is necessary to put up such a sign, there are serious problems.
J6P's ?????
Trouble is, these kinds of warnings have been up for years.
Arizona Game and Fish has been warning in the annual hunting regs that hunting south of I-10/I-8 is dangerous since 2008, at least. I need to check my copies of the regs from '07 and earlier to see how far back the warnings go...
Okay, the Fall '07 regs say that in the area bounded by the international border and both interstate highways "Homeland security issues along the international border may affect the quality of a person's hunt."
Those of us who hunt these areas were fully cognizant of the fact that this meant that the two-legged game was liable to shoot back!
"Joe Six-Pack"
Put some signs in the desert 'You are welcomed in Washington D.C.!
Even the Scouts were warned and discouraged frm doing service projects, hikes, or camp outs in these areas Game and Fish.
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer is slamming the Obama administration over government signs posted in the Arizona desert warning visitors to beware of illegal smugglers...Thanks Bad~Rodeo.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these."Matthew 19:14 NIV
The FSV is the first ever "literary-liturgical" version of the New Testament in the Filipino language.
Travel through the 12 cities that shaped King David's life and explore what those places mean in light of God's calling to us.
You can now search for over 330 emoji on Bible Gateway—we'll translate them into English and conduct a keyword search for you.
This new Bible focuses on helping people affected by disability grasp the goodness of God amidst critical questions about pain and hardship.