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Brief Summary
Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) inhabit most of western South America in the mountains and deserts ranging from western Venezuela south to Tierra del Fuego. Andean condors can be found in Columbia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Argentina. The wild population was thought to be extirpated from Venezuela but is very rarely still seen there.
In an isolated network of mountain peaks in the Andes of Columbia and Ecuador, the population is thought to be in decline. Populations reach much higher densities in the regions south of the Northern Peruvian Low, were they inhabit vast areas of highland prairie, desert, and coastal regions.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
- Hendrickson, S., R. Bleiweiss, J. Matheus, L. de Matheus, N. Jácome, E. Pavez. 2003. Low Genetic Variability in the Geographically Widespread Andean Condor. The Condor, 105/1: 1-12. Accessed January 11, 2010 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1370600.
- Rios-Uzeda, B., R. Wallace. 2007. Estimating the size of the Andean Condor population in the Apolobamba Mountains of Bolivia. Journal of Field Ornithology, 78/2: 170-175.
Range Description
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Colombia to Chile and Argentina
Physical Description
Andean condors have dark feathers in maturity (while juveniles are olive-grey and brown), with a white collar or downy plumage around the base of their necks. They also have white flight feathers on their wings as adults, with those of the male being more pronounced. When extended, the wing tips have gaps between the primaries which is an adaptation for soaring. The head and neck of adult condors are bare of feathers and are generally black to dark reddish brown, while juveniles have much darker skin and young hatchlings have fluffy grey down on their bodies. This baldness is presumably a hygienic adaptation, as the bare skin is easier to keep clean and dry after feeding on carrion. The beak is hooked at the end and functions in tearing rotting meat off a corpse. The bases of their upper and lower mandibles are dark with the rest of the beak being ivory colored. Andean condors weigh between 7.7 and 15 kg and range from 97.5 to 128 cm in length. Their wingspan of 3.2 m is the longest wingspan of any land bird.
Andean condors are the only species in the family Cathartidae that exhibit drastic sexual dimorphism. Unlike many other birds of prey, male Andean condors are considerably larger than the females. Also, males have a large caruncle (comb) and wattle which females lack. Sexes differ in eye color as well, with males having brown irises and females having red. Both sexes have the ability to change the color of the bare skin on their neck and face in association with mood. This is used for communication between individuals and males also use this for displays during mating season.
The feet of Andean condors are much less powerful with shorter blunted talons compared to those of other birds of prey. This adaption is well suited for a lifestyle of walking and scavenging. The hind toe is less developed, but the middle toe is much longer that the other toes. Their feet and legs are covered in circular scales that are dark grey in color.
Range mass: 7.7 to 15 kg.
Average mass: 10.8 kg.
Range length: 97.5 to 128 cm.
Average wingspan: 3.2 m.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; ornamentation
- Lambertucci, S., O. Mastrantuoni. 2008. Breeding behavior of a pair of free-living Andean Condors. Journal of Field Ornithology, 79/2: 147-151.
Chilean Mattoral Habitat
This taxon can be found in the Chilean matorral, an ecoregion in western central Chile that covers an area of approximately 57,300 square miles. This ecoregion is classified within the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. Exhibiting high plant and vertebrate endemism, the entire ecoregion is classified as critically endangered due to intensive deforestation and persistent high air pollution due to pressures of a burgeoning human population. Reptilian endemism is particularly notable, especially with respect to the tree iguanas; moreover, there are numerous reptiles, birds and mammals of threatened conservation status that can be found in the Chilean matorral.
he ecoregion also boasts a very high level of flora endemism; moreover, it is considered as a critically endangered habitat, with ongoing assaults from deforestation by native peoples of the region, resulting in severe habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. The deforestation has not only reduced habitat, but has accelerated the establishment of large expanses of alien herbs that were brought in during the Spanish settlement period; however, about 95% of the plant species are Chilean endemic, including Gomortega keule, Pitavia punctata, Nothofagus alessandrii and Jubaea chilensis.
Non-endemic threatened birds of the Chilean matorral are the Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephanoides), the Threatened Inca tern (Larosterna inca), the Near threatened Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopteris chilensis), the Near Threatened Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus), the Endangered Peruvian diving-petrel (Pelecanoides garnotii), the Near Threatened elegant tern (Sterna elegans), the Near Threatened guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii), the Near Threatened Inca tern (Larosterna inca), the Near threatened Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopteris chilensis), the strictly marine Vulnerable Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti), the Near Threatened red-legged cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi)
Andean condors inhabit mountain and coastal mountain habitat types in the Andean mountains of South America. They have been located at elevations of up to 5,500 m. They prefer areas with wide open spaces which aid in their detection of food. Andean condors roost and nest on cliff faces in small rock ledges or caves. They use the thermals that rise and spiral off of these cliff faces to soar for hours with very little effort, scanning for carrion.
Range elevation: 0 to 5,500 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; mountains
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Other Habitat Features: caves
- Lambertucci, S., A. Trejo, S. Di Martino, J. Sanchez-Zapata, J. Donazar, F. Hiraldo. 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of the Andean condor: ecological replacement of native fauna by exotic species. Animal Conservation, 12: 338-345.
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Marine
Trophic Strategy
Andean condors may form mutualistic relationships with smaller turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) and black vultures (Coragyps atratus), which forage by smell whereas Andean condors forages by sight. Larger Andean condors are much better adapted at tearing into the tough hide of a fresh kill. The smaller vultures benefit from the labors of the condor and feed on what is left of the newly opened carcass. Within the last century or so there has been an ecological shift in food availability across much of the Andean condors' range as native megafauna species (Llamas, alpacas, rheas, guanacos, and armadillos) are widely being displaced by domesticated animals (cows, horses, sheep, and goats) as well as those introduced for sport hunting (rabbits, foxes, wild boars, and red deer). Andean condors also eat carcasses of whales and other large marine mammals in coastal regions.
Andean condors are primarily scavengers but have been observed to do some hunting of marmots, birds and rabbits. Andean condors lack well developed hunting techniques but may chase and grab at live prey, in which case they begin feeding before the animal is dead. Andean condors hold prey by standing on it, as they lack the strong grasping feet found in most hunting raptors.
When approaching a fresh carcass, Andean condors often start opening the animal near the anus and progress toward the head. One of the first things eaten is usually the liver, followed by the muscle. No significant attempt to open the skulls and eat the brain has been observed.
In the northern reaches of their range, where Andean condors are in sharp population decline, food availability is a problem. One study suggested that this lack of food may increase the condors tendency to forage on road kill which presents a threat of being hit by a passing car.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; carrion
Primary Diet: carnivore (Scavenger )
- Speziale, K., S. Lambertucci, O. Olssonb. 2008. Disturbance from roads negatively affects Andean condor habitat use. Biological Conservation, 141: 1765-1772. Accessed January 18, 2010 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V5X-4SR0819-1-F&_cdi=5798&_user=972151&_orig=search&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2008&_sk=998589992&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlW-zSkWz&md5=844277a4f2cdebb4d0bb9c1e811134d7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
Andean condors are some of the largest and most successful avian scavengers on the planet and they serve an important role in the consumption of carrion to help prevent the spread of disease in an ecosystem.
Smaller vultures may have a mutualistic relationship with large Andean condors where the smaller birds locate carrion and provide passive visual cues to the high soaring Andean condors that food is nearby. The larger, more powerful condors usually arrive last to the group and opens up the carcass. This provides the smaller vultures with access to areas that were too tough to exploit on their own. The arrival of Andean condors was observed to cause visible "excitement" among the smaller vultures. Condors' activity of opening up a carcass has been observed to start a "feeding frenzy" among smaller scavengers, in which all normal dominance hierarchies are temporarily ignored.
Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation
Mutualist Species:
- Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)
- Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus)
Healthy adult condors have no known natural predators. Young chicks may fall victim to large birds of prey or to foxes if the nest is accessible to flightless predators. Eggs may also be lost to predation.
Andean condors nest on high, inaccessible cliff ledges where available but sometimes nest in areas that are more accessible by land. They are known to aggressively display and actively defend the nest site from potential predators, including zoo keepers.
Known Predators:
- Foxes (Vulpes)
- Birds of Prey
Life History and Behavior
Andean condors rely on their sense of sight to detect and locate carrion from thousands of feet in the air. They also may use visual cues from smaller vultures, which use smell to locate food.
Both sexes have the ability to change the color of the bare skin on their neck and face in association with mood. This is used for communication between individuals and males also use this for displays during mating season. Males use face and neck flushing (yellow) as part of their visual courtship displays. Andean condors also use clicking and hissing for communication but they lack a syrinx which is needed to produce more complicated bird calls.
Like all birds, Andean condors perceive their environments through visual, auditory, tactile and chemical stimuli.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Life Expectancy
Andean condors are long lived birds that mature slowly. Their true maximum lifespan in the wild is unknown but is estimated at around 50 years.
In January of 2010 a wild-born, captive condor died at nearly 80 years old at the Beardsley Zoo in Bridgeport Connecticut.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 80 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 50 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 75 (high) years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
A pair of Andean condors may select a nest site and then roost in (or near) it for as much as two and a half months before mating actually begins. As the pair mate and the time draws near to the female laying their egg, they will gradually begin to roost closer and closer to the nest ledge until they are finally roosting overnight inside it.
The mating behavior of Andean condors differs between accounts in zoo settings and the limited observations of wild birds. Accounts of wild birds have been made at great distances without clear views or description of the display or copulatory behavior. The male display can begin with pre-display behavior that includes the male rubbing his head and neck against a tree or post. Also the male has been described to present the female with small twigs and straws that they both lodge in their wing feathers, immediately followed by the object falling to the ground. These behaviors were not observed in all cases, and no definite explanation was offered. It is loosely hypothesized that the stick behavior may be remnant of when the species ancestors were nest builders but no formal studies have been conducted.
In general the male begins to display by spreading his wings and inflating his neck. His neck and wattle, which are normally a dull pinkish-grey color, flush a bright sulfur yellow. He approaches the female with his wings spread and his neck outstretched and arched with his bill pointing down. The male makes small turns to the left and right as he waddles toward the female who also may spread her wings and mimic his movements. The male hisses as he approaches the female, who may reply with low moaning sounds during copulation. The pair may nibble at each other for several minutes and click their bills together. Nibbling can continue during and after copulation.
Courtship and mating seem to be intricately tied to the males role as a dominant partner and the females submissiveness to him, which may account for the variation in observed behaviors from pair to pair, if each pair has a different balance of dominance in the relationship.
Mating System: monogamous
The mating season of Andean condors varies geographically, but is generally from February through June. They are non-migratory so seasonal extremes are very different in the northern and southern extents of their range. Breeding interval is also likely variable depending on the quality of their habitat and the availability of food.
Observations of breeding in Andean condors have been documented in great detail in only a few instances. This makes generalizing their behavior difficult due to variation between observations.
Most Andean condors do not construct a nest and will lay a single egg on the bare, cliff ledge. Some condors will collect a few sticks to scatter around the ledge. Eggs are bluish-white in color, weigh about 280 g, and are 7.6 to 10.1 cm in length. The single egg is incubated for 54 to 58 days, after which an altricial, downy chick hatches. Chicks are tended by both parents until they fledge at 6 to 7 months old. Fledglings remain with their parents until 2 years old, or when pairs breed again. Juveniles do not reach sexual maturity until 6 to 11 years of age.
Breeding interval: Andean condors breed every 2 to 3 years and may be more frequent if food resources are high.
Breeding season: Breeding season is between February and June in Peru, and between October and
Average eggs per season: 1.
Range time to hatching: 2 to 3 months.
Range fledging age: 6 to 7 months.
Range time to independence: 2 to 3 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 11 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 11 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Both sexes participate in incubation of the eggs and feeding the young. The sexes alternate incubation, with one of the pair always at the nest for the first 1 to 2 months. The parents continue alternating time at the nest for an additional month but gradually spent more time off the nest, but near the nest site. Males may forcibly displace females from the egg to take over incubation. Males have also been observed frequently chasing the females out of the nest before and after hatching. Males also feed the young more often than the females do. Parents tend the young well after they fledge at 6 to 7 months of age. Juveniles remain with the parents for an average of 2 years, or until parents breed again.
Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning
- Gailey, J., N. Bolwig. 1973. Observations on the Behavior of the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus). The Condor, 75/1: 60-68. Accessed January 11, 2010 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1366535.
- Lambertucci, S., O. Mastrantuoni. 2008. Breeding behavior of a pair of free-living Andean Condors. Journal of Field Ornithology, 79/2: 147-151.
- Whitston, M., P. Whitston. 1969. Breeding Behavior of the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus). The Condor, 71/1: 73-75. Accessed January 11, 2010 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1366056.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Vultur gryphus
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
Andean condors are listed as 'Near Threatened' on the IUCN Red List as they have faced significant population declines in recent years. Threats to Andean condors include habitat loss, lead ammunition ingestion, and persecution by farmers. Even after captive breeding and reintroduction programs, the slow reproduction rate (once every 2 to 3 years) of these birds is slowing population recovery.
Past conservation concerns had to do with the use of lead ammunition for hunting, because condors' digestive systems are harsh enough to absorb large quantities of the lead if ingested from scavenged gunshot kills. There has been much effort to end the use of lead ammunition within the range of Andean condors, but concern still exists.
The ecological replacement of many of Andean condors' native food sources by domestic animals may have unforeseen long term effects on their survival.
CITES: appendix i
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 12/02/1970
Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10)
Where Listed: Entire
Population detail:
Population location: Entire
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Vultur gryphus , see its USFWS Species Profile
Population Trend
Conservation Actions
CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix II.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Census population based on use of photography/video to recognise individual birds at feeding stations (Ríos-Uzeda and Wallace 2007). Study extent to which species makes large-scale movements. Study potential impact on livestock and begin dialogue with farmers with the aim of reducing persecution.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Andean condors tend to feed on large dead animals and occasionally will hunt sick and injured megafauna. Much of the local megafauna in the Andean highlands has been ecologically replaced by domesticated range species such as lamas, cows, horses, sheep, and goats which now constitute a large part of condors' diets. This has led some farmers and ranchers to see them as pest species that harass their livestock. Poisoning was not uncommon over the last hundred years but is now becoming less common due to an increase in public awareness and appreciation of Andean condors as symbols of the region.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Andean condors have been extremely important as a cultural symbol in the Andes mountains of south America for thousands of years. In the ancient Inca culture of Peru the condor represents one of the three realms of existence, the heavens; while the Jaguar represents the earth and the snake the underworld. These three cultural references appear all over Inca society, including in their architecture. The site of Machu Picchu, which was a royal vacation home, is built in the shape of a condor if viewed from the top of a nearby mountain. There is also a massive stone altar in the site that is shaped like a huge condor with wings spread high.
Andean condors also serve essential roles for humans as important carrion feeders that help limit the spread of disease.
Andean condors are one of the world's largest flying birds and thus their survival in the native habitat is important for ecotourism in South America. Andean condors are also often found in zoos, being a popular animal to exhibit due to their status. They were also an important learning resource for zookeepers to gain experience with the challenges of captive breeding large condors that was essential to the conservation of critically endangered California condors.
Positive Impacts: research and education
- Brown, J., N. Mitchell. 2000. Culture and Nature in the Protection of Andean Landscapes. Mountain Research and Development, 20/3: 212-217. Accessed January 11, 2010 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3674268.
- Wallace, M., S. Temple. 1987. Releasing Captive-Reared Andean Condors to the Wild. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 51/3: 541-550. Accessed January 18, 2010 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3801266.
Andean condor
The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a South American bird in the New World vulture family Cathartidae and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor has a wingspan of up to 3.2 m/10.5 ft [2] but is exceeded by the wandering albatross (at up to 3.6 m/12 ft), the southern royal albatross, the Dalmatian and the great white pelicans (at reportedly up to 3.5 m/11.6 ft).[3]
It is a large black vulture with a ruff of white feathers surrounding the base of the neck and, especially in the male, large white patches on the wings. The head and neck are nearly featherless, and are a dull red color, which may flush and therefore change color in response to the bird's emotional state. In the male, there is a wattle on the neck and a large, dark red comb or caruncle on the crown of the head. Unlike most birds of prey, the male is larger than the female.
The condor is primarily a scavenger, feeding on carrion. It prefers large carcasses, such as those of deer or cattle. It reaches sexual maturity at five or six years of age and nests at elevations of up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft), generally on inaccessible rock ledges. One or two eggs are usually laid. It is one of the world's longest-living birds, with a lifespan of over 70 years in some cases.
The Andean condor is a national symbol of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru and plays an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions. The Andean condor is considered near threatened by the IUCN.[1] It is threatened by habitat loss and by secondary poisoning from carcasses killed by hunters. Captive breeding programs have been instituted in several countries.
Taxonomy and systematics[edit]
The Andean condor was described by Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and retains its original binomial name of Vultur gryphus.[4] The Andean condor is sometimes called the Argentinean condor, Bolivian condor, Chilean condor, Colombian condor, Ecuadorian condor, or Peruvian condor after one of the nations to which it is native. The generic term Vultur is directly taken from the Latin vultur or voltur, which means "vulture".[5] Its specific epithet is derived from a variant of the Greek word γρυπός (grupós, "hook-nosed").[6] The word condor itself is derived from the Quechua kuntur.[7][8]
The exact taxonomic placement of the Andean condor and the remaining six species of New World vultures remains unclear.[9] Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world and are not closely related. Just how different the two families are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks.[10] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures[11] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.[12] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead described them as incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.[9]
The Andean condor is the only accepted living species of its genus, Vultur.[13] Unlike the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), which is known from extensive fossil remains and some additional ones of congeners, the fossil record of the Andean condor recovered to date is scant. Presumed Plio-Pleistocene species of South American condors were later recognized to be not different from the present species, although one known only from a few rather small bones found in a Pliocene deposit of Tarija Department, Bolivia, may have been a smaller palaeosubspecies, V. gryphus patruus.[14]
Although it is on average about seven to eight cm shorter from beak to tail than the California condor, the Andean condor is larger in wingspan, which ranges from 270 to 320 cm (8 ft 10 in to 10 ft 6 in).[3] It is also typically heavier, reaching a weight of 11 to 15 kg (24 to 33 lb) for males and 8 to 11 kg (18 to 24 lb) for females.[15] Overall length can range from 100 to 130 cm (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 3 in).[15] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 75.7–85.2 cm (29.8–33.5 in), the tail is 33–38 cm (13–15 in) and the tarsus is 11.5–12.5 cm (4.5–4.9 in).[3] Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity.[3] The mean weight is 11.3 kg (25 lb), with the males averaging about a kilogram more at 12.5 kg (28 lb), the females a kilogram less at 10.1 kg (22 lb). According to a recently published manual of avian body masses, the species possesses the heaviest average weight for any living flying bird or animal, ahead of competitors such as trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) and Dalmatian pelicans (Pelecanus crispus).[16][17] However, another resources claims a mean species body mass of 10.3 kg (23 lb) for the Andean condor.[18] The Andean condor is the largest living land bird capable of flight if measured in terms of average weight and wingspan, although male bustards of the largest species (far more sexually dimorphic in size) can weigh more at maximum.[15][19][20] The mean wingspan is around 283 cm (9 ft 3 in) and the wings have the largest surface area (measured in square centimeters) of any extant bird.[20] Among living bird species, only the great albatrosses and the two largest species of pelican exceed the Andean condor in average and maximal wingspan.[20][21]
The adult plumage is a uniform black, with the exception of a frill of white feathers nearly surrounding the base of the neck and, especially in the male, large patches or bands of white on the wings which do not appear until the completion of the bird's first moulting.[22] The head and neck are red to blackish-red and have few feathers. The head and neck are meticulously kept clean by the bird,[23] and their baldness is an adaptation for hygiene, allowing the skin to be exposed to the sterilizing effects of dehydration and ultraviolet light at high altitudes.[24] The crown of the head is flattened. In the male, the head is crowned with a dark red caruncle or comb, while the skin of his neck lies in folds, forming a wattle.[22] The skin of the head and neck is capable of flushing noticeably in response to emotional state, which serves to communicate between individuals. Juveniles have a grayish-brown general coloration, blackish head and neck skin, and a brown ruff. [25]
The middle toe is greatly elongated, and the hind one is only slightly developed, while the talons of all the toes are comparatively straight and blunt. The feet are thus more adapted to walking, and are of little use as weapons or organs of prehension as in birds of prey and Old World vultures.[26] The beak is hooked, and adapted to tear rotting meat.[27] The irises of the male are brown, while those of the female are deep red.[28] The eyelids lack eyelashes.[29] Contrary to the usual rule for sexual dimorphism among birds of prey,[30] the female is smaller than the male.[31]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The Andean condor is found in South America in the Andes, including the Santa Marta Mountains. In the north, its range begins in Venezuela and Colombia, where it is extremely rare,[32] then continues south along the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, through Bolivia and western Argentina to the Tierra del Fuego.[25] In the early 19th century, the Andean condor bred from western Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego, along the entire chain of the Andes, but its range has been greatly reduced due to human activity.[33] Its habitat is mainly composed of open grasslands and alpine areas up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in elevation. It prefers relatively open, non-forested areas which allow it to spot carrion from the air, such as the páramo or rocky, mountainous areas in general.[34] It occasionally ranges to lowlands in eastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil,[10] descends to lowland desert areas in Chile and Peru, and is found over southern-beech forests in Patagonia.[32]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
The condor soars with its wings held horizontally and its primary feathers bent upwards at the tips.[22] The lack of a large sternum to anchor its correspondingly large flight muscles physiologically identifies it as primarily being a soarer. It flaps its wings on rising from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation it flaps its wings very rarely, relying on thermals to stay aloft.[35] Charles Darwin commented on having watched them for half an hour without once observing a flap of their wings.[36] It prefers to roost on high places from which it can launch without major wing-flapping effort. Andean condors are often seen soaring near rock cliffs, using the heat thermals to aid them in rising in the air.[37]
Like other New World vultures, the Andean condor has the unusual habit of urohidrosis: it often empties its cloaca onto its legs and feet. A cooling effect through evaporation has been proposed as a reason for this behaviour, but it makes no sense in the cold Andean habitat of the bird.[11] Because of this habit, their legs are often streaked with a white buildup of uric acid.[26]
There is a well-developed social structure within large groups of condors, with competition to determine a 'pecking order' by body language, competitive play behavior, and vocalizations.[38] Generally, mature males tend to be at the top of the pecking order, with post-dispersal immature males tending to be near the bottom.[3]
The Andean condor is a scavenger, feeding mainly on carrion.[35] Wild condors inhabit large territories, often traveling more than 200 km (120 mi) a day in search of carrion.[24] In inland areas, they prefer large carcasses. Naturally, they feed on the largest carcasses available, which can include llamas (Lama glama), alpacas (Vicugna pacos), rheas (Rhea ssp.), guanacos (Lama guanicoe), deer and armadillos. However, most inland condors now live largely off of domestic animals, which are now more widespread in South America, such as cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), horses (Equus ferus caballus), donkeys (Equus africanus asinus), mules, sheep (Ovis aries), pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). They also feed on the carcasses of introduced game species such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). For condors who live around the coast, the diet consists mainly of beached carcasses of marine mammals, largely cetaceans.[28][39] They will also raid the nests of smaller birds to feed on the eggs.[40] Andean condors have been observed to do some hunting of small, live animals, such as rodents, birds and rabbits, which (given their lack of powerful, grasping feet or developed hunting technique) they usually kill by jabbing repeatedly with their bill.[39] Coastal areas provide a constant food supply, and in particularly plentiful areas, some Andean condors limit their foraging area to several kilometers of beach-front land.[33] They locate carrion by spotting it or by following other scavengers, such as corvids or other vultures.[41] It may follow New World vultures of the genus Cathartes—the turkey vulture (C. aura), the lesser yellow-headed vulture (C. burrovianus), and the greater yellow-headed vulture (C. melambrotus)—to carcasses. The Cathartes vultures forage by smell, detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. These smaller vultures cannot rip through the tougher hides of these larger animals with the efficiency of the larger condor, and their interactions are often an example of mutual dependence between species.[42] Black vultures (Coragyps atratus), king vultures (Sarcoramphus papa) and even mammalian scavengers may sometimes track Cathartes vultures for carcasses but the condor is invariably dominant among the scavengers in its range.[43][44] Andean condors are intermittent eaters in the wild, often going for a few days without eating, then gorging themselves on several pounds at once, sometimes to the point of being unable to lift off the ground. Because its feet and talons are not adapted to grasping, it must feed while on the ground.[24] Like other carrion-feeders, it plays an important role in its ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease.[45]
Sexual maturity and breeding behavior do not appear in the Andean condor until the bird is five or six years of age.[46] It may live to be 50 plus, and it mates for life.[47] During courtship displays, the skin of the male's neck flushes, changing from dull red to bright yellow, and inflates.[48] He approaches the female with neck outstretched, revealing the inflated neck and the chest patch, while hissing,[49] then extends his wings and stands erect while clicking his tongue.[28] Other courtship rituals include hissing and clucking while hopping with wings partially spread, and dancing.[24] The Andean condor prefers to roost and breed at elevations of 3,000 to 5,000 m (9,800 to 16,400 ft).[50] Its nest, which consists of a few sticks placed around the eggs, is created on inaccessible ledges of rock. However, in coastal areas of Peru, where there are few cliffs, some nests are simply partially shaded crannies scraped out against boulders on slopes.[33] It deposits one or two bluish-white eggs, weighing about 280 g (9.9 oz) and ranging from 75 to 100 mm (3.0 to 3.9 in) in length, during the months of February and March every second year. The egg hatches after 54 to 58 days of incubation by both parents.[28] If the chick or egg is lost or removed, another egg is laid to take its place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the reproductive rate by taking the first egg away for hand-rearing, causing the parents to lay a second egg, which they are generally allowed to raise.[51]
The young are covered with a grayish down until they are almost as large as their parents. They are able to fly after six months,[22] but continue to roost and hunt with their parents until age two, when they are displaced by a new clutch.[52] Healthy adults have no natural predators, but large birds of prey and mammalian predators, like foxes, may take eggs or hatchlings. Predation is relatively uncommon, since the vigilant parents often aggressively displace birds of prey who come near and the rocky, precipitous location of most nests are difficult for mammals to access.
Being a slowly-maturing bird with no known natural predators in adulthood, an Andean condor is quite a long-lived bird. Longevity and mortality rates are not known to have been extensively studied in the wild. Some estimations of lifespans of wild birds has exceeded 50 years. In 1983, the Guinness Book of World Records considered the longest-lived bird of any species with a confirmed lifespan was an Andean condor that died after surviving 72 years in captivity, having been captured from the wild as a juvenile of undetermined age.[20] Several species of parrot have been reported to live for perhaps over 100 years, but these (at least in 1983) were not considered authenticated.[20] Another early captive-held specimen of condor reportedly lived for 71 years.[20] However, these lifespans have been exceeded by a male, nicknamed "Thaao", that was kept Beardsley Zoo in Connecticut. Thaao was born in captivity in 1930 and died on January 26, 2010, making him 79 years of age.[53] This would be the greatest verified age ever known for a bird.[20]
Relationship with humans[edit]
Conservation status[edit]
The Andean condor is considered near threatened by the IUCN.[1] It was first placed on the United States Endangered Species list in 1970,[54] a status which is assigned to an animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.[55] Threats to its population include loss of habitat needed for foraging, secondary poisoning from animals killed by hunters and persecution.[56] It is threatened mainly in the northern area of its range, and is extremely rare in Venezuela and Colombia, where it has undergone considerable declines in recent years.[57] Because it is adapted to very low mortality and has correspondingly low reproductive rates, it is extremely vulnerable to human persecution,[32] most of which stems from the fact that it is perceived as a threat by farmers due to alleged attacks on livestock.[47] Education programs have been implemented by conservationists to dispel this misconception.[58] Reintroduction programs using captive-bred Andean condors, which release birds hatched in North American zoos into the wild to bolster populations,[58] have been introduced in Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia. The first captive-bred Andean condors were released into the wild in 1989.[59] When raising condors, human contact is minimal; chicks are fed with glove puppets which resemble adult Andean condors in order to prevent the chicks from imprinting on humans, which would endanger them upon release as they would not be wary of humans.[60] The condors are kept in aviaries for three months prior to release, where they acclimatize to an environment similar to that which they will be released in.[60] Released condors are tracked by satellite in order to observe their movements and to monitor whether they are still alive.[27]
In response to the capture of all the wild individuals of the California condor, in 1988 the US Fish and Wildlife Service began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive Andean condors into the wild in California. Only females were released to eliminate the possibility of accidentally introducing a South American species into the United States. The experiment was a success, and all the Andean condors were recaptured and re-released in South America before the reintroduction of the California condors took place.[61]
Role in culture[edit]
The Andean condor is a national symbol of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It is the national bird of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.[62] It plays an important role in the folklore and mythology of the South American Andean regions,[47] and has been represented in Andean art from c. 2500 BCE onward,[63] and they are a part of indigenous Andean religions.[64] In Andean mythology, the Andean condor was associated with the sun deity,[65] and was believed to be the ruler of the upper world.[66] The Andean condor is considered a symbol of power and health by many Andean cultures, and it was believed that the bones and organs of the Andean condor possessed medicinal powers, sometimes leading to the hunting and killing of condors to obtain its bones and organs.[27][67] In some versions of Peruvian bullfighting, a condor is tied to the back of a bull, where it pecks at the animal as bullfighters fight it. The condor generally survives and is set free.[68]
In Peru, they are occasionally shot, but more often revered and used for ceremonial purposes. The Yawar Fiesta is a celebration, the pinnacle of which is the tying of an Andean condor to the back of a bull, allowing the condor to kill the bull with its talons before being released. This ceremony is a symbolic representation of the power of the Andean peoples (the condor) over the Spanish (the bull).[69] There is also a ceremony known as the arranque del condor in which a live Andean condor is suspended from a frame and is punched to death by horsemen as they ride by.[70]
The Andean condor is a popular figure on stamps in many countries, appearing on one for Ecuador in 1958, Argentina in 1960, Peru in 1973, Bolivia in 1985, Colombia in 1992, Chile in 2001, and Venezuela in 2004.[71] It has also appeared on the coins and banknotes of Colombia and Chile.[72] The condor is featured in several coats of arms of Andean countries as a symbol of Andes mountains.
First Coat of arms of Peru.
Hunting for condor. Chile, 19th century.[73]
Gauchos lassoing a condor
(illustration 1895)
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V. maximus, carúncula verticali longitudine capitis.
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- ^ Snyder, Noel F. R. and Helen Snyder (2006). Raptors of North America: Natural History and Conservation. Voyageur Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-7603-2582-0.
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- ^ Ecology of Condors: the California Condor and Andean Condor. Ecology.info. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
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- ^ Gomez, LG; Houston, DC; Cotton, P; Tye, A, Luis G.; Houston, David C.; Cotton, Peter; Tye, Alan (1994). "The role of greater yellow-headed vultures Cathartes melambrotus as scavengers in neotropical forest". Ibis 136 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01084.x. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
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- ^ a b c Tait, Malcolm (2006). Going, Going, Gone: Animals and Plants on the Brink of Extinction. Sterling Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 1-84525-027-3.
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- ^ Fjeldså, Jon; Krabbe, Niels (1990). Birds of the High Andes. Apollo Books. p. 90. ISBN 87-88757-16-1.
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Showing 1-24 of 157 items found in Food & Drink
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Caffe' Italia Ristorante
Caffé Italia Ristorante is family owned and the dishes are inspired from memories of the owners home in Sicily. Come in and enjoy a taste of Italy in Bloomington-Normal.
La Gondola
Established in 1982. LaGondola Spaghetti House was based on the founder's simple belief in homemade food and excellent service. In the years since, nothing has changed. Wholesome ingredients prepared fresh everyday from our signature meat sauce to our made from scratch bread. Offering the famous Kelly Tobin's pan and thin crust pizza, spaghetti, garlic bread, torpedo sandwiches and more!
Baxters American Grille
Baxters American Grille now offers seasonal menus that boast a variety of signature dishes that you can't get find anywhere else. Our concept provides a delicious variety of Steaks, Seafood and Chops accompanied with a Management & Chef team that are dedicated to a unique culinary experience. We offer a big-city dining experience within dinner, private dining and catering to the Bloomington area. Whether you stop in for one of our new signature martinis or to dine in our upscale open kitchen concept, Baxters is the destination for your evening out!
Thai House of Bloomington
Authentic Thai cuisine is offered at this restaurant with vegetarian options & beer. This small location with big flavors is sure to make your dining experience memorable!
Reality Bites
A tapas restaurant and bar located in the heart of downtown Bloomington, along Historic Route 66. Reality Bites gives you the best of both worlds; great food and an exciting night out on the town. Reality Bites provides a sophisticated, fun feel in a college town, serving a large diverse menu of lunch and dinner as well as a fully stocked bar. Reality Bites is locally owned and takes pride in satisfying our customer's needs.
Bona Fide Thai Cuisine
Get rid of your hunger with flavorful creations offered by Bona Fide Thai Cuisine, a Thai restaurant in Bloomington, Illinois. Our family-owned-and-operated restaurant is Bloomington's preferred location for original Thai food. The décor in our restaurant is outstanding, and it provides a comfortable, relaxing atmosphere for the entire family to enjoy. We have wide selection of dishes, including quality food at reasonable prices and wonderful daily specials. We offer plenty of parking, and walk-ins are welcome.
Bandana's Bar-B-Q
Bandana's is a barbeque restaurant, that is what they are all about, and consistency is the key. You will not find hamburgers, fish or pasta entrees on our menu. What you will find is the best Sourthern Style smoked barbeque pork, beef, chicken, ribs, turkey and sausage you have ever tasted.
Parkview Food and Pub
This locally-owned pub traces its roots back to 1928. Its scenic location across from Miller Park, Forrest Park and on Historic Route 66 makes this restaurant a popular stop for Route 66 travelers. They offer a variety of food specials, drink specials, video gaming, and lottery. Plus you can watch the game on the big screens. Stop by and try some delicious broasted chicken, walleye, burger's and more!
Beer Nuts Company Store - Plant
Bloomington, Illinois is the only city in the world where beer nuts are made! A video presentation on the making of beer nuts can be viewed in the gift shop, and nuts are available to sample in the Company Store.
Gene's Dairy Delight
Locally owned and operated since 1971, Gene's takes pride in their homemade novelties. Famous for their soft served cones and the Avalanche. This has always been a favorite family stop on Route 66!
Carmike Ovation 10 Cinema
The Ovation concept is an innovative full-service cinematic dining experience that brings the convenience of dinner and a movie to every oversized luxury seat. The Ovations feature an extensive menu with over 100 premium food and beverage selections providing valued guests to enjoy the biggest Hollywood blockbusters like never before. Ovation also includes amenities such as a cocktail lounge with a full service bar and food service available for guests to enjoy the comfort of community-style dining.
Rosie's Pub
American taphouse serving flatbreads, burgers & pasta. Located in Downtown Bloomington in Abraham Lincoln's former law office.
Lucca Grill
The Lucca Grill was established in 1936 by brothers Fred and John Baldini and was named for their hometown of Lucca, Italy. Located on Historic Route 66, customers enjoy the delicious thin-crust pizza as much as they appreciate the ornate tin ceiling and antique mahogany bar.
Anju Above
Anju Above promises to make Farm to Table dining more accessible by offering seasonally sensitive, locally grown cuisine in a fast and casual setting. Anju Above's menu features classic Neapolitan pizzas, sushi specifically created for the Midwestern palate, Asian dumplings, and a modern and interactive bar. Our purpose is to blend internationally inspired small dishes with socially responsible farming techniques to create a fast and fun, farm fresh experience for our guests.
LaTeaDa Tea Room & Gift Shop
Escape the everyday with an afternoon spent at the LaTeaDa Tea Room & Gift Shop. Experience a leisurely lunch in our Victorian Farmhouse nestled on 3 acres. Our lunch menu changes with the seasons and our desserts change daily. Choose from three iced teas and over 20 loose leaf hot teas daily. LaTeaDa is the perfect setting for parties, showers, business meetings, dress rehearsals and special events. Call for details on booking your groups private party. Reservations are always HIGHLY SUGGESTED for lunch. (Please make reservations via the phone to ensure availability)
Bayern Stube Restaurant
A real Bavarian experience awaits you in this family-owned and operated restaurant. Bayern Stube, located in Gibson City, offers authentic Bavarian cuisine in a cozy, traditional atmosphere; with dishes like schnitzels, sausages and homemade desserts to fill your soul.
CITY:Gibson City
El Toro II
Stationed right here in Champaign-Urbana, El Toro serves authentic Mexican cuisine in a fun, family-friendly atmosphere.
Monicals Pizza
Pick up or delivery, lunch and dinner served.
Ming Garden
Experience true Chinese cuisine at Ming Garden located just off of Mattis Avenue and nearby Champaign Centennial High School.
The Seaboat Restaurant
The Seaboat is a landmark restaurant in Champaign-Urbana, IL where Midwest hospitality meets great food in a casual environment. Famous for serving Tasty Fish and Chicken Delights, all of The Seaboat's entrees are cooked to order using the finest ingredients.
Walnut Street Tea Co.
Although this shop is located in downtown Champaign, it does not sit directly on the strip that gets the bulk of foot traffic, and thus it might be easily overlooked. Don't be afraid to go for a walk on the beautiful streets of downtown Champaign, and sooner or later you'll find this fine little establishment producing all sorts of tea beverages a tea lover would love to get their hands on!
Sammy's Pancake House
Start your day off right with a stack of HOT pancakes, or whatever breakfast combo you'd like. Located on Mattis Avenue just across the street and few blocks from Dodds Softball & Soccer Complex and near Parkland College.
Biaggi's Ristorante Italiano
At Biaggi's, we believe your dining experience should be just that… an experience! You'll find our comfortable atmosphere and casual setting a relaxing place to dine for any occasion. Whether you're with family, friends or business associates, you can count on our friendly and knowledgeable staff to deliver a memorable experience each and every time you visit. At Biaggi's, we're committed to offering freshly prepared Italian cuisine served by an exceptionally knowledgeable staff in a casual environment. In addition to regular menu items, each Biaggi's location offers a daily selection of featured specials.
Tobin's Pizza
Tobin's Pizza located on Historic Route 66, is a Mom & Pop favorite. The Pizzas are made one at a time, no fillers, always fresh, never pre-cooked or frozen! Where quality counts, Tobin's has over 50 years of experience in providing restaurant services which created an awareness of customer expectations - Tobin's Pizza means quality! If your not in the mood for pizza they offer fried chicken, spaghetti, and more!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Italy's Next Generation of Talent
Turin: This northern Italian city, known for its business dynasties, is proving there is more than just an entrepreneurial vein to its creative spirit. To celebrate its 100th anniversary, Confindustria, Italy's employers' federation, is investing in the country's budding artistic talent with an exhibition at the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, titled "21 x 21: 21 Artists for the 21st Century."
Bringing together 21 of Italy's most promising young artists, curator Francesco Bonami placed a bet on innovation -- and seems to have won the gamble. Legacies of the past are all but absent in the work on show. In his multimedia installation "R.M.H.C. 1987-1997" (2010), Giulio Squillacciotti takes an anthropological approach as he reconstructs memories of Rome's 1980s hardcore punk scene through a video documentary and material that includes amateur snapshots and a selection of album covers. Rossella Biscotti's "The Sun Shines in Kiev" (2006) also looks at the 1980s -- but does so by reassembling video footage filmed hours after the Chernobyl explosion by a journalist who was eventually killed by the radiation.
Until Aug. 31
Visitors shouldn't miss a separate exhibition at the Fondazione : Alberto Garutti's "Temporali" (2010), a towering chandelier-like structure that lights up every time lightning strikes Italian soil.
—Margherita Stancati


text:
Peppers at 10, which seems low.
- Member for
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Recent Comments
|3 weeks 3 days ago
|He looks pretty athletic for
He looks pretty athletic for a big guy. I loved his form tossing zombies. Excited about his commitment!
|5 weeks 8 hours ago
|Always good to see New
Always good to see New England kids go to Michigan. Congrats, Andrew!
|5 weeks 2 days ago
|"Wednesday Recruiting Has
"Wednesday Recruiting Has Fancy Feet" would have been a good headline.
|5 weeks 3 days ago
|It might be that I liked
It might be that I liked Florida a lot growing up (Spurrier and Wuerfel) but I love their unis/helmets. I similarly have a disdain for Florida State because I did not like Bowden and the seeming crookedness of the program even before I understood how crooked they really are/were.
|5 weeks 5 days ago
|Love the shirt exchange.
Love the shirt exchange.
|7 weeks 1 day ago
Wasn't part of his looking at other jobs to increase the salary pool for his assistants too?
|7 weeks 2 days ago
|The Patriots' secondary,
The Patriots' secondary, minus Malcolm Butler...
|8 weeks 4 days ago
|It was funny.
It was funny.
|9 weeks 2 days ago
|Bill Belichick is #1 so I can
Bill Belichick is #1 so I can verify that that list is accurate.
|9 weeks 2 days ago
|Uh, who knows? Bill's son
Uh, who knows?
Bill's son played for Rutgers.
|9 weeks 5 days ago
|Pipeline 7 or 8? Doesn't have
Pipeline 7 or 8? Doesn't have the same ring to it ;)
|10 weeks 1 day ago
|Still Team Grinch, but voted
Still Team Grinch, but voted for Spring Game Grin.
|10 weeks 4 days ago
|My thoughts
|10 weeks 4 days ago
|Pissed that the Grinch didn't
Pissed that the Grinch didn't win. This gif tournament is so consequential!
|10 weeks 5 days ago
|There is something devious
There is something devious about the Grinch grin that I just absolutely love. Also, the Grinch is probably my favorite Dr Seuss related thing, so that may have also played into it. Both gifs have high usability, which is another important consideration IMO.
|11 weeks 1 day ago
|Yep! Essentially the genesis
Yep! Essentially the genesis of that creation.
|11 weeks 1 day ago
|I've never tried this before
I've never tried this before but had the concept for a while. Looking forward to trying it.
|11 weeks 1 day ago
|I really can't wait to get
I really can't wait to get done with work today. I'm making chicken curry fried chicken tonight. I'm really excited about how it's going to turn out.
|11 weeks 2 days ago
|(No subject)
|11 weeks 3 days ago
|Harb-grinch ftw.
Harb-grinch ftw.
|11 weeks 4 days ago
|Michigan is totally going to
Michigan is totally going to recruit a kangaroo to play running back.
|11 weeks 4 days ago
|BC would be Rutgers 2.0 to be
BC would be Rutgers 2.0 to be honest. Besides hockey, their sports teams aren't very good, especially the revenue generating ones.
|11 weeks 6 days ago
|I'd leave him alone and enjoy
I'd leave him alone and enjoy the fact that you're off your flight and at the destination of wherever you're going. That's just me though.
|11 weeks 6 days ago
|Drinking a growler of this
Drinking a growler of this right now. This is a drinking thread, right?
|12 weeks 2 days ago
|I like the hires on paper,
I like the hires on paper, but it's up to Beilein to make sure they work and the positive effects of their coaching are maximized. Defense and rebounding are two things that I've felt he has been prodigiously soft on and I hope Donlon is able to change that.
|12 weeks 2 days ago
|Anyone else think that
Anyone else think that Morehead looks like a fat version of the actor who plays the main character in Mr. Robot?
|12 weeks 3 days ago
Wouldn't be surprised if he is written in to be mayor next election.
|12 weeks 3 days ago
|10) Threads that are META
10) Threads that are META should be labeled META. Threads that are OT should be labeled OT.
Example: This thread should be META.
|12 weeks 4 days ago
|Good to see another kid from
Good to see another kid from New England Go Blue. I feel like Mason is the type of kid that Harbaugh had Stanford and made Stanford what it is today. I know that some are going to wonder about recruiting rankings, but I'm a bit more nonchalant about them, considering the type of team Harbaugh is building.
|12 weeks 4 days ago
|Names I like: Viper, Cobra
Names I like: Viper, Cobra (Mustang or AC Shelby), Cuda, anything with ramjet, Bullitt or Mach variants of Mustangs, Raptor.


text:
Sherry L Unterbrink
Summerville, SC
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North Charleston, SC
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Zodiac SignSagittarius
StatusHr Specialist at Palmetto Goodwill
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206 Sxxxx Pxxx Cx
Summerville SC
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Company: Palmetto Goodwill
Title: Hr Specialist
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Company: Palmetto Goodwill
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Nonprofit; 501-1000 employees; Nonprofit Organization Management industry
Company: Lower South Carolina Inc
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The organization, formally incorporated in 1910, provided job skills training programs and even a rudimentary placement service. The name "Goodwill Industries" was later adopted after a Brooklyn, NY, workshop coined the phrase. Here in Lower South Carolina, your local Goodwill has been building better communities through the power of work since the 1970s. In 1974, a small group of local citizens raised concerns over the lack of opportunities for people with disabilities in the Charleston area. After five years of endless meetings and small fund raising activities, the group received a charter from Goodwill Industries International and the agency officially opened its doors on October 16, 1979 with the name Goodwill Industries of Lower South Carolina, Inc. Since its inception, your local Goodwill has continued to provide services to individuals, businesses and organizations throughout the Lowcountry. The community has supported Goodwill Industries with donations of goods, monetary contributions and by shopping in Goodwill retail stores. Because of this support, Goodwill's mission of helping people achieve their full potential through the dignity and power of work is as relevant today as it was when Goodwill opened its doors in 1979.
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Travis Williams
Position: Small Forward ▪ Shoots: Left
Height: 6-6 ▪ Weight: 215 lbs.
Born: May 27, 1969 in Columbia, South Carolina
High School: Richland NE in Richland, South Carolina
College: South Carolina State University
NBA Debut: November 15, 1997
Other Pages: College Basketball Stats
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Walking might produce a more accurate track. I don't know for sure. I generally get tracks from Garmin Connect. Since I'm only using the tracks a guideline and drawing overtop, I can kinda average and correct as I draw. Not sure how it would work for a small, tight trail, but I'm willing to take a look at it.
Thanks again to everyone who has said something nice. If anyone uses one of my maps to check a trail system out for the first time, I'd love it if you drop me a line afterward and let me know how it went. If it was useful, if there was anything you wish I'd had on there, etc. Feedback is always welcome.
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Articles on this page are available in 1 other language: Chinese (Simplified) (8) (learn more)
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Phoenicurus erythrogastrus
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Phoenicurus erythrogastrus
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Population Trend
Güldenstädt's redstart
The Güldenstädt's redstart (Phoenicurus erythrogastrus) also sometimes called the white-winged redstart, is a species of bird in the genus Phoenicurus, family Muscicapidae. It is found in the high mountains of southwestern and central Asia in the Caucasus, Karakoram, Pamir, Himalaya, Tian Shan, and Altai, in the countries of Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[2]
It is the largest redstart, 18 cm long and 21–29 g weight. The adult male is black above except for a white crown, a white patch on the wing, and an orange-red tail; below, the throat and upper breast are black, and the rest of the underparts a rich orange-red. The female and immature male are brown above and orange-buff below, with an orange-red tail.[2]
It breeds at high altitudes from 3,600–5,200 m in alpine meadows and rock-fields, moving slightly lower to 1,500–4,800 m in winter where it occurs mainly in subalpine Hippophae scrub; some populations, notably the northernmost in the mountains around Lake Baikal, migrate further, reaching northeastern China. It feeds on fruit and a wide variety of invertebrates.[2]
Taxonomy and relationships[edit]
There are two subspecies:[2]
- Phoenicurus erythrogastrus erythrogastrus, Caucasus
- Phoenicurus erythrogastrus grandis, Central Asian mountains
In plumage and size the male closely resembles the white-capped redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus, sharing the black upperparts and white crown, but lacking the white wing patch.[2] Although the white-capped redstart is currently placed in a separate genus Chaimarrornis, this genus is not genetically distinct and is likely to merged into Phoenicurus in the future.[3] Male Güldenstädt's redstarts also show some plumage similarities to the much smaller Moussier's redstart P. moussieri, including the white wing patch, while the females more resemble an outsized common redstart.[2]
The scientific name was usually cited in older texts as Phoenicurus erythrogaster, though this is an error in Latin grammar.[2]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phoenicurus erythrogastrus.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicurus erythrogastrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hoyo, J. del, et al., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 773. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
- ^ Sangster, G., Alström, P., Forsmark, E., & Olsson, U. (2010). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 380–392 Full text


text:
The Standard Stall Chain is durable and economical. This stall guard consists of a heavyweight rubber-covered chain.
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text:
After the Bell
Before the Bell
Jim Cramer's Daily Booyah
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These 3 dividend stocks are rated a Hold by TheStreet
A parental shopping binge may be on its way, this summer; here is how to play it.
The attack in France has cast a pall over U.S. futures, but data from China has investors there bubbly.
Staples will fight the online behemoth down to the last pencil and notebook for this important shopping season.
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Skip to comments.Video: University makes diploma contingent on supporting gay rights
Posted on 07/28/2010 2:19:00 PM PDT by SeekAndFind
CNN has an interesting roundtable on the case of Jennifer Keeton, who has sued Augusta State University to keep from getting expelled for not repudiating her statements about homosexuality. Keeton expressed her biblical perspective on the subject in and out of class while working toward a degree in counseling, and the school mandated a "remediation plan" that appears to have required her to renounce her Christian doctrine in order to gain a diploma from the school. The school has responded that a bias against homosexuality would disqualify Keeton from certification, a position that would put most Christians in Keeton's position.
Does this amount to a "thought police"? A religious test for education? Or does Keeton's lack of diversity appreciation really make her unqualified for a degree and career in counseling?
Ed Morrisey adds :
It sounds to me like the ACA wants a dont ask, dont tell rule for religion. That runs square into the First Amendment, especially for a state-run school. The ACAs idea of who comes first doesnt get to trump the restriction on freedom of religious exercise. If clients get off-put by Keetons approach to counseling, they can look for another counselor. Now, the ACA can decide not to certify her; as a private organization, they have that prerogative. If they do that explicitly based on her religious belief, however, they may have a problem with that in court, especially as it will block Keetons ability to make a living.
The state-run school has no such leeway. They cannot impose a religious test for graduation, no matter how they dress it up.
Ask these same communists how they would feel about a loyalty oath to these United States and our Constitutional form of government.
their way or the highway. Enough!
Secular humanism is a religion and the liberal advocates are requiring that the masses join.
Maybe some Moslems should enroll and make their positions clear on the subject.
I think, in very extreme cases, religious beliefs could (and should) prevent someone from being certified for a given profession. For example, you would not want a practicing MD who believes ONLY in the power of prayer to heal and will not prescribe medicine. That being said, I don't think that condition applies in this case.
Thanks SandF, I heard the president of some national counselors assoc on the radio today talk about this issue, and all I could think of was:
In almost all cases, the Muslim religion is more restrictive, has clearer lack of tolerance in this regard, and openly rejects homosexuality.
Are openly Muslim faithful being treated in the same fashion?
Personally I think if you are going to counsel people it would be a plus to have someone that started off with similar ideals, like religious beliefs to establish a rapport. Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Hindi, or any other would be better served within the faith, as long as the faith was not integral to the problem.
Just my two cents.
It's a tricky situation. If she is going to be a counselor in today's secular/Godless world, she chose the wrong profession. Applying her Christian beliefs would be inapplicable to a secular humanist. Imagine visiting a wahabbi counselor. I guess for someone like her, the answer is that she should be a counselor in a Christian setting only. She probably should have attended a Christian school.
"The school has responded that a bias against homosexuality would disqualify Keeton from certification..."
Unless she is going to do Pastoral Counseling, she doesn't want to work in that field anyway...she will be unable to find work...
It is of course; a 'natural progression' per politcal correctness stretching into advanced thought policing.
So what next? Will we be required to have chips placed in our brains at birth to guarantee conformity - or just the 'old' salt mine MO if we have not learned the 'lessons' by the time we graduate. . .
It's possible that she decided to take the fight to the secular humanists.
And if she sues their asses off, that's cool with me :0)
We have decided to become a nation against all that is right.
Forgive me Lord!
Forgive us Father...
How is this not un-constitutional? This is a STATE University; not a private university. Does she know the material? Yes, or no.
The "takeover" of the universities by homosexual activists is complete. I was told in the 1980s by a prominent university official who happened to be homosexual, that the schools then were already laced with homosexual administrators. Doesn't everybody know that? Not sure that anyone cares, especially in Massachusetts.
It is nationwide. The activists are bold and overpowering because the Obama Administration supports their positions.
Our country seems to be where Germany was politically in connection with public displays of homosexual behavior, at the beginning of the Third Reich. IMO this administration is following a similar path.
Why go to university? Normal people are not welcome. If you're a White Christian/Jew you are not desired (but your money is)
We are not talking about all religious cults—we are talking about the Christian religion which has embedded in it the principles of Natural Law by St. Thomas Aquinas which made it compatible with the constitution of America. All offshoots of Catholic doctrine are not necessarily aligned with Natural Law, although many are.
This country was based on the fundamental principles of Natural Law and God's Laws, so we can not venture from those ideals unless we dump the whole meaning of the Constitution.
Islam is not compatible with our constitution because it has never been aligned with reason and the fundamental principles of nature.
It seems to me that this intellectually challenged academic institution ignores that the heart of anti-bigotry is not more bigotry; that the heart of anti-bigotry is tolerance and the heart of tolerance, in the hands of government, is to be (for the government to be) an agnostic in such cases, which means neither an advocate against ("gay") nor an advocate for.
Apparently the college thinks it can be bigoted towards devout Christians.
Meanwhile the Chinese graduate one engineer/scientist after another.
Why shouldn't the "consumer" of counseling be able to make the choice? Ask the counselor what his/her perspective is on homosexuality. If you agree, commence the counseling relationship; if you disagree, keep shopping.
That' generally the way it works ewith a counselor anyway, isn't it? If you don't agree with the counselor's style or values, you go elsewhere.
Some counselees would — and some, of course, wouldn't -— actively seek out a counselor who is willing to consider that homosexuality might be part of the problem, not part of the solution.
Actually, the Univeristy should lose it's accreditation for violating the 1st Amendment free speech and freedom of religion protections. Oh...and it's federal funding too...
This is a complete takeover of universities by leftist identity politics. A somewhat similar situation exists at the University of Minnesota School of Education. It is established "political doctrine" at that school that in public schools, "persons of color" have the deck stacked against them to the point where it is impossible for a student who is a "person of color" to achieve. Any student at the "School of Education" who does not concur with that doctrine is not welcome.
In good conscience, every practicing Christian should immediately withdraw from that university. Maybe there are enough cowards and atheists to fund it.
It's hard to believe that a state university in Georgia would be trying to enforce such a disgusting policy.
Imagine a picture of a bunny with a pancake on top of its head.
IIt would be very hard for such a person to get through his internship, unless of course his method had a high success rate, so such a person is not likely to become a practicing MD.
A Christian, a sinner herself as we all are, is not supposed to counsel sinners?? That is what Christianity is all about, spreading the gospel through deed and word. A Christian is more likely to be a good counsellor for gays than another gay person would be.
This is all about the Left's effort to stamp out opposition, especially Christianity because Jesus competes with the state and the party for allegiance. For the Left to succeed Marxism must the accepted religion and no opposition is allowed.
The Constitution?? Old news!! We must move on!!
What is Confucius' position on homosexuality? I guess that no longer matters, so what is the Communist Party's position on homosexuality, for themselves rather than for those they are trying to destroy?
If she has a student loan will it be forgiven?
Saint Thomas Aquinas
I really am too busy to imagine bunnies and pancakes although my brother had his cat swipe one the other day and gobble up a pancake.
The moslem religion sanctions lying to the infidel. They can go along to get along and still be firm in their beliefs.
Isn't it the truth? The Dumbing down of America. I hope this country wakes up or will soon be awake. We are a great country. It's the politicians destroying it. The ones who work for us and who should be doing everything in their power to keep us moving along to improve our greatness in the fields of science and medicine etc. Instead..they are trying to chip away little by little in the hopes we crumble. We COULD but we WON'T.
Remember November. Throw the bums out. Get out there and vote America and don't let anyone intimidate you. Get to those polls rain, snow, sleet, ice...whatever. You are fighting for the very soul of our country and if we don't step up to the plate it will be LOST.
If our men and women can fight in far away places and have to deal in squalor and sleep in holes and be away from their families and be subjected to criticisms and protestors....then WE THE PEOPLE can fight this war wihtin ourselves by voting every single one of the jerks out.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Journalists Protest Police Treatment During Occupy Wall Street Eviction
Media organizations have demanded a meeting to discuss the NYPD's treatment of journalists.
Media organizations have not forgotten that the NYPD prevented numerous journalists from viewing, and reporting on, the police's overnight eviction of Occupy Wall Street protesters last week from Zuccotti Park in lower Manhattan.
A group of news organizations has responded to the hostile treatment of writers and journalists — in pen, of course — by requesting a meeting to address their concerns stemming from incidents during the overnight raid. George Freeman, vice-president and assistant general counsel for the Times Company, in a letter joined by the Associated Press; the New York Post; the Daily News; Dow Jones; Thomson Reuters; and others, wrote: "The police actions of last week have been more hostile to the press than any other event in recent memory."
The letter continued:
According to reports from our clients, credentialed media were identified, segregated and kept away from viewing, reporting on and photgraphing vital matters of public concern. A press pen was set up blocks away and those kept there were further prevented from seeing what was occuring by the strategic placement of police buses around the perimeter."
The group cited numerous examples of alleged misconduct, including an incident where a photographer with visible press credentials, after being directed to get out of the way, was grabbed by an officer and thrown to the ground, hitting her head on the pavement.
Mayor Bloomberg previously defended the NYPD's actions. "The police department routinely keeps members of the press off to the side when they're in the middle of a police action," he said last week. "It's to prevent the situation from getting worse, and it's to protect the members of the press."
That's all nice and good, but there's a difference between keeping people "off to the side" and launching them into pavement.
The New York Civil Liberties Union sent a separate, similar letter to the mayor and police commissioner Raymond Kelly.
Deputy Commissioner Paul Browne, the police spokesperson to whom the group's letter was addressed, responded by e-mail: "We've worked together in the past to iron out misunderstandings, and I'm happy to do so again."
In addition, journalist groups including Deadline Club & Foundation and National Press Photographers Association announced on Monday a sort of police-media watchdog group called the Coalition for the First Amendment, to monitor relations between the NYPD and the press. "In what appeared to be a planned maneuver, police officers forced reporters and photographers so far away from Zuccotti Park that they could not see what was happening," the group said in a statement. "They roughed up people who were trying to fulfill their duty to report the news."


text:
IMDb > Ben Morgan (Character)
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Ben Morgan (Character)
from "Still Life" (2003)
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- "Still Life"
- Not Fade Away (2004) TV episode, Played by David Keith
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